title: Ride Along 2

text: Ride Along 2 is a 2016 American buddy cop action comedy film directed by Tim Story and written by Phil Hay and Matt Manfredi. It is the sequel to the 2014 film "Ride Along". The film stars Ice Cube, Kevin Hart, Ken Jeong, Benjamin Bratt, Olivia Munn, Bruce McGill and Tika Sumpter. Universal Pictures released the film on January 15, 2016. Like the original film, this sequel was panned by most critics but was a box office success, grossing $124.6 million worldwide during its theatrical run.


title: Ride Along 2

text: On crime lord Antonio Pope's boat, hacker A.J. is reviewing a list on the computer. Pope calls Port Commissioner Griffin, accusing him of stealing, which Griffin denies. Pope orders a hitman to eliminate him, then he tasks him to find who took his money.


title: Ride Along 2

text: Two years after the first movie, James is with partner Detective Mayfield, busting drug dealer Troy. He pulls a gun on James so Ben watching this over the camera, comes to help. He threatens Troy by acting tough, only to blow his cover. A shootout leads to Mayfield getting shot and Troy escaping. James and Ben chase him, and Ben nearly gets himself run over. James follows Troy through a parking garage, capturing him, and finding a necklace/flash drive on him.


title: Ride Along 2

text: Mayfield is hospitalized, and Lt. Brooks sends James to Miami to see who Troy was working for. Ben wants to go to prove he's ready for detective work, but nobody believes in him as he just caused such a mess.


title: Ride Along 2

text: At home, Ben begins to plan his and Angela's wedding, clashing with the wedding planner. Later, as Angela tries to seduce him, he complains about not being able to go to Miami. She calls James to get him to take Ben, both for him but also to get him out of her hair. Initially refusing, he changes his mind, thinking he can prove Ben isn't detective material. They drive to Miami together.


title: Ride Along 2

text: Trying to use homicide detective Maya Cruz's computer without permission, she punishes Ben. Later, when they find A.J., he says a safe in a club contains something important, but first they have to meet someone there. At the club they find out the man is also Pope's hitman. A.J. creates a distraction to escape while James has a shoot-out with the hitman. Afterwards, with Maya they find the safe empty. Before they can take James' car, he realizes there is a bomb and it blows up.


title: Ride Along 2

text: Realizing he has A.J.'s phone, Ben contacts his girlfriend Tasha to locate him. He convinces her to cooperate by showing her that A.J.'s been hooking up with other women. When they find A.J., they bring him in on the investigation. He reveals that Pope is the real crook, despite his public image as an entrepreneur working with the new port commissioner, Nunez. The team is at the home of Maya's friend/associate, Alonso, whom Ben accidentally shoots. Despite this, Alonso confirms that Pope is a crook.


title: Ride Along 2

text: James, Ben and Maya go to a party in Pope's mansion. Maya distracts him dancing while James and Ben gather info, with A.J.'s help. After narrowly escaping Marcus the alligator, Ben reconnects with the team. They get their information, but Pope catches them and knows they're cops, he lets them go. They use the information to locate a group of shipping trucks that may be carrying Pope's contraband. However, when they stop the first truck at the port, it's empty. Hernandez scolds them, as Pope shows up and acts angry for what the team did.


title: Ride Along 2

text: The team goes to a bar to go over what went wrong. Maya wonders why Nunez showed up so fast at the port. When A.J. mentions Nunez is on Pope's payroll, James realizes it was a decoy, and the real contraband is being brought in somewhere else at the port. James, Maya and A.J. go after Pope, but leave Ben handcuffed to a pole. He breaks free, going to Alonso's to remove the cuffs.


title: Ride Along 2

text: James, Maya and A.J. are at the port in the morning to catch Pope. Ben arrives to the shoot-out, exploding a container full of flammable barrels. Pope escapes in a truck, taking A.J. hostage. When James doesn't find Pope in the truck, Pope shoots at him, but Ben jumps in the way and takes the bullet. James shoots Pope a few times to bring him down, then sees Ben is wearing a bulletproof vest. When Pope rises and shoots again, James uses Ben as a human shield, and Maya shoots Pope.


title: Ride Along 2

text: James and Ben are commended for taking down Pope and Nunez. They drive home in a yellow Lamborghini Maya got for them to drive to Atlanta for the wedding. Ben and Angela get married and are ready to go off on a speed boat, but Ben asks James to make a speech. Reluctantly, he says that while Ben has gotten him into a lot of trouble since meeting, he has also saved his life, made Angela very happy, and helped him grow into a better man and cop. Ben and Angela then go on their boat ride, but Ben flies out of the boat when he hits a wake, amusing James.


title: Ride Along 2

text: On April 23, 2013, nine months prior to the first film's release, the studio announced that there would be a sequel to the film, with the script written by Phil Hay and Matt Manfredi. On February 18, 2014, it was announced that after the success of the first "Ride Along" film, Universal was moving forward with its sequel, with Tim Story returning to direct. Ice Cube and Hart were set to reprise their roles, Phil Hay and Matt Manfredi finalized the script, and production was set to start in late June or early July 2014. Benjamin Bratt joined the film's cast, and Variety stated that this installment would have its two stars traveling to Miami for fun, chaos, and shenanigans. On July 16, Glen Powell joined the cast of the film. On July 28, Sherri Shepherd joined the cast.


title: Ride Along 2

text: Principal photography on the film began on July 7, 2014 in Miami, Florida. After a week of shooting in Miami, production shifted to Fort Lauderdale, Florida on July 14, where they filmed through July 21. Then filming took place in Miami again, through the end of July, and then production moved to Atlanta, where the first part of the film was shot. In Atlanta, after preparations began on July 24 for filming scenes at 55 Park Place, filming started on July 28, and was shot at 55 Park Place through August 4. Principal photography ended on September 16, 2014.


title: Ride Along 2

text: On March 13, 2014, Universal set the film's release date as January 15, 2016. The first official trailer for "Ride Along 2" was released on August 13, 2015, and was attached to screenings of Universal's "Straight Outta Compton".


title: Ride Along 2

text: "Ride Along 2" grossed $90.9 million in North America and $33.4 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $124.3 million, against a budget of $40 million.


title: Ride Along 2

text: The film was released in North America on January 15, 2016, alongside "" and "Norm of the North". The film was projected to gross $40–45 million over the four-day Martin Luther King Jr. weekend, and become the first film to overtake "" for number one at the weekend box office. The film made $1.3 million from its Thursday night previews, improving on the $1.1 million of the original. "Ride Along 2" went on to gross $35.2 million in its opening weekend and $41 million for the four-day MLK Holiday weekend, lower than its predecessor's $48.6 million four-day MLK Holiday opening two years prior, but still finished first at the box office. The film fell 64.7% to $12.4 million in its second weekend, compared to the 48% sophomore drop of the first film.


title: Ride Along 2

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 14% based on 121 reviews, with an average rating of 3.90/10. The site's critical consensus reads, ""Ride Along 2" presents a cop-comedy sequel whose well-matched stars can't break the law of diminishing returns -- or lock up a script that unabashedly steals from the original." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 32 out of 100, based on 29 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale, while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it an 80% overall positive score and a 57% "definite recommend".


title: Ride Along 2

text: Justin Chang of "Variety magazine" called it "Another tired, witless and potentially lucrative attempt to spin an exhausted buddy-cop template into action-comedy gold."


title: Ride Along 2

text: In October 2016, Tim Story, who directed the first two films, announced that a third film is currently in development with Ice Cube and Kevin Hart set to reprise their roles.


title: Salep

text: Salep, also spelled sahlep or sahlab, is a flour made from the tubers of the orchid genus "Orchis" (including species "Orchis mascula" and "Orchis militaris"). These tubers contain a nutritious, starchy polysaccharide called glucomannan. Salep flour is consumed in beverages and desserts, especially in the cuisines of the former Ottoman Empire, notably in the Levant where it is a traditional winter beverage. An increase in consumption is causing local extinctions of orchids in parts of Turkey and Iran.


title: Salep

text: The word "salep" comes from (). In the mid 18th century: from French, from Turkish , from (), the name of an orchid (literally ‘fox's testicles’).


title: Salep

text: The Ancient Romans used ground orchid bulbs to make drinks, which they called by a number of names, especially satyrion and priapiscus. As the names indicate, they likewise considered it to be a powerful aphrodisiac. Of salep, Paracelsus wrote: "behold the "Satyrion" root, is it not formed like the male privy parts? No one can deny this. Accordingly, magic discovered it and revealed that it can restore a man's virility and passion".


title: Salep

text: Salep was a popular beverage in the lands of the Ottoman Empire. It enjoyed a reputation as a "fattener" for young women, to make them plumper before marriage. Its consumption spread beyond there to England and Germany before the rise of coffee and tea, and it was later offered as an alternative beverage in coffee houses. In England, the drink was known as saloop. Popular in the 17th and 18th centuries in England, its preparation required that the salep powder be added to water until thickened whereupon it would be sweetened, then flavored with orange flower or rose water. Substitution of British orchid roots, known as "dogstones", for the original Turkish variants was acceptable in the 18th century.


title: Salep

text: Saloop was a hot drink that was popular in England in the 18th and 19th centuries. Initially, it was made from salep, mostly from Smyrna. Later, the roots and leaves of the North American sassafras tree were the key ingredient. This plant thickened the drink and also had a stimulating quality.


title: Salep

text: This refreshing beverage was sold in place of tea and coffee, which were much more expensive, and was served in a similar way with milk and sugar.


title: Salep

text: It was used as a remedy for various ailments, including "chronic alcoholic inebriety". Its popularity declined when it was purported to treat venereal disease and so drinking it in public became shameful. Saloop stalls in London were replaced by coffee stalls.


