title: Freedom Front Plus

text: The Freedom Front Plus (FF Plus; , "VF Plus") is a right-wing political party in South Africa that was formed (as the Freedom Front) in 1994. It is led by Pieter Groenewald. Its current stated policy positions include abolishing affirmative action, replacing it with merit based appointments, and being firmly against the proposed expropriation without compensation land reform movement to protect the rights and interests of minorities, especially Afrikaners and Afrikaans speaking Coloureds. The party also supports greater self-determination for minorities throughout South Africa, and expressly has adopted Cape Independence as an official party position.


title: Freedom Front Plus

text: The Freedom Front was founded on 1 March 1994 by members of the Afrikaner community under Constand Viljoen, after he had left the Afrikaner Volksfront amidst disagreements. Seeking to achieve his goals through political means, Viljoen registered the Freedom Front with the Independent Electoral Commission (IEC) on 4 March 1994 to take part in the April 1994 general elections. (This date has also been given as 7 March.) On 12 March 1994 Viljoen handed in a list of candidates for the FF to the IEC, confirming that his party would take part in the elections.


title: Freedom Front Plus

text: In the election, under the leadership of Viljoen, the Freedom Front received 2.2% of the national vote (with 424,555 votes cast), earning nine seats in the National Assembly, and 3.3% (with 639,643 votes cast) of the combined vote to the nine provincial legislatures. This suggested that many Afrikaners had split their vote. The party performed the best in the rural areas of the former Transvaal and Orange Free State, and was noted by the new deputy president Thabo Mbeki as representing possibly as much as half the Afrikaner voting population in these areas, with the strongest support among farmers and the working class.


title: Freedom Front Plus

text: Freedom Front support would gradually melt away in the coming years, as the party was strung along in ultimately fruitless negotiations with the African National Congress (ANC) to create a Volkstaat making the party lose its importance. It would also receive increased competition from new parties such as the Afrikaner Eenheidsbeweging. In the 1999 election their support dropped to 0.8% (127,217 votes cast) with three seats in the National Assembly and between 1-2% in their stronghold provinces. This represented a respectable portion of the Afrikaner vote, but nowhere near earlier levels. The party's support remained relatively stable in all national elections held during the next twenty years.


title: Freedom Front Plus

text: In 2003, shortly before the 2004 general election, the Conservative Party, the Afrikaner Eenheidsbeweging and the Freedom Front decided to contest the election as a single entity under the name Freedom Front Plus (FF+), led by Mulder. Later, also the Federal Alliance joined the VF+/FF+.


title: Freedom Front Plus

text: In the 2004 general election, support for the Freedom Front Plus rose slightly to 0.89% (139,465 votes cast). The party won one seat in most of the provincial legislatures, and four seats in the National Assembly.


title: Freedom Front Plus

text: In the 2006 municipal elections, the Freedom Front Plus received 1% of the popular vote (252,253 votes cast).


title: Freedom Front Plus

text: In the 2009 general election, the party received 0.83% (146,796 votes cast) and retained its four seats in the National Assembly but lost its seats in the provincial legislatures of North West, Mpumalanga and Northern Cape. After the elections, the Freedom Front's leader Pieter Mulder was appointed as Deputy Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries by the new President Jacob Zuma.


title: Freedom Front Plus

text: In the 2014 general election, the FF Plus increased its vote slightly to 0.9%. It retained its 4 MPs, and also regained a seat in the North West.


title: Freedom Front Plus

text: Along with other parties, the FF Plus entered into coalition with the Democratic Alliance (DA) after the 2016 municipal elections to govern Johannesburg, Tshwane and several other municipalities.


title: Freedom Front Plus

text: In 2016 Pieter Groenewald took over leadership of the FF Plus. He oversaw a pivot of the party away from being an exclusive abode for Afrikaners to that of one for all minorities, with a special focus on Afrikaans-speaking minorities. This was highlighted when the FF Plus and the Bruin Bemagtiging Beweging (Brown Movement) an interest group focused on Coloureds led by Peter Marais, the former premier of the Western Cape formed an official alliance. This ultimately led to Marais being elected as the party's candidate for premier of the Western Cape for the 2019 elections.


title: Freedom Front Plus

text: FF Plus voter support increased substantially in the 2019 general election, with the party growing its vote total by 250,000, to 2.38% of the national vote, earning ten seats in the National Assembly. This was more than the nine seats that the old Freedom Front had received in 1994. Additionally, it gained eight seats in the provincial legislatures, for a total of eleven. In the 2014 general election, the FF Plus won seats in three provincial legislatures, in 2019, it won seats in eight out of the nine provincial legislatures. Its new supporters were largely Afrikaners and Coloured voters from the Western Cape who had previously supported the DA.


title: Freedom Front Plus

text: Since the 2019 general election, the FF Plus has also won three wards from the Democratic Alliance (DA) in municipal by-elections in the North West Province and has continued to show growth in various other municipal by-elections in Gauteng, Limpopo and Mpumalanga.


title: Freedom Front Plus

text: In the run up to the 2021 local government elections, the FF Plus adopted Cape Independence as an official party position. They and CapeXit had a joint election campaign in the Western Cape to highlight the party's stance on Cape Independence. Over 60% of the FF Plus's ward councillors standing in the Western Cape were Coloureds, with Lennit Max being the party's candidate for mayor of Cape Town. The party claims that their candidates are selected purely on merit in contrast to the DA.


title: Freedom Front Plus

text: The FF Plus continued their gains in the Western Cape as a result, being in the kingmaker position in over 6 districts.


title: Freedom Front Plus

text: These tables show the electoral performance for the Freedom Front Plus since the advent of democracy in 1994:


title: Yours, Mine and Ours (1968 film)

text: Yours, Mine and Ours is a 1968 American family comedy-drama film directed by Melville Shavelson and starring Lucille Ball, Henry Fonda and Van Johnson. Before its release, it had three other working titles: "The Beardsley Story", "Full House", and "His, Hers, and Theirs".


title: Yours, Mine and Ours (1968 film)

text: It was based loosely on the story of Frank and Helen Beardsley, although Desilu Productions bought the rights to the story long before Helen's autobiographical book "Who Gets the Drumstick?" was released to bookstores. Screenwriters Madelyn Pugh and Bob Carroll wrote several "I Love Lucy"-style stunts that in most cases had no basis in the actual lives of the Beardsley family, before Melville Shavelson and Mort Lachman took over primary writing duties. The film was commercially successful, and even the Beardsleys themselves appreciated it.


title: Yours, Mine and Ours (1968 film)

text: Frank Beardsley is a Navy Chief Warrant Officer, recently detached from the aircraft carrier USS "Enterprise" and assigned as project officer for the Fresnel lens glide-slope indicator, or "meatball," that would eventually become standard equipment on all carriers. Helen North is a civilian nurse working in the dispensary at NAS Alameda, the California U.S. Navy base to which Frank is assigned.


title: Yours, Mine and Ours (1968 film)

text: Frank meets Helen, first by chance in the commissary on the base and again when Frank brings his distraught teen-age daughter for treatment at the dispensary, where Helen informs him that the young lady is simply growing up in a too-crowded house that lacks a mother's guidance. They immediately hit it off and go on a date, all the while shying away from admitting their respective secrets: Frank has ten children and Helen has eight, from previous marriages ended by their spouses' deaths.


title: Yours, Mine and Ours (1968 film)

text: When each finally learns the other's secret, they initially resist their mutual attraction. But Chief Warrant Officer Darrell Harrison (Van Johnson) is determined to bring them together, so he "fixes up" each of them with a sure-to-be-incompatible blind date. Helen's date is an obstetrician (Sidney Miller) who stands a good head shorter than she ("Darrell had a malicious sense of humor," Helen observes in voice-over); Frank's date is a "hip" girl (Louise Troy) who is not only young enough to be his daughter, but is also far too forward for his taste. As the final touch, Harrison makes sure that both dates take place in the same Japanese restaurant. As Harrison fully expects, Frank and Helen end up leaving the restaurant together in his car, with Frank's date sitting uncomfortably between them as they carry on about their children.


title: Yours, Mine and Ours (1968 film)

text: Frank and Helen continue to date regularly, and eventually he invites her to dinner in his home. This nearly turns disastrous when Mike, Rusty, and Greg (Tim Matheson, Gil Rogers, and Gary Goetzman), Frank's three sons, mix hefty doses of gin, scotch, and vodka into Helen's drink. As a result, Helen's behavior turns wild and embarrassing, which Frank cannot comprehend until he catches his sons trying to conceal their laughter. "The court of inquiry is now in session!" he declares, and gets the three to own up and apologize. After this, he announces his intention to marry Helen, adding, "And nobody put anything into my drink."


title: Yours, Mine and Ours (1968 film)

text: Most of the children oppose the union at first, regarding each other and their respective stepparents with suspicion. Eventually, however, the 18 children bond into one large blended family, about to increase—Helen becomes pregnant.


title: Yours, Mine and Ours (1968 film)

text: Further tension develops between young Philip North and his teacher at the parochial school that he attends: his teacher insists that he use his "legal" name, which remains North even after his mother marries Beardsley. This prompts Helen and Frank to discuss cross-adopting each other's children, who (except for Philip) are aghast at the notion of "reburying" their deceased biological parents. The subsequent birth of Joseph John Beardsley finally unites the children, who agree unanimously to adoption under a common surname.


title: Yours, Mine and Ours (1968 film)

text: The film ends with the eldest sibling, Mike Beardsley, going off to Camp Pendleton to begin his stint in the United States Marine Corps.


title: Yours, Mine and Ours (1968 film)

text: This film departs in several various ways from the actual lives of Frank and Helen Beardsley and their children. The names of Frank and Helen Beardsley and their children are real; the wedding invitation that appears midway through the film is the actual North-Beardsley wedding invitation. The career of Lieutenant Richard North USN is also described accurately, but briefly: specifically, he was a navigator on the crew of an A-3 Skywarrior that crashed in a routine training flight, killing all aboard, exactly as Helen describes in the film. Frank Beardsley is described correctly as a Navy warrant officer. The "loan-out" of the two youngest Beardsleys is also real, and indeed Michael, Charles ("Rusty"), and Gregory Beardsley were determined to see their father marry Helen North as a means of rectifying this situation. The movie correctly describes Frank Beardsley as applying his Navy mind-set to the daunting task of organizing such a large family (although the chart with the color-coded bathrooms and letter-coded bedrooms--"I'm Eleven Red A!"—is likely a Hollywood exaggeration). Finally, Michael Beardsley did indeed serve a term in the Marine Corps, as did Rusty.


