title: I Knew You Were Trouble

text: On November 3, 2014, Swift removed her entire catalog from on-demand streaming platform Spotify, arguing that their ad-supported free service undermined the platform's premium service, which provides higher royalties for songwriters. In December 2015, the media reported that "I Knew You Were Trouble" had been re-delivered to Spotify, but its credit was mistakenly given to Welsh band Lostprophets and lead singer Ian Watkins. The song was removed from the site after three days. Swift re-added her entire catalog on Spotify in June 2017.


title: I Knew You Were Trouble

text: Swift described "I Knew You Were Trouble" as "just as chaotic as the feeling was when [she] wrote it". In the lyrics, she blames herself for a frustrating relationship that has ended, because she knows she could have stayed out of it but chose to ignore the red flags. Music critics described "I Knew You Were Trouble" as a dance-pop, pop rock, and teen pop song. It features bass guitar, electric guitar, and keyboard. The dubstep refrain includes a wobble, synthesizers, and Swift's distorted vocals. The instrumental halts at the bridge, where Swift contemplates on her past relationship: "You never loved me, or her, or anyone, or anything."


title: I Knew You Were Trouble

text: Critics considered the dubstep experimentation on "I Knew You Were Trouble" a significant departure from Swift's country pop beginnings. While describing how the song's style felt "sudden" and "unexpected" when compared to other tracks on "Red", musicologist James Perone believed that it was "logical" for first-time listeners to react in surprise upon hearing "I Knew You Were Trouble" if they were familiar with Swift's work prior to its release. Jon Caramanica of "The New York Times" commented that the dubstep wobble was a "wrecking ball" that shifted the dynamic of not only "the song but also of Ms. Swift's career". Randall Roberts from the "Los Angeles Times" remarked that although dubstep had been popularized by DJs such as Zedd and Skrillex, "I Knew You Were Trouble" generated much discussion because it introduced the genre to a wider audience of mainstream pop, which had been "sonically conservative for the past half-decade". In "Pitchfork", Brad Nelson commented that the production was "sharp as [Swift's] lyrics".


title: I Knew You Were Trouble

text: The dubstep experimentation divided contemporary critics. James Reed from "The Boston Globe" wrote that "I Knew You Were Trouble" and the other tracks produced by Martin and Shellback were unoriginal. Amanda Dobbins from "Vulture" felt the dubstep sound was not innovative, but praised the song as "yet another plucky, vowel-laden Taylor Swift breakup jam". In a "Red" album review for "The Washington Post", Allison Stewart criticized the production as "gratuitous and weird" which overshadowed Swift's lyrics. In defense of Swift, Randall Roberts from the "Los Angeles Times" said it was "unfair to criticize a 22-year-old for adapting with the times". Though Roberts acknowledged that critics could dismiss the refrain's bass drop as conceit, it was justifiable for Swift—whom he considered a leading pop star—to experiment with mainstream trends.


title: I Knew You Were Trouble

text: In positive reviews, Jon Caramanica from "The New York Times" and Chris Willman from "The Hollywood Reporter" praised the song for exhibiting Swift's versatility beyond country. "Slant Magazine" Jonathan Keefe praised "I Knew You Were Trouble" as one of "Red" best tracks because "the production is creative and contemporary in ways that are in service to Swift's songwriting". In a review for "Spin", Mark Hogan praised Swift's songcraft and remarked that although the dubstep experimentation initially came off as unoriginal, it "ultimately gets absorbed into [Swift's] own aesthetic".


title: I Knew You Were Trouble

text: The song featured on 2012 year-end lists by "Spin" (34th) and "The Village Voice" Pazz & Jop critics' poll (59th). Retrospective reviews of "I Knew You Were Trouble" have been generally positive. Hannah Mylrea from "NME" and Alexis Petridis from "The Guardian" considered the single a bold artistic statement for Swift, ranking it among the best songs of her catalog. In a 2021 retrospective review, Laura Snapes from "The Guardian" commented that the song was "the rare pop-EDM crossover" that stood the test of time.


title: I Knew You Were Trouble

text: In the US, after its digital release, "I Knew You Were Trouble" debuted at number three on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and number one on the Digital Songs chart with 416,000 copies sold during the first week. It was Swift's eleventh song to debut in the top ten of the Hot 100. Together with "Red" lead single "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together", it made Swift the first artist in digital history to have two 400,000 digital sales opening weeks. After its radio release, the single returned to the top ten on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and the number-one position on the Digital Songs chart in December 2012 – January 2013. Buoyed by strong digital sales, "I Knew You Were Trouble" reached its peak at number two on the Hot 100 chart dated January 12, 2013, behind Bruno Mars' "Locked Out of Heaven" (2012).


title: I Knew You Were Trouble

text: The single was Swift's first number-one entry on "Billboard" Adult Top 40. Despite not being released to country radio, the single debuted and stayed for one week at number fifty-five on the Country Airplay chart in April 2013, resulted from thirty-three unsolicited plays from Los Angeles radio station KKGO. "I Knew You Were Trouble" spent seven weeks atop the Mainstream Top 40, a chart monitoring pop radio in the US. It was her second Mainstream Top 40 number one, following 2008's "Love Story", and became her single with the most weeks atop the chart. The single's success on pop radio prompted Swift to abandon country and transition to pop on her next studio album, "1989" (2014), which was executive-produced by Swift and Martin. By July 2019, "I Knew You Were Trouble" had sold 5.42 million digital copies in the US. The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) certified the single seven times platinum for surpassing seven million units based on sales and on-demand streaming.


title: I Knew You Were Trouble

text: In Canada, the single peaked at number two on the Canadian Hot 100 and was certified five times platinum by Music Canada (MC). "I Knew You Were Trouble" charted in the top ten on record charts of European countries, peaking at number one in the Czech Republic, number three in Denmark, number four in Ireland, number five in Poland, number six in Austria and Russia, number eight in the Commonwealth of Independent States and Switzerland, number nine in Germany, and number ten in Belgian Flanders and Finland. The song received platinum certifications in Germany and Switzerland. In the U.K., "I Knew You Were Trouble" peaked at number two on the singles chart and was certified double platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI). It peaked at number three and was certified multi-platinum in Australia (six times platinum) and New Zealand (double platinum).


title: I Knew You Were Trouble

text: Anthony Mandler directed the music video for "I Knew You Were Trouble". Shot in Los Angeles over two days, the video stars Reeve Carney as Swift's love interest. In the video, Swift wears a pink ombré hairstyle, a ripped tee-shirt, and skinny jeans. "Marie Claire" commented that this "edgy" look coincided with her much publicized relationship with English singer Harry Styles, which signified her outgrowing "good girl" public image.


title: I Knew You Were Trouble

text: Swift summarized the video's narrative: "I wanted to tell the story of a girl who falls into a world that's too fast for her, and suffers the consequences." The video begins with Swift waking up in a desert filled with trash and debris from a concert the night before, intertwined with flashbacks of her and her love interest. Swift delivers a monologue reflecting on the past relationship, concluding: "I think that the worst part of it all wasn't losing him. It was losing me." As the song begins, Swift and the love interest are seen sharing intimate moments together. He exhibits behaviors that are unreliable, engaging in bar fights and making out with other girls in a rave. The video concludes with Swift alone in the same desert from the beginning.


title: I Knew You Were Trouble

text: Media publications commented on the video's narrative and style. "Spin" Chris Martins and "Vulture" Amanda Dobbins noted similarities—the desert settings, the "bad boy" love interests, the partying scenes—to Lana Del Rey's 2012 video for "Ride", while "Rolling Stone" compared the downward spiral of Swift's relationship to that portrayed in Rihanna's 2011 video for "We Found Love". Comments by Wendy Geller from Yahoo!, Melinda Newman from "Uproxx", and Rachel Brodsky from MTV focused on the video's dark narrative, which depicted a new aspect of Swift's artistry. Martins was not enthusiastic, calling the video unoriginal. A remix of "I Knew You Were Trouble" containing sounds of a screaming goat went viral, resulting in internet memes and boosting the video's popularity.


title: I Knew You Were Trouble

text: "I Knew You Were Trouble" was one of the award-winning songs at the 2014 BMI Awards. It was one of the "Most Performed Songs" awarded at the 2014 ASCAP Awards, in honor of songwriters and producers. The song won Song of the Year at the 2013 Radio Disney Music Awards. At the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards, "I Knew You Were Trouble" won Best Female Video and was nominated for Video of the Year; it was Swift's second win in the category following "You Belong with Me in 2009. It also won YouTube Phenomenon at the inaugural YouTube Music Awards in 2013. The song received nominations at popularity-catered awards ceremonies including Nickelodeon Australian Kids' Choice Awards, Teen Choice Awards, and Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards.


title: I Knew You Were Trouble

text: Swift performed "I Knew You Were Trouble" for the first time at the 2012 American Music Awards, held at Nokia Theatre L.A. Live on November 18, 2012. She embarked on a promotional tour for "Red" in Australia and performed the song on "Today" and the ARIA Music Awards. During "Red" promotional campaign in the US, Swift included "I Knew You Were Trouble" in her performances at KIIS-FM Jingle Ball on December 1, Z100 Jingle Ball Concert at Madison Square Garden on December 7, and on "Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve" at Times Square on December 31, 2012.


title: I Knew You Were Trouble

text: On January 18, 2013, following an appearance at the NRJ Music Awards, Swift held a private concert in Paris, where she included "I Knew You Were Trouble" in the set list. She also made live appearances in the U.K., performing the song at the 33rd Brit Awards on February 20, and on "The Graham Norton Show" on February 23, 2013. "I Knew You Were Trouble" was part of the regular set list of the Red Tour (2013), a world tour Swift embarked on to promote the album. During the concerts, Swift first performed in a white-and-gold gown with masquerade dancers, and midway changed the costume to black romper and high heels.


title: I Knew You Were Trouble

text: "I Knew You Were Trouble" is a recurring song included in many of Swift's live performances outside promotion of "Red". She performed the song at the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2013, broadcast by CBS on December 10, 2013. During the promotion of her 2014 album "1989", Swift performed the song at the iHeartRadio Music Festival on September 19, the We Can Survive benefit concert at the Hollywood Bowl on October 24, and the Jingle Ball Tour 2014 on December 5, 2014.


title: I Knew You Were Trouble

text: During the concerts of the 1989 World Tour (2015), she included an industrial rock-oriented version of "I Knew You Were Trouble" in the set lists. An acoustic version of "I Knew You Were Trouble" was a "surprise song" Swift performed at the first concert in Manchester, England, and the concert in Perth, Australia, as part of her Reputation Stadium Tour (2018). During the promotion of her 2019 album "Lover", Swift again performed the song at the Wango Tango festival on June 1, the Amazon Prime Day concert on July 10, and the City of Lover one-off concert in Paris on September 9, 2019. At the 2019 American Music Awards, where she was honored as the Artist of the Decade, Swift performed "I Knew You Were Trouble" as part of a medley of her biggest hits.


