title: Mumbai Metropolitan Region

text: The region has had problems related to haphazard and illegal development as a result of rapid urbanisation. Villages along the NH3 in Bhiwandi Taluka are examples of haphazard developments in the MMR, with some of the largest warehousing areas in India. Government agencies such as the Town Planner and Collector of Thane have had challenges in addressing unorganised development.


title: Dougie Payne

text: Douglas Payne (born 14 November 1972) is the bassist and backing vocalist of the Scottish band Travis.


title: Dougie Payne

text: Payne was born in the south side of Glasgow, and was educated at Woodfarm High School. He was also a member of the local 28th Glasgow (Giffnock) Scout Group in his youth. He went on to become a student at the Glasgow School of Art, where he met the band's singer, Fran Healy. They teamed up to form Glass Onion (named after a Beatles' song), later renaming themselves Travis. Originally Payne was not part of Glass Onion, which featured two other members, but when they left he was asked to play for the band. At the time of being asked, Payne had never touched a bass guitar in his life; for weeks he refused to do it, until finally he agreed.


title: Dougie Payne

text: Although he is better known for his bass guitar playing and backing vocals, Payne has written songs of his own. Tracks such as "The Score", "Know Nothing" and "Good for Nothing" were all penned by Payne and have featured as b-sides on the band's more recent singles. Payne also sings lead vocals on some b-sides, for example "A Little Bit of Soul", from the reverse of "Flowers in the Window", and on "The Distance" from "Singles". He wrote the song "Colder" which features on "The Boy With No Name" and three of the songs from the sixth album "Ode to J. Smith", including single "Something Anything", which is the first Travis single not to be written by Fran Healy. Payne also appeared as a backing vocalist in the song "Tumble and Fall" on Feeder's album "Pushing the Senses".


title: Dougie Payne

text: Payne married actress Kelly Macdonald in 2003. In November 2007, an announcement on the Travisonline message board said that Payne was to become a father for the first time, making him the last member of Travis to do so. Freddie Peter Payne, his son with Macdonald, was born on 9 March 2008. Their second son, Theodore William Payne, was born on 8 December 2012. Payne and Macdonald announced their separation in 2017. Payne likes football and supports Glasgow Rangers.


title: Road Rash

text: Road Rash is a motorcycle racing video game series by Electronic Arts in which the player participates in violent, illegal street races. The series started on the Sega Genesis/Mega Drive and was released on various other systems over the years. The game's title is based on the slang term for the severe friction burns that can occur in a motorcycle fall where skin comes into contact with the ground at high speed.


title: Road Rash

text: Six different games were released from 1991 to 2000, and an alternate version of one game was developed for the Game Boy Advance. The Sega Genesis trilogy was re-released in "EA Replay". The series sold 3 million units by 1998.


title: Road Rash

text: Road Rash debuted on the Sega Genesis in 1991. The game takes place in California, on progressively longer two-lane roads. The two-player mode allows two people to play alternating. There are 14 other opponents in a race. A port of the game was released for the Amiga, and various scaled-down versions were made for Master System, Game Gear, and Game Boy. The Game Boy version is one of two licensed games that is incompatible with the Game Boy Color and newer consoles in the Game Boy line. A SNES version was planned and then canceled.


title: Road Rash

text: Road Rash II was released in 1992 for the Sega Genesis. The sequel took the engine and sprites from the first game and added more content. The largest addition was proper two-player modes: "Split Screen" versus the other computer opponents, and the duel mode "Mano A Mano". The races take place all across the United States: Alaska, Hawaii, Tennessee, Arizona, and Vermont. The list of bikes has been increased to fifteen (separated into three classes, with the later ones featuring nitro boosts), and a chain was added to supplement the club. Other details include the navigation of the menu screens being considerably easier; and more manageable passwords, being less than half the size of the first game.


title: Road Rash

text: Road Rash was released in 1994 for CD-based platforms such as 3DO, Sega CD, PlayStation, Sega Saturn, and Microsoft Windows. It features a number of changes such as the ability to choose characters (with various starting cashpiles and bikes, some with starting weapons) before playing, fleshed-out reputation and gossip systems and full-motion video sequences to advance a plot. The game features all-California locales: The City, The Peninsula, Pacific Coast Highway, Sierra Nevada, and Napa Valley. The roads themselves feature brief divided road sections.


title: Road Rash

text: Road Rash 3 was released in 1995 for the Sega Genesis. Races take place across the world, each level featuring five of seven total locales: Brazil, the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, Kenya, Australia, and Japan. In addition to the standard fifteen bikes, four part upgrades are available for each. Eight weapons are available, and "Road Rash 3" introduces the player's ability to hold on to weapons between races and the ability to accumulate multiple weapons.


title: Road Rash

text: Road Rash 3D was released in 1998 for the PlayStation. The game is mostly not based on sprites. The race courses were pieced together from an interconnected series of roads. The game has less emphasis on combat in exchange for a stronger emphasis on the racing.


title: Road Rash

text: Road Rash 64 was released in 1999 for the Nintendo 64. Electronic Arts did not design or publish it; the intellectual property rights were licensed to THQ, which in turn had its own Pacific Coast Power & Light (founded by former EA employee Don Traeger) develop the game.


title: Road Rash

text: Road Rash: Jailbreak was released in 2000 for the PlayStation, with a handheld port released in 2003 for the Game Boy Advance with the same title. New features include an interconnected road system and two-player cooperative play with a sidecar.


title: Road Rash

text: A spiritual successor, Road Redemption, was later released in 2017 and 2018 for Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One.


title: Road Rash

text: The Sega Genesis trilogy features music by EA composers Rob Hubbard (1 and II), Michael Bartlow (1), Tony Berkeley (II), and Don Veca (II and 3). Later entries were among the first video games to include licensed music tracks from major recording artists in gameplay.


title: Road Rash

text: Criterion Games considered developing a new "Road Rash" game multiple times, potentially a "Burnout Versus Road Rash", but nothing has come of this; they have also expressed a desire to move away from racing games in particular. Dan Geisler, main programmer and co-designer of the Sega Genesis trilogy, was working on a new title along with a number of the original "Road Rash" staff members, then named "Hard Rider: Back in the Saddle"; he first announced it via a Reddit thread, and frequently mentioned progress on his Twitter account. However, he was unable to find funding for it and dropped the idea.


title: Dil (1990 film)

text: Dil () is a 1990 Indian Hindi-language romantic drama film, starring Aamir Khan, Madhuri Dixit, Anupam Kher, and Saeed Jaffrey. It was directed by Indra Kumar, written by Naushir Khatau and Kamlesh Pandey, with music composed by Anand–Milind.


title: Dil (1990 film)

text: "Dil" was released on the 15th of June 1990, clashing with the Sunny Deol-starrer "Ghayal", and became the highest-grossing film of the year. It received positive reviews from critics upon release, with praise for its soundtrack and performances of the cast.


title: Dil (1990 film)

text: At the 36th Filmfare Awards, "Dil" received 8 nominations, including Best Film, Best Actor (Khan) and Best Supporting Actor (Kher), with Dixit winning her first Best Actress award for her performance in the film.


title: Dil (1990 film)

text: The film was remade in Telugu in 1993 under the title "Tholi Muddhu"; in Odia as "Agni Parikshya (1995)". It was also remade in Bangladesh in 1997 under the title "Amar Ghor Amar Behesht". The film was also remade in Kannada as "Shivaranjini". The film was the highest-grossing film of the year.


title: Dil (1990 film)

text: Hazari Prasad, an absolute miser wants a rich woman's marriage proposal for his son Raja, a college student and spendthrift interested in spending money on wild parties.


title: Dil (1990 film)

text: Raja meets the beautiful and arrogant Madhu Mehra. Enraged by her, he misleads her that he is blind. He mocks her when she finds out, and they quickly prank on each other.


title: Dil (1990 film)

text: Hazari looks for a bride with large dowry for Raja. He finds his involvement in wastepaper business makes Raja a less-than-stellar marriage prospect. Accidentally, he runs into Madhu's rich father Durgesh. Hazari gives beggars large quantity of money to masquerade as wealthy acquaintances. He befriends Durgesh, deciding alliance for Raja and Madhu, but when the two find the truth, they disagree to their fathers.


title: Dil (1990 film)

text: On a weekend college retreat, Madhu falsely accuses Raja of trying to rape her. With his reputation ruined, he reprimands her for her dishonesty, saying many take revenge but he is different. Madhu instantly falls for Raja who now develops love for her too. Durgesh discovers Hazari's true circumstances; he insults him who takes offense. Raja and Madhu are forbidden by them to see each other again. Nevertheless, Raja and Madhu secretly meet.


title: Dil (1990 film)

text: When Durgesh finds this, he pays thugs to beat Raja who however sneaks into Mehra house and marries Madhu. Durgesh banishes her from the house. Hazari also disowns Raja, who moves into a small shack with Madhu and works as a constructionist. Despite their poverty, they live happily until Raja is hurt at construction site. Madhu leaves to beg Hazari for money to pay an emergency operation.


title: Dil (1990 film)

text: He agrees, only if she divorces Raja. Hazari removes her wedding necklace. Madhu returns to Durgesh and is forgiven but he orders her to never see Raja. When he recovers, Hazari lies that Madhu never visited him at the hospital. Believing Madhu deserted him, Raja returns to his home.


title: Dil (1990 film)

text: His mother Savitri reveals that Madhu was blackmailed by Hazari. Raja rushes to stop Madhu from taking a plane to London but is late as it takes off. Luckily, she didn't take the plane and meets him. They reunite and everyone live happily, as Hazari and Durgesh repent for their deeds.


title: Dil (1990 film)

text: The lyrics of all songs were written by Sameer, and the music was composed by Anand-Milind. The song "O Priyaa Priyaa" was originally composed by Ilaiyaraaja, and originally sung by Chithra & S. P. Balasubrahmanyam in the Telugu film "Geethanjali".


title: Dil (1990 film)

text: The film's soundtrack album sold 5million cassettes, making it one of the best-selling Bollywood music albums at the time, along with "Maine Pyar Kiya" (1989).


title: Northern Mindanao

text: Northern Mindanao (; ; Maranao: "Pangotaraan Mindanao") is an administrative region in the Philippines, designated as Region X. It comprises five provinces: Bukidnon, Camiguin, Misamis Occidental, Misamis Oriental, and Lanao del Norte, and two cities classified as "highly urbanized", all occupying the north-central part of Mindanao island, and the island-province of Camiguin. The regional center is Cagayan de Oro. Lanao del Norte was transferred to Northern Mindanao from Region XII (then called "Central Mindanao") by virtue of "Executive Order No. 36" in September 2001.