title: Yours, Mine and Ours (1968 film)

text: The differences from what Helen Beardsley's book "Who Gets the Drumstick?" puts forth include the following:


title: Yours, Mine and Ours (1968 film)

text: The film also takes dramatic liberties with its depiction of Navy life and flight operations aboard an aircraft carrier:


title: Yours, Mine and Ours (1968 film)

text: As much as this film departed from the Beardsleys' actual life, the 2005 remake departed even more significantly.


title: Yours, Mine and Ours (1968 film)

text: Henry Fonda and Lucille Ball take turns providing voice-over narration throughout—and in at least one scene, Van Johnson talks directly to the camera, as does Fonda.


title: Yours, Mine and Ours (1968 film)

text: That Lucille Ball would portray Helen Beardsley was never in doubt. But a long line of distinguished actors came under consideration, at one time or another, for the role of Frank Beardsley. They included Desi Arnaz, James Stewart, Fred MacMurray, Jackie Gleason, Art Carney, and John Wayne. Henry Fonda finally accepted, and indeed asked for, the role in a telephone conversation with Robert F. Blumofe in 1967. Ball, who had worked with Fonda before in the 1942 release "The Big Street", readily agreed to the casting.


title: Yours, Mine and Ours (1968 film)

text: One account says that Ball recalled in 1961 that Desilu Productions first bought the rights to the Beardsley-North story in 1959, even "before" Helen Beardsley published her biography, but this is highly unlikely because Frank and Helen Beardsley married on September 6, 1961, and their first spouses were both alive in 1959. More likely is the story that Bob Carroll and his wife brought the story of the Beardsley family to Ball's attention after reading it in a local newspaper. However, Mr. Carroll is said to recall his wife mentioning the story in 1960—again, a full year before the Beardsleys were married and probably when Dick North was still alive. In any event, Desilu Productions did secure the rights early on, and Mr. Carroll and Madelyn Pugh began instantly to write a script.


title: Yours, Mine and Ours (1968 film)

text: Production suffered multiple interruptions for several reasons. It began in December 1962 after Ball's abortive attempt at a career on the Broadway stage. In 1963, production was halted after the box-office failure of her comedy effort "Critic's Choice" (with Bob Hope). Later, she was unhappy with the script presented by Madelyn Pugh (then known as Madelyn Pugh Martin) and Bob Carroll, precisely because their script overly resembled an "I Love Lucy" television episode, and commissioned another writer (Leonard Spigelgass) to rewrite the script. Mr. Spigelgass does not seem to have succeeded in breaking free of Lucy's television work, so producer Robert Blumofe hired yet two more writers (Mickey Rudin and Bernie Weitzman) to make an attempt. When this failed, Blumofe hired Melville Shavelson, who eventually directed. All further rewrite efforts came to an abrupt end at the insistence of United Artists, the film's eventual distributor.


title: Yours, Mine and Ours (1968 film)

text: At this point in the production cycle, Helen Beardsley's book "Who Gets the Drumstick?" was actually released in 1965. Like many film adaptations, exactly how much the book informed the final shooting script is impossible to determine.


title: Yours, Mine and Ours (1968 film)

text: Production began in 1967 with Henry Fonda definitely signed on to portray Frank. Mort Lachman, who had been one of Bob Hope's writers, joined the writing team at the recommendation of Shavelson. Leonard Spigelgass received no on-screen writing credit for his efforts in this film.


title: Yours, Mine and Ours (1968 film)

text: Filming was done largely on-location in Alameda and San Francisco, California with Mike's high-school graduation being filmed at Grant High School in southern California (Frank Beardsley's home, into which the blended family eventually moved, was in Carmel). The total budget is estimated at $2.5 million (equivalent to $ million in ), including $1,700,000 for actual filming and post-production.


title: Yours, Mine and Ours (1968 film)

text: The film received lukewarm critical reviews—although Leonard Maltin looked favorably upon it as a "wholesome, 'family' picture" with an excellent script. Roger Ebert gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars and praised the performances of Ball and Fonda.


title: Yours, Mine and Ours (1968 film)

text: It was a massive commercial success, earning nearly $26 million ($182 Million adjusted for inflation) at the box office (on a tight budget of $2.5 million) and earning over $11 million in rentals. It was the top-grossing film released by United Artists in 1968. This came about probably on the strength of Lucille Ball's name and performance (which many of her fans regard as a classic). Some critics felt that Ball, then in her late 50s, was perhaps 15 years too old for the part of a middle-aged (presumably 40-ish) mother.


title: Yours, Mine and Ours (1968 film)

text: Frank Beardsley commented that his family enjoyed the film as general entertainment, and acknowledged that perhaps the scriptwriters felt that their screenplay was "a better story" than the truth.


title: Yours, Mine and Ours (1968 film)

text: Not anticipating the huge box office returns from the movie, Lucille Ball failed to make appropriate tax shelter and thus saw most of her share going to pay taxes.


title: Yours, Mine and Ours (1968 film)

text: The film's success partly inspired network approval of the television series "The Brady Bunch"; the original script for the series pilot was written well before this movie became a reality.


title: Yours, Mine and Ours (1968 film)

text: Among the child actors cast as the Beardsley and North children, several went on to greater success, including Tim Matheson (billed here as Tim Matthieson) who went on to play the character Otter in the more adult-oriented comedy "Animal House"; Morgan Brittany (billed here as Suzanne Cupito) played Katherine Wentworth in "Dallas" from 1981 to 1987; Mitch Vogel appeared in "The Reivers" with Steve McQueen for which Vogel received a Golden Globe Best Supporting Actor nomination in 1970; and Tracy Nelson, daughter of actor/musician Ricky Nelson, who eventually starred in the series "Father Dowling Mysteries" beside Tom Bosley, who portrayed the doctor in this movie. Also, Matheson (Mike Beardsley) and future soap-opera actress Jennifer Leak (Colleen North) married in real life in 1968, although they divorced in 1971.


title: Yours, Mine and Ours (1968 film)

text: "Yours, Mine and Ours" was released on VHS by MGM/UA Home Video in 1989, 1994, and 1998. A Laserdisc version was released in 1994, featuring noise reduction applied to the film soundtrack.


title: Yours, Mine and Ours (1968 film)

text: It was released to DVD on March 6, 2001. While the DVD was released in full frame, the original film was a widescreen release in the 1.78:1 aspect ratio; this, therefore, constitutes an open matte presentation.


title: Yours, Mine and Ours (1968 film)

text: It was released on Blu-ray on September 13, 2016 through Olive Films (under license from MGM and 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment). The sole special feature is the original movie trailer.


title: Aaranya Kaandam

text: Aaranya Kaandam (; English title: "Anima and Persona") is a 2010 Indian Tamil-language crime thriller film written and directed by newcomer Thiagarajan Kumararaja. It is supposedly the first neo-noir film in Tamil cinema. The story takes place in a day in the lives of the six protagonists, played by Jackie Shroff, Ravi Krishna, Sampath Raj and newcomers Yasmin Ponnappa, Guru Somasundaram and Master Vasanth. Produced by S. P. B. Charan's Capital Film Works, the film features critically acclaimed musical score by Yuvan Shankar Raja and cinematography by P.S. Vinod and editing handled by the duo Praveen K. L. and N. B. Srikanth.


title: Aaranya Kaandam

text: The film was launched on 18 December 2008, with its principal photography being completed by late 2009, which was followed by a lengthy post-production phase. It ran into difficulties as the regional censor board in Chennai raised objection against the film, giving it an adult rating besides demanding 52 cuts. After screening at and becoming approved by the Tribunal in Delhi, the film was released worldwide on 10 June 2011, to high critical acclaim but underperformed at box-office. Despite its failure, it gained recognition over the years, and now it is regarded as a cult film in Tamil and Indian cinema.


title: Aaranya Kaandam

text: It had its world première on 30 October 2010 at the South Asian International Film Festival, where it won the Grand Jury Award for Best Film. Subsequently, the film was honoured with two National Film Awards for Best Editing and Best First Film of a Director category respectively.


title: Aaranya Kaandam

text: An aged gangster Singaperumal, forces himself on a girl named Subbu, but is unable to perform and vents his frustration by slapping Subbu. Soon, his lieutenant Pasupathy brings a proposal. A large stash of cocaine, worth about , has entered the city. The man bringing the stash wants to sell it for . Pasupathy sees the profit, the long-term benefit (to control the cocaine market with such an ample supply), and the recognition that they are able to pull off such a deal. The drawback is that the stash belongs to their arch-rival Gajendran. Singaperumal knows that Gajendran is a vicious and unpredictable adversary and that the venture is risky, so he decides to pass. Pasupathy suggests that Singaperumal is getting old and asks him to loan him so he can do the job himself. Pasupathy is prepared to face the risks, and in return for the loan, he offers Singaperumal a cut of the profits. Singaperumal agrees to the loan but instead asks Pasupathy to first get the stash and then think of the profit distribution.


title: Aaranya Kaandam

text: Kaalayan is a destitute farmer, living with his young, street-smart son Kodukapuli in the slums and earns a meagre living staging cockfights; coincidentally, Singaperumal loves to watch these cockfights. One evening, a man arrives in a bunk with Kaalayan for the night. The man is actually the cocaine courier, who routinely transports various stashes of drugs in and out of the city and collects a relatively small fee for each trip. That evening, after a long bout of drinking, he reveals that he has learnt the actual value of the stash and now intends to sell it himself.


title: Aaranya Kaandam

text: Seeing Subbu in tears, Singaperumal asks one of his men, Sappai, to take her out and comfort her "so she is prepared to perform for him at night". Sappai takes her to the beach and tries to console her. Pasupathy and the men meet with the tipster and drive off to retrieve the stash. En-route in the car, one of the men receives a call from Singaperumal, who orders him to bump off Pasupathy as soon as the stash is acquired. Pasupathy overhears the call and gets into a Mexican stand-off with others. In a desperate ploy, he deliberately provokes a cop at a checkpoint, getting arrested and then later making an escape. The men kidnap his wife Kasthuri and use her as bait to lure Pasupathy. Singaperumal orders them to bring Kasthuri to him. Meanwhile, Subbu hates being a plaything for Singaperumal and wants to live life on her own terms. She tries to persuade Sappai to think for himself and realize that Singaperumal is using them. Sappai, however, is too fearful and weak to oppose Singaperumal. Subbu and Sappai become unlikely friends, and Subbu continues to hope for a way out. Subbu is somewhat educated and learns whatever she can about the world outside Singaperumal.


