title: History of IBM

text: Change was manifested in IBM in other ways as well. The company revamped its varied philanthropic practices to bring a sharp focus on improving K-12 education. It ended its 40-year technology partnership with the International Olympic Committee after a successful engagement at the 2000 Olympic Games in Sydney, Australia. On the human resources front, IBM's adoption and integration of diversity principles and practices was cutting edge. It added sexual orientation to its non-discrimination practices in 1984, in 1995 created executive diversity task forces, and in 1996 offered domestic partner benefits to its employees. The company is routinely listed as among the best places for employees, employees of color, and women to work. And in 1996, the Women in Technology International Hall of Fame inducted three IBMers as part of its inaugural class of 10 women: Ruth Leach Amonette, the first woman to hold an executive position at IBM; Barbara Grant, PhD, first woman to be named an IBM site general manager; and Linda Sanford, the highest – placed technical woman in IBM. Fran Allen – an early software pioneer and another IBM hero for her innovative work in compilers over the decades – was inducted in 1997.


title: History of IBM

text: The 2019 acquisition of Red Hat enabled IBM to change its focus on future platforms, according to IBM Chief Executive Arvind Krishna.


title: History of IBM

text: In October 2020, IBM announced it is splitting itself into two public companies. IBM will focus on high-margin cloud computing and artificial intelligence, built on the foundation of the 2019 Red Hat acquisition. The legacy Managed Infrastructure Services unit will be spun off into a new public company Kyndryl to manage clients’ IT infrastructure and accounts, and have 4,600 clients in 115 countries, with a backlog of $60 billion.


title: History of IBM

text: On January 21, 2022, IBM announced that it would sell Watson Health to the private equity firm Francisco Partners.


title: History of IBM

text: This new focus on hybrid cloud, separating IBM from its other business units, will be larger than any of its previous divestitures, and welcomed by investors.


title: History of IBM

text: In July 2022, IBM announced the acquisition of Databand, a data observability software developer, for an undisclosed amount. Following the acquisition, Databand employees will join IBM’s data and AI division.


title: History of IBM

text: In December 2022, it was announced IBM had acquired the Reston-headquartered digital transformation and IT modernisation services provider, Octo Consulting from Arlington Capital Partners for an undisclosed price. IBM also signed a partnership with new Japanese 2 nm process manufacturing company Rapidus.


title: History of IBM

text: IBM dominated the electronic data processing market for most of the 20th century, initially controlling over 70 percent of the punch card and tabulating machine market and then achieving a similar share in the computer market. IBM asserted that its successes in achieving and maintaining such market share were due to its skill, industry and foresight; governments and competitors asserted that the maintenance of such large shares was at least in part due to anti-competitive acts such as unfair prices, terms and conditions, tying, product manipulations and creating FUD (Fear, Uncertainty and Doubt) in the marketplace. IBM was thus the defendant in more than twenty government and private antitrust actions during the 20th century. IBM lost only one of these matters but did settle others in ways that profoundly shaped the industry as summarized below. By the end of the 20th century, IBM was no longer so dominant in the computer industry. Some observers suggest management's attention to the many antitrust lawsuits of the 1970s was at least in part responsible for its decline.


title: History of IBM

text: In 1932 U.S. Government prosecutors asserted as anti-competition tying IBM's practice of requiring customers who leased its tabulating equipment to purchase punched cards used on such equipment. IBM lost and in the resulting 1936 consent decree, IBM agreed to no longer require only IBM cards and agreed to assist alternative suppliers of cards in starting production facilities that would compete with IBM's; thereby create a separate market for the punched cards and in effect for subsequent computer supplies such as tapes and disk packs.


title: History of IBM

text: On January 21, 1952 the U.S. Government filed a lawsuit which resulted in a consent decree entered as a final judgment on January 25, 1956. The government's goal to increase competition in the data processing industry was effected through several provisions in the decree:


title: History of IBM

text: While the decree did little to limit IBM's future dominance of the then-nascent computer industry, it did enable competition in segments such as leasing, services, maintenance, and equipment attachable to IBM systems and reduced barriers to entry through mandatory reasonable patent cross-licensing.


title: History of IBM

text: In 1968 the first of a series of antitrust suits against IBM was filed by Control Data Corp (CDC). It was followed in 1969 by the US government's antitrust complaint, then by 19 private US antitrust complaints and one European complaint. In the end IBM settled a few of these matters but mainly won. The US government's case sustained by four US Presidents and their Attorneys General was dropped as “without merit” in 1982 by William Baxter, US President Reagans’ Assistant Attorney General in charge of the Antitrust Division of the Department of Justice.


title: History of IBM

text: CDC filed an antitrust lawsuit against IBM in Minnesota's federal court alleging that IBM had monopolized the market for computers in violation of section 2 of the Sherman Act by among other things announcing products it could not deliver. A 1965 internal IBM memo by an IBM attorney noted that Control Data had publicly blamed its declining earnings on IBM, "and its frequent model and price changes. There was some sentiment that the charges were true." In 1973 IBM settled the CDC case for about $80 million in cash and the transfer of assets including the IBM Service Bureau Corp to CDC.


title: History of IBM

text: On January 17, 1969, the United States of America filed a complaint in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, alleging that IBM violated the Section 2 of the Sherman Antitrust Act by monopolizing or attempting to monopolize the general-purpose electronic digital computer system market, specifically computers designed primarily for business. Subsequently, the US government alleged IBM violated the antitrust laws in IBM's actions directed against leasing companies and plug-compatible peripheral manufacturers.


title: History of IBM

text: In June 1969 IBM unbundled its software and services in what many observers believed was in anticipation of and a direct result of the 1969 US Antitrust lawsuit. Overnight a competitive software market was created.


title: History of IBM

text: It was in some ways one of the great single firm monopoly cases of all times. IBM produced 30 million pages of materials during discovery; it submitted its executives to a series of pretrial depositions. Trial began six years after the complaint was filed and then it battled in court for another six years. The trial transcript contains over 104,400 pages with thousands of documents placed in the record. It ended on January 8, 1982 when William Baxter, the then Assistant Attorney General in charge of the Antitrust Division of the Department of Justice dropped the case as “without merit.”


title: History of IBM

text: The U.S.'s 1969 antitrust lawsuit was followed by about 18 private antitrust complaints all but one of which IBM ultimately won. Some notable lawsuits include:


title: History of IBM

text: Greyhound a leasing company filed a case under Illinois’ state antitrust law in Illinois state court. This case went to trial in federal court in 1972 in Arizona with a directed verdict for IBM on the antitrust claims; however, the court of appeals in 1977 reversed the decision. Just before the retrial was to start in January 1981, IBM and Greyhound settled the case for $17.7 million.


title: History of IBM

text: Telex, a peripherals equipment manufacturer filed suit on January 21, 1972, charging that IBM had monopolized and had attempted to monopolize the worldwide manufacture, distribution, sales, and leasing of electronic data processing equipment including the relevant submarket of plug-compatible peripheral devices. After a non-jury trial in 1973, IBM was found guilty “possessing and exercising monopoly power” over the “plug-compatible peripheral equipment market,” and ordered to pay triple damages of $352.5‐million and other relief including disclosure of peripheral interface specifications. Separately Telex was found guilty of misappropriated IBM trade secrets. The judgment against IBM was overturned on appeal and on October 4, 1975, both parties announced they were terminating their actions against each other.


title: History of IBM

text: Other private lawsuits ultimately won by IBM include California Computer Products Inc., Memorex Corp., Marshall Industries, Hudson General Corp., Transamerica Corporation and Forro Precision, Inc.


title: History of IBM

text: The European Economic Communities Commission on Monopolies initiated proceedings against IBM under article 86 of the Treaty of Rome for exploiting its domination of the continent's computer business and abusing its dominant market position by engaging in business practices designed to protect its position against plug-compatible manufacturers. The case was settled in 1984 with IBM agreeing to change its business practices with regard to disclosure of device interface information.


title: History of IBM

text: The story of IBM's hardware is intertwined with the story of the computer industry – from vacuum tubes, to transistors, to integrated circuits, to microprocessors and beyond. The following systems and series represent key steps:


title: History of IBM

text: IBM operating systems have paralleled hardware development. On early systems, operating systems represented a relatively modest level of investment, and were essentially viewed as an adjunct to the hardware. By the time of the System/360, however, operating systems had assumed a much larger role, in terms of cost, complexity, importance, and risk.


title: History of IBM

text: Early IBM computer systems, like those from many other vendors, were programmed using assembly language. Computer science efforts through the 1950s and early 1960s led to the development of many new high-level languages (HLL) for programming. IBM played a complicated role in this process. Hardware vendors were naturally concerned about the implications of portable languages that would allow customers to pick and choose among vendors without compatibility problems. IBM, in particular, helped create barriers that tended to lock customers into a single platform.


title: History of IBM

text: IBM developed a schizophrenic relationship with the UNIX and Linux worlds. The importance of IBM's large computer business placed strange pressures on all of IBM's attempts to develop other lines of business. All IBM projects faced the risk of being seen as competing against company priorities. This was because, if a customer decided to build an application on an RS/6000 platform, this also meant that a decision had been made "against" a mainframe platform. So despite having some excellent technology, IBM often placed itself in a compromised position.


title: History of IBM

text: A case in point is IBM's GFIS products for infrastructure management and GIS applications. Despite long having a dominant position in such industries as electric, gas, and water utilities, IBM stumbled badly in the 1990s trying to build workstation-based solutions to replace its old mainframe-based products. Customers were forced to move on to new technologies from other vendors; many felt betrayed by IBM.


title: History of IBM

text: IBM embraced open source technologies in the 1990s. It later became embroiled in a complex litigation with SCO group over intellectual property rights related to the UNIX and Linux platforms.


title: History of IBM

text: 1983 saw the announcement of the System/36, the replacement for the System/34. And in 1988, IBM announced the AS/400, intended to represent a point of convergence for both System/36 customers and System/38 customers. The 1970s had seen IBM develop a range of Billing, Inventory Control, Accounts Receivable, & Sales Analysis (BICARSA ) applications for specific industries: construction (CMAS), distribution (DMAS), and manufacturing (MMAS), all written in the RPG II language. By the end of the 1980s, IBM had almost completely withdrawn from the BICARSA applications marketplace. Because of developments in the antitrust cases against IBM brought by the US government and European Union, IBM sales representatives were now able to work openly with application software houses as partners. (For a period in the early 1980s, a 'rule of three' operated, which obliged IBM sales representatives, if they were to propose a third-party application to a customer, to also list at least two other third-party vendors in the IBM proposal. This caused some amusement to the customer, who would typically have engaged in intense negotiations with one of the third parties and probably not have heard of the other two vendors.)