title: Salep

text: The beverage sahlab is now often made with hot milk instead of water. Other desserts are also made from salep flour, including salep pudding and dondurma. The Kahramanmaraş region of Turkey is a major producer of sahlab known as Maraş Salepi. The popularity of sahlab in Turkey has led to a decline in the populations of wild orchids, and it was made illegal to export true salep. Consequently many instant sahlab mixes are made with artificial flavoring. Salep is also drunk in Greece; it is usually sold on the streets as a hot beverage during the cold months of the year. It is very popular in many parts of the Middle East, especially the Levant. Families in Turkey drink the hot version during the winter time.


title: Salep

text: It is estimated that each year in Turkey, 30 tons of tubers from 38 species are harvested; it takes from 1,000 to 4,000 tubers to make a kilo of flour. With the increasing rarity of some species and local extinctions, traders are harvesting wild orchids in Iran. Abdolbaset Ghorbani of Uppsala University estimates that between 7 and 11 million orchids of nineteen species and sub-species were collected from northern Iran in 2013, with the majority being exported to Turkey. Harvesting of orchid tubers is also increasing in Greece.


title: Salep

text: In the Middle East, "sahlab" is a hot milk-based winter drink with a pudding-like consistency, sometimes garnished with nuts and cinnamon.


title: The School for Good and Evil (novel)

text: The School for Good and Evil is a 2013 fairytale fantasy novel written by Soman Chainani. The first novel in "The School for Good and Evil" series and Chainani's debut novel, it follows Sophie, a beautiful girl who believes she will be a Princess, and her friend Agatha, an oddity who is deemed a witch by the villagers, who are kidnapped by the School Master and taken to the School for Good and Evil. After their fortunes are reversed, Agatha is taken to the School for Good while Sophie is taken to the School for Evil, their friendship is put to the test.


title: The School for Good and Evil (novel)

text: The book was first published in the United States on May 14, 2013, by HarperCollins. It was published in the United Kingdom on June 6 of the same year. It is followed by five sequels and was made into a film adaptation by Netflix. The book has received positive reviews from critics who praised the novel's wit and the oddity of its storyline.


title: The School for Good and Evil (novel)

text: Every four years in the village of Gavaldon, two children are kidnapped by an unknown force into the surrounding Endless Woods, wherein a school allegedly lies where the heroes and villains of tales of folklore are trained. While most of the children and their families fear the unknown force taking them away, Sophie dreams of attending this school, where she can have her very own Happily Ever After with a charming prince. Sophie’s best friend Agatha, with her worn-out clumps (shoes), sulky attitude, and ugly appearance, is the complete opposite of her. Combined with the fact that she lives with her outcast mother right next to a graveyard, she is deemed by the villagers to be witch and thus a perfect candidate for the School for Evil. In spite of this, Agatha desires nothing more than to live a normal life in peace. When the feared day of abduction arrives again, Agatha hides in her home, but rushes out to rescue Sophie when Sophie lets herself get captured, causing Agatha to meet the same fate.


title: The School for Good and Evil (novel)

text: Much to their horror, the girls are sent to the "wrong" schools: Sophie ends up as a "Never", a student in the School for Evil, and Agatha an "Ever", a student in the School for Good. When they have the opportunity to see each other during the common orientation for both schools, Agatha tries to convince her friend to go home with her so they can stay together as friends, but Sophie is determined that she is meant to be in the School for Good and is smitten soon after by the most popular prince in school, Tedros, who happens to be the son of King Arthur. He also takes notice of her, but soon finds himself running into Agatha much more often.


title: The School for Good and Evil (novel)

text: During their first day, Sophie makes every effort to flunk her classes, only to receive the highest rank in all of them. Agatha does fail at most of her lessons, but soon discovers she can hear and grant wishes, something that can only come from a purely Good heart. Following an ordeal in which they both face hours of punishment for disorderly conduct at the end of the day, Sophie agrees to leave with Agatha the first chance she gets.


title: The School for Good and Evil (novel)

text: Having learned about what happens in the mysterious School Master’s tower, Agatha sneaks out that night with Sophie to ask him to send them home. There, they find a sentient quill called the Storian writing a brand new fairy tale involving them as the main characters—a very unusual thing as most fairy tales do not begin until after their protagonists have graduated. The School Master explains that he is unable to send them home because of this, but he does give them a riddle to solve if they want to prove they were sent to the wrong schools; he promises to let them leave as soon as they act out the ending to their tale.


title: The School for Good and Evil (novel)

text: When the girls figure out the answer to the riddle - True Love's Kiss — Agatha sets out with a plan to help Sophie rise in status enough to get in league with Tedros. As Sophie advances in rank, she finds herself embracing Evil life more and more, to the extent that she becomes domineering towards even her fellow schoolmates.


title: The School for Good and Evil (novel)

text: Agatha makes various attempts to help her friend use her newfound skills to get Tedros' kiss but soon finds out that Sophie is only using Agatha to make Tedros fall for her. That way, she would never have to leave, as she believes Tedros is destined to be her true love in her fairy tale. Finally, Tedros promises to kiss Sophie if they emerge as the last two survivors in the Trial by Tale, an event in which the top Evers and Nevers enter the Woods, aiming to survive the night by avoiding teachers' traps and the opposite side. In letting an Ever and a Never come out together alive, they could prove that both sides can be victorious at once in a fight for a happy ending --- a big upset to the laws that have always governed to a fairy tale world.


title: The School for Good and Evil (novel)

text: Unfortunately, their relationship ends along with the Trial when Sophie refuses to save Tedros from a deadly attack, prompting Agatha's illegal participation to achieve their desired outcome. Sophie tries to cover up Agatha’s actions as her own, but Tedros learns the truth almost immediately. Consequently, Tedros starts to develop feelings for Agatha, while Sophie begins to show deepening resentment and anger towards her.


title: The School for Good and Evil (novel)

text: Both girls begin to undergo subtle but sure changes: Agatha finds her own inner beauty after consultation with the Dean of Good, fairy godmother Clarissa Dovey, while Sophie begins to suffer from dreams telling her she must kill Agatha in order to survive in her fairy tale. In the Circus of Talents, the next major school event, Agatha arrives looking more beautiful than all the other Evers courtesy of Professor Dovey, and at the end Tedros confesses his love for Agatha and asks her to be his date for the Evers' Snow Ball, to which she accepts. In response, Sophie, now a full-fledged witch, proceeds to destroy both schools and attempt to eliminate Agatha in accordance with her fairy tale.


title: The School for Good and Evil (novel)

text: Determined for her happy ending, Sophie finds the School Master's true identity to be Evil as the Storian is atoning for the Evil School Master's murder of the Good one, and as he tells her about his wish for his one true love, Sophie. She believes that she can find Happily Ever After with him instead of Tedros and that she was Evil all along, but upon kissing him, she heartrendingly remembers Nevers are incapable of love. As Agatha catches up with her best friend, the School Master prepares to kill her so that he can take Sophie for himself. Just when the Storian was about to spear Agatha's heart, Sophie did something that shocked the School Master—she stepped in front of her best friend, sacrificing her own life for her. The ghost of the deceased Good brother returns to save his students, and since only seers can hold dead souls, seer and history teacher, Professor August Sader sacrificed his own body to help the Good brother to destroy the Evil School Master and dies in the process. Sophie dies shortly after, losing too much blood to the cut at her heart, and Agatha, distraught, kisses her. Not long after this, however, Sophie revives as Agatha's kiss had proved that Evil could love, and she and Agatha are teleported back to Gavaldon, implying that they realized they don't need a prince after all. Tedros was left in disappointment as his one true love had disappeared from him, just before the Evers’ Snow Ball. This leaves the students of the schools in surprise as they realize the teachings about Good and Evil being incapable of friendship were not true.


title: The School for Good and Evil (novel)

text: When Chainani was young, he owned only a TV set and VHS tapes of Disney animated films, which were "all [he] watched" until the age of eight. He stated that "everything [he] learned about storytelling — and about fairy tales in general — [he] learned from Disney."


title: The School for Good and Evil (novel)

text: After attending college, Chainani learnt about fairy tales, and was fascinated by the differences between the original stories and Disney adaptations. "Somewhere" between the differences, ""The School for Good and Evil" was born." Chainani felt the Disney adaptations took the original fairy tales, which were more dark, complex and filled with horror, and "pasteurized" them to make them more "appropriate" for younger audiences. With "The School for Good and Evil", he wanted to "get back to the core of the original stories and give young readers a taste of what a real fairy tale is." Chainani wanted the characters to be unsafe, with no "warmth" in the narrator and no predictability of a happy ending. Chainani described what he wanted to do as creating "a new fairy tale", which was "just as unleashed and unhinged as the old stories that found the anxieties of today's children."


title: The School for Good and Evil (novel)

text: Chainani first had the idea of "The School for Good and Evil" in June 2010 while finishing the development of his first feature film, "Love Marriage", as director. He began working on a treatment as a screenplay but realized it had to be a novel. When Chainani was working with producer Jane Startz on an adaptation of "The Pushcart War", he presented the idea of "The School for Good and Evil" which she dubbed books. In the United States, the book was published on May 14, 2013, while in the United Kingdom, it was published on June 6 of the same year. On "The New York Times" Best Seller list, the book debuted at #7 within the first week of its publication.


title: The School for Good and Evil (novel)

text: "The School for Good and Evil" was one of the most anticipated fantasy young adult novels of 2013. On March 21, 2013, a book trailer was published on YouTube by Shelf Stuff. "Entertainment Weekly" called the trailer "imaginative". Chainani also completed an eight-city national tour and appeared at a "Bookstormer Dinner". Additionally, HarperCollins Children's Books distributed "Ever" and "Never" buttons at conferences.


title: The School for Good and Evil (novel)

text: By October 8, 2019, the book had been translated into 28 languages. By May 2020, the book had been translated into at least 30 languages. Languages which translation rights have been sold to include Chinese, Dutch, Taiwanese, Czech, Slovak, Lithuanian, Italian, Brazilian Portuguese, European Portuguese, Russian, Hebrew, Greek, French, Indonesian, Thai, Spanish, German, Norwegian and Bulgarian.