title: Aaranya Kaandam

text: Meanwhile, Kaalayan stages his cockfight the following day, but this time, his prize rooster gets killed. He is now in serious financial trouble. Kodukapuli senses this and immediately goes to see if their visitor, still unconscious, has any money. They find out that the man had overdone his drink and died. Kaalayan and Kodukapuli find the cocaine stash and the phone number of a prospective buyer (Singaperumal and Pasupathy). On the other hand, Singaperumal is worried as his stash has not arrived, nor has he got word that Pasupathy is dead. He gets an angry call from Gajapathy (Gajendran's brother and right-hand man): if Pasupathy seizes Gajapathy's stuff, Gajendran will unleash a gang war. The cunning Singaperumal tells Gajapathy that Pasupathy has gone rogue and Gajapathy is free to take out Pasupathy. Singaperumal figures this will benefit him both ways: he will get the stash, and Pasupathy will be killed by Gajendran. Gajendran sends his thugs after Pasupathy, who is on the run. Now that Singaperumal has become his enemy, Pasupathy figures that Gajendran could possibly become an ally.


title: Aaranya Kaandam

text: Kaalayan calls Singaperumal to meet and make a deal for the stash. While waiting for him, Singaperumal's thugs arrive and kidnap Kaalayan. After continuous torture, Kaalayan is unable to reveal anything as Kodukapuli has the stash. Kodukapuli ends up accidentally calling Pasupathy's number and offers to trade the stash for his father. Pasupathy joins Kodukapuli and offers the same trade to Singaperumal: the stash in return for Kaalayan and Kasthuri. Pasupathi places a call to Gajendran and offers to reveal the location of the stash. Gajendran and his gang arrive at the location to make the exchange with Pasupathy. Singaperumal's thugs also arrive. Pasupathy pretends to offer the stash to Gajapathy, but instead slices his throat right in front of Gajendran. An enraged Gajendran and his gang chase Pasupathy. Pasupathy leads them around the block where Singaperumal's gang lay waiting. Both gangs, mistaking Pasupathy's loyalties, charge at each other and ensure in a gang war. Pasupathy gets out of the fray and watches as Singaperumal's key generals and Gajendran hack each other to bits. Pasupathy's plan to decimate the two strong factions has succeeded, and he returns to finish off Singaperumal.


title: Aaranya Kaandam

text: Back in his room, Singaperumal discovers that the bag with the loan money is missing. He rushes to the conclusion that Sappai took it. When Sappai returns (having been sent by Subbu to fetch fruits), Singaperumal beats him up severely. After being beaten up, Sappai shoots Singaperumal dead. All of a sudden, Subbu emerges from the shadows. She is proud of Sappai, but in a stunning twist, she shoots him dead. When Pasupathy arrives, he finds the two men dead and Subbu in tears. Having always been sympathetic to Subbu's suffering with Singaperumal, he says she is free to go. Pasupathy assumes command of the remaining thugs of Singaperumal's gang, and his wife Kasthuri is also unharmed. He later gets the stash and pays Kodukapuli a fair commission.


title: Aaranya Kaandam

text: It is finally revealed that Subbu had planned the whole chain of events. She sent Sappai with the money bag to provoke Singaperumal's temper. She retrieves the bag and quietly leaves the city to begin a new life. She remarks that the men basically mistrusted, misused, and slaughtered each other. In her view, Sappai too was not really an innocent victim. She says that Sappai is also a man, but all men are (the word " has varied meanings, but in this case, it means insignificant to the point of being contemptuous). The film ends with her line: "The best thing about being a woman is that it is a man's world".


title: Aaranya Kaandam

text: In August 2007, following the success of his film "Chennai 600028" (2007), speculation over S. P. B. Charan's next production venture arose. While initial reports suggested that he would produce "Achchamundu! Achchamundu!", starring Sneha and Prasanna, Charan opted to produce a film titled "Aaranya Kaandam", to be directed by a newcomer Thiagarajan Kumararaja and starring newcomers. However, despite announcing the project, it was called off later that year and Charan started producing the film "Kunguma Poovum Konjum Puravum" in May 2008.


title: Aaranya Kaandam

text: In late 2008, while "Kunguma Poovum Konjum Puravum" was in post-production stage, reports surfaced that Charan and Kumararaja were going to revive the project, with noted Bollywood actor Jackie Shroff being roped in for a leading role, making his debut in Tamil cinema. Director Thiagarajan Kumararaja was revealed to be a former Loyola College student, and popular advertisement film-maker, who has also directed several short films, including the short film "Becky", which was awarded the first prize at the one-minute film competition "60 Seconds to Fame". Kumararaja had previously written the dialogues for the 2007 comedy film "Oram Po" as well. He got the opportunity to work with Charan, when Pushkar-Gayathri, the director duo of "Oram Po", had suggested him to approach Charan, who listened to the storyline and immediately agreed to produce the film, "in a matter of time" as Kumararaja cites. The film was formally launched on 18 December 2008 at the Kodandapani Studios in Chennai.


title: Aaranya Kaandam

text: The script was written by Thiagarajan Kumararaja himself, which he had finished in 2006. He cites that he wanted to make a "racy film" and wrote the climax part first, which would be the "raciest part of a film". He then wrote "multiple storylines with three climaxes" as he felt that one climax was "not enough for a feature film", which eventually turned out to be a "leisurely paced film, taking its own time to unfold" and not a racy film as intended. He cited that, while writing the script, he was sure that it was meant for a matured audience and not for children, "primarily because of the content".Thiagarajan Kumararaja went on to add that there were "no hero and no villain introduction scenes, there are no love scenes, no sentimental scenes" but nonetheless considered his film a masala film and not an experimental film.


title: Aaranya Kaandam

text: When announcing the film had already roped in Jackie Shroff, debuting in the Tamil film industry, Ravi Krishna, Sampath Raj of "Saroja" fame along with Guru Somasundaram from the Chennai based theatre group "Koothu-P-Pattarai". Shroff was said to play the role of a "hoodlum", who was chosen after Kumararaja had approached several other Tamil actors, who declined the offer, fearing of their "image". According to the director, the role required a senior person, and Shroff had fit the role "completely". Speaking of his role, Shroff remarked that he had done things in the film that he hadn't dared to do in the past 30 years of his career, quoting "I am literally a monster in the film. Actually, I am more like a coconut – hard on the outside, but a veritable softie inside". Ravi Krishna plays a "lover boy", whose role, he claimed would be totally different from his earlier roles. Ravi Krishna was Kumararaja's first choice for the character as he had written it with keeping Ravi Krishna in mind. Sampath Raj enacts the role of a gangster named Pasupathy. Kumararaja finalised Guru Somasundaram for the character of Kaalayan, after he had seen him performing the titular character in Koothu-P-Pattarai's play "Chandrahari". Kumararaja had stated that the voice modulation and pattern of the Kaalaiyan character were based on Somasundaram's performance in the play Chandrahari, which eventually resulted in casting him in the film. Somasundaram cited that the dialogues were also written "keeping the artist in mind".


title: Aaranya Kaandam

text: Yasmin Ponnappa, a popular Bengaluru based model, who had appeared in television advertisements and won many beauty pageants, was selected for the role of the lead female character. Her role was, however, written for Pooja Umashankar, keeping her in mind, who couldn't accept the offer as she had given her dates to Bala's magnum opus "Naan Kadavul". The details about the crew members were also published, when the film was announced in early December. P. S. Vinod was chosen as the cinematographer, who had earlier shot films like "Musafir" and "My Wife's Murder", while Videsh was announced as the art director, 'Super' Subbarayan as the stunt master and Kalyan and Ajay Raj as choreographers. Vasuki Bhaskar was appointed as the costume designer. However, during the making of the film 'Super' Subbarayan was replaced by his son Dilip Subbarayan.


title: Aaranya Kaandam

text: "Aaranya Kaandam" is named after one of the chapters from the epic Ramayana meaning "Jungle Chapter". It is supposedly the first "neo-noir" film in Tamil cinema and influenced by films like "Traffic" and "Pulp Fiction". Thiagarajan Kumararaja said that his inspiration behind making a gangster film was revealed to be "The Godfather" as well as the thought of "how someone becomes a gangster and continues to be one", clarifying that "Aaranya Kaandam" was not a biography or history of a gangster but "a page out of the life of a gangster". The film's poster was inspired by a panel in "Akira", a widely popular Japanese post-apocalyptic cyber-punk manga series.


title: Aaranya Kaandam

text: Yuvan Shankar Raja was signed as the music director, who was working on a gangster film again after the likes of "Pattiyal" and "Pudhupettai". Kumararaja divulged that he actually hadn't anyone in mind, but joined with Yuvan Shankar, following producer Charan's recommendation, who shared a "good working relationship" with the composer. Initially a soundtrack was also planned to be composed, with Gangai Amaran being roped in to pen lyrics, however Charan disclosed later that the film would feature no songs at all, becoming Yuvan Shankar Raja's second film project after "Adhu" without a soundtrack. Charan told that the background music of this film will be released on CD's which eventually proved false. The song "Moodupanikkul" from "Thirudan Police" (2014) was originally composed for this film.


title: Aaranya Kaandam

text: The film was first screened on 30 October 2010 at the South Asian International Film Festival in New York City. The film was incomplete at that time, with post-production works pending, and a low-quality version without colour correction and without a film score was projected at the festival. Despite the drawbacks, the film gained positive feedbacks and went on to win the Grand Jury prize for Best Film.


title: Aaranya Kaandam

text: After completion, the film was screened to the regional censor board in Chennai, who declined to clear it. The committee had demanded 52 cuts and several consequential sub-cuts, particularly due to profanity and excessive violence, before permitting a theatrical release. Kumararaja, who admitted that he had expected difficulties in the censorship, disapproved of the board's demands as he wanted to present the film uncompromisingly to the audiences. He claimed that the usage of "bad language" was "part of developing the characters" in his story, while he also disagreed with bleeping out the "objectionable" words since he felt "it throws audiences off the film's narrative". Producer Charan voiced the same opinion, citing that he had made the film for a "mature audience", took the film to the Central Tribunal at Delhi.