title: History of IBM

text: IBM has largely been known for its overtaking UNIVAC's early 1950s public fame, then leading in the computer industry for much of the latter part of the century. However, it has also had roles, some significant, in other industries, including:


title: History of IBM

text: For IBM's corporate biographies of former CEOs and many others see: IBM Archives Biographies Builders reference room


title: History of IBM

text: A significant part of IBM's operations were FSD's contracts with the U.S. Federal Government for a wide range of projects ranging from the Department of Defense to the National Security Agency. These projects spanned mundane administrative processing to top-secret supercomputing. In NASA's Apollo Program, the "brains" of each Saturn rocket was the Instrument Unit built by the IBM Space Systems Center in Huntsville, Alabama. Founded in 1957, FSD was sold to Loral in 1994. Among other Federal Systems Division projects was the digitization of the New York Times Morgue (previously published papers) and the New York Times "Index" which had previously been published annually in print. The project was led by Harlan Mills. The project was notable for delivering the project on time and budget due to Mill's development of "top down" design and chief programmer teams.


title: History of IBM

text: IBM had subsidiaries and operations in 70 countries in its early years. They included Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, the Soviet Union, Sweden, Switzerland, Yugoslavia, and others.


title: History of IBM

text: IBM's early dominance of the computer industry was in part due to its strong professional services activities. IBM's advantage in building software for its own computers eventually was seen as monopolistic, leading to antitrust proceedings. As a result, a complex, artificial "arms-length" relationship was created separating IBM's computer business from its service organizations. This situation persisted for decades. An example was IBM Global Services, a huge services firm that competed with the likes of Electronic Data Systems or Computer Sciences Corporation.


title: Terry Jacks

text: Terrence Ross Jacks (born March 29, 1944) is a Canadian singer, songwriter, record producer and environmentalist, best known for his 1974 hit song "Seasons in the Sun".


title: Terry Jacks

text: Terry Jacks was born and raised in Winnipeg, Manitoba. His family relocated to Vancouver in the early 1960s. Jacks took up guitar in his teens and at 18 formed a band called The Chessmen with guitarist Guy Sobell. The group had four top-ten hits in Vancouver between 1964 and 1966.


title: Terry Jacks

text: Jacks and the Chessmen performed live on a Friday night in September 1965 for a "Back to School" event at the now-defunct T. Eaton Co. (Eaton's) department store at its Brentwood Mall store in North Burnaby, a municipality next to Vancouver.


title: Terry Jacks

text: Pupils from Burnaby South Senior High School who followed music tuned in to CFUN 1410 AM, which advertised its "Request Line". Being skeptical about whether CFUN really listened to requests, they began phoning the Request Line and asked for the B side of the current Chessmen hit. To their amazement, CFUN began playing it and turned the record into a two-sided hit.


title: Terry Jacks

text: Following The Chessmen, Terry and Susan Pesklevits (Susan Jacks), whom he later married, formed The Poppy Family along with Craig McCaw and Satwant Singh. They had several hits in Canada and internationally, their biggest being "Which Way You Goin' Billy?", which went to #1 in Canada and #2 on the "Billboard" charts in the U.S. The song was written and produced by Terry Jacks, earning him a Gold Leaf (Juno) award in 1970 for his production. The Poppy Family performed at the Lethbridge, Alberta, Stampede in the summer of 1971.


title: Terry Jacks

text: The song "Seasons in the Sun" was originally intended for the Beach Boys, with Jacks serving as producer for the recording. However, after the group decided not to release it, Jacks decided to record it himself in late 1973 on his own record label, Goldfish Records. It became the largest-selling international single by a Canadian artist at that time, eventually selling 14 million copies worldwide. It earned Jacks two Juno Awards and became one of the biggest-selling Canadian Singles of all time.


title: Terry Jacks

text: The song was based on Rod McKuen's 1965 re-write of "Le moribond", originally by Belgian singer Jacques Brel from 1962. For his version, Jacks made some modifications to the lyrics, which, combined with McKuen's, resulted in a work that bears little resemblance to Brel's original in tone, substance or poetry. In Germany, the UK and the United States, Jacks' rewrite was released on Bell Records, and the song went to #1 on the charts. In Canada, it was released on Jacks' own label, Goldfish Records, and distributed by London Records Canada.


title: Terry Jacks

text: Jacks later released "If You Go Away" (another McKuen adaptation of a Jacques Brel song, titled "Ne Me Quitte Pas"), which reached #8 in the UK and #24 in Germany, and a cover of Kevin Johnson's "Rock 'N' Roll (I Gave You the Best Years of My Life)", both of which had more success in Canada but also made the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart in the U.S. He wrote and recorded a number of other songs, and went on to produce for many artists, including "Crazy Talk" and "There's Something I Like About That" for Chilliwack, from their album "Riding High".


title: Terry Jacks

text: Jacks produced two songs for Nana Mouskouri: "Scarborough Fair" and "Loving Arms" in 1976. He produced the Vancouver top 10 hit "Country Boy Named Willy" for "SPRING" on London Records (#38 Canada), and Valdy's original version of "Rock and Roll Song" (b/w sometime "Sunday Morning"). The record was scheduled for release on London Records but was re-recorded in Los Angeles with another producer when Valdy signed a recording contract. He also spent a lot of time with Buddy Knox in the 1970s and produced a single for him with two songs: "Me and You" (written by Jacks) and the George Jones song "White Lightnin'"; the single remains unreleased. Jacks also went on to produce a number of other artists in the 1980s and 1990s, including DOA, who recorded a punk rock version of "Where Evil Grows".


title: Terry Jacks

text: In 2011, Jacks' friend Al Jardine released a new version of "Don't Fight the Sea", recorded along with Beach Boys members Mike Love, Brian Wilson, Bruce Johnston, and the late Carl Wilson, who sang part of the lead vocal. A limited edition white vinyl 45 was made and sold to benefit Japanese tsunami victims.


title: Terry Jacks

text: Jacks released "Starfish on the Beach" in 2015, a double CD compilation containing 40 of Jacks' favourite tracks from the last 40 years, and features some of his recordings from the 1970s and 1980s. The package contains a 32-page booklet with photographs and Jacks' recollections of his musical career.


title: Terry Jacks

text: Jacks has worked in documentary film and video, producing several shorts on environmental themes including "The Faceless Ones", "The Tragedy of Clearcutting", "The Southern Chilcotin Mountains" and "The Warmth of Love (The Four Seasons of Sophie Thomas)" with cinematographer Ian Hinkle. The video production "The Faceless Ones" earned an Environmental Gold Award from the New York International Independent Film and Video Festival.


title: Terry Jacks

text: "Seasons in the Sun" (1986) is a film about the complications created by the arrival of a defecting scientist and a CIA agent intruding on a terminally ill pop-music singer's retirement.


title: Terry Jacks

text: In the late 1970s, Jacks gradually withdrew from the music world. He and Susan divorced in 1973. In 1985 he became the father of a daughter. In the 1980s, he became involved in the environmental movement, focusing on pulp mill pollution issues in Canada. His environmental work has earned him several awards including one from the United Nations Association in Canada and the Western Canada Wilderness Committee. He was awarded a lifetime achievement award in 1997 for his work, as well as the Eugene Rogers Environmental Award.


title: Sunye

text: Min Sun-ye (born August 12, 1989), known professionally as Sunye, is a South Korean singer, actress and missionary known for her work as a former leader and main vocalist of girl group Wonder Girls. In early 2013, she stopped promotion activities with Wonder Girls ahead before of marrying her fiancé. Later in December 2014, Sunye confirmed that she officially retired from Wonder Girls and the entertainment industry.


title: Sunye

text: Sunye returned to the entertainment industry in August 2018, signing with the company Polaris Entertainment. Sunye made her official solo debut with the EP "Genuine" on July 26, 2022, after signing with Blockberry Creative, a subsidiary of Polaris Entertainment, in February 2022.


title: Sunye

text: Sunye was born on August 12, 1989, in Seoul. She attended Korea Arts High School and Dongguk University. In 2001, Sunye was discovered by JYP Entertainment during Park Jin-young's "99% Challenge" project, where she sang and danced. She then trained at JYP Entertainment until she debuted in the Wonder Girls in 2007. Sun was one of the longest serving trainees at JYP Entertainment, along with Jo Kwon of 2AM and Min of Miss A.


title: Sunye

text: In 2006, Sunye was revealed as the 1st member of Wonder Girls as the leader and main vocalist. The group, created and managed by JYP Entertainment, released their debut single, "Irony," in 2007.<ref name="WG/IRONY"></ref> On January 26, 2013, JYP Entertainment confirmed that Sunye would stop her official promotions with the Wonder Girls just before marrying James Park, her Korean-Canadian fiancé. Following the news, the agency reassured fans that the group was not disbanding and that Sunye was not retiring her position as a member of the group regardless of her inactive status.


title: Sunye

text: Sunye has contributed her vocals on the tracks of various Korean artists, including Mighty Mouth's "Energy" and Park Jin-young's "Afternoon Separation." She recorded the single "Maybe" for the soundtrack of the popular KBS Korean drama, Dream High. In November 2010, Sunye recorded "This Christmas" with her JYP labelmates as the title track for the debut of JYP Nation with a subsequent music video released on December 1, 2010.


title: Sunye

text: In addition to recording collaborations, Sunye has also performed with other artists on stage, including "Stand Up for Love" with Davichi and Taeyeon on SBS Gayo Daejeon in 2008. In December 2008, she performed "Buttons" with Taeyeon, Gyuri, and Ga-in on KBS Music Bank. Sunye and her bandmate Park Ye-eun collaborated with Jo Kwon and Park Jin-young to perform "That's What Friends Are For" on the KBS program "Yoon Dohyun's Love Letter". On SBS Inkigayo's 500th Episode, Sunye and Jo Kwon sang the 2AM single "This Song" as a duet.


title: Sunye

text: In December 2014, Sunye stated in an interview with Joongang Ilbo's US branch at a non-profit church concert that she had officially retired from Wonder Girls and the entertainment industry. This was dismissed by JYPE as false, but less than a year later JYP released an official statement confirming Sunye's departure from the group.


title: Sunye

text: On August 8, 2018, it was announced that Sunye had signed with Polaris Entertainment and would be making her return to the entertainment industry after her long hiatus.


title: Sunye

text: In 2021, the teaser for reality show Mama the Idol was released with Sunye confirmed as one of the cast members. On December 10, 2021, the first episode of the show aired on tvN. On the January 14 broadcast, members competed for the position of main vocalist which Sunye ultimately won. On January 28, Mamadol then released their debut digital single "Mama The Idol".


