title: 2018 Illinois gubernatorial election

text: The Democratic candidates held their first televised debate on January 23. All six candidates met again a week later on January 30. The debate was not televised but was uploaded to WSIL-TV's YouTube channel.


title: 2018 Illinois gubernatorial election

text: Another debate was held on February 21, which was hosted by the University of Illinois Springfield. Chris Kennedy did not attend due to a back injury, although all five other candidates participated. Another major debate took place on March 1. It involved issues such as gun control, Blagojevich's tapes, sexual harassment, and relatability. Another debate took place the next day in Springfield. The topics involved Madigan, sexual harassment, among other issues. The spotlight remained on the top contenders: Chris Kennedy, J.B Pritzker, and Daniel Biss.


title: 2018 Illinois gubernatorial election

text: Pritzker was criticized for refusing to commit to attend the only live-television debate planned outside the Chicago media market, prompting the debate's cancellation. Biss and Kennedy gathered petition signatures to encourage the debate's continuation, and Biss commented that "JB is borrowing a page from the billionaire playbook, avoiding debates and shunning reporters who ask tough questions." Another debate took place on March 14, revolving around topics including Pritzker's newly reported offshore holdings, Illinois House Speaker Mike Madigan, and education. Kennedy and Biss both attacked Pritzker on the offshore businesses, Kennedy "saying it's like a job interview, and Pritzker lying to get the job", and Biss saying "Pritzker did that to avoid taxes".


title: 2018 Illinois gubernatorial election

text: A November 2017 Capitol Fax/We Ask America poll found that 83% of Republican voters have never heard of Ives. Ives' campaign's fourth-quarter fundraising totals were around $500,000. On February 28, 2018, Ives' campaign released a new book entitled "The Governor You Don't Know: The Other Side of Bruce Rauner," authored by Chicago GOP chairman and Ives campaign chairman Chris Cleveland with a foreword by conservative State Representative Tom Morrison.


title: 2018 Illinois gubernatorial election

text: Rauner and Ives held their first and only scheduled forum on January 29, before the "Chicago Tribune" editorial board." Rauner largely ignored his opponent and focused on attacking Speaker Mike Madigan, comparing him to his likely Democratic challenger, J. B. Pritzker. Ives, on the other hand, attacked Rauner for being an ineffective governor and alienating social conservatives. Shortly after the debate, conservative Lake Forest businessman Richard Uihlein donated $500,000 to Ives' campaign.


title: 2018 Illinois gubernatorial election

text: Rauner and Ives were invited by the University of Illinois Springfield to debate a second time; Rauner declined the invitation.


title: 2018 Illinois gubernatorial election

text: Ives released an ad titled "Thank You, Bruce Rauner" on February 3, 2018, in an attempt to challenge her opponent's commitment to conservative values. Her ad featured actors outfitted to portray a transgender woman, an anti-fascist protester wearing a hood and a bandana over his face, a member of the Chicago Teachers Union and a Women's March activist. After Ives' ad made its rounds on the internet, advocacy groups, some Republicans and Democrats lashed out against Ives, calling her video bigoted and offensive. The ad increased Ives's profile and name recognition. Three Chicago-area newspaper editorial boards came out against the ad: the "Chicago Tribune" said "The portrayals are demeaning;" the "Daily Herald" said that Ives should take down the ad, which "attacks people of Illinois, not opponent", and the "Chicago Sun-Times" wrote, "Jeanne Ives goes for the bully vote with her TV ad."


title: 2018 Illinois gubernatorial election

text: Despite a 14% decrease in Republican primary votes cast, Rauner increased his overall vote total by 9% compared to the 2014 primary. In 2018, he managed to capture a narrow majority of the votes, with 51.4%, in his victory over conservative Ives. By comparison, in 2014 Rauner only received 40.2% of the primary vote in his narrow win victory over Kirk Dillard, Bill Brady, and Dan Rutherford.


title: 2018 Illinois gubernatorial election

text: In 2018, Rauner did well in central Illinois compared to the Republican primary four years earlier, when he managed 30% in the downstate region and finished 2nd to Kirk Dillard. In 2018, he carried the region with 52%.


title: 2018 Illinois gubernatorial election

text: However, the result was still considered surprisingly close, and indicated widespread dissatisfaction with Rauner's governorship among more conservative Republicans.


title: 2018 Illinois gubernatorial election

text: In order to qualify as an established party in Illinois, a candidate for said party must earn at least 5% of the vote in a statewide election. This last occurred in 2006, when Rich Whitney won 10% of the vote, allowing the Illinois Green Party to achieve such status. Established party status comes with benefits. For example, candidates of an established party needs only 5,000 voter signatures on its petitions to gain ballot access. For non-established parties this number is approximately 25,000.


title: 2018 Illinois gubernatorial election

text: For the 2018 election, non-established parties do not need to run a full slate in order to qualify for ballot access.


title: 2018 Illinois gubernatorial election

text: Sam McCann, a longtime intraparty opponent of Bruce Rauner, resigned from the Republican Caucus to run for governor as a member of the newly created Conservative Party.


title: 2018 Illinois gubernatorial election

text: Kash Jackson was the Libertarian nominee. Libertarian nominees for governor, other statewide offices, and the General Assembly were chosen by the Libertarian Party of Illinois at a state convention on March 3, 2018, in Bloomington, Illinois. Jackson appeared on the ballot.


title: 2018 Illinois gubernatorial election

text: William J. Kelly was nominated for governor and Chad Koppie, a member of the Kane County Regional Board of School Trustees, were chosen to run as the gubernatorial ticket of the Illinois Constitution Party. However, on June 5, 2018, Kelly dropped out and endorsed the third party campaign of Sam McCann.


title: 2018 Illinois gubernatorial election

text: The Green Party ran a slate of statewide candidates in 2006 and 2010, but failed to be placed on the ballot in 2014 and declined to run any statewide candidates in 2018.


title: 2018 Illinois gubernatorial election

text: Bruce Rauner had been rated as one of, if not the most, vulnerable governor running for re-election in 2018 by "Politico" and the "National Journal". Following his surprisingly narrow primary win, Rauner offered former state senator Karen McConnaughay, attorney general nominee Erika Harold, Chicago Cubs co-owner and Republican National Committee Finance Chair Todd Ricketts and Illinois Republican Party Committeeman Richard Porter the chance to replace him on the ticket, with the promise that he would continue to fully fund the campaign using his personal wealth. Rauner consistently trailed Pritzker in the polls by large margins, and the race was rated as a likely Democratic win by all major election prognosticators.


title: 2018 Illinois gubernatorial election

text: Pritzker only won 16 out of Illinois's 102 counties. However, those counties account for more than half of the state's total population. In the end, the election was not close with the Pritzker/Stratton ticket defeating the Rauner/Sanguinetti ticket by almost 16 percentage points. Pritzker won the traditionally Democratic Cook County which includes the Chicago Metropolitan Area. Pritzker won in all but one of Chicago's collar counties, which used to be more of a tossup in years prior. Pritzker also did well in other cities such as East Saint Louis and Champaign, and narrowly won in Peoria. Rauner did well in most rural areas of the state, but it was not enough to put a dent into Pritzker's lead. Pritzker and Stratton were sworn in on January 14, 2019.


title: X Ambassadors

text: X Ambassadors (also stylized XA) are an American pop rock band from Ithaca, New York. Its members currently include lead vocalist Sam Harris, keyboardist Casey Harris, and drummer Adam Levin. Russ Flynn is a touring member that plays guitar and bass. Their most notable songs include "Jungle", "Renegades", and "Unsteady". The band's debut full-length album, "VHS", was released on June 30, 2015. Their second album, "Orion", was released on June 14, 2019. Their third album, "The Beautiful Liar", was released on September 24, 2021.


title: X Ambassadors

text: X Ambassadors began as a band titled Ambassadors, touring with artists such as LIGHTS. During this time, they self-released their debut EP, "Ambassadors EP", creating a music video for its lead single, "Tropisms", shot and directed by Rodrigo Zedillo. Shortly after, the band self-released its debut LP, "Litost", which included the song "Litost", which would later be used on the soundtrack for "The Host". The band signed a music publishing deal in 2012 with SONGS Music Publishing. The band started a Kickstarter account to shoot a video for the lead single, "Unconsolable", which would be re-recorded later. The group was noticed by Imagine Dragons while frontman Dan Reynolds was sick in the hospital in Norfolk, Virginia. Reynolds heard an acoustic version of "Litost" on 96X WROX-FM and asked Interscope to sign the band as soon as possible.


title: X Ambassadors

text: X Ambassadors released their debut major label EP, "Love Songs Drug Songs" in 2013. The EP included the track "Stranger" co-written by Dan Reynolds. In promotion of the EP they toured supporting Imagine Dragons, Jimmy Eat World and The Mowglis. In 2014, the band released a second major label EP, "The Reason". Two of the tracks from the EP, "Unsteady" and "Jungle" later appeared on their full-length album "VHS" released after a year. In promotion of the new EP, X Ambassadors supported Panic! at the Disco and Imagine Dragons on their respective tours. They also featured in The Knocks' single "Comfortable" from their second EP with the same name.


title: X Ambassadors

text: In March 2015, they released the single "Renegades". The song later appeared in their debut LP, "VHS". The album was released June 30, 2015 via digital download, vinyl record and CD. The album features 20 tracks, including 7 interludes and 3 previously released songs for a total of 10 new songs. The album features collaborations with Jamie N Commons and Imagine Dragons. A special edition titled VHS 2.0 was released on June 10, 2016, with five additional tracks and the interludes removed.


title: X Ambassadors

text: X Ambassadors appeared as a collaboration on their earlier title "Comfortable" with The Knocks', which was originally released back in 2013, as part of the duo's debut album, entitled "55", which was released in March 2016. However, later on in the year, X Ambassadors lead singer Sam Harris was reunited with the duo in their new collaboration, entitled "Heat", which was released in October 2016.


title: X Ambassadors

text: On June 20, 2016, the band announced that Feldshuh would be taking an indefinite hiatus from the band to deal with personal issues.


title: X Ambassadors

text: X Ambassadors released four stand-alone singles in 2017: "Hoping" in March, "Torches" in April, "The Devil You Know" in June, and "Ahead of Myself" in July. They also performed at the 2017 National Scout Jamboree. The band was featured in a song by Eminem titled "Bad Husband," off his album "Revival". They also performed in a song titled "Home" on the soundtrack for the Netflix film "Bright". The song includes pop singer Bebe Rexha and rapper Machine Gun Kelly.