title: I Knew You Were Trouble

text: Following the controversy regarding the ownership of her back catalog in 2019, Swift confirmed in November 2020 that she would be re-recording her entire back catalog. Swift previewed the re-recorded version of "I Knew You Were Trouble", subtitled "Taylor's Version", via her Instagram on August 5, 2021. The re-recorded version was produced by Swift, Shellback, and Christopher Rowe. It was engineered and edited at Prime Recording in Nashville, and Swift's vocals were recorded at Conway Recording Studio in Los Angeles and Kitty Committee Studio in Belfast.


title: I Knew You Were Trouble

text: "I Knew You Were Trouble (Taylor's Version)" was released as part of her second re-recorded album, "Red (Taylor's Version)", on November 12, 2021, through Republic Records. Unlike the original track, the title of the re-recorded version is not stylized with a period at the end. Critics complimented the sharper reworked instrumentation for better conveying the emotion.


title: I Knew You Were Trouble

text: After "Red (Taylor's Version)" was released, "I Knew You Were Trouble (Taylor's Version)" entered the top 30 of charts in Australia (21), Canada (29), New Zealand (26), and Singapore (13). It peaked at number 23 on the "Billboard" Global 200. In the US, the re-recording peaked at number 46 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and number 16 on "Billboard" Adult Contemporary chart.


title: Estonian War of Independence

text: The Estonian War of Independence (, literally "Freedom War"), also known as the Estonian Liberation War, was a defensive campaign of the Estonian Army and its allies, most notably the United Kingdom, against the Bolshevik westward offensive of 1918–1919 and the 1919 aggression of the "Baltische Landeswehr". The campaign was the struggle of the newly established democratic nation of Estonia for independence in the aftermath of World War I. It resulted in a victory for Estonia and was concluded in the 1920 Treaty of Tartu.


title: Estonian War of Independence

text: In November 1917, upon the disintegration of the Russian Empire, a diet of the Autonomous Governorate of Estonia, the Estonian Provincial Assembly, which had been elected in the spring of that year, proclaimed itself the highest authority in Estonia. Soon thereafter, the Bolsheviks dissolved the Estonian Provincial Assembly and temporarily forced the pro-independence Estonians underground in the capital Tallinn. A few months later, using the interval between the Red Army's retreat and the arrival of the Imperial German Army, the Salvation Committee of the Estonian National Council Maapäev issued the Estonian Declaration of Independence in Tallinn on 24 February 1918 and formed the Estonian Provisional Government. This first period of independence was extremely short-lived, as the German troops entered Tallinn the following day. The German authorities recognized neither the provisional government nor its claim for Estonia's independence, counting them as a self-styled group usurping sovereign rights of the Baltic nobility.


title: Estonian War of Independence

text: After the German Revolution with the capitulation of Imperial Germany, between the 11 and 14 November 1918, the representatives of Germany formally handed over political power to the Estonian Provisional Government. On 16 November the provisional government called for voluntary mobilization and began to organize the Estonian Army, with Konstantin Päts as Minister of War, Major General Andres Larka as the chief of staff, and Major General Aleksander Tõnisson as commander of the Estonian Army, initially consisting of one division.


title: Estonian War of Independence

text: In late November 1918, Soviet forces moved against Estonia. On 28 November 1918, the 6th Red Rifle Division struck the border town of Narva, which marked the beginning of the Estonian War of Independence.


title: Estonian War of Independence

text: The 6th Red Rifle Division attacked with 7,000 infantry, 22 field guns, 111 machine guns, an armored train, two armored vehicles, two airplanes, and the Bogatyr class cruiser "Oleg" supported by two destroyers. The town was defended by men of the Estonian Defence League (Home Guard) (consisting partly of secondary school students) and Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 405 of the German Army. The Reds captured Narva on 29 November and the Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 405 withdrew westwards.


title: Estonian War of Independence

text: The Soviet 2nd Novgorod Division opened a second front south of Lake Peipus, with 7,000 infantry, 12 field guns, 50 machine guns, two armored trains, and three armored vehicles.


title: Estonian War of Independence

text: Estonian military forces at the time consisted of 2,000 men with light weapons and about 14,500 poorly armed men in the Estonian Defence League. The end of November 1918 saw the formation of the Baltic Battalion, primarily a mounted machine-gun company plus infantry. Estonia's Baltic German minority provided a sizable troop of volunteer militia for the Battalion, which was one of the first fighting units of the Estonian Army, and maintained staunch loyalty to the authority of the Republic. This contrasts with the "Baltische Landeswehr" in Latvia.


title: Estonian War of Independence

text: The 49th Red Latvian Rifle Regiment took the Valga railway junction on 18 December and the city of Tartu on Christmas Eve. Also on Christmas Eve, the 6th Red Rifle Division captured the Tapa railway junction, advancing to within 34 kilometers of the nation's capital Tallinn. Estonian Bolsheviks declared the Estonian Workers' Commune in Narva.


title: Estonian War of Independence

text: By the end of the year, the 7th Red Army controlled Estonia along the front line 34 kilometers east of Tallinn, west from Tartu and south of Ainaži.


title: Estonian War of Independence

text: Colonel Johan Laidoner was appointed Commander in chief of the Estonian armed forces. He recruited 600 officers and 11,000 volunteers by 23 December 1918.


title: Estonian War of Independence

text: He reorganized the forces by setting up the 2nd Division in Southern Estonia under the command of Colonel Viktor Puskar, along with commando units, such as the Tartumaa Partisan Battalion and the Kalevi Malev Battalion.


title: Estonian War of Independence

text: The national government obtained foreign assistance. On 5 December, Finland delivered 5,000 rifles and 20 field guns along with ammunition.


title: Estonian War of Independence

text: A British Royal Navy squadron commanded by Rear Admiral Sir Edwyn Alexander-Sinclair arrived at Tallinn on 31 December and delivered 6,500 rifles, 200 machine guns, and two field guns. The squadron captured two Russian destroyers, "Spartak" and "Avtroil", and turned them over to Estonia, which renamed them "Vambola" and "Lennuk".


title: Estonian War of Independence

text: On 2 January, Finnish volunteer units with 2,000 men arrived in Estonia. Three armored trains were built in Tallinn under the command of Captain Anton Irv.


title: Estonian War of Independence

text: By the beginning of 1919, the Estonian Army had increased its ranks to a total of 13,000 men, with 5,700 on the front-facing 8,000 Soviets. The strengthened Estonian Army stopped the 7th Red Army's advance in its tracks between 2 and 5 January 1919 and went on the counter-offensive on 7 January.


title: Estonian War of Independence

text: Tapa was liberated two days later in a campaign highlighted by the implementation of the highly successful "soomusrongid" (armoured trains). This turn of events was swiftly followed by the liberation of the sizable town of Rakvere on 12 January.


title: Estonian War of Independence

text: In liberating Narva, a 1,000-strong Finnish-Estonian force landed at Utria to the rear of the Soviet 6th Rifle Division on 17 January. In so doing, retreat eastward for the Soviet forces was precluded. The following day Narva was liberated.


title: Estonian War of Independence

text: Consequent to this the northeastern front stabilized along the Narva river. Within 11 days, the 1st Division had advanced 200 km.


title: Estonian War of Independence

text: In the southern sphere-of-conflict, Tartu was liberated through the rapid deployment of armored trains and the Tartumaa Partisan Battalion. The 2nd Division continued to advance southwards facing increasing Soviet resistance. In the Battle of Paju, the Tartumaa Partisan Battalion and the Finnish volunteers drove the Latvian Riflemen out of Valga on 31 January.


title: Estonian War of Independence

text: The 7th Red Army was routed outside the boundaries of contemporary Estonia and the battle-front continued outwards into the ancient, historical Estonian settlement area. The second half of February saw the Estonian southward advance capture Salacgrīva and Alūksne. This advance was soon stopped by a Soviet buildup ostensibly for a new expansionist offensive into Estonia. On the first Independence Day of 24 February 1919, the pro-independence Estonian forces on the front consisted of 19,000 men, 70 field guns, and 230 machine guns. Estonia had become the first country to repel the Soviet westward offensive.


title: Estonian War of Independence

text: In the second half of February, the Red armies started the new Soviet offensive to capture Estonia. To this end, the Soviets established what was referred to as the new 'Estonian' Red Army. This sizable force consisted upwards of 80,000 conscripts.


title: Estonian War of Independence

text: In positions along the Narva River the Estonian 1st Division and their allied White Russian Northern Corps repelled the 7th Red Army's attacks. The Red Army heavily bombarded Narva, leaving about 2,000 people homeless yet ultimately failed to capture the city. The majority of Soviet forces were concentrated at and along the southern front. The so-called 'Estonian' Red Army captured Alūksne, Setomaa, Vastseliina, and Räpina parishes by 15 March.


title: Estonian War of Independence

text: Having received reinforcements, the Estonian 2nd Division counterattacked and regained Petseri by 29 March. Subsequently, the 'Estonian' Red Army was pushed behind the Optjok River.


title: Estonian War of Independence

text: On 27 March, the Estonian 3rd Division was deployed along the western flank of the southern front under the command of Major-General Ernst Põdder. At Võru, the situation became critical on 22 April when the Red Army approached to within 1.5 km of the town. Heavy fighting continued at the southeastern front up to the first half of May.


title: Estonian War of Independence

text: On 25 April, the Latvian Riflemen captured Rūjiena, but were soon pushed back by the 3rd Division to Salacgrīva-Seda-Gauja line.


title: Estonian War of Independence

text: On 5–7 April 1919 the Estonian Constituent Assembly was elected. The elections were won by the Left and Centre parties. The 120 members of the Constituent Assembly met at the opening session on 23 April and elected Social Democrat August Rei as chairman. The provisional government retired, and a new government headed by Otto Strandman was formed. On 4 June the assembly adopted a temporary Constitution of Estonia. On 10 October the Land Reform Act was passed, which confiscated and redistributed the large Baltic German estates that covered more than half of the territory of Estonia.


title: Estonian War of Independence

text: Estonia actively helped to organize White Russian, Latvian and Ingrian forces on the territory of the Republic. The White Russian Northern Corps had been organizing in Estonia since December 1918. On 18 February, an agreement was signed between Estonia and Latvia, which allowed formation of Latvian forces under Estonian command but using them only on the southern front. The North Latvian Brigade under the command of Jorģis Zemitāns was formed from the citizens of Latvia who had fled to Estonia. In March 1919, an agreement was signed with the Ingrian National People's Committee for the formation of an Ingrian battalion. By May 1919, there were 6,000 Russians, 4,000 Latvians and 700 Ingrians in their respective national units.


title: Estonian War of Independence

text: Although the Estonian Army had attained control over its country, the opposing Red armies were still active. The Estonian High Command decided to push their defense lines across the border into Russia in support of the White Russian Northern Corps. On 13 May, the Northern Corps went on the offensive at Narva, catching the Soviets by surprise and destroying their 6th Division. The offensive was supported along the Gulf of Finland's coast by the British and Estonian navy and marines. With the front approaching, the garrison of the Krasnaya Gorka fort mutinied. But the 7th Red Army received reinforcements and counterattacked, pushing the White Russians back, until the front was stabilised with the support from the Estonian 1st Division on the Luga and Saba rivers.