title: Sunye

text: On July 12, 2022, Blockberry Creative announced her first mini album "Genuine", with the lead singles "Glass Heart" and "Just A Dancer", which was released on July 26. "Glass Heart" was pre-released on July 19.


title: Sunye

text: On August 25, 2022, it was announced that Sunye will be releasing "My Regards", a remake of the Ribbon Project in collaboration with Jo Kwon, It will be released on August 28.


title: Sunye

text: Along with the other Wonder Girls members, Sunye often makes charitable donations to various charities, hospitals, and orphanages around Korea. In September 2010, she made a visit to an elderly man who had secluded himself in the mountains after being a victim to many cases of fraud. According to the producer that followed her, "Sunye prepared clothes, shoes, a radio, food, and various other presents for the man. He hasn't been able to wash in a while so there was a very bad stench coming from him but Sunye paid no attention to it and held his hands tightly, asking him to live a long life. She also prayed for his good health."


title: Sunye

text: In May 2011, Sunye went on a week-long volunteer mission to Haiti, where she cared for children in an orphanage and treated victims of cholera.


title: Sunye

text: On October 16, 2012, Sunye was a guest speaker at George Washington University, where she presented a lecture about K-Pop, "An Idol Star's Illusions and Responsibility." The Korean Cultural Center at the South Korean embassy organized and sponsored the event.


title: Sunye

text: On March 18, 2014, Sunye announced she and her husband would leave for Haiti in July, where they would live for five years to continue doing missionary work.


title: Sunye

text: On January 28, 2018, it was revealed that Sunye had left Haiti after only two and a half years due to less-than-favorable conditions of raising a child, such as lack of clean water, extreme temperatures, and public safety concerns.


title: Sunye

text: Sunye was raised by her grandparents because her mother died when she was very young and her father suffered from a health condition that kept him bedridden. In the fall of 2007, prior to the Wonder Girls' promotions for their single "Tell Me," Sunye's grandfather died. In October 2009, her father was rushed to the intensive care unit after his condition turned for the worse. She took the first flight from New York, where she resided at the time, to South Korea, skipping out on numerous promotional events to be with her father. On June 23, 2010, Sunye's father died due to a chronic illness he had been suffering from for over 20 years.


title: Sunye

text: In 2013, Sunye married James Park. She gave birth to her first daughter, Eun-yoo (Hailey), on October 16, 2013. On April 22, 2016, she gave birth to her second daughter, Ha-jin (Elisha). On January 30, 2019, she gave birth to her third daughter, Yoo-jin (Madison).


title: Love Is All Around

text: "Love Is All Around" is a song recorded by English rock band the Troggs, featuring a string quartet and a 'tick tock' sound on percussion, in D-major. Released as a single in October 1967, it was a top-ten hit in both the UK and US.


title: Love Is All Around

text: "Love Is All Around" has been covered by numerous artists, including R.E.M., with whom the Troggs subsequently recorded their 1992 comeback album "Athens Andover". R.E.M.'s cover was a B-side on their 1991 "Radio Song" single, and they also played it during their first appearance at MTV's "Unplugged" series that same year. Wet Wet Wet's cover, for the soundtrack to the 1994 film "Four Weddings and a Funeral", was an international hit and spent 15 consecutive weeks at number one on the UK Singles Chart.


title: Love Is All Around

text: "Love Is All Around" was written by lead singer Reg Presley in around ten minutes, inspired by a television transmission of the Joystrings Salvation Army band's "Love That's All Around". In the UK, the single was released on producer Larry Page's record label Page One. Earlier in 1967, the Troggs had intended to sever ties with the label and with Page, who was also their manager; however, after several months, they later decided to stay, though they changed manager. In the rest of Europe and North America, "Love Is All Around" by released on Fontana Records. The B-side "When Will the Rain Come" was written by drummer Ronnie Bond.


title: Love Is All Around

text: On the UK "Record Retailer" chart (since recognised as the official chart for this period), "Love Is All Around" spent a total of 14 weeks on the chart, reaching its peak at number 5 in the fourth week of November 1967. Whilst, in the US, although it was released there in November 1967, the song did not enter the "Billboard" Hot 100 until February 1968. It spent a total of 16 weeks on the chart, reaching its peak at number 7 in the third week of May. "Love Is All Around" also performed well in Europe, becoming a top-twenty hit in several countries, though failed to recapture the success of the Troggs' early singles such as "Wild Thing" and "With a Girl Like You". Hover, the song performed best in Southern Africa, where it topped the charts in South Africa and Rhodesia.


title: Love Is All Around

text: Reviewing for "New Musical Express", Derek Johnson wrote that "Love Is All Around" is "set to a fairly slow rhythm, with an appealing scoring of guitars, violins and cellos – plus a melody that takes a little time to register, but once you've got it in your mind, it sticks there! Reg sings warmly and sincerely – departing from that rather stilted style which has characterised many of the group's discs". Peter Jones for "Record Mirror" described it as "optimistic and cheery and full of sentiment. Like the way the string section is insinuating itself as it builds. Rather a serene slice of Troggs". For "Disc and Music Echo", Penny Valentine wrote that "although this has none of their trademark of suggestive hip-thumping rhythm and Reg Presley making love to the mike, it is quite pleasant. At the beginning, I liked it very much with its closed-up gentle sound and pretty strings. It would have been nice if something had happened, but it just went on, which I somehow think will be its downfall".


title: Love Is All Around

text: "Billboard" wrote that "this smooth, easy beat ballad with good lyric line should be just the commercial entry to put the British group back in their top selling bag in the U.S.". "Cash Box" described it as a "steady-moving, romance-slanted soft rocker... [that] could make noise".


title: Love Is All Around

text: Richard Curtis approached Scottish band Wet Wet Wet about recording a cover song to soundtrack his film "Four Weddings and a Funeral". The band got to pick between three choices of songs, the other two being "I Will Survive" by Gloria Gaynor and "Can't Smile Without You" by Barry Manilow. Singer Marti Pellow related that the decision to pick "Love is All Around" was an easy choice "because we knew we could make it our own". The song, which has a different introduction from the Troggs' version, was released on 9 May 1994.


title: Love Is All Around

text: Larry Flick from "Billboard" wrote, "Grinding rock ballad is etched with crunchy chords and vocals that conjure up memories of various old '60s pop favorites. Pledge-of-love lyrics will tug at the emotions of susceptible teen-age girls, as well as folks who want to relive fond moments from the notable Andie MacDowell film." Steve Baltin from "Cash Box" concluded that "the Scottish quartet have a charm about their music that makes it easy to see why they were chosen for the soundtrack of the surprise hit film. Supposedly they’re through conquering the rest of the world and now plan on concentrating on America. With this song, they're on their way." Music writer James Masterton commented in his weekly UK chart commentary, "Just when you thought all was lost, along comes a record to restore your faith in pop music." Pan-European magazine "Music & Media" deemed it a "sugary ballad", adding, "let's see if Marti Pellow can shake his hips like Reg Presley!"


title: Love Is All Around

text: On 15 May 1994, "Love Is All Around" entered the UK Singles Chart at number four. After climbing to number two the following week, it reached number one on 29 May. It then remained there for 15 weeks, the joint third-longest UK chart reign of all time (beaten only by Frankie Laine's "I Believe" which clocked up 18 weeks at the top during the 1950s and Bryan Adams' song from "", "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You", which was number one for 16 consecutive weeks in 1991) with Drake's "One Dance" which also stayed at the top for 15 weeks in 2016. "Love Is All Around" spent a further 20 weeks in the UK Top 75. Throughout its chart run, some radio stations banned the song, as many listeners were fed up of hearing it for so long. The band themselves eventually took the decision to delete the record from sale, but did not manage to tie with Adams as "Saturday Night" by Whigfield entered straight at the top on 11 September 1994, with Wet Wet Wet dropping to number two.


title: Love Is All Around

text: Reg Presley famously spent some of his songwriting royalties on crop circle research. Pellow also recorded his own version of the song for inclusion on his 2002 album "Marti Pellow Sings the Hits of Wet Wet Wet & Smile".


title: Love Is All Around

text: In 2004, Pellow told the "Daily Record", "We did everybody's head in the summer of 1994." Nevertheless, Pellow said, "I still think it's a brilliant record. Its strength is its sheer simplicity. Any band would give their eye teeth to have a hit record like that. I'm very proud of it." In 2013, the year that Reg Presley died, "Love Is All Around" was named as the number one song in VH1's "The Ultimate Movie Soundtrack: Top 100".


title: Love Is All Around

text: As of February 2021, it has sold 1.91 million copies in the United Kingdom, making it the country's best-selling love ballad of all time (including download and physical sales only), in front of songs including Bryan Adams's chart topping (number 3 with 1.87 million copies sold) and "I Will Always Love You" by Whitney Houston (number 5 with 1.66 million sales).


title: Love Is All Around

text: A music video was made to accompany the song, directed by German director Marcus Nispel. It was published on YouTube in August 2013. The video has amassed over 46 million views as of September 2021.


title: Love Is All Around

text: Prior to achieving international success with their single "These Eyes", "Love Is All Around" was covered by The Guess Who around 1967/68, and is available on compilation album "This Time Long Ago". The song was also covered by Lotta Engbergs orkester as "Du ger mig av din kärlek" with Swedish lyrics written by Peter Stedt in 1994 while the Spanish rendering "El Amor Me Envuelve (Sabes Que Te Amo)" was recorded by Rocío Banquells for her 1999 album "Fuerza Del Amor". Other covers include an easy-listening version by The Johnny Mann Singers on the 1968 Liberty Records album "This Guy's in Love With You • The Look of Love".


title: Love Is All Around

text: The song appeared in "Get Real" (1998) directed by Simon Shore, screenplay by Patrick Wilde. After its use in "Four Weddings and a Funeral", the song appeared in several of Richard Curtis' other projects, including the 2003 film "Love Actually" (reinvented as the Christmas song "Christmas Is All Around" performed by actor Bill Nighy as fictional rock star Billy Mack), and an episode of hit sitcom "The Vicar of Dibley" where it is performed by a church choir. It also played in a season two episode of "Orphan Black" and included on the TV show's official soundtrack. R.E.M. also covered "Love Is All Around" for the soundtrack to the 1996 film "I Shot Andy Warhol". Australian band Human Nature covered the song on their 2018 album "Romance of the Jukebox", also was covered by American-Scottish new wave Talking Heads.