title: X Ambassadors

text: X Ambassadors released their next single, "Joyful", on January 26, 2018, originally intended to be the title track of their second album. Later that day they announced their second full-length album, "Joyful", through their Instagram accounts, and pre-orders became available through their website. The album was slated for an April 2018 release. On February 2, 2018, the band released another single off the album titled "Don't Stay".


title: X Ambassadors

text: On January 24, 2019, X Ambassadors released their next single titled "Boom". Three months later, on April 19, 2019, over a year after the announcement of the album "Joyful", it was announced that the band had cancelled it in favor of their new work for their new upcoming second studio album "Orion". "Boom" became the first single off the new album. Lead singer Sam Harris stated that "Joyful" was the second iteration of their second album, and that they felt like the songs on it did not represent where they were at. The singles released prior to the album's cancellation will continue to be available on streaming services. That same day, the band released another new song titled "Hey Child", as the second single off their new album. A third single from the album, titled "Hold You Down", was released on May 31, 2019. The album was released on June 14, 2019.


title: X Ambassadors

text: On April 19, 2019, American rapper and singer Lizzo released her album "Cuz I Love You", which featured the tracks "Cuz I Love You", "Jerome", and "Heaven Help Me", all produced by X Ambassadors. The band also wrote the song "Baptize Me" with singer Jacob Banks for the Game of Thrones "For The Throne" compilation.


title: X Ambassadors

text: On August 16, 2019, the band was featured on a song titled "In Your Arms", off of Illenium's third studio album titled "Ascend".


title: X Ambassadors

text: On August 23, 2019, the band released a politically charged stand-alone single titled "Optimistic." The song centers around gun violence in the United States.


title: X Ambassadors

text: On February 7, 2020, the band released a single titled "Everything Sounds Like a Love Song". It was released as the lead single of the band's upcoming EP. On February 21, 2020, the band released a single titled "Great Unknown" for the theatrical film "The Call of the Wild".


title: X Ambassadors

text: On March 6, 2020, the band released a three-song EP titled "Belong". It is the band's first EP since "The Reason" in January 2014. The EP includes the songs "Everything Sounds Like a Love Song", "Happy Home", and "Belong". Lead singer Sam Harris stated that the EP is a collection of songs that the band wrote that didn't quite fit on their upcoming third studio album, but they loved the songs and wanted to put them out. On May 15, 2020, the band released another single, "Zen," featuring K.Flay and grandson. The song is about the COVID-19 Pandemic.


title: X Ambassadors

text: On January 14, 2021, X Ambassadors released a single called "ultraviolet.tragedies," a heavily rap-focused song featuring Terrell Hines. It is the first single from an upcoming collaborations project "(Eg)". Sam Harris said that with this project he wanted to "give a voice to (several) incredible artists that people may not have heard yet, and really let their imagination be at the forefront of everything." On February 7, 2021, the band released a cover of "Blinding Lights" by The Weeknd.


title: X Ambassadors

text: On February 12, 2021, they released the next single from "(Eg)", "skip.that.party," featuring Jensen McRae. They released the third and presumably final single from "(Eg)", "torture," on March 12, 2021, featuring Earl St. Clair.


title: X Ambassadors

text: On June 11, 2021, the band released a new song titled "My Own Monster", which was also announced to be the lead single off their upcoming third studio album "The Beautiful Liar". "Okay" was released as the second single on July 30, 2021, while "Adrenaline" was released as the third single on August 13, 2021. The album was released on September 24, 2021, along with a music video for the song "Beautiful Liar." A tour for the record began in October 2021.


title: X Ambassadors

text: "The Beautiful Liar" is a concept album that plays out similarly to a radio drama, which expresses themes of insanity, powerlessness, self-doubt, and anxiety. It tells the story of a blind little girl whose shadow comes to life. It has an edgier trap-influenced sound, a contrast from the band's previous releases, and tells its story over the course of 16 tracks. Sam and Casey said that the album was influenced from radio shows that they would listen to as children, which they would listen to instead of watching TV because Casey is blind. On the album, Sam said "I wanted to make an album that felt as unhinged as I did, and as the whole world felt around me. So Adam, Casey and I carved ourselves a space where we could all be as ugly, weird, funny, and f'd up as we wanted to be."


title: X Ambassadors

text: On October 22, 2021, the band released "Water," a song for the soundtrack. On May 12, 2022, they released a remix of their song "Palo Santo" featuring ROBI.


title: X Ambassadors

text: In an interview with Caitlin White, X Ambassadors declared themselves distinctly rock with few characteristics commonly associated with indie bands. They referenced Incubus and the Red Hot Chili Peppers as heroes. The band also often includes political themes in their songs.


title: X Ambassadors

text: The band includes a lot of different eclectic sounds in their songs, such as jazz, alternative, trap, and R&B. One source said Casey Harris being blind has been a major part of shaping who the band is.


title: X Ambassadors

text: In January 2017, Sam Harris participated in the official Women's March on Washington after-party. Harris was joined by The National, Ani DiFranco, Samantha Ronson, Sleater-Kinney, and many others.


title: X Ambassadors

text: In March 2017, X Ambassadors performed a special show to benefit Planned Parenthood on International Women's Day.


title: X Ambassadors

text: Following the benefit show, X Ambassadors released the song "Hoping" on March 10. All proceeds from the song for the six months following its release were donated to the ACLU.


title: X Ambassadors

text: In June 2017, X Ambassadors announced that they would donate all the proceeds from their Mississippi Coast Coliseum Show to Unity Mississippi - an LGBT charitable organization, following the announcement that the State of Mississippi signed HB 1523 - the "Protecting Freedom of Conscience from Government Discrimination Act" into law.


title: X Ambassadors

text: The single cover for the band's 2019 single "Optimistic" is the link to an organization against gun violence-related attacks, which the band themselves donated to.


title: Companies Act 2013

text: The Companies Act 2013 is an Act of the Parliament of India on Indian company law which regulates incorporation of a company, responsibilities of a company, directors, dissolution of a company. The 2013 Act is divided into 29 chapters containing 470 sections as against 658 Sections in the Companies Act, 1956 and has 7 schedules. However, currently there are only 484 (470-43+57) sections in this Act. The Act has replaced The Companies Act, 1956 (in a partial manner) after receiving the assent of the "President" of India on 29 August 2013.The section 1 of the companies Act 2013 came into force on 30 August 2013 . 98 different sections of the companies Act came into force on 12 September 2013 with few changes like earlier private companies maximum number of members were 50 and now it will be 200. A new term of "one-person company" is included in this act that will be a private company and with only 98 sections of the Act notified. A total of another 183 sections came into force from 1 April 2014.


title: Companies Act 2013

text: The Ministry of Corporate Affairs thereafter published a notification for exempting private companies from the ambit of various sections under the Companies Act.


title: Companies Act 2013

text: The 2013 legislation has stipulations for increased responsibilities of corporate executives in the IT sector, increasing India's safeguards against organised cyber crime by allowing CEO's and CTO's to be prosecuted in cases of IT failure.


title: Companies Act 2013

text: Minister of Corporate Affairs, and introduced The Companies (Amendment) Bill, 2020. It was passed by the parliament in 2020.


title: Companies Act 2013

text: Indian Companies Act 1956 was an Act of the Parliament of India, enacted in 1956, which enabled companies to be formed by registration, set out responsibilities of the companies, their executive director and secretaries and also provides for the procedures for its winding.


title: Companies Act 2013

text: Public Limited Companies can have more than 200 shareholders. Shares are freely transferable. However compliance requirements are lot greater than private Companies. Public Companies can be Listed (on stock exchanges) or Unlisted. For Unlisted public Companies, the Corporate Identification number (CIN) starts with 'C' and for Listed Companies, it starts with 'L'.


title: Companies Act 2013

text: MCA Compliance for a private Company is lower than private company and more than One Person Company. It usually includes


title: Companies Act 2013

text: One Person Company (OPC) (Section 2 (62) is defined as a company which has a member. Its more like a private company but with only one shareholder and requires a minimum of only 1 Director. One significant difference is that OPC can have only natural Indian shareholders. It means other Companies or LLPs cannot be shareholders. Also foreign passport holders cannot be citizens. Only Indian citizens can be shareholders. Further earlier only resident Indians could be shareholders but with amendment in 2020, even non-residents can be shareholders. Check Companies (Incorporation) Second Amendment Rules, 2021


title: Companies Act 2013

text: Section 8 Companies are basically for non-profit companies. They are regulated under Section 8 of the Companies Act, 2013. Under the Old Companies Act, 1956, they were regulated under Section 25. These are Non-Governmental organizations but with non-profit motives. They have certain restrictions like they cannot distribute dividend. They are given freedom to remove the words 'limited' after that name.


title: Companies Act 2013

text: Procedure to incorporate a Section 8 Company has been made a bit easier since 2019 but remains more complicated than any other Company.


title: Companies Act 2013

text: Producer Companies are formed for agricultural purposes. The only members can be farmers. They are governed by Section 378A to Section 378ZT of the Companies Act, 2013.


title: Companies Act 2013

text: Section 135 of the Companies Act introduces mandatory Corporate social responsibility (CSR) contributions for large companies, making it the only mandatory CSR law in the world. According to the bill, all firms with net worth above 5 billion rupees or ₹50 billion (approx. $75 million), turnover over 1 billion rupees or ₹100 billion (approx. $150 million), or net profit over 10 million rupees or ₹50 million (approx. $750,000) are required to spend at least 2% of their annual profits of the preceding year. The law requires that all businesses affected establish a CSR committee to oversee the spending. Prior to this law's passage, CSR laws applied to public sector companies only. Governments have notified India's incubators as eligible for spending under CSR.Section 135 of the Companies Act introduces mandatory Corporate social responsibility (CSR) contributions for large companies, making it the only mandatory CSR law in the world. According to the bill, all firms with net worth above 5 billion rupees or ₹5 billion (approx. $75 million), turnover over 10 billion rupees or ₹10 billion (approx. $150 million), or net profit over 50 million rupees or ₹50 million (approx. $1000,000) are required to spend at least 20% of their annual profits of the preceding year. The law requires that all businesses affected establish a CSR


title: Companies Act 2013

text: Section 203 of the Companies Act 2013 deals with the appointment of a company secretary. The act was the first time in the history of Indian company law has defined company secretary as a Key managerial personnel of the Company.