title: Aaranya Kaandam

text: "Aaranya Kaandam" opened to strong critical acclaim. "The India Daily" lauded the director and the producer for making a "strikingly different film that is raw, realistic and is just like watching angry men up close", further adding that "picturizing crude realities of life so real needs amazing guts". The leading actors, particularly Jackie Shroff and Sampath, were appreciated for their performances, being labeled as "perfect", while film score and cinematography were praised as well, citing that "Yuvan Shankar Raja deserves all accolades for a fantastic re-recording" and that "Vinod's lens captures the darker sides of city life well". "Rediff"s Pavithra Srinivasan gave the film 3 out of 5, claiming that film "bypasses gangster clichés". The reviewer also spoke in high terms of the cast and crew, pointing out Guru Somasundaram's performance whose "gleeful cackles at the rooster fight, pathetic rumblings to his son and wide-eyed act in the Lodge are wonderful to behold" and Yuvan Shankar Raja's score, described as "easily [one of] the movie's biggest strengths". "Behindwoods" claimed the film to be an "intelligently made gangster flick", giving it 3.5 out of 5. Director Kumararaja was praised for that having structured "every frame and character in his film with brilliant dexterity", adding that the manner of narration and screen play was "commendable", while also acknowledging aspects such as dialogues, music and cinematography. "Sify"s reviewer appreciated Kumararaja for "taking the road less travelled", however criticised the large amount of violence in the film, terming it the "most violent and bloody film ever to get through Chennai regional censors". In regard to the performances of the cast, he cited that the best performance came from Sampath, who "just smirks throughout the film", while claiming that Yasmin was "fantastic in her début role".


title: Aaranya Kaandam

text: "NDTV"s critic described the film as a "gangster movie which stands out with its realistic portrayal and no-nonsense treatment", further adding that "good performances, effective dialogues, slick editing and amazing camera-work help the movie stand out from the crowd". A reviewer from "Chennaionline" wrote that the film was made "near-perfect" featuring "some stunning performances, sharp dialogues and excellent camera work and music". Jackie Shroff and P. S. Vinod, in particular, won high praise from the critic, who wrote that the former "proves his class" and "shines in the don’s role", while they had done a "terrific job and should be considered a major factor for the film’s success at the box-office". N. Venkateswaran from "Times of India" rated the film 4.5 out of 5 (the highest rating for any Tamil film ever), while "The Hindustan Times" critic Gautaman Bhaskaran gave 3.5 out of 5. Rohit Ramachandran of "nowrunning.com", too, rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stating that "Aaranya Kaandam is a neo-noir film that runs at breakneck speed only to be slowed down and stopped at an unwelcome destination. But why think of the destination when the journey is one that you've thoroughly enjoyed?" Baradwaj Rangan commended the film, citing that "with most mainstream films, especially in Tamil, you know some fifteen minutes in if they’re working for you (or not) [...] But there are a few that leave you hanging until almost the end [...], and then, gradually, things begin to cohere and reshape your entire thus-far experience, and you slap your forehead and smile and say, "wow"! This is one of those films."


title: N'Keal Harry

text: N'Keal Harry (, ""; born December 17, 1997) is an American football wide receiver for the Chicago Bears of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Arizona State, where he twice received first-team All-Pac-12 honors, and was selected by the New England Patriots as the final first round pick of the 2019 NFL Draft. Harry spent his first three seasons with the Patriots before being traded to the Bears in 2022.


title: N'Keal Harry

text: Harry was born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, before moving as a baby to Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. His grandmother brought him to the Phoenix metro area, with the blessing of his mother, to allow for more opportunity. Harry tried several sports as a kid; soccer, football, and basketball, among others. His grandmother had hoped he would choose a less dangerous sport, but agreed to let him play football. He starred at Chandler High School after transferring from Marcos de Niza High School in Tempe, earning five star recruiting honors from Rivals.com, and was noted by many recruiting services as one of the top wide receiver recruits in the country. In his junior season, Harry caught 13 touchdown passes on 30 catches for 657 yards.


title: N'Keal Harry

text: Harry chose to remain home and committed to Arizona State University despite recruiting efforts by Texas A&M, Oregon, USC, among other top-tier programs. In the 2016 season-opening game against Northern Arizona University, Harry became just the ninth true freshman in school history to start a season opener. In his freshman season, Harry posted 58 catches for 659 yards and five touchdowns. Additionally, Harry ran for 69 yards and scored twice, and completed a 46-yard pass of his own. For his efforts in his rookie year, N'Keal was honored by Scout, Football Focus, and Campus Insiders as a Freshman All-American.


title: N'Keal Harry

text: During his sophomore campaign, Harry had 82 catches for 1142 yards and 8 touchdowns earning him First-team All-Conference honors.


title: N'Keal Harry

text: Harry's junior season began with media accolades, as he was selected to the 2018 AP preseason All-American team. On Saturday, October 27, he made one of the greatest catches in football history according to Colin Cowherd. His acrobatic one-handed catch, along with a punt return touchdown, helped lead the Sun Devils to a win over the USC Trojans, cementing his legacy as one of the greatest receivers to don an Arizona State uniform. The following week N'Keal Harry scored three touchdowns in an upset over #15 Utah Utes. After the comeback win against the Arizona Wildcats on November 24, he announced that he would forego his senior year and enter the 2019 NFL Draft.


title: N'Keal Harry

text: Harry was selected by the New England Patriots in the first round of the 2019 NFL Draft with the 32nd overall pick. He was the second wide receiver to be selected in the first round that year, behind Marquise Brown (Baltimore Ravens, 25th overall). Harry was also the first wide receiver that Patriots head coach Bill Belichick has drafted in the first round during his tenure with the Patriots and the first wide receiver the Patriots have drafted in the first round since Terry Glenn in 1996. On May 14, 2019, Harry signed a 4-year deal with the Patriots worth $10.1 million featuring a $5.3 million signing bonus.


title: N'Keal Harry

text: On September 2, 2019, he was placed on injured reserve as a result of the ankle injury he sustained during training camp. On November 2, 2019, Harry was activated off injured reserve. On November 24, 2019, Harry caught his first career receiving touchdown off a 10-yard pass from Tom Brady in the 13–9 win over the Dallas Cowboys. During a Week 14 matchup with the Kansas City Chiefs, Harry caught a short pass and ran into the endzone, seemingly scoring a touchdown on the play. However, Jerome Boger’s referee crew ruled him out of bounds and the Patriots could not challenge the ruling. Harry left the game with a hip injury after this play. In Week 15, Harry caught two passes for 15 yards and a touchdown, and rushed two times for 22 yards in a 34-13 victory over the Cincinnati Bengals. As a rookie, he appeared in seven games in the regular season and totaled 12 receptions for 105 receiving yards and two receiving touchdowns.


title: N'Keal Harry

text: In the season opener against the Miami Dolphins, Harry finished with 5 receptions for 39 yards in the 21–11 win . In week 2, Harry finished with a career-high 8 receptions on 12 targets for 72 receiving yards against the Seattle Seahawks. On a week 4 Monday night game against the Kansas City Chiefs, Harry recorded his first touchdown of the year on a pass from Jarrett Stidham, finishing the game with 3 receptions for 21 yards and a touchdown.


title: N'Keal Harry

text: On July 6, 2021, Harry requested to be traded from the Patriots. In a statement from his agent, Jamal Tooson, it is stated that a fresh start “before the start of training camp” would be the best for Harry. In the preseason, Harry suffered a shoulder injury and was ruled out for four weeks. He was placed on injured reserve on September 2, 2021. After the release of Cam Newton, Harry switched from #15 to #1. He was activated on October 2. In Week 10, a game against the Cleveland Browns, Harry caught a 26 yard pass from backup quarterback Brian Hoyer. The Patriots would win 45-7. In Week 17, Harry was benched and made a healthy scratch.


title: N'Keal Harry

text: The Patriots declined the fifth-year option on Harry's contract on May 2, 2022, making him a free agent after the 2022 season.


title: N'Keal Harry

text: On July 12, 2022, Harry was traded to the Chicago Bears for a seventh round draft pick in the 2024 NFL Draft. He was placed on injured reserve on September 1, 2022 with an ankle injury. He was activated on October 10. Harry made his season debut on October 24 against his former team the New England Patriots.


title: Madrasapattinam

text: Madrasapattinam () is a 2010 Indian Tamil-language historical romantic drama film written and directed by A. L. Vijay. The film stars Arya and Amy Jackson, in her feature film debut, while Nassar, Cochin Hanifa, Lisa Lazarus, and Alexx O'Nell play other prominent roles. The music was composed by G. V. Prakash Kumar with editing by Anthony and cinematography by Nirav Shah. The film was released on 9 July 2010. The film became a box office success.


title: Madrasapattinam

text: An elderly English woman named Amy Wilkinson, almost at her deathbed in London due to a blood clot caused by a past head injury, wants to come down to Madras in search of a man named Ilam Parithi, whom she last saw on 15 August 1947. She wishes to return a "thali" (traditional wedding threads) belonging to his mother, which he gave her as a sign that she belongs to India and nobody can separate them. However, after a turn of events, she had married another man from her hometown and thus felt that the "thali" was no longer her property.


title: Madrasapattinam

text: Amy arrives in Madras with her granddaughter Catherine, equipped only with a picture of Parithi that was taken 60 years ago. Amy interrogates various people about Parithi's whereabouts. In the process, she recalls the events when she had first visited Chennai, and the chain of events that took place.


title: Madrasapattinam

text: A young Amy, the daughter of the Madras Presidency Governor, George Wilkinson, visits Chennai (then called Madras, with the Chennai District being called Madrasapattinam) along with her translator Nambi and encounters Parithi, whom she calls a "brave man". Parithi, a member of the dhobi (washermen) clan, is also an experienced wrestler who trains under Ayyakanu. He openly opposes the British officials who attempt to build a golf course in the dhobi clan's dwelling place. He challenges a cruel racist officer named Robert Ellis, who is also Amy's suitor, to a wrestling match to decide the fate of his clan's home. Parithi is successful, and Ellis vows revenge.