title: King's Disease

text: King's Disease is the thirteenth studio album by American rapper Nas. It was released on August 21, 2020, through Mass Appeal Records and marketed by Universal Music Group. It succeeds his twelfth studio album, "Nasir", released two years prior. The album features guest appearances from Charlie Wilson, Hit-Boy, Big Sean, Don Toliver, Lil Durk, Anderson .Paak, Brucie B, Nas's supergroup the Firm, Fivio Foreign, and ASAP Ferg.


title: King's Disease

text: "King's Disease" received generally positive reviews and was viewed by music critics as a return to form following the critical disappointment of "Nasir" (2018).


title: King's Disease

text: The album won the Grammy Award for Best Rap Album at the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards, becoming Nas' first Grammy. The album's sequel, "King's Disease II", was released on August 6, 2021 and is Nas's first release to be marketed by Sony Music (through The Orchard subsidiary) since the release of "Street's Disciple" in 2004.


title: King's Disease

text: Following the release of his twelfth studio album "Nasir", Nas stated that he would be working on an unfinished album produced by Swizz Beatz and RZA, who both contributed to Nas' compilation album "The Lost Tapes 2" in 2019. However, on August 10, 2020, Nas announced via Instagram he would be releasing a different album produced and executive produced by American record producer Hit-Boy, which would become known as "King's Disease". Four days later, on August 14, Nas released the album's lead and only single, "Ultra Black", featuring Hit-Boy.


title: King's Disease

text: The official music video for the album's final track and only bonus track, "Spicy", featuring American rappers Fivio Foreign and ASAP Ferg, was released on October 2, 2020. The official music video for "Replace Me", featuring American rapper Big Sean and American singer Don Toliver, was released on October 21.


title: King's Disease

text: "King's Disease" was met with generally positive reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 72, based on nine reviews.


title: King's Disease

text: Andy Kellman of AllMusic felt that the album was an improvement from the rapper's work in recent years, writing: "Nas is more ruminative and measured, like he's found his stride again, even as he flagrantly contradicts himself and waylays men and women with relationship advice that rings hollow. Going strictly by the conviction and feeling in each line, King's Disease is the MC's best work since 2008." Robin Murray of "Clash" wrote: "'The King's Disease' finds Nas grappling with a raft of contradictions, contrasting the opulence of his lifestyle with the need for vitality in his message," adding that "it's not perfect, but it's less an end product, and more the search for creative process – by the end, you become convinced the Queens rapper has found his throne." Okla Jones of "Consequence of Sound" praised the album for its cohesion and production, writing that "King's Disease" "delivers a feel appropriate for the times" and "hits the mark as being one of the better rap albums of the year." Similarly, Riley Wallace of "HipHopDX" wrote: "The creative process seems more organized and thought out, allowing Nas to do all the things he's good at, without embellishing any of them."


title: King's Disease

text: Reviewing for "NME", Will Lavin appraised the album for its lyricism, claiming that the album's lyrics demand "high levels of dissection" and that the album is an "acutely perceptive and culturally relevant body of work that finds its author willing to try out new ideas." He concluded by writing: "There's a genuine conversation to be had about whether it's the best rap album of the year so far."


title: King's Disease

text: In a more mixed review, Pete Tosiello of "Pitchfork" wrote that the album "marks a retreat into a nostalgia-act comfort zone—one which suits Nas, even as it yields diminishing returns." Ryan Feyre of "RapReviews.com" wrote that the album's biggest missed opportunity lies in "Nas’ inability to reach beyond the ambitious presentation found in everything surrounding the lyrics," adding that "he's entertaining in spurts, but much like his 'godly' contemporary Jay-Z, one has to wonder if what he says ever really matters on "King’s Disease" anymore." Danny Schwartz of "Rolling Stone" called the album a "slick "Illmatic" redux" and a "fresh portrait of Nas' now-mythical hustler years," but criticized the album for attempting to "paper over" the rapper's abuse allegations and showcasing his "increasingly questionable politics when it comes to women," concluding by writing: "26 years after "Illmatic", Nas still has room to grow."


title: King's Disease

text: "King's Disease" debuted at number five on the US "Billboard" 200 with 47,000 album-equivalent units, of which 28,000 were pure album sales. It serves as Nas's fourteenth top-ten album in the United States.


title: King's Disease

text: The album's last track and only bonus track, "Spicy", featuring American rappers Fivio Foreign and ASAP Ferg reached number 96 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 and number 36 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, and the track "Replace Me" with Big Sean and Don Toliver reached number 49 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.


title: Trapped (2016 Hindi film)

text: Trapped is a 2016 Indian Hindi-language survival drama film directed by Vikramaditya Motwane, who also co-produced it with Anurag Kashyap, Vikas Bahl and Madhu Mantena under the banner of Phantom Films. The film stars Rajkummar Rao as Shaurya, a call centre employee who gets trapped in his apartment room without food, water, and electricity, and Geetanjali Thapa as Noorie, the employee's girlfriend.


title: Trapped (2016 Hindi film)

text: The film's music and background score was composed by Alokananda Dasgupta, with lyrics by Rajeshwari Dasgupta. Siddharth Diwan was the cinematographer, and Nitin Baid the editor. Motwane got the idea for the film from an e-mail from writer Amit Joshi. He liked the idea and asked Joshi to send a full script, which he received a month later. The script was later re-written by Joshi and Hardik Mehta who turned the 130-page draft into 40 pages. Shot over a period of 20 days, the film was primarily shot in an apartment at Prabhadevi, Mumbai.


title: Trapped (2016 Hindi film)

text: "Trapped" premiered on 26 October 2016 at the Mumbai Film Festival, where it received a standing ovation. It was released in theatres on 17 March to positive reviews from critics, who praised both the concept of the film and Rao's performance. It grossed a total of at the box office. The film received several awards including the Critics Award for Best Actor for Rao, Best Sound Design for Anish John and Best Editing award for Nitin Baid, at the 63rd Filmfare Awards.


title: Trapped (2016 Hindi film)

text: Shaurya, a call centre employee plans to elope and marry his girlfriend Noorie, a day before Noorie's arranged marriage with someone else. Shaurya, who lives in a bachelor pad, makes plans to move to a new flat that will accommodate him and Noorie. In a rush to find affordable housing, he ends up moving into Swarg, a new high-rise apartment complex, which is empty due to construction and legal issues. The lone watchman stationed at the building is unaware that Shaurya has moved in, and Noorie does not yet know Shaurya's new address.


title: Trapped (2016 Hindi film)

text: The next morning Shaurya inadvertently locks himself inside the apartment. He makes some initial attempts to break open the lock but fails. The apartment has faulty wiring which leads to the circuit getting tripped, leaving him without electricity. His phone runs out of battery power before he can call for help. Shaurya, totally disconnected from the outside world, struggles to survive without food, water and electricity. As the days pass by, he becomes progressively more claustrophobic, and his attempts to escape become more desperate. At one point, he uses his own blood to trace the word "help" with details of his address on a cardboard paper, which falls on the terrace of a house nearby. The house's resident questions the clueless watchman about it, who claims that the building is empty. She hesitantly starts to go up to investigate but soon gives up.


title: Trapped (2016 Hindi film)

text: Desperate for food, Shaurya resorts to eating cockroaches, ants and pigeons and also starts talking to a rat for company. To his relief, it rains heavily after some days, and Shaurya collects as much water as possible in empty containers. He manages to survive for almost a week, but his health deteriorates due to starvation, dehydration, and isolation. In a final, desperate attempt to escape, Shaurya begins sawing through the balcony gate with a metal sheet, and ultimately succeeds. He climbs down five floors, almost falling off several times due to exhaustion, before managing to reach a floor which has no balcony gates and finally escapes the building. Fainting due to fatigue and weakness, he is rushed to the hospital. A week later, he is visited by Noorie, who reveals that she is now married since she thought that he had abandoned her. Heartbroken and traumatised by the incident, Shaurya tries to return to his normal life, but is shattered to see that his friends and colleagues had not even noticed his absence, as they are all too busy with their own lives.


title: Trapped (2016 Hindi film)

text: "Trapped" originated from the first-time screenwriter Amit Joshi, who had left his job in a telecommunications company to write full-time. He says the idea for the film came to him from "a desire to write something that wasn't buried in layers". Joshi found the situation for the film when he was auto-locked inside his flat for half an hour in Goregaon, Mumbai. After working on the idea, he visited the Phantom Films office in April 2015 and managed to meet director Vikramaditya Motwane at the gate, where he told Motwane that he had an idea for a film. Motwane liked his idea and asked him to send it in an e-mail. He received a synopsis for a film from Joshi that he found "really interesting". He liked the idea and told Joshi to send him a full screenplay, which he received within a month. Motwane then introduced Joshi to Hardik Mehta, who was one of his assistant directors on "Lootera" (2013). Mehta and Joshi worked for the next few months on the script and turned the 130-page draft into forty pages. Motwane said in an interview with Alaka Sahani of "The Indian Express" that the film was "accessible" and portrayed a situation that could "happen to anyone", pointing out that everyone would have a "fear of getting trapped in a certain place or being locked out of our houses." He also said that the film included several urban scenarios that could happen to anyone, like forgetting to charge one's phone. Motwane briefed his writers to add humour to the story after the first half because he wanted to make a more accessible film for the audience to understand and was not aiming for a "claustrophobic" feel, as in "The Martian" (2015), where Matt Damon starts joking about his situation. He was treating "Trapped" as a side project since he was busy with films like "Bhavesh Joshi" and "AK vs SK". When he realised that the latter was not happening, he started working on "Trapped". Motwane mentioned in an interview that the film's development, right from the time he got the e-mail to the start of the shoot, took four to five months to be completed.


title: Trapped (2016 Hindi film)

text: After discussing the film with Rajkummar Rao, Motwane cast him, believing he had an "interesting vulnerability" and a "never-say-die attitude". The crew was already in place, and they only needed to find the right location for the film. Motwane initially wanted a location that was on the outskirts of Mumbai, as he wanted to see the city from a distance and yet "feel you are away from it". His crew recced more than twenty buildings in the city when one of his assistant directors was walking around in Prabhadevi and saw an abandoned thirty-storey building that had not got an occupancy certificate. The film was shot on the thirtieth floor of the building, which had an elevator operating only to the twenty-fifth floor. The crew would climb five floors every day with equipment, and on several occasions the elevator did not function, leading them to climb all thirty floors. Filming in the middle of the city resulted in some changes to the script. According to Rao, ninety percent of the film was shot in the building.


title: Trapped (2016 Hindi film)

text: Motwane has a fear of mice, and as a result, had characters of mice in the film which he felt was a "good opportunity" to get over his fear. He expressed that the survival drama genre in Indian cinema was still in a nascent stage and felt the film is along the lines of "Cast Away" (2000), "127 Hours" (2010) and "Buried" (2010). He mentioned that the character in the film was portrayed in a quirky and voyeuristic way, allowing the audience the experience of enjoying a man's misery.