title: The School for Good and Evil (novel)

text: Michael Berry of "Common Sense Media" stated the book was "no run-of-the-mill fairy tale spin-off." He praised the wit and insight though he criticized the repetition, calling it "burdensome". "The Herald" Garry Scott commended the character of Sophie, the ending, character developments, simple words and speeches, stating he came across "the most marvellous feeling that [he has] ever come across in a book". Writing for "NPR", Selena Simmons-Duffin called the book series a "low-key empire". "Kirkus Reviews" said the series was "rich and strange", complimented the cover and described the series as being more strong on set pieces rather than internal logic. As of July 2020, the book has sold over 2.5 million copies.


title: The School for Good and Evil (novel)

text: On April 15, 2014, a sequel titled "A World Without Princes" was published. On July 21 of the following year, "The Last Ever After" was published. "Quests for Glory" was published on September 19, 2017. It was followed by "A Crystal of Time" and "One True King", published on March 5, 2019, and June 2, 2020.


title: The School for Good and Evil (novel)

text: Shortly after its publication, Universal Studios acquired rights to adapt the book into a film. In 2020, Netflix announced it would be taking over with Paul Feig as director. On December 18, 2020, Sofia Wylie and Sophia Anne Caruso were cast as the leads. The adaptation was released on October 19, 2022.


title: Gondola lift

text: A gondola lift is a means of cable transport and type of aerial lift which is supported and propelled by cables from above. It consists of a loop of steel wire rope that is strung between two stations, sometimes over intermediate supporting towers. The cable is driven by a bullwheel in a terminal, which is typically connected to an engine or electric motor. It is often considered a "continuous system" since it features a haul rope which continuously moves and circulates around two terminal stations. In contrast, an aerial tramway operates solely with fixed grips and simply shuttles back and forth between two end terminals.


title: Gondola lift

text: The capacity, cost, and functionality of a gondola lift will differ dramatically depending on the combination of cables used for support and haulage and the type of grip (detachable or fixed). Because of the proliferation of such systems in the Alps, the and are also used in English-language texts. The systems may also be referred to as cable cars.


title: Gondola lift

text: Kohlerer-Bahn by Bleichert opened on June 29, 1908 in Bolzano, South Tyrol, the first modern aerial enclosed cable car solely for passenger service.


title: Gondola lift

text: In some systems the passenger cabins, which can hold between two and fifteen people, are connected to the cable by means of spring–loaded grips. These grips allow the cabin to be detached from the moving cable and slowed in the terminals, to allow passengers to board and disembark. Doors are almost always automatic and controlled by a lever on the roof or on the undercarriage that is pushed up or down. Cabins are driven through the terminals either by rotating tires, or by a chain system. To be accelerated to and decelerated from line speed, cabins are driven along by progressively swifter (or slower) rotating tires until they reach line or terminal speed. On older installations, gondolas are accelerated manually by an operator. Gondola lifts can have intermediate stops that allow for uploading and downloading on the lift. Examples of a lift with three stops instead of the standard two are the Village Gondola, the Excalibur Gondolas at Whistler Blackcomb and the Skyride at Alton Towers.


title: Gondola lift

text: In other systems the cable is slowed intermittently to allow passengers to disembark and embark the cabins at stations, and to allow people in the cars along the route to take photographs, such as Lebanon's Téléférique which offers an exceptional view to the Mediterranean, the historical Jounieh Bay and the pine forest at the 80% slope which this gondola lift goes over. Such a system is called "pulse cabin" and usually several cabins are loaded simultaneously.


title: Gondola lift

text: Open-air gondolas, or cabriolets as commonly called, are fairly uncommon and are quite primitive because they are exposed to the elements. Their cabins are usually hollow cylinders, open from chest height up, with floors and roof covers. They are usually used as village gondolas and for short distances. Examples are at Mont Tremblant Resort in Quebec, Canada, and at Blue Mountain Ski Resort (summer only, in the winter it is converted to a six person high-speed chairlift.) in Ontario, Canada, The Canyons Resort in Park City, Utah, Mountain Creek, and the new Village Cabriolet at Winter Park Resort in Colorado. Open-air gondolas can also come in a style similar to that of pulse gondolas, like the Village Gondola at Panorama Ski Resort, British Columbia.


title: Gondola lift

text: The first gondola built in the United States for a ski resort was at the Wildcat Mountain Ski Area. It was a two-person gondola built in 1957 and serviced skiers until 1999. The lift was later demolished in 2004. The lift and its cabins were manufactured by a former Italian lift company: Carlevaro-Savio. One of the longest gondola rides in the world, Gondelbahn Grindelwald-Männlichen, is in the Bernese Oberland in Switzerland and connects Grindelwald with Männlichen.


title: Gondola lift

text: In recent years, gondola lifts are finding increased usage in urban environments. Cable cars used for urban transit include the Metrocable in Medellín, Colombia; Aerovia in Guayaquil, Ecuador; Portland Aerial Tram in Portland, Oregon, United States; Roosevelt Island Tramway in New York City, New York, United States; Metrocable in Caracas, Venezuela; Trolcable in Mérida, Venezuela; Cable Aéreo in Manizales, Colombia; Mi Teleférico in La Paz, Bolivia; Mexicable in the State of Mexico, Mexico; Yenimahalle-Şentepe teleferik in Ankara, Turkey; the London Cable Car in London, England; and the TransMiCable in Bogotá, Colombia, which opened in 2018. The Metrocable systems in Medellin and Caracas are fully integrated with the public transit network which provides passengers the ability to seamlessly transfer to the local metro lines, whereas the network in La Paz, the largest in the world, forms the backbone of the city's public transit system itself.


title: Gondola lift

text: Disney Skyliner is a gondola-lift service, which opened on September 29, 2019 at Walt Disney World in central Florida. The system uses multiple lines and has five stations, and it connects Epcot and Disney's Hollywood Studios with one another and with several Disney-owned and -operated resort hotels.


title: Gondola lift

text: In terms of urban gondola systems for the future, TransLink in Metro Vancouver has proposed to build a gondola up Burnaby Mountain to Simon Fraser University in an announcement in September 2010. The project was sidelined in 2014, but was revived in 2017.


title: Gondola lift

text: In late 2012, a widespread aerial gondola system was proposed for Austin, Texas, in an effort to expand mass transit options in the rapidly growing city. The proposal was rejected by the local transit agency in 2017.


title: Gondola lift

text: A ropeway conveyor or material ropeway is essentially a subtype of gondola lift, from which containers for goods rather than passenger cars are suspended.


title: Gondola lift

text: Ropeway conveyors are typically found around large mining concerns, and can be of considerable length. The COMILOG Cableway, which ran from Moanda in Gabon to Mbinda in the Republic of the Congo, was over in length. The Norsjö cable car in Sweden had a length of .


title: Gondola lift

text: In Eritrea, the Italians built the Asmara-Massawa Cableway in 1936, which was long. The Manizales - Mariquita Cableway (1922) in Colombia was 73 km long.


title: Gondola lift

text: Conveyors can be powered by a wide variety of forms of power sources: electric motors, internal combustion engines, steam engines, or gravity. Gravity is particularly common in mountainous mining concerns, and directly employed; the weight of loaded down-going containers pulling the returning empties back up the slope. Gravity can also be used indirectly, where running water is available; a waterwheel is powered by gravity acting on water, and is used to power the cable.


title: Gondola lift

text: Conventional systems where a single cable provides both support and propulsion of the cabins are often called monocable gondola lifts. Gondola lifts which feature one stationary cable (known as the 'support' rope), and one haul rope are known as bicable gondola lifts, while lifts that feature two support ropes and one haul rope are known as tricable gondola lifts. Famous examples of bicable gondola lifts include the Ngong Ping 360 in Hong Kong, the Singapore Cable Car, and the Sulphur Mountain Gondola in Banff, Canada. This system has the advantage that the stationary cable's strength and properties can be tailored to each span, which reduces costs. They differ from aerial tramways , as these consist only of one or two usually larger cabins moving back and forth, rather than circulating. Bicable and tricable systems provide greater lateral stability compared with monocable systems, allowing the system to operate in higher cross-winds.


title: Gondola lift

text: The National Ski Areas Association reports 0.138 fatalities per 100 million miles transported compared to 1.23 for cars.


title: Philip Hammond

text: Philip Hammond, Baron Hammond of Runnymede (born 4 December 1955) is a British politician and life peer who served as Chancellor of the Exchequer from 2016 to 2019, Foreign Secretary from 2014 to 2016, and Defence Secretary from 2011 to 2014. A member of the Conservative Party, he was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Runnymede and Weybridge from 1997 to 2019.


title: Philip Hammond

text: Born in Epping, Essex, Hammond studied Philosophy, Politics and Economics at University College, Oxford. He worked from 1984 as a company director at Castlemead Ltd – a healthcare and nursing company. From 1995 to 1997, he acted as an adviser to the government of Malawi before his election to Parliament.


title: Philip Hammond

text: Hammond served in the Shadow Cabinets of Michael Howard and David Cameron as Shadow Secretary of State for Work and Pensions from 2005 to 2007 and Shadow Chief Secretary to the Treasury in 2005 and from 2007 to 2010. After the formation of the Coalition Government in May 2010, he was appointed Secretary of State for Transport and was sworn of the Privy Council. Upon the resignation of Liam Fox over a scandal in October 2011, Hammond was promoted to replace him as Secretary of State for Defence, before being further promoted in July 2014 to become Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs.


