title: Colin Murray

text: In 2009 Murray resigned from his Radio 1 late night show to expand his work at BBC Radio 5 Live, becoming the new presenter of "5 Live Sport" on Friday evenings and Sunday afternoons, in time for the start of the 2009/10 football season. The Friday slot was a weekend preview show, "Kicking Off with Colin Murray", while the Sunday show comprises six hours of live sports coverage. "Kicking Off" saw an increase in listeners after its first year of almost 20 per cent, according to 5 September 2011 figures. With Murray having taken a self-imposed two months of holiday from work before starting at 5 Live, the 5 Live shows had to start without him while he recovered from a bout of H1N1 swine flu.


title: Colin Murray

text: In 2010, he left Channel 5's football coverage team to replace Adrian Chiles as presenter of the BBC's "Match of the Day 2" football highlights television programme, broadcast on Sunday nights on BBC Two as a companion show to the flagship Saturday night "Match of the Day" show on BBC One. He also hosted the BBC Two nightly highlights show for the 2010 FIFA World Cup hosted in South Africa through June and July.


title: Colin Murray

text: In sports television, Murray has also presented coverage of late-night American Football and the European Poker Tour for Channel 5. From January 2010, Murray has also presented the BBC's televised coverage of the annual BDO World Darts Championship, alongside Bobby George. In music television, Murray has co-hosted Glastonbury Festival coverage for both BBC Three and Radio 1, presented a late-night music show "Ear Candy" on Channel 4 (under the 4music strand) and guest-presented the BBC music show "Top of the Pops". He has also presented ITV2's coverage of the Brit Awards. In documentary television, in 2010 Murray co-wrote and presented the BBC Two documentary "Davis v Taylor: The '85 Black Ball Final", commemorating the 25th anniversary of the 1985 World Snooker Championship final.


title: Colin Murray

text: As a game show presenter, Murray has co-presented the Channel 4 challenge show "Born Sloppy" with Sara Cox; he also fronted the Sudoku-based game show "Street-Cred Sudoku" broadcast on UKTV G2 in 2005 and the Channel Five quiz show "Payday" in 2007. Other TV work has included presenting shows on BBC Three such as "EastEnders Revealed", a companion show to the popular soap series. As a narrator, Murray has appeared on the BBC television series "Can't Take It With You", and "Boys Will Be Girls" on E4. He has also provided the narration for the gameshow "Scream if You Know the Answer!" on Watch, alongside host Duncan James.


title: Colin Murray

text: As a celebrity contestant/participant on various television shows, Murray has appeared as Mark Knopfler on Celebrity "Stars in Their Eyes" in 2005, performed in "Comic Relief does Fame Academy" in 2007, competed in the "Celebrity MasterChef" in 2009, and been the Dictionary Corner guest on the Channel 4 game show "Countdown".


title: Colin Murray

text: On 22 January 2013 it was announced that Murray would be replaced as presenter of "Match of the Day 2" by Mark Chapman, the change commencing at the end of the 2012–13 season. At the end of the 2013 season, Colin Murray announced he was leaving BBC Radio 5 Live to host a new mid-morning show from 10am to 1pm on its commercial rival Talksport, replacing Richard Keys and Andy Gray, and therefore he would be leaving his "Kicking Off" show and "Fighting Talk". His departure from "Fighting Talk" was the result of a controversy after he joked on the programme about being able to "turn" Claire Balding. Murray expressed deep regret for the line and stated that he did not come up with it, but that it had been written on his autocue. In an interview with the "Guardian", he said, "The second I said it, I knew it was too much." The episode concerned was a special live outside broadcast, as opposed to the usual recorded studio format; consequently, the habitual advance checks on content had not been performed. Had it been an ordinary studio broadcast, Murray would have not have approved the joke and would have removed it from the script. The episode has been removed from all online playback sources.


title: Colin Murray

text: Murray made his Talksport debut on 12 August 2013 on a new show entitled "Colin Murray and Friends". Murray hosted alongside Stuart Pearce and Perry Groves on Monday (previously Mike Tindall), Des Kelly and Michael Gray on Tuesday, Steve Bunce and Didi Hamann on Wednesday, Daley Thompson and Danny Murphy on Thursday (previously Kelly Sotherton), and Bob Mills and Perry Groves on Friday. The show had features such as top talking points from 10am to 10:30am, "Murray Meets.." with a 30-minute interview from 11am to 11:30am, a phone-in from 12pm to 12:30pm and the Sports Brief from 12:30pm to 1pm.


title: Colin Murray

text: Despite leaving BBC Radio, he continued hosting the BDO World Darts Championship for BBC Television in January 2014, 2015 and 2016, alongside Bobby George and Talksport commentator Jim Proudfoot (who occasionally guests on his show), and also hosted occasional music programmes for BBC Radio 6 Music. In 2013, he hosted the two NFL International Series Matches for Channel 4, alongside Nat Coombs, Mike Carlson and Vernon Kay, and hosted the 2014 Super Bowl for the channel — its first Super Bowl in 16 years.


title: Colin Murray

text: Despite a popular and successful run with Talksport, Murray announced he would be leaving the station with his final show being on 2 September 2016. Murray's decision to leave was triggered by the purchase of Talksport by Rupert Murdoch's News Corp, who in turn owns "The Sun". Murray, a Liverpool fan, stated that he was concerned by the "inevitable closer association of the Station with the Sun newspaper". On September 12, Murray announced via his Twitter feed that he would be returning to BBC Radio 5 Live to host "Fighting Talk". During the coronavirus pandemic, Colin co-hosted 5 live "Coronavirus Call-In's" on BBC Radio 5 with Dr. Chris Smith. Murray also hosts the late evening show from 22.30 to 1.00 Monday to Thursday, which (during lockdown) included a virtual pub called The Lock-Inn which was broadcast via radio and Zoom.


title: Colin Murray

text: Murray has continued his journalism work into his presenting career by writing a monthly 'radio diary' piece for "The Guardian" newspaper. In 2005, he created a radio documentary, "The Trouble With Drugs". In October 2009 he published his first book, "A Random History of Football", , through Orion Publishing, a compendium of random and relatively unknown stories about football. In 2007 Murray directed magician Chris Cox's Edinburgh Fringe Festival show, "Everything Happens for a Reason". Murray has also compèred at the Leeds Festival since 2004. In 2003, he co-hosted the Kerrang! Awards with Edith Bowman.


title: Colin Murray

text: From 2015 to 2021, Murray co-hosted Eurosport UK's coverage of competitive snooker, along with renowned players Ronnie O'Sullivan, Jimmy White and Neal Foulds: he decided to step down from this role at the end of the 2020-21 snooker season.


title: Colin Murray

text: Outside the UK, Murray has been a weekly fixture on The Fan 590's breakfast programme in Toronto, Canada. He appears on Fridays with frequent FT panelist Greg Brady and Jim Lang wherein he discusses the week's big sporting topics in the UK, as well as the upcoming weekend's Premier League (or either international, FA Cup or League Cup) action.


title: Colin Murray

text: Murray is credited as the interviewer for "Lock the Box", a 40-minute video interview with Noel and Liam Gallagher of Oasis, which discusses the tracks selected for the band's retrospective album "Stop the Clocks".


title: Colin Murray

text: On 7 November 2020, it was announced that Murray would replace Nick Hewer as host of "Countdown" as the second coronavirus lockdown precluded Hewer, 76, from being able to travel to the set. Murray's first regular episode as presenter was shown Channel 4 on 13 January 2021 and he hosted it until Hewer returned permanently on 16 March. Murray returned to Countdown as a temporary host on 14 July 2022, following Anne Robinson's departure, staying until at least early November.


title: Colin Murray

text: Murray has been a fan of Liverpool and the Northern Ireland national team since childhood. He got five stars tattooed on his arm when Liverpool won the European Cup for the fifth time. He has also stated he is a Chester F.C. fan after falling in love with the club following their rise from closure and fronted by the fans. He was guest of honour at their end-of-season awards. On his role as both a football presenter and a fan, Murray said in 2009 that "The biggest stick I get when I'm presenting football is from Liverpool fans", and in 2010 "I like a laugh but I am serious also about football and the impartiality required to respect all football fans." Murray is also the Irish Football Association's "Football for All" ambassador.


title: Colin Murray

text: Whilst living in Toronto, Canada, Murray became a supporter of the baseball team Toronto Blue Jays and a fan of Major League Baseball in general, and has since spent his annual summer holidays in North America watching MLB games. Murray is also a season ticket-holder at the Welsh club Pontypridd Town, with whom he has promoted tours across Spain, where Pontypridd played pre-season fixtures against Villarreal and Valencia.


title: Colin Murray

text: Murray stated on his R5 show on 21 December 2020, following a reference to paganism, that he was an atheist.


title: Colin Murray

text: Murray has won three Gold Sony Radio Academy Awards. In the 2007 Sony Awards he was named 'Music Broadcaster of the Year'; in the 2005 Awards he was given the Feature Award for a documentary, entitled "The Trouble With Drugs", while in 2011 he took gold for best sport program, for "Fighting Talk".


title: Colin Murray

text: In 2002 Murray was named IPR Northern Ireland Entertainment Journalist of the Year, for his long-running music column in the "Irish Sunday People".


title: Sathyaraj filmography

text: Sathyaraj (born 3 October 1954) is an Indian film actor and media personality who has predominantly appeared in Tamil cinema. He started his career playing villains, supporting roles and character roles. Later, he played the lead in the film "Kadalora Kavithaigal" (1986). He also acted as Thanthai Periyar in the Tamil Nadu government-sponsored film "Periyar" (2007). He was also the director of the film "Villadhi Villain" (1995), starring himself in three different roles.


title: Sathyaraj filmography

text: Apart from his film career, Sathyaraj has been vocal in the media about various issues, such as Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism and water rights in Tamil Nadu. In 2011, he had a brief career as a television host for the game show "Home Sweet Home" on STAR Vijay. He has also served as a brand ambassador for Pothys and Kumaran Jewelry Shop.


title: Tron: Uprising

text: Tron: Uprising (stylized as TRON: Uprising) is an American animated science fiction television series, part of the larger "Tron" franchise. It is set between the "Tron" and "" films, and takes place sometime after similar tie-ins "" and "".


title: Tron: Uprising

text: on Disney XD in the United States from May 18, 2012, to January 28, 2013. The series is directed by Charlie Bean, who also acts as executive producer; Edward Kitsis, Adam Horowitz, and Justin Springer serve as consulting producers.