title: Trapped (2016 Hindi film)

text: The film was shot in chronological order in twenty days. It is Motwane's first film shot in digital video format. He also decided to not go for a widescreen aspect ratio and rather opted for a more compressed look because of the nature of the film, as he wanted to create a claustrophobic feel. Because of the film's genre, Motwane made sure that it was fast-paced so that the audience would not get bored. Motwane had mentioned the plans for the film to Rao during the screening of "Masaan" in July 2015. When his film "Bhavesh Joshi" did not work out, he asked Rao if he could spare twenty days in the following month for "Trapped", to which he agreed. Rao discussed the character of Shaurya with Motwane prior to filming. He said, "Once I figured out how he is, the rest was organic. Of course, how Shaurya would behave on the tenth day wasn't discovered until I actually did it." Geetanjali Thapa played the role of Noorie, Shaurya's love interest, and Khushboo Upadhyay portrayed a woman living near Shaurya's apartment, credited onscreen as "girl next door".


title: Trapped (2016 Hindi film)

text: Rao found the role of Shaurya to be one of his most challenging works to date. He had to lose weight and remained on a carrot and coffee diet throughout the course of filming, as he wanted to accurately depict the character eating improper food during the time he is stuck inside the apartment. Despite being a vegan, Rao ate meat in some of the scenes for the first time in his life, as Motwane preferred it to be realistic. Within three weeks of deciding to do "Trapped", it began its principal photography. This hasty way of film-making made Motwane feel like it was a student project. Motwane and his cinematographer, Siddharth Diwan, decided to use the Red Epic Dragon camera, which they felt was suited to shooting in enclosed spaces. Most of the scenes in the film were improvised, and none were rehearsed in advance, as Motwane did not want to "telegraph" the situation. Several scenes, such as Shaurya's first attempt to open the locked door, were shot in long takes of eight to ten minutes' duration. Motwane intentionally kept the character away from having suicidal thoughts, as he felt it would be a very obvious choice. "Trapped" was edited by Nitin Baid, while Kazvin Dongar and Anish John served as the art director and sound designer respectively.


title: Trapped (2016 Hindi film)

text: Vikramaditya Motwane said in an interview that he was attracted by the film's theme of urban loneliness. The lead character, Shaurya, is an immigrant in the city and has an anonymous job. He is a loner with no friend or family to come looking for him if he goes missing. When he begins a relationship with Noorie, they are "alone together", because "it's only each other that they actually have". Trisha Gupta of "Mumbai Mirror" observed that unlike the survival dramas of Hollywood, where the protagonist is caught between rocks, cornered by wolves, afloat in the ocean, or stuck with a tiger on a ship in the ocean, the protagonist of "Trapped" gets trapped in an apartment located in the middle of the city with some of the basic facilities. Gupta further said that the film "takes a sharp look at the Indian city and our particular isolation in it." She pointed out the contrast in the building's name, Swarg (Hindi for heaven).


title: Trapped (2016 Hindi film)

text: According to Uday Bhatia of "Mint", all of Motwane's films are about individuals who are trapped in various ways by their life choices and social stations. Anupama Chopra called the film a "singularly Mumbai movie" and wrote, "Where else can a man be surrounded by thousands of people and yet be so utterly alone?" Namrata Joshi from "The Hindu" felt that the film's horror and danger lurks in the ordinary and the everyday of anyone, saying, "dysfunctional locks, forgotten keys, mobiles with discharged batteries, water cuts and electrical outages—we have all been there."


title: Trapped (2016 Hindi film)

text: The film's soundtrack album and background score were composed by Alokananda Dasgupta, with lyrics by Rajeshwari Dasgupta. The album rights of the film were acquired by Zee Music Company, and the album was released on 11 March 2017. According to Motwane, musicals were used in the film "to get monotony into the film without making it seem monotonous". The two sounds in the trailer, a metallic clanking and a tapping, were inspired from the sound of rhythmic breathing in "The Revenant" (2015). The album consisted of four tracks, including two instrumentals.


title: Trapped (2016 Hindi film)

text: The album generally received a positive response. Devansh Sharma of "Firstpost" wrote about the song "Dheemi", which was voiced by Tejas Menon, "[it] explores the familiar zone of falling in love slowly and surely. But it differs from its predecessors in terms of the freshness it brings to the ears." A reviewer from "The Indian Express" wrote regarding the song "Hai Tu", which was voiced by Gowri Jayakumar, "The minimalistic approach with dominant violin and piano notes lifts your mood. That's not to say that the song doesn't have shades of gloom and melancholy."


title: Trapped (2016 Hindi film)

text: "Trapped" had its world premiere on 26 October 2016 at the Mumbai Film Festival, where it received a standing ovation from the audience. The film won the Best Asian Film award at the 2017 Neuchâtel International Fantastic Film Festival. One scene, in which Rao's character talks to the mice about women's figures, was removed by the Central Board of Film Certification. The title of the film was tentatively called "Trapped", but Motwane declared that it would be changed following the premiere and asked the audience to suggest an appropriate name. In the end, the title was kept. "Trapped" was released in DVD format on 15 April 2017. It is one of the few Indian films released without an interval. Phantom Films requested their exhibition partners to release it that way, as Motwane said, "the no-interval viewing allows the viewer to feel the character's emotion and gives them a never-before thrilling experience".


title: Trapped (2016 Hindi film)

text: The first poster of the film was released on 10 February 2017 by Rajkummar Rao from his Twitter handle. The poster featured Rao trapped in a balcony with his clothes displaying the word 'help'. A second poster featuring Rao staring at a cockroach and an ant was released on 19 February 2017. It was promoted with the tagline "Freedom lies beyond fear". The film's teaser was released on 20 February 2017, and the official theatrical trailer was launched on 22 February 2017. A special screening was held on 14 March in Mumbai, which was attended by several actors, including Kriti Sanon, Taapsee Pannu, and Richa Chadda. "Trapped" was released in theatres in India on 300 screens on 17 March 2017. It was released in approximately forty to fifty screens overseas. Zee TV bought its satellite and music rights. The film is also available for viewing on Amazon Prime Video.


title: Trapped (2016 Hindi film)

text: Upon release, "Trapped" received mostly positive responses from critics. Rohit Vats of "Hindustan Times" gave a positive review, writing, ""Trapped" is unique because it's unlike any other one-room drama. It remains a personal story, more like a leaf out of Shaurya's life than a cinematic celebration of a survivor." Rajeev Masand praised Rao's performance, calling it his "finest work till date". He also pointed out the length of the film, which he felt was "long and stretched". Masand included it in his "best film list" of 2017. Baradwaj Rangan complimented the film and called it a "beautifully acted, directed" film. Anupama Chopra in her review denoted the film as "ultimate urban nightmare" and wrote: ""Trapped" is a tight-wire act, which would collapse without the masterful Rajkummar Rao. Ananya Bhattacharya of "India Today" gave a positive response, writing, "Rajkummar Rao and his terrific act deserve a watch."


title: Trapped (2016 Hindi film)

text: Writing for NDTV, Raja Sen found it "compelling" but mentioned that the struggle shown in the film was "too linear and predictable". Subhash K. Jha praised Rao's performance and wrote: "[Rao's] character's awful predicament is so tangibly tactile as to leave us shaken for good." Mayank Shekhar from "Mid-Day" gave a positive response, writing, "[that the film] manages to grippingly hold your attention with such an underwhelming Setting is an achievement in itself." Rohit Bhatnagar of the "Deccan Chronicle" said, "It is so difficult for the reviewer to find a flaw. Overall, "Trapped" is a brilliant film with a crisp narrative that will keep you glued till the last frame." Shilpa Jamkhandikar of "Reuters", also praised Rao's performance. She wrote, ""Trapped" is one of those films taken to another level only on the strength of a powerhouse performance, and Rajkummar Rao will be remembered for this one for a long, long time."


title: Trapped (2016 Hindi film)

text: In contrast to the positive reviews, Anna M. M. Vetticad wrote, "What the film ends up being then is a series of oh-my-did-he-really-do-that and what-would-I-have-done-in-the-same-situation moments, which too lose their sheen in the last half-hour." Shubhra Gupta felt the film was "uneven" and lacked "enough genuinely scary heart-in-mouth moments". A review from the Indo-Asian News Service carried by Sify called the film "exhausting and fabricated" and made viewers feel "trapped in the auditorium".


title: Trapped (2016 Hindi film)

text: "Trapped" was released alongside "Machine" and "Beauty and the Beast" and grossed in its opening day at the box office. It collected during the weekend and


title: Trapped (2016 Hindi film)

text: in its second week, with a total of . "Trapped" earned a total of by the end of its theatrical run and is considered a commercial failure.


title: Ergodic theory

text: Ergodic theory (Greek: ' "work", ' "way") is a branch of mathematics that studies statistical properties of deterministic dynamical systems; it is the study of ergodicity. In this context, statistical properties means properties which are expressed through the behavior of time averages of various functions along trajectories of dynamical systems. The notion of deterministic dynamical systems assumes that the equations determining the dynamics do not contain any random perturbations, noise, etc. Thus, the statistics with which we are concerned are properties of the dynamics.


title: Ergodic theory

text: Ergodic theory, like probability theory, is based on general notions of measure theory. Its initial development was motivated by problems of statistical physics.


title: Ergodic theory

text: A central concern of ergodic theory is the behavior of a dynamical system when it is allowed to run for a long time. The first result in this direction is the Poincaré recurrence theorem, which claims that almost all points in any subset of the phase space eventually revisit the set. Systems for which the Poincaré recurrence theorem holds are conservative systems; thus all ergodic systems are conservative.


title: Ergodic theory

text: More precise information is provided by various ergodic theorems which assert that, under certain conditions, the time average of a function along the trajectories exists almost everywhere and is related to the space average. Two of the most important theorems are those of Birkhoff (1931) and von Neumann which assert the existence of a time average along each trajectory. For the special class of ergodic systems, this time average is the same for almost all initial points: statistically speaking, the system that evolves for a long time "forgets" its initial state. Stronger properties, such as mixing and equidistribution, have also been extensively studied.


title: Ergodic theory

text: The problem of metric classification of systems is another important part of the abstract ergodic theory. An outstanding role in ergodic theory and its applications to stochastic processes is played by the various notions of entropy for dynamical systems.