title: Estonian War of Independence

text: The offensive of the Estonian Petseri Battle Group began on 24 May. The 600 troops of 1st Estonian Rifle Regiment of the Red Army together with Leonhard Ritt, commander of the switched sides on the same day. An offensive destroyed the Estonian Red Army, captured Pskov on 25 May and cleared the territory between Estonia and the Velikaya River of Soviet forces. A few days later White Russian forces arrived in Pskov, but as they were unable to defend the town on their own, some Estonian forces remained in Pskov, while the rest were pulled back to the state border. The Northern Corps mobilised members of the local population in the Pskov region. On 19 June 1919, the Estonian Commander-in-Chief General Johan Laidoner rescinded his command over the White Russians, and they were renamed the Northwestern Army. Shortly afterwards, General Nikolai N. Yudenich took command of the troops.


title: Estonian War of Independence

text: Simultaneously with the Pskov offensive Estonian 2nd and 3rd divisions also started southward offensive into Northern-Latvia. By the end of May they had captured Alūksne and Valmiera. Due to simultaneous German-Latvian offensives in Western-Latvia, the situation was becoming very difficult for the Soviets. On 31 May, an Estonian cavalry regiment led by reached Gulbene, capturing large amount of rolling stock, including 2 armoured trains. a rapid offensive of the 2nd Division, spearheaded by its cavalry regiment, continued and on 6 June it crossed Daugava river and captured Jēkabpils, but the 3rd Division could not support the advance of the 2nd division anymore as it was now facing a new enemy: the "Baltische Landeswehr".


title: Estonian War of Independence

text: The war against the Baltische Landeswehr broke out on the southern front in Latvia on 5 June 1919. The Latvian democrats led by Kārlis Ulmanis had declared independence as in Estonia but were soon pushed back to Liepāja by Soviet forces, where the German VI Reserve Corps finally stopped their advance. This German force, led by general Rüdiger von der Goltz, consisted of the Baltische Landeswehr formed from Baltic Germans, the Guards Reserve Division of former Imperial German Army soldiers who had stayed in Latvia, and the Freikorps Iron Division of volunteers motivated by prospects of acquiring properties in the Baltics. This was possible because the terms of their armistice with the Western Allies obliged the Germans to maintain their armies in the East to counter the Bolshevist threat. The VI Reserve Corps also included the 1st Independent Latvian Battalion led by Oskars Kalpaks, which consisted of ethnic Latvians loyal to the Provisional Government of Latvia.


title: Estonian War of Independence

text: The Germans disrupted the organization of Latvian national forces, and on 16 April 1919 the Provisional Government was toppled and replaced with the pro-German puppet Provisional Government of Latvia led by Andrievs Niedra. Ulmanis took refuge aboard the steamship "Saratow" under Entente protection. The VI Reserve Corps pushed the Soviets back, capturing Riga on 23 May, continued to advance northwards, and demanded that the Estonian Army ended its occupation of parts of northern Latvia. The real intent of the VI Reserve Corps was to annex Estonia into a German-dominated puppet state.


title: Estonian War of Independence

text: On 3 June, Estonian General Laidoner issued an ultimatum demanding that German forces must pull back southwards, leaving the broad gauge railway between Ieriķi and Gulbene under Estonian control. When Estonian armoured trains moved out on 5 June to check compliance with this demand, the Baltische Landeswehr attacked them, unsuccessfully. The following day, the Baltische Landeswehr captured Cēsis. On 8 June, an Estonian counterattack was repelled. The first clashes demonstrated that the VI Reserve Corps was stronger and better equipped than the Soviets. On 10 June, with Entente mediation, a ceasefire was made. Despite the Entente demand for the German force to pull behind the line demanded by the Estonians, von der Goltz refused and demanded Estonian withdrawal from Latvia, threatening to continue fighting. On 19 June, fighting resumed with an assault of the Iron Division on positions of the Estonian 3rd Division near Limbaži and Straupe, starting the Battle of Cēsis. At that time, the 3rd Estonian Division, including the 2nd Latvian Cēsis regiment under Colonel Krišjānis Berķis, had 5990 infantry and 125 cavalry. Intensive German attacks on Estonian positions continued up to 22 June, without achieving a breakthrough. On 23 June, the Estonian 3rd Division counterattacked, recapturing Cēsis. The anniversary of the Battle of Cēsis ("Võnnu lahing" in Estonian) is celebrated in Estonia as the Victory Day.


title: Estonian War of Independence

text: The Estonian 3rd Division continued their advance towards Riga. On 3 July, when the Estonian forces were at the outskirts of Riga, a ceasefire was made on the demand of the Entente and the Ulmanis government was restored in Riga. The German forces were ordered to leave Latvia, the Baltische Landeswehr was put under the command of the Latvian Provisional Government and sent to fight against the Red Army. However, to circumvent Entente's orders, the troops of the disbanded VI Reserve Corps, instead of leaving, were incorporated into the West Russian Volunteer Army, officially hired by the German puppet Government of Latvia and led by Pavel Bermondt-Avalov. In October, fighting restarted when the West Russian Volunteer Army attacked Riga. Following the Latvian request to help, Estonia sent two armoured trains to aid repelling the German attack. The Estonian army also remained to support the defence of Latvia against Soviets by defending the front north of Lake Lubāns.


title: Estonian War of Independence

text: Soviet Russia had been attempting to conclude a peace since the spring of 1919. On 25 April 1919, Hungarian Communists offered to mediate a settlement between the Bolsheviks and the Estonians, but Admiral Cowan threatened withdrawal of support to the Estonians unless they rejected the Hungarian offer. The Russians then publicly broached the subject of peace talks in a radio broadcast on 27 and 28 April. On 5 June the Estonian Commune was abolished. A subsequent broadcast by the Russians on 21 July led to the British journalist Arthur Ransome sounding out the Commissar for Foreign Relations Georgy Chicherin on the subject of peace talks. As a result, the Soviet government made a formal offer for negotiations on 31 August 1919. The Estonians accepted on 4 September, and delegations started talks on 16 September. Estonia then proposed to stop the negotiations until Latvia, Lithuania and Finland have agreed to participate in joint negotiations.


title: Estonian War of Independence

text: In the autumn, the Northwestern Army launched operation White Sword, a major effort to capture Petrograd. With the arms provided by Britain and France, and the operational support by the Estonian Army, Estonian Navy, and Royal Navy, the Northwestern Army began the offensive on 28 September 1919. Estonia supported the Northwestern Army due to the demands of the Entente. The Estonian forces made joint naval and land attacks against the Krasnaya Gorka fort, while the Estonian 2nd Division attempted to destroy bridges over the Velikaya River and the Estonian 3rd Division attacked towards Pytalovo. The Northwestern Army approached to 16 kilometres (10 miles) from Petrograd, but the Red Army repulsed the White Russian troops back to the Narva River. Distrustful of the White Russians, the Estonian High Command disarmed and interned the remains of the Northwestern Army that retreated behind the state border.


title: Estonian War of Independence

text: The 7th and 15th Soviet Armies advancing behind collapsing White Russian forces continued to attack the fortified positions at the state border near Narva. The first clashes took place on Luga River on 16 November, starting the conclusive battles with 120,000 Soviets facing 40,000 Estonians. After repeated attacks, the 7th Red Army managed to achieve some limited success. At the end of November, the situation on the front calmed, as the Soviets needed to replenish their forces. In order to pressure Estonia in the peace talks, intensive Soviet attacks restarted on 7 December. On 16 December, the situation became critical as forward units of the 15th Red Army crossed the Narva River. The next day, an Estonian counterattack pushed the Soviets back. The Estonian high command actively reinforced the 1st Division at Narva during the battles, sending in the headquarters of the 3rd Division. General Tõnisson became commander of the Viru Front. After suffering 35,000 casualties in heavy battles, the Red Army was completely exhausted by the end of December.


title: Estonian War of Independence

text: On 19 November, the new government of Jaan Tõnisson decided to restart talks with Soviet Russia, even without the participation of other Baltic countries. Negotiations began on 5 December, with the main point of dispute being territorial issues. Talks continued through December, with both sides pressing their territorial demands, while heavy fighting continued at Narva. The peace treaty was finally concluded on 31 December 1919, and the ceasefire came into effect on 3 January 1920.


title: Estonian War of Independence

text: Foreign assistance, mostly from the United Kingdom and Finland, played a very important role during the early stages of war.


title: Estonian War of Independence

text: British naval and air forces arrived in December 1918, after lobbying in London by Estonian politicians. At this time, the new Estonian government was weak and desperate, and the Estonian Prime Minister even asked that his state be declared a British protectorate, but Britain would not meet this plea. However, the British squadron delivered 6500 rifles, 200 machine guns, 2 field guns, also two Soviet destroyers were captured near Tallinn and turned over to Estonia. A Royal Navy squadron continued to provide artillery support on the coast and also protected the Estonian flank against the Russian Baltic Fleet. The United Kingdom remained Estonia's main supplier of arms and equipment during the war.


title: Estonian War of Independence

text: While the British navy provided considerable support, the historian William Fletcher concludes that ""the British naval force would have had little effect on the outcome of Baltic affairs had not the Estonians and Latvians provided a vibrant and disciplined land and sea force"". The British contributed 88 ships to the Baltic campaign, of which 16 were sunk. 128 British servicemen died in the campaign, 9 were captured and at least 27 were wounded.


title: Estonian War of Independence

text: Concerned with having Bolshevik rule in the South, Finland delivered funds and weapons. Finland provided 5000 rifles and 20 field guns by 12 December. Finland also sent 3500 volunteers. Pohjan Pojat led by Hans Kalm fought at the Southern Front, including at the Battle of Paju, while I Suomalainen Vapaajoukko led by Martin Ekström fought at the Viru Front, including at the Battle of Utria. Finnish volunteers returned to Finland on March–April 1919, having lost 150 men.


title: Estonian War of Independence

text: Danish-Baltic Auxiliary Corps with approximately 200 men was formed under the command of Captain Richard Gustav Borgelin in April 1919. The company took part in battles against Bolsheviks in Latvia and near Pskov and 19 men were killed by the time their contract ended in September. R. G. Borgelin was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel and given Maidla manor in gratitude for his services.


title: Estonian War of Independence

text: The Swedish volunteer unit under the command of Carl Mothander was formed in Sweden in early 1919. In March 1919, 178 volunteers took part in scout missions in Virumaa. In April, the company was sent to the Southern front and took part of the battles near Pechory. In May, the company was disbanded with some volunteers joining other units and the rest returning to Sweden.