title: Madrasapattinam

text: In between this, the scene shifts to the present day where the aged Amy, who is going around Chennai looking for Parithi, starts remembering the olden days. She and Catherine go in a taxi driven by Veerasekhara Murali and his assistant. They track down an old woman named Selvi (as Parithi's sister's name was Selvi) in hopes that she is Parithi's sister. It turns out that she is not the person whom they were looking for. Catherine suggests that they go to the Census Office to identify Parithi. Murali then gives an idea of painting Parithi as he would look now. They go meet a painter who gets drunk with the money they gave. When his wife sees his drunken stupor, she furiously throws old frames, and Amy identifies one of them to be a photo taken by her. They track down the owner of the image (ChennaiImages.com), which is actually a shooting spot for dramas. They meet the manager, and he says that the pictures were bought in an auction years ago. After they leave, his wife asks him why he lied about the images that his grandfather had saved. Later, it is shown that the man is Nambi's grandson.


title: Madrasapattinam

text: Later, Amy falls ill while at her room and is rushed to the hospital. There she meets Parithi's friend, Kabir, in his deathbed. When she inquires about Parithi's whereabouts to Kabir in Tamil, Murali and his assistant get shocked. Kabir breathes his last, saying only the words "Durai Amma", following which he dies soon after. When Murali asks Amy about her knowledge in Tamil and why she did not speak it before, Amy blankly stares at the Cooum River. She narrates her younger days to the three of them.


title: Madrasapattinam

text: Following a series of secret meetings between Parithi and Amy, love blossoms between them, and Parithi affectionately calls her "Durai Amma" (lady/female lord), a polite term of addressing British women. However, a major threat comes in the form of independence for India on 15 August 1947, which means that all British white officials and their families, including Amy, would have to leave India. On the eve of independence, all of India is celebrating. However, Amy and Parithi, determined to be together, run away and are hunted by an angry Ellis and his men. An Indian policeman helps the two of them by hiding them in a clock tower on top of the Madras Central Railway Station, but they are discovered by Ellis. After a fierce fight, Ellis is killed, Amy is injured in her head, and Parithi is badly wounded. Amy helps Parithi escape by casting him with a life-raft into the Cooum River, before she is captured and taken back to London. She had never known if Parithi survived or what his fate was.


title: Madrasapattinam

text: Back in the present day, Amy is urgently called back to London to have a life-saving operation. However, she is determined to find Parithi and by chance encounters a taxi driver who assumes that she would want to visit a charitable trust named Durai Ammal Foundation. The driver shows her around the foundation, which has organizations providing free housing for orphans and the elderly, medical care, and affordable education (all of which were promised to the dhobi children by the young Amy several years ago). She realizes that the Durai Ammal Foundation was established by Parithi and named after her.


title: Madrasapattinam

text: Then, when Amy asks the driver what happened to Parithi, he leads her to his tomb and reveals that he died 12 years ago. She kneels before the tomb and claims the "thali" (nuptial threads) as her own. She declares "It's mine!" before quietly passing away on Parithi's tomb. Catherine mourns for her, and the taxi driver is dumbfounded to learn that the old woman was "Durai Amma" herself.


title: Madrasapattinam

text: The epilogue shows Parithi and Amy (as they were in their younger days) in the afterlife, depicted as a 1940s-style Madrasapattinam. As the credits roll, a series of montage images are shown, illustrating the transformation of the early 20th century Madras into modern-day Chennai.


title: Madrasapattinam

text: Director A. L. Vijay revealed that "Madrasapattinam" was supposed to happen later in his career, but the intervention of producer Kalpathi S. Aghoram helped realize the viability of the film earlier. Vijay had first explored the script in his college days and drew inspiration from an English professor who "used to talk to us about the freedom movement a lot," furthering Vijay's interest in history. He visualized the people who lived in the pre-independence period of India and explored the concept of how it would have been if an English girl fell in love with an Indian boy, laying the foundations for the script. The script took six months to write, with leading Tamil writer Prapanchan and visits to see independence veterans being helpful in understanding the history of the city of Madras between 1945 and 1947.


title: Madrasapattinam

text: so Arya was finalized to play the lead role, and English Miss Teen World winner Amy Jackson was selected after Vijay found a picture of her on the Internet and tracked her down. Vijay approached Harris Jayaraj as music composer first, but out of his call sheets, Vijay chose G. V. Prakash Kumar as music composer of the movie. Both Vijay and Prakash had earlier worked together in "Kireedam".


title: Madrasapattinam

text: The soundtrack of "Madrasapattinam" was composed by G. V. Prakash Kumar and was released on 4 April 2010 by Kamal Haasan and Telugu actor Allu Arjun. Lyrics were written by Na. Muthukumar.


title: Madrasapattinam

text: "Madrasapattinam" received generally positive reviews in Tamil Nadu. "Indiaglitz" wrote: "Away from the madding crowd of commercial clichés, "Madharasapattinam" is a film that would send positive vibes among those who love meaningful films." "Galatta.com" wrote: "With a brilliant crew consisting of talents from India and abroad, "Madharasapattinam" transcends the language boundaries and takes Tamil cinema to the world arena!" "Sify" stated that the film was a "brave attempt on the part of its makers".


title: Madrasapattinam

text: The film's Telugu dubbed version "1947: A Love Story" has also received positive reviews from critics, who have added that it might not do well at the box office. "Fullhyd.com" rated it 5.5 out of 10, calling it "a film that looks as beautiful as the erstwhile Madras town in which it is set", but also said that "despite being a near-perfect concoction of romance, action, drama and comedy, it is a little too slow and sober for the festive season (during which it was released)". "123telugu.com" rated the movie 3 out of 5, appreciating its art direction, but saying that it does not aim too high in terms of its content. Haricharan Pudipeddi of "nowrunning.com" gave it 3 stars out of 5, and said that the film succeeds in painting one of the cutest love stories of the recent past.


title: Madrasapattinam

text: Arya and Amy Jackson received heavy praise for their roles in the movie, the latter in particular for her delivery of Tamil dialogues. The film launched Jackson into stardom in the Tamil film industry, and she continues to act in blockbuster movies across Tamil cinema.


title: Steradian

text: The steradian (symbol: sr) or square radian is the unit of solid angle in the International System of Units (SI). It is used in three-dimensional geometry, and is analogous to the radian, which quantifies planar angles. Whereas an angle in radians, projected onto a circle, gives a "length" on the circumference, a solid angle in steradians, projected onto a sphere, gives an "area" on the surface. The name is derived from the Greek 'solid' + radian.


title: Steradian

text: The steradian, like the radian, is a dimensionless unit, the quotient of the area subtended and the square of its distance from the centre. Both the numerator and denominator of this ratio have dimension length squared (i.e. , dimensionless). It is useful, however, to distinguish between dimensionless quantities of a different nature, so the symbol "sr" is used to indicate a solid angle. For example, radiant intensity can be measured in watts per steradian (W⋅sr). The steradian was formerly an SI supplementary unit, but this category was abolished in 1995 and the steradian is now considered an SI derived unit.


title: Steradian

text: A steradian can be defined as the solid angle subtended at the centre of a unit sphere by a circular unit area on its surface. For a general sphere of radius , any portion of its surface with area subtends one steradian at its centre.


title: Steradian

text: Because the surface area of a sphere is , the definition implies that a sphere subtends steradians (≈ 12.56637 sr) at its centre, or that a steradian subtends 1/4π (≈ 0.07958) of a sphere. By the same argument, the maximum solid angle that can be subtended at any point is .


title: Steradian

text: If , it corresponds to the area of a spherical cap () (where stands for the "height" of the cap) and the relationship holds. Therefore, in this case, one steradian corresponds to the plane (i.e. radian) angle of the cross-section of a simple cone subtending the plane angle , with given by:


title: Steradian

text: A steradian is also equal to the spherical area of a polygon having an angle excess of 1 radian, to of a complete sphere, or to ≈ 3282.80635 square degrees.


title: Steradian

text: Millisteradians (msr) and microsteradians (μsr) are occasionally used to describe light and particle beams. Other multiples are rarely used.


title: John Posey (actor)

text: John Sanford Posey (born February 7, 1956) is an American actor. With a long career in guest spots in episodes of various television series, he may be best known for his six appearances as Dr. Conrad Fenris in "Teen Wolf" (2011–2017), a show starring his son, Tyler Posey. He also had a recurring role as Judge Will Millstone in the first two seasons (2014–2015) of "How to Get Away with Murder".


title: John Posey (actor)

text: He was born in Hartford, Connecticut, to Joan (Armstrong) and William McCutcheon Posey Jr. He is father of three children, including Tyler.


title: John Posey (actor)

text: John Posey was chosen to play Danny Tanner on the television series "Full House" and was cast in the unaired pilot; however, he was replaced by Bob Saget for the series premiere.


title: Third International Theory

text: The Third International Theory () was the style of government proposed by Muammar Gaddafi in the early 1970s, on which his government, the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, was officially based. It was partly inspired by Islamic socialism, African nationalism and partly by the principles of direct democracy.


title: Third International Theory

text: It has similarities with the system of Yugoslav municipal self-management in Titoist Yugoslavia, and the Yugoslav Third Way during the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s as developed by Edvard Kardelj. It was also inspired in part by the "Little Red Book" of Mao Zedong and the Three Worlds Theory. It was proposed by Gaddafi as an alternative to capitalism and Marxism–Leninism for Third World countries, based on the stated belief that both of these ideologies had been proven invalid.


title: Third International Theory

text: The Higher Council for National Guidance was created to disseminate and implement this theory, and it found partial realization in Libya, a self-proclaimed utopian model state. The fall of Gaddafi and his death in 2011 led to the disestablishment of his system and its replacement by the National Transitional Council.


title: Third International Theory

text: Key provisions of the Third International Theory are outlined in "The Green Book" (published from 1976–1979). It is a system of views which criticizes European-style democracy and Soviet Marxism in detail.


title: Third International Theory

text: In the 1960s and 70s, in the countries of the Arab-Muslim East, various theories of "national brands of socialism", named "Islamic socialism", became widespread. This socialism was based on the principles of nationalism, religion and equality, and its ideas inspired a number of revolutions, popular uprisings and coups in the Arab world. Similarly, in Libya, on 1 September 1969 a group of Libyan army officers belonging to the Movement of Free Officers, Unionists, and Socialists overthrew the monarchy and proclaimed the Libyan Arab Republic. The supreme power was temporarily relegated to the Revolutionary Command Council (RCC), headed by 27-year-old Colonel Muammar Gaddafi.