title: Companies Act 2013

text: Indian company law make it mandatory for every Indian listed, and every other entity having more than rupees ten crore (100 million) paid up capital, to have a whole time company secretary.


title: Companies Act 2013

text: The Directors are one of the most important pivot under the Companies Act. Directors are appointed by the shareholders for managing the Company and are responsible for all compliance under the Companies Act. The Directors are collectively called as the Board.


title: Companies Act 2013

text: Some of the above may be overlapping. For example- Whole Time Director is always an Executive director but the reverse may not be true.


title: Companies Act 2013

text: Chapter XI of the Companies Act,2013 contains the provisions for change in Directors i.e. their appointment, resignation and removal.


title: Companies Act 2013

text: Wherever the Articles of Association permit, the existing Board of Directors can appoint other ‘Additional directors‘ who can hold office till their confirmation at the next meeting of shareholders. However, in all other cases, shareholders have the sole authority to appoint Directors in general meeting. Further,  there are some categories of directors like nominee directors/ regulatory directors who are not appointed by shareholders.


title: Companies Act 2013

text: The director, proposed to be appointed, should declare that he or she is free of all disqualifications which are mentioned under Section 164. Further, he should give his consent in forms DIR -2 and DIR -8 and disclosure of interest in MBP-1.


title: Companies Act 2013

text: Company shall file Form DIR -12 with the Registrar of Companies within 30 days of the director’s appointment. Form DIR-12 is the general form to be filed for all change in directors.


title: Companies Act 2013

text: Section 169 of the Act governs a situation of the resignation of a Director. On receipt of the notice/letter of resignation, Company has to file DIR-12 within 30 days.


title: Companies Act 2013

text: Re-designation is not actually a change in Director but its more a change in post. But even In such cases, Company has to file DIR -12 within 30 days of such re-designation.


title: Companies Act 2013

text: In case of a foreign director not visiting India for a year, he/she has to appoint an ‘Alternate Director’ as a proxy director for receiving notices, attending meetings and voting.


title: Companies Act 2013

text: Company shall file DIR-12 for appointment and removal of an Alternate Director within 30 days of such an event.


title: Companies Act 2013

text: One Person Company (OPC) is a new Concept introduced under the Companies Act, 2013. Its actually a subset of a private limited Company but has only one shareholder and requires only one Director instead of minimum two directors and shareholders required for a traditional private limited Company.


title: Companies Act 2013

text: The concept opens up possibilities for sole proprietors who can take the advantages of Limited liability and corporatisation but were held back in doing so because of the requirements of finding a second director or second shareholder.


title: Companies Act 2013

text: 'Nominee' concept is a very important concept. As per Section 3 of the Companies Act, 2013 Shareholder owning the One Person Company has to nominate a Nominee with his written consent. Such a nominee, in the event of death or inability to contract of the owner of the OPC, shall come forward and take over the reins of the OPC. Further, if the person so nominated becomes the member of such a One Person Company and is already a member of another such OPC, at the same time, then, by virtue of the Company Rules, he has to decide within 6 months which one person company he has to continue.


title: Companies Act 2013

text: Nominee shall given his prior written consent in prescribed form (INC-3) and same shall be filed with ROC. However, nominee also holds the right to withdraw his consent.


title: Companies Act 2013

text: Also, the sole member of OPC may, at any time, change the nominee by giving notice to company and company shall intimate same to the registrar. (INC-4 Change in member/ nominee).


title: Companies Act 2013

text: Only a natural person who is an Indian citizen and resident in India, shall be eligible to be a nominee for the sole member of a OPC. No minor shall become a nominee of the OPC.


title: Companies Act 2013

text: The sole owner and the nominee shall execute two forms – INC-3 and INC-4  for the entire process of change in nominee. INC-3 is the witness consent form. Its an internal form. Its not an e-form but a physically form. The new nominee shall sign the form INC-3 along with the following attachments:


title: Companies Act 2013

text: INC-4 is processed in STP mode.  Once the member files the INC-4 form, the process of change in nominee in OPC (One Person Company) is complete.


title: 1977 Formula One season

text: The 1977 Formula One season was the 31st season of the FIA's Formula One motor racing. It featured the 28th World Championship of Drivers and the 20th International Cup for Formula 1 Constructors, which commenced on 9 January 1977, and ended on 23 October after seventeen races, making it the longest Formula One season in the sport's history at the time. The season also included a single non-championship race for Formula One cars, the 1977 Race of Champions.


title: 1977 Formula One season

text: Niki Lauda won his second championship, despite Mario Andretti winning more races. Jody Scheckter's Wolf won first time out, Shadow took their only victory, and Gunnar Nilsson achieved the only win of a career ended by cancer. Renault entered Grand Prix racing with a turbocharged car which was initially not very successful. The German ATS team took over the Penske cars and the South African Grand Prix was the last race a BRM ever qualified to start. Lauda departed Ferrari even before the season ended, so did not complete the season, having already sealed the title thanks to his consistent form. Ferrari won its third consecutive Constructors' title with new driver Carlos Reutemann having a solid season.


title: 1977 Formula One season

text: The season was also marred by one of the most horrific accidents in Formula One history. During the South African GP on 5 March, Tom Pryce was unable to avoid hitting 19-year-old race marshal Frederik Jansen van Vuuren, who had tried to cross the track. The latter was killed in the collision, and his fire extinguisher struck and killed Pryce, whose car proceeded to the end of the straight where it collided with Jacques Laffite's Ligier. There was further tragedy as Carlos Pace lost his life in an aviation accident only a couple of weeks after Pryce's accident.


title: 1977 Formula One season

text: The following drivers and constructors contested the World Championship of Drivers and the International Cup for Formula 1 Constructors:


title: 1977 Formula One season

text: The Argentine Grand Prix returned to the calendar in 1977, it was cancelled in 1976 due to economic and political reasons.


title: 1977 Formula One season

text: The Belgian Grand Prix and Monaco Grand Prix swapped places on the calendar so that the Belgian round followed the Monaco Grand Prix.


title: 1977 Formula One season

text: The French Grand Prix was moved from Paul Ricard Circuit to Dijon-Prenois, in keeping with the event-sharing arrangement between the two circuits.


title: 1977 Formula One season

text: The British Grand Prix was moved from Brands Hatch to Silverstone, in keeping with the event-sharing arrangement between the two circuits.


title: 1977 Formula One season

text: The German Grand Prix was not held at the Nürburgring due to safety concerns. The 1977 race was held at the Hockenheimring for the first time since 1970.


title: 1977 Formula One season

text: The United States Grand Prix and Canadian Grand Prix swapped places on the calendar so that the Canadian round followed the US Grand Prix.


title: 1977 Formula One season

text: The 1977 season started in Argentina, returning after a year's absence. It was reigning world champion James Hunt who started off his title defence with pole position in his McLaren. Countryman John Watson shared the front row with him in the Brabham, and Patrick Depailler in the six-wheeled Tyrrell was third on the grid. The weather was, as was very often the case in Buenos Aires, oppressively hot, which contributed to the attrition of this race – the track temperature was 51 °C (124 °F).


title: 1977 Formula One season

text: Watson took the lead at the start with Hunt second. Watson led for the first 10 laps until Hunt moved ahead and pulled away, with Mario Andretti's Lotus third, but soon the other McLaren of Jochen Mass took the place. Mass had to retire soon after with an engine failure which caused him to spin, and a suspension failure took teammate and race leader Hunt out three laps later. Watson took the lead again, but he also had suspension failures and let teammate Carlos Pace through. Watson eventually retired, and Pace struggled towards the end due to heat in his cockpit and was passed by Jody Scheckter's Wolf and Andretti, but the latter retired then with a wheel bearing failure. Scheckter took the first win of 1977, with Pace second, and home hero Carlos Reutemann completing the podium for Ferrari.


title: 1977 Formula One season

text: The second round took place at the longest circuit of the year – the very demanding and difficult 5-mile Interlagos circuit in São Paulo, Brazil. Hunt took pole again with Reutemann second and Andretti third on the grid. Home hero Pace took the lead at the start, with Hunt dropping behind Reutemann as well but soon Hunt was back behind Pace and attacking. There was contact, and Hunt took the lead whereas Pace had to pit for repairs. Hunt led Reutemann until he began to suffer from tyre troubles and was passed by Reutemann. Hunt pitted for new tyres, and rejoined fourth and soon passed Niki Lauda in the Ferrari and Watson to reclaim second. Reutemann marched on to victory, Hunt was second and Lauda third after Watson crashed out.


title: 1977 Formula One season

text: The race in South Africa was over a month later, but Hunt still continued his streak of poles, with Pace alongside and Lauda next. Hunt led off at the start, with Lauda and Scheckter following him after Pace struggled. The order stayed put until the seventh lap when Lauda took the lead and was never headed again, with Scheckter taking second from Hunt 11 laps later.


title: 1977 Formula One season

text: On lap 21, two marshals ran across the track after the Shadow of Renzo Zorzi caught fire. The second marshal, Fredrik Jansen van Vuuren, carrying a fire extinguisher was hit by the car of Tom Pryce at about 270 km/h (170 mph) and was killed instantly by the collision. His fire extinguisher struck Pryce's face, killing and nearly decapitating him.


title: 1977 Formula One season

text: The race continued however, and Lauda won, his first since his own horror crash last year, with home hero Scheckter second, and Depailler's six-wheeler took third from Hunt in the closing laps.


title: 1977 Formula One season

text: The death of Pryce had shaken the field up, and then before the next round at Long Beach, California in the western United States, there was more news, as Carlos Pace, who had finished second in the opening round in Argentina, was killed in a plane crash.


title: 1977 Formula One season

text: The field, in a somber mood, went to this relatively new street circuit near Los Angeles, and Lauda took pole ahead of home hero Andretti, with Scheckter third. At the start, it was Scheckter who got the best start, and he passed both Andretti and Lauda, with Reutemann going up an escape road and spinning as he tried to follow Scheckter through. The top three of Scheckter, Andretti and Lauda pulled away from the rest of the pack, and ran closely together but the order did not change. However, a tyre began to deflate for Scheckter, and both Andretti and Lauda passed him with two laps left, with Andretti thus taking a popular home victory ahead of Lauda and a disappointed Scheckter.