title: Estonian War of Independence

text: On 2 February 1920, the Peace Treaty of Tartu was signed by the Republic of Estonia and RSFSR. At this point, the Bolshevist regime had not been recognized by any Western power. The terms of the treaty stated that Russia renounced in perpetuity all rights to the territory of Estonia. The agreed frontier corresponded roughly with the position of the front line at the cessation of hostilities. In particular, Estonia retained a strategic strip to the east of the Narva river ("Narvataguse") and Setumaa in the southeast, areas which were lost in early 1945 – shortly after Soviet troops had taken control of Estonia, when Moscow transferred the land East of the Narva River and most of Petseri County to the RSFSR.


title: Rosita Espinosa

text: Rosita Espinosa is a fictional character from the comic book series "The Walking Dead" and is portrayed by Christian Serratos in the American television series of the same name. She accompanies Eugene Porter and Abraham Ford on a mission to Washington, D.C. In the comic book series, she joins Rick Grimes' group after they leave the prison and go to DC. Eventually Eugene is revealed to have lied but they continue on to Washington anyway, since he was still convinced the city would offer greater chance of survival, and they eventually find the Alexandria Safe-Zone.


title: Rosita Espinosa

text: Rosita also takes part in the war against the Saviors led by Negan, the conclusion of which sees the 3 communities uniting forces.


title: Rosita Espinosa

text: In the TV series, Rosita, Abraham and Eugene meet Tara Chambler and Glenn Rhee while on their way to Washington DC. They soon join Glenn's group, led by Rick Grimes, after escaping Terminus, a false safe haven. Rosita continued Abraham's mission to get Eugene to DC with Tara, Glenn, and his wife, Maggie Greene, but when Eugene reveals he lied, they rejoin Rick's group once more and travel with him to the Alexandria Safe-Zone.


title: Rosita Espinosa

text: Rosita, Abraham and Eugene joins Rick's group at Hershel's farm after the prison is destroyed. When Eugene reveals he is a fraud it leaves her outraged, but Rosita and the others soon accept him. She remains with the group when they settle in Washington at the Alexandria Safe Zone, moving in with Abraham. While there, Abraham breaks up with her to be with Holly. At Alexandria, she becomes increasingly close to Eugene and eventually forms a sexual relationship with him but remains devastated over Abraham's death. After two years together, Rosita reveals to Eugene that she is pregnant, but he is not the father. The father of the baby is later revealed to be Siddiq, another member of Alexandria. At the community fair Alpha, leader of the Whisperers, manages to abduct and decapitate Rosita, along with Ezekiel, Louie, Erin, Ken, Luke, Carson, Tammy Rose, Josh, Olivia, Oscar, and Amber (all from Alexandria, the Hilltop, The Kingdom and The Sanctuary communities) and put their heads on spikes. This also kills Rosita's unborn child. Alpha later shows this to Rick, much to his horror. She is put down by Andrea and buried along with the others at the site.


title: Rosita Espinosa

text: When the outbreak occurred, Rosita was in Dallas, Texas with other survivors and was approached by Sgt. Abraham Ford and Dr. Eugene Porter in an army truck. Abraham, impressed by Rosita's survival skills, told her of his mission to get Eugene to Washington D.C. as he knows the cure to the walker virus and requested she accompany him. Along the way, they also recruited survivors Stephanie, Warren, Pam, Rex, Roger, Dirk and Josephine. Rosita and Abraham became lovers. Rosita also learned medical aid from Roger and Pam, though tragically they along with everyone except Abraham and Eugene died trying to ensure their survival. Eventually Rosita, Abraham and Eugene made it as far as Georgia near the prison, just days after The Governor's attack.


title: Rosita Espinosa

text: In the episode "Inmates", Rosita, Abraham Ford (Michael Cudlitz), and Eugene Porter (Josh McDermitt) meet survivors Tara Chambler (Alanna Masterson) and an unconscious Glenn Rhee (Steven Yeun) on the road. In the episode "Claimed", Abraham reveals to Glenn and Tara that Eugene knows what caused the zombie apocalypse, and they are on their way to Washington, D.C. to put an end to the walkers. In the episode "Us", Rosita accompanies Glenn to Terminus when they reunite with Maggie Greene (Lauren Cohan), Sasha Williams (Sonequa Martin-Green), and Bob Stookey (Lawrence Gilliard Jr.). In the season finale "A", when Rick Grimes (Andrew Lincoln), his son Carl (Chandler Riggs), and Michonne (Danai Gurira) and Daryl Dixon (Norman Reedus) are locked up a shipping container by the residents of Terminus, led by Gareth (Andrew J. West), it is revealed that Rosita and the rest have all been captured and are being held there as well.


title: Rosita Espinosa

text: In the season premiere, "No Sanctuary", Rosita escapes Terminus with the group. In the episode "Self Help", Rosita and the others are en route to DC and take refuge when the bus crashes. Abraham and Rosita have sex as Eugene watches, which Rosita laughs at and tells Abraham about it. When Eugene reveals that he is not a scientist, Rosita is appalled, telling him people died to get him there. When Abraham beats Eugene unconscious, Rosita stops him from hurting Eugene further, with her hand on her sidearm, ready to lift her handgun.


title: Rosita Espinosa

text: In the episode "Crossed", Rosita is first seen offering Abraham water, which he knocks away. She shouts at him and he stands up, looking threatening. Maggie makes him back away from Rosita at gunpoint. Later on her, Glenn and Tara trek to a river to refill their water supplies. While filtering water, Rosita talks to them about when she first met Abraham in Dallas. Glenn and Rosita bond and he welcomes her as a part of the group wherever they wind up.


title: Rosita Espinosa

text: In the episode "The Distance", Rosita goes with Abraham, Michonne, and Glenn to see if they can find Aaron's (Ross Marquand) vehicles. She uses a stick to take out a walker and saves Abraham from another. When they search the RV, Abraham finds some food the group used to eat and Rosita reminiscences on the past with him, and Abraham asks if Rosita believed he would hit her after what happened with Eugene. She says no, as she knows him better. She rides the RV on both legs of the journey to Alexandria, sitting in the passenger seat with a map. When they spot Washington, D.C. in the distance she calls to Abraham and remembers their former goal and he is happy to have finally made it. She then arrives at Alexandria.


title: Rosita Espinosa

text: In the episode "Forget", Rosita arrives at Deanna Monroe's (Tovah Feldshuh) party with Abraham. They both appear to be uncomfortable, but she relaxes after she mentions there is beer and smiles when Abraham goes off to grab some drinks. Later, she is seen enjoying herself while chatting with Glenn and Maggie. In the episode "Try", Rosita tells Michonne that Sasha has gone missing from her post in the tower. Worried, they venture outside the walls to look for her where they discus how different it feels to be outside, now that they have a home. They find several dead walkers and realize Sasha is actively hunting them. They track her down and help her eliminate a large pack of walkers.


title: Rosita Espinosa

text: In the season finale "Conquer", Rosita is tending to Tara when Abraham walks in with some flowers and tries to leave when he sees Eugene asleep in a chair next to her, but Rosita convinces him to stay. As Abraham tries to quietly sit without waking Eugene, Rosita deliberately drops some pots to wake him and the two men ultimately reconcile.


title: Rosita Espinosa

text: In the season premiere, "First Time Again", Rosita tends to Tara, Glenn and Nicholas (Michael Traynor) after they are injured. In the episode "JSS", Rosita and Aaron kill some members of the Wolves that attack Alexandria. In "Now", Rosita stands guard at the gate, crying over Abraham, who has not returned home. Spencer Monroe (Austin Nichols) offers to take her place, to which she agrees, and she thanks him for stopping the truck earlier.


title: Rosita Espinosa

text: In "Heads Up", Rosita gives machete lessons to several Alexandrians and Eugene, who is afraid of dying. Rosita says dying is simple; what is hard is letting one's friends die out of fear. In "Start to Finish", the Alpha Wolf (Benedict Samuel) forces Rosita and Tara to surrender their weapons during the herd as he leaves with Tara's girlfriend Denise . In "No Way Out", Rosita joins the other Alexandrians killing the walkers that invaded Alexandria after Carol Peletier (Melissa McBride) kills the Alpha Wolf.


title: Rosita Espinosa

text: In "Knots Untie", Rosita is seen in bed with Abraham after having sex, unaware that Abraham is fantasizing about Sasha. Rosita gives Abraham a necklace. In "Not Tomorrow Yet", Abraham packs his bag and tells Rosita that he is leaving her. When a tearful Rosita demands an explanation, Abraham tells her that he thought she was "the last woman on Earth" when they got together; he then says, "Now I know you're not."


title: Rosita Espinosa

text: The next day out on the road, Rosita and Carol have a conversation about Morgan Jones (Lennie James) and her frustration over his views on killing. Later, she infiltrates the Saviors' compound and kills several of them with Aaron. In "Twice as Far", Spencer and Rosita have sex, and afterwards he asks her to dinner with him.


title: Rosita Espinosa

text: She goes on a supply run with Denise and Daryl, despite her concerns over Denise's inability to leave the walls of Alexandria. Denise is killed by a savior named Dwight (Austin Amelio), and Eugene is captured. However, a distraction causes them to fire at the Saviors, who run off. Rosita tends to Eugene as they go back to Alexandria. In "East", Rosita appears jealous and resentful of Abraham and Sasha, and goes after Daryl when he seeks vengeance against Dwight, but this leads to her capture. In the season finale "Last Day on Earth", Rosita is in the lineup as Negan (Jeffrey Dean Morgan), the Saviors' leader, arrives and begins beating an unseen member of the group.


title: Rosita Espinosa

text: In the season premiere, "The Day Will Come When You Won't Be", Negan's victim is revealed to be Abraham, and Rosita is forced to watch as Negan beats him to death with his baseball bat, "Lucille". Negan taunts her by forcing her to look at the bat, covered in her ex-lover's blood. Enraged, Daryl rushes at Negan, who subdues him and kills Glenn as punishment. Sasha later comforts Rosita after the Saviors leave, as Glenn and Abraham's remains are taken away.


title: Rosita Espinosa

text: In the episode "Service", Spencer tries to convince Rosita to resign herself to life under the Saviors' control, but Rosita refuses to accept it. She kills the reanimated Saviors present to get a gun and is later shown asking Eugene to make her a bullet to kill Negan. In the episode "Swear" Rosita asks Tara to give her some weapons. In "Sing Me a Song", Rosita and Eugene return to the factory Eugene and Abraham found to manufacture ammunition. Eugene attempts to talk her out of her plan, reasoning that, even if she manages to kill Negan, the saviors will retaliate by killing her and several others. Rosita angrily calls Eugene a coward who is only alive because people feel sorry for him; he produces a single bullet for her. She attempts to apologize for what she said, but Eugene does not want to hear it. They return to Alexandria to find Negan and the Saviors already there.