title: Third International Theory

text: The anti-imperialist orientation of the Libyan revolution manifested itself clearly in the first months of the new regime. On 7 October 1969 at the 24th Session of UN General Assembly, the Permanent Representative of Libya announced its intention to eliminate all foreign bases on Libyan land.


title: Third International Theory

text: Following this, the Libyan leadership informed the ambassadors of the United States and Britain that it was terminating the respective agreements. Almost at the same time an offensive began against the position of foreign capital in the economy.


title: Third International Theory

text: The first results and the nearest tasks of the Libyan revolution were fixed in a public statement on 11 December 1969, a Provisional Constitutional Declaration. Islam was declared the official state religion. It was proclaimed that one of the main goals of the revolution was the building of a form of socialism based on "religion, morality and patriotism". Gaddafi and his companions intended to achieve this through "social justice, high levels of production, the elimination of all forms of exploitation and the equitable distribution of national wealth".


title: Third International Theory

text: The Revolutionary Command Council was to function as the centre of the political organization of society, with the right to appoint cabinet ministers, to declare war and enter into contracts, to issue decrees with the force of law, and to handle key aspects of internal affairs and foreign policy. Chairman of the IBS, Gaddafi was appointed head of the Libyan Arab Republic.


title: Third International Theory

text: In 1973, Gaddafi organized the Arab Socialist Union, which became the sole legal political organization in the country. In 1977 the General People's Congress, representing numerous national committees, adopted a decree (the "Sabha Declaration") on the establishment of a "regime of people's power" (the so-called 'direct popular democracy') in Libya, and the country was renamed the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. The Revolutionary Command Council was also renamed and transformed into the General Secretariat of the Congress. In practice, the Arab Socialist Union then merged with the apparatus of the General People's Congress. The people elected into the General Secretariat of the General People's Congress were Gaddafi (General Secretary) and four of his closest associates — Major Abdessalam Jalloud, and generals Abu-Bakr Younis Jabr, Mustafa al-Harrubi and Huveyldi al-Hmeydi.


title: Third International Theory

text: Two years later, the five leaders resigned from public office and were replaced by professional managers. From then until his death, Gaddafi officially held the title of the Leader of the Libyan Revolution and the group of the five leaders is named "the Revolutionary Leadership". Furthermore, a hierarchy of Revolutionary Committees was established with the purpose of implementing the policies of the Revolutionary Leadership within the system of the People's Congresses.


title: Third International Theory

text: The official ideological doctrine is the Third International Theory, described in Gaddafi's "Green Book" (1976–1979). Copies of the "Green Book" were always on sale in Libyan bookstores in many languages prior to the revolution.


title: Third International Theory

text: The book is a collection of quotes of the Libyan leader, divided into three parts and covering the following vital aspects of existence:


title: Third International Theory

text: The first part of the "Green Book" is "Solving the problem of democracy: The Authority of the People". This political aspect of the Third International Theory, published in January 1976, rejects traditional forms of democracy such as parliament, political parties, referendums, and outlines the basic principles of direct popular democracy based on the people's congresses and people's committees. The book argues that representative democracy is in fact nothing but a kind of dictatorship.


title: Third International Theory

text: According to the "Green Book", the winner in the struggle for power is always an instrument of government - an individual, party, class; and the loser is always the people, and thus, it is not true democracy. The political struggle often leads to the rise to power of an instrument of government which represents a minority, and that through legal democratic means. Thus, all existing political regimes falsify genuine democracy and are dictatorships.


title: Third International Theory

text: Parliamentarism, according to Gaddafi, is a perverse solution to the problem of democracy. A Parliament can not speak on behalf of the people, because democracy means the rule of the people, not of those who act on its behalf. Methods of electing the parliament can not be considered democratic, because the masses become completely disconnected from the Members of Parliament. The MPs monopolize the power of the masses and the right to decide their business for them. Parliament, in fact, represents not the people, but the party that won the elections. In fact, the people are used by the political forces in the struggle for power. The system of elected parliaments is a demagogic system because votes can be bought and manipulated, that is, parliamentary representation is a fraud. In general, the theory of representative government is, Gaddafi argues, an outdated practice that was invented by philosophers and thinkers at the time when the common folk were ordered about like livestock by their rulers.


title: Third International Theory

text: The party, according to the "Green Book", is a modern tool of dictatorial rule - it is the power of a part over the whole. Parties are established by groups of people to act in their interests, or to impose their views on the public and to establish their ideology on it. The number of parties in a system does not alter the substance of the matter. Moreover, the more numerous the parties are, the more intensive is the power struggle between them, which in turn undermines the programmes geared to benefit the entire society. The interests of society and of its development are sacrificed for the sake of the partisan struggle for power.


title: Third International Theory

text: In addition, parties may be corrupt and can be bribed from the outside and inside. The 'opposition' is not an organ of control over the activities of the people of the ruling party, it only waits for the right moment to take the place of the ruling party at the trough of power. Control is in the hands of the party in power (through Parliament), and power in the hands of the party in control.


title: Third International Theory

text: Gaddafi compares party and clan. In his view, in the struggle for power, the party is no different from a power struggle between tribes and clans. Both types of struggle are portrayed as having a negative and disintegrating effect on society.


title: Third International Theory

text: Referendum is also described as a falsification of democracy. Voters can say only "yes" or "no." The theory states that everyone should be able to justify their desire and the cause of their approval or disapproval. Therefore, to be completely democratic, it is necessary to create such an instrument of government, which would be identical to the entire nation as a whole, rather than to a representative body acting on its behalf.


title: Third International Theory

text: Gaddafi offers to create a special hierarchical structure of people's congresses and committees, resulting in a system where "management becomes popular, control becomes popular, and the old definition of democracy as 'control of people over the government' is replaced by its new definition as 'the people's control over itself'."


title: Third International Theory

text: "The only means of people's democracy are the people's congresses. Any other system of government is undemocratic. All existing world systems of government are undemocratic, if they do not adhere to this method of governance. People's congresses are the ultimate goal of the movement of peoples on the path to democracy. People's congresses and people's committees represent the end result of the peoples' struggle for democracy."


title: Third International Theory

text: In the proposed Jamahiriya, the entire population is divided into People's Congresses, which elect the People's Committees, which in turn form the second round of the People's Congresses, which elect the State Committees, which fulfil the function of state administration. Issues considered at the People's Congresses are finally formulated each year at the General People's Congress. Accordingly, the outcomes and decisions of the General Congress are brought to the lower levels in the reverse order.


title: Third International Theory

text: At the General People's Congress, which gathers together the governing bodies of the people's congresses, the people's committees, the trade unions and the professional associations, the most important public issues are discussed and the definitive legislative decisions are made.


title: Third International Theory

text: In the first part of the "Green Book" Gaddafi also lays out his views on freedom of speech. According to him, "a human being, as an individual, should have the freedom of expression, and even if mad, s/he should have the right to freely express his/her madness." Man, as a legal entity, is also free to express themselves as such. In the first case the man represents only himself, in the second—only a group of individuals forming a legal entity.


title: Third International Theory

text: "Society is composed of many individuals and entities. Therefore, if an individual is insane, that does not mean that the rest of society are mad, too. Press is a method of expression of society, not a single person or entity. A newspaper, if owned by an individual, expresses only the views of its owner. The assertion that it represents public opinion is untenable and has no basis, because in reality it expresses the views of an individual, and from the point of view of genuine democracy it is unacceptable that an individual should own the print media and other types of media that provide the public with information."


title: Third International Theory

text: The second part of the "Green Book"—"The solution of the economic problem (Socialism)"—sets out the economic aspect of the Third International Theory (published on 2 February 1978).


title: Third International Theory

text: This part criticizes wage labor, comparing it with slavery, and proclaims the right of an employee to any product produced by them. A person must work in accordance with their powers and must also be able to satisfy their needs, and all surplus should be directed to the accumulation of social wealth. The accumulation of surplus by one person reduces [the possibility of satisfaction of] the needs of another person, and is therefore unacceptable.


title: Third International Theory

text: In September 1977, Gaddafi put forward as the basis of economic life the principle of "self-government in the economy". In line with this principle, it was envisaged that enterprises should be transferred to the collective management of those who work there. The slogan "Partners, not employees" was given theoretical justification in the second part of the Green Book, and in November of the same year this idea began to be implemented in some industrial enterprises.


title: Third International Theory

text: During the development of his economic ideas, Gaddafi put forward another slogan: "Real Estate—property of its inhabitant." That is, a person living in a house was an owner, not a tenant. In May 1978, a law was passed, whereby renting residential premises was prohibited, and tenants became owners of their rental apartments and houses.


title: Third International Theory

text: With the slogan "Partners, not employees", workers and employees under the leadership of the People's Committees took over businesses and institutions in not only production but also trade, as well as the various services of service. Former owners got compensation and the opportunity to participate in the management of these enterprises, but in "equal partnership with the producers." This campaign was described as a "people's capture" and was a form of elimination of private ownership of business by upper and middle classes.


title: Third International Theory

text: The functioning of the political system of the "Jamahiriya" in the field and especially in production was hampered both by the opposition of the upper classes and by the insufficient preparations for the activities conducted and the inability of the new management staff to manage the economy. This led to discontent and unrest among the population against the political and economic innovations of the Libyan leadership. Some of the Muslim clergy accused Gaddafi of "deviation from the Qur'an."


title: Third International Theory

text: In response, authorities made serious efforts at limiting the influence of the clergy. Gaddafi made a televised public examination of the pro-opposition clergy members on the subject of the Qur'an. According to Gaddafi, he proved that they were unable to answer his questions, and he subsequently used that as a reason to deprive some of them of the right to conduct religious services.


title: Third International Theory

text: The final result of the economic reforms in the Jamahiriya was meant to be "the achievement of a new socialist society", a stage at which profit and money disappear from society and it becomes fully productive, and production fully meets the material needs of all members of society. At this stage, profits and money were meant to disappear by themselves.


title: Third International Theory

text: Thanks to successful oil exploration starting in 1961, Libya has become a prosperous state with the highest per capita income in Africa. In 1970, oil prices on world markets increased considerably, leading to the accumulation of substantial funds in Libya, as a supplier of oil to western countries. Government revenues from oil exports were to be used to finance urban development and the creation of a modern system of social welfare.