title: Northern Mindanao

text: The current name of the region was derived from its position on Mindanao island. The term was officially coined by the Americans after the establishment of American colonial rule in the Philippines due to the defeat of Filipino revolutionaries. There have been proposals to rename the current Northern Mindanao region, which is dominated by the Cebuano ethnic group, into the "Amihanan" region. "Amihanan" literally translates to 'northern area' from the Cebuano language, which is the lingua franca of the region.


title: Northern Mindanao

text: Northern Mindanao has a total land area of . More than 60% of Northern Mindanao's total land area are classified as forest land. Its seas abound with fish and other marine products. The abundant vegetation, natural springs and high elevation contribute to the region's cool, mild and invigorating climate.


title: Northern Mindanao

text: The region is composed of five provinces: Bukidnon, the island province of Camiguin, Lanao del Norte, Misamis Occidental and Misamis Oriental. It has two "highly urbanized" cities, Cagayan de Oro and Iligan, that are administered independently from any province. The provinces are further subdivided into seven component cities and 84 municipalities, with a total of 2,022 barangays. The regional center is Cagayan de Oro.


title: Northern Mindanao

text: Northern Mindanao is the 8th most populous region in the Philippines and 2nd in Mindanao (after Davao Region) according to the 2015 Philippine Statistics Authority Census. The major urban area of Region X is Metro Cagayan de Oro which includes Cagayan de Oro and some municipalities and cities of Misamis Oriental and Bukidnon.


title: Northern Mindanao

text: The vast majority of the region's inhabitants descended from migrants from Cebu and Bohol. Some other inhabitants are of Waray, Hiligaynon, Zamboangueño, Maranao and Tausug descent, while the autochthonous Bukidnons and Manobos populate the inner highlands.


title: Northern Mindanao

text: The predominant religion is Christianity, with Roman Catholicism forming 72% of the population and Protestants forming a significant minority of 14%. The second predominant religion is Islam, forming 8% of the population.


title: Northern Mindanao

text: The economy of Northern Mindanao is the second largest regional economy in the island of Mindanao. While still a mainly agricultural region, there is also a booming growth of industries particularly in Cagayan de Oro and in Iligan. Del Monte Philippines is located in the Province of Bukidnon and its processing plant is located in Cagayan de Oro, where it ships its products to the rest of the Philippines and Asia-Pacific region. The Agus-IV to VII Hydroelectric Plants in Iligan and Balo-i, Lanao del Norte supply most of its electrical power in Mindanao.


title: SKF

text: AB SKF (Swedish: Svenska Kullagerfabriken; 'Swedish Ball Bearing Factory') is a Swedish bearing and seal manufacturing company founded in Gothenburg, Sweden, in 1907. The company manufactures and supplies bearings, seals, lubrication and lubrication systems, maintenance products, mechatronics products, power transmission products, condition monitoring systems and related services globally.


title: SKF

text: SKF is the world's largest bearing manufacturer, and employs 44,000 people in 108 manufacturing units. It has the largest industrial distributor network in the industry, with 17,000 distributor locations encompassing 130 countries. SKF is one of the largest companies in Sweden and among the largest public companies in the world.


title: SKF

text: The development of SKF is a significant part of the Swedish and global machine industry development. AB SKF is established in Gothenburg in 1907 with the initial capital and startup project for ball bearing manufacturing of Gamlestadens Fabriker AB, under the guidance of co-owners and members of the board Axel Carlander and Knut Johansson Mark, following the invention of the spherical ball bearing by engineer Sven Wingquist. He was an operations engineer in Gamlestadens Fabriker AB and was then appointed CEO and technical manager in SKF. Industrialist Axel Carlander was the first chairman of the board of SKF from 1907 to 1937 during which time he implemented successful industrial and corporate managerial strategies for the startup and growth of SKF and the establishment of its factories outside Sweden.


title: SKF

text: Historically, the machine industry development and industrial production of innovative technical models depend on both engineering and industrial leaders, on the base of their educational, research and professional experience. In this context, the startup and growth of SKF has become possible due to the engineering experience and inventions of Sven Wingquist and the industrial managerial experience and strategies of Axel Carlander.


title: SKF

text: In 1906, Sven Wingquist patented the self-aligning ball bearings and in 1907 – the multi-row self-regulating radial ball bearing (spherical ball bearing). He graduated Orebro Technical Elementary School in 1894, whereafter he started working as an engineer in Swedish textile factories, respectively Jonsereds Fabriker from 1896 to 1899 and Gamlestadens Fabriker AD from 1899 onwards. As an operations engineer responsible for repairs and maintenance at Gamlestadens Fabriker AD he sought opportunities to improve the efficiency and endurance of the ball bearings used at the time. Due to that, he was interested in a comparative study from 1902 about ball and plain bearings by professor Richard Stribeck of the Institute of Technology in Dresden, Germany. Sven Wingquist invented the first design of combined self-aligning spherical ball bearing. It was a revolutionary upgrade of the first ball bearing design which was invented and patented by British iron-maker Philip Vaughan in 1794 and the first design of self-aligning spherical plain bearing which was invented by Scottish engineer James Nasmyth around 1840. The historical development of bearing’s design is a result of revolutionary inventions and upgrades for improvement of their efficiency and endurance as well as broadening the scope of their application to a variety of machine industry sectors.


title: SKF

text: In 1917–1919 Arvid Palmgren, who started working as a research engineer in SKF, invented and patented the first design of double-row self-aligning roller bearing (spherical roller bearing), the production of which continues to this day. He graduated in civil engineering at KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm in 1916 and became a Doctor of Technology in 1930 with dissertation thesis on the capacity of ball bearings. Arvid Palmgren is also author of the book ‘Ball and Roller Bearing Engineering’, published in 1945 and 1959.


title: SKF

text: The startup and growth of SKF depends not only on technical inventions but also on industrial and corporate management strategies and power. Axel Carlander is co-founder of SKF as a co-owner and member of the board of Gamlestadens Fabriker AB, which corporate policy provided conditions for experimenting with the new bearing models and the startup of SKF, and also he was the first chairman of the board of SKF who applied successful managerial strategies to the company startup and its development during the first 30 years. He graduated from the Gothenburg Trade Institute in 1886 and he is second generation industrialist with education and significant managerial experience in the field of economics, trade and industry. He developed his industrial and corporate strategies as co-founder and chairmen of the board of leading companies in Gothenburg, as co-owner and board member of the trade and textile company Johansson & Carlander and Gamlestadens Fabriker AB; co-founder and first chairmen of the board of SKF (1907– ); co-founder and first chairman of the board of shipping companies Swedish American Mexico Line ‘SAML’ (1911– ) and Swedish American Line ‘SAL’ (1914– ); board member of AB Volvo (1917– ); chairman of the City Council (1923– ); co-founder, donor and first chairman of Carlanderska hospital (1927– ), as well as board member of other companies, banks, associations and foundations established for the benefit of business and society. SKF grew as a global company because of his successful industrial and corporate managerial strategies for its startup and growth during the first 30 years - for example in 1930 the company had 12 factories with 21,000 employees, two-thirds outside Sweden.The main corporate strategies of SKF have always been focused on the development and maintenance of the manufactured bearings and the manufacturing bases. As an exception, in 1917 AB Volvo was established at SKF to construct an innovative type of car with the implementation of new bearings. In 1926, the subsidiary automobile company Volvo was founded as an engineering project by Assar Gabrielsson, Bjorn Prytz and Gustaf Larson, and separated as an independent company in 1935. With this innovative startup project, SKF once again contributed to the Swedish and global machine industry development.


title: SKF

text: Today, SKF Group continues to be a global leader in the manufacture and maintenance of increasingly advanced bearings, such as the SKF Explorer and SKF Energy Efficient (E2).


title: SKF

text: Sven Wingqvist, at the time a thirty-year-old plant engineer responsible for repairs and maintenance at Gamlestadens Fabriker, was dissatisfied with the performance of the ball bearings then in use. In spring 1907, Wingquist presented a breakthrough: a double row self-aligning ball bearing with a spherical raceway in the outer ring, shared by both rows of balls. This allowed the inner ring to align freely in relation to the outer ring, with no negative impact on the function of the bearing. The new bearing solved the problem associated with misalignment of the shafts and thus did away with the frequent production stops. Self-alignment was particularly useful in the less-than-perfect machinery of the times and in buildings with subsidence problems, which was the case at Gamlestadens Fabriker, since much of the land on which Gothenburg has been built is clay.


title: SKF

text: On 16 February 1907, Wingqvist applied for Swedish patent No. 25406, a multi-row self-aligning radial ball bearing. The Patent was granted on 6 June in Sweden coinciding with patents in 10 other countries. The new ball bearing was successful from the outset. Three years after SKF was founded, the company had 325 employees and a subsidiary in the United Kingdom. Manufacturing operations were later established in multiple countries.


title: SKF

text: By 1912, SKF was represented in 32 countries and by 1930, a staff of over 21,000 were employed in 12 manufacturing facilities worldwide with the largest in Philadelphia, United States.


title: SKF

text: SKF began its operations in India in 1923 by establishing a trading outpost in Calcutta. The early operations involved the importing of automotive bearings. SKF India Ltd was incorporated in 1961 following a collaboration between AB SKF, Associated Bearing Co. Ltd and Investment Corp. of India Ltd. In 1963, SKF set up its first bearing factory in Pune, Maharashtra.


title: SKF

text: Assar Gabrielsson, SKF sales manager, and Björn Prytz, Managing Director of SKF were the founders of Volvo AB in 1926. In the beginning, the company functioned as a subsidiary automobile company within the SKF group. SKF funded the production run of the first thousand cars, built at Hisingen in Gothenburg, beginning in 1927. SKF used one of the company's trademarked names: AB Volvo, which derives from the Latin "I roll", with its obvious connotations of bearings in motion. The ownership of Volvo lasted until 1935 when the last shares were divested.


title: SKF

text: In order to expand its international business, SKF decided in 1966 it needed to use the English language. Senior officials, although mostly still Swedish, all learned English in all major internal documents were in English, the lingua franca of multinational corporations. In the 1970s SKF embarked on a massive production rationalisation program in Europe. A visionary project, "Production Concept for the 80s" was launched with the aim to run the night shifts practically unmanned. To increase productivity and safeguard the product quality, a continuous, automatic flow of bearing rings was needed, so SKF developed the Flexlink brand. FlexLink created the multiflex plastic chain conveyor system to solve the business requirements. SKF divested FlexLink as a separate company in 1997.