title: 1977 Formula One season

text: The next round was in Spain, at the Jarama circuit near Madrid, where Andretti continued his recent form with pole and Jacques Laffite's Ligier springing a surprise, beating Lauda to second, however Lauda was unable to take part in the race due to a broken rib. At the start, Andretti took the lead with Laffite following. Laffite gave chase to Andretti in the early stages but had to pit with a deflating tyre, leaving Andretti to romp to victory with Reutemann second. Hunt inherited third but retired with a misfire, giving it to Watson until he lost places due to a spin, leaving Scheckter to take the final spot on the podium.


title: 1977 Formula One season

text: In the elite Monaco race, Watson took his first career pole for Brabham with Scheckter also on the front row and Reutemann third. It was Scheckter who got the best start to beat Watson to the first corner, with Reutemann running third in the early stages until he was passed by his teammate Lauda. Watson ran second to Scheckter until mid-race when he had to retire with gearbox trouble, allowing Lauda to close in on Scheckter but the latter was flawless and held on to take his second win of the season. Lauda had to be satisfied with second, with Reutemann completing the podium.


title: 1977 Formula One season

text: Belgium was host to the seventh race of the season, and in qualifying at the Zolder circuit Andretti took a comfortable pole with Watson just beating the second Lotus of Gunnar Nilsson to second. The race was wet due to rain earlier in the day, and Watson took the lead at the first corner, but later in the first lap, Andretti ran into the back to him while attempting to retake the lead, resulting in both of them spinning out and Scheckter taking the lead.


title: 1977 Formula One season

text: Scheckter led the early stages ahead of Nilsson, whereas Reutemann made an early charge but spun off. The track began to dry and everyone had to pit for tyres, and those who stopped early were the ones who benefited, as now Lauda was leading from Jochen Mass and Scheckter was down to fifth. Mass spun off from second, handing it to Nilsson who then went on to catch and pass Lauda before driving away to his first career victory. Behind second-placed Lauda, Ronnie Peterson completed the podium for Team Tyrrell after Scheckter retired with an engine failure.


title: 1977 Formula One season

text: The Swedish race at the isolated Anderstorp Raceway was full of anticipation after Nilsson's win last time out, but once again in qualifying, it was his teammate Andretti leading the way from Watson, with Hunt heading the second row. At the start, again it was Watson who led into the first corner followed by Scheckter, but soon Andretti passed both of them and opened up a lead. Watson and Scheckter battled for second until they collided, with Scheckter having to retire and Watson pitting for repairs. Hunt took second but he began to drop back and was passed by a charging Laffite, and then by his teammate Mass. Andretti however, was dominant until he had to pit due to a fuel metering problem with two laps left, handing the lead to Laffite who went on to take his first ever win ahead of Mass and Reutemann.


title: 1977 Formula One season

text: The next race was staged at the newly extended Dijon-Prenois circuit in France, and once again it was Andretti on pole with Hunt second and Nilsson third on the grid. Hunt got the best start and led into the first corner from Watson and Laffite, with Andretti dropping down to fourth. However, Watson passed Hunt on the fifth lap and started to build a gap until Andretti got up to second and began to reel him in. During the final few laps, leader Watson and Andretti were running nose-to-tail but Watson held him off till the last lap when his engine missed a beat and immediately Andretti was past. Andretti thus took the win ahead of a crestfallen Watson and Hunt.


title: 1977 Formula One season

text: British drivers had not much luck this season, so it was a relief to the British fans at the fast Silverstone circuit to see defending champion Hunt on pole for his home race with Watson alongside, and Lauda next. Hunt did not get a good start, and so Watson led into the first corner ahead of Lauda and Scheckter, but as the race progressed, a recovering Hunt soon passed both to get up to second behind Watson. The race was set for a grandstand British finish with Hunt slowly closing down leader Watson, but the fans were robbed of it when Watson's fuel system failed with 15 laps left and retired 8 laps later. Hunt took the lead and went on to win his first race of the season, with Lauda second. Scheckter ran third until his engine failed, thus giving the place to Andretti until he too suffered a similar fate, leaving Nilsson to take the final spot on the podium.


title: 1977 Formula One season

text: The West German race took place in Hockenheim because the Nürburgring track was deemed to be too dangerous to race on because of the inability of the 'Ring's organizers to effectively manage such a huge circuit. In qualifying, Scheckter took his first pole of the season, ahead of Watson and then Lauda who headed the second row. Scheckter kept the lead at the first corner with both Watson and Lauda keeping their positions. Watson put pressure on Scheckter until his engine failed on the eighth lap, giving second to Lauda who passed Scheckter soon after and began to pull away. Scheckter battled for second with Hunt until the defending champion retired with an engine failure, giving third to Watson's teammate and home driver Hans-Joachim Stuck. That was how it stayed to the end; Lauda winning from Scheckter and Stuck. One notable highlight of the race involved German touring car legend Hans Heyer, who started the race despite failing to qualify.


title: 1977 Formula One season

text: With two-thirds of the season complete, Lauda led the championship as the drivers went to the very fast and scenic Österreichring in Austria. This circuit had been modified from the year before – a chicane had been put in to replace the ultra fast, flat out Voest-Hugel Kurve. Lauda pleased his home fans further by beating Hunt to pole, with Andretti settling for third on the grid. The race started in damp conditions, and poleman Lauda led into the first corner followed by Hunt, but Andretti passed both at one corner soon after. His teammate Nilsson was on a charge and was rapidly up to second, whereas Lauda went backwards.


title: 1977 Formula One season

text: Nilsson had to pit to change tyres, giving second to Hunt and this became the lead when Andretti's engine failed. The Australian Alan Jones in the Shadow was now charging up the order, passing both Scheckter and Stuck and as the race progressed, the recovering Nilsson and Lauda also passed the duo, however none of them could make an impression on Hunt. Hunt seemed to be headed for victory until his engine failed with ten laps left, giving Jones his first ever Formula One victory. Lauda took second and Stuck was third, both benefiting after Nilsson also retired with an engine failure. Jones's victory was so unexpected that the organizers did not have a copy of the Australian national anthem, so they played "Happy Birthday" instead (it was not Jones's birthday that day).


title: 1977 Formula One season

text: The field went to the Zandvoort circuit near Amsterdam in the Netherlands for the next round, and in qualifying Andretti took his fifth pole of the season with Laffite alongside on the front row, and Hunt third. At the start, Hunt jumped both the front row starters to lead but before the end of the first lap, Andretti tried to drive alongside him but some aggressive defending from Hunt forced him to lift, and Laffite took advantage to get second. Five laps later, Andretti had got back past Laffite and was again attacking Hunt, who defended aggressively but this time Andretti did not lift and they collided. Hunt was out on the spot, whereas Andretti spun and rejoined fourth.


title: 1977 Formula One season

text: This left Laffite leading from the Ferraris of Lauda and Reutemann. The latter had a long battle with Andretti for third, repeatedly exchanging places, until the Lotus driver's engine blew up. Soon after, Lauda passed Laffite to take the lead, and he went on build a gap and win comfortably. Laffite finished second. After Andretti's demise, Reutemann ran third until the second Lotus of Nilsson attacked him, and the two collided with Nilsson out and Reutemann rejoining at the back. This sensationally left Patrick Tambay in the Ensign third, but he ran out of fuel on the last lap, thus handing the place to Scheckter.


title: 1977 Formula One season

text: Italy was next on the calendar, but the fact that it was Ferrari's home race at the Monza Autodrome near Milan did not deter Hunt who took pole, whereas Reutemann cheered the home fans by starting second in front of Scheckter. Scheckter took the lead after a brilliant start, and in second place was Clay Regazzoni's Ensign who got an even better one. Regazzoni however did not have the pace and soon dropped down the order, whereas Andretti was on the move, passing Hunt on the second lap, and Scheckter a few laps later to take the lead. Hunt dropped back with brake troubles as the race progressed, and Scheckter retired when his engine failed, leaving Reutemann and Lauda in second and third. Lauda was soon past Reutemann, and the latter had to retire when he spun off on oil on the track, handing third to Jones. The race finished in that order; with Andretti taking a dominant victory from Lauda, who closed in on the championship, and Jones who took his second podium in three races.


title: 1977 Formula One season

text: The scenario going into the second race in the eastern United States at the picturesque and fast Watkins Glen circuit in upstate New York was that if Lauda had a single point or if Scheckter did not win the race, Lauda would be world champion. Scheckter's hopes looked bleak as he qualified ninth to Lauda's seventh, as Hunt took pole from the Brabhams of Stuck and Watson. Stuck got the best start and took the lead into the first corner followed by Hunt and Andretti. Scheckter was on a charge and passed many drivers, including Lauda, in the early stages to get up to fourth, which became third when leader Stuck crashed out. However, Hunt and Andretti continued to pull away from him and, with Lauda running fourth, Scheckter needed something extraordinary to happen to keep the title battle alive. That did not happen, as the rest of the race passed on without incident, with Hunt winning ahead of Andretti and Scheckter, with Lauda's fourth place enough to make him the world champion.


title: 1977 Formula One season

text: After the race, Lauda decided not to race in the final two races because of the declining relationship between him and Ferrari.


title: 1977 Formula One season

text: Canada was host to the penultimate round of the season at the fast and flowing Mosport Park near Toronto, and the field went in minus Lauda, who was unconvinced that Ferrari could prepare three cars efficiently for a Grand Prix – the third car was for French-Canadian Gilles Villeneuve in his debut race with Ferrari. In qualifying, Andretti took yet another pole ahead of Hunt, with Ronnie Peterson's six-wheeled Tyrrell in third. The safety of the Mosport Park circuit was under intense scrutiny, as the ubiquitous bumps and limited safety of the circuit caused a number of nasty accidents including Briton Ian Ashley vaulting barriers and crashing into a TV tower. These accidents were dealt with badly and the severely injured Ashley was only flown out 40 minutes after he crashed. But the race went ahead anyway, and both Andretti and Hunt kept their positions at the start, with Hunt's teammate Jochen Mass charging up to third. Andretti and Hunt then proceeded to demolish the entire field, but they themselves were separated by nothing as they ran nose-to-tail. With less than 20 laps left, they came to lap third-placed Mass during which there was a misunderstanding between the McLarens who collided and spun off, Hunt retiring and Mass pitting for repairs and rejoining fifth. Andretti was left well over a lap ahead until his engine failed with three laps left, giving the win to Scheckter. Patrick Depailler finished second for Tyrrell, and Mass completed the podium.