title: Tron: Uprising

text: Beck is a young program who becomes the leader of a revolution inside the computer world of the Grid against the villainous Clu and his henchmen. A mechanic, he is trained by Tron, the greatest warrior the Grid has ever known. Tron not only trains Beck in the fighting and light cycle skills to challenge the brutal military occupation of the city of Argon, but also guides and mentors him to grow beyond his youthful, impulsive nature into a courageous and powerful leader. Beck adopts Tron's persona and becomes the enemy of General Tesler and his oppressive forces.


title: Tron: Uprising

text: The series features an animation style that mixes 2D animation and CGI animation. The look of the series was inspired by "", "ThunderCats", and "Aeon Flux".


title: Tron: Uprising

text: Director Charlie Bean explained 'the idea was to create a distinct style for the CG show not seen elsewhere on television or in film.' He worked closely with art director Alberto Mielgo, character designer Robert Valley (animation artist for the Gorillaz music videos) and lead vehicle designer Daniel Simon, who was previously responsible for many vehicle designs in the "" feature film, including the light cycles. Mielgo won the Primetime Emmy Award for his art direction in 2013.


title: Tron: Uprising

text: In December 2010, it was announced that Elijah Wood, Bruce Boxleitner, Lance Henriksen, Emmanuelle Chriqui, Mandy Moore, Paul Reubens, Nate Corddry and Reginald VelJohnson would voice characters in a television series based on the "Tron" franchise, titled "Tron: Uprising".


title: Tron: Uprising

text: On January 14, 2013, producer Edward Kitsis responded to rumors of cancellation by stating, "I don't know what the future [of "Tron: Uprising"] is now. I know at the present, I can say we need more viewers." Disney XD moved the program in the broadcast schedule to Monday mornings at 12:00 AM Eastern until the first season episodes finished airing on January 28, 2013. After the last episode of the first season aired, no more episodes of "Tron: Uprising" have been produced.


title: Tron: Uprising

text: A trailer for the series, with a voice-over by Bruce Boxleitner, was released online in . and on the home video releases of "Tron: Legacy", on . Disney XD presented CGI models of characters, concept art, and the original trailer that was with the home releases of "Tron: Legacy" at San Diego Comic Con 2011. Disney released the first, pre-season episode on , in which the full 31-minute episode was featured on Disney XD on Demand, YouTube, Facebook, iTunes a week earlier. The prelude episode was broadcast only on Disney Channel, and was originally going to be a 10-part miniseries.


title: Tron: Uprising

text: On May 9, 2013, it was announced that Disney had reached an agreement with Netflix wherein "Tron: Uprising" would appear on the streaming service, however it was removed one year later.


title: Tron: Uprising

text: The series is scored by Joseph Trapanese, who arranged Daft Punk's . A soundtrack album for the score was released digitally and manufacture on demand CD by Walt Disney Records on .


title: Tron: Uprising

text: The series premiere earned mostly positive reviews. It also currently holds an 8.8 rating on TV.com, and 8.1 rating from 7,064 users on IMDb.com. "Beck's Beginning" was given a positive review, with IGN ranking it 8 out of 10.


title: Super Mario All-Stars

text: Super Mario All-Stars is a 1993 compilation of platform games for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES). It contains remakes of Nintendo's four "Super Mario" games released for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) and the Famicom Disk System: "Super Mario Bros." (1985), "" (1986), "Super Mario Bros. 2" (1988), and "Super Mario Bros. 3" (1988). As in the original games, players control the Italian plumber Mario and his brother Luigi through themed worlds, collecting power-ups, avoiding obstacles, and finding secrets. The remakes feature updated graphics—including the addition of parallax scrolling—and music, modified game physics, and bug fixes.


title: Super Mario All-Stars

text: Nintendo Entertainment Analysis & Development developed the compilation after the completion of "Super Mario Kart" (1992) at the suggestion of Mario creator Shigeru Miyamoto. No longer restricted by the limitations of the 8-bit NES, Nintendo chose to remake them for the 16-bit SNES. The developers based the updated designs on those from "Super Mario World" (1990) and strove to retain the feel of the original games. Nintendo released "Super Mario All-Stars" worldwide in late 1993 and rereleased it in 1994 with "Super Mario World" included. The compilation marked "The Lost Levels" first release outside Japan; it was not released on the NES in Western territories because Nintendo deemed it too difficult at the time.


title: Super Mario All-Stars

text: "Super Mario All-Stars" received acclaim and is one of the bestselling "Super Mario" games, with 10.55 million copies sold by 2015. Critics considered it one of the best SNES games and praised the updated graphics and music, but criticized its lack of innovation. "All-Stars" served as a basis for later "Super Mario" rereleases and was described by "Famitsu" as a role model for video game remakes. It was rereleased twice for the anniversary of "Super Mario Bros.": in 2010 (the 25th anniversary) in a special package for the Wii, and in 2020 (the 35th anniversary) for the Nintendo Switch. The Wii rerelease sold 2.24 million copies by 2011 but received mixed reviews, with criticism for the lack of additional games or features.


title: Super Mario All-Stars

text: "Super Mario All-Stars" is a compilation of four video games in the "Super Mario" series—"Super Mario Bros." (1985), "" (1986), "Super Mario Bros. 2" (1988), and "Super Mario Bros. 3" (1988)—originally released for the 8-bit Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) and the Family Computer Disk System. Additionally, a two-player bonus game based on "Mario Bros." (1983) can be accessed from "Super Mario Bros.3". The games are faithful remakes featuring the original premises and level designs intact. They are 2D side-scrolling platformers where the player controls the Italian plumber Mario and his brother Luigi through themed worlds. They jump between platforms, avoid enemies and inanimate obstacles, find hidden secrets (such as warp zones and vertical vines), and collect power-ups like the mushroom and the Invincibility Star.


title: Super Mario All-Stars

text: "Super Mario Bros.", "The Lost Levels", and "Super Mario Bros.3" follow Mario and Luigi as they attempt to rescue Princess Toadstool from the villainous Bowser, with the player stomping on enemies and breaking bricks as they progress. "Super Mario Bros.2" features a different storyline and gameplay style: Mario, Luigi, the Princess, and Toad must defeat the evil King Wart, who has cursed the land of dreaming. In this game, the player picks up and throws objects such as vegetables at enemies. The player selects one of the four from an in-game menu and can exit at any time by pausing.


title: Super Mario All-Stars

text: The games in "Super Mario All-Stars" are updated to take advantage of the 16-bit hardware of the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES). The updates range from remastered soundtracks to revamped graphics and the addition of parallax scrolling. Game physics are slightly modified and some glitches, such as the Minus World in "Super Mario Bros.", are fixed. The difficulty level of "The Lost Levels" is toned down slightly: poison mushroom hazards, which can kill the player, are easier to distinguish, and there are more 1-ups and checkpoints. "All-Stars" includes the option to save player progress, which the original games lack. Players can resume the games from the start of any previously accessed world, or in "The Lost Levels", any previously accessed level. Up to four individual save files can be stored for each game.


title: Super Mario All-Stars

text: "Super Mario All-Stars" was developed by Nintendo Entertainment Analysis & Development, a former game development division of Japanese publisher Nintendo. It had the working title "Mario Extravaganza" as, according to Nintendo president Satoru Iwata, "It was a single game cartridge packed full of the first ten years of Nintendo's rich history."


title: Super Mario All-Stars

text: The concept emerged after the completion of "Super Mario Kart" (1992). The next major "Mario" game, "Yoshi's Island" (1995), was still in production, creating a gap in Nintendo's release schedule. Mario creator Shigeru Miyamoto suggested developing a "value pack" containing all the "Super Mario" games. According to assistant director and designer Tadashi Sugiyama, Miyamoto's idea was to give players a chance to experience "The Lost Levels". Nintendo had deemed "The Lost Levels", released in Japan as "Super Mario Bros.2" in 1986, too difficult for the North American market and instead released a retrofitted version of the game "Doki Doki Panic" (1987). As such, it had not attracted a large audience. Rather than simply transfer the NES games to a SNES cartridge, Nintendo remade them for SNES.


title: Super Mario All-Stars

text: One of the first tasks the developers accomplished was updating and reworking the graphics for the SNES. The more powerful hardware gave the developers more colors to use in Mario's world. Designer Naoki Mori recalled feeling intimidated, as it was only his third year at Nintendo and he had been tasked with updating its flagship series. The artists based their designs on those from the SNES game "Super Mario World" (1990) and added a black outline around Mario to make him stand out against the backgrounds. For black backgrounds like those in castles and bonus areas in "Super Mario Bros.", Mori and Sugiyama added details such as portraits of Bowser and Mario. The team strove to retain the feel of the original games by leaving level designs and Mario's movement unaltered. To preserve the gameplay, they added no new animations or actions.


title: Super Mario All-Stars

text: Alterations were made by hand, and Sugiyama ran the original "Super Mario Bros." while he worked on the remake so he could compare them side by side. Staff who worked on the original games were involved and consulted during development. The team preserved glitches they deemed helpful, such as a way to generate infinite lives in "Super Mario Bros.;" however, for that glitch, they limited how many lives the player could earn. Sugiyama recalled the team fixed glitches they thought would hinder players' progress, although this created some differences in the controls. To make the games easier, the team increased the number of lives they start with. They also added a save-game option, a feature made possible by the recent development of battery backup cartridges. Save points were added after each level in "The Lost Levels" to reduce its difficulty. While Mori helped with the other remakes, he avoided debugging "The Lost Levels" because it was so difficult.


title: Super Mario All-Stars

text: Nintendo released "Super Mario All-Stars" in Japan on July 14, 1993, in North America on August 11, 1993, and in Europe on December 16, 1993. In Japan, it was released as "Super Mario Collection". The compilation marked the first time "The Lost Levels" was released outside Japan. Between September and October 1993, "Nintendo Power" held a contest in which players who reached a specific area in "The Lost Levels" would receive a Mario iron-on patch. The compilation became the SNES's pack-in game and sold 10.55 million copies by 2015, including 2.12 million in Japan, making it one of the bestselling "Super Mario" games. In the United Kingdom, it was the top-selling video game in September 1993.