title: Ergodic theory

text: The concepts of ergodicity and the ergodic hypothesis are central to applications of ergodic theory. The underlying idea is that for certain systems the time average of their properties is equal to the average over the entire space. Applications of ergodic theory to other parts of mathematics usually involve establishing ergodicity properties for systems of special kind. In geometry, methods of ergodic theory have been used to study the geodesic flow on Riemannian manifolds, starting with the results of Eberhard Hopf for Riemann surfaces of negative curvature. Markov chains form a common context for applications in probability theory. Ergodic theory has fruitful connections with harmonic analysis, Lie theory (representation theory, lattices in algebraic groups), and number theory (the theory of diophantine approximations, L-functions).


title: Ergodic theory

text: Ergodic theory is often concerned with ergodic transformations. The intuition behind such transformations, which act on a given set, is that they do a thorough job "stirring" the elements of that set. E.g. if the set is a quantity of hot oatmeal in a bowl, and if a spoonful of syrup is dropped into the bowl, then iterations of the inverse of an ergodic transformation of the oatmeal will not allow the syrup to remain in a local subregion of the oatmeal, but will distribute the syrup evenly throughout. At the same time, these iterations will not compress or dilate any portion of the oatmeal: they preserve the measure that is density.


title: Ergodic theory

text: Let be a measure-preserving transformation on a measure space , with . Then is ergodic if for every in with , either or .


title: Ergodic theory

text: The operator Δ here is the symmetric difference of sets, equivalent to the exclusive-or operation with respect to set membership. The condition that the symmetric difference be measure zero is called being essentially invariant.


title: Ergodic theory

text: Let "T": "X" → "X" be a measure-preserving transformation on a measure space ("X", Σ, "μ") and suppose ƒ is a "μ"-integrable function, i.e. ƒ ∈ "L"("μ"). Then we define the following "averages":


title: Ergodic theory

text: In general the time average and space average may be different. But if the transformation is ergodic, and the measure is invariant, then the time average is equal to the space average almost everywhere. This is the celebrated ergodic theorem, in an abstract form due to George David Birkhoff. (Actually, Birkhoff's paper considers not the abstract general case but only the case of dynamical systems arising from differential equations on a smooth manifold.) The equidistribution theorem is a special case of the ergodic theorem, dealing specifically with the distribution of probabilities on the unit interval.


title: Ergodic theory

text: More precisely, the pointwise or strong ergodic theorem states that the limit in the definition of the time average of ƒ exists for almost every "x" and that the (almost everywhere defined) limit function formula_3 is integrable:


title: Ergodic theory

text: In particular, if "T" is ergodic, then formula_3 must be a constant (almost everywhere), and so one has that


title: Ergodic theory

text: almost everywhere. Joining the first to the last claim and assuming that "μ"("X") is finite and nonzero, one has that


title: Ergodic theory

text: As an example, assume that the measure space ("X", Σ, "μ") models the particles of a gas as above, and let ƒ("x") denote the velocity of the particle at position "x". Then the pointwise ergodic theorems says that the average velocity of all particles at some given time is equal to the average velocity of one particle over time.


title: Ergodic theory

text: Birkhoff–Khinchin theorem. Let ƒ be measurable, "E"(|ƒ|) < ∞, and "T" be a measure-preserving map. Then with probability 1:


title: Ergodic theory

text: where formula_12 is the conditional expectation given the σ-algebra formula_13 of invariant sets of "T".


title: Ergodic theory

text: Corollary (Pointwise Ergodic Theorem): In particular, if "T" is also ergodic, then formula_13 is the trivial σ-algebra, and thus with probability 1:


title: Ergodic theory

text: Let "U" be a unitary operator on a Hilbert space "H"; more generally, an isometric linear operator (that is, a not necessarily surjective linear operator satisfying ‖"Ux"‖ = ‖"x"‖ for all "x" in "H", or equivalently, satisfying "U"*"U" = I, but not necessarily "UU"* = I). Let "P" be the orthogonal projection onto {"ψ" ∈ "H" | "Uψ" = ψ} = ker("I" − "U").


title: Ergodic theory

text: Indeed, it is not difficult to see that in this case any formula_18 admits an orthogonal decomposition into parts from formula_19 and formula_20 respectively. The former part is invariant in all the partial sums as formula_21 grows, while for the latter part, from the telescoping series one would have:


title: Ergodic theory

text: This theorem specializes to the case in which the Hilbert space "H" consists of "L" functions on a measure space and "U" is an operator of the form


title: Ergodic theory

text: where "T" is a measure-preserving endomorphism of "X", thought of in applications as representing a time-step of a discrete dynamical system. The ergodic theorem then asserts that the average behavior of a function ƒ over sufficiently large time-scales is approximated by the orthogonal component of ƒ which is time-invariant.


title: Ergodic theory

text: In another form of the mean ergodic theorem, let "U" be a strongly continuous one-parameter group of unitary operators on "H". Then the operator


title: Ergodic theory

text: converges in the strong operator topology as "T" → ∞. In fact, this result also extends to the case of strongly continuous one-parameter semigroup of contractive operators on a reflexive space.


title: Ergodic theory

text: Remark: Some intuition for the mean ergodic theorem can be developed by considering the case where complex numbers of unit length are regarded as unitary transformations on the complex plane (by left multiplication). If we pick a single complex number of unit length (which we think of as "U"), it is intuitive that its powers will fill up the circle. Since the circle is symmetric around 0, it makes sense that the averages of the powers of "U" will converge to 0. Also, 0 is the only fixed point of "U", and so the projection onto the space of fixed points must be the zero operator (which agrees with the limit just described).


title: Ergodic theory

text: Let ("X", Σ, "μ") be as above a probability space with a measure preserving transformation "T", and let 1 ≤ "p" ≤ ∞. The conditional expectation with respect to the sub-σ-algebra Σ of the "T"-invariant sets is a linear projector "E" of norm 1 of the Banach space "L"("X", Σ, "μ") onto its closed subspace "L"("X", Σ, "μ") The latter may also be characterized as the space of all "T"-invariant "L"-functions on "X". The ergodic means, as linear operators on "L"("X", Σ, "μ") also have unit operator norm; and, as a simple consequence of the Birkhoff–Khinchin theorem, converge to the projector "E" in the strong operator topology of "L" if 1 ≤ "p" ≤ ∞, and in the weak operator topology if "p" = ∞. More is true if 1 < "p" ≤ ∞ then the Wiener–Yoshida–Kakutani ergodic dominated convergence theorem states that the ergodic means of ƒ ∈ "L" are dominated in "L"; however, if ƒ ∈ "L", the ergodic means may fail to be equidominated in "L". Finally, if ƒ is assumed to be in the Zygmund class, that is |ƒ| log(|ƒ|) is integrable, then the ergodic means are even dominated in "L".


title: Ergodic theory

text: Let ("X", Σ, "μ") be a measure space such that "μ"("X") is finite and nonzero. The time spent in a measurable set "A" is called the sojourn time. An immediate consequence of the ergodic theorem is that, in an ergodic system, the relative measure of "A" is equal to the mean sojourn time:


title: Ergodic theory

text: The occurrence times of a measurable set "A" is defined as the set "k", "k", "k", ..., of times "k" such that "T"("x") is in "A", sorted in increasing order. The differences between consecutive occurrence times "R" = "k" − "k" are called the recurrence times of "A". Another consequence of the ergodic theorem is that the average recurrence time of "A" is inversely proportional to the measure of "A", assuming that the initial point "x" is in "A", so that "k" = 0.


title: Ergodic theory

text: The ergodicity of the geodesic flow on compact Riemann surfaces of variable negative curvature and on compact manifolds of constant negative curvature of any dimension was proved by Eberhard Hopf in 1939, although special cases had been studied earlier: see for example, Hadamard's billiards (1898) and Artin billiard (1924). The relation between geodesic flows on Riemann surfaces and one-parameter subgroups on SL(2, R) was described in 1952 by S. V. Fomin and I. M. Gelfand. The article on Anosov flows provides an example of ergodic flows on SL(2, R) and on Riemann surfaces of negative curvature. Much of the development described there generalizes to hyperbolic manifolds, since they can be viewed as quotients of the hyperbolic space by the action of a lattice in the semisimple Lie group SO(n,1). Ergodicity of the geodesic flow on Riemannian symmetric spaces was demonstrated by F. I. Mautner in 1957. In 1967 D. V. Anosov and Ya. G. Sinai proved ergodicity of the geodesic flow on compact manifolds of variable negative sectional curvature. A simple criterion for the ergodicity of a homogeneous flow on a homogeneous space of a semisimple Lie group was given by Calvin C. Moore in 1966. Many of the theorems and results from this area of study are typical of rigidity theory.


title: Ergodic theory

text: In the 1930s G. A. Hedlund proved that the horocycle flow on a compact hyperbolic surface is minimal and ergodic. Unique ergodicity of the flow was established by Hillel Furstenberg in 1972. Ratner's theorems provide a major generalization of ergodicity for unipotent flows on the homogeneous spaces of the form Γ \ "G", where "G" is a Lie group and Γ is a lattice in "G".


title: Ergodic theory

text: In the last 20 years, there have been many works trying to find a measure-classification theorem similar to Ratner's theorems but for diagonalizable actions, motivated by conjectures of Furstenberg and Margulis. An important partial result (solving those conjectures with an extra assumption of positive entropy) was proved by Elon Lindenstrauss, and he was awarded the Fields medal in 2010 for this result.


title: Brent Musburger

text: Brent Woody Musburger (born May 26, 1939) is an American sportscaster, currently the lead broadcaster and managing editor at Vegas Stats and Information Network (VSiN).


title: Brent Musburger

text: With CBS Sports from 1973 until 1990, he was one of the original members of their program "The NFL Today" and is credited with coining the phrase "March Madness" to describe the NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament while covering the Final Four. While at CBS, Musburger also covered the Super Bowl, NBA Finals, the World Series, U.S. Open tennis, and The Masters.


title: Brent Musburger

text: Joining ESPN and ABC Sports in 1990, Musburger continued to cover the NBA Finals, as well as hosting Monday Night Football and providing play-by-play for Saturday Night Football and the SEC Network. He covered the Indianapolis 500, U.S. Open and British Open golf, the World Cup, the Belmont Stakes, and the College Football national championship among other big events. In January 2017, he left the ESPN and ABC television networks after 27 years, briefly retiring from play-by-play of live sports before returning as the play-by-play voice of the Las Vegas Raiders from 2018 until 2022.


title: Brent Musburger

text: Musburger was born in Portland, Oregon, and raised in Billings, Montana, the son of Beryl Ruth (Woody) and Cec Musburger. He was an umpire for minor league baseball during the 1950s. He was also a boyhood friend of former Major League pitcher Dave McNally. His brother, Todd Musburger, is a prominent sports agent.