title: SKF

text: The SKF Group currently consists of approximately 150 companies including the seal manufacturer Chicago Rawhide. Since its founding, SKF's company headquarters have been located in Gothenburg. One recent acquisition was that of Economos, part of Salzer Holding, an Austria-based seal company, Jaeger Industrial and ABBA, Taiwanese manufacturers of linear actuators. The company's clients include General Electric, Rolls-Royce plc and Pratt & Whitney. It also supplies bearings for Ferrari racing vehicles, used in Formula One races, and is a sponsor of F1. Then SKF became sponsor of Team Penske in the NASCAR Cup Series since 2012, Then in 2017 SKF became as Brad Keselowski sponsor in #2 Ford Fusion and #22 Ford Mustang in Xfinity Series, Previously, it is Sponsor of Richard Childress Racing, and Roush Fenway Racing, SKF is Sponsor of Ducati Corse in MotoGP since 2015. Another focus area is the energy sector, including wind turbines which generate electricity.


title: SKF

text: SKF India, established in 1961, is the company's Indian subsidiary. SKF India is publicly listed on the National Stock Exchange of India and the Bombay Stock Exchange. The company has a large presence in the Indian bearing industry. As of 2021, SKF India has 3 manufacturing facilities and 12 offices across India. SKF India employs 1762 people, more than 1900 suppliers and 455 authorized distributors.


title: SKF

text: SKF runs its own business excellence program for continuous improvement (Kaizen) of its business processes in all parts of the company. The program is based on previous initiatives like TQM and integrates with lean management also statistical methods of Six Sigma along with related project management. Many elements of this SKF program remind of the integrated approach of the actual EFQM model for Business Excellence.


title: SKF

text: The Group has a global certification to ISO 14001 (environmental management system), ISO 50001 (energy management) and OHSAS 18001 (health and safety) standards. Its operations are also certified to either ISO 9001 or applicable customer industry standards, e.g. ISO/TS 16949 (automotive), AS9100 (aviation), or IRIS (railway) for quality management systems.


The 2018 United States Senate election in Ohio took place November 6, 2018. The candidate filing deadline was February 7, 2018; the primary election was held May 8, 2018. Democratic U.S. Senator Sherrod Brown—the only remaining elected Democratic statewide officeholder in Ohio at the time of the election—won his reelection bid for a third term, defeating Republican U.S. Representative Jim Renacci in the general election. As of 2022, this is the most recent statewide election in Ohio to be won by a Democrat on a partisan basis.


title: 2018 United States Senate election in Ohio

text: The election was not particularly close, with Brown winning by 6.84%. Brown was the only Democrat who won statewide in Ohio in this election cycle. Brown was able to win re-election by winning back most of the Rust Belt, which swung Republican in 2016. Brown did well in Portage County, Summit County, and Trumbull County, which are all very heavily pro union counties. Brown also did well in the rust belt from Lucas County, home of Toledo, all the way to Cuyahoga County, home of Cleveland. Brown also trounced Renacci in Franklin County and Hamilton County home of Columbus and Cincinnati respectively; the latter, Hamilton County was once considered a Republican stronghold. Renacci, while performing well in most rural areas of the state, underperformed Mike DeWine, the Republican Party's nominee and eventual winner for governor. Regardless, Renacci somewhat overperformed in comparison to most polling before the election, while Brown lost in several counties he had won in his previous Senate races. Exit polls also show Brown had a very strong showing amongst minority and women voters, which was key to his victory. Brown was sworn in for a third term as the senior senator from Ohio on January 3, 2019.


text: Brown won 9 of 16 congressional districts, including the 1st, 10th, 12th, 14th and 15th districts, which elected Republicans to the House.


title: 2A36 Giatsint-B

text: The 2A36 Giatsint-B (; "Hyacinth") is a Soviet/Russian towed 152 mm field gun which entered service in 1975. The 2A36 is designed to suppress and destroy enemy manpower and equipment. It is also suitable for counter-battery fire. The gun can be used in various weather conditions and has been tested in temperatures ranging from −50 °C to 50 °C. The gun is in use in Russia, a number of CIS countries, Finland, Iraq, and Ukraine. It was also used by the Lebanese Army to fire into the heavily fortified Nahr el-Bared refugee camp during the conflict there. Lebanon possibly acquired some in a major arms shipment from Iraq shortly before the end of the Lebanese Civil War.


title: 2A36 Giatsint-B

text: The 2A36 is fitted with a semi-automatic breech block, a hydro-pneumatic battery, which uses the energy from the recoil, and a chain-driven rammer for the projectile and the cased propellant charge. The carriage is raised with hydraulic power. It is also equipped with a two-speed mechanism for elevation.


title: 2A36 Giatsint-B

text: The gun barrel is 152 mm caliber, 49 calibre lengths, and is rifled. The length of the barrel (including muzzle brake) is 8,197 mm (27 ft). The carriage is forked and suspended.


title: 2A36 Giatsint-B

text: The height is 2.76 m (in transport configuration) and the under carriage is 2.34 m wide. The wheel diameter is 1.08 m, and the width of the wheel is 300 mm. Normal tire pressure is 470kPa.


title: 2A36 Giatsint-B

text: The Perm Automobile Factory SKV started to develop a new 152 mm gun in November 1968, which was to have an extended range of fire. Two variants were planned from the beginning – the towed version, 2A36 "Giatsint-B", and the self-propelled variant, 2A37 or 2S5 Giatsint-S.


title: 2A36 Giatsint-B

text: The guns were field tested in 1971–1972, and deliveries to the Soviet Army began in 1975. the 2A36 is still considered to be reliable, mobile, and capable of delivering heavy firepower.


title: 2A36 Giatsint-B

text: The guns are usually deployed in batteries of six to eight guns; promotional material claims that a battery can place more than 1 tonne of projectiles on a target in one minute. In Russian service, the gun is usually towed by a KrAZ-260 9 tonne 6×6 truck or by an artillery tractor, such as the AT-T, ATS-59, AT-S, or MT-T. When towed the carriage is supported by a four-wheel (two wheels on each side) walking beam suspension, permitting the gun to be towed over rough terrain at speeds up to 30 km/h (18.6 mp/h). In firing position the trail legs are split and the gun rests on a circular jack under the forward part of the carriage. This arrangement allows for gun traverse of 25 degrees to the left and right. Several types of trail spades are available to suit the season; the summer spades are larger to suit softer ground.


title: Wild Strawberries (film)

text: Wild Strawberries is a 1957 Swedish drama film written and directed by Ingmar Bergman. The original Swedish title is Smultronstället, which literally means "the wild strawberry patch" but idiomatically signifies a hidden gem of a place, often with personal or sentimental value, and not widely known. The cast includes Victor Sjöström in his final screen performance as an old man recalling his past, as well as Bergman regulars Bibi Andersson, Ingrid Thulin, and Gunnar Björnstrand. Max von Sydow also appears in a small role.


title: Wild Strawberries (film)

text: Bergman wrote the screenplay while hospitalized. Exploring philosophical themes such as introspection and human existence, "Wild Strawberries" received wide positive domestic reception upon release, and won the Golden Bear for Best Film at the 8th Berlin International Film Festival. It is often considered to be arguably Bergman's greatest and most moving film and one of the greatest films ever made.


title: Wild Strawberries (film)

text: Grouchy, stubborn, and egotistical Professor Isak Borg is a widowed 76-year-old physician who specialized in bacteriology. Before specializing, he served as a general practitioner in rural Sweden. He sets out on a long car ride from Stockholm to Lund to be awarded the degree of Doctor Jubilaris 50 years after he received his doctorate from Lund University. He is accompanied by his pregnant daughter-in-law Marianne who does not much like her father-in-law and is planning to separate from her husband, Evald, Isak's only son, who does not want her to have the baby, their first.


title: Wild Strawberries (film)

text: During the trip, Isak is forced by nightmares, daydreams, old age, and impending death to reevaluate his life. He meets a series of hitchhikers, each of whom sets off dreams or reveries into Borg's troubled past. The first group consists of two young men and their companion, a woman named Sara who is adored by both men. Sara is a double for the love of Isak's youth. He reminisces about his childhood at the seaside and his sweetheart Sara, with whom he remembered gathering strawberries, but who instead married his brother. The first group remains with him throughout his journey. Next Isak and Marianne pick up an embittered middle-aged couple, the Almans, whose vehicle has nearly collided with theirs. The pair exchanges such terrible vitriol and venom that Marianne stops the car and demands that they leave. The couple reminds Isak of his own unhappy marriage. In a dream sequence, Isak is asked by Sten Alman, now the examiner, to read "foreign" letters on the blackboard. He cannot. So, Alman reads it for him: "A doctor's first duty is to ask forgiveness," from which he concludes, "You are guilty of guilt."


title: Wild Strawberries (film)

text: He is confronted by his loneliness and aloofness, recognizing these traits in both his elderly mother (whom they stop to visit) and in his middle-aged physician son, and he gradually begins to accept himself, his past, his present, and his approaching death.


title: Wild Strawberries (film)

text: Borg finally arrives at his destination and is promoted to Doctor Jubilaris, but this proves to be an empty ritual. That night, he bids a loving goodbye to his young friends, to whom the once bitter old man whispers in response to a playful declaration of the young girl's love, "I'll remember." As he goes to his bed in his son's home, he is overcome by a sense of peace, and dreams of a family picnic by a lake. Closure and affirmation of life have finally come, and Borg's face radiates joy.


title: Wild Strawberries (film)

text: Bergman's idea for the film originated on a drive from Stockholm to Dalarna during which he stopped in Uppsala, his hometown. Driving by his grandmother's house, he suddenly imagined how it would be if he could open the door and inside find everything just as it was during his childhood. "So it struck me — what if you could make a film about this; that you just walk up in a realistic way and open a door, and then you walk into your childhood, and then you open another door and come back to reality, and then you make a turn around a street corner and arrive in some other period of your existence, and everything goes on, lives. That was actually the idea behind "Wild Strawberries"". Later, he would revise the story of the film's genesis. In "Images: My Life in Film," he comments on his own earlier statement: "That's a lie. The truth is that I am forever living in my childhood."