title: Super Mario All-Stars

text: Nintendo rereleased "Super Mario All-Stars" in December 1994 as "Super Mario All-Stars + Super Mario World", which adds "Super Mario World". "Super Mario World" is largely identical to the original, but Luigi's sprites were updated to make him a distinct character and not just a palette swap of Mario. A version of "Super Mario Collection" was also released on Nintendo's Satellaview, a Japan-exclusive SNES add-on allowing users to receive games via satellite radio.


title: Super Mario All-Stars

text: In 2010, for the 25th anniversary of "Super Mario Bros.," Nintendo released "Super Mario All-Stars 25th Anniversary Edition" ("Super Mario Collection Special Pack" in Japan) for the Wii in Japan on October 21, in Europe on December 3, and in North America on December 12. The "25th Anniversary Edition" comes in special packaging containing the original "Super Mario All-Stars" ROM image on a Wii disc, a 32-page "Super Mario History" booklet containing concept art and interviews, and a soundtrack CD containing sound effects and 10 tracks from most "Mario" games up to "Super Mario Galaxy 2" (2010). This version sold 2.24 million copies—920,000 in Japan and 1.32 million overseas—by March 2011. The compilation was again rereleased in 2020 on the Nintendo Switch for the original game's 35th anniversary, coming as part of the subscription-based Nintendo Switch Online's classic games service.


title: Super Mario All-Stars

text: The compilation received critical acclaim. Reviewers thought it was a must-have that represented the SNES library at its finest, and would occupy players for hours, if not days. "Nintendo Magazine System" ("NMS") estimated it could entertain players for up to a year. A critic from "Computer and Video Games" ("CVG") described "Super Mario All-Stars" as the "Super Mario" director's cut, bringing fans updated graphics and audio in addition to a game ("The Lost Levels") few had experienced. A reviewer from "Electronic Gaming Monthly" ("EGM"), overwhelmed by the improvements, called it a "masterpiece from beginning to end".


title: Super Mario All-Stars

text: Critics praised the collection's games as excellent remakes, stating they aged well and appreciating the effort that went into retrofitting them for the SNES. For "AllGame", retrospectively reviewing the version including "Super Mario World", the compilation represented "the absolute pinnacle of the 2D platform genre". Critics said the games played just as they did on the NES and retained what made them great. "EGM" reviewers were satisfied the various secrets were left intact. "Nintendo Power" wrote the games got better with time, while "EGM" and "CVG" suggested players abandon the antiquated NES games for the SNES upgrade. Although one of the "NMS" reviewers admitted to preferring "Super Mario World", citing the compilation's less instinctive controls and somewhat simplistic graphics, he said "Super Mario All-Stars" was still worth buying.


title: Super Mario All-Stars

text: Reviewers liked the updates the games received in the transition to the SNES. "Nintendo Power", for instance, praised the addition of a save feature, believing it would give players who never finished the games a chance to do so. The updated graphics were praised; "NMS"s reviewers admired the attention to detail, which they said made the compilation worth buying, and "AllGame" called the visuals colorful and cartoonish. "CVG" thought the backgrounds could have benefited from more detail, but "GamePro" thought they were detailed enough. Reviewers offered praise for the updated soundtracks as well. For "EGM", the audio enhanced the experience, and "GamePro" noted the addition of echo and bass effects. In a 2005 retrospective, "Famitsu" called "All-Stars" a role model for future video game remakes.


title: Super Mario All-Stars

text: Criticism of "Super Mario All-Stars" generally focused on its lack of innovation. Aside from the 16-bit updates, save feature, and (for American audiences) "The Lost Levels", "Nintendo Power" wrote, the compilation did not present anything new, a sentiment "CVG" echoed. "[I]f the best cart around is a compilation of old eight-bit games," wrote "Edge", "it doesn't say much for the standard of new games, does it?" Reviewers also disagreed over which game in the compilation was best. One "EGM" reviewer argued "Super Mario Bros.2" was, but another critic and "Nintendo Power" said that honor went to "The Lost Levels". "NMS", "CVG", and "Edge", however, criticized "The Lost Levels" for its difficulty, with "Nintendo Magazine System" viewing it as just an interesting bonus. "Edge" said the compilation was worth buying for "Super Mario Bros." and "Super Mario Bros.3", but not "Super Mario Bros.2" because the reviewer found its gameplay lacking fluidity and the level design poor.


title: Super Mario All-Stars

text: According to the review aggregate website Metacritic, "Super Mario All-Stars 25th Anniversary Edition" received "mixed or average reviews". Critics were disappointed by the unaltered rerelease, which they found lazy. They expressed surprise the developers did not take advantage of the extra space Wii discs offer to add more games or use the "Super Mario All-Stars + Super Mario World" version. "The Guardian" compared the "25th Anniversary Edition" unfavorably to the Wii remake of the Nintendo 64 game "GoldenEye 007" (1997) released earlier that year. The writer argued that though "GoldenEye" offered new graphics, levels, and reasons to play, "Super Mario All-Stars" was just the same compilation released on the SNES in 1993. "The A.V. Club" went as far as to state the "25th Anniversary Edition" "fails on every conceivable level, and a few inconceivable ones, too".


title: Super Mario All-Stars

text: The "Super Mario History" booklet divided reviewers. "Nintendo Life" and "The A.V. Club" panned it for what they considered cheap production quality. Although "Nintendo Life" found it somewhat intriguing, both called the one-sentence developer comments vague and meaningless. "The A.V. Club" said the level design documents were "obscured by pictures, and schematics written in Japanese with no translation". Meanwhile, "IGN" opined the booklet failed to demonstrate Mario's importance, missing information about the Game Boy installments, "Yoshi's Island", and other Nintendo games. Others found the booklet interesting; "GamesRadar+" stated that for "Mario" fans Miyamoto's original outline "alone is worth $30".


title: Super Mario All-Stars

text: The soundtrack CD received criticism and was viewed as a missed opportunity. Reviewers were disappointed it contained only ten tracks and that half of it was dedicated to sound effects. For instance, "Nintendo Life" said it "doesn't even fill half of that potential running time" of 74 minutes of CD audio. Similarly, "IGN" said ten tracks were not enough, including only one of the twenty tracks from "Super Mario Galaxy" (2007). Conversely, "The Guardian" said the CD would make players happy and "GamesRadar+" thought it was rare for Nintendo to release game soundtracks outside Japan. "GamesRadar+" said the CD helped make the compilation seem important, noting that it contained the first official release of the "Super Mario Bros." "Ground Theme".


title: Super Mario All-Stars

text: "Nintendo Life" wrote there was no reason for Nintendo not to add more to the compilation, suggesting it would not have taken much effort to add interviews, advertisements, and other behind-the-scenes content. Despite the general disappointment, critics said the games remained high quality. Some admitted to preferring the NES originals, but others thought the updated 16-bit graphics and addition of a save feature were great. However, some encouraged readers to purchase the games individually on the Wii's Virtual Console service instead if they had not already purchased the compilation. "GamesRadar+", "IGN", and "Official Nintendo Magazine" noted this was a cheaper way to experience them. As "Nintendo World Report" wrote, "in the end, the value of ["Super Mario All-Stars"] lies in whether you want to invest once more in these classic "Mario" titles."


title: Super Mario All-Stars

text: In 1997, when the "EGM" staff ranked "Super Mario Bros.", "Super Mario Bros.2", and "Super Mario Bros.3" in its list of the best console games of all time, they specified the "All-Stars" edition for all three games. In the listing for "Super Mario Bros.3" (ranked at number2), they noted, "Just a reminder: We're not including compilation games on our Top 100, or "Super Mario All-Stars" would be the clear-cut number-one game of all time." "Famitsu" called "All-Stars" a role model for video game remakes in a 2005 retrospective. In 2018, "Complex" named "All-Stars" the tenth-best SNES game. In 1996, GamesMaster named All-Stars the third top SNES game. In 1995, Total! named All-Stars the top SNES game on their Top 100 SNES Games writing: "This is possibly the best cartridge on any system, anywhere."


title: Super Mario All-Stars

text: "Super Mario Advance" (2001) and "" (2003), remakes of "Super Mario Bros.2" and"3" for Nintendo's Game Boy Advance, incorporate elements from the "Super Mario All-Stars" versions, such as the updated graphics and audio. "Super Mario 3D All-Stars", a Nintendo Switch compilation of the first three 3D "Super Mario" games, was released for the series' 35th anniversary in 2020. According to "Eurogamer", Nintendo internally referred to the compilation as "Super Mario All-Stars 2" during development.


title: Party of European Socialists

text: The Party of European Socialists (PES) is a social democratic and progressive European political party.


title: Party of European Socialists

text: The PES comprises national-level political parties from all member states of the European Union (EU) plus Norway and the United Kingdom. This includes major parties such as the Social Democratic Party of Germany, the French Socialist Party, the British Labour Party, the Italian Democratic Party, Socialist Party (Portugal), Romanian Socialist Democrat Party and the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party. Parties from a number of other European countries and from the Mediterranean region are also admitted to the PES as associate or observer parties. Most member, associate and observer parties are members of the wider Progressive Alliance or Socialist International.


title: Party of European Socialists

text: The PES is currently led by its president Stefan Löfven, a former Prime Minister of Sweden. Its political group in the European Parliament is the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats (S&D). The PES also operates in the European Committee of the Regions (in the PES Group in the Committee of the Regions) and the European Council.


title: Party of European Socialists

text: The party's English name is "Party of European Socialists". In addition, the following names are used in other languages:


title: Party of European Socialists

text: In March 2014 following the congress in Rome, the PES added the tagline "Socialists and Democrats" to its name following the admission of Italy's Democratic Party into the organisation.


title: Party of European Socialists

text: In 1961, the Socialists in the European Parliament attempted to produce a common 'European Socialist Programme' but this was neglected due to the applications of Britain, Denmark, Ireland and Norway to join the European Community. The Socialists' 1962 congress pushed for greater democratisation and powers for Parliament, though it was only in 1969 that this possibility was examined by the member states.


title: Party of European Socialists

text: In 1973, Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom joined the European Community, bringing in new parties from these countries. The enlarged Socialist Congress met in Bonn and inaugurated the "Confederation of the Socialist Parties of the European Community". The Congress also passed a resolution on social policy, including the right to decent work, social security, democracy and equality in the European economy. In 1978, the Confederation of Socialist Parties approved the first common European election Manifesto. It focused on several goals among which the most important were to ensure a right to decent work, fight pollution, end discrimination, protect the consumer and promote peace, human rights and civil liberties.