title: Third International Theory

text: At the same time, to improve Libya's international prestige, huge sums were spent on creating a well-equipped modern army. In the Middle East and North Africa, Libya served as a carrier of ideas of Arab nationalism and as an uncompromising enemy of Israel and the United States. The sharp drop in oil prices in mid-1980s and the UN sanctions for harbouring Palestinian separatists (in 1992) led to a significant weakening of Libya. On 12 September 2003 UN Security Council lifted the sanctions imposed in 1992.


title: Third International Theory

text: The third part—the "Public aspect of the Third International Theory" was published on 1 June 1979. This addressed many aspects of life, including women, the education system, sports, and merging the world's languages. In this part a global vision of proper co-existence is presented. The fundamental principles come down to this: every nation should have its own religion, and should recognize the importance of a continuous social chain ("the family—the tribe—the nation—the world," "from the small to the great").


title: Third International Theory

text: According to the "Green Book": "if the national spirit is stronger than the religious spirit, the struggle between different nations, which used to be united in one religion, is amplified, and each of those nations achieves independence, returning to the social structure that is characteristic of it." "A tribe is the same as a family, but one that has increased due to the increased growth of offspring, that is, the tribe is a big family. The Nation is a tribe, but a tribe that has grown as a result of increased offspring, i.e., a nation is a large tribe. The World is a nation but a nation divided into many nations as a result of population growth, i.e., the world is a great nation."


title: Third International Theory

text: "The tribe is the natural social protection of the individual, ensuring his social needs." In Libya, according to accepted social tradition, the tribe collectively provides redemption of its members by collectively paying ransom for them, paying their fines, avenging them and collectively defending them.


title: Third International Theory

text: A special place in the Green Book is reserved for women, their physical build and social role in society:


title: Third International Theory

text: Accordingly, Gaddafi concluded that "human rights are for everyone—men and women, but the responsibilities are not equal."


title: Third International Theory

text: The issue of language is also addressed: "People will remain underdeveloped, until there is a common language." However, this question can be resolved only through a merging of languages in a series of stages, over several generations, provided that over time these generations lose their inherited traits: "the sensory perceptions, tastes and temperament of their fathers and grandfathers."


title: Third International Theory

text: This approach to sport led to most of Libya's stadiums being open only during military parades, and any kind of wrestling being strictly prohibited.


title: Third International Theory

text: In the absence of specific prescriptions for the transformation of society in the so-called "Islamic socialism", Gaddafi constantly made revisions to this theory. Before the "Green Book", Islam was considered one of the ideological sources of official ideology, but the third part of this book, which appeared in the summer of 1979, did not assess its truthfulness on the basis of the precepts of Islam.


title: Third International Theory

text: On the contrary, "the truth" of Islamic provisions themselves was evaluated in terms of their compatibility with the theory. It was declared that the driving force of history was national and social struggle. At the same time, as Gaddafi specified, "if we were to restrict ourselves to the support of Muslims only, that would be an example of bigotry and selfishness: True Islam is the one that defends the weak, even if they are not Muslims".


title: Third International Theory

text: In the subsequent explanations and comments on the "Green Book", many of its provisions underwent significant revisions while still remaining the basic catechism of ideology in Libya.


title: Third International Theory

text: The theory was partially implemented in Libya. In March 1977, the "Declaration of Sabha" was declared, and the republic was transformed into a Jamahiriya (the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya). Those forms of private ownership which were deemed exploitative were abolished (whereas private family businesses in the service sector were preserved).


title: Third International Theory

text: With the advent of globalization and the information revolution Gaddafi slightly modified his theory by introducing a thesis about the era of large spaces in which the nation-state is becoming inviable.


title: Third International Theory

text: The word "Jamahiriya" ( "", approximately "[state] of the masses") is an Arabic neologism. It is the feminine "nisba" adjective formed from the term "Jamahir" (masses). It echoes the Arabic term for "Republic", "Jumhuriyah" (formally the feminine nisba adjective from "Jumhur" "people") .


title: Third International Theory

text: Gaddafi's "Jamahiriya" form of government was supposed to be different from both the monarchy and the republic, hence the name of "Third" International Theory.


title: Third International Theory

text: Under Gaddafi, Libya was governed by a military regime professing the idea of Arab nationalism, socialism, and Islam. The highest state authority was the General People's Congress (GPC), consisting of representatives of People's Committees. In practice, the GPC had the functions of a parliament. Its members were elected at local and regional levels, although part of them were assigned by Gaddafi personally. Gaddafi also appointed his ministers from among the members of the GPC. While Gaddafi himself did not hold any official posts, he remained the leading political figure in Libya.


title: Third International Theory

text: Islam is the state religion of Libya, but the influence of the Muslim clergy is limited. Direct democracy has been declared in the country and oil revenues make it possible to maintain a high standard of living for the Libyan population. The presence of foreign capital is reduced, the enterprises in the sphere of large and medium industry are owned by the state.


title: Third International Theory

text: The basis of justice is the Quran. Judicial proceedings are conducted by a hierarchical system of courts. Small lawsuits are considered in the Magistrates' Courts. Next come the Courts of the First Stage, the Appellate Courts and the Supreme Court.


title: Third International Theory

text: The official main principle of government in Libya was: "Power, wealth and weapons - in the hands of the people."


title: Third International Theory

text: The transformation of Libyan society into Jamahiriya was accompanied by many zigzags and went more slowly than Gaddafi intended. The system that he created may have aroused the Libyan people to political activism, but, as he had to admit, "popular participation in government was not complete".


title: Third International Theory

text: Therefore, at the session of the General People's Congress held in the town of Sirte on 18 November 1992, it was decided to set up a new political structure: this was to initiate the country's transition to the supreme level of democracy - "a Model Jamahiriya". It was about creating, instead of the primary public meetings (People's Congresses), 1500 communes, which are self-guided mini-states within a state, each with full authority within its district, including the allocation of budgetary funds.


title: Third International Theory

text: The need to reorganize the former political system, as explained by Gaddafi, was primarily due to the fact that it had "failed to ensure genuine democracy because of the complexity of the structure, which created a gap between the masses and the leadership, and was characterized by excessive centralization."


title: Third International Theory

text: As a whole, after 1992, the Jamahiriya pursued a policy of building an "Islamic socialist society" dominated by the slogan "Power, wealth and weapons – in the hands of the people!".


title: Shouting fire in a crowded theater

text: "Shouting "fire" in a crowded theater" is a popular analogy for speech or actions whose principal purpose is to create panic, and in particular for speech or actions which may for that reason be thought to be outside the scope of free speech protections. The phrase is a paraphrasing of a dictum, or non-binding statement, from Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.'s opinion in the United States Supreme Court case "Schenck v. United States" in 1919, which held that the defendant's speech in opposition to the draft during World War I was not protected free speech under the First Amendment of the United States Constitution. The case was later partially overturned by "Brandenburg v. Ohio" in 1969, which limited the scope of banned speech to that which would be directed to and likely to incite imminent lawless action (e.g. a riot).


title: Shouting fire in a crowded theater

text: The paraphrasing differs from Holmes's original wording in that it typically does not include the word "falsely", while also adding the word "crowded" to describe the theatre.


title: Shouting fire in a crowded theater

text: Holmes, writing for a unanimous Court, ruled that it was a violation of the Espionage Act of 1917 (amended by the Sedition Act of 1918) to distribute flyers opposing the draft during World War I. Holmes argued that this abridgment of free speech was permissible because it presented a "clear and present danger" to the government's recruitment efforts for the war. Holmes wrote:


title: Shouting fire in a crowded theater

text: The First Amendment holding in "Schenck" was later partially overturned by "Brandenburg v. Ohio" in 1969, in which the Supreme Court held that "the constitutional guarantees of free speech and free press do not permit a State to forbid or proscribe advocacy of the use of force or of law violation except where such advocacy is directed to inciting or producing imminent lawless action ["e.g.", a riot] and is likely to incite or produce such action." The test in "Brandenburg" is the current Supreme Court jurisprudence on the ability of government to punish speech after it occurs. Despite "Schenck" being limited, the phrase "shouting "fire" in a crowded theater" has become synonymous with speech that, because of its danger of provoking violence, is not protected by the First Amendment.


title: Shouting fire in a crowded theater

text: Ultimately, whether it is legal in the United States to falsely shout fire in a theater depends on the circumstances in which it is done and the consequences of doing it. The act of shouting fire when there are no reasonable grounds for believing one exists is not in itself a crime, and nor would it be rendered a crime merely by having been carried out inside a theatre, crowded or otherwise. However, if it causes a stampede and someone is killed as a result, then the act could amount to a crime, such as involuntary manslaughter, assuming the other elements of that crime are made out. Similarly, state laws such as Colorado Revised Statute § 18-8-111 classify knowingly "false reporting of an emergency," including false alarms of fire, as a misdemeanour if the occupants of the building are caused to be evacuated or displaced, and a felony if the emergency response results in the serious bodily injury or death of another person. Somewhat more trivially, in some states it is a crime just to knowingly make a false report - or knowingly cause a false report to be made - of an emergency to emergency services. In the statute just cited, for example, it is a crime to knowingly cause "a false alarm of fire" to be transmitted to "any...government agency which deals with emergencies involving danger to life or property." This crime could plausibly be made out where, for instance, in response to the false shout, an innocent bystander calls emergency services to report the fire, and this is found to have been such a foreseeable response to the shouts that the shouter is deemed to have caused the false report to be made.


title: Shouting fire in a crowded theater

text: Christopher M. Finan, Executive Director of the National Coalition Against Censorship, writes that Justice Holmes began to doubt his decision due to criticism received from free-speech activists. He also met the legal scholar Zechariah Chafee and discussed his "Harvard Law Review" article "Freedom of Speech in War Times". According to Finan, Holmes's change of heart influenced his decision to join the minority and dissent in the "Abrams v. United States" case. Abrams was deported for issuing flyers saying the US should not intervene in the Russian Revolution. Holmes and Brandeis said that "a silly leaflet by an unknown man" should not be considered illegal. Chafee argued in "Free Speech in the United States" that a better analogy in "Schenck" might be a man who stands in a theatre and warns the audience that there are not enough fire exits.


title: Shouting fire in a crowded theater

text: In his introductory remarks to a 2006 debate in defense of free speech, writer Christopher Hitchens parodied the Holmes judgment by opening "FIRE! Fire, fire... fire. Now you've heard it", before condemning the famous analogy as "the fatuous verdict of the greatly over-praised Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes." Hitchens argued that the "Yiddish speaking socialists" protesting America's entry into World War I, who were imprisoned by the Court's decision, "were the real fire fighters, were the ones shouting fire when there really a fire, in a very crowded theatre indeed. And who is to decide?"