title: Rosita Espinosa

text: In the mid-season finale, "Hearts Still Beating," Rosita is still feeling vengeful, but Father Gabriel tries to persuade her to try to get revenge when the time is right, as the community will need her in the meantime. She later reconciles with Spencer, and the two agree to a date, but these plans are cut short after Negan guts and kills Spencer for trying to betray Rick and take over as leader. Enraged, Rosita draws her gun and fires at Negan, hitting "Lucille". Negan advances on Rosita, appearing ready to kill her, but changes his mind when he realizes she is not afraid of him. He then tells his minion Arat (Elizabeth Ludlow) to "kill somebody". Arat shoots Olivia (Ann Mahoney) in the face as Rosita and the others watch in horror. When Negan demands to know who made the bullet, Eugene finally confesses and Negan has his people take him away. Rosita sorrowfully protests as Negan leaves Alexandria. The episode ends with Rosita joining Rick, Michonne, Carl, and Tara to reunite with Maggie, Sasha, Enid (Katelyn Nacon), Paul "Jesus" Monroe (Tom Payne), and the newly escaped Daryl at the Hilltop, as they plan to stand against the Saviors.


title: Rosita Espinosa

text: In "Rock in the Road", Sasha tries to start a conversation with Rosita, but she coldly shuts her down. Rosita shows the group how to dismantle explosives. In "New Best Friends", Rosita encounters a group called the Scavengers. Rick negotiates a deal with their leader, Jadis (Pollyanna McIntosh), to help them fight the Saviors in exchange for guns. Rosita immediately decides to go out looking, clashing with Tara, who thinks they should wait.


title: Rosita Espinosa

text: In "Say Yes", Rosita becomes frantic in her efforts to find guns for their fight against the Saviors. When they meet with Jadis to deliver the guns they have managed to find, they are told that their offer is not enough. While Rick is able to buy them more time, Rosita, tired of excuses, goes to the Hilltop looking for Sasha. She convinces her to help her in a second attempt to kill Negan, with the condition that Sasha gets to fire the fatal shot. Having predicted this, Rosita gives her a sniper rifle from their stockpile, with both of them acknowledging that even if they succeed, they will most likely die.


title: Rosita Espinosa

text: In "The Other Side", Rosita rejoins Sasha at the Hilltop and they embark for the Sanctuary. Sasha tries to make small talk, asking Rosita where she acquired her skill with weapons, but Rosita rebuffs her effort. Sasha advocates a stealth approach, suggesting they take up a sniping position and stay outside the fences, but Rosita insists they go inside to ensure Negan's death. They go with Sasha's plan first, setting up in a factory adjacent to the Sanctuary. Rosita begins to open up to Sasha, revealing she was a helpless survivor before she met Abraham, but learned everything she could from him and the other people around her. She also confesses that she does not hate Sasha, so much as the love triangle they found themselves in.


title: Rosita Espinosa

text: When they miss their window at taking a shot at Negan, they wait until nightfall before breaching the fences. Sasha goes first, but then seals the hole with Rosita outside, intent on sacrificing her own life to defeat Negan. Rosita is surprised by this turn of events, but Sasha insists their friends need her before charging into the Sanctuary. Rosita is equally frustrated and saddened by this, before being found outside the gates by someone wielding a crossbow.


title: Rosita Espinosa

text: The end of "Something They Need" sees Rosita return to Alexandria with a visitor, who is revealed to be Dwight. Daryl attempts to attack him, but Rosita claims he wants to help, which Dwight confirms to Rick. In the finale, Rosita is shot after she begins firing, following Sasha's death. She is saved by Tara and recovers in bed.


title: Rosita Espinosa

text: In the season premiere, "Mercy", Rosita is seen at Alexandria, looking out her balcony, still healing from her wound, looking at the Alexandrians leaving for war. In "The King, the Widow, and Rick" Rosita is first seen by the car with Michonne, asking if she can go with her and stopping the car when they hear a woman singing. They go investigate and see Zia (Ciera L. Payton) and Leo (Sam Lewis Underwood). In the ensuing struggle, Rosita kills Leo with an RPG while Daryl and Tara gun Zia down.


title: Rosita Espinosa

text: In "Time for After", Rosita is seen with the group outside the Sanctuary. Daryl plans to charge his truck into the building and send the walkers into the Sanctuary; Rosita, Michonne, and Tara will cover him and distract the walkers. Morgan offers to help. Rosita is against the plan, saying it is risky, and she vouches for Rick, saying he is talking to the Scavengers to boost their numbers. Tara refuses to trust the Scavengers after they betrayed them. Rosita leaves but not before saying that waiting is sometimes the best option, something she had to learn from Sasha's sacrifice. In the mid-season finale, "How It's Gotta Be", Rosita is first seen unloading boxes from the truck. She is later seen when Negan bombs Alexandria. Rosita, along with Tara, Dwight, Daryl, Rick, Michonne, and the other Alexandrians, escapes into the sewers, only to learn that Carl has been bitten by a walker. In the mid-season premiere, "Honor", Rosita joins the others in mourning Carl after he commits suicide to avoid becoming a walker.


title: Rosita Espinosa

text: Rosita remains in the sewers with the other Alexandrians as the Saviors continue to destroy Alexandria above them. Rosita suggests they all flee to Hilltop. After the explosions subside and the remaining Saviors leave, Rosita and the others prepare to head to the Hilltop for refuge. In "Dead or Alive Or", Rosita assumes leadership of the group, along with Daryl. When Tara starts looking for excuses to kill Dwight, Rosita explains that they still need him to win the war against Negan and demands that she calm down. Nevertheless, Tara takes advantage of Rosita being distracted fighting against walkers in the swamp to try, unsuccessfully, to kill Dwight. Rosita reveals that she had witnessed the whole scene; when Tara asks her why she did not try to stop her, Rosita replies that, in Tara's place, she could not have been stopped. Finally, Rosita and the others arrive at Hilltop and tell the others about the events in Alexandria.


title: Rosita Espinosa

text: In "The Key", Rosita and Maggie stand guard at the gate. Maggie peers through binoculars and spots a mysterious crate in the distance. Rosita retrieves the crate and gives Maggie the attached note, which offers them a "key to your future" in exchange for food and records. The note includes coordinates for a meeting point. Maggie worries that they are walking into a trap, but Michonne suggests they investigate. Later, Rosita and Enid guard their mysterious benefactors - Georgie (Jayne Atkinson), Hilda (Kim Ormiston), and Midge (Misty Ormiston) - when Maggie brings them to Hilltop, but she later lets them go in the episode "Do Not Send Us Astray".


title: Rosita Espinosa

text: Rosita is among the Hilltop residents and refugees who are prepared to defend Hilltop from the Saviors. During the battle, Rosita and King Ezekiel (Khary Payton) shoot out the headlights on the Saviors' vehicles. She and the others manage to survive the attack as the remaining Saviors flee. She also survives the subsequent outbreak that kills several more people. In "Still Gotta Mean Something", Rosita is seen in Maggie's office with Dianne and Daryl. Dianne reports that they don't have enough ammo to fend off another attack. Presuming the Saviors are low on ammunition themselves, Daryl suggests they fight them hand to hand. Rosita points out that Eugene is probably making ammunition for the Saviors. Rosita and Daryl observe the Bullet Factory Outpost and see Eugene receiving a shipment of hundreds of bullet casings to make into new bullets. Rosita decides that instead of taking out the machines, they will take out the man, implying she intends to kill Eugene, something that Daryl agrees with, in "Worth".


title: Rosita Espinosa

text: Rosita and Daryl capture Eugene after killing his bodyguards and take him to the Hilltop colony. Along the way, Rosita reproaches Eugene for betraying his friends, while Eugene defends his affiliation with Negan as survival. Suddenly, a herd of walkers appears on the road, creating a distraction that Eugene uses to escape.


title: Rosita Espinosa

text: In the season finale, "Wrath", Rosita is seen going with the militia for the final battle against the Saviors. After Negan is defeated, Rosita goes to the Sanctuary to help the residents rebuild. Rosita asks Eugene, who rejoined Hilltop to fight Negan, if he was responsible for the exploding weapons. Eugene admits that he was, having been inspired by Gabriel's inept attempts at sabotage and some of the things Rosita said to him when she held him captive. Rosita punches Eugene in the face but otherwise appears to forgive him.


title: Rosita Espinosa

text: Six years after Rick's disappearance, Rosita has become an important member of the Alexandria community. During a scouting mission in "Who Are You Now?", she and Eugene notice a herd of what appear to be walkers talking to each other in hushed tones, which would mean they have evolved beyond the mindless killing machines they have dealt with before. The "walkers" turn out to be the Whisperers, a group that wears masks made of walker skin in order to blend in with them. While observing the Whisperers, Eugene makes clumsy romantic overtures to Rosita, who gently rebuffs him, saying that she sees him as her friend.


title: Rosita Espinosa

text: Eugene places an amplifier on the roof of a water tower and begins to climb down before seeing a walker herd head toward them. Rosita screams for him to climb down as his pack falls and their horses gallop away. Eugene jumps down, injuring his knee, so Rosita gives him a makeshift crutch and the two run off into the woods. Eugene insists that she leave him behind, and says that he has something to tell her; it is implied that he means to say that he loves her. Rosita tells him not to "make it weird", and hides with him in a ditch, covering themselves in mud to hide from there walkers.


title: Rosita Espinosa

text: In "Evolution", Rosita and Eugene find Daryl, Jesus, and Aaron, and warn them about the Whisperers, who attack the group moments later. the group manages to fight them off, but Jesus is killed. When they return to Alexandria, Rosita joins the community in paying respects at Jesus' funeral.


title: Rosita Espinosa

text: Meanwhile, Rosita is in a relationship with community doctor Siddiq (Avi Nash) and discovers that she is pregnant with his child. Their relationship becomes more complicated after Siddiq witnesses the murder of several community members at the hands of Whisperer leader Alpha (Samantha Morton) and develops post-traumatic stress disorder.


title: Rosita Espinosa

text: Rosita has by now given birth to Siddiq's daughter, whom they name Socorro and nickname Coco. In "Open Your Eyes", however, Siddiq is murdered by Dante (Juan Javier Cardenas), a Whisperer spy. He also attacks Rosita, but he is subdued, imprisoned, and eventually murdered by Gabriel.


title: Rosita Espinosa

text: Still grieving for Siddiq, Rosita is suspicious of a new arrival, Gamma (Thora Birch), and she and Gabriel imprison her while the community decides what to do with her. Gamma, who is in fact Alpha's sister, allows Whisperer second-in-command Beta (Ryan Hurst) to invade Alexandria, killing dozens of people. Rosita attacks him, but he overpowers and wounds her. A remorseful Gamma saves Rosita's life by persuading Beta to retreat.


title: Rosita Espinosa

text: After contact is made with the Commonwealth, Rosita moves there and joins the army, becoming a trusted friend of General Michael Mercer. However, like the others she quickly becomes disillusioned by the corrupt system of government. After the death of Sebastian Milton, Governor Pamela Milton has everyone rounded up and sent to forced labor camps. Rosita manages to escape alongside Maggie and Gabriel and undertakes a search for her missing daughter. Although everyone else is rescued when Alexandria, which has been transformed into a Commonwealth outpost, is retaken, Rosita is unable to locate her daughter. Enraged, Rosita feeds the sadistic Warden to a zombie in revenge for his taunts.