title: Party of European Socialists

text: At its Luxembourg Congress in 1980, the Confederation of Socialist Parties approved its first Statute. The accession of Greece to the EU in 1981, followed by Spain and Portugal in 1986, brought in more parties.


title: Party of European Socialists

text: In 1984, a common Socialist election manifesto proposed a socialist remedy for the economic crisis of the time by establishing a link between industrial production, protection of fundamental social benefits, and the fight for an improved quality of life.


title: Party of European Socialists

text: In 1992, with the European Community becoming the European Union and with the Treaty of Maastricht establishing the framework for political parties at a European level, the Confederation of Socialist Parties voted to transform itself into the Party of European Socialists. The party's first programme concentrated on job creation, democracy, gender equality, environmental and consumer protection, peace and security, regulation of immigration, discouragement of racism and fighting organised crime.


title: Party of European Socialists

text: In 2004 Poul Nyrup Rasmussen defeated Giuliano Amato to be elected President of the PES, succeeding Robin Cook in the post. He was re-elected for a further 2.5 years at the PES Congress in Porto on 8 December 2006 and again at the Prague Congress in 2009.


title: Party of European Socialists

text: In 2010, the Foundation for European Progressive Studies was founded as the political foundation (think tank) of the PES.


title: Party of European Socialists

text: Mr Rasmussen stood down at the PES Progressive Convention in Brussels on 24 November 2011. He was replaced as interim president by Sergey Stanishev, at the time chairman of the Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP) and former prime minister of Bulgaria.


title: Party of European Socialists

text: On 28–29 September 2012, the PES Congress in Brussels Congress elected interim president Sergey Stanishev as full President, as well as four deputies: Jean-Christophe Cambadélis (1st Vice-President – PS), Elena Valenciano (PSOE), Jan Royall (Labour) and Katarína Neveďalová (Smer-SD). The same Congress elected Achim Post (SPD) as its new secretary general, and adopted a process which it described as "democratic and transparent" for electing its next candidate for Commission President in 2014.


title: Party of European Socialists

text: Sergey Stanishev was re-elected PES President on 22–23 June 2015 in Budapest. The Congress also approved Achim Post (SPD) as the Secretary-General as well as the four Vice-Presidents: Jean-Christophe Cambadélis (PS), Carin Jämtin (Swedish Social Democratic Party), Katarína Neveďalová (Smer-SD) and Jan Royall (Labour).


title: Party of European Socialists

text: On 7–8 December 2018, the PES Congress gathered in Lisbon to elect its leadership. Sergey Stanishev was confirmed as party President and Achim Post (SPD) as secretary general. Iratxe García (Spanish Socialist Workers' Party) was elected by the new presidency 1st Vice-President of the PES and Francisco André (Socialist Party (Portugal)), Katarína Neveďalová (Smer-SD) and Marita Ulvskog (Swedish Social Democratic Party) were elected PES Vice-Presidents. During the PES Presidency of October 2019, Heléne Fritzon (Swedish Social Democratic Party) became PES Vice-President, replacing Marita Ulvskog.


title: Party of European Socialists

text: The PES has thirty-three full member parties from each of the twenty-seven EU member states, Norway and the UK. There are a further twelve associate and twelve observer parties from other European countries.


title: Party of European Socialists

text: The youth organisation of the PES is the Young European Socialists. PES Women is the party's women's organisation, led by Zita Gurmai. The LGBTI campaign organisation is Rainbow Rose.


title: Party of European Socialists

text: The President (currently former Prime Minister of Bulgaria Sergey Stanishev) represents the party on a daily basis and chairs the Presidency, which also consists of the Secretary General, President of the S&D group in Parliament and one representative per full/associate member party and organisation. They may also be joined by the President of the European Parliament (if a PES member), a PES European Commissioner and a representative from associate parties and organisations.


title: Party of European Socialists

text: The parties meet at the party "Congress" twice every five years to decide on political orientation, such as adopting manifestos ahead of elections. Every year that the Congress does not meet, the Council (a smaller version of the Congress) shapes PES policy. The Congress also elects the party's President, Vice-Presidents and the "Presidency".


title: Party of European Socialists

text: The "Leader's Conference" brings together Prime Ministers and Party Leaders from PES parties three to four times a year to agree strategies and resolutions.


title: Party of European Socialists

text: In December 2009, the PES decided to put forward a candidate for Commission President at all subsequent elections. On 1 March 2014, the PES organised for the first time a European election Congress where a Common Manifesto was adopted and the Common Candidate designate for the post of Commission President, Martin Schulz, was elected by over a thousand participants in Rome, Italy.


title: Party of European Socialists

text: In 2019, progressives elected Frans Timmermans as PES Common Candidate to the European Elections, during the Election Congress in Madrid on 22–23 February 2019.


title: Party of European Socialists

text: European Commissioners are meant to remain independent, however there has been an increasing degree of politicisation within the Commission. In the current European Commission, nine of the Commissioners belong to the PES family.


title: Party of European Socialists

text: Of the 27 heads of state and government that are members of the European Council, 7 are from the PES, and therefore regularly attend PES summits to prepare for European Council meetings.


title: Party of European Socialists

text: Through its associate and observer parties the PES has eight head of state or government in non-EU countries:


title: Party of European Socialists

text: Party-alignment at the European Council is often loose, but has been the basis of some intergovernmental cooperation. At present seven countries are led by a PES-affiliated leader, who represents that state at the European Council: Germany (Olaf Scholz), Spain (Pedro Sánchez), Portugal (António Costa), Malta (Robert Abela), Denmark (Mette Frederiksen), Finland (Sanna Marin) and Sweden (Stefan Löfven).


title: Party of European Socialists

text: The makeup of national delegations to the Council of Ministers is at some times subject to coalitions: for the above governments led by a PES party, that party may not be present in all Council configurations; in other governments led by non-PES parties a PES minister may be its representative for certain portfolios. PES is in coalition in the following countries: Italy, Luxembourg and Romania.


title: Political views of J. K. Rowling

text: British author J. K. Rowling, writer of "Harry Potter" and other Wizarding World works, has garnered attention for her support of the Labour Party under Gordon Brown and her criticism of the party under Jeremy Corbyn, as well as her opposition to the Republican Party under Donald Trump. She opposed Scottish independence in a 2014 referendum and Brexit during the 2016 referendum to leave the European Union.


title: Political views of J. K. Rowling

text: Since late 2019, Rowling has publicly voiced her opinions on transgender people and related civil rights. These views have been criticised as transphobic by some LGBT rights organisations and some feminists, but have received support from other feminists.


title: Political views of J. K. Rowling

text: J. K. Rowling has been a long-time friend of former Prime Minister Gordon Brown and his wife Sarah Brown. In September 2008, Rowling donated £1 million to the Labour Party and commended Brown's commitment to improving the lives of poor families. Rowling praised Brown in a 2009 "Time" magazine essay saying she "still wanted him in charge". Rowling was critical of Jeremy Corbyn's leadership of the Labour Party.


title: Political views of J. K. Rowling

text: As a resident of Edinburgh, Rowling was eligible to vote in the 2014 referendum on Scottish independence, and intended to vote "No". She donated £1 million (US$1,694,000) to the Better Together anti-independence campaign, led by former neighbour and friend Alistair Darling, and used the "Death Eaters" characters from her "Harry Potter" series—who reject wizards unless they have pure blood—as a reference in her explanation of her donation: "However, when people try to make this debate about the purity of your lineage, things start getting a little Death Eaterish for my taste." In Rowling's post-donation blog post in mid-June 2014, she explained that she is "friendly" with members of both campaigns and stated a belief that "there are intelligent, thoughtful people on both sides of this question".


title: Political views of J. K. Rowling

text: In 2018, Rowling tweeted that she was tired of "blood and soil ethno-nationalists marching with" civic campaigners. She also said that Scottish nationalism "contains traces of bigotry".


title: Political views of J. K. Rowling

text: Rowling opposed Brexit and campaigned for the United Kingdom to stay in the European Union, in the run up to the referendum to leave the European Union, stating on her website that, "I'm the mongrel product of this European continent and I'm an internationalist. I was raised by a Francophile mother whose family was proud of their part-French heritage ... My values are not contained or proscribed by borders. The absence of a visa when I cross the channel has symbolic value to me. I might not be in my house, but I'm still in my hometown." Rowling expressed concern that "racists and bigots" were directing parts of the Leave campaign. In a blog post, she added: "How can a retreat into selfish and insecure individualism be the right response when Europe faces genuine threats, when the bonds that tie us are so powerful, when we have come so far together? How can we hope to conquer the enormous challenges of terrorism and climate change without cooperation and collaboration?"


title: Political views of J. K. Rowling

text: Rowling told a Spanish newspaper in February 2008 that the politics of the United States had negatively impacted not only the US, but the UK as well; she stated that "it is a pity that Clinton and Obama have to be rivals because both are extraordinary."


title: Political views of J. K. Rowling

text: Rowling advised the 2008 graduating class of Harvard, "the great majority of you belong to the world's only remaining superpower. The way you vote, the way you live, the way you protest, the pressure you bring to bear on your government, has an impact way beyond your borders. That is your privilege, and your burden."


title: Political views of J. K. Rowling

text: Rowling made analogies between Donald Trump and Voldemort after the Republican presidential candidate called for a ban on Muslims entering the United States on 7 December 2015.


title: Political views of J. K. Rowling

text: On 7 October 2016, Rowling released on Pottermore four pieces of writing exclusively as an introduction to the film "Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them", titled "History of Magic in North America". It included her fictionalized ideas of "Native American Magic." Her use of Native American religious figures and symbolism from contemporary, living cultures for this work of fiction was met with protests by Native American communities; she was accused of racial insensitivity, violation of intellectual property rights, disrespect and appropriating "Native traditions while erasing Native peoples." While usually friendly and actively engaged with her fanbase on social media, after answering one question about her interpretation of skinwalkers that resulted in "thousands of tweets directed at her about these concerns", "The Washington Post" wrote that "Native people took to Twitter to voice their disappointment and demand a response from Rowling, who has not answered her detractors online." "She has not addressed it at all." wrote Adrienne Keene, "The silence is noted, and it’s deafening.”


title: Political views of J. K. Rowling

text: In response to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Rowling has publicly expressed support for Ukraine, pledging to match funding for aid to children trapped in orphanages in Ukraine. She also publicly expressed opposition to Russian president Vladimir Putin.