title: Wild Strawberries (film)

text: Bergman wrote the screenplay of "Wild Strawberries" in Stockholm's Karolinska Hospital (the workplace of Isak Borg) in the late spring of 1957; he'd recently been given permission to proceed by producer Carl Anders Dymling on the basis of a short synopsis. He was in the hospital for two months, being treated for recurrent gastric problems and general stress. Bergman's doctor at Karolinska was his good friend Sture Helander who invited him to attend his lectures on psychosomatics. Helander was married to Gunnel Lindblom who was to play Isak's sister Charlotta in the film. Bergman was at a high point of his professional career after a triumphant season at the Malmö City Theatre (where he had been artistic director since 1952), in addition to the success of both "Smiles of a Summer Night" (1955) and "The Seventh Seal" (1957). His private life, however, was in disarray. His third marriage was on the rocks; his affair with Bibi Andersson, which had begun in 1954, was coming to an end; and his relationship with his parents was, after an attempted reconciliation with his mother, at a desperately low ebb.


title: Wild Strawberries (film)

text: Casting and pre-production progressed rapidly. The completed screenplay is dated May 31. Shooting took place between July 2, 1957 and August 27, 1957. The scenes at the summer house were filmed in Saltsjöbaden, a fashionable resort in the Stockholm archipelago. Part of the nightmare sequence was shot with predawn summer light in Gamla stan, the old part of central Stockholm. Most of the movie was made at SF's studio and on its back lot at Råsunda in northern Stockholm.


title: Wild Strawberries (film)

text: The director's immediate choice for the leading role of the old professor was Victor Sjöström, Bergman's silent film idol and early counselor at Svensk Filmindustri, whom he had directed in "To Joy" eight years earlier. "Victor," Bergman remarked, "was feeling wretched and didn’t want to [do it];... he must have been seventy eight. He was misanthropic and tired and felt old. I had to use all my powers of persuasion to get him to play the part."


title: Wild Strawberries (film)

text: In "Bergman on Bergman," he has stated that he only thought of Sjöström when the screenplay was complete, and that he asked Dymling to contact the famous actor and film director. Yet in "Images: My Life in Film," he claims, "It is probably worth noting that I never for a moment thought of Sjöström when I was writing the screenplay. The suggestion came from the film's producer, Carl Anders Dymling. As I recall, I thought long and hard before I agreed to let him have the part."


title: Wild Strawberries (film)

text: During the shooting, the health of the 78-year-old Sjöström gave cause for concern. Dymling had persuaded him to take on the role with the words: "All you have to do is lie under a tree, eat wild strawberries and think about your past, so it's nothing too arduous." This was inaccurate and the burden of the film was completely on Sjöström who is in all but one scene of the film. Initially, Sjöström had problems with his lines which made him frustrated and angry. He would go off into a corner and beat his head against the wall in frustration, even to the point of drawing blood and producing bruises. He sometimes quibbled over details in the script. To unburden his revered mentor, Bergman made a pact with Ingrid Thulin that if anything went wrong during a scene, she would take the blame on herself. Things improved when they changed filming times so that Sjöström could get home in time for his customary late afternoon whisky at 5:00. Sjöström got along particularly well with Bibi Andersson.


title: Wild Strawberries (film)

text: As usual, Bergman chose his collaborators from a team of actors and technicians with whom he had worked before in the cinema and the theater. As Sara, Bibi Andersson plays both Borg's childhood sweetheart who left him to marry his brother and a charming, energetic young woman who reminds him of that lost love. Andersson, then twenty one years old, was a member in Bergman's famed repertory company. He gave her a small part in his films "Smiles of a Summer Night" (1955) and as the jester's wife in "The Seventh Seal" (1957). She would continue to work for him in many more films, most notably in "Persona" (1966). Ingrid Thulin plays Marianne, the sad, gentle and warm daughter-in-law of Borg. She appeared in other Bergman films as the mistress in "Winter Light" (1963) and as one of three sisters in "Cries and Whispers" (1972). Bergman's first wife, Else Fisher, made a brief uncredited appearance as Borg's mother in the final flashback; their daughter, Lena, played one of Isak's twin sisters.


title: Wild Strawberries (film)

text: "Wild Strawberries" received strongly positive reviews in Sweden; its acting, script, and photography were common areas of praise. It was among the films that cemented Bergman's international reputation, but American critics were not unanimous in their praise. A number of reviewers found its story puzzling. In "The New York Times", Bosley Crowther lauded the performances of Sjöström and Andersson but wrote, "This one is so thoroughly mystifying that we wonder whether Mr. Bergman himself knew what he was trying to say." The film ranked 7th on Cahiers du Cinéma's Top 10 Films of the Year List in 1959.


title: Wild Strawberries (film)

text: In a 1963 interview with "Cinema" magazine, director Stanley Kubrick listed the film as his second favourite of all time. It was also listed by Russian filmmaker Andrei Tarkovsky as one of his top ten favorite films. It is now considered one of Bergman's major works. Film critic Derek Malcolm ranked the film at No. 56 on his list of the "Top 100 Movies" in 2001. In 2007, the film was ranked at No. 34 by The Guardian's readers poll on the list of "40 greatest foreign films of all time". In 2009, the film was ranked at No. 59 on Japanese film magazine kinema Junpo's "Top 100 Non-Japanese Films of All Time" list.


title: Wild Strawberries (film)

text: In 1972, the work was ranked 10th, in 2002 it was ranked 27th and in 2012, It ranked 63rd on the "Sight & Sound" critics' poll of the greatest films ever made. That same year the film was voted at number 11 on the 25 best Swedish films of all time list by a poll of 50 film critics and academics conducted by film magazine FLM. Its screenplay was listed in "Total Film" as one of the 50 best ever written. The film was included in BBC's 2018 list of The 100 greatest foreign language films.


title: Wild Strawberries (film)

text: On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, "Wild Strawberries" has an approval rating of 96% based on 45 reviews, with an average score of 8.90/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "Wild Strawberries were never so bittersweet as Ingmar Bergman's beautifully written and filmed look at one man's nostalgic journey into the past." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 88 out of 100 based on 17 critic's reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".


title: Wild Strawberries (film)

text: The film won the Golden Bear for Best Film and the FIPRESCI Prize at the 8th Berlin International Film Festival, "Best Film" and "Best Actor" at the Mar del Plata Film Festival and won the Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Film in 1960. The Film was nominated for a BAFTA Award in Best Film From Any Source category in 1959. It was also nominated for an Academy Award for Original Screenplay, but the nomination was refused by Bergman. The film won the Pasinetti Award at 1958 Venice Film Festival. It won the Bodil Award for Best European Film in 1959 and the Nastro d'Argento for Best Non-Italian Film in 1960.


title: Wild Strawberries (film)

text: The film is included on the Vatican Best Films List, recommended for its portrayal of a man's "interior journey from pangs of regret and anxiety to a refreshing sense of peace and reconciliation".


title: Wild Strawberries (film)

text: "Wild Strawberries" influenced the Woody Allen films "Stardust Memories" (1980), "Another Woman" (1988), "Crimes and Misdemeanors" (1989), and "Deconstructing Harry" (1997). In "Stardust Memories", the film's plot is similar in that the protagonist, filmmaker Sandy Bates (Woody Allen), is attending a viewing of his films, while reminiscing about and reflecting on his life and past relationships and trying to fix and stabilize his current ones, which are infused with flashbacks and dream sequences. In "Another Woman", the film's main character, Marion Post (Gena Rowlands), is also accused by friends and relatives of being cold and unfeeling, which forces her to reexamine her life. Allen also borrows several tropes from Bergman's film, such as having Lynn (Frances Conroy), Post's sister-in-law, tell her that her brother Paul (Harris Yulin) hates her and having a former student tell Post that her class changed her life. Allen has Post confront the demons of her past via several dream sequences and flashbacks that reveal important information to a viewer, as in "Wild Strawberries". In "Crimes and Misdemeanors", Allen made reference to the scene in which Isak watches his family have dinner. In "Deconstructing Harry", the plot (a writer going on a long drive to receive an honorary award from his old university, while reflecting upon his life's experiences, with dream sequences) essentially mirrors that of "Wild Strawberries".


title: Miyagi Prefecture

text: Sendai is the capital and largest city of Miyagi Prefecture, and the largest city in the Tōhoku region, with other major cities including Ishinomaki, Ōsaki, and Tome. Miyagi Prefecture is located on Japan's eastern Pacific coast and bounded to the west by the Ōu Mountains, the longest mountain range in Japan, with 24% of its total land area being designated as Natural Parks. Miyagi Prefecture is home to Matsushima Islands, a group of islands ranked as one of the Three Views of Japan, near the town of Matsushima. In 7th April, 2021 the biggest earthquake in Japan occured.


title: Miyagi Prefecture

text: On March 11, 2011, a 9.0 magnitude earthquake and a subsequent major tsunami hit Miyagi Prefecture, causing major damage to the area. The tsunami was estimated to be approximately high in Miyagi Prefecture.


title: Miyagi Prefecture

text: On April 7, 2011, a magnitude 7.4 earthquake struck off the coast of Miyagi, Japan. Workers were then evacuated from the nearby troubled Fukushima Daiichi nuclear facility once again, as a tsunami warning was issued for the coastline. Residents were told to flee for inner land at that time.


title: Miyagi Prefecture

text: In 2013, Crown Prince Naruhito and Crown Princess Masako visited the prefecture to see the progress made since the tsunami.


title: Miyagi Prefecture

text: Miyagi Prefecture is in the central part of Tōhoku, facing the Pacific Ocean, and contains Tōhoku's largest city, Sendai. There are high mountains on the west and along the northeast coast, but the central plain around Sendai is fairly large.


title: Miyagi Prefecture

text: Matsushima is known as one of the three most scenic views of Japan, with a bay full of 260 small islands covered in pine groves.


title: Miyagi Prefecture

text: As of 31 March 2019, 24% of the total land area of the prefecture was designated as Natural Parks, namely the Sanriku Fukkō National Park; Kurikoma and Zaō Quasi-National Parks; and Abukuma Keikoku, Asahiyama, Funagata Renpō, Futakuchi Kyōkoku, Kenjōsan Mangokuura, Kesennuma, Matsushima, and Zaō Kōgen Prefectural Natural Parks.


title: Miyagi Prefecture

text: Although Miyagi has a good deal of fishing and agriculture, producing a great deal of rice and livestock, it is dominated by the manufacturing industries around Sendai, particularly electronics, appliances, and food processing.


title: Miyagi Prefecture

text: As of March 2011, the prefecture produced 4.7% of Japan's rice, 23% of oysters, and 15.9% of sauries.


title: Miyagi Prefecture

text: In July 2011, the Japanese government decided to ban all shipments of beef cattle from northeast Miyagi Prefecture over fears of radioactive contamination.