title: 1977 Formula One season

text: The final round of the season was in Japan at the fast Fuji Speedway near Tokyo, and Andretti and Hunt continued their late-season battle, with the American pipping Hunt to the pole, with Watson heading the second row. Unlike the previous year, the weather conditions at the Fuji circuit near Tokyo were perfect, and Hunt took the lead at the start, and Scheckter and Mass jumped up to second and third, whereas Andretti had a terrible start and was at the tail of the top ten. On the second lap, Andretti was involved in a collision while trying to gain places, putting him out. But this race, like South Africa was marred by terrible tragedy. Peterson and Villeneuve came together at the end of the straight, and Villeneuve crashed appallingly and his Ferrari flew into a crowd that was standing in a restricted area, killing 2 photographers and injuring several others. But the race continued on, and with Andretti out, Hunt had no challengers left and he built a large gap, with teammate Mass second and Watson passing Scheckter for third. However, both Mass and Watson had to retire within one lap of each other with engine and gearbox failures, and with Scheckter dropping back, Reutemann was second until he was passed by Laffite. Hunt went on and capped off the season with a comfortable win, whereas Laffite ran of fuel on the last lap, handing over second to Reutemann and allowing Depailler to complete the podium. The Japanese Grand Prix was not held again until 1987 at the Suzuka circuit – there had been talk of moving the race from Fuji to Suzuka for 1978, but this never materialized.


title: 1977 Formula One season

text: Drivers' Championship points were awarded on a 9–6–4–3–2–1 basis for the first six places in each round. The best eight results from the first nine races and the best seven results from the remaining eight races were retained.


title: 1977 Formula One season

text: Constructors' Championship points were awarded on a 9–6–4–3–2–1 basis for the first six places in each round with only the best placed car from each constructor eligible to score points. The best eight results from the first nine races and the best seven results from the remaining eight races were retained.


title: Fuck You (CeeLo Green song)

text: "Fuck You" (stylized as "Fuck You!" or "F**k You!"), known as "Forget You" or "FU" for the clean versions, is a song by American recording artist CeeLo Green. It was written as a collaboration among Green, Bruno Mars, the Smeezingtons, and Brody Brown, and produced by the Smeezingtons. It was released on August 19, 2010, as the first single from Green's third solo studio album, "The Lady Killer" (2010). "Fuck You" received acclaim from music critics, and was an international commercial success, making the top-10 in thirteen countries, including topping charts in the United Kingdom, and number two on the "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: Fuck You (CeeLo Green song)

text: In an interview with "NME", Green said that, in addition to being about a heartbreak, the song was also about the music industry itself.


title: Fuck You (CeeLo Green song)

text: Several versions of "Fuck You" have been released. The version of the song edited to remove swearing, which is broadcast in the music video on UK television stations, and played on US radio, is called "Forget You", while the UK radio edit is entitled "FU". All three versions differ in lyrical content, with "Fuck You" being completely uncensored, "Forget You" replacing the profanity with sound effects (also changing "fuck you" to "forget you" per the title), and "FU" replacing them by editing them out completely and leaving blank spaces, and changing "fuck you" to an exact pronunciation of "F you". All three versions can be found on iTunes and both "Fuck You" and "Forget You" are included in an extended play, which features the music video and lyric video, and was released on August 19, 2010, whereas "FU" was not released until September 21.


title: Fuck You (CeeLo Green song)

text: A fourth version of the song, featuring American rapper 50 Cent, was released to iTunes. The version was entitled "Fuck You (Heartbreaker)!", and was released only in America. The video for this version of the song incorporates scenes from the original video with extra shots of 50 Cent performing. CeeLo performed a remix of the song, featuring an all-female backing band named "Scarlet Fever", on "The Colbert Report" on November 9, 2010. The remix was entitled "Fuck You (Fox News)". The first full verse of the song was a satirical parody of Fox News controversies. A fifth version of the song, entitled "Thank You", was released on May 9, 2011. The song was re-written with new lyrics as a tribute to firefighters. The lyrics mention that Cee Lo's mother was a firefighter. A new version of the video was released with scenes of Cee Lo visiting a fire station.


title: Fuck You (CeeLo Green song)

text: Initially, a lyric video for "Fuck You" was released to YouTube on August 19, 2010, featuring kinetic typography, with the lyrics of the song appearing on different colored backgrounds with film grain overlaid on the video. The same thing was done in the German and Spanish versions of the video, translating the lyrics, although the vocals remained in English.


title: Fuck You (CeeLo Green song)

text: The official music video was released on September 1, 2010. The video was directed by Matt Stawski and was filmed at Cadillac Jack's, a movie prop diner located in the Sun Valley area of Los Angeles. Taking place in a diner, the video chronicles Cee Lo's misadventures with a girl he has a crush on, known as "The Heartbreaker" throughout the video. In the beginning, a young Cee Lo goes into the diner with his parents and goes up to the Heartbreaker, who is sitting with another boy. He offers to let the Heartbreaker play with his toy garbage truck, but she ignores him and walks away with the other boy, who has a toy Ferrari F40. In his high school years, Cee Lo works at the diner as a dishwasher. He attempts to woo the Heartbreaker with a bouquet of flowers but slips on fries deliberately dropped by another boy. The flowers fly out of his hand and land on a much younger girl's lap. During his college years, Cee Lo studies in the diner with another woman implied to be his music tutor. He then attempts to woo the Heartbreaker by having the waitress draw a heart-shaped ketchup mark on her hot dog plate, but the Heartbreaker approaches him with a basket of fries and spills them on his shirt, leaving a large ketchup stain on it. Cee Lo then goes through an epiphany in his life and the video fast-forwards to the present day, when Cee Lo is now known as "The Lady Killer" and has a fancy Cadillac Eldorado with his backup singers in the back seat. He drives past the diner to find the Heartbreaker working there, sweeping the front entrance while others are dancing behind her. Cee Lo waves at the Heartbreaker before driving away. The final shot is of him waving at the camera and the words "The Lady Killer" appearing on screen, before the shot freezes, thus ending the video.


title: Fuck You (CeeLo Green song)

text: The radio edit version of the video contains re-shot elements that have been mixed with parts from the original, most notably when Cee Lo is on screen and he is singing alternative lyrics, but he is not shown singing the "clean" lyrics in the titular chorus. Some parts of the video tend to freeze for a split second when a bowdlerized lyric is being mouthed to prevent the lips from being read. At the start of the explicit version and clean version titled "FU", the mother of the young Cee Lo Green can be seen to look very shocked and taps him on the shoulder to make him turn around when he first swears. This does not happen in the clean version titled "Forget You".


title: Fuck You (CeeLo Green song)

text: In the US, "Fuck You" debuted at No. 69 on Hot Digital Songs and No. 96 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. The song originally peaked at number 9 in 2010, but following Cee Lo's performance of the song at the 53rd Grammy Awards, "Fuck You" had a resurgence in popularity and climbed back up the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart, reaching No. 2 in its 26th chart week (making it one of the slowest climbs ever into the number 2 position) tying it with Cee Lo's previous 2006 hit "Crazy" from his musical duo project Gnarls Barkley as his highest-charting single. The song remained at No. 2 for four consecutive weeks. In all, the single spent a total of 48 weeks on the Hot 100. It was certified Gold on November 5, 2010.


title: Fuck You (CeeLo Green song)

text: The week of March 24, 2011, the song was the best-selling song in the USA of 2011, having been sold 1,865,000 times in 2011 only, despite the song never reaching No. 1 and being released in August 2010. In the subsequent week, the song surpassed 2 million copies in sales in 2011 alone, bringing its total to 3,707,000 copies. The week of April 16, 2011, the song topped the Pop Songs radio airplay chart in its 25th week, completing the longest journey to the summit in the ranking's 18-year history. "Fuck You" would go on to share the record with Demi Lovato's 2012 single "Give Your Heart a Break" before it was eventually broken by Alessia Cara's "Here" in 2016. As of April 2013, "Fuck You" had sold over 6 million copies in the U.S.


title: Fuck You (CeeLo Green song)

text: "Fuck You" received acclaim from music critics. Jason Lipshutz from "Billboard" gave "Fuck You" a positive review stating, "it's as sunny as a '60s Motown hit and as expletive-laden as an early Eminem song, a combination that fits the singer's sky-high vocals and offbeat sense of humor well. Over a twinkling piano line, bumping bass and steady percussion, Green shakes off a failed relationship with a gold digger by packing the simple pleasures of old-school soul music into tongue-in-cheek verses and a suitably soaring chorus." Nick Levine of Digital Spy gave the song four out of five stars writing: "As its title suggests, 'Fuck You' is essentially a middle finger extending from the fist of a pop single—and a gloriously catchy Motown stomper of a pop single at that." Alexandra Patsavas, music supervisor for the "Twilight" films, praised Mars' ability to veer between "a beautifully crafted pop song exquisitely sung" and the likes of Cee-Lo's "Fuck You". "How sublime that an artist can travel so fluidly between humor and earnestness," she remarked.


title: Fuck You (CeeLo Green song)

text: At the 53rd Grammy Awards, "Fuck You" was nominated for Record of the Year and Song of the Year, and won Best Urban/Alternative Performance. The video was also nominated for Best Short Form Music Video. It was named the #1 song of 2010 by "Time", and made the top of Metacritic's users poll. "Spin" and "The Village Voice"s Pazz & Jop critics' poll named "Fuck You" the best single of 2010. In October 2011, "NME" placed it at number 112 on its list "150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years".


title: Fuck You (CeeLo Green song)

text: "Taratata", at the "Reeperbahn Festival", "Later... with Jools Holland", "Late Show with David Letterman", the 31st annual "Children in Need" telethon, the Christmas edition of BBC One chart show "Top of the Pops", "Saturday Night Live" and many other venues. Cee Lo also performed at the 53rd Grammy Awards on February 13, 2011, with actress Gwyneth Paltrow and several puppets provided by The Jim Henson Company. Two days later, he sang at the "2011 BRIT Awards" alongside UK singer Paloma Faith. On August 14, Cee Lo sang at WWE's 2011 Summerslam pay-per-view event in Los Angeles with the addition of WWE Divas dancing to "Fuck You" at the event's venue.


title: Near-Earth object

text: A near-Earth object (NEO) is any small Solar System body whose orbit brings it into proximity with Earth. By convention, a Solar System body is a NEO if its closest approach to the Sun (perihelion) is less than 1.3 astronomical units (AU). If a NEO's orbit crosses the Earth's orbit, and the object is larger than across, it is considered a potentially hazardous object (PHO). Most known PHOs and NEOs are asteroids, but a small fraction are comets.