title: Political views of J. K. Rowling

text: Putin referenced Rowling in his March 25, 2022 speech about "cancel culture" and the ongoing Ukraine invasion. Rowling then rejected Putin's comparison of Russia's alleged cancellation to the manner in which Rowling had been treated.


title: Political views of J. K. Rowling

text: On 22 October 2015, a letter was published in "The Guardian" signed by Rowling (along with over 150 other figures from arts and politics) opposing the cultural boycott of Israel, and announcing the creation of a network for dialogue, called Culture for Coexistence. Rowling later explained her position in more detail, saying that although she opposed most of Benjamin Netanyahu's actions she did not think the cultural boycott would bring about the removal of Israel's leader or help improve the situation in Israel and Palestine.


title: Political views of J. K. Rowling

text: Rowling wrote about what it meant to be British saying, "It means a welfare state of which we should be fiercely proud and a tradition of tolerance and free speech we should defend to our last collective breath."


title: Political views of J. K. Rowling

text: In July 2020, Rowling signed an open letter published in "Harper's Magazine" titled "A Letter on Justice and Open Debate", with 150 other public figures, largely writers and academics. The letter states in part, "The free exchange of information and ideas, the lifeblood of a liberal society, is daily becoming more constricted", criticises "a vogue for public shaming and ostracism" and "a blinding moral certainty", warns of fear spreading in the arts and media, and denounces President Donald Trump as "a real threat to democracy". The letter sparked much debate about cancel culture (public criticism calling for censure of prominent people over their controversial actions or opinions). Rowling stated she was proud to sign the letter to defend "open debate and freedom of thought and speech".


title: Political views of J. K. Rowling

text: Objections to the letter included accusations that Rowling and the other signatories had powerful means to publish their opinions, and that it was disingenuous to attempt to silence others who might offer criticism of their views. Some thought that Rowling was trying to specifically suppress criticism about her statements concerning transgender topics. After learning who also signed the letter, Jennifer Finney Boylan expressed regret over her support, and stated she would not have signed had she known who the other signatories were. Rowling then sarcastically tweeted that Boylan should incur public penance for the association with her.


title: Political views of J. K. Rowling

text: Stanford Law professor Richard Thompson Ford, a signatory to the letter, stated it should not matter who signed because they do not endorse the entire gamut of viewpoints and deeds of their co-signatories. Writer Bari Weiss said she was proud to stand with Rowling and the other signatories. Several of the signers also defended their letter, saying there is a very diverse group of people supporting their stand against excessive retribution by what they called the "forces of illiberalism".


title: Political views of J. K. Rowling

text: Rowling's responses to proposed changes to UK gender recognition laws and her views on sex and gender have provoked controversy. Her statements have divided feminists; fuelled debates on freedom of speech, academic freedom and cancel culture; and prompted support for transgender people from the literary, arts and culture sectors. Her statements have been deemed transphobic by critics and she has been referred to as a TERF (trans-exclusionary radical feminist) in response to comments she made initially on Twitter. She rejects these characterisations. As her views on the legal status of transgender people came under scrutiny, she received insults and death threats and discussion moved beyond the Twitter community. Some performers and feminists have supported Rowling and condemned hate speech directed at her.


title: Political views of J. K. Rowling

text: Rowling "liked" a 2018 tweet calling transgender women "men in dresses", which led to criticism and accusations of transphobia by her fans. Her spokesperson later told "PinkNews", "I'm afraid JK Rowling had a clumsy and middle-aged moment. This is not the first time she has favourited by holding her phone incorrectly."


title: Political views of J. K. Rowling

text: On 19 December 2019, Rowling tweeted her support for Maya Forstater, who lost her employment with the Center for Global Development, and is the subject of "Maya Forstater v Centre for Global Development" (2019). Forstater's contract was not renewed after she tweeted "men cannot change into women", and at the tribunal she asserted that her "gender critical" beliefs should be protected under the Equality Act 2010. The tribunal judge ruled that she "is absolutist in her view of sex and it is a core component of her belief that she will refer to a person by the sex she considered appropriate even if it violates their dignity and/or creates an intimidating, hostile, degrading, humiliating or offensive environment". Forstater successfully appealed the judgement in 2021; a High Court judge found that gender critical beliefs fell under the protection of the Equality Act.


title: Political views of J. K. Rowling

text: On 6 June 2020, Rowling criticised a "Devex" article's use of the phrase "people who menstruate" instead of the word "women". She tweeted, "If sex isn't real, there's no same-sex attraction. If sex isn't real, the lived reality of women globally is erased", while also saying she was "empathetic to trans people". The media advocacy group GLAAD called the tweets "anti-trans" and "cruel", and wrote, "JK Rowling continues to align herself with an ideology which willfully distorts facts about gender identity and people who are trans. In 2020, there is no excuse for targeting trans people." Several actors known for portraying Rowling's characters either criticised her views directly or spoke out in support of trans rights, including Daniel Radcliffe, Emma Watson, Rupert Grint, Eddie Redmayne, Evanna Lynch, Bonnie Wright, Miriam Margolyes, and Katie Leung, as did the fansites MuggleNet and The Leaky Cauldron. Radcliffe responded with an essay published by The Trevor Project, stating: "Transgender women are women. Any statement to the contrary erases the identity and dignity of transgender people and goes against all advice given by professional health care associations who have far more expertise on this subject matter than either Jo or I." Actress Noma Dumezweni initially expressed support for Rowling but rescinded her stance following backlash. Actor Ralph Fiennes defended Rowling, saying of the backlash that the "level of hatred that people express about views that differ from theirs [is] disturbing".


title: Political views of J. K. Rowling

text: Rowling responded to the criticism with an essay on her website. She wrote that many women consider terms like "people who menstruate" to be demeaning. She said she was concerned that girls were transitioning in order to escape womanhood, and said that trans activism was "seeking to erode 'woman' as a political and biological class". She said she was a survivor of domestic abuse and sexual assault, and stated that "When you throw open the doors of bathrooms and changing rooms to any man who believes or feels he's a woman – and, as I've said, gender confirmation certificates may now be granted without any need for surgery or hormones – then you open the door to any and all men who wish to come inside", while stating that most trans people were vulnerable and deserved protection. Following up into who is at risk in women's toilets, Reuters stated that it was trans women who were more vulnerable, and that 200 municipalities which allowed trans people to use women's shelters reported no rise in any violence as a result. Among those who disputed the claims in Rowling's essay were Stonewall; Mermaids, a charity organisation for gender non-conforming children which disputed the notion that trans people are predatory; and CEO of GLAAD Sarah Kate Ellis, who said it could create a dangerous environment for the trans community. Feminist gender theorist Judith Butler considered Rowling's claims to be "a rich fantasy" that did not describe social reality. Warner Bros. Entertainment and Universal Studios Parks & Resorts both released statements on 10 June 2020 in response to requests for comment. Both parties emphasised their prioritization of LGBTQ+ inclusion and diversity, but did not directly mention Rowling or her comments towards the trans community. Rowling received support from actors Robbie Coltrane and Brian Cox, and some feminists such as Ayaan Hirsi Ali. The radical feminist Julie Bindel stated that Rowling has always been a feminist and has inspired people "to look into issues of sex-based discrimination". The essay was nominated by Amol Rajan of the BBC for the annual Russell prize for best writing. The broadcaster said it appreciated Rowling's "bravery" for writing the blog despite the reaction it caused, and added that the nomination did not mean the BBC supported Rowling's argument.


title: Political views of J. K. Rowling

text: In June 2020, the Equality Act was blocked in the U.S. Senate. Republican senator James Lankford cited Rowling's essay as part of his reasoning for opposing the bill. Four authors, including Owl Fisher, resigned in protest from the Blair Partnership, Rowling's literary agency, after the company refused to issue a public statement of support for transgender rights, saying that "freedom of speech can only be upheld if the structural inequalities that hinder equal opportunities for underrepresented groups are challenged and changed."


title: Political views of J. K. Rowling

text: Following the threat of legal action, British children's news website "The Day" publicly apologised to Rowling after publishing an article that suggested her comments caused harm to and attacked trans people, made comparisons between Rowling's views and those of Wagner on race and Picasso on women, and called for her work to be boycotted. The publication also agreed to pay an undisclosed sum to a charity of Rowling's choice.


title: Political views of J. K. Rowling

text: Rowling returned her Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Ripple of Hope Award in August 2020, after RFKHR president Kerry Kennedy called her statements "deeply troubling" and "transphobic". She further argued that Rowling's words "had the effect of degrading trans people's lived experiences". Rowling stated that she was "deeply saddened" to be returning the award, reiterating her admiration for Robert Kennedy, but said that no award "means so much to me that I would forfeit the right to follow the dictates of my own conscience."


title: Political views of J. K. Rowling

text: Rowling's novel "Troubled Blood" was published in 2020, receiving criticism for its portrayal of a murderous man who dresses as a woman when killing. A spokesperson for the charity Mermaids condemned the novel for "tired tropes" that demonise trans people by presenting them as a threat. A review in "The Guardian" stated the character was "just one of many suspects" and that he is not "portrayed as trans or even called a 'transvestite' by Rowling."


title: Political views of J. K. Rowling

text: A letter in support of Rowling, signed by 58 entertainers and authors, including author Ian McEwan, actress Frances Barber, playwright Tom Stoppard and actor and writer Griff Rhys Jones, was published in "The Sunday Times" in September 2020. The letter condemned the "onslaught of abuse" directed at Rowling on social media, describing such behaviour as an "insidious, authoritarian and misogynistic trend". Actor Eddie Redmayne similarly condemned the abuse targeted at Rowling, whilst also condemning the "hideous torrent of abuse towards trans people online and out in the world". Genderfluid comedian and actor Eddie Izzard stated, "I don't think J.K. Rowling is transphobic. I think we need to look at the things she has written about in her blog." In an interview with "New Statesman", philosopher and gender theorist Judith Butler agreed that Rowling should not be subject to online abuse, but urged people also to oppose abuse, online and in person, against trans people.


title: Political views of J. K. Rowling

text: In a 2021 essay for "New Statesman", former British prime minister Tony Blair expressed his belief that Labour would never regain power if it criticised Rowling's views on trans people. In his 2021 Netflix stand-up comedy special "The Closer", comedian Dave Chappelle also expressed support for Rowling, declaring himself "Team TERF". Also in 2021, several US quidditch leagues decided to change the name of the sport to "distance themselves from the works of JK Rowling" because of her views and comments.