title: Miyagi Prefecture

text: According to Japanese census data, Miyagi prefecture experienced its greatest period of growth from 1940 to 1950 and continued to exhibit growth up until the 21st century. Nevertheless, like the majority of Japan, the population of Miyagi has begun to slowly decline. The prefectural capital of Sendai, however, has seen a moderate, but steady rise in population over the past twenty years.


title: Miyagi Prefecture

text: Sendai was the castle town of the "daimyō" Date Masamune. The remains of Sendai Castle stand on a hill above the city.


title: Miyagi Prefecture

text: Miyagi Prefecture boasts one of Japan's three greatest sights. Matsushima, the pine-clad islands, dot the waters off the coast of the prefecture.


title: Miyagi Prefecture

text: Miyagi Prefecture is one of the main settings of the manga and anime series "Haikyū!!". The most well-known fictional schools located there are Karasuno High School, Aoba Johsai High School, Date Tech High and Shiratorizawa Academy, as well as Sendai City Gymnasium. Another anime series "Wake Up, Girls!" is also set in Miyagi Prefecture.


title: Emission spectrum

text: The emission spectrum of a chemical element or chemical compound is the spectrum of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation emitted due to an electron making a transition from a high energy state to a lower energy state. The photon energy of the emitted photon is equal to the energy difference between the two states. There are many possible electron transitions for each atom, and each transition has a specific energy difference. This collection of different transitions, leading to different radiated wavelengths, make up an emission spectrum. Each element's emission spectrum is unique. Therefore, spectroscopy can be used to identify elements in matter of unknown composition. Similarly, the emission spectra of molecules can be used in chemical analysis of substances.


title: Emission spectrum

text: In physics, emission is the process by which a higher energy quantum mechanical state of a particle becomes converted to a lower one through the emission of a photon, resulting in the production of light. The frequency of light emitted is a function of the energy of the transition.


title: Emission spectrum

text: Since energy must be conserved, the energy difference between the two states equals the energy carried off by the photon. The energy states of the transitions can lead to emissions over a very large range of frequencies. For example, visible light is emitted by the coupling of electronic states in atoms and molecules (then the phenomenon is called fluorescence or phosphorescence). On the other hand, nuclear shell transitions can emit high energy gamma rays, while nuclear spin transitions emit low energy radio waves.


title: Emission spectrum

text: The emittance of an object quantifies how much light is emitted by it. This may be related to other properties of the object through the Stefan–Boltzmann law.


title: Emission spectrum

text: For most substances, the amount of emission varies with the temperature and the spectroscopic composition of the object, leading to the appearance of color temperature and emission lines. Precise measurements at many wavelengths allow the identification of a substance via emission spectroscopy.


title: Emission spectrum

text: Emission of radiation is typically described using semi-classical quantum mechanics: the particle's energy levels and spacings are determined from quantum mechanics, and light is treated as an oscillating electric field that can drive a transition if it is in resonance with the system's natural frequency. The quantum mechanics problem is treated using time-dependent perturbation theory and leads to the general result known as Fermi's golden rule. The description has been superseded by quantum electrodynamics, although the semi-classical version continues to be more useful in most practical computations.


title: Emission spectrum

text: When the electrons in the atom are excited, for example by being heated, the additional energy pushes the electrons to higher energy orbitals. When the electrons fall back down and leave the excited state, energy is re-emitted in the form of a photon. The wavelength (or equivalently, frequency) of the photon is determined by the difference in energy between the two states. These emitted photons form the element's spectrum.


title: Emission spectrum

text: The fact that only certain colors appear in an element's atomic emission spectrum means that only certain frequencies of light are emitted. Each of these frequencies are related to energy by the formula:


title: Emission spectrum

text: where formula_2 is the energy of the photon, formula_3 is its frequency, and formula_4 is Planck's constant.


title: Emission spectrum

text: This concludes that only photons with specific energies are emitted by the atom. The principle of the atomic emission spectrum explains the varied colors in neon signs, as well as chemical flame test results (described below).


title: Emission spectrum

text: The frequencies of light that an atom can emit are dependent on states the electrons can be in. When excited, an electron moves to a higher energy level or orbital. When the electron falls back to its ground level the light is emitted.


title: Emission spectrum

text: The above picture shows the visible light emission spectrum for hydrogen. If only a single atom of hydrogen were present, then only a single wavelength would be observed at a given instant. Several of the possible emissions are observed because the sample contains many hydrogen atoms that are in different initial energy states and reach different final energy states. These different combinations lead to simultaneous emissions at different wavelengths.


title: Emission spectrum

text: As well as the electronic transitions discussed above, the energy of a molecule can also change via rotational, vibrational, and vibronic (combined vibrational and electronic) transitions. These energy transitions often lead to closely spaced groups of many different spectral lines, known as spectral bands. Unresolved band spectra may appear as a spectral continuum.


title: Emission spectrum

text: Light consists of electromagnetic radiation of different wavelengths. Therefore, when the elements or their compounds are heated either on a flame or by an electric arc they emit energy in the form of light. Analysis of this light, with the help of a spectroscope gives us a discontinuous spectrum. A spectroscope or a spectrometer is an instrument which is used for separating the components of light, which have different wavelengths. The spectrum appears in a series of lines called the line spectrum. This line spectrum is called an atomic spectrum when it originates from an atom in elemental form. Each element has a different atomic spectrum. The production of line spectra by the atoms of an element indicate that an atom can radiate only a certain amount of energy. This leads to the conclusion that bound electrons cannot have just any amount of energy but only a certain amount of energy.


title: Emission spectrum

text: The emission spectrum can be used to determine the composition of a material, since it is different for each element of the periodic table. One example is astronomical spectroscopy: identifying the composition of stars by analysing the received light.


title: Emission spectrum

text: The emission spectrum characteristics of some elements are plainly visible to the naked eye when these elements are heated. For example, when platinum wire is dipped into a sodium nitrate solution and then inserted into a flame, the sodium atoms emit an amber yellow color. Similarly, when indium is inserted into a flame, the flame becomes blue. These definite characteristics allow elements to be identified by their atomic emission spectrum. Not all emitted lights are perceptible to the naked eye, as the spectrum also includes ultraviolet rays and infrared radiation.


title: Emission spectrum

text: Emission spectroscopy is a spectroscopic technique which examines the wavelengths of photons emitted by atoms or molecules during their transition from an excited state to a lower energy state. Each element emits a characteristic set of discrete wavelengths according to its electronic structure, and by observing these wavelengths the elemental composition of the sample can be determined. Emission spectroscopy developed in the late 19th century and efforts in theoretical explanation of atomic emission spectra eventually led to quantum mechanics.


title: Emission spectrum

text: There are many ways in which atoms can be brought to an excited state. Interaction with electromagnetic radiation is used in fluorescence spectroscopy, protons or other heavier particles in Particle-Induced X-ray Emission and electrons or X-ray photons in Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy or X-ray fluorescence. The simplest method is to heat the sample to a high temperature, after which the excitations are produced by collisions between the sample atoms. This method is used in flame emission spectroscopy, and it was also the method used by Anders Jonas Ångström when he discovered the phenomenon of discrete emission lines in the 1850s.


title: Emission spectrum

text: Although the emission lines are caused by a transition between quantized energy states and may at first look very sharp, they do have a finite width, i.e. they are composed of more than one wavelength of light. This spectral line broadening has many different causes.


title: Emission spectrum

text: Emission spectroscopy is often referred to as optical emission spectroscopy because of the light nature of what is being emitted.


title: Emission spectrum

text: In 1756 Thomas Melvill observed the emission of distinct patterns of colour when salts were added to alcohol flames. By 1785 James Gregory discovered the principles of diffraction grating and American astronomer David Rittenhouse made the first engineered diffraction grating. In 1821 Joseph von Fraunhofer solidified this significant experimental leap of replacing a prism as the source of wavelength dispersion improving the spectral resolution and allowing for the dispersed wavelengths to be quantified.


title: Emission spectrum

text: In 1835, Charles Wheatstone reported that different metals could be distinguished by bright lines in the emission spectra of their sparks, thereby introducing an alternative to flame spectroscopy.


title: Emission spectrum

text: In 1849, J. B. L. Foucault experimentally demonstrated that absorption and emission lines at the same wavelength are both due to the same material, with the difference between the two originating from the temperature of the light source.


title: Emission spectrum

text: In 1853, the Swedish physicist Anders Jonas Ångström presented observations and theories about gas spectra. Ångström postulated that an incandescent gas emits luminous rays of the same wavelength as those it can absorb. At the same time George Stokes and William Thomson (Kelvin) were discussing similar postulates. Ångström also measured the emission spectrum from hydrogen later labeled the Balmer lines.


title: Emission spectrum

text: In 1854 and 1855, David Alter published observations on the spectra of metals and gases, including an independent observation of the Balmer lines of hydrogen.


title: Emission spectrum

text: By 1859, Gustav Kirchhoff and Robert Bunsen noticed that several Fraunhofer lines (lines in the solar spectrum) coincide with characteristic emission lines identified in the spectra of heated elements. It was correctly deduced that dark lines in the solar spectrum are caused by absorption by chemical elements in the solar atmosphere.


title: Emission spectrum

text: The solution containing the relevant substance to be analysed is drawn into the burner and dispersed into the flame as a fine spray. The solvent evaporates first, leaving finely divided solid particles which move to the hottest region of the flame where gaseous atoms and ions are produced. Here electrons are excited as described above. It is common for a monochromator to be used to allow for easy detection.


title: Emission spectrum

text: On a simple level, flame emission spectroscopy can be observed using just a flame and samples of metal salts. This method of qualitative analysis is called a flame test. For example, sodium salts placed in the flame will glow yellow from sodium ions, while strontium (used in road flares) ions color it red. Copper wire will create a blue colored flame, however in the presence of chloride gives green (molecular contribution by CuCl).


title: Emission spectrum

text: Emission coefficient is a coefficient in the power output per unit time of an electromagnetic source, a calculated value in physics. The emission coefficient of a gas varies with the wavelength of the light. It has units of mssr. It is also used as a measure of environmental emissions (by mass) per MWh of electricity generated, see: Emission factor.


title: Emission spectrum

text: In Thomson scattering a charged particle emits radiation under incident light. The particle may be an ordinary atomic electron, so emission coefficients have practical applications.


title: Emission spectrum

text: If is the energy scattered by a volume element into solid angle between wavelengths and per unit time then the Emission coefficient is .


title: Emission spectrum

text: The values of in Thomson scattering can be predicted from incident flux, the density of the charged particles and their Thomson differential cross section (area/solid angle).