title: Near-Earth object

text: There are over 30,503 known near-Earth asteroids (NEAs) and over a hundred known short-period near-Earth comets (NECs). A number of solar-orbiting meteoroids were large enough to be tracked in space before striking the Earth. It is now widely accepted that collisions in the past have had a significant role in shaping the geological and biological history of the Earth. Asteroids as small as in diameter can cause significant damage to the local environment and human populations. Larger asteroids penetrate the atmosphere to the surface of the Earth, producing craters if they impact a continent or tsunamis if they impact the sea. Interest in NEOs has increased since the 1980s because of greater awareness of this potential danger. Asteroid impact avoidance by deflection is possible in principle, and methods of mitigation are being researched.


title: Near-Earth object

text: Two scales, the simple Torino scale and the more complex Palermo scale, rate the risk presented by an identified NEO based on the probability of it impacting the Earth and on how severe the consequences of such an impact would be. Some NEOs have had temporarily positive Torino or Palermo scale ratings after their discovery.


title: Near-Earth object

text: Since 1998, the United States, the European Union, and other nations are scanning the sky for NEOs in an effort called Spaceguard. The initial US Congress mandate to NASA to catalog at least 90% of NEOs that are at least in diameter, sufficient to cause a global catastrophe, was met by 2011. In later years, the survey effort was expanded to include smaller objects which have the potential for large-scale, though not global, damage.


title: Near-Earth object

text: NEOs have low surface gravity, and many have Earth-like orbits that make them easy targets for spacecraft. , five near-Earth comets and five near-Earth asteroids have been visited by spacecraft. A small sample of one NEO was returned to Earth in 2010, and similar missions are in progress. Preliminary plans for commercial asteroid mining have been drafted by private startup companies, either through the use of robots or even by sending private commercial astronauts to act as space miners.


title: Near-Earth object

text: Near-Earth objects (NEOs) are by convention technically defined as all small Solar System bodies with orbits around the Sun that lie partly between 0.983 and 1.3 astronomical units (AU; Sun–Earth distance) away from the Sun. NEOs are thus not necessarily currently near the Earth, but they can potentially approach the Earth relatively closely. The term is also sometimes used more flexibly, for example for objects in orbit around the Earth or for quasi-satellites, which have a more complex orbital relationship with the Earth.


title: Near-Earth object

text: When a NEO is detected, like all other small Solar System bodies, its positions and brightness are submitted to the International Astronomical Union's (IAU's) Minor Planet Center (MPC) for cataloging. The MPC maintains separate lists of confirmed NEOs and potential NEOs. The orbits of some NEOs intersect that of the Earth, so they pose a collision danger. These are considered potentially hazardous objects (PHOs) if their estimated diameter is above 140 meters. The MPC maintains a separate list for the asteroids among PHOs, the potentially hazardous asteroids (PHAs). NEOs are also catalogued by two separate units of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA): the Center for Near Earth Object Studies (CNEOS) and the Solar System Dynamics Group.


title: Near-Earth object

text: PHAs are defined based on two parameters relating to respectively their potential to approach the Earth dangerously closely and the estimated consequences that an impact would have if it occurs. Objects with both an Earth minimum orbit intersection distance (MOID) of 0.05 AU or less and an absolute magnitude of 22.0 or brighter (a rough indicator of large size) are considered PHAs. Objects that either cannot approach closer to the Earth i.e. MOID greater than , or which are fainter than H = 22.0 (about in diameter with assumed albedo of 14%), are not considered PHAs. NASA's catalog of near-Earth objects includes the approach distances of asteroids and comets (expressed in lunar distances).


title: Near-Earth object

text: The first near-Earth objects to be observed by humans were comets. Their extraterrestrial nature was recognised and confirmed only after Tycho Brahe tried to measure the distance of a comet through its parallax in 1577 and the lower limit he obtained was well above the Earth diameter; the periodicity of some comets was first recognised in 1705, when Edmond Halley published his orbit calculations for the returning object now known as Halley's Comet. The 1758–1759 return of Halley's Comet was the first comet appearance predicted. It has been said that Lexell's comet of 1770 was the first discovered Near-Earth object.


title: Near-Earth object

text: The first near-Earth asteroid to be discovered was 433 Eros in 1898. The asteroid was subject to several extensive observation campaigns, primarily because measurements of its orbit enabled a precise determination of the then imperfectly known distance of the Earth from the Sun.


title: Near-Earth object

text: In 1937, asteroid 69230 Hermes was discovered when it passed the Earth at twice the distance of the Moon. Hermes was considered a threat because it was lost after its discovery; thus its orbit and potential for collision with Earth were not known precisely. Hermes was only re-discovered in 2003, and it is now known to be no threat for at least the next century.


title: Near-Earth object

text: On June 14, 1968, the 1.4 km diameter asteroid 1566 Icarus passed Earth at a distance of , or 16 times the distance of the Moon. During this approach, Icarus became the first minor planet to be observed using radar, with measurements obtained at the Haystack Observatory and the Goldstone Tracking Station. This was the first close approach predicted years in advance (Icarus had been discovered in 1949), and also earned significant public attention, due to alarmist news reports. A year before the approach, MIT students launched Project Icarus, devising a plan to deflect the asteroid with rockets in case it was found to be on a collision course with Earth. Project Icarus received wide media coverage, and inspired the 1979 disaster movie "Meteor", in which the US and the USSR join forces to blow up an Earth-bound fragment of an asteroid hit by a comet.


title: Near-Earth object

text: On March 23, 1989, the diameter Apollo asteroid 4581 Asclepius (1989 FC) missed the Earth by . If the asteroid had impacted it would have created the largest explosion in recorded history, equivalent to 20,000 megatons of TNT. It attracted widespread attention because it was discovered only after the closest approach.


title: Near-Earth object

text: In March 1998, early orbit calculations for recently discovered asteroid showed a potential 2028 close approach from the Earth, well within the orbit of the Moon, but with a large error margin allowing for a direct hit. Further data allowed a revision of the 2028 approach distance to , with no chance of collision. By that time, inaccurate reports of a potential impact had caused a media storm.


title: Near-Earth object

text: From the late 1990s, a typical frame of reference in searches for NEOs has been the scientific concept of risk. The risk that any near-Earth object poses is viewed having regard to both the culture and the technology of human society. Through history, humans have associated NEOs with changing risks, based on religious, philosophical or scientific views, as well as humanity's technological or economical capability to deal with such risks. Thus, NEOs have been seen as omens of natural disasters or wars; harmless spectacles in an unchanging universe; the source of era-changing cataclysms or potentially poisonous fumes (during Earth's passage through the tail of Halley's Comet in 1910); and finally as a possible cause of a crater-forming impact that could even cause extinction of humans and other life on Earth.


title: Near-Earth object

text: The potential of catastrophic impacts by near-Earth comets was recognised as soon as the first orbit calculations provided an understanding of their orbits: in 1694, Edmond Halley presented a theory that Noah's flood in the Bible was caused by a comet impact. Human perception of near-Earth asteroids as benign objects of fascination or killer objects with high risk to human society has ebbed and flowed during the short time that NEAs have been scientifically observed. Scientists have recognised the threat of impacts that create craters much bigger than the impacting bodies and have indirect effects on an even wider area since the 1980s, after the confirmation of a theory that the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event (in which the non-avian dinosaurs died out) 65 million years ago was caused by a large asteroid impact.


title: Near-Earth object

text: The awareness of the wider public of the impact risk rose after the observation of the impact of the fragments of Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 into Jupiter in July 1994. In 1998, the movies "Deep Impact" and "Armageddon" popularised the notion that near-Earth objects could cause catastrophic impacts. Also at that time, a conspiracy theory arose about the supposed 2003 impact of the fictitious planet Nibiru, which persisted on the internet as the predicted impact date was moved to 2012 and then 2017.


title: Near-Earth object

text: The annual background frequency used in the Palermo scale for impacts of energy greater than "E" megatonnes is estimated as:


title: Near-Earth object

text: For instance, this formula implies that the expected value of the time from now until the next impact greater than 1 megatonne is 33 years, and that when it occurs, there is a 50% chance that it will be above 2.4 megatonnes. This formula is only valid over a certain range of "E".


title: Near-Earth object

text: However, another paper published in 2002 – the same year as the paper on that the Palermo scale is based – found a power law with different constants:


title: Near-Earth object

text: This formula gives considerably lower rates for a given "E". For instance, it gives the rate for bolides of 10 megatonnes or more (like the Tunguska explosion) as 1 per thousand years, rather than 1 per 210 years as in the Palermo formula. However, the authors give a rather large uncertainty (once in 400 to 1800 years for 10 megatonnes), due in part to uncertainties in determining the energies of the atmospheric impacts that they used in their determination.


title: Near-Earth object

text: NASA maintains an automated system to evaluate the threat from known NEOs over the next 100 years, which generates the continuously updated Sentry Risk Table. All or nearly all of the objects are highly likely to drop off the list eventually as more observations come in, reducing the uncertainties and enabling more accurate orbital predictions.


title: Near-Earth object

text: In March 2002, became the first asteroid with a temporarily positive rating on the Torino Scale, with about a 1 in 9,300 chance of an impact in 2049. Additional observations reduced the estimated risk to zero, and the asteroid was removed from the Sentry Risk Table in April 2002. It is now known that within the next two centuries, will pass the Earth at a safe closest distance (perigee) of on August 31, 2080.


title: Near-Earth object

text: Asteroid was lost after its 1950 discovery, since its observations over just 17 days were insufficient to precisely determine its orbit; it was rediscovered on December 31, 2000. It has a diameter of about a kilometer (0.6 miles), and an impact would therefore be globally catastrophic. It was observed by radar during its close 2001 approach, allowing much more precise orbit calculations. Although this asteroid will not strike for at least 800 years and thus has no Torino scale rating, it was added to the Sentry list in April 2002 as the first object with a Palermo scale value greater than zero. The then-calculated 1 in 300 maximum chance of impact and +0.17 Palermo scale value was roughly 50% greater than the background risk of impact by all similarly large objects until 2880. Uncertainties in the orbit calculations were further reduced using additional radar observations in 2012, and this decreased the odds of an impact. Taking all radar and optical observations through 2021 into account, the probability of impact in March 2880 is, , assessed at 1 in 34,000. The corresponding Palermo scale value of −2.05 is still among the highest for all objects on the Sentry List Table.