title: Political views of J. K. Rowling

text: The 2022 HBO Max special "" featured only archival interviews from 2019 of Rowling. Critics speculated that failure to record new footage with the cast was due to her views on transgender issues and "public rebuke by the series' stars in response to her views on trans people." "Entertainment Weekly" reported that Rowling had been invited to take part in the special, but she felt the archival footage was sufficient, and denied that her decision was related to the controversy on transgender issues.


title: Political views of J. K. Rowling

text: Rowling criticised Labour party leader Keir Starmer who, in March 2022, said "trans women are women" both in his personal opinion and according to British law. She accused him of misrepresenting the law and said that "the Labour Party can no longer be counted on to defend women's rights".


title: Political views of J. K. Rowling

text: In response to backlash against the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Russian president Vladimir Putin expressed support for Rowling's views on transgender people whilst likening the treatment of Russia to that of Rowling. She responded that those "slaughtering civilians" are not in the best position to criticise cancel culture.


title: Political views of J. K. Rowling

text: During Lesbian Visibility Week in April 2022, Rowling tweeted a picture of Allison Bailey, captioned "Allison Bailey marches for LGB rights". In response, Linda Riley, who started the new Lesbian Visibility Week in the United Kingdom, distanced herself from Rowling's views on transgender people and accused Rowling of using Lesbian Visibility Week "to stir up hate in our community". Rowling responded to this accusation in a tweet publicly sharing the picture of a transgender woman and commenting on her appearance.


title: Political views of J. K. Rowling

text: In May 2022, Rowling criticised an incident where a student was hounded out of her school after questioning a speaker about what defines women. The writer called the treatment of the schoolgirl "utterly shameful", adding, "The girl's crime? Saying 'sex exists'." In October the previous year a member of the House of Lords visited a private school to talk about transphobia in parliament. One of the students questioned whether critical theory should take precedence over biology in defining women. The speaker replied that it was an issue about basic human rights not semantics. The two spoke again after the talk and parted amicably. Afterwards, however, the student was sworn and spit at by other girls and faced accusations of transphobia. She eventually left her school without completing her A-levels. Then education secretary Nadhim Zahawi called the incident "hugely concerning" and "unacceptable".


title: Political views of J. K. Rowling

text: In August 2022, Rowling was criticised for apparent self-insertion in "The Ink Black Heart", in which a woman is murdered after being accused of transphobia and subject to cancel culture.


title: Political views of J. K. Rowling

text: In 2006, Rowling criticised models on her website, describing that their "only function in the world appears to be supporting the trade in overpriced handbags and rat-sized dogs". In response to criticism over the connotations of weight within "Harry Potter", Rowling responded that "Harry Potter" characters who are "on the plumper side" include "several of my most important, admirable and loveable characters".


title: Political views of J. K. Rowling

text: In 2017, Rowling expressed her opposition to the Mexico City Policy, when it was reinstated by Donald Trump, and said that she supported abortion rights, especially in underdeveloped countries.


title: Political views of J. K. Rowling

text: Rowling's employment at Amnesty International made her realise that "imagination is what allows us to empathise with people who have suffered horribly and to act on their behalf." The danger of inaction, Rowling said, comes from people who "prefer not to exercise their imaginations at all."


title: Political views of J. K. Rowling

text: Rowling was recognised in 2007 with the Canadian Order of the Forest after demanding that her books be printed on "eco-friendly" papers.


title: Political views of J. K. Rowling

text: In 2008, Rowling blocked the Finnish publication of her latest Harry Potter novel on paper from Finland because it lacked the ecologically friendly certification she favours.


title: Political views of J. K. Rowling

text: Rowling joined others in opposing age banding of children's books, signing a 2008 petition stating that the proposal to impose age-guidance ranges is "ill-conceived, damaging to the interests of young readers and highly unlikely to make the slightest difference to sales".


title: Ranolazine

text: Ranolazine, sold under the brand name Ranexa among others, is a medication used to treat heart related chest pain. Typically it is used together with other medications when those are insufficient. Benefits appear smaller in women than men. It is taken by mouth.


title: Ranolazine

text: Common side effects include constipation, headache, nausea, and dizziness. Serious side effects may include QT prolongation. Use is not recommended in those with liver cirrhosis. How it works is not clear but may involve adenosine triphosphate.


title: Ranolazine

text: Ranolazine was approved for medical use in the United States in 2006. In 2020, it was the 258th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 1million prescriptions.


title: Ranolazine

text: Ranolazine is used to treat chronic angina. It may be used concomitantly with β blockers, nitrates, calcium channel blockers, antiplatelet therapy, lipid-lowering therapy, ACE inhibitors, and angiotensin receptor blockers. It is also effective at preventing atrial fibrillation, and has been studied as monotherapy as well as in combination with other medications used to treat irregular heartbeat.


title: Ranolazine

text: Some contraindications for ranolazine are related to its metabolism and are described under Drug Interactions. Additionally, in clinical trials ranolazine slightly increased QT interval in some patients and the FDA label contains a warning for doctors to beware of this effect in their patients. The drug's effect on the QT interval is increased in the setting of liver dysfunction; thus it is contraindicated in persons with mild to severe liver disease.


title: Ranolazine

text: The most common side effects are dizziness (11.5%) and constipation (10.9%). Other side effects include headache and nausea.


title: Ranolazine

text: Ranolazine is metabolized mainly by the CYP3A enzyme. It also inhibits another metabolizing enzyme, cytochrome CYP2D6. For this reason, the doses of ranolazine and drugs that interact with those enzymes need to be adjusted when they are used by the same patient.


title: Ranolazine

text: Ranolazine should not be used with drugs such as ketoconazole, clarithromycin, and nelfinavir that strongly inhibit CYP3A, nor with drugs that activate CYP3A, such as rifampin and phenobarbital.


title: Ranolazine

text: For drugs that are moderate CYP3A inhibitors, such as diltiazem, verapamil, and erythromycin, the dose of ranolazine should be reduced.


title: Ranolazine

text: Drugs that are metabolized by CYP2D6, such as tricyclic antidepressants, may need to be given at reduced doses when administered with ranolazine.


title: Ranolazine

text: Ranolazine inhibits persistent or late inward sodium current ("I") in heart muscle in a variety of voltage-gated sodium channels. Inhibiting that current leads to reductions in intracellular calcium levels. This in turn leads to reduced tension in the heart wall, leading to reduced oxygen requirements for the muscle. The QT prolongation effect of ranolazine on the surface electrocardiogram is the result of inhibition of "I", which prolongs the ventricular action potential. Ranolazine also exhibits its effects on the delayed rectifier current (hERG/"I" potassium channels), it readily stimulates myogenesis, it reduces a pro-oxidant inflammation/oxidative condition, and activates the calcium signaling pathway.


title: Ranolazine

text: Ranolazine prolongs the action potential duration, with corresponding QT interval prolongation on electrocardiography, blocks the "I" current, and prevents calcium overload caused by the hyperactive "I" current, thus it stabilizes the membrane and reducing excitability.


title: Ranolazine

text: Syntex Inc. originally began developing ranolazine in 1985 and 61 studies were completed from then until 1994. Afterwards, Phase 2 studies were done however it was found that the formulation did not result in adequate plasma concentrations of drug. It is due to this that the sustained-release (SR) formulation of ranolazine was created.


title: Ranolazine

text: Roche acquired Syntex in 1994 In 1996, CV Therapeutics licensed the North American and European rights to ranolazine from Syntex, a subsidiary of Roche, which had discovered the drug and had developed it through Phase II trials in angina. In 2006, CV Therapeutics acquired the remaining worldwide rights to ranolazine from Roche. In 2008 CV Therapeutics exclusively licensed rights for ranolazine in Europe and some other countries to Menarini.


title: Ranolazine

text: In 2009, Gilead acquired CV Therapeutics. In 2013 Gilead expanded the partnership with Menarini to include additional countries, including those in Asia.


title: Ranolazine

text: Ranolazine was approved by the FDA in January 2006, for the treatment of patients with chronic angina as a second-line treatment in addition to other drugs. In 2007 the label was updated to make ranolazine a first-line treatment, alone or with other drugs. In April 2008 ranolazine was approved by the European EMEA for use in angina.


title: Ranolazine

text: Ranolazine is manufactured and sold as Ranexa by Gilead. According to a Gilead annual income statement, combined sales for Ranexa and another Gilead product, AmBisom, were $621 million for the fourth quarter of 2016.


title: Primož Roglič

text: Primož Roglič (; born 29 October 1989) is a Slovenian racing cyclist who rides for UCI WorldTeam . He started as a ski jumper and switched to cycling several years after an accident suffered at Planica.


title: Primož Roglič

text: At the 2017 Tour de France, Roglič became the first Slovenian to win a stage. In September 2019, he won the Vuelta a España general classification, becoming the first Slovenian to win a Grand Tour competition. He has also finished on the final podium at the 2019 Giro d'Italia (third overall), and at the 2020 Tour de France (second overall), being the first Slovenian to wear the yellow jersey, before losing out to compatriot Tadej Pogačar. He won the 2020 Vuelta a España, defending his title from 2019. In 2021, he won an Olympic gold medal in the men's individual time trial. He then went on to win his third Vuelta in a row, becoming the third rider to do so.


title: Primož Roglič

text: Between 2019 and 2021, Roglič spent a record 75 weeks as the No. 1-ranked cyclist in the UCI Men's road racing world ranking, and has twice finished as the year-end No. 1.


title: Primož Roglič

text: Born in Trbovlje, Roglič started to compete in ski jumping in 2003, and was the Junior World Team event champion in 2007. He has two Continental Cup wins, the second level of international ski jumping. He set his personal best at a distance of in Planica. In 2011, Roglič performed his last international competition in Szczyrk and officially ended his ski jumping career in summer 2012.


title: Primož Roglič

text: In 2007, Roglič suffered a crash as a test jumper during official training in front of his home crowd at Letalnica bratov Gorišek, the ski flying hill in Planica, Slovenia.