title: Philip Hammond

text: In July 2016, after Theresa May succeeded Cameron as Prime Minister, Hammond was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer. As Chancellor, Hammond suggested that the government may begin a reduction in austerity measures. In July 2019, he spoke in an interview with Andrew Marr of his plans to tender his resignation to Theresa May should Boris Johnson become the new Leader of the Conservative Party and Prime Minister, on the grounds that, should he be part of the Johnson Cabinet, collective responsibility would require him to support a no-deal Brexit. With the later selection of Boris Johnson as the next Prime Minister, he tendered his resignation to Theresa May. He had the Conservative whip removed in September 2019 for voting against Boris Johnson's government and subsequently sat as an independent MP, whilst remaining a member of the party. He did not stand for re-election in the 2019 election.


title: Philip Hammond

text: Hammond was born in Epping, Essex, the son of a civil engineer. He was educated at Shenfield School (now Shenfield High School) in Brentwood, Essex, where he was a classmate of Richard Madeley. He then read Philosophy, Politics and Economics at University College, Oxford, where he was an Open Scholar, and graduated with a first-class honours degree.


title: Philip Hammond

text: Hammond joined the medical equipment manufacturers Speywood Laboratories Ltd in 1977, becoming a director of Speywood Medical Limited in 1981. He left in 1983 and, from 1984, served as a director in Castlemead Ltd.


title: Philip Hammond

text: From 1993 to 1995, he was a partner in CMA Consultants and, from 1994, a director in Castlemead Homes. He had many business interests including house building and property, manufacturing, healthcare, and oil and gas. He worked as a consultant to the Government of Malawi from 1995 until his election to Parliament.


title: Philip Hammond

text: Hammond was the Chairman of the Lewisham East Conservative Association for seven years from 1989, and was also a political assistant to Colin Moynihan, then MP for Lewisham East and Minister of Sport. He contested the 1994 Newham North East by-election following the death of sitting Labour MP Ron Leighton, losing in this rock-solid Labour seat to Stephen Timms by 11,818 votes, Hammond only polling 14.5% of the vote. He was elected to the House of Commons at the 1997 general election for the newly created Surrey seat of Runnymede and Weybridge. He won the seat with a majority of 9,875 and remained its MP until 2019. He made his maiden speech on 17 June 1997.


title: Philip Hammond

text: In Parliament, he served on the Environment, Transport and the Regions Select committee from 1997 until he was promoted by William Hague as front bench spokesman for Health. He was moved to become a spokesman for Trade and Industry by Iain Duncan Smith in 2001, and later transferred to Shadow Minister for Local Government and Regions in 2002.


title: Philip Hammond

text: Howard promoted Hammond to his Shadow Cabinet following the 2005 general election as Shadow Chief Secretary to the Treasury. Following the election of David Cameron as Conservative leader later in 2005, Hammond became the Shadow Secretary of State for Work and Pensions. He was moved back to the role of Shadow Chief Secretary to the Treasury in David Cameron's reshuffle following Gordon Brown's accession to the premiership.


title: Philip Hammond

text: Hammond was appointed Secretary of State for Transport following the formation of the coalition government on 12 May 2010, a position he held until 14 October 2011.


title: Philip Hammond

text: On 28 September 2011, the government initiated a consultation on plans to raise the speed limit on motorways from 70 mph to 80 mph, to introduce the new limit in 2013. However, following criticism, including that modelling predicted a 20+% increase in motorway deaths and would alienate women voters, the plans were dropped by his successor.


title: Philip Hammond

text: Hammond became Secretary of State for Defence on 14 October 2011 when Liam Fox resigned. As Secretary of State for Defence, Hammond became a member of the National Security Council.


title: Philip Hammond

text: In December 2011, women were allowed to serve on Royal Navy submarines. The first women officers began serving on s in late 2013. They were due to be followed by female ratings in 2015, when women should also begin serving on the new s. It was also confirmed that the cost of the Libyan operations was £212 million – less than was estimated – including £67 million for replacing spent munitions, is all expected to be met from HM Treasury's reserve.


title: Philip Hammond

text: In January 2012, the Ministry of Defence cut 4,200 jobs in the second round of armed forces redundancies. The Army would see up to 2,900 job cuts, including 400 Gurkhas, while the RAF would lose up to 1,000 members and the Royal Navy up to 300. The job losses would account for some of the cuts under the defence review – intended to help plug the £38 billion hole in the defence budget. Hammond said the Government had "no choice but to reduce the size of the armed forces – while reconfiguring them to ensure they remain agile, adaptable and effective".


title: Philip Hammond

text: The £38 billion "black hole" in Ministry of Defence finances had been "dealt with" and the department's "hand to mouth existence would come to an end", Hammond stated in February 2012. Ministers had even found £2.1 billion to be allocated to several major spending projects to be introduced in the coming weeks. The money was to come from a combination of cuts over the previous two years, bargaining with industry suppliers and a one per cent increase in the equipment budget.


title: Philip Hammond

text: In February 2012, Hammond said that the Falkland Islands did not face a "current credible military threat" from Argentina. He added that Britain had "no desire or intention to increase the heat" surrounding their sovereignty. Speaking in the House of Commons he said "despite media speculation to the contrary, there has been no recent change to force levels", adding "there is no evidence of any current credible military threat to the security of the Falkland Islands and therefore no current plan for significant changes to force deployments."


title: Philip Hammond

text: In August 2012, Hammond cut senior positions within the "top-heavy" military by a quarter. Around 26 civilian and military head office posts would go and a new senior structure would come in from April 2013. The move was expected to save the Ministry of Defence around £3.8 million a year. Hammond said one in four posts from the ranks of commodore, brigadier, air commodore and above would go.


title: Philip Hammond

text: Four weeks before the London Olympic Games of 2012, the security company G4S could not provide the number of security staff it had originally undertaken to deploy for the games. Hammond solved the problem by deploying 5,000 members of the armed forces making good the shortfall. Their performance attracted widespread praise.


title: Philip Hammond

text: and Commonwealth Secretary. Newspapers highlighted his "Eurosceptic" credentials, and his confidence that Britain could "get a deal" on reforming the European Union. He said that he would vote in a putative referendum for a British exit from the European Union unless there were changes in the relationship, but following David Cameron's renegotiation, he supported the Remain campaign.


title: Philip Hammond

text: In August 2014, Hammond said he was surprised at the sudden resignation of Sayeeda Warsi, Baroness Warsi, who wrote of "great unease" under his leadership of the Foreign office.


title: Philip Hammond

text: In March 2015, Hammond stated that Britain would support the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen "in every practical way short of engaging in combat." He also told Parliament that the Saudi-led coalition had complied with humanitarian law. This statement was later corrected by the Foreign Office as, according to the Foreign Office, he should have said: "Looking at all the information available to us, we have been unable to assess that there has been a breach of International Humanitarian Law by the Saudi-led coalition". As a result of these discrepancies, Labour MP Ann Clwyd asked the Commons Speaker John Bercow to refer the incident to the relevant parliamentary authority so that they can decide whether Hammond deliberately misled the MPs or if it was an honest mistake.


title: Philip Hammond

text: In March 2015, speaking as the minister responsible for the intelligence agencies, he suggested that terror "apologists" must share blame in terrorist acts, saying "But a huge burden of responsibility also lies with those who act as apologists for them."On 8 July 2015, Hammond condemned the defeat by Russia at the UN Security Council of his four-page draft resolution S/2015/508, which would have applied the genocide label to the Srebrenica massacre of Muslim Bosniaks in 1995. Angola, China, Nigeria and Venezuela abstained, while the draft had been proposed by Jordan, Lithuania, Malaysia, New Zealand, the UK and the US. The Russian ambassador, Vitaly Churkin, criticised the British wording as "confrontational and politically-motivated", arguing that it unfairly singled out Bosnian Serbs for committing war crimes in a conflict in which all three ethnic groups were the victims of atrocities. Hammond stated that: "We are disappointed that our resolution to commemorate the 20th anniversary of Srebrenica was vetoed today."


title: Philip Hammond

text: On 14 July 2015, after several years of on-again-off-again negotiations, the P5+1 reached agreement with Iran over the Nuclear program of Iran. Hammond was present in Vienna as the UK representative for the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action disclosure ceremony. Hammond presented the deal in Commons the next day, and was in Jerusalem for a joint press conference with Benjamin Netanyahu, which was described as "tense".


title: Philip Hammond

text: Hammond described the United Nations findings regarding the detention of Julian Assange in the Ecuadorian embassy in London on 6 February 2016 as "ridiculous". Mads Andenæs commented, "When countries respond in this way, they damage the respect for the rule of law and the United Nations."


title: Philip Hammond

text: In October 2015, Justice Secretary Michael Gove cancelled a £5.9 million contract to provide services for prisons in the Saudi Arabia, saying "the British government should not be assisting a regime that uses beheadings, stoning, crucifixions and lashings as forms of punishment." Foreign Secretary Hammond accused Gove of "naivety".


title: Philip Hammond

text: In November 2015, Hammond was criticised for accepting a watch worth £1,950 from Saudi businessman Mahfouz Marei Mubarak bin Mahfouz. The watch was given as a gift after the unveiling of a statue of the Queen to mark the 800th anniversary of the sealing of Magna Carta. Ministers are not allowed to accept gifts worth more than £140 but Hammond claims he was advised that the event was a constituency one, not a ministerial one, and therefore the rules for ministers did not apply to him on that day. Labour MP John Mann was among those who criticised Hammond. "What on earth was he doing?" Mann asked, "No MP should be accepting watches worth nearly £2,000 as a gift. He should now give it to charity."


title: Philip Hammond

text: Hammond had backed Remain in the Brexit referendum, but confirmed he would support the withdrawal of the UK from the EU, saying "No ifs, no buts, no second referendums. We are leaving the European Union. But it is equally clear to me that the British people did not vote on June 23 to become poorer, or less secure" and that he would take whatever steps necessary to protect the economy, jobs and living standards.