title: Emission spectrum

text: A warm body emitting photons has a monochromatic emission coefficient relating to its temperature and total power radiation. This is sometimes called the second Einstein coefficient, and can be deduced from quantum mechanical theory.


title: Iron Man (song)

text: "Iron Man" is a song by English heavy metal band Black Sabbath, released in 1970 from the band's second studio album, "Paranoid".


title: Iron Man (song)

text: Upon hearing Tony Iommi's main guitar riff at rehearsal for the first time, vocalist Ozzy Osbourne remarked that it sounded "like a big iron bloke walking about", with "Iron Bloke" becoming the placeholder title for a short time as the band worked out the song. As the song developed and Butler composed the lyrics, the title evolved to "Iron Man".


title: Iron Man (song)

text: The lyrics, composed by bassist and lyricist Geezer Butler, tell the story of a man who travels into the future and sees the apocalypse. In the process of returning to the present to warn the human race, he is turned into steel by a magnetic field and his attempts to warn the public are ignored and mocked. Feeling shunned and alone, Iron Man plans his revenge on mankind, causing the apocalypse seen in his vision. Butler recalled, "I liked the Hammer horror films in the 1960s and magazines such as "Man, Myth and Magic", but I had a few supernatural experiences as a child and dreams that came true and that, more than anything, shaped my interest in the occult". Butler added, "What I always attempted to do with my science-fiction plots was to make these relevant to the modern world at the time, so I brought war and politics in. It was also an era when the whole issue of pollution was starting to get attention, and this affected my thinking quite a bit."


title: Iron Man (song)

text: How the distorted vocals at the beginning that say "I am Iron Man" were created has been a topic of debate. It has been rumored that Osbourne sang through an oscillating metal fan to get the sound, but it's more likely that his voice was run through a processor called a ring modulator, which creates a wobbly electronic effect by mixing the input signal with an oscillator. This is the device used to create the voices of the Daleks on "Doctor Who", and it is something Iommi used on his guitar solo in "Paranoid". Despite the title and its use in the 2008 movie, the song has no connection to the Marvel Comics character of the same name.


title: Iron Man (song)

text: The song peaked at number 52 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in 1972, becoming their highest-charting single on the chart. It also reached number 68 on the Canadian "RPM Magazine" Top 100. The live rendition of the song from "Reunion" won the 2000 Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance.


title: Iron Man (song)

text: "Iron Man" was used in the end credits of the 2008 movie "Iron Man", as well in its video game adaptation and the trailer for the 2010 sequel, "Iron Man 2". The character Tony Stark, alter-ego of Iron Man, also wears a Black Sabbath t-shirt in the 2012 film "The Avengers". The song won spot number 317 in "Rolling Stone"'s list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time as of 2004. "Iron Man" was ranked the sixth best Black Sabbath song by Rock – Das Gesamtwerk der größten Rock-Acts im Check. VH1 ranked the song as the greatest heavy metal song of all time.


title: Rebecca Long-Bailey

text: Rebecca Roseanne Long-Bailey (' Long; born 22 September 1979), is a British politician and former solicitor serving as Member of Parliament (MP) for Salford and Eccles since 2015. A member of the Labour Party, Long-Bailey served in the Shadow Cabinet as Shadow Chief Secretary to the Treasury from 2016 to 2017, Shadow Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy from 2017 to 2020 and Shadow Secretary of State for Education in 2020.


title: Rebecca Long-Bailey

text: Born in Old Trafford, Greater Manchester, Long-Bailey studied Politics and Sociology at Manchester Metropolitan University. She worked for the law firms Pinsent Masons and Halliwells from 2003 to 2007. Long-Bailey was admitted as a solicitor in 2007, where she worked for Hill Dickinson specialising in commercial law, commercial property, NHS contracts and NHS estates.


title: Rebecca Long-Bailey

text: Long-Bailey was elected to the British House of Commons at the 2015 general election. After Jeremy Corbyn was elected in the 2015 Labour leadership election, Long-Bailey was appointed as a Junior Treasury Minister and was nominated to sit on the National Executive Committee of the Labour Party.


title: Rebecca Long-Bailey

text: Long-Bailey served in Jeremy Corbyn’s Shadow Cabinet from 2016 to 2020. She served as Shadow Chief Secretary to the Treasury from 2016 to 2017, deputising for Shadow Chancellor John McDonnell. She then served as Shadow Business Secretary from 2017 to 2020. She was a candidate in the 2020 Labour Party leadership election, finishing second to Keir Starmer. She briefly served as Shadow Secretary of State for Education.


title: Rebecca Long-Bailey

text: Rebecca Roseanne Long was born on 22 September 1979 in Old Trafford, Greater Manchester, to Irish parents. Her father, Jimmy Long, was a Salford docker and a trade union representative at Shell, Barton Docks, and her mother Una was a shop worker. She attended Chester Catholic High School.


title: Rebecca Long-Bailey

text: Her first job was in a pawn shop, something she says "taught [her] more about the struggles of life than any degree or qualification ever could". She also worked in various call centres, a furniture factory, and in postal delivery before eventually studying to become a solicitor.


title: Rebecca Long-Bailey

text: She studied Politics and Sociology at Manchester Metropolitan University, then completed "various part-time law conversion and solicitors' courses". She has worked for the law firm Pinsent Masons and in 2003, she began working in landlord and tenant law for the law firm Halliwells; she was admitted as a solicitor on 1 November 2007 and moved that year to work for Hill Dickinson, specialising in commercial law, commercial property, NHS contracts and NHS estates. On selection as a Labour Party candidate in 2014 she wrote that she had "been working as a solicitor with the NHS in Manchester for 10 years". "The Sunday Times" said that she was incorrect as she was only a solicitor since 2007, though she was a trainee solicitor and paralegal from 2003 to 2007.


title: Rebecca Long-Bailey

text: Long-Bailey joined the Labour Party in 2010. A spokesperson reported that she was moved to attend a Labour Party meeting after seeing "dramatic plans to dismantle" the NHS in her work as a solicitor.


title: Rebecca Long-Bailey

text: When Hazel Blears stood down as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Salford and Eccles at the 2015 general election, the Labour Party decided to have a woman-only shortlist to choose its candidate for this safe seat. Long-Bailey received the backing of Unite the Union, Mayor of Salford Ian Stewart and former Salford City Council leader John Merry. She was elected with a vote share of 49.4% and a majority of 20%.


title: Rebecca Long-Bailey

text: Long-Bailey was one of 36 Labour MPs to nominate Jeremy Corbyn as a candidate in the 2015 Labour leadership election. On 18 September 2015, after Corbyn was elected as leader, she was appointed as a Shadow Minister for the Treasury as part of his first frontbench team. She was also appointed to Labour's National Executive Committee by Corbyn as one of three representatives of the front bench, replacing Hilary Benn.


title: Rebecca Long-Bailey

text: Long-Bailey was appointed as the Shadow Chief Secretary to the Treasury on 27 June 2016 after resignations from the Shadow Cabinet. On Clive Lewis's resignation from the Shadow Cabinet over Corbyn's whipping of the Article 50 vote, Long-Bailey was appointed as the Shadow Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy on 9 February 2017. She was re-elected in the 2017 general election with an increased vote share of 65.5% and an increased majority of 40.2%.


title: Rebecca Long-Bailey

text: In 2019, Long-Bailey contributed to the writing of Labour's manifesto for the 2019 general election. She said that "I don't just agree with the policies, I've spent the last four years writing them". Long-Bailey was re-elected in the 2019 election with a vote share of 56.8%, a reduction of 8.7 percentage points on the 2017 election result.


title: Rebecca Long-Bailey

text: Following Labour's defeat in the 2019 general election, Jeremy Corbyn announced that he would stand down as Leader of the Labour Party. Long-Bailey announced that she would stand in an article for "Tribune" magazine on 6 January 2020. Her flatmate Angela Rayner ran for deputy leader, the pair having made an agreement to run on an unofficial joint ticket. Near the beginning of the campaign, Long-Bailey said she would score Corbyn "10 out of 10" for his leadership of the party, adding that before the election he was "savaged by the press".


title: Rebecca Long-Bailey

text: She received 33 nominations from Labour MPs and MEPs, comprising 15% of members of the two groups, which is above the 10% needed to pass the first stage of the process. In the next stage, she received endorsements from 164 of 648 Constituency Labour Parties (25.3%) and 7 of 32 Labour Party affiliates, leading her to be one of three candidates listed on the ballot for leader, alongside Keir Starmer and Lisa Nandy.


title: Rebecca Long-Bailey

text: She was endorsed by Unite the Union on 24 January after general secretary Len McCluskey said she had the "brains and brilliance" to "take on" Boris Johnson. She was also endorsed by the Momentum organisation. Long-Bailey was seen by many observers and party colleagues as the continuity candidate who would continue to take the party in the same direction as Corbyn. While she disputed the description, her campaign stressed ideological continuity with Corbyn.


title: Rebecca Long-Bailey

text: During the leadership election it emerged that despite stating that she was against "rip-off" private finance contracts in the NHS, Long-Bailey had previously worked on many of these during her time as a corporate lawyer with the law firm Hill Dickinson. It was revealed that Long-Bailey worked on NHS PFI contracts worth over £190 million to Luxembourg-based firms, causing her some embarrassment during the campaign given this was largely seen to be the type of back-door privatisation of the NHS she had previously fiercely campaigned against.


title: Rebecca Long-Bailey

text: Long-Bailey ultimately came second place in the contest, receiving 27.6% of the vote share with 135,218 votes. Starmer was elected as the next Labour leader with a 56.2% vote share (275,780 votes), over double that of Long-Bailey's.


title: Rebecca Long-Bailey

text: Long-Bailey's portfolio soon came into prominence over the government's plans to reopen schools during the COVID-19 pandemic. The government had closed schools on 20 March to all but the most vulnerable pupils and the children of key workers due to the pandemic. While Starmer supported the government's aim to prioritise the reopening of schools and steered clear of a debate on the issue, Long-Bailey supported teachers' unions and their "concerns about the government's plans to reopen schools without proper health and safety precautions in place". On 3 May, Long-Bailey expressed support for the National Education Union's (NEU) five conditions for the reopening of schools. The five conditions were also supported by other Labour MPs including Angela Rayner. According to "Jacobin" magazine, Long-Bailey's support for the teachers' unions resulted in her being sidelined from representing the Labour Party in the media; however, she continued to provide support for the NEU's position through social media. The government decided to begin a staggered reopening of schools from 1 June. In early June, the government accepted the concerns of the teachers' unions and abandoned its plan for all students in England to return to school before the summer break.