title: Near-Earth object

text: On December 24, 2004, asteroid 99942 Apophis (at the time known only by its provisional designation ) was assigned a 4 on the Torino scale, the highest rating given to date, as the information available at the time translated to a 2.7% chance of Earth impact on Friday, April 13, 2029. By December 28, 2004, additional observations had significantly reduced the uncertainty zone for the 2029 approach and it no longer included the Earth. The 2029 risk of impact consequently dropped to zero, but later potential impact dates were still rated 1 on the Torino scale. Further observations lowered the 2036 risk to a Torino rating of 0 in August 2006. In 2021 Apophis was removed from the Sentry Risk Table.


title: Near-Earth object

text: In February 2006, was assigned a Torino Scale rating of 2 due to a close encounter predicted for May 4, 2102. After additional observations allowed increasingly precise predictions, the Torino rating was lowered first to 1 in May 2006, then to 0 in October 2006, and the asteroid was removed from the Sentry Risk Table entirely in February 2008.


title: Near-Earth object

text: , is listed with the highest chance of impacting Earth, at 1 in 22 on September 5, 2095. At only across, the asteroid however is much too small to be considered a potentially hazardous asteroid and it poses no serious threat: the possible 2095 impact therefore rates only −3.32 on the Palermo Scale. Observations during the August 2022 close approach are expected to ascertain whether the asteroid will impact or miss Earth in 2095.


title: Near-Earth object

text: The first astronomical program dedicated to the discovery of near-Earth asteroids was the Palomar Planet-Crossing Asteroid Survey. The link to impact hazard, the need for dedicated survey telescopes and options to head off an eventual impact were first discussed at a 1981 interdisciplinary conference in Snowmass, Colorado. Plans for a more comprehensive survey, named the Spaceguard Survey, were developed by NASA from 1992, under a mandate from the United States Congress. To promote the survey on an international level, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) organised a workshop at Vulcano, Italy in 1995, and set up the Spaceguard Foundation also in Italy a year later. In 1998, the United States Congress gave NASA a mandate to detect 90% of near-earth asteroids over diameter (that threaten global devastation) by 2008.


title: Near-Earth object

text: Several surveys have undertaken "Spaceguard" activities (an umbrella term), including Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research (LINEAR), Spacewatch, Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking (NEAT), Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search (LONEOS), Catalina Sky Survey (CSS), Campo Imperatore Near-Earth Object Survey (CINEOS), Japanese Spaceguard Association, Asiago-DLR Asteroid Survey (ADAS) and Near-Earth Object WISE (NEOWISE). As a result, the ratio of the known and the estimated total number of near-Earth asteroids larger than 1 km in diameter rose from about 20% in 1998 to 65% in 2004, 80% in 2006, and 93% in 2011. The original Spaceguard goal has thus been met, only three years late. , 891 NEAs larger than 1 km have been discovered, or 97% of an estimated total of about 920.


title: Near-Earth object

text: In 2005, the original USA Spaceguard mandate was extended by the George E. Brown, Jr. Near-Earth Object Survey Act, which calls for NASA to detect 90% of NEOs with diameters of or greater, by 2020. , it is estimated that less than half of these have been found, but objects of this size hit the earth only about once in 2000 years. In January 2016, NASA announced the creation of the Planetary Defense Coordination Office (PDCO) to track NEOs larger than about in diameter and coordinate an effective threat response and mitigation effort.


title: Near-Earth object

text: Survey programs aim to identify threats years in advance, giving humanity time to prepare a space mission to avert the threat.


title: Near-Earth object

text: The ATLAS project, by contrast, aims to find impacting asteroids shortly before impact, much too late for deflection maneuvers but still in time to evacuate and otherwise prepare the affected Earth region. Another project, the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF), which surveys for objects that change their brightness rapidly, also detects asteroids passing close to Earth.


title: Near-Earth object

text: Scientists involved in NEO research have also considered options for actively averting the threat if an object is found to be on a collision course with Earth. All viable methods aim to deflect rather than destroy the threatening NEO, because the fragments would still cause widespread destruction. Deflection, which means a change in the object's orbit months to years prior to the predicted impact, also requires orders of magnitude less energy.


title: Near-Earth object

text: Near-Earth objects are classified as meteoroids, asteroids, or comets depending on size, composition, and orbit. Those which are asteroids can additionally be members of an asteroid family, and comets create meteoroid streams that can generate meteor showers.


title: Near-Earth object

text: , over 1,200 NEAs appear on the Sentry impact risk page at the NASA website. Over 1,000 of these NEAs are less than 50 meters in diameter and none of the listed objects are placed even in the "green zone" (Torino Scale 1), meaning that none warrant the attention of the general public.


title: Near-Earth object

text: The main problem with estimating the number of NEOs is that the probability of detecting one is influenced by a number of aspects of the NEO, starting naturally with its size but also including the characteristics of its orbit and the reflectivity of its surface. What is easily detected will be more counted,


title: Near-Earth object

text: and these observational biases need to be compensated when trying to calculate the number of bodies in a population from the list of its detected members.


title: Near-Earth object

text: Bigger asteroids reflect more light, and the two biggest Near-Earth objects, 433 Eros and 1036 Ganymed, were naturally also among the first to be detected. 1036 Ganymed is about in diameter and 433 Eros is about in diameter .


title: Near-Earth object

text: The other major detection bias is that it is much easier to spot objects on the night-side of Earth. The day sky near the Sun is much brighter than the night sky, and there is therefore much better contrast in the night sky. The night-side searcher is also looking at the sunlit side of the asteroids, while in the daytime sky a searcher looks towards the sun and sees the unlit backside of the object. In addition, opposition surge makes asteroids even brighter when the Earth is close to the axis of sunlight. The combined effect is equivalent to the comparison of a Full moon at night to a New Moon in daytime, and the light of the Sun-lit asteroids has been called "full asteroid" similar to a "full moon".


title: Near-Earth object

text: Evidencing this bias and as depicted in the diagram below, over half (53%) of the known Near Earth objects were discovered in just 3.8% of the sky, in a 22.5° cone facing directly away from the Sun, and the vast majority (87%) were first found in only 15% of the sky, in the 45° cone facing away from the Sun. One way around this opposition bias is to use thermal infrared telescopes that observe their heat emissions instead of the light they reflect.


title: Near-Earth object

text: Asteroids with orbits that make them spend more time on the day-side of the Earth are therefore less likely to be discovered than those that spend most of their time beyond the orbit of the Earth. For example, one study noted that detection of bodies in low-eccentricity Earth-crossing orbits is favored, making Atens more likely to be detected than Apollos.


title: Near-Earth object

text: Such observational biases must be identified and quantified to determine NEO populations, as studies of asteroid populations then take those known observational selection biases into account to make a more accurate assessment. In the year 2000 and taking into account all known observational biases, it was estimated that there are approximately 900 near-Earth asteroids of at least kilometer size, or technically and more accurately, with an absolute magnitude brighter than 17.75.


title: Near-Earth object

text: These are asteroids in a near-Earth orbit without the tail or coma of a comet. , 30,503 near-Earth asteroids are known, 2,304 of which are both sufficiently large and may come sufficiently close to Earth to be classified as potentially hazardous.


title: Near-Earth object

text: NEAs survive in their orbits for just a few million years. They are eventually eliminated by planetary perturbations, causing ejection from the Solar System or a collision with the Sun, a planet, or other celestial body. With orbital lifetimes short compared to the age of the Solar System, new asteroids must be constantly moved into near-Earth orbits to explain the observed asteroids. The accepted origin of these asteroids is that main-belt asteroids are moved into the inner Solar System through orbital resonances with Jupiter. The interaction with Jupiter through the resonance perturbs the asteroid's orbit and it comes into the inner Solar System. The asteroid belt has gaps, known as Kirkwood gaps, where these resonances occur as the asteroids in these resonances have been moved onto other orbits. New asteroids migrate into these resonances, due to the Yarkovsky effect that provides a continuing supply of near-Earth asteroids. Compared to the entire mass of the asteroid belt, the mass loss necessary to sustain the NEA population is relatively small; totalling less than 6% over the past 3.5 billion years. The composition of near-Earth asteroids is comparable to that of asteroids from the asteroid belt, reflecting a variety of asteroid spectral types.


title: Near-Earth object

text: A small number of NEAs are extinct comets that have lost their volatile surface materials, although having a faint or intermittent comet-like tail does not necessarily result in a classification as a near-Earth comet, making the boundaries somewhat fuzzy. The rest of the near-Earth asteroids are driven out of the asteroid belt by gravitational interactions with Jupiter.


title: Near-Earth object

text: Many asteroids have natural satellites (minor-planet moons). , 85 NEAs were known to have at least one moon, including three known to have two moons. The asteroid 3122 Florence, one of the largest PHAs with a diameter of , has two moons measuring across, which were discovered by radar imaging during the asteroid's 2017 approach to Earth.


title: Near-Earth object

text: In May 2022, an algorithm known as Tracklet-less Heliocentric Orbit Recovery or THOR and developed by University of Washington researchers to discover asteroids in the solar system was announced as a success. The International Astronomical Union's Minor Planet Center confirmed a series of first candidate asteroids identified by the algorithm.


title: Near-Earth object

text: While the size of a very small fraction of these asteroids is known to better than 1%, from radar observations, from images of the asteroid surface, or from stellar occultations, the diameter of the vast majority of near Earth asteroids has only been estimated on the basis of their brightness and a representative asteroid surface reflectivity or albedo, which is commonly assumed to be 14%. Such indirect size estimates are uncertain by over a factor of 2 for individual asteroids, since asteroid albedos can range at least as low as 5% and as high as 30%. This makes the volume of those asteroids uncertain by a factor of 8, and their mass by at least as much, since their assumed density also has its own uncertainty. Using this crude method, an absolute magnitude of 17.75 roughly corresponds to a diameter of and an absolute magnitude of 22.0 to a diameter of . Diameters of intermediate precision, better than from an assumed albedo but not nearly as precise as direct measurements, can be obtained from the combination of reflected light and thermal infrared emission, using a thermal model of the asteroid. In May 2016, technologist Nathan Myhrvold questioned the precision of such asteroid diameter estimates arising from thermal modeling of measurements by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer and NEOWISE missions. The original version of his criticism itself faced criticism for its methodology and did not pass peer review, but a revised version was subsequently published.