title: Primož Roglič

text: Roglič took up cycling in 2012, after quitting ski jumping, because he felt it was too hard to be at the highest level of the sport. He initially rode with the development team affiliated to the UCI Continental team , where he was coached by former professional cyclist Andrej Hauptman, who noted his power and helped him develop his bike handling skills. At the age of 22, Roglič underwent testing at a sports lab, where his VO max was recorded at 80.2, close to the best numbers of riders such as Chris Froome and Egan Bernal. Roglič has credited the work he undertook on building core stability, balance, flexibility and acrobatics as a ski jumper as being beneficial in his switch to cycling. Roglič quickly made the jump to paid levels for the 2013 season with the continental team. He took his first professional win the following year, taking a mountainous stage of the Tour d'Azerbaïdjan by winning a two-up sprint against Will Clarke. After three seasons with the team – culminating in a successful 2015 season, including wins at the Tour de Slovenia and the Tour d'Azerbaïdjan – he signed a contract to ride with for the 2016 season.


title: Primož Roglič

text: During his first year at the World Tour level, Roglič immediately showed his talent when placing 5th overall at the Volta ao Algarve. Just one month later Roglič finished 2nd on Stage 7 at the Volta a Catalunya, when he lost the sprint to Alexey Tsatevich. Roglič started in the Giro d'Italia, where he surprised with a second place in the opening time trial in Apeldoorn, a hundredth of a second slower than winner Tom Dumoulin. He won the 9th stage, a individual time trial in Chianti. That victory came as a surprise for many as Roglič had to use his spare bike because his bike did not meet the UCI requirements. Roglič did not manage to transfer his cycle computer onto his spare bike in time for the start, and it was therefore hard for Roglič to know how much time he had left of the stage, and what his power numbers were. Just two weeks after finishing the Giro d'Italia, Roglič won the Slovenian National Time Trial Championships. He finished 10th in the Time trial at the Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro.


title: Primož Roglič

text: During the 2017 season, Roglič started out by winning the overall title at the Volta ao Algarve. One month later he finished 4th overall in Tirreno–Adriatico, and at the Tour of the Basque Country, Roglič won stages 4 and 6 – the latter of which was an individual time trial – and finished 5th overall. It did not take long before Roglič secured another win; at the end of April, Roglič participated in the Tour de Romandie where he won the Stage 5 individual time trial, en route to placing 3rd overall. At his final preparation race before the Tour de France, Roglič won the prologue of the Ster ZLM Toer, and finished 2nd overall.


title: Primož Roglič

text: In June 2017, Roglič was named in the startlist for the Tour de France. He won Stage 17 of the race becoming the first Slovenian to win a stage of the Tour de France. He had also collected so many points on the climbs that he finished 2nd in the Mountains classification. At the World Championships in Bergen, Roglič targeted the individual time trial, which finished on Mount Floyen, a climb averaging 9%. He finished 2nd in the event behind Tom Dumoulin.


title: Primož Roglič

text: The 2018 season showed Roglič's potential in stage races and grand tours. He managed to win the general classification in the Tour of the Basque Country, the Tour de Romandie and the Tour of Slovenia. During the early stages of the Tour de France, Roglič managed to avoid the crashes and mechanical issues that many other general classification riders fell victim to putting him in position to compete with the elite riders including Geraint Thomas, Tom Dumoulin, Chris Froome, Nairo Quintana, Romain Bardet and Mikel Landa among others. Roglič was able to stay with the elite riders through the high mountains answering nearly every attack to the point that, after he attacked on the descent and won stage 19 of the race, he was in a podium position in third place overall, behind only Thomas and Dumoulin. Roglič finished the 2018 Tour in fourth overall, after Froome was able to regain the final podium position in the final time trial.


title: Primož Roglič

text: Roglič won the 2019 edition of Tirreno–Adriatico as well as the Tour de Romandie and was one of the pre-race favourites going into the Giro d'Italia. He finished on the podium in 3rd place, wore the race leader's pink jersey for six stages and also won two stages, both individual time trials. In August 2019, Roglič was named in the startlist for the Vuelta a España. Going into the stage ten individual time trial, Roglič trailed the race leader Nairo Quintana by six seconds; Roglič recorded the fastest time over the stage by twenty-five seconds over the next closest competitor, and at least one-and-a-half minutes into all of his rivals for the general classification. He became the 98th rider to win stages at each of the three Grand Tours as a result of the victory. He held the red and green jerseys – as the leader of both the general and points classifications – for the remainder of the race, as he became the first Slovenian rider to win a Grand Tour. A successful 2019 season was crowned with wins in two Italian races in October: the Giro dell'Emilia, and Tre Valli Varesine.


title: Primož Roglič

text: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Roglič's first race of the season was the Slovenian National Road Race Championships, on 21 June. On the final climb to the finish at Ambrož pod Krvavcem, Roglič soloed away from Tadej Pogačar in the closing , winning the national road race title for the first time. The following weekend, Pogačar beat Roglič by 8.5 seconds in the Slovenian National Time Trial Championships. Roglič started strong at the Tour de France, winning the fourth stage, ahead of Pogačar; he took the overall race lead on the ninth stage, finishing second, behind Pogačar, in a five-rider sprint finish in Laruns. After Egan Bernal lost seven minutes on stage 15, Pogačar was the only rider that was within a minute of Roglič in the general classification; Roglič had extended his advantage from 40 seconds to 57 seconds on the summit finish to the Col de la Loze, maintaining that lead going into the penultimate day, a individual time trial that finished at La Planche des Belles Filles. He rode well in the final time trial, being bested by only a few riders, but Pogačar managed to overturn the advantage that Roglič held, bettering his stage time by almost two minutes, giving Pogačar an ultimately race-winning margin of 59 seconds.


title: Primož Roglič

text: The following weekend, Roglič recorded a sixth-place finish in the road race at the World Championships, finishing at the back of a five-rider group that had been battling for the silver medal. At Liège–Bastogne–Liège, Roglič took his first Monument classic victory, pipping world champion Julian Alaphilippe on the line, after Alaphilippe had slowed down to start celebrating his presumptive victory. Roglič then contested the Vuelta a España as defending champion; he won the race's opening stage at the Alto de Arrate in Eibar, before losing the race lead to Richard Carapaz on stage six, after encountering issues putting on a rain jacket. However, he bounced back on stage eight, which finished atop the Alto de Moncavillo. After following attacks from Hugh Carthy and Carapaz on the steepest section of the climb, Roglič put in an attack in the final kilometre that was answered only by Carapaz. Although Carapaz tried to distance Roglič, Roglič countered his attack, eventually soloing across the line 13 seconds ahead of Carapaz. This win elevated Roglič to second place overall, 13 seconds behind Carapaz.


title: Primož Roglič

text: On stage ten, Roglič followed a move initiated by Guillaume Martin () and taken up by Andrea Bagioli () in the final kilometre of a relatively flat stage; he passed Bagioli to win the uphill sprint by several bike lengths. Carapaz, despite having been present in the front positions for much of the final kilometres, crossed the line three seconds behind Roglič and by virtue of the ten bonus seconds awarded to the stage winner, both riders were equal on time at the end of the stage. With a lower value of cumulative stage placings, Roglič took the red jersey ahead of the mountainous third weekend of the race, characterised by challenging mountain stages. At the start of stage 11 a rider protest was held in Villaviciosa, led by Carapaz's teammate Chris Froome, regarding the decision made by the commissaires to change the three-second time gap ruling to a one-second time gap. Even though the decision was in Roglič's favour, his teammate George Bennett claimed that Roglič was in agreement with the protest. On stage 12, Roglič struggled on the steepest slopes of the Alto de l'Angliru, crossing the line in fifth place. He lost 26 seconds, including time bonuses, to stage winner Carthy, who moved into third overall. Additionally, he lost ten seconds to Carapaz, who assumed the red jersey ahead of the race's lone individual time trial.


title: Primož Roglič

text: Following the rest day, Roglič won the time trial – his fourth stage win – which finished atop the steep climb of Mirador de Ézaro. He gained 25 seconds on Carthy and 49 seconds on Carapaz, reclaiming the red jersey. On stage 16, Roglič gained an additional six bonus seconds on his rivals after he sprinted to second place on the stage, giving him an advantage of 45 seconds over Carapaz and 53 seconds over Carthy ahead of the final mountain stage. On the penultimate stage, Roglič was unable to follow an attack by Carapaz around from the top of La Covatilla. He lost 21 seconds to Carapaz, almost halving his race lead to 24 seconds; with only the flat, ceremonial stage to Madrid left, this put Roglič in position to win the race. He safely negotiated the last stage to successfully defend the Vuelta title, the first rider to repeat as Vuelta champion since Roberto Heras, who won the Vuelta from 2003 to 2005. Aside from winning the red jersey, Roglič also won the points classification for the second successive year, holding the lead from start-to-finish – the first rider to do so at a Grand Tour, since Mario Cipollini at the 1997 Giro d'Italia.


title: Primož Roglič

text: Roglič won three stages at Paris–Nice, but lost the overall victory on the final day, after crashing twice and falling to 15th overall. With his stage victories, he also won the points classification. Roglič also won the general classification at his next start, the Tour of the Basque Country; he won the opening stage individual time trial, and also won the points and mountains classifications. Roglič contested all three Ardennes classics for the first time, recording a best finish of second place, at La Flèche Wallonne. After taking two third-place stage finishes in the opening weekend of the Tour de France, Roglič crashed on stage 3 and lost over a minute. Having regained his top-ten placing overall after the fifth stage individual time trial, Roglič lost over half an hour on the first stage in the Alps, and ultimately failed to start the ninth stage. He returned to racing at the COVID-19 pandemic-delayed Tokyo Olympics; he finished 28th in the road race, before taking the gold medal – Slovenia's first in cycling – in the time trial, finishing over a minute clear of his teammate Tom Dumoulin, riding for the Netherlands.


title: Primož Roglič

text: Roglič maintained this form going into the Vuelta a España, winning the opening individual time trial stage in Burgos. He ceded the lead of the race on stage three to Rein Taaramäe, following a successful breakaway. Roglič regained the race lead from Kenny Elissonde following stage six, finishing second to Magnus Cort on the stage. On the mountainous ninth stage, Roglič and two other riders bridged up to a previous attack that had been made by Miguel Ángel López and Adam Yates on the final climb of the Alto de Velefique. Roglič and Enric Mas were able to drop the others, and they finished second and third on the stage behind Damiano Caruso; Roglič led Mas by 28 seconds going into the first rest day, with nobody else within 1' 20".