title: Philip Hammond

text: In October 2016, Hammond was criticised by some Cabinet colleagues for “arguing like an accountant seeing the risk of everything” rather than pressing ahead with plans for Brexit. Hammond called for caution during a Cabinet committee meeting, which discussed a proposed post-Brexit visa regime that would require all European Union workers to prove they have secured a skilled job before being allowed into Britain, which led to accusations that he was trying to "undermine Brexit"


title: Philip Hammond

text: According to "The Sunday Times", Hammond's priority was ensuring the UK retained full access to the EU's single market for Britain's financial industry. In January 2017, Hammond stated that the UK would leave the Single Market as it was not politically possible to continue to comply with all the EU's rules regarding freedom of movement in the wake of the Brexit vote, saying that they would look to pursue a "comprehensive free trade agreement" instead.


title: Philip Hammond

text: In his first budget in March 2017, Hammond increased National Insurance contributions that self-employed people have to pay, despite the Conservatives making a manifesto pledge at the 2015 election not to increase NI. The policy was reversed a week later after opposition from some of his own backbenchers. The IFS argued in favour of the NIC rise, claiming the original pledge not to increase tax had been unwise. "As we said at the time these were silly pledges. To commit yourself to not raising the three main taxes – income tax, NI and VAT – ties your hands to an absurd extent." George Eaton maintains the promise was intended as a negotiating tool as the Conservatives did not expect an outright majority. Hammond's budget continued government policies of freezing benefits.


title: Philip Hammond

text: Following the 2017 general election, Hammond suggested that he may ease up on austerity in the coming autumn budget. Hammond said, “Obviously we are not deaf. We heard a message last week in the general election and we need to look at how we deal with the challenges we face in the economy. I understand that people are weary after years of hard work to rebuild the economy after the great crash of 2008–09, but we have to live within our means. (...) We have never said we won't raise some taxes.”


title: Philip Hammond

text: In a June 2017 speech, Hammond said a Brexit deal that prioritised jobs and prosperity was the only way the UK would be able to deliver the strong growth that would allow the government to end its austerity measures. In his strongest-yet call for a managed approach, Hammond said a comprehensive trade agreement, a transitional deal after the 2019 deadline for the end of talks, and a commitment to keep borders open should form a three-point Brexit plan for Britain. There would be “audible sighs of relief”, he said, if the talks that ended with a business-friendly agreement.


title: Philip Hammond

text: In October 2017, Hammond referred to the European Union's Brexit negotiators as "the enemy". Shortly thereafter, however, he expressed regret for his choice of words.


title: Philip Hammond

text: In November 2017, Hammond said in an interview on "The Andrew Marr Show", whilst talking about possible unemployment that comes with driver-less vehicles, AI and robots, that the development of personal computers meant that there was no longer any need for shorthand typists. He then asked in reference to his previous comment: "Where are all these unemployed people? There are no unemployed people." This was immediately noticed by the media, as there are roughly 1.42 million unemployed with more underemployed. This led to accusations that Hammond is out of touch with reality. Later in the same programme, he clarified his remarks, and again on "Peston on Sunday", acknowledging on both occasions the real number of unemployed people in the UK.


title: Philip Hammond

text: In January 2018, senior Conservative MPs mounted pressure on Theresa May to sack him as Chancellor following his recent comments about Brexit, which were deemed too europhilic in nature.


title: Philip Hammond

text: In 2019, Hammond responded to the report by the UN's rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights, Philip Alston. The report argued that 14 million people in the UK live in poverty and 1.5 million are destitute. It claimed the government's policies were "punitive, mean-spirited, and often callous". Hammond said he "rejects the idea that there are vast numbers of people facing dire poverty in this country. I don't accept the UN rapporteur's report at all. I think that's nonsense. Look around you; that's not what we see in this country."


title: Philip Hammond

text: In July 2019, with the expectation that Boris Johnson would become Prime Minister, Hammond asserted that he would work to avoid an immediate exit from the EU. In an interview on "The Andrew Marr Show" he said he planned to tender his resignation to Theresa May on 24 July immediately after Prime Minister's Questions but before May stood down. He stated that should he be part of the Johnson Cabinet he would be required to support a no-deal Brexit, something he "could never sign up to". He submitted his resignation to May stating that her successor "must be free to choose a Chancellor who is fully aligned with his policy position".


title: Philip Hammond

text: In August 2019, Hammond, and a number of other Conservative MPs including former Cabinet ministers Rory Stewart and David Gauke, wrote a letter to the Prime Minister Boris Johnson, accusing him of "ruining" any chance of a new deal with European Union by setting "the bar on his red lines so high". According to "The Times", Hammond and several other remain supporters aimed at an extension to Article 50 with EU leaders.


title: Philip Hammond

text: On 3 September 2019, Hammond led 20 other rebel Conservative MPs to vote against the Conservative government of Boris Johnson. The rebel MPs voted with the Opposition against a Conservative motion, which subsequently failed. Effectively, they helped block Johnson's "no-deal" Brexit plan from proceeding on 31 October. Subsequently, all 21 were advised that they had lost the Conservative whip, expelling them as Conservative MPs and requiring them to sit as independents.


title: Philip Hammond

text: Hammond did not contest the 2019 general election, as he would be a "direct challenge" to the Conservative party. If he or the other rebel MPs had decided to run for re-election, the party would have blocked their selection as Conservative candidates. Hammond later suggested that "the Conservative Party has been taken over by unelected advisors, entryists and usurpers who are trying to turn it from a broad church into an extreme right-wing faction", and that "it is not the party I joined."


title: Philip Hammond

text: Boris Johnson nominated Hammond for a peerage in February 2020, along with Kenneth Clarke, who also had the Conservative whip removed. According to the "Daily Telegraph", a cabinet minister criticised the decision to award Hammond a seat in the House of Lords, saying he "tried to bring down the government".


title: Philip Hammond

text: Hammond had a business career in small and medium-sized companies in manufacturing, consultancy, property and construction, and oil and gas, both in the UK and abroad. On 13 July 2020, according to documents from the Advisory Committee on Business Appointments, which oversees business appointments for former ministers, Hammond would be taking up a paid, part-time role as an advisor to Saudi Arabia's Minister of Finance.


title: Philip Hammond

text: Hammond was created Baron Hammond of Runnymede, "of Runnymede in the County of Surrey", by Letters Patent dated 30 September 2020. The cryptocurrency firm, Copper Technologies employs Hammond as an adviser. Hammond holds a stake in the company worth $15 million.


title: Philip Hammond

text: In May 2012, Hammond said that banks were not solely responsible for the 2008 financial crisis as "they had to lend to someone". Hammond said that people who took out loans were "consenting adults", who in some cases were now seeking to blame others for their actions.


title: Philip Hammond

text: In May 2012, Hammond said same-sex marriage is "too controversial". In January 2013 during a visit to Royal Holloway, University of London, he bracketed the tabled legislation, which was passed afterwards, alongside socially unacceptable relationships, at the upper scale of which he stated was the criminal offence of incest. Asked by "PinkNews" to clarify his remarks, Hammond wrote by email: "The discussion ranged very widely and was not limited to same sex relationships".


title: Philip Hammond

text: In May 2013, Hammond abstained as one of four Cabinet Ministers not to vote in favour of same-sex marriage. Hammond was openly critical of the then Prime Minister David Cameron's approach to the Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013 and said in November 2013 that he was "shocked" by the speed with which it was pushed through and that it was "damaging" to the Conservative Party.


title: Philip Hammond

text: Hammond wants all earners, not only the wealthiest to pay higher taxes to finance improved public services, he feels borrowing will not work. Hammond said "Of course you can tax wealthy people a bit more but the reality of the fiscal challenge we face is that if we want public services not just to be maintained but to be improved… Everybody including ordinary earners are going to have to pay more tax."


title: Philip Hammond

text: Hammond married Susan Carolyn Williams-Walker on 29 June 1991. They have two daughters and a son and live in Send, Surrey, with another home in London. In 2009, Hammond's wealth was estimated at £9 million.


title: Animal magnetism

text: Animal magnetism, also known as mesmerism, was a protoscientific theory developed by German doctor Franz Mesmer in the 18th century in relation to what he claimed to be an invisible natural force ("Lebensmagnetismus") possessed by all living things, including humans, animals, and vegetables. He claimed that the force could have physical effects, including healing. He tried persistently, without success, to achieve a wider scientific recognition of his ideas.


title: Animal magnetism

text: The vitalist theory attracted numerous followers in Europe and the United States and was popular into the 19th century. Practitioners were often known as magnetizers rather than mesmerists. It had an important influence in medicine for about 75 years from its beginnings in 1779, and continued to have some influence for another 50 years. Hundreds of books were written on the subject between 1766 and 1925, but it is no longer practiced today except as a form of alternative medicine in some places.


title: Animal magnetism

text: The terms "magnetizer" and "mesmerizer" have been applied to people who study and practice animal magnetism. These terms have been distinguished from "mesmerist" and "magnetist", which are regarded as denoting those who study animal magnetism without being practitioners; and from "hypnotist", someone who practises hypnosis.


title: Animal magnetism

text: The etymology of the word "magnetizer" comes from the French ""magnétiseur"" ("practicing the methods of mesmerism"), which in turn is derived from the French verb "magnétiser". The term refers to an individual who has the power to manipulate the "magnetic fluid" with effects upon other people present that were regarded as analogous to magnetic effects. This sense of the term is found, for example, in the expression of Antoine Joseph Gorsas: "The magnetizer is the imam of vital energy".


title: Animal magnetism

text: A tendency emerged amongst British magnetizers to call their clinical techniques "mesmerism"; they wanted to distance themselves from the theoretical orientation of animal magnetism that was based on the concept of "magnetic fluid". At the time, some magnetizers attempted to channel what they thought was a magnetic "fluid", and sometimes they attempted this with a "laying on of hands". Reported effects included various feelings: intense heat, trembling, trances, and seizures.