title: Near-Earth object

text: In 2000, NASA reduced from 1,000–2,000 to 500–1,000 its estimate of the number of existing near-Earth asteroids over one kilometer in diameter, or more exactly brighter than an absolute magnitude of 17.75. Shortly thereafter, the LINEAR survey provided an alternative estimate of . In 2011, on the basis of NEOWISE observations, the estimated number of one-kilometer NEAs was narrowed to (of which 93% had been discovered at the time), while the number of NEAs larger than 140 meters across was estimated at . The NEOWISE estimate differed from other estimates primarily in assuming a slightly lower average asteroid albedo, which produces larger estimated diameters for the same asteroid brightness. This resulted in 911 then known asteroids at least 1 km across, as opposed to the 830 then listed by CNEOS from the same inputs but assuming a slightly higher albedo. In 2017, two studies using an improved statistical method reduced the estimated number of NEAs brighter than absolute magnitude 17.75 (approximately over one kilometer in diameter) slightly to . The estimated number of near-Earth asteroids brighter than absolute magnitude of 22.0 (approximately over 140 m across) rose to , double the WISE estimate, of which about a third were known as of 2018.


title: Near-Earth object

text: , and using diameters mostly estimated crudely from a measured absolute magnitude and an assumed albedo, 891 NEAs listed by CNEOS, including 160 PHAs, measure at least 1 km in diameter, and 9,886 known NEAs are larger than 140 m in diameter.


title: Near-Earth object

text: The smallest known near-Earth asteroid is with an absolute magnitude of 33.2, corresponding to an estimated diameter of about . The largest such object is 1036 Ganymed, with an absolute magnitude of 9.45 and directly measured irregular dimensions which are equivalent to a diameter of about .


title: Near-Earth object

text: The number of asteroids brighter than , which corresponds to about in diameter, is estimated at —of which about 1.3 percent had been discovered by February 2016; the number of asteroids brighter than (larger than ) is estimated at million—of which about 0.003 percent had been discovered by February 2016.


title: Near-Earth object

text: Near-Earth asteroids are divided into groups based on their semi-major axis (a), perihelion distance (q), and aphelion distance (Q):


title: Near-Earth object

text: (Note: Some authors define Atens differently: they define it as being all the asteroids with a semi-major axis of less than 1 AU. That is, they consider the Atiras to be part of the Atens. Historically, until 1998, there were no known or suspected Atiras, so the distinction wasn't necessary.)


title: Near-Earth object

text: Atiras and Amors do not cross the Earth's orbit and are not immediate impact threats, but their orbits may change to become Earth-crossing orbits in the future.


title: Near-Earth object

text: NEAs on a co-orbital configuration have the same orbital period as the Earth. All co-orbital asteroids have special orbits that are relatively stable and, paradoxically, can prevent them from getting close to Earth:


title: Near-Earth object

text: In 1961, the IAU defined meteoroids as a class of solid interplanetary objects distinct from asteroids by their considerably smaller size. This definition was useful at the time because, with the exception of the Tunguska event, all historically observed meteors were produced by objects significantly smaller than the smallest asteroids then observable by telescopes. As the distinction began to blur with the discovery of ever smaller asteroids and a greater variety of observed NEO impacts, revised definitions with size limits have been proposed from the 1990s. In April 2017, the IAU adopted a revised definition that generally limits meteoroids to a size between 30 µm and 1 m in diameter, but permits the use of the term for any object of any size that caused a meteor, thus leaving the distinction between asteroid and meteoroid blurred.


title: Near-Earth object

text: Near-Earth comets (NECs) are objects in a near-Earth orbit with a tail or coma. Comet nuclei are typically less dense than asteroids but they pass Earth at higher relative speeds, thus the impact energy of a comet nucleus is slightly larger than that of a similar-sized asteroid. NECs may pose an additional hazard due to fragmentation: the meteoroid streams which produce meteor showers may include large inactive fragments, effectively NEAs. Although no impact of a comet in Earth's history has been conclusively confirmed, the Tunguska event may have been caused by a fragment of Comet Encke.


title: Near-Earth object

text: Comets are commonly divided between short-period and long-period comets. Short-period comets, with an orbital period of less than 200 years, originate in the Kuiper belt, beyond the orbit of Neptune; while long-period comets originate in the Oort Cloud, in the outer reaches of the Solar System. The orbital period distinction is of importance in the evaluation of the risk from near-Earth comets because short-period NECs are likely to have been observed during multiple apparitions and thus their orbits can be determined with some precision, while long-period NECs can be assumed to have been seen for the first and last time when they appeared during the Age of Science, thus their approaches cannot be predicted well in advance. Since the threat from long-period NECs is estimated to be at most 1% of the threat from NEAs, and long-period comets are very faint and thus difficult to detect at large distances from the Sun, Spaceguard efforts have consistently focused on asteroids and short-period comets. CNEOS even restricts its definition of NECs to short-period comets—, 117 such objects have been discovered.


title: Near-Earth object

text: , only 23 comets have been observed to pass within of Earth, including 10 which are or have been short-period comets. Two of these comets, Halley's Comet and 73P/Schwassmann–Wachmann, have been observed during multiple close approaches. The closest observed approach was 0.0151 AU (5.88 LD) for Lexell's Comet on July 1, 1770. After an orbit change due to a close approach of Jupiter in 1779, this object is no longer a NEC. The closest approach ever observed for a current short-period NEC is 0.0229 AU (8.92 LD) for Comet Tempel–Tuttle in 1366. This comet is the parent body of the Leonid meteor shower, which also produced the Great Meteor Storm of 1833. Orbital calculations show that P/1999 J6 (SOHO), a faint sungrazing comet and confirmed short-period NEC observed only during its close approaches to the Sun, passed Earth undetected at a distance of 0.0121 AU (4.70 LD) on June 12, 1999.


title: Near-Earth object

text: Comet 109P/Swift–Tuttle, which is also the source of the Perseid meteor shower every year in August, has a roughly 130-year orbit that passes close to the Earth. During the comet's September 1992 recovery, when only the two previous returns in 1862 and 1737 had been identified, calculations showed that the comet would pass close to Earth during its next return in 2126, with an impact within the range of uncertainty. By 1993, even earlier returns (back to at least 188 AD) have been identified, and the longer observation arc eliminated the impact risk. The comet will pass Earth in 2126 at a distance of 23 million kilometers. In 3044, the comet is expected to pass Earth at less than 1.6 million kilometers.


title: Near-Earth object

text: Defunct space probes and final stages of rockets can end up in near-Earth orbits around the Sun, and be re-discovered by NEO surveys when they return to Earth's vicinity.


title: Near-Earth object

text: In September 2002, astronomers found an object designated J002E3. The object was on a temporary satellite orbit around Earth, leaving for a solar orbit in June 2003. Calculations showed that it was also on a solar orbit before 2002, but was close to Earth in 1971. J002E3 was identified as the third stage of the Saturn V rocket that carried Apollo 12 to the Moon. In 2006, two more apparent temporary satellites were discovered which were suspected of being artificial. One of them was eventually confirmed as an asteroid and classified as the temporary satellite . The other, 6Q0B44E, was confirmed as an artificial object, but its identity is unknown. Another temporary satellite was discovered in 2013, and was designated as a suspected asteroid. It was later found to be an artificial object of unknown origin. is no longer listed as an asteroid by the Minor Planet Center.


title: Near-Earth object

text: In some cases, active space probes on solar orbits have been observed by NEO surveys and erroneously catalogued as asteroids before identification. During its 2007 flyby of Earth on its route to a comet, ESA's space probe "Rosetta" was detected unidentified and classified as asteroid , with an alert issued due to its close approach. The designation was similarly removed from asteroid catalogues when the observed object was identified with "Gaia", ESA's space observatory for astrometry.


title: Near-Earth object

text: When a near-Earth object impacts Earth, objects up to a few tens of metres across ordinarily explode in the upper atmosphere (usually harmlessly), with most or all of the solids vaporized and only small amounts of meteorites arriving to the Earth surface, while larger objects hit the water surface, forming tsunami waves, or the solid surface, forming impact craters.


title: Near-Earth object

text: The frequency of impacts of objects of various sizes is estimated on the basis of orbit simulations of NEO populations, the frequency of impact craters on the Earth and the Moon, and the frequency of close encounters. The study of impact craters indicates that impact frequency has been more or less steady for the past 3.5 billion years, which requires a steady replenishment of the NEO population from the asteroid main belt. One impact model based on widely accepted NEO population models estimates the average time between the impact of two stony asteroids with a diameter of at least at about one year; for asteroids across (which impacts with as much energy as the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima, approximately 15 kilotonnes of TNT) at five years, for asteroids across (an impact energy of 10 megatons, comparable to the Tunguska event in 1908) at 1,300 years, for asteroids across at half a million years, and for asteroids across at 18 million years. Some other models estimate similar impact frequencies, while others calculate higher frequencies. For Tunguska-sized (10 megaton) impacts, the estimates range from one event every 2,000–3,000 years to one event every 300 years.


title: Near-Earth object

text: The second-largest observed event after the Tunguska meteor was a 1.1 megaton air blast in 1963 near the Prince Edward Islands between South Africa and Antarctica, which was detected only by infrasound sensors. However this may not have been a meteor. The third-largest, but by far best-observed impact, was the Chelyabinsk meteor of 15 February 2013. A previously unknown asteroid exploded above this Russian city with an equivalent blast yield of 400–500 kilotons. The calculated orbit of the pre-impact asteroid is similar to that of Apollo asteroid , making the latter the meteor's possible parent body.


title: Near-Earth object

text: On 7 October 2008, 19 hours after it was first observed, asteroid blew up above the Nubian Desert in Sudan. It was the first time that an asteroid was observed and its impact was predicted prior to its entry into the atmosphere as a meteor. 10.7 kg of meteorites were recovered after the impact.


title: Near-Earth object

text: On 2 January 2014, just 21 hours after it was the first asteroid to be discovered in 2014, 2–4 m blew up in Earth's atmosphere above the Atlantic Ocean. Far from any land, the meteor explosion was only observed by three infrasound detectors of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization. This impact was the second to be predicted.


title: Near-Earth object

text: Further predicted impacts include 2018 LA around the border between Botswana and South Africa and 2019 MO off Puerto Rico, but asteroid impact prediction remains in its infancy and successfully predicted asteroid impacts are rare. The vast majority of impacts recorded by infrasound sensors designed to detect detonation of nuclear devices are not predicted.