title: Primož Roglič

text: Following the first rest day, Roglič ceded the race lead again, as a 31-rider breakaway including Odd Christian Eiking and Guillaume Martin finished clear of the peloton; Eiking and Martin both moved ahead of Roglič, who was 2' 17" down in the general classification. Roglič had attempted to go clear of a select group of general classification contenders, but crashed on the descent of the Puerto de Almáchar. On the following stage, Roglič won his second stage of the race, culminating on a steep uphill finish in Valdepeñas de Jaén. He maintained his third place overall for the next five stages, but was able to close in on Eiking by twenty seconds on stage fourteen. On stage seventeen to Lagos de Covadonga, Roglič followed an attack by Egan Bernal with remaining, with the pair working together to achieve and maintain a lead of around 90 seconds prior to the final climb. With left, Roglič dropped Bernal and soloed to the stage victory by 1' 35" from the chasing group of general classification contenders. Roglič extended his lead over Mas on each of the two remaining uphill finishes, and bookended his race with another individual time trial victory in Santiago de Compostela, winning his third successive Vuelta a España by 4' 42" over Mas – the biggest winning margin at the race since Alex Zülle's second Vuelta win in 1997.


title: Primož Roglič

text: He started off the 2022 season with a block of racing in France, including Paris–Nice. On the opening stage, split the race apart in the crosswinds, and on the finishing circuit around Mantes-la-Ville, Christophe Laporte upped the pace to an extent that only Wout van Aert and Roglič were able to follow. The trio remained clear to the end with Laporte winning the stage ahead of Roglič and van Aert. After another second-place stage finish on the fourth stage individual time trial, Roglič assumed the race lead the following day during the fifth stage to Saint-Sauveur-de-Montagut. He won the penultimate stage that finished at the top of the Col de Turini, and finished third on the final stage into Nice, as he won the race by 29 seconds ahead of Simon Yates. He won the opening stage of the Tour of the Basque Country, but lost the race lead on the penultimate stage after being dropped – this was attributed to a knee injury that had occurred pre-race; he ultimately finished the race in eighth overall. In June, he won the Critérium du Dauphiné in preparation for the Tour de France, finishing second on the two mountain stages at the end of the race.


title: Primož Roglič

text: He started the Tour de France off with eighth in the opening time trial in Copenhagen, slower than general classification contenders Jonas Vingegaard and Tadej Pogačar. On the fifth stage, Roglič lost more than two minutes to Pogačar after crashing into a hay bale that had been dislodged into the road. As a result of the crash, he dislocated his shoulder, which he had to put back into place himself. Having finished third on the summit finish to La Planche des Belles Filles two stages later, Roglič and Vingegaard attacked Pogačar on several occasions throughout the eleventh stage as part of a multifaceted plan to confuse and break Pogačar. Vingegaard ultimately dropped Pogačar on his way to the stage victory and the yellow jersey atop the Col du Granon. Roglič then worked as a domestique for Vingegaard over the following stages, before withdrawing from the race ahead of the final rest day. There was some speculation that this was a possibly selfish move by Roglič in order to give his earlier injuries a chance to heal ahead of the Vuelta a España, but it was eventually confirmed that the decision was made by team management. It was also revealed by the team that Roglič may have been hurt worse than he appeared and while it was clarified that he was hoping to target the Vuelta, the team was a bit more cautious about confirming any such plan as 'official'.


title: The Eiger Sanction (film)

text: The Eiger Sanction is a 1975 American action film directed by and starring Clint Eastwood. Based on the 1972 novel "The Eiger Sanction" by Trevanian, the film is about Jonathan Hemlock, an art history professor, mountain climber, and former assassin once employed by a secret government agency, who is blackmailed into returning to his deadly profession for one last mission. He agrees to join an international climbing team in Switzerland planning an ascent of the Eiger north face to avenge the murder of an old friend. "The Eiger Sanction" was produced by Robert Daley for Eastwood's Malpaso Company, with Richard D. Zanuck and David Brown as executive producers, and co-starred George Kennedy, Vonetta McGee, and Jack Cassidy.


title: The Eiger Sanction (film)

text: Principal photography started on August 12, 1974, and ended in late September 1974. The picture was filmed on location on the Eiger mountain and Zurich in Switzerland, in Monument Valley and Zion National Park in the American Southwest, and in Carmel-by-the-Sea and Monterey in California. Special equipment and handheld cameras were employed to film the climbing sequences. Eastwood did his own climbing and stuntwork under dangerous conditions. Twenty-six-year-old British climber David Knowles died on the Eiger during the production. The film score was composed by John Williams.


title: The Eiger Sanction (film)

text: "The Eiger Sanction" was released in New York City on May 21, 1975, and received mixed reviews. The general reaction among many reviewers offered criticism of the story and screenplay, and praise for the climbing footage and action sequences. The film, which was made with a budget of $9 million, earned $14.2 million at the box office. "The Eiger Sanction" was first released in DVD in 1998 and on Blu-ray in 2015 by Universal Studios.


title: The Eiger Sanction (film)

text: Art professor and mountaineer Jonathan Hemlock is a retired government assassin called on to return to work for two more "sanctions", a euphemism for officially approved killings. During his career with a secret government agency called "C2", Hemlock amassed a private collection of 21 rare masterpiece paintings, paid for from his previous sanctions. The director of C2, Dragon, is an albino ex-Nazi confined to semi-darkness and kept alive by blood transfusions. Dragon wants Hemlock to kill two men responsible for the death of another government agent, code name Wormwood. Insisting he is retired, Hemlock refuses until Dragon threatens to expose Hemlock's art collection to the Internal Revenue Service. Hemlock agrees, and travels to Zurich, where he carries out the first sanction for $20,000, twice his usual fee (), and a letter guaranteeing no trouble from the IRS.


title: The Eiger Sanction (film)

text: Returning from Europe, Hemlock meets C2 courier Jemima Brown, who seduces him, and while he is asleep, steals his money and IRS exemption letter. Dragon agrees to return them if Hemlock completes the second sanction. Hemlock is reluctant, but agrees when he learns that the C2 agent killed, Wormwood, was in fact his old friend Henri Baq. Hemlock is an ex-Green Beret, and Baq and he had served together during the Vietnam War, where Baq saved his life. Dragon agrees to pay him $100,000 () plus expenses, and tells him the target is a member of an international mountain-climbing team that will soon attempt an ascent of the north face of the Eiger mountain in Switzerland. Hemlock will be the American member of the team, and must kill one of the climbers—Dragon is unsure of the target's identity other than the man walks with a limp.


title: The Eiger Sanction (film)

text: Hemlock travels to Arizona to train at a climbing school run by a friend, Ben Bowman, who whips him back into shape with the help of an attractive Native American woman named George. Hemlock also encounters an enemy, Miles Mellough, a former ally from the military, who years before had betrayed him in Southeast Asia. Mellough somehow knows a great deal of what Hemlock is planning. He tries to kill Hemlock by hiring George to seduce and drug him, but Hemlock survives. Later, Hemlock lures Mellough and his bodyguard into the desert, shoots and kills the bodyguard, and leaves Mellough to die in the sun.


title: The Eiger Sanction (film)

text: Hemlock travels to Switzerland with Bowman, the "ground man" or supervisor of the climb, and meets the other members of the climbing party at the Hotel Bellevue des Alpes at Kleine Scheidegg. The headstrong and condescending German member, Karl Freytag, presents his proposed route up the mountain, and the team agrees that he will lead the party. The following morning, the men begin their ascent of the Eiger north face, but soon the weather conditions become poor. The French climber is struck by falling rocks and later dies. With Hemlock now leading, the surviving members retreat towards a tunnel window that connects to the Eigerwand railway station, carrying the dead climber between them. At the last moment, Freytag and the Austrian, Anderl Meyer, fall to their deaths. Hemlock is saved, dangling alone a few metres from the tunnel window.


title: The Eiger Sanction (film)

text: Bowman and a rescue crew make their way through the Eiger to the tunnel window, where they attempt to throw a rope to Hemlock. Hemlock notices Bowman is limping, a sign that identifies him as Hemlock's target. Hemlock says, "You're limping, Ben," reluctant to trust that Bowman will rescue him. Bowman throws him the rope, and Hemlock attaches it, then reluctantly cuts his own rope. He falls onto Bowman's rope, and is pulled into the tunnel to safety. On the train back to Kleine Scheidegg, Bowman admits he became involved with "the other side" years earlier, but claims he had no idea that Henri Baq would be killed. Bowman explains he had become involved with Miles Mellough, to whom he was indebted for getting George (who is actually Bowman's daughter) off drugs.


title: The Eiger Sanction (film)

text: Back at Kleine Scheidegg, Bowman approaches Hemlock, looking to mend his relationship with the assassin. Hemlock takes a phone call from Dragon, who is convinced that—since C2 was never able to positively ID the target—Hemlock killed all three of the other climbers intentionally to ensure he completed the job. Hemlock tells Bowman that C2 believes the target died on the mountain, and that no reason exists to tell them otherwise. After Bowman leaves, Jemima Brown joins Hemlock and wonders if Dragon was correct.


title: The Eiger Sanction (film)

text: The film is based on the 1972 thriller novel "The Eiger Sanction" by Trevanian, a pseudonym for Rodney William Whitaker, a University of Texas film professor. It was Trevanian's first novel, and was written as an intentional spoof of James Bond novels. Universal Studios purchased the film rights in November 1972, soon after the novel was published. In late November 1972, screenwriter Hal Dresner was hired to adapt the novel with the author Trevanian, credited as Rod Whitaker as a screenwriter. In April 1973, Paul Newman was cast in the lead role of Jonathan Hemlock. Dresner and Trevanian prepared two drafts of the screenplay, which were provided to Newman. Disappointed with the results and believing the story was too violent, Newman opted out of the project. In late 1973 Universal producers Richard D. Zanuck and David Brown approached Eastwood with the project. Eastwood saw serious flaws with the novel and the script, which had gone through three revisions and a rewrite by the time he read it. Eastwood was never interested in espionage as a subject or the spy thriller as a genre, but he was attracted to the project for two reasons. Disappointed with the way Universal handled his first directorial efforts—"Play Misty for Me" (1971) and "Breezy" (1973), he was looking to move to Warner Bros., where studio head Frank Wells was offering an open invitation, and "Eiger" represented a way to close out his contract. More importantly, the project offered him the opportunity to work in relative isolation on location in Switzerland, away from the distractions of the studio and to work efficiently with a small cast and crew. On January 31, 1974, Universal announced that Eastwood was contracted to both star in and co-produce "The Eiger Sanction" with his own Malpaso Productions and Universal Pictures.