title: Animal magnetism

text: Many practitioners took a scientific approach, such as Joseph Philippe François Deleuze (1753–1835), a French physician, anatomist, gynecologist, and physicist. One of his pupils was Théodore Léger (1799–1853), who wrote that the label "mesmerism" was "most improper".


title: Animal magnetism

text: Noting that, by 1846, the term "galvanism" had been replaced by "electricity", Léger wrote that year:


title: Animal magnetism

text: In 1784 two French Royal Commissions appointed by Louis XVI studied Mesmer's magnetic fluid theory to try to establish it by scientific evidence. The commission of the Academy of Sciences included Majault, Benjamin Franklin, Jean Sylvain Bailly, Jean-Baptiste Le Roy, Sallin, Jean Darcet, de Borey, Joseph-Ignace Guillotin, and Antoine Lavoisier. The Commission of the Royal Society of Medicine was composed of Poissonnier, Caille, Mauduyt de la Varenne, Andry, and Antoine Laurent de Jussieu.


title: Animal magnetism

text: Whilst the commission agreed that the cures claimed by Mesmer were indeed cures, it also concluded there was no evidence of the existence of his "magnetic fluid", and that its effects derived from either the imaginations of its subjects or charlatanry.


title: Animal magnetism

text: A generation later another investigating committee, appointed by a majority vote in 1826 in The Royal Academy of Medicine in Paris, studied the effects and clinical potentials of the mesmeric procedure - without trying to establish the physical nature of any magnetic fluidum. The report says:


title: Animal magnetism

text: Abbé Faria was one of the disciples of Franz Anton Mesmer who continued with Mesmer's work following the conclusions of the Royal Commission. In the early 19th century, Abbé Faria is said to have introduced oriental hypnosis to Paris and to have conducted experiments to prove that "no special force was necessary for the production of the mesmeric phenomena such as the trance, but that the determining cause lay within the subject himself"—in other words, that it worked purely by the power of suggestion.


title: Animal magnetism

text: Hypnotism, a designation coined by the Scottish surgeon, James Braid, originates in Braid's response to an 1841 exhibition of "animal magnetism", by Charles Lafontaine, in Manchester. Writing in 1851, Braid was adamant that, in the absence of the sorts of "higher phenomena" reportedly produced by the mesmerists,


title: Animal magnetism

text: and in contra-distinction to the "Transcendental" [i.e., "metaphysical"] "Mesmerism" of the Mesmerists … [allegedly] induced through the transmission of an occult influence from [the body of the operator to that of the subject,] "Hypnotism", [by which] I mean a peculiar condition of the nervous system, into which it can be thrown by artificial contrivance … [a theoretical position that is entirely] consistent with generally admitted principles in physiological and psychological science [would] therefore [be most aptly] designated "Rational Mesmerism".


title: Animal magnetism

text: While there is a great range of theories and practices collectively denoted "mesmerism", research has clearly identified that there are substantial and significant differences between "mesmerism" and "hypnotism" however they may be defined.


title: Animal magnetism

text: Modern philosophy has admitted a plenum or universal principle of fluid matter, which occupies all space; and that as all bodies moving in the world, abound with pores, this fluid matter introduces itself through the interstices and returns backwards and forwards, flowing through one body by the currents which issue therefrom to another, as in a magnet, which produces that phenomenon which we call Animal Magnetism. This fluid consists of fire, air and spirit, and like all other fluids tends to an equilibrium, therefore it is easy to conceive how the efforts which the bodies make towards each other produce animal electricity, which in fact is no more than the effect produced between two bodies, one of which has more motion than the other; a phenomenon serving to prove that the body which has most motion communicates it to the other, until the medium of motion becomes an equilibrium between the two bodies, and then this equality of motion produces animal electricity.


title: Animal magnetism

text: According to an anonymous writer of a series of letters published by editor John Pearson in 1790, animal magnetism can cause a wide range of effects ranging from vomiting to what is termed the "crisis". The purpose of the treatment (inducing the "crisis") was to shock the body into convulsion in order to remove obstructions in the humoral system that were causing sicknesses. Furthermore, this anonymous supporter of the animal magnetism theory purported that the "crisis" created two effects: first, a state in which the "[individual who is] completely reduced under Magnetic influence, although he should seem to be possessed of his senses, yet he ceases to be an accountable creature", and a second "remarkable" state, which would be "conferred upon the [magnetized] subject … [namely] that of perfect and unobstructed vision … in other words, all opacity is removed, and every object becomes luminous and transparent". A patient under crisis was believed to be able to see through the body and find the cause of illness, either in themselves or in other patients.


title: Animal magnetism

text: The Marquis of Puységur's miraculous healing of a young man named Victor in 1784 was attributed to, and used as evidence in support of, this "crisis" treatment. The Marquis was allegedly able to hypnotize Victor and, while hypnotized, Victor was said to have been able to speak articulately and diagnose his own sickness.


title: Animal magnetism

text: Jacob Melo discusses in his books some mechanisms by which the perceived effects of animal magnetism have been claimed to operate.


title: Animal magnetism

text: The study of animal magnetism spurred the creation of the Societies of Harmony in France, where members paid to join and learn the practice of magnetism. Doctor John Bell was a member of the Philosophical Harmonic Society of Paris, and was certified by the society to lecture and teach on animal magnetism in England. The existence of the societies transformed animal magnetism into a secretive art, where its practitioners and lecturers did not reveal the techniques of the practice based on the society members that have paid for instruction, veiling the idea that it was unfair to reveal the practice to others for free. Although the heightened secrecy of the practice contributed to the skepticism about it, many supporters and practitioners of animal magnetism touted the ease and possibility for everyone to acquire the skills to perform its techniques.


title: Animal magnetism

text: Popularization of animal magnetism was denounced and ridiculed by newspaper journals and theatre during the Romantic Era. Many deemed animal magnetism to be nothing more than a theatrical falsity or quackery. In a 1790 publication, an editor presented a series of letters written by an avid supporter of animal magnetism and included his own thoughts in an appendix stating:


title: Animal magnetism

text: "No fanatics ever divulged notions more wild and extravagant; no impudent empiric ever retailed promises more preposterous, or histories of cures more devoid of reality, than the tribe of magnetisers".


title: Animal magnetism

text: The novelist and playwright Elizabeth Inchbald wrote the farce "Animal Magnetism" in the late 1780s. The plot revolved around multiple love triangles and the absurdity of animal magnetism. The following passage mocks the medical prowess of those qualified only as mesmerists:


title: Animal magnetism

text: Doctor: They have refused to grant me a diploma—forbid me to practice as a physician, and all because I don't know a parcel of insignificant words; but exercise my profession according to the rules of reason and nature; Is it not natural to die, then if a dozen or two of my patients have died under my hands, is not that natural? ...


title: Animal magnetism

text: Although the doctor's obsession with the use of animal magnetism, not merely to cure but to force his ward to fall in love with him, made for a humorous storyline, Inchbald’s light-hearted play commented on what society perceived as threats posed by the practice.


title: Animal magnetism

text: De Mainanduc brought animal magnetism to England in 1787 and promulgated it into the social arena. In 1785, he had published proposals to the ladies of Britain to establish a "hygean society" or society of health, by which they would pay to join and enjoy his treatments. As both popularity and skepticism increased, many became convinced that animal magnetism could lead to sexual exploitation of women. Not only did the practice involve close personal contact via the waving of hands over the body, but people were concerned that the animal magnetists could hypnotize women and direct them at will.


title: Animal magnetism

text: The French revolution catalyzed existing internal political friction in Britain in the 1790s; a few political radicals used animal magnetism as more than just a moral threat but also a political threat. Among many lectures warning society against government oppression, Samuel Taylor Coleridge wrote:


title: Animal magnetism

text: William Pitt, the great political Animal Magnetist, ... has most foully worked on the diseased fancy of Englishmen ... thrown the nation into a feverish slumber, and is now bringing it to a crisis which may convulse mortality!


title: Animal magnetism

text: Major politicians and people in power were accused by radicals of practising animal magnetism on the general population.


title: Animal magnetism

text: In his article "Under the Influence: Mesmerism in England", Roy Porter notes that James Tilly Matthews suggested that the French were infiltrating England via animal magnetism. Matthews believed that "magnetic spies" would invade England and bring it under subjection by transmitting waves of animal magnetism to subdue the government and people. Such an invasion from foreign influences was perceived as a radical threat.


title: Animal magnetism

text: Some claim that mesmerism has been used in many parts of the world as an intervention to treat profound illness in humans, as well as in the treatment of disease in domestic, farm, circus, and zoo animals.


title: Animal magnetism

text: During the Romantic period, mesmerism produced enthusiasm and inspired horror in the spiritual and religious context. Though discredited as a medical practice, mesmerism created a venue for spiritual healing. Some animal magnetists advertised their practices by stressing the "spiritual rather than physical benefits to be gained from animal magnetism" and were able to gather a good clientele from among the spiritually inspired population.


title: Animal magnetism

text: Some researchers, including Johann Peter Lange and Allan Kardec, suggested that Jesus was the greatest of all magnetizers, and that the source of his miracles was animal magnetism. Other writers, such as John Campbell Colquhoun and Mary Baker Eddy, denounced the comparison. Mary Baker Eddy went so far as to claim animal magnetism "lead[s] to moral and to physical death."


title: Animal magnetism

text: Sporadic research into animal magnetism was conducted in the 20th century, and the results published; for example, Bernard Grad wrote a number of papers related to his observations of "a single, reputed healer, [Hungarian] Oskar Estebany" on the subject.


title: Animal magnetism

text: In the Classical era of animal magnetism, the late 17th century to the mid-19th century, there were professional magnetizers, whose techniques were described by authors of the time as particularly effective. Their method was to spend prolonged periods "magnetizing" their customers directly or through "mesmeric magnets". It was observed that in some conditions, certain mesmerizers were more likely to achieve the result than others, regardless of their degree of knowledge.