title: Brent Musburger

text: Musburger's youth included some brushes with trouble: when he was 12, he and his brother stole a car belonging to their mother's cleaning lady and took it for a joy ride. His parents sent him to the Shattuck-St. Mary's School in Faribault, Minnesota. Educated at Northwestern University's Medill School of Journalism, he was kicked out for a year for owning and operating a car without a license.


title: Brent Musburger

text: Musburger began his career as a sportswriter for the now-defunct "Chicago American" newspaper, where he worked with legendary sportswriter Warren Brown. In 1968, Musburger penned a column regarding Tommie Smith and John Carlos's protest of racial injustice in the United States with a Black Power salute on the medal stand during the 1968 Summer Olympics. In it he stated "Smith and Carlos looked like a couple of black-skinned storm troopers" who were "ignoble," "juvenile," and "unimaginative". In a 1999 article in "The New York Times", Musburger stated that comparing the two to the Nazis was "harsh", but he stood by his criticism of the pair's action:


title: Brent Musburger

text: Carlos later told Jemele Hill during a 2019 discussion that "Brent Musburger doesn't even exist in my mind. He didn't mean anything to me 51 years ago. He doesn't mean anything to me today. Because he's been proven to be wrong."


title: Brent Musburger

text: In 1968, Musburger began a 22-year association with CBS, first as a sports anchor for WBBM radio and later for WBBM-TV. In the mid-1970s, Musburger moved to Los Angeles and anchored news and sports for KNXT (now KCBS-TV); there he worked alongside Connie Chung as a co-anchor on KNXT's evening newscasts from 1978 until 1980, when he joined CBS Sports full-time.


title: Brent Musburger

text: In 2020, Musburger told the "Sports Illustrated Media Podcast" that he has always won while betting the length of the Super Bowl national anthem by having his friends attend the rehearsal the day before the game and time it: "Some people have lip-synched it and that was an easy win because that recording is automatic."


title: Brent Musburger

text: Beginning in late 1973, Musburger was doing play-by-play for CBS Sports. He started out doing regular season National Football League games (future "The NFL Today" co-host Irv Cross was also doing NFL games at that time as well). Musburger was paired with Tommy Mason or Bart Starr, who provided the color commentary. A year later, Wayne Walker would be paired with Musburger in the booth.


title: Brent Musburger

text: By 1975 at CBS, Musburger went from doing NFL play-by-play (and other items, mostly on CBS' "Sports Saturday/Sunday" programs) to rising to prominence as the host of the network's National Football League studio show, "The NFL Today". Suddenly, Musburger began to cover many assignments for CBS Sports. Among the other events he covered, either as studio host or play-by-play announcer, were college football and basketball, the National Basketball Association, horse racing, the U.S. Open (tennis) tournament, and The Masters golf tournament. He would even lend his talents to weekend afternoon fare such as The World's Strongest Man contests and the like. Musburger also called Major League Baseball games for CBS Radio.


title: Brent Musburger

text: But it was Musburger's association with "The NFL Today" that made him famous. During his tenure, CBS' NFL pregame show was consistently the #1 rated pregame show. One of the signatures of the program was Musburger's show-opening teases to the various games CBS would cover, along with live images from the various stadiums. Musburger's accompanying intro to each visual, ""You are looking live at ..."" became one of his catch phrases. In promoting the network, his voice often tailed off on the last letter of "CBS" (""C.B. eeezz""), creating another catch phrase.


title: Brent Musburger

text: Musburger made headlines when he got into a fist-fight with "The NFL Today"s betting analyst Jimmy "The Greek" Snyder in a Manhattan bar on October 27, 1980. However, the fist-fight incident was quickly regarded as water under the bridge as the two cheerfully appeared on "The NFL Today" the following week wearing boxing gloves on camera.


title: Brent Musburger

text: By the late 1980s, Musburger was CBS's top sportscaster. He was the main host and play-by-play announcer for the NBA Finals, college basketball, college football, the Belmont Stakes, and the College World Series. He also hosted a New Year's Eve countdown for CBS. Musburger is regarded as the first broadcaster to apply the term "March Madness" to the annual NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship tournament.


title: Brent Musburger

text: Early in 1990, CBS underwent a significant management change. During the early morning hours of April 1, 1990, Musburger was fired from CBS. His final assignment for CBS came the following evening, doing play-by-play for the 1990 NCAA men's basketball final, which was Duke versus UNLV. When the game was completed, Musburger thanked the audience and CBS Sports, and the analysts that he had worked with through the years like Billy Packer, who was standing next to him.


title: Brent Musburger

text: At the time of his firing (which he originally thought was an April Fools joke), Musburger had been set to handle play-by-play duties for CBS's television coverage of Major League Baseball later that month; he was replaced by Jack Buck in that capacity. His position at "The NFL Today" was filled by Greg Gumbel. His position as the lead play-by-play announcer for college basketball was filled by Jim Nantz.


title: Brent Musburger

text: Following his dismissal from CBS, Musburger considered several offers – including one to return to Chicago and work at WGN-TV. Musburger settled at ABC. With Al Michaels entrenched as ABC's top broadcaster, Musburger focused on college football and basketball. After his hiring, ABC's merger with ESPN under the Disney umbrella allowed him to work on ESPN as well (increasingly since 2006), including Major League Baseball, NBA games, ESPN Radio, golf tournaments, horse racing, the Indianapolis 500, Little League World Series, soccer games, college football, and even some NFL games (including hosting halftime duties for "Monday Night Football" and Wild Card round games). Musburger was also the main studio host during ABC's coverage of the 1998 World Cup and the 2006 World Cup, was briefly the studio host for ESPN and ABC's NASCAR coverage and has hosted Tour de France coverage for ABC.


title: Brent Musburger

text: In 1995, Musburger called Games 3-5 of the American League Division Series between the Seattle Mariners and New York Yankees alongside Jim Kaat for ABC in association with The Baseball Network. The fifth and decisive game went into the bottom of the 11th inning before Edgar Martínez won it for Seattle with a double that scored both Joey Cora and Ken Griffey Jr., sending them to the League Championship Series for the first time in their franchise's history.


title: Brent Musburger

text: Musberger's call, dramatic as it was, incorrectly implied that Bernie Williams fielded the double in left. Bernie was playing center field at the time. Gerald Williams was in left field playing the ball and making the late throw back to the infield.


title: Brent Musburger

text: Musburger and Jim Kaat later called Games 1-2 of the 1995 American League Championship Series, while the rest of the games were called by Bob Costas and Bob Uecker on NBC.


title: Brent Musburger

text: Musburger's college football duties for ESPN and ABC have included calling seven BCS National Championship games (2000, 2004, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, and 2014).


title: Brent Musburger

text: Beginning in 2006, Musburger called ABC Sports' college football prime time series, along with analysts Bob Davie and Kirk Herbstreit. Musburger called the 2007 Rose Bowl, taking over for the retired Keith Jackson. He also called games on ESPN during his time at ABC.


title: Brent Musburger

text: During the 2013 BCS National Championship Game between Alabama and Notre Dame, a camera turned to Katherine Webb, who was in the stands cheering for her boyfriend, Alabama quarterback, A. J. McCarron. Musburger, impressed with Webb's beauty, remarked, "I'm telling you, you quarterbacks get all the good-looking women. What a beautiful woman. Wow!" and continued commenting in a similar fashion. The next day, ESPN apologized for his comments, saying they "went too far". The controversy died down quickly afterwards, largely due to Webb stating that she was not bothered at all by Musburger's comments. As the Raiders' new radio broadcaster in 2018, Musburger jokingly revisited the incident with a Twitter post welcoming the now-married McCarrons to Oakland after the Raiders acquired AJ from the Buffalo Bills.


title: Brent Musburger

text: Musburger's involvement with "Saturday Night Football" concluded when he and Jesse Palmer were named ESPN's lead game commentators for college football coverage on the SEC Network in 2014. Musburger nevertheless called some games on ESPN and ABC after that time.


title: Brent Musburger

text: At the 2017 Sugar Bowl, held in early January, Musburger made controversial comments about then-University of Oklahoma running back Joe Mixon. Mixon had previously punched and broken a woman's jaw.


title: Brent Musburger

text: Later in the same month, Musburger announced that he would retire from play-by-play broadcasting and would call his final game at Rupp Arena in Lexington, Kentucky, on January 31, 2017.


title: Brent Musburger

text: Musburger stated he planned to help his family get a sports handicapping business started in Las Vegas, have a sports gambling show on Sirius XM Radio, and enjoy personal travel. The new venture, Vegas Stats & Information Network (VSiN) is the first multichannel network dedicated to sports gambling information and is broadcast from a custom-built studio at the South Point Hotel, Casino & Spa. Musburger serves as managing editor of the network, and hosts its program "My Guys in the Desert". Musburger and his sons sold VSiN to DraftKings in March 2021 while remaining executives and on-air personalities with the network.


title: Brent Musburger

text: On July 17, 2018, it was reported that Musburger would be making his return to the broadcast booth, this time as the new radio voice for the Oakland Raiders under a three-year contract (which included its inaugural season in Las Vegas in 2020), succeeding Greg Papa. Musburger continued as announcer through the 2021 season.


title: Brent Musburger

text: Musburger has a down-to-earth manner of speaking, often addressing his viewers as "folks". In a "Sports Illustrated" profile done on Musburger in January 1984, he stressed his hesitance to "pontificate" during his broadcasts. CNN Sports Illustrated's Stewart Mandel selected him as the second-best college football announcer, behind Ron Franklin. Mandel said of Musburger, "His voice will always be associated with some of the sport's most memorable, modern moments."


title: Brent Musburger

text: Musburger has a reputation for pointing out attractive women in the crowds of the games he calls; among those who later rose to fame include Susan “Busty Heart” Sykes, Jenn Sterger, and Katherine Webb McCarron.


title: Brent Musburger

text: Musburger was a reporter in "Rocky II" and had his role immortalized in a 2006 action figure. He also played the right leg of the fictional monster Scuzzlebutt on an episode of "South Park". He also made cameo appearances in "The Main Event" and "The Waterboy". In "Cars 2" and "Planes," he played Brent Mustangburger, a fictionalized version of himself. He appeared as himself in the episode "Lying Around" on the ABC sitcom "Happy Endings". Musburger is portrayed by John Dellaporta in the HBO series "".


title: Antimatter weapon

text: An antimatter weapon is a theoretically possible device using antimatter as a power source, a propellant, or an explosive for a weapon. Antimatter weapons are currently too costly and unreliable to be viable in warfare, as producing antimatter is enormously expensive (estimated at $6 billion for every 100 nanograms), the quantities of antimatter generated are very small, and current technology has great difficulty containing antimatter, which annihilates upon touching ordinary matter.