title: Rosita Espinosa

text: In the series finale, as a massive zombie horde overruns the Commonwealth, Rosita manages to find and rescue Coco with the help of Eugene and Gabriel. However, while making a narrow escape, Rosita is bitten on the left shoulder, a fact that she keeps secret from the others at first. After the defeat of Milton and the horde, Rosita reveals her bite to the others and says her goodbyes before peacefully passing away in bed in Alexandria. A year later, her name is on a memorial plaque, alongside those of her friends Luke and Jules, who also died during the horde invasion.


title: Rosita Espinosa

text: Rosita was first announced, along with Eugene and Abraham, in a casting call for Episode 10 of Season 4 in July 2013 under the code-name "Jordana Barrazza". Christian Serratos was cast as Rosita to be a recurring character in the fourth season of the show. Her real name and the actress playing her were confirmed by "Hollywood Reporter" on September 16, 2013.


title: Rosita Espinosa

text: The character initially received mixed reviews, though most noted the increased screentime and focus of the character in the seventh season compared to the previous three. For the episode "Four Walls and a Roof", Zack Handlen for "The A.V. Club" noted Rosita's lack of importance saying, "Goodbye, Gareth! On the downside, you were only in a few episodes; on the up side, you had more dialogue in them than all of Rosita’s lines combined."


title: Rosita Espinosa

text: Erik Kain for "Forbes" noted Rosita's decision to try and kill Negan was a highlight. He said, "...at least Rosita continues to be pretty awesome. More Rosita, please." However, for the episode "The Other Side", he was critical of her plan. Kain was also critical of Rosita saying, "If the show had really explained that Rosita was this awesome, essential part of group, I'd be more inclined to agree with Sasha's decision. As it stands, Sasha seems just as integral to the group as Rosita. It makes as little sense as Sasha agreeing to Rosita's plan in the first place, when the sniper plan is so much better. And it just plain sucks that the better character is waltzing off to certain death, while one of the show's worst characters (at least lately) is safe." Writing for "Say Yes", Matt Fowler for "IGN" appreciated the focus on Rosita in the seventh season. He said, "It took Abraham dying for the show to basically give her a distinguishable personality and this darker, bitter and stubborn Rosita is vastly more interesting than the old version." In contrast, Handlen felt, "Rosita’s anger is getting tedious [...] her character remains frustratingly static. The writers have figured out one note to play for her, and they’re leaning into it, hard. [...] The point is, she’s not all that interesting to watch right now."


title: Rosita Espinosa

text: Ron Hogan for "Den of Geek" felt similar to Kain on "The Other Side". He appreciated their scenes, but questioned the idea that Sasha needed to sacrifice herself as Rosita was needed, and not her. He said, "Rosita is valuable because she knows how to hot wire cars (the group presumably has several folks like this, as they were stealing cars long before she was around), can disarm IEDs, and knows a bunch of cool knots. Does that make her more valuable than Sasha, who is the group's best sniper bar none, when Rosita had a shot at Negan from less than 10 feet away and missed him? Sasha seems to think so, as she leaves Rosita behind and storms into the Saviors compound on a suicide mission."


title: Rosita Espinosa

text: Some critics noted Rosita's lack of development, but felt the episode was serviceable on improving this. Writing for "The A.V. Club", Zack Handlen felt that "Rosita’s become something of a drag of late, as her rage and self-loathing have made her tediously one note. Her interactions with Sasha, in which she never bothers to hide her resentment over Abraham, have been the worst of it." He went further to say, "Thankfully, by the end of this episode, both women felt a little closer to actual people again. It’s a simple trick—they bond over attempted murder and a list of Rosita’s ex-boyfriends—but an effective one." Jeff Stone of IndieWire felt that the episode was "an excuse to give Rosita some semblance of character development, something she’s been sorely lacking over her four seasons on the show. It’s also mostly set-up for a cliffhanger to lead us into the final two episodes. It’s serviceable on both counts."


title: Rosita Espinosa

text: Noel Murray of "Rolling Stone" ranked Rosita Espinosa 20th in a list of 30 best "Walking Dead" characters, saying, "Rosita's big trademark is her soldier's cap, but it’s been up to TWD's writers and actress Christian Serratos to fill that hat. She's the one who's turned the character into a woman who's been strong out in the field, and one heartbroken in private that the men in her life don’t stick around. Whenever she gets a big scene, the heroine becomes so much more than her headwear."


title: Shashlik

text: Shashlik, or shashlick ( "shashlyk"), is a dish of skewered and grilled cubes of meat, similar to or synonymous with shish kebab. It is known traditionally by various other names in Iran, the Caucasus, Eastern Europe and Central Asia, and from the 19th century became popular as "shashlik" across much of the Russian Empire and nowadays in the Russian Federation and former Soviet republics.


title: Shashlik

text: The word "shashlik" or "shashlick" entered English from the Russian "shashlyk", of Turkic origin. In Turkic languages, the word "shish" means skewer, and "shishlik" is literally translated as "skewerable". The word was coined from the ('spit') by the Zaporozhian Cossacks and entered Russian in the 18th century, from there spreading to English and other European languages. Prior to that, the Russian name for meat cooked on a skewer was "verchenoye", from "vertel", 'spit'. Shashlik did not reach Moscow until the late 19th century. From then on, its popularity spread rapidly; by the 1910s it was a staple in St Petersburg restaurants and by the 1920s it was already a pervasive street food all over urban Russia.


title: Shashlik

text: Shashlik was originally made of lamb, but nowadays it is also made of pork, beef, or venison, depending on local preferences and religious observances. The skewers are either threaded with meat only, or with alternating pieces of meat, fat, and vegetables, such as bell pepper, onion, mushroom and tomato. In Iranian cuisine, meat for shashlik (as opposed to other forms of "shish kebab") is usually in large chunks, while elsewhere the form of medium-size meat cubes is maintained making it similar to brochette. The meat is marinated overnight in a high-acidity marinade like vinegar, dry wine or sour fruit/vegetable juice with the addition of onions, herbs and spices.


title: Shashlik

text: While it is not unusual to see shashlik today listed on the menu of restaurants, it is more commonly sold in many areas in the form of fast food by street vendors who roast the skewers on a mangal over wood, charcoal, or coal. It is also cooked in outdoor environments during social gatherings, similarly to barbecue in English-speaking countries.


title: David Roback

text: David Edward Roback (April 4, 1958 – February 24, 2020) was an American guitarist, songwriter and producer, best known as a founding member of the alternative rock band Mazzy Star.


title: David Roback

text: Roback was born on April 4, 1958 and raised in Los Angeles, California, a son of nurse Rosemary (née Hunter) and physician George Roback. He graduated from Palisades High School, before studying art at Carleton College and the University of California in Berkeley. He and his brother Stephen Roback, a bass guitarist, formed the band Unconscious alongside Susanna Hoffs, who would go on to become a member of The Bangles.


title: David Roback

text: Roback was active in the Paisley Underground indie music scene in Los Angeles in the early to mid-1980s as leader of the band Rain Parade, which was popular on the local club circuit. Shortly after the release of their debut album in 1983, "Emergency Third Rail Power Trip", Roback left Rain Parade to join Rainy Day, a collective featuring other musicians from the Paisley Underground. Their first and only album was issued in 1984, which also featured contributions from The Dream Syndicate vocalist Kendra Smith. That same year, Roback and Smith formed Clay Allison, changing that band name to Opal by the time they released their debut album in 1987, "Happy Nightmare Baby".


title: David Roback

text: While promoting the album, Smith acrimoniously exited the band while they were partway through a tour opening for The Jesus and Mary Chain. She was replaced by Hope Sandoval, but this lineup never released an album; they changed the name of the band to Mazzy Star in 1989. Mazzy Star released three albums in the 1990s: "She Hangs Brightly" (1990), "So Tonight That I Might See" (1993), and "Among My Swan" (1996), making their commercial breakthrough with the 1994 single "Fade into You" before going on hiatus.


title: David Roback

text: In the years that followed, Roback produced and recorded music with other artists: he produced songs on Beth Orton's 1999 album "Central Reservation" and performed on Bert Jansch's 2006 album "The Black Swan", among others. Roback wrote and produced the songs that actress Maggie Cheung sang in the 2004 film "Clean". He also played himself in the film. He spent much of his later life in Norway, where he collaborated with various musicians and created original music for art installations. He reunited with Sandoval to release Mazzy Star's fourth studio album in 2013, "Seasons of Your Day", followed by the 2018 EP "Still", which was promoted with a three-night residency at the Sydney Opera House. Prior to his death, Roback had been working with Kendra Smith on re-releases of "Happy Nightmare Baby" and a compilation of Opal EPs titled "Early Recordings", both of which are "imminently" due for release via INgrooves.


title: David Roback

text: Roback died in Los Angeles on February 24, 2020 from metastatic cancer. Numerous musicians paid tribute to him, including his Mazzy Star bandmate Hope Sandoval, Unconscious bandmate Susanna Hoffs, Clairo, Jennifer O'Connor, Joe Pernice, Craig Wedren, Steve Wynn, Matthew Caws of Nada Surf, Doug Gillard of Guided by Voices, Grasshopper of Mercury Rev, J Mascis of Dinosaur Jr., Mac McCaughan of Superchunk, Colin Meloy of The Decemberists, Anton Newcombe of The Brian Jonestown Massacre, A. C. Newman of The New Pornographers, Simon Raymonde of Cocteau Twins, as well as bands The Pastels, Sleigh Bells and The Vacant Lots.


title: David Roback

text: Roback's songwriting and guitar work has, according to Alexis Petridis of "The Guardian", been highly influential, "most strikingly on Lana Del Rey: you could clearly detect [Mazzy Star's] shadow ... on her breakthrough album "Born to Die", a more explicit examination of the LA darkness that had always lurked somewhere in Mazzy Star's sound. In turn, Del Rey went on to exert a vast influence of her own, which meant that one of the most reticent bands in recent history ended up becoming a part of latter-day pop's musical DNA."


title: Carol Grace

text: Carol Grace (September 11, 1924 – July 21, 2003) was an American actress and author. She is often referred to as Carol Marcus Saroyan or Carol Matthau.


title: Carol Grace

text: Carol Grace was born in New York City's Lower East Side; her mother, who was sixteen when she gave birth, was a Russian Jewish immigrant who arrived in New York on August 20, 1913. Her parents arrived later. Grace never knew her biological father. Her mother, Rosheen "Ray" Marcus ( Brofman, formerly Shapiro; born 1908/1909-died 1996), would reportedly later claim it was British actor Leslie Howard, who was killed during WWII. Young Carol was placed in foster care until the age of eight. In 1933, her mother married her second husband, Charles Marcus, who was some two decades Rosheen's senior. He was the very wealthy co-founder of the Bendix Corporation. Grace would take his last name as her own. They lived on Park Avenue in luxury, with servants. Two years later he learned that his wife had hidden the existence of another daughter, Elinor, who had been left in a foster home when they married.


title: Carol Grace

text: Grace was reportedly the inspiration for the Holly Golightly character in Truman Capote's novella "Breakfast at Tiffany's".