title: Ace of Spades (album)

text: Ace of Spades is the fourth studio album by British rock band Motörhead, released on 8 November 1980 via Bronze Records. It is the band's most commercially successful album, peaking at number four on the UK Albums Chart and reaching gold status in the UK by March 1981. It was preceded by the release of the title track as a single on 27 October, which peaked in the UK Singles Chart at No. 15 in early November.


title: Ace of Spades (album)

text: It was the band's debut release in the United States, with Mercury Records handling distribution in North America. In 2020, the album was ranked at 408 on Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time list.


title: Ace of Spades (album)

text: By 1979, Motörhead had released two successful albums, "Overkill" and "Bomber", and had gained a loyal fan following by constant touring and television appearances. Their ferocious, loud proto-thrash playing style appealed equally to punks and heavy metal fans, but in 1979 "Sounds" writer Geoff Barton coined the term "New Wave of British Heavy Metal" (NWOBHM) to classify a slew of newer bands such as Iron Maiden, Def Leppard, and Saxon. Motörhead – a band that resented being labeled anything other than rock 'n' roll – was placed in this new genre, which would go on to influence the emerging thrash metal movement that would include bands like Metallica and Megadeth. In the 2011 book "Overkill: The Untold Story of Motörhead", Joel McIver quotes vocalist and bassist Lemmy:


title: Ace of Spades (album)

text: Regardless, the association with NWOBHM would be another positive element in the increasing momentum that would lead to the band's most successful commercial period at the beginning of the new decade. In fact, United Artists decided to finally release the band's "lost" first album at this time under the title "On Parole", which had originally been recorded in 1976 but shelved because it was deemed commercially unviable. Next, the Big Beat label, which had taken over Chiswick's catalogue, released "Beer Drinkers and Hell Raisers", packaging four extra tracks that the band had laid down for their debut album. Further evidence of Motörhead's nascent mainstream success was the release of the EP "The Golden Years" in May 1980 on Bronze Records, which became their highest charting release to date, peaking at No. 8.


title: Ace of Spades (album)

text: Motörhead recorded "Ace of Spades" with Vic Maile at Jackson's Studios in Rickmansworth in August and September 1980. Maile, who had worked with the likes of Jimi Hendrix, Led Zeppelin, and the Who, had crossed paths with Lemmy when he was a member of Hawkwind. The bassist recalls in his 2002 memoir "White Line Fever":


title: Ace of Spades (album)

text: Maille, who was affectionately nicknamed "Turtle" by the band (for his resemblance to the reptile), was critical in giving Motörhead a sleeker sound on record without sacrificing its raw power. Diminutive and soft-spoken, Maille was well equipped to deal with the trio, who were notorious for in-fighting and general unmanageability. In the documentary "The Guts and the Glory", drummer Phil "Philthy Animal" Taylor remembers:


title: Ace of Spades (album)

text: Whereas the band had previously had an input at the mixing stage, Maile took sole responsibility here, Clarke explaining that the result was "you can finally hear everything that's going on." Of the performances, Lemmy stated "Vic got me singing instead of just shouting all the time", while Taylor added "and he got me playing more solid."


title: Ace of Spades (album)

text: The album includes some of the band's most popular songs, including "The Chase Is Better Than the Catch", "(We Are) the Road Crew", and the hit single "Ace of Spades", which rose to No. 15 on the UK Singles Chart. In his autobiography, "White Line Fever", Lemmy speaks at length about the tune:


title: Ace of Spades (album)

text: The song "(We Are) the Road Crew" was written as a tribute to the band's roadies. In the 2004 "Classic Albums" documentary on the making of the album, guitarist "Fast" Eddie Clarke declares:


title: Ace of Spades (album)

text: In the same film, Lemmy, who worked as a roadie for Jimi Hendrix and the Nice, recalls that he wrote the song "in ten minutes" and that when roadie Ian "Eagle" Dobbie heard the song "he had a tear in his eye". Many of the songs, such as "Love Me Like a Reptile". "The Chase Is Better Than the Catch", and "Jailbait". blatantly reference sex, which drew the ire of some critics and feminists. Clarke explained to "Classic Albums" in 2005:


title: Ace of Spades (album)

text: The Mercury Records vinyl release has an entirely different track order, which many fans feel is a better delivery of the album as a whole.


title: Ace of Spades (album)

text: Motörhead appeared on "Top of the Pops" twice in October to promote the single "Ace of Spades", and were guests on the ITV children's morning show "Tiswas" on 8 November. The band undertook a UK tour from 22 October through to 2 December under the banner "Ace Up Your Sleeve", with support from Girlschool and Vardis. After the Belfast show on 2 December, hijinks resulted in Taylor breaking his neck forcing him to wear a neck-brace and curtailing any further band activity. The other members of the band took the opportunity to collaborate with Girlschool for the "St. Valentine's Day Massacre" EP.


title: Ace of Spades (album)

text: Like the song "Shoot You in the Back", the "Ace of Spades" artwork employs a classic wild west motif. Originally the idea for the album cover was to have it in a sepia tone and have gunfighters at a card table, but the band decided against it. They decided instead to have themselves in the desert dressed as cowboys. The 'Arizona desert-style' pictures used on the album sleeve and tour programme were taken during a photo session at a sandpit in Barnet. Each of their cowboy outfits were based on different type of Western protagonist. Eddie was based on Clint Eastwood's character, The Man with No Name from the "Dollars Trilogy". Phil's costume was based on Marlon Brando's character in "One-Eyed Jacks". Lemmy's costume was claimed by Phil to be inspired from Bret Maverick from the TV show "Maverick". Contrary to popular belief, the sky was not real and was airbrushed in due to it being very cloudy that day.


title: Ace of Spades (album)

text: The album has been described as "one of the best metal albums by any band, ever" and a significantly influential "hard rock classic".


title: Ace of Spades (album)

text: AllMusic calls it "rock-solid, boasting several superlative standouts" and insists it "rightly deserves its legacy as a classic".


title: Ace of Spades (album)

text: Despite the band always referring to their music as rock 'n' roll, the album, and particularly its title track, have been considered amongst the most influential in the development of thrash metal. The title track is, for many, the definitive Motörhead anthem.


title: Ace of Spades (album)

text: The album is listed in the book "1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die". In 2020, it was ranked at 408 on "Rolling Stone"s 500 Greatest Albums of All Time list.


title: Ace of Spades (album)

text: On 28 March 2005, the documentary about the album (a part of the "Classic Albums" series) was released on DVD by Eagle Vision. The in-depth look at the making of the album includes interviews with and performances by Lemmy, Phil Taylor and Eddie Clarke.


title: Ace of Spades (album)

text: On 30th October 2020, BMG released a deluxe box set of the album, which includes seven 12" LPs, one 10" EP and a DVD. Beside the normal album, which is presented in a special 40th Anniversary Master, the box set included the album "Riders Wearing Black", which is a live recording made on 23 December 1981, at the Whitla Hall in Belfast. Another live recording, made on 5 March 1981, at Parc Expo in Orleans, is called "Dead Man's Hand". The rarity collection is called "The Good, The Bad & The Ugly". The set comes with a 10" EP, which includes seven instrumental demos, titles "A Fistful Of Instrumentals". Pre-orders from the official shop of the band were able to receive a Dutch replica of the "Ace Of Spades" single, with the instrumental of the song on the b-side.


title: 2014–15 Chelsea F.C. season

text: The 2014–15 season was Chelsea Football Club's 101st competitive season, 26th consecutive season in the top flight of English football, 23rd consecutive season in the Premier League, and 109th year in existence as a football club. In addition to the domestic league, Chelsea participated in the UEFA Champions League after qualifying directly for the group stage by finishing third in the league last season. The club secured its fourth Premier League title by beating Crystal Palace on 3 May 2015.


title: 2014–15 Chelsea F.C. season

text: The season was the first since 2000–01 without Frank Lampard, who joined Manchester City and later New York City FC.


title: 2014–15 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Midfielder and all-time top scorer Frank Lampard left the Blues after 13 trophy-laden years, having played 648 games and scoring 211 goals. During his Chelsea career, he won 13 trophies, including three Premier Leagues, four FA Cups, two League Cups, one Europa League and one Champions League.


title: 2014–15 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Chelsea announced the signing of former Arsenal midfielder Cesc Fàbregas from Barcelona for £27 million. He was given the number 4 shirt vacated after the departure of David Luiz to Paris Saint-Germain on a five-year contract. David Luiz's transfer was completed just a day after the signing of Fàbregas and the Brazilian left the Blues having played 143 games and scoring 12 goals.


title: 2014–15 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On 1 July, Ashley Cole departed Chelsea after eight years. He left after winning one Premier League, four FA Cups, one League Cup and one Champions League. Along with Cole leaving Stamford Bridge, Samuel Eto'o, Henrique Hilário and Sam Hutchinson left as well.


title: 2014–15 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On the same day, Mark Schwarzer signed a new one-year extension. Chelsea also announced that they agreed a fee with Atlético Madrid for Striker Diego Costa, thought to be in the region of £32 million, and eventually signed him on 15 July.


title: 2014–15 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On 16 July, Chelsea announced that they had agreed a fee with Atlético Madrid for left back Filipe Luís, thought to be for about £16 million, subject to a medical and agreeing personal terms, whilst Beşiktaş announced that they had agreed a deal to sign Demba Ba from the Blues for a reported £4.7 million. Ba left the Blues having played 51 games and scoring 14 goals. The same day, a youthful Chelsea team comfortably defeated League 2 side Wycombe Wanderers 5–0 in their first pre-season friendly at Adams Park in Buckinghamshire.