title: Shouting fire in a crowded theater

text: Writer Emma Camp has pointed out that "Schenk v. United States" did not actually address the question of whether or not it is illegal to "shout fire in a crowded theater", since this analogy was simply non-binding dictum used to illustrate Justice Holmes' point.


title: Shouting fire in a crowded theater

text: People have falsely shouted "Fire!" or been misheard in crowded public venues and caused panics on several occasions, such as:


title: Shouting fire in a crowded theater

text: In contrast, during the Brooklyn Theatre fire of December 5, 1876, theatre staff were reluctant to cause a panic by shouting fire and instead pretended that the fire was part of the performance. This delayed the evacuation, leading to a death toll of at least 278.


title: Michael Des Barres

text: Michael Philip Des Barres (born 24 January 1948), the 26th Marquis Des Barres, is an English actor and rock singer. He appeared as Murdoc in the original "MacGyver", Nicholas Helman, Murdoc's mentor, on the new reboot of "MacGyver" (2016) and replaced Robert Palmer in the band the Power Station, fronting the band at the 1985 Live Aid concert.


title: Michael Des Barres

text: The only child of Marquis Philip and Marquise Irene Des Barres, Michael Philip Des Barres was born and brought up in Hove, Sussex. He attended Repton School, a boarding school in Derbyshire, and went on to attend the Corona Academy drama school in London and appeared in several plays. He has some French ancestry. His title of Marquis was bestowed upon a 13th-century ancestor Guillaume II Des Barres, a French knight. Guillaume II Des Barres was bestowed the title of Marquis after rescuing the king Philip II of France during the Battle of Bouvines in 1214.


title: Michael Des Barres

text: Following the break-up of Detective in 1978, Des Barres formed Chequered Past in 1982.<ref name="michaeldesbarres.com/bio"></ref> In 1983 he co-wrote and recorded the song "Obsession" with Holly Knight. In 1984, the band Animotion had an international top-ten hit with their cover.


title: Michael Des Barres

text: Des Barres met the members of Duran Duran when Chequered Past opened for a few shows during their 1984 tour. In 1985, when Robert Palmer withdrew from the Duran Duran side project Power Station just before their American summer tour, Des Barres was chosen to take his place as lead vocalist.


title: Michael Des Barres

text: On 5 November 2013, The Michael Des Barres Band released a live album, "Hot n Sticky Live", which was recorded at the Viper Room in Los Angeles in November 2012. The album is available as high quality mp3 downloads.


title: Michael Des Barres

text: On 7 April 2015 Des Barres released a solo album, "The Key to the Universe". Produced by Bob Rose at The Forum Music Village in Rome, the album reunited Des Barres with Nigel Harrison (former bassist of Blondie and Silverhead) on bass and guitar, in addition to Clive Deamer (Radiohead, Portishead, Robert Plant) on drums, and Dani Robinson on guitar.


title: Michael Des Barres

text: In 2018, he formed The Mistakes, consisting of all veteran musicians – Loren Molinare (founding member of Little Caesar & The Dogs) on guitar, Eric Himel (Powerman 5000, host of The Sunset Jam) on guitar, Paul Ill (LA-based musician with sales of over 20 million records as a studio musician and 4.5 million records as a songwriter) on bass guitar, and Matt Starr (studio and touring drummer with Guns N' Roses, Ace Frehley, Bon Jovi & Whitesnake) on drums. The band is signed to Steven Van Zant's Wicked Cool Records and has released 4 songs – "Living in the USA"/"Gotta Serve Somebody" (1/19/18) and "Crackle and Hiss"/"Stop in the Name of Love" (7/5/19). The Mistakes' plans to tour Japan and Russia in 2020 were cancelled because of the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Michael Des Barres

text: Des Barres has appeared in over 100 different TV shows and almost 30 movies in his career. He first started acting at 8 years old as 'The Nux Bar Kid' on posters all over England. He appeared (uncredited) in the 1966 film starring Tony Curtis, "Drop Dead Darling". His first credited film role was as a supporting cast member in the classic 1967 film "To Sir, with Love", playing an East End pupil who always wears dark sunglasses indoors and out, followed by a few other minor roles before he decided to pursue a career in music instead. He later concentrated his energies on acting again and was cast in "Ghoulies" (1985) as cult leader Malcolm Graves, and "Nightflyers" (1987) as a charismatic empath. He worked opposite Clint Eastwood in 1989's "Pink Cadillac". His other film roles have included "Midnight Cabaret" (1990), "Under Siege" (1992), "" (1992), "A Simple Twist of Fate" (1994), and "Sugar Town" (1999). He also appeared in the 2004 film "Catch That Kid" and had a brief part in David Lynch's classic 2001 film "Mulholland Drive".


title: Michael Des Barres

text: On television, besides the role of Murdoc in "MacGyver", Des Barres was also a lead cast member of "The New WKRP in Cincinnati" during the 1991–92 season, as part of a husband-and-wife morning team. He had previously appeared on the original "WKRP in Cincinnati" as the lead singer of a punk band, Scum of the Earth. On "Roseanne" he portrayed (Leon's boyfriend) as well as appearing as one of Darlene's baby's doctors on one of the final episodes of the series. Some of his dozens of television appearances include "Seinfeld", "Renegade", "ALF", "Ellen", "Nip/Tuck", "Just Shoot Me!", "Hart To Hart", "My Sister Sam", "Lois & Clark" which reunited him with another "MacGyver" recurring-character alumna, Teri Hatcher, "JAG", "Melrose Place", "Nash Bridges", "Northern Exposure", "Rockford Files", "Sledge Hammer!", "Sliders", "St. Elsewhere", "21 Jump Street", "The Pretender", "Dead Like Me", "Frasier", "Hawaii", "Bones", and "NCIS" in the Season 10 episode "Phoenix".


title: Michael Des Barres

text: On 23 October 2013, Des Barres joined the Los Angeles Philharmonic for the world premiere of "200 Motels: The Suites", by Frank Zappa, in which he appeared as Rance, the narrator.


title: Michael Des Barres

text: Currently, Des Barres hosts "The Michael Des Barres Program" every weekday morning from 8–11 AM ET with a replay every weekday evening from 9- midnight PT on Little Steven's Underground Garage (SiriusXM Channel 21). Over six million listeners hear an eclectic mix of rock, soul and punk, infused with Des Barres' extensive musical knowledge and his messages of positivity and longevity.


title: Michael Des Barres

text: In 2021, Des Barres released the documentary "Who Do You Want Me To Be," directed by J. Elvis Weinstein, on streaming platforms plus DVD and Blu-ray. The tag line for the film is "The son of a junkie aristocrat and a schizophrenic showgirl becomes a master of reinvention on a 50+ year journey through rock and roll, TV, and movies."


title: Michael Des Barres

text: In 1974, Des Barres married his girlfriend of seven years, actress Wendy Hamilton (Professor Emeritus Wendy Wheeler, London Metropolitan University). They divorced when Michael moved to Los Angeles following the disbandment of Silverhead.


title: Michael Des Barres

text: Des Barres was married to Pamela Des Barres from 1977 until 1991. They have a son, Nicholas Des Barres, a successful writer and video game designer.


title: Michael Des Barres

text: Des Barres has been sober since June 1981. In the mid-1980s he was one of the founding members of Rock Against Drugs. He later did volunteer addiction counseling and worked with homeless teens. Des Barres has also organised and hosted the annual Don't Knock the Rock Film Festival, which first took place in 2003.


title: Michael Des Barres

text: Des Barres married his long-term partner, Britta Hayertz on December 21, 2018. Hayertz is the owner of Britta Morgan Pilates.


title: Ridge regression

text: Ridge regression is a method of estimating the coefficients of multiple-regression models in scenarios where the independent variables are highly correlated. It has been used in many fields including econometrics, chemistry, and engineering. Also known as Tikhonov regularization, named for Andrey Tikhonov, it is a method of regularization of ill-posed problems. it is particularly useful to mitigate the problem of multicollinearity in linear regression, which commonly occurs in models with large numbers of parameters. In general, the method provides improved efficiency in parameter estimation problems in exchange for a tolerable amount of bias (see bias–variance tradeoff).


title: Ridge regression

text: The theory was first introduced by Hoerl and Kennard in 1970 in their "Technometrics" papers “RIDGE regressions: biased estimation of nonorthogonal problems” and “RIDGE regressions: applications in nonorthogonal problems”. This was the result of ten years of research into the field of ridge analysis.


title: Ridge regression

text: Ridge regression was developed as a possible solution to the imprecision of least square estimators when linear regression models have some multicollinear (highly correlated) independent variables—by creating a ridge regression estimator (RR). This provides a more precise ridge parameters estimate, as its variance and mean square estimator are often smaller than the least square estimators previously derived.


title: Ridge regression

text: In the simplest case, the problem of a near-singular moment matrix formula_1 is alleviated by adding positive elements to the diagonals, thereby decreasing its condition number. Analogous to the ordinary least squares estimator, the simple ridge estimator is then given by


title: Ridge regression

text: where formula_3 is the regressand, formula_4 is the design matrix, formula_5 is the identity matrix, and the ridge parameter formula_6 serves as the constant shifting the diagonals of the moment matrix. It can be shown that this estimator is the solution to the least squares problem subject to the constraint formula_7, which can be expressed as a Lagrangian:


title: Ridge regression

text: which shows that formula_9 is nothing but the Lagrange multiplier of the constraint. Typically, formula_9 is chosen according to a heuristic criterion, so that the constraint will not be satisfied exactly. Specifically in the case of formula_11, in which the constraint is non-binding, the ridge estimator reduces to ordinary least squares. A more general approach to Tikhonov regularization is discussed below.


title: Ridge regression

text: The finite-dimensional case was expounded by Arthur E. Hoerl, who took a statistical approach, and by Manus Foster, who interpreted this method as a Wiener–Kolmogorov (Kriging) filter. Following Hoerl, it is known in the statistical literature as ridge regression, named after the shape along the diagonal of the identity matrix.


title: Ridge regression

text: Suppose that for a known matrix formula_12 and vector formula_13, we wish to find a vector formula_14 such that