title: Antimatter weapon

text: The paramount advantage of such a theoretical weapon is that antimatter and matter collisions result in the entire sum of their mass energy equivalent being released as energy, which is at least two orders of magnitude greater than the energy release of the most efficient fusion weapons (100% vs 0.4-1%). Annihilation requires and converts exactly equal masses of antimatter and matter by the collision which releases the entire mass-energy of both, which for 1 gram is ~9×10 joules. Using the convention that 1 kiloton TNT equivalent = 4.184×10 joules (or one trillion calories of energy), one half gram of antimatter reacting with one half gram of ordinary matter (one gram total) results in 21.5 kilotons-equivalent of energy (the same as the atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki in 1945).


title: Antimatter weapon

text: , the cost of producing one millionth of a gram of antimatter was estimated at US$60 billion. By way of comparison, the cost of the Manhattan Project (to produce the first atomic bomb) is estimated at US$23 billion in 2007 prices. As such, Hui Chen of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory dismissed concerns about antimatter bombs in 2008 as "unrealistic".


title: Antimatter weapon

text: Antimatter-catalyzed nuclear pulse propulsion proposes the use of antimatter as a "trigger" to initiate small nuclear explosions; the explosions provide thrust to a spacecraft. The same technology could theoretically be used to make very small and possibly "fission-free" (very low nuclear fallout) weapons (see pure fusion weapon).


title: Antimatter weapon

text: An antimatter weapon is a part of the plot of the Dan Brown book "Angels & Demons" and its film adaptation, where it is used in a plot to blow up the Vatican City.


title: Antimatter weapon

text: In Tiamat's Wrath, the eighth novel in The Expanse series, Martian Marine Roberta Draper uses an antimatter-based explosive to destroy "The Tempest", the flagship of the Laconian Empire in the Solar system.


title: Antimatter weapon

text: Megatron of the Transformers possesses the ability draw on antimatter and utilize it for offensive purposes.


title: Antimatter weapon

text: In Star-Control II (or Ur-Quan Masters), the captain of the starship Vindicator discovers an anti-matter bomb created by an ancient star-faring race and uses it to destroy the enemy superweapon "Sa-Matra."


title: Toni-Ann Singh

text: Toni-Ann Singh (born 3 February 1996) is a Jamaican beauty queen who won Miss World 2019. She was previously crowned Miss Jamaica World 2019 and is the fourth woman from Jamaica to win Miss World. She is also the longest reigning Miss World in the history of the pageant.


title: Toni-Ann Singh

text: Singh was born in Morant Bay, Jamaica. She is of Dougla heritage, with her mother being of Afro-Jamaican descent, and her father being of Indo-Jamaican descent.


title: Toni-Ann Singh

text: Her family immigrated to the United States when Singh was aged nine, settling in Florida. She attended Florida State University in Tallahassee, where she graduated with a degree in women's studies and psychology.


title: Toni-Ann Singh

text: In 2019, Singh competed in the Miss Jamaica World 2019 competition, where she ultimately won the title. Afterwards, Singh was given the right to represent Jamaica at Miss World 2019.


title: Toni-Ann Singh

text: Singh left for London in November 2019, to participate in the Miss World pre-pageant activities. Singh placed in the top 40 of the Top Model competition and won the talent competition, which granted her direct entry into the top 40 semifinals. Finals night was held on 14 December at ExCeL London, where Singh advanced from the top 40 to the top 12, and ultimately to the top five.


title: Toni-Ann Singh

text: During the top 5 question and answer round, she was asked by Piers Morgan - "Why should you win the title of Miss World 2019?" Toni went onto answer the question by saying:


title: Toni-Ann Singh

text: ""I think I represent something special...a generation of women who are pushing forward to change the world. I don't consider myself better than any other girls on the stage, but I will say that my passion for women and making sure that they have had the same opportunities that I have had, is something that sets me apart.""


title: Toni-Ann Singh

text: She was subsequently asked, "Who is the most inspiring woman in the world for you?" to which she expressed:


title: Toni-Ann Singh

text: ""The most inspiring woman to me is my mother. Now I must say, if my mother and my father are the roots, and I'm the tree, then really, any work that I do, anything that I'm able to change in the world...It is the fruits of their labor and I watched her pour everything into me, even at the sacrifice of her own wants and her needs, and that's why I am able to sit before you today.""


title: Toni-Ann Singh

text: At the end of the event, she was eventually crowned as Miss World 2019 by the outgoing title holder Vanessa Ponce of Mexico, besting first runner-up Ophély Mézino of France and second runner-up Suman Rao of India.


title: Toni-Ann Singh

text: With her win, Singh became the fourth Jamaican woman to hold the title, with the last being Lisa Hanna who was crowned Miss World 1993, and the first black woman to win Miss World since Agbani Darego of Nigeria won Miss World 2001. Her win also made 2019 the first ever year that black women won the two of the Big Four most prestigious beauty pageant titles in the world, after Zozibini Tunzi became South Africa's first black woman to have won the Miss Universe title.


title: Sapphire Jubilee of Elizabeth II

text: The Sapphire Jubilee of Elizabeth II on 6 February 2017, marked 65 years of Queen Elizabeth II's reign. The longest-reigning monarch in British history, Elizabeth II was the first British monarch to have a sapphire jubilee.


title: Sapphire Jubilee of Elizabeth II

text: Unlike her Silver, Golden and Diamond Jubilees, there were no widespread public celebrations of the Queen's Sapphire Jubilee. Instead, like the February 1992 Ruby Jubilee, the Queen did not undertake any official engagements. As then, she spent the day in "quiet reflection" on the anniversary of the death of her father, George VI, and undertaking official work at Sandringham House. She attended a service at St Peter and St Paul Church in West Newton, Norfolk on Sunday 5 February, where she was greeted by crowds of well-wishers. Larger-scale celebrations took place in June 2016, to mark the Queen's 90th birthday, and any extensive celebrations were reserved for a possible Platinum Jubilee in 2022. Despite proposals for larger celebrations to mark the 65th anniversary of the Queen's accession in June 2017, including a mooted bank holiday, no such celebrations were held.


title: Sapphire Jubilee of Elizabeth II

text: The Secretary-General of the Commonwealth, The Baroness Scotland of Asthal, congratulated the Queen for reaching the Sapphire Jubilee as Head of the Commonwealth and said that she has "been an inspirational monarch. It's clear how much she values the Commonwealth, how dear the Commonwealth family is to her heart, and in return how much the people of our 52 member states value and love her. ... Her wisdom, advice and wonderful support have been invaluable to me since I was elected to office in April 2016".


title: Sapphire Jubilee of Elizabeth II

text: On 8 February, in the House of Representatives, Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull delivered a statement in which he congratulated the Queen on her Sapphire Jubilee, and said "She is so revered and respected here that few of us can say that we are not Elizabethans". The Leader of the Opposition, Bill Shorten, said "Even staunch republicans cannot help but admire the dedication to public duty that the Queen has shown, the life of service that she has led".


title: Sapphire Jubilee of Elizabeth II

text: In the Senate, a motion was introduced by the Senator for Western Australia, Dean Smith, in which the Senate extended to the Queen "its continuing appreciation for the gracious manner in which she continues to fulfil her duties as Queen of Australia".


title: Sapphire Jubilee of Elizabeth II

text: The Governor General of Canada, David Johnston, congratulated the Queen on her Sapphire Jubilee, and said "This impressive milestone, the first for any sovereign in our history, provides us with an opportunity to express our deepest gratitude for everything Her Majesty has done for the Canadian Crown".


title: Sapphire Jubilee of Elizabeth II

text: In the House of Commons of Canada, Randy Boissonnault, the member for Edmonton Centre, said, "As we reflect on our history throughout Canada's 150th birthday, we also mark and honour the story of our amazing monarch. God save the Queen".


title: Sapphire Jubilee of Elizabeth II

text: During the year, a grove of 65 maple trees was planted in Rockcliffe Park in Ottawa, to mark the Queen's Sapphire Jubilee.


title: Sapphire Jubilee of Elizabeth II

text: On Canada Day, the Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall inaugurated Rideau Hall's new doors, as "The Queen's Entrance", in celebration of the Queen's Sapphire Jubilee.


title: Sapphire Jubilee of Elizabeth II

text: At a celebration of Canada's sesquicentennial at Canada House on 19 July 2017, the Governor General of Canada David Johnston presented the Sapphire Jubilee Snowflake Brooch to the Queen as a gift from the Government of Canada to celebrate the Queen's Sapphire Jubilee and to commemorate Canada 150. David Johnston presented the Queen with the brooch moments before she and the Duke of Edinburgh unveiled a new Jubilee Walkway panel outside Canada House. The brooch was designed as a companion to the Diamond Maple Leaf brooch. The piece was made by Hillberg and Berk of Saskatchewan and consists of sapphires from a cache found in 2002 on Baffin Island by brothers Seemeega and Nowdluk Aqpik.


title: Sapphire Jubilee of Elizabeth II

text: A motion was introduced in the Parliament of New Zealand, by Winston Peters, Leader of New Zealand First, in respect of the Sapphire Jubilee of the Queen and was passed by the House. In the motion, the House congratulated the Queen of New Zealand on becoming the first monarch of New Zealand to reach a sapphire jubilee, marking 65 years on the throne.


title: Sapphire Jubilee of Elizabeth II

text: The Sapphire Jubilee featured blue stamps from the Royal Mail, commemorative coins from the Royal Mint, including one worth £50,000, and a reissue of an official 2014 portrait of Queen Elizabeth II by David Bailey. In this official portrait, the Queen wears sapphire jewellery which she received as a wedding present from her father.


title: Sapphire Jubilee of Elizabeth II

text: The Jubilee also involved the ringing of the bells in Westminster Abbey, a 41-gun salute by the King's Troop, Royal Horse Artillery in Green Park, a 62-gun salute by the Honourable Artillery Company at the Tower of London and gun salutes in several other places around the United Kingdom.


title: Sapphire Jubilee of Elizabeth II

text: Theresa May, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, congratulated the Queen, saying in part that the occasion was "another remarkable milestone for our remarkable Queen. ... I know the nation will join with me today in celebrating and giving thanks for the lifetime of service Her Majesty the Queen has given to our country and to the Commonwealth. ... She has truly been an inspiration to all of us and I am proud, on behalf of the nation, to offer our humble thanks and congratulations on celebrating this Sapphire Jubilee".


title: Sapphire Jubilee of Elizabeth II

text: In September 2017, a new community centre in Collier Row, Romford, was named the Sapphire Jubilee Community Centre in the Queen's honour.