title: Rebecca Long-Bailey

text: Long-Bailey was sacked by Starmer on 25 June 2020, after using Twitter to share an interview with British actress Maxine Peake in which Peake said that the practice of police officers in the United States kneeling on someone's neck was "learnt from seminars with Israeli secret services". Peake and "The Independent", the outlet the interview had come from, both retracted the claim, which had been linked to a report by Amnesty International. Amnesty said that they had never reported that Israeli security forces had taught the technique. Long-Bailey described Peake as an "absolute diamond", before using a second tweet to say that she did not endorse "all aspects" of the interview. Prior to being dismissed, she was instructed to delete both tweets by Starmer's office but refused, and "HuffPost UK" said it was told that she refused to take phone calls from Starmer's office. Long-Bailey said: "I had asked to discuss these matters with Keir before agreeing what further action to take, but sadly he had already made his decision."


title: Rebecca Long-Bailey

text: Long-Bailey was one of six Labour rebels to vote against the successful renewal of the Coronavirus Act 2020, which continued granting the government emergency powers to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic. She argued the government act denied parliamentary scrutiny and allowed "clumsy and asymmetric authoritarianism", in reference to police powers to detain potentially infectious people.


title: Rebecca Long-Bailey

text: Long-Bailey supports the right to abortion and voted for the repeal of a ban on abortion in Northern Ireland. She does not support a difference in abortion laws on the grounds of disability, quoting the Disability Rights Commission: "the context in which parents choose whether to have a child should be one in which disability and non-disability are valued equally".


title: Rebecca Long-Bailey

text: Long-Bailey said that she was unhappy with Labour's response to allegations of antisemitism within the party during Corbyn's leadership, commenting that "I don’t think we were dealing with complaints quickly enough". She said that if she was Labour leader then she would follow the recommendations of the Board of Deputies of British Jews and the Equality and Human Rights Commission.


title: Rebecca Long-Bailey

text: Long-Bailey has spoken in favour of a Green New Deal, pledging in a speech to "fight for investment in the low-carbon industries of today and tomorrow to secure a liveable planet for future generations".


title: Rebecca Long-Bailey

text: On constitutional reform, Long-Bailey supports abolishing the House of Lords, believing that checks and balances are necessary but should not be done by "a set of completely unelected people". She suggested that it should be replaced by a senate elected by proportional representation, which would analyse legislation with respect to "our wealth, our wellbeing, and our environmental sustainability".


title: Rebecca Long-Bailey

text: Long-Bailey has said that she would be "prepared to use" the UK's nuclear deterrent as Prime Minister, adding that "any leader needs to ensure that they assess the situation" and "address the consequences of their actions".


title: Rebecca Long-Bailey

text: On the issue of a second Scottish independence referendum, Long-Bailey has said that she would campaign against independence, but that she "wouldn't want to inhibit the democracy of people" in Scotland.


title: Rebecca Long-Bailey

text: In 2020, Long-Bailey signed the Labour Campaign for Trans Rights pledge, which described certain organisations as "trans-exclusionist hate groups", and called for people who supported those groups to be expelled from the Labour Party. The pledge states that the party has "failed to act as transphobia has gained ground" within the party. The accused groups denied being transphobic. One of the groups, Woman's Place UK, called the accusation "defamatory" and stated, "We call on the Labour Party to demonstrate its opposition to this misogynistic abuse of women. Defend us or expel us". Long-Bailey's remarks prompted some users to include the hashtag #expelme in their tweets on Twitter in protest.


title: Rebecca Long-Bailey

text: Long-Bailey has said she would support workers in all strike actions and industrial disputes, "no questions asked".


title: Rebecca Long-Bailey

text: Long-Bailey is opposed to the extradition of Julian Assange to the United States and was one of six sponsors of an Early Day Motion against it in July 2020.


title: Rebecca Long-Bailey

text: Long-Bailey said it was "simply staggering that income from wealth continues to be taxed at a lower rate than income from work" and wants what she sees as unfairness to end. Long-Bailey wants "a wealth tax on the super-rich" together with further wealth redistribution to pay for public services as well as raised windfall taxes on "the super-profits of oil and gas companies".


title: Rebecca Long-Bailey

text: Long-Bailey is married to Stephen Bailey, a marketing executive who works for a chemicals company, and has one son. She is a Roman Catholic but disagrees with many of the Church's teachings.


title: Kele Okereke

text: Rowland Kelechukwu Okereke (born 13 October 1981), also known mononymously as Kele, is an English singer, songwriter, and musician. He is best known as the lead singer and rhythm guitarist of the indie rock band Bloc Party.


title: Kele Okereke

text: Okereke was born in Liverpool on 13 October 1981, the son of Nigerian immigrant parents. He is of Igbo descent and was raised Catholic in London. From 2001 to 2003, he studied English literature at King's College London.


title: Kele Okereke

text: In 2005, Bloc Party released their first studio album, titled "Silent Alarm." The album reached number three in the UK Albums Chart, and propelled the band to fame. Despite this, Okereke continued to study English literature at university. Until the release of "Silent Alarm", he had kept his musical activities secret from his parents.


title: Kele Okereke

text: The band released their second album "A Weekend in the City" on 5 February 2007 in the UK and 6 February in the US. The album debuted at No. 12 on the "Billboard" 200 with 48,000 copies sold, and reached the No. 2 spot in the UK Albums Chart. For the album, Okereke chose more personal and political subjects for songs. A family friend, Christopher Alaneme, had been murdered in a racist attack, while London bartender David Morley was beaten to death in a possibly homophobic "happy slapping" incident. Okereke has claimed that these events, combined with the 7 July London bombings, "galvanised [his] mindset" and prompted him to make the lyrics "dark, bigger and quite abrasive".


title: Kele Okereke

text: It became available via the UK's iTunes Store a day ahead of schedule, on 4 February. The first single, "The Prayer", was released on 29 January, having been made available on Myspace on 22 November 2006. It reached No. 4 on the UK Singles Chart, still the group's highest placing. The next single, "I Still Remember," was the album's first in the US. The album was produced by Jacknife Lee.


title: Kele Okereke

text: In the build-up to the release of the album, Zane Lowe aired a live set from the BBC studios at Maida Vale featuring a mix of old songs and new ones on his evening radio show on BBC Radio 1 on 30 January 2007. The band also scheduled their first gig with the second album at Reading Hexagon to coincide with the UK release date. On 1 February 2007, "A Weekend in the City" was made available to listen to for free through the band's official Myspace website.


title: Kele Okereke

text: The third album released by the band "Intimacy", was initially only made available for purchase on their website as a download on 21 August 2008. The record was released in compact disc form on 24 October 2008, with Wichita Recordings as the primary label. It peaked at number 8 on the UK Albums Chart and entered the Billboard 200 in the United States at number 18.


title: Kele Okereke

text: Okereke made a guest appearance on Tiësto's song "It's Not the Things You Say" on his album "Kaleidoscope", released 6 October 2009 and also Martin Solveig's 'Ready 2 Go', after which Bloc Party went on hiatus.


title: Kele Okereke

text: In 2011, Kele Reunited with Bloc Party to record the band's fourth album, "Four", which was released in August 2012. Both the album and its lead single - Octopus, released a month before - peaked in their respective UK charts at number three.


title: Kele Okereke

text: Bloc Party reunited in 2015 with a new line-up. They released their fifth album "Hymns" on 29 January 2016.


title: Kele Okereke

text: Okereke released his first solo album, titled "The Boxer", produced by XXXChange, on 21 June 2010, through Wichita / Polydor in the UK and Europe and Glassnote Records for the rest of the world. The album was released under the name Kele, dropping his surname. Okereke explained the album title, saying "as a boxer, you have to rely on nobody else but yourself to achieve what it is you want to achieve. Even though you take hits, you have to keep focus on your priorities and keep going. I thought that was an inspiring image." The first single from the album, "Tenderoni", was released on 14 June 2010.


title: Kele Okereke

text: On 13 September 2011, "NME" and Wichita Recordings announced that Kele would be releasing a follow up to "The Boxer"; an EP titled "The Hunter".


title: Kele Okereke

text: Kele released the single "Everything You Wanted". It was remixed by South African producers DJ Qness and DJ Mujava, who brought in a fusion of pop along with their traditional South African Kwaito music.


title: Kele Okereke

text: Kele features on Sub Focus' single "Turn It Around" from his second studio album "Torus". The song was released on 22 September 2013.


title: Kele Okereke

text: On 23 July 2014, Kele announced his second solo album, entitled "Trick", to be released on his own label Lilac Records via Kobalt Label Services on 13 October 2014.


title: Kele Okereke

text: Okereke released his third album "Fatherland" on 6 October 2017 under his full name (whereas his first two albums were released under the mononym 'Kele'). Two tracks, "Yemaya" and "Streets Been Talkin'", have been released from the album as of July 2017.


title: Kele Okereke

text: On 19 March 2018, the Bloc Party Facebook page put a picture up indicating they were doing a tour of six shows in Europe performing songs from their first album, Silent Alarm.


title: Kele Okereke

text: In January 2019, "Leave to Remain", a new musical written by Okereke and Matt Jones debuted in London. Announced in September 2018, the musical about an interracial gay couple was preceded by the single "Not the Drugs Talking" which showed a move back towards beats following the more acoustic "Fatherland". Telling a love story through the Prism of Brexit, the new show is accompanied by a tie-in album of new songs. Speaking about the subject matter and his feelings on the UK in 2019, Okereke claimed that "It’s not a time that I’ve been proud to be British. It’s an ugly time. The opportunity to tell a story about people from different cultures coming together and finding love in the shadow of that is an important thing to stand up for."


title: Kele Okereke

text: In November 2019, saw the release of Kele's fourth album, "2042". The title is a reference to the year that census data predicts ethnic minorities will become the majority in the United States. Much of the album tackles political themes such as the Windrush scandal, Grenfell Tower fire and Colin Kaepernick's national anthem protest. Musically, Kele fuses funk with experimental electro, glitchy guitars and West African beats, according to NME. The album was released under the name Kele, again dropping his surname.


title: Kele Okereke

text: In March 2010, Okereke came out as gay in a "BUTT" magazine article. He then gave an interview and appeared on the June 2010 cover of "Attitude" magazine. He had previously been reluctant to discuss his sexuality, though he had compared himself to bisexual musicians Brian Molko and David Bowie. He has also compared himself to Morrissey, whose sexuality remains speculated. Additionally, he has discussed the homoerotic story behind the Bloc Party song "I Still Remember" and its semi-autobiographical nature. In June 2010, he was named as the "Sexiest Out Gay Male Artist" by music website "LP33" in its annual survey.