title: Carol Grace

text: Her Broadway credits include "Once There Was a Russian" (1961), "The Cold Wind and the Warm" (1958), "The Square Root of Wonderful" (1957), "Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter?" (1955), "The Time of Your Life" (1955), and "Across the Board on Tomorrow Morning and Talking to You" (1942).


title: Carol Grace

text: She was twice married to Pulitzer Prize-winning writer William Saroyan over an eight-year period.(1943-1949 and 1951-1952). She later stated that he was abusive. The couple had two children: Aram Saroyan, an internationally known writer, and actress Lucy Saroyan (who died in 2003, pre-deceasing her mother by three months).


title: Carol Grace

text: She subsequently married actor Walter Matthau on August 21, 1959. The couple remained married until his death on July 1, 2000; they had one son, Charles. She had a wide social circle and was known for her wit and good company.


title: Carol Grace

text: In 1955, Random House published her novella based on her experiences as a foster child, "The Secret in the Daisy". In 1992, she published a memoir, "Among the Porcupines".


title: Carol Grace

text: Grace died of a cerebral aneurysm on July 21, 2003, aged 78, and was interred in the same grave as Matthau, who had died 3 years earlier.


title: Written in My Own Heart's Blood

text: Written in My Own Heart's Blood is the eighth book in the "Outlander" series of novels by Diana Gabaldon. Centered on time travelling 20th century doctor Claire Randall and her 18th century Scottish Highlander warrior husband Jamie Fraser, the books contain elements of historical fiction, romance, adventure and fantasy.


title: Written in My Own Heart's Blood

text: Published on June 10, 2014, "Written in My Own Heart's Blood" continues the love story of Claire and Jamie as well as the story arcs of multiple characters from the previous novel, "An Echo in the Bone".


title: Written in My Own Heart's Blood

text: The British evacuation of Philadelphia and the ensuing Battle of Monmouth are the major events from the book based on real history.


title: Written in My Own Heart's Blood

text: Claire marries John Grey for protection after Jamie is presumed lost at sea. John and Jamie fight when the details are revealed. John's stepson William is angry at finding out he's Jamie's biological son. Jamie's nephew Ian marries Rachel Hunter, and Rachel's brother Denzell weds John's niece Dorothea in the same ceremony. The Hunters are Quakers; their service with the Continental Army even as noncombatants gets them ostracized by other Quakers.


title: Written in My Own Heart's Blood

text: Claire is wounded at Monmouth, and Jamie resigns from the Continental Army to remain by her side. After spending time in Savannah, they return to Fraser's Ridge, their farm settlement in North Carolina.


title: Written in My Own Heart's Blood

text: The printshop and home of Jamie's adopted son Fergus burns down. Fergus's son Henri-Christian dies trying to escape the flames.


title: Written in My Own Heart's Blood

text: In the 20th century, Jamie and Claire's grandson Jeremiah is kidnapped. Their son-in-law Roger meets Jamie's father and his own when time traveling to search. After the boy is recovered, his family joins the Frasers in the 18th century.


title: Written in My Own Heart's Blood

text: Claire Elizabeth Beauchamp Randall Fraser - Main character around whom the series revolves. Nurse/Physician. Born in 1918 and married in the 20th century to professor/historian Frank Randall, Claire falls through the standing stones at Craigh na Dun in Scotland at Beltane (1 May) while on a second honeymoon with Frank in 1946, and finds herself in the 18th century Scotland Highlands in 1743. She is forced to marry James Alexander Malcolm MacKenzie Fraser (Jamie), with whom she eventually falls in love. Mother of Faith (stillborn, 18th century) and Brianna, adoptive mother of Fergus, and mother-in-law to Marsali. Returned through the stones to 20th century in 1746 to protect her and Jamie's unborn child (who is then born in Boston in the 20th century). Twenty years later, after Frank Randall has died, Claire discovers (through Roger's research) that Jamie probably didn't die at Culloden, and she returns through the standing stones to 1766 to search for him.


title: Written in My Own Heart's Blood

text: James Alexander Malcolm MacKenzie Fraser - Laird of Lallybroch (Scotland) and Fraser's Ridge, North Carolina. Former inmate of Ardsmuir Prison. Eighteenth century husband of Claire, whom he affectionately calls "Sassenach". Father of Faith (stillborn - mother: Claire), Brianna (mother: Claire), adoptive father to Fergus (with Claire), biological father of William Ransom (mother: Geneva Dunsany), ex-stepfather to Marsali and Joan (mother: ex-wife Laoghaire), .


title: Written in My Own Heart's Blood

text: Lord John William Grey - Retired veteran of the Rising of 1745 and Seven Years' War. The former governor of Ardsmuir Prison. Jamie and Claire's long time friend. Stepfather of William Ransom, brother to Harold Grey, Duke of Pardloe, and uncle to Benjamin, Henry, Adam, and Dorothea Grey.


title: Written in My Own Heart's Blood

text: Lt. Lord William Ransom - The 9th Earl of Ellsmere, stepson of Lord John Grey, and the illegitimate son of James Fraser and Geneva Dunsany. Cousin to the children of Hal Grey, Duke of Pardloe, as well as the children of Jenny and Ian Murray.


title: Written in My Own Heart's Blood

text: Ian Murray ("Young" or equivalent like the Gaelic "Og" used to distinguish from his father of the same name) - Jenny and Ian Murray's son, Jamie and Claire's nephew, and Fergus', Brianna's and William's cousin. Adopted into the Mohawk, but returned to the Ridge with Rollo, his half-wolf dog.


title: Written in My Own Heart's Blood

text: Brianna Ellen MacKenzie - Jamie and Claire's daughter born in 20th century Boston and raised by Claire and Frank Randall. Arrives in the 18th century in 1769. She marries Roger and they have two children: a son, Jeremiah, known as "Jemmy" and a daughter, Amanda Claire Hope MacKenzie (Mandy).


title: Written in My Own Heart's Blood

text: Roger MacKenzie - One-time Oxford professor and historian, folksinger, minister and Gaelic teacher. Twentieth century descendant of Geillis Duncan and Dougal MacKenzie, great-nephew and adopted son of Rev. Reginald Wakefield (Outlander), and Jamie and Claire's son-in-law. Arrives in the 18th century in 1769. Married to Brianna and father of Jemmy and Mandy. The family lives at present-day Lallybroch, the Fraser family home.


title: Written in My Own Heart's Blood

text: Jeremiah Alexander Ian Fraser MacKenzie - Roger and Brianna's son, born in 18th century colonial North Carolina, who like his parents, granny Claire and sister Amanda, can time travel.


title: Written in My Own Heart's Blood

text: Fergus Claudel Fraser - Printer, one-time French pickpocket and spy. Jamie and Claire's adopted son. First appears in "Dragonfly in Amber". Married to Marsali and father to Germaine, Joan, Félicite, and Henri-Christian.


title: Written in My Own Heart's Blood

text: Marsali Fraser - Laoghaire's daughter, Jamie's stepdaughter and daughter-in-law, and Claire's daughter-in-law. First appears in Voyager. Married to Fergus and mother to Germain, Joan, Félicité, and Henri-Christian.


title: Written in My Own Heart's Blood

text: Janet "Jenny" Fraser Murray - The one time Lady of Lallybroch, 18th century, married to Ian Murray Sr. Older sister of James Fraser and mother of Jamie, Maggie, Katherine, Michael, Janet, and Ian.


title: Written in My Own Heart's Blood

text: Denys Randall-Isaacs - The son of Alex Randall, putative son of Jonathan "Black Jack" Randall, and ancestor of Frank Randall, Claire Fraser's 20th century husband.


title: Written in My Own Heart's Blood

text: Perseverance "Percy" Wainwright Beauchamp - English spy married into a French noble family. One-time lover (and later, stepbrother) of Lord John Grey.


title: Written in My Own Heart's Blood

text: Rachel Hunter - Quaker nurse assisting her brother serving in the Revolutionary American Army. Love interest of Young Ian Murray.


title: Battle Creek (TV series)

text: Battle Creek is an American comedy-drama television series that premiered on CBS on March 1, 2015, as a weekly show broadcast on each Sunday. Starring Josh Duhamel and Dean Winters, the show followed the mismatched partnership of a police detective and FBI agent in Battle Creek, Michigan. CBS announced on May 8, 2015, after only 9 episodes had aired, that "Battle Creek" would end after 13 episodes.


title: Battle Creek (TV series)

text: In September 2013, Sony Pictures Television announced that it struck a deal with CBS to produce a new television series created by Vince Gilligan titled "Battle Creek" based on a script written by Gilligan ten years prior. Despite the name, establishing shots and location shots were not shot in Battle Creek, Michigan. However most of the scenes in the opening credits were filmed in Battle Creek. The main actors visited Battle Creek, Michigan, in the summer of 2014 to get a feel of the location, people, and especially the police department.


title: Battle Creek (TV series)

text: CBS ordered thirteen episodes, all of which it guaranteed to air. It premiered on CBS on March 1, 2015. On May 8, 2015, the network announced that "Battle Creek" would not be renewed for a second season. The series ended on May 24, 2015.


title: The Crew (2021 TV series)

text: The series takes place in a NASCAR garage where the crew chief butts heads with his new boss and "tech-reliant millennial" staff when his owner decided to retire and let his Stanford-educated daughter take over the racing team.


title: The Crew (2021 TV series)

text: On September 4, 2019, Netflix gave the production a series order. The series is created by Jeff Lowell who also executive produced alongside Kevin James, Jeff Sussman, Todd Garner, Matt Summers and Tim Clark. On July 2, 2021, Netflix canceled the series after one season.


title: The Crew (2021 TV series)

text: Upon series order announcement, Kevin James was also cast to star in the series. On December 17, 2019, Gary Anthony Williams, Dan Ahdoot, Freddie Stroma, Sarah Stiles, and Jillian Mueller joined the cast as series regulars. On January 30, 2020, Mather Zickel was cast in a recurring role. On January 15, 2021, it was reported that Paris Berelc and Bruce McGill were cast in recurring capacities.


title: The Crew (2021 TV series)

text: "The Crew " was filmed at Gold Coast Studios in Bethpage, New York, but it is set in Charlotte, North Carolina.


title: The Crew (2021 TV series)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the series holds an approval rating of 40% based on 10 critic reviews, with an average rating of 4.7/10. Metacritic gave the series a weighted average score of 44 out of 100 based on 4 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: International Mother Language Day

text: International Mother Language Day is a worldwide annual observance held on 21 February to promote awareness of linguistic and cultural diversity and to promote multilingualism. First announced by UNESCO on 17 November 1999, it was formally recognized by the United Nations General Assembly with the adoption of UN resolution 56/262 in 2002. Mother Language Day is part of a broader initiative "to promote the preservation and protection of all languages used by peoples of the world" as adopted by the UN General Assembly on 16 May 2007 in UN resolution 61/266, which also established 2008 as the International Year of Languages.