title: Kele Okereke

text: In a 2014, interview with NBHAP, Okereke told that he is "excited about the future". He said, "There is a lot going on, a lot of upheaval but with change comes the opportunity for rebirth, which is my favourite kind of experience."


title: Kele Okereke

text: Okereke responded critically to comments made by Liam and Noel Gallagher of Oasis in early 2007. Liam called Bloc Party "a band off of "University Challenge"" while Noel dismissed them as "indie shit". Okereke replied, "I think Oasis are the most overrated and pernicious band of all time. They had a totally negative and dangerous impact upon the state of British music. They have made stupidity hip. They claim to be inspired by the Beatles but, and this saddens me, they have failed to grasp that the Beatles were about constant change and evolution. Oasis are repetitive Luddites." When Oasis cancelled their headlining set at the Rock-en-Seine festival in August 2009, which would lead to the band's demise, Okereke and the band's tour manager Peter Hill announced to the crowd that Oasis had cancelled their slot during Bloc Party's own set and sarcastically declared the breakup to be a shame. He then announced to the crowd, "So I guess by default, we are headlining." After bandmate Russell Lissack played a brief part of the Oasis song "Supersonic", Okereke mockingly dedicated the Bloc Party track "Mercury" to the Oasis fans "who really, really wanted to see those inbred twins".


title: Kele Okereke

text: Online code school Bloc offers an optional API programming project called "Kele", named after Kele Okereke.


title: Supercard of Honor XV

text: Supercard of Honor XV was a professional wrestling pay-per-view produced by American promotion Ring of Honor (ROH). It took place on April 1, 2022, at the Curtis Culwell Center in Garland, Texas. It was the 15th event in the Supercard of Honor chronology, and the first edition since the G1 Supercard in 2019; 2020's planned Supercard of Honor XIV was canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It was also ROH's first live event after a three month hiatus following Final Battle in December 2021, as well as the final event under Sinclair Broadcasting Group ownership (the sale to All Elite Wrestling (AEW) president Tony Khan had not yet been formally finalized).


title: Supercard of Honor XV

text: Twelve matches were contested at the event, including four on the pre-show. In the main event, Jonathan Gresham defeated Bandido in a Winner Takes All match to become the undisputed ROH World Champion. In other prominent matches, Wheeler Yuta defeated Josh Woods in a Pure Wrestling Rules match to win the ROH Pure Championship, Minoru Suzuki defeated Rhett Titus to win the ROH World Television Championship, FTR (Dax Harwood and Cash Wheeler) defeated The Briscoe Brothers (Jay Briscoe and Mark Briscoe) to win the ROH World Tag Team Championship, and Mercedes Martinez defeated Willow Nightingale by submission to become the interim ROH Women's World Championship. This event marked the ROH returns of The Young Bucks (Matt Jackson and Nick Jackson) and Samoa Joe.


title: Supercard of Honor XV

text: On October 27, 2021, ROH announced that they would go on hiatus for the first quarter of 2022 in order to reimagine the company, releasing all their wrestlers and staff from their contracts after their Final Battle event last December; the promotion was expected to resume operations in April 2022. On January 10, 2022, ROH announced their return with Supercard of Honor XV, emanating from the Curtis Culwell Center in Garland, Texas on April 1.


title: Supercard of Honor XV

text: On March 2, 2022, during All Elite Wrestling (AEW)'s live weekly series, "AEW Dynamite", owner & executive Tony Khan announced that he had acquired Ring of Honor from the Sinclair Broadcast Group. As a result, Supercard of Honor XV was the first ROH event produced on Khan's watch.


title: Supercard of Honor XV

text: The event will feature professional wrestling matches that involved different wrestlers from pre-existing scripted feuds and storylines. Wrestlers portrayed villains, heroes, or less distinguishable characters in scripted events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches.


title: Supercard of Honor XV

text: At Final Battle, Jonathan Gresham defeated Jay Lethal in an ROH World Championship match, where the original ROH World Title belt was at stake. Gresham was originally suppose to wrestle then-champion Bandido for the title, but Bandido had contracted COVID-19 and was pulled from the show. While Gresham would appear in different promotions defending his championship, Bandido would do the same with his. Both men even defended their respective titles on the first show of Gresham's new promotion, TERMINUS. On January 20, it was announced that at Supercard of Honor XV, Bandido and Gresham would face each other in a championship unification match.


title: Supercard of Honor XV

text: At Final Battle, The Briscoe Brothers (Jay Briscoe and Mark Briscoe) defeated The OGK (Matt Taven and Mike Bennett) to win their record twelfth ROH World Tag Team Championship. However, during their celebration, the Briscoes would be confronted by All Elite Wrestling tag team FTR (Dax Harwood and Cash Wheeler), resulting in the two teams getting into a pull-apart brawl. On February 17, it was announced that the Briscoes would defend the ROH World Tag Team Championship at Supercard of Honor, and their opponents were soon confirmed to be FTR on March 18.


title: Supercard of Honor XV

text: On the January 13 episode of Impact Wrestling's weekly television series, "Impact!", AAA Reina de Reinas Champion Deonna Purrazzo defeated ROH Women's World Champion Rok-C in a title vs. title match to claim the latter's title. On April 1, Purrazzo would be booked for the Multiverse of Matches at WrestleCon, which was held on the same night as Supercard of Honor XV. As a result, ROH announced that Willow Nightingale and Mercedes Martinez would face off at Supercard of Honor to determine an interim champion, with the winner facing Purrazzo at a later date in a championship unification match.


title: Bharatmala

text: The Bharatmala Pariyojna ( 'India garland project') is an ecosystem of road development which includes development of tunnels, bridges, elevated corridors, flyovers, overpass, interchanges, bypasses, ring roads etc. to provide shortest, jam free & optimized connectivity to multiple places, it is a centrally-sponsored and funded Road and Highways project of the Government of India. The total investment for committed new highways is estimated at , making it the single largest outlay for a government road construction scheme (as of March 2022). The project will build highways from Maharashtra, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana and then cover the entire string of Himalayan territories - Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand - and then portions of borders of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar alongside Terai, and move to West Bengal, Sikkim, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, and right up to the Indo-Myanmar border in Manipur and Mizoram. Special emphasis will be given on providing connectivity to far-flung border and rural areas including the tribal and backward areas. Bharatmala Project will interconnect 550 District Headquarters (from current 300) through a minimum 4-lane highway by raising the number of corridors to 50 (from current 6) and move 80% freight traffic (40% currently) to National Highways by interconnecting 24 logistics parks, 66 inter-corridors (IC) of total , 116 feeder routes (FR) of total and 7 north east Multi-Modal waterway ports.


title: Bharatmala

text: The ambitious umbrella programme will subsume all existing Highway Projects including the flagship National Highways Development Project (NHDP), launched by the Atal Bihari Vajpayee government in 1998.


title: Bharatmala

text: It is both enabler and beneficiary of other key Government of India schemes, such as Sagarmala, Dedicated Freight Corridors, Industrial corridors, UDAN-RCS, BharatNet, Digital India, Parvatmala and Make in India.


title: Bharatmala

text: India's 6,215,797 km (3,862,317 mi) road network is second largest in the world, of which only 2% (~1,10,000 km) are national highways (NHs) carrying 40% road traffic. Bharatmala phase-I will raise the NH connection to a total of 80% or 550 districts out of total 718 districts from the current 42% or 300 districts connected to NH (dec 2017). Mapping of Shortest Route for 12,000 routes carrying 90% of the India's freight, commodity-wise survey of freight movement across 600 districts, automated traffic surveys over 1,500+ points


title: Bharatmala

text: across the country, and satellite mapping of corridors was done to identify upgradation requirements for Bharatmala.


title: Bharatmala

text: National Highways and Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited was created in 2014 as a fully owned company of the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways by the Government of India to expedite construction of National Highway projects with specific focus on Northeast India.


title: Bharatmala

text: Central Road Fund (CRF) was created as a non-lapsable fund under the ""Central Road Fund Act 2000"", by imposing a cess on petrol and diesel, to build and upgrade National Highways, State roads, rural roads, railway under/over bridges etc., and national waterways.


title: Bharatmala

text: NHDP project covers , including completed, under construction and left for award (as of May 2017). The uncompleted projects under NHDP will also be subsumed in Bharatmala. NHDP was meant to convert dirt roads into National Highways or any 1/2 lane roads into 4 lane national highways.


title: Bharatmala

text: National Corridors of India (NC) are 6 high volume corridors, including 4 in Golden Quadrilateral and 2 in North–South and East–West Corridors, including Mumbai - Kolkata Highway (NH6), known as East Coast - West Coast Corridor, that carry 35% of India's freight. Lane expansion to 6 to 8 laning, ring roads, bypasses and elevated corridors will be built in Bharatmala to decongest the National Corridors. Logistics Parks will be set up along the NC. Busiest stretches of National Corridors will be converted to the expressways. inter-corridor and feeder routes will be built. Additionally, of border roads and international highways will be built to connect 6 National Corridors to international trade routes.


title: Bharatmala

text: National Corridors Efficiency Program (NCEP) entails phase-I decongestion of 185 choke points by 34 6-8 laning, 45 bypasses and 30 ring roads of 6 NC.


title: Bharatmala

text: Economic Corridors of India or Industrial Corridors of India, 44 corridors were identified and will be taken up in phase-I, they exclude 6 National Corridors, they include: 66 inter-corridors (IC) & 116 feeder routes (FR) were identified for Bharatmala.


title: Bharatmala

text: Logistics parks entailing 45% of India's freight traffic have been identified to be connected by Bharatmala economic corridors (EC), to develop hub-and-spoke model where hub-to-hub transport can be done with 30 tonne trucks and hub-to-spoke transport can be done with 10 tonne trucks. Currently all transport is point-to-point in 10 tonne trucks (2017).


title: Bharatmala

text: North East Economic corridor will connect 7 state capitals and 7 multimodal waterways terminals on Brahmaputra


title: Bharatmala

text: The plan envisages the construction of roads, including of additional highways and roads across the country, apart from an existing plan of building of new highways by the National Highway Authority of India. Bharatmala has synergy with Sagarmala.


title: Bharatmala

text: The total length of highways will be constructed under phase-I by December 2022, including of new highways and another currently under-construction remaining incomplete under NHDP, compared to 19 years it took to upgrade almost same length of National Highways under NHDP.


title: Bharatmala

text: Multimodal logistics parks. It will make current corridors more effective & will improve connectivity with north east and leverage synergy with inland waterways.