title: International Mother Language Day

text: The idea to celebrate International Mother Language Day was the initiative of Bangladesh. In Bangladesh, 21 February is the anniversary of the day when the people of Bangladesh (then East Pakistan) fought for recognition for the Bangla language. It is also celebrated in West Bengal, India.


title: International Mother Language Day

text: 21 February was declared to be the International Mother Language Day by UNESCO in 1999. It has been observed throughout the world since 21 February 2000. The declaration came up in tribute to the Language Movement done by the Bangladeshis (then the East Pakistanis).


title: International Mother Language Day

text: When Pakistan was created in 1947, it had two geographically separate parts: East Pakistan (currently known as Bangladesh) and West Pakistan (currently known as Pakistan). The two parts were very different from each other in the sense of culture and language. The two parts were also separated by India in between.


title: International Mother Language Day

text: In 1948, the Government of Pakistan declared Urdu to be the sole national language of Pakistan, even though Bengali or Bangla was spoken by the majority of people combining East Pakistan and West Pakistan. The East Pakistan people protested, since the majority of the population was from East Pakistan and their mother language was Bangla. They demanded Bangla to be at least one of the national languages, in addition to Urdu. The demand was raised first by Dhirendranath Datta from East Pakistan on 23 February 1948, in the constituent Assembly of Pakistan.


title: International Mother Language Day

text: To demolish the protest, the government of Pakistan outlawed public meeting and rallies. The students of the University of Dhaka, with the support of the general public, arranged massive rallies and meetings. On 21 February 1952, police opened fire on rallies. Abdus Salam, Abul Barkat, Rafiq Uddin Ahmed, Abdul Jabbar and Shafiur Rahman died, with hundreds of others injured. This was a rare incident in history, where people sacrificed their lives for their mother tongue.


title: International Mother Language Day

text: Since then, Bangladeshis celebrate the International Mother Language Day as one of their tragic days. They visit the Shaheed Minar, a monument built in memory of the martyrs and its replicas to express their deep sorrow, respect and gratitude to them.


title: International Mother Language Day

text: International Mother Language Day is a national holiday in Bangladesh. The resolution was suggested by Rafiqul Islam and Abdus Salam, Bengalis living in Vancouver, Canada. They wrote a letter to Kofi Annan on 9 January 1998 asking him to take a step for saving the world's languages from extinction by declaring an International Mother Language Day. Rafiq proposed the date as 21 February to commemorate the 1952 killings in Dhaka during the Language Movement.


title: International Mother Language Day

text: Rafiqul Islam's proposal was introduced in the Bangladesh parliament and in due course (at the behest of Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina) a formal proposal was submitted to UNESCO by the Government of Bangladesh. The process of shepherding the proposal through UNESCO's regulatory system was undertaken by Syed Muazzem Ali, then Bangladesh ambassador to France and Permanent Representative to UNESCO, and Tozammel Tony Huq, his predecessor, who was then a Special Adviser to UNESCO Secretary General Federico Mayor. Finally on 17 November 1999, the 30th General Assembly of UNESCO unanimously resolved that "21st February be proclaimed International Mother Language Day throughout the world to commemorate the martyrs who sacrificed their lives on this very day in 1952."


title: International Mother Language Day

text: UNESCO chooses a theme for each International Mother Language Day, and sponsors related events at its Paris headquarters. In 2008, the International Year of Languages began on International Mother Language Day. It is celebrated in Chile, Russia, the Philippines, Egypt and Canada.


title: International Mother Language Day

text: Bangladeshis celebrate International Mother Language Day by placing flowers at the Martyrs' Monument and its replicas. A public holiday in the country since 1953, it is also known as Shohid Dibôsh (Martyr Day). On 17 November 1999, the UNESCO General Conference recognized 21 February as International Mother Language Day. Bangladeshis organize social gatherings honoring their language and culture, hold literary competitions, draw alpana on the roads, eat festive meals and listen to songs. Bangla Academy arranges Ekushey Book Fair in Dhaka for the whole month of February.


title: International Mother Language Day

text: International Mother Language Day was introduced to the Parliament of Canada for recognition by Matthew Kellway on 5 February 2014 as a private member's bill, C-573.


title: International Mother Language Day

text: In 2015, British Columbia and Manitoba issued proclamations observing International Mother Language Day on 21 February.


title: International Mother Language Day

text: Edmonton Ekushey observed by Bangladesh Heritage & Ethnic Society and Diverse Edmonton with due respect in Edmonton on 23 February 2020.


title: International Mother Language Day

text: As part of Digital India initiative, digitized content will be made available in the country's 22 scheduled languages and extended to India's other 234 recognized languages. Digitization began in June 2016 through the Bharatavani Project at the Central Institute of Indian Languages in Mysore, and by February 2017 content in 60 Indian languages had been made available free of charge.


title: International Mother Language Day

text: The Mother Tongue Film Festival in Washington, D.C., has been held since 2017 to coincide with Mother Languages Day.


title: International Mother Language Day

text: A replica of Dhaka's Shaheed Minar was built in London in 1999 in Altab Ali Park, Whitechapel. Members of the community come here to mark International Mother Language Day by laying wreaths and singing revolutionary songs.


title: International Mother Language Day

text: There is also a Shaheed Minar replica in Westwood, Greater Manchester. Community members come from across North England to mark International Mother Language Day at the monument.


title: International Mother Language Day

text: The Linguapax Prize is awarded annually on IMLD by the Linguapax Institute in Barcelona. The prize recognizes outstanding achievement in the preservation of linguistic diversity, the revitalization of linguistic communities and the promotion of multilingualism.


title: International Mother Language Day

text: The annual Ekushey Heritage Award, introduced in 2014 by the Bangladesh Heritage and Ethnic Society of Alberta (BHESA), recognizes outstanding achievement in fields such as education, social work and community service. The award is announced on International Mother Language Day.


title: International Mother Language Day

text: The Ekushey Youth Award, introduced in 2015 by Alberta's Mahinur Jahid Memorial Foundation (MJMF) and announced on IMLD, is awarded annually to recipients who inspire youth in the fields of education, sports, youth activities, literature, and community service. The award is open Alberta residents.


title: Hmong Americans

text: Hmong Americans (RPA: "Hmoob Mes Kas", Pahawh Hmong: "") are Americans of Hmong ancestry. Many Hmong Americans immigrated to the United States as refugees in the late 1970s. Over half of the Hmong population from Laos left the country, or attempted to leave, in 1975, at the culmination of the Laotian Civil War.


title: Hmong Americans

text: Thousands of Hmong were evacuated or escaped on their own to Hmong refugee camps in Thailand. About 90% of those who made it to refugee camps in Thailand were ultimately resettled in the United States. The rest, about 8 to 10%, resettled in countries including Canada, France, the Netherlands, and Australia.


title: Hmong Americans

text: According to the 2019 American Community Survey by the US Census Bureau, the population count for Hmong Americans was 327,000. Hmong Americans face disparities in healthcare, and socioeconomic challenges that lead to lower health literacy and median life expectancy, and per capita income.


title: Hmong Americans

text: Initially, only 1,000 Hmong people were evacuated to the US. In May 1976, another 11,000 Hmong were allowed to enter the United States. By 1978 some 30,000 Hmong had immigrated to the US and by 1998, there were 200,000 Hmong living in the US. This first wave was made up primarily of men directly associated with General Vang Pao's Secret Army, which had been aligned with US war efforts during the Vietnam War. Vang Pao's Secret Army, which was subsidized by the US Central Intelligence Agency, fought mostly along the Ho Chi Minh Trail, where his forces sought to disrupt North Vietnamese weapons supply efforts to the communist Viet Cong rebel forces in South Vietnam. Ethnic Laotian and Hmong veterans, and their families, led by Colonel Wangyee Vang formed the Lao Veterans of America in the aftermath of the war to help refugees in the camps in Thailand and to help former veterans and their families in the United States, especially with family reunification and resettlement issues.


title: Hmong Americans

text: The passage of the Refugee Act of 1980 represented the second-wave of Hmong immigration. The clans, from which the Hmong take their surnames, are: Chang (Tsaab) or Cha (Tsab), Chao (Tsom), Cheng (Tsheej), Chue (Tswb), Fang (Faaj) or Fa (Faj), Hang (Haam) or Ha (Ham), Her (Hawj), Khang (Khaab) or Kha (Khab), Kong (Koo) or Soung (Xoom), Kue (Kwm), Lee (Lis), Lor (Lauj), Moua (Muas), Pha (Phab), Thao (Thoj), Vang (Vaaj) or Va (Vaj), Vue or Vu (Vwj), Xiong (Xyooj) and Yang (Yaaj) or Ya (Yaj).


title: Hmong Americans

text: Following the 1980 immigration wave, a heated global political debate developed over how to deal with the remaining Hmong refugees in Thailand. Many had been held in squalid Thai refugee camps, and the United Nations and the Clinton administration sought to repatriate them to Laos.


title: Hmong Americans

text: Reports of human rights violations against the Hmong in Laos, including killings and imprisonments, led most Thailand-based Hmong to oppose returning there, even as the conditions worsened of the camps in Thailand, because of their lack of sufficient funding.


title: Hmong Americans

text: One of the more prominent examples of apparent Laotian abuse of the Hmong was the fate of Vue Mai, a former soldier. The US Embassy in Bangkok recruited him to return to Laos under the repatriation program, in their effort to reassure the Thai-based Hmong that their safety in Laos would be assured. But Vue disappeared in Vientiane. The US Commission for Refugees later reported that he was arrested by Lao security forces and never seen again.


title: Hmong Americans

text: Especially following the Vue Mai incident, the Clinton and UN policy of returning the Hmong to Laos began to meet with strong political opposition by US conservatives and some human rights advocates. Michael Johns, a former White House aide to President George H. W. Bush and a Heritage Foundation foreign policy analyst, along with other influential conservatives, led a campaign to grant the Thai-based Hmong immediate US immigration rights. In an October 1995 "National Review" article, citing the Hmong's contributions to US war efforts during the Vietnam War, Johns described President Clinton's support for returning the Thai-based Hmong refugees to Laos as a "betrayal" and urged Congressional Republicans to step up opposition to the repatriation. Opposition to the repatriation grew in Congress and among Hmong families in the US. Congressional Republicans responded by introducing and passing legislation to appropriate sufficient funds to resettle all remaining Hmong in Thailand in the United States. Clinton vowed to veto the legislation.


title: Hmong Americans

text: In addition to internal US opposition to the repatriation, the government of Laos expressed reservations about the repatriation, stating that the Hmong remaining in Thailand were a threat to its one-party communist government and the Marxist government in Vientiane, Laos. In a significant and unforeseen political victory for the Hmong and their US Republican advocates, tens of thousands of Thai-based Hmong refugees were ultimately granted US immigration rights. The majority were resettled in California, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. The defeat of the repatriation initiative resulted in the reunifications in the US of many long-separated Hmong families. In 2006, as a reflection of the growth of the minority in the state, the Wisconsin State Elections Board translated state voting documents into the Hmong language.