title: 2014–15 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On 18 July, Filipe Luís officially became a Chelsea player, being given the shirt number 5, vacated by Michael Essien who had worn the number from 2005 until his departure in January 2014. It was also confirmed that his teammate at Atlético Madrid and now Chelsea, Diego Costa, would take the number 19 shirt, vacated by Demba Ba, who had held the number since Paulo Ferreira left the club in the summer of 2013. Also that day, another very youthful Chelsea team narrowly defeated another League 2 side Wimbledon in their second pre-season friendly at Kingsmeadow in southwest London, winning the match 3–2 after being two goals down at half-time; the comeback was aided by a few senior players brought on for the second-half. The next day, Chelsea announced that Filipe Luís will get the shirt number 3 while the shirt number 5 will be given to 19-year-old French defender Kurt Zouma.


title: 2014–15 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Chelsea Didier Drogba re-signed for Chelsea from Galatasaray for free on a one-year deal. Drogba's last kick for the Blues was the final penalty in the 2012 UEFA Champions League Final, which won the Champions League for Chelsea for the first time. In the new season, Drogba will wear the number 15 shirt; his former number 11 shirt had been given to Oscar. Drogba, however, reclaimed his former number 11 after Oscar was handed number 8, last worn by Frank Lampard.


title: 2014–15 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Romelu Lukaku departed the Blues for £28 million to Everton, leaving after playing 12 games for Chelsea and scoring zero goals, while Ryan Bertrand was sent on a season-long loan to Southampton, his sixth loan spell for the Blues.


title: 2014–15 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Defensive midfielder Oriol Romeu signed on a season long loan for Bundesliga club VfB Stuttgart. Chelsea travelled to Istanbul to take on Fenerbahçe and Beşiktaş in a small three-team tournament. Chelsea beat Fenerbahçe 2–0 with goals from Diego Costa and Branislav Ivanović. The Blues, however, then lost to Beşiktaş 1–0, also opposing former Blue, Demba Ba.


title: 2014–15 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Chelsea began their 2014–15 Premier League campaign with a 1–3 victory against Burnley on 18 August at Turf Moor. Chelsea surrendered the first goal in the 13th minute, but three minutes later, Costa smashed home a close-range shot to level the score. A pass from Cesc Fàbregas then set up an André Schürrle goal to break the deadlock, and Ivanović provided the final goal of the match from a corner in the 34th minute. This match marked the first competitive action for new signings Costa, Fàbregas and Thibaut Courtois, who started in goal after a three-year loan spell at Atlético Madrid. Didier Drogba also made his return appearance to the Chelsea squad, coming off the bench in the second-half.


title: 2014–15 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Chelsea won their first competitive home match with a 2–0 victory against Leicester City on 24 August at Stamford Bridge. Costa scored his second goal in two matches followed by Eden Hazard's first goal of the season. Courtois claimed his first clean sheet of his Chelsea career.


title: 2014–15 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On 29 August, Fernando Torres signed a two-year loan deal with Milan. Chelsea's next game was a nine-goal thriller away against Everton, a game which Chelsea won 3–6, with Costa scoring a brace.


title: 2014–15 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On 31 August, Loïc Rémy transferred to Chelsea from Queens Park Rangers for £10.5 million on a four-year deal.


title: 2014–15 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On transfer deadline day, Chelsea sent three players on loan—Jamal Blackman joined Patrick Bamford on loan at Middlesbrough, Marco van Ginkel signed on a year-long loan at Milan and Nathaniel Chalobah joined Premier League club Burnley. Chelsea have currently sent 26 players out on loan, the most in the Premier League. After the international break, Diego Costa was named Player of the Month for August after scoring four goals in three games and sending Chelsea to the top of the table.


title: 2014–15 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On 13 September, Chelsea played their second game of the season at Stamford Bridge against Swansea City. Chelsea won the game 4–2 with Costa scoring his first hat-trick for Chelsea and Rémy scoring on his debut.


title: 2014–15 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Chelsea began their 2014–15 Champions League with a 1–1 draw at home to Schalke 04. Fàbregas grabbed his first Chelsea goal but it was cancelled out by Klaas-Jan Huntelaar, who scored with 28 minutes left to secure a point for Schalke. Chelsea dropped their first points of the season. Chelsea dropped their first points of the 2014–15 Premier League season as they drew 1–1 to reigning champions Manchester City at the Etihad Stadium. In a close fought-encounter, Pablo Zabaleta was sent off after 66 minutes, giving Chelsea the advantage and allowing Schürrle to givethe Blues the lead. With only five minutes to go, Chelsea looked like they were going to stretch their winning run to five games, however former Blues vice-captain Frank Lampard scored. Despite the draw, Chelsea still remained three points clear at the top of the table on 13 points.


title: 2014–15 Chelsea F.C. season

text: In Chelsea's next match, they knocked Bolton Wanderers out of the League Cup Third Round after winning 2–1 thanks to a debut goal from defender Zouma and a strike from Oscar. The result meant Chelsea faced Shrewsbury Town in the League Cup Fourth Round. Chelsea's last game in the league for September came against Aston Villa, a game which was won 3–0, meaning they finished September at the top of the table. It was announced that Chelsea had enquired about temporarily relocating to Twickenham Stadium whilst redeveloping Stamford Bridge. The final game of the month was in the Champions League against Sporting CP in Portugal. Nemanja Matić scored the only goal of the game, giving Chelsea a 0–1 win and leaving them top of their group


title: 2014–15 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Chelsea began October with a derby match and a 2–0 victory over local rivals Arsenal. A first half penalty by Eden Hazard and the ninth goal of the season for Diego Costa sent the Blues five points clear at the top of the table ahead of the international break.


title: 2014–15 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Chelsea preserved their five-point lead at the top as they defeated Crystal Palace at Selhurst Park, 1–2. Three days later, they continued their form into the Champions League defeating Maribor 6–0 at Stamford Bridge. Goals from Rémy, Drogba, Terry an own goal and two from Hazard sent Chelsea on their way to secure a record Champions League win, which also maintained their unbeaten start in all competitions this season. On 22 October, Chelsea's chief executive Ron Gourlay left the club, having held the position since 2009.


title: 2014–15 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Chelsea drew for the second time in the league season away to Manchester United. Drogba's powerful header gave the Blues the lead, but a last minute equaliser from Robin van Persie meant the sides shared the points. The result rendered Chelsea four points clear of second-placed Southampton at the end of October.


title: 2014–15 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Diego Costa, Thibaut Courtois and Eden Hazard were among the nominees for the 2014 FIFA Ballon d'Or, while José Mourinho was nominated for the 2014 FIFA World Coach of the Year.


title: 2014–15 Chelsea F.C. season

text: In the Blues final game in October, they edged past League Two side Shrewsbury Town in the Football League Cup thanks to a third goal in three games from Drogba and an own goal. In the next round, they faced Derby County away.


title: 2014–15 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Chelsea's first game of the month came against local rivals Queens Park Rangers, a brilliant first half goal from Oscar and a second-half penalty from Eden Hazard gave Chelsea a 2–1 win. Four days later, Chelsea came from behind to draw away to Maribor, with Matić scoring 20 minutes from full-time to keep Chelsea top of the group.


title: 2014–15 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Chelsea's unbeaten start continued as they defeated Liverpool 1–2 at Anfield. Emre Can gave the Reds the lead before goals from Gary Cahill and Diego Costa sent the Blues seven points clear before the international break.


title: 2014–15 Chelsea F.C. season

text: A dominating performance against West Bromwich Albion sent kept Chelsea seven points clear at the top of the table, thanks to goals from Costa and Hazard. The Blues secured qualification for the Second Round of the Champions League after hammering Schalke 04 0–5 at the Veltins-Arena. Chelsea's final game in November was a 0–0 stalemate away at Sunderland. Despite Chelsea failing to score for the first time in the season, they went six points clear of defending champions Manchester City at November's end.


title: 2014–15 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Chelsea bounced back from their 0–0 draw to Sunderland to defeat London rivals Tottenham Hotspur 3–0 at Stamford Bridge. Goals from Hazard and Drogba, in for the suspended Costa, gave Chelsea a first half lead, before a goal from Rémy settled the game.


title: 2014–15 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Chelsea suffered their first defeat of the 2014–15 season after losing 2–1 to Newcastle United at St James' Park. The Blues fell behind to two Papiss Cissé goals and Drogba pulled one back, but Mourinho's side failed to secure the equaliser as Manchester City closed the gap at the top to three points.


title: 2014–15 Chelsea F.C. season

text: With the defeat to Newcastle behind them, the Blues defeated Sporting CP 3–1 at Stamford Bridge. Goals from Cesc Fàbregas, Schürrle, and John Obi Mikel sent Chelsea through to the next round as group winners. The Blues bounced back in the Premier League to regain a three-point advantage over Manchester City after dispatching Hull City 2–0 at Stamford Bridge with goals from Hazard and Costa.


title: 2014–15 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Paris Saint-Germain faced Chelsea in the Champions League Round of 16. The first leg was held in Paris on Tuesday 17 February, and the second leg at Stamford Bridge on Wednesday 11 March. They faced each other in the 2013–14 Quarter Finals, where the Blues went through on away goals thanks to an 87th-minute goal from Demba Ba.


title: 2014–15 Chelsea F.C. season

text: In the League Cup Quarter Finals Chelsea progressed by beating Derby County 3–1 at the iPro Stadium, where they faced 2012 winners Liverpool. A superb victory against Stoke City meant the Blues were on top at Christmas, goals from captain John Terry and Cesc Fàbregas gave José Mourinho a win against adversary Mark Hughes.


title: 2014–15 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Terry scored for the second successive game as the Blues continued their form and defeated West Ham United 2–0 at Stamford Bridge. The Blues finished 2014 with a 1–1 draw away to Southampton, Sadio Mané's early goal was cancelled out by Eden Hazard and despite the Blues persistence they couldn't break down a resilient Saints.


title: 2014–15 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Chelsea started 2015 in disappointing fashion, falling to a 5–3 away defeat to Tottenham Hotspur. Five goals was the most José Mourinho had conceded as a manager in the Premier League, but despite the loss, the Blues remained top of the league on alphabetical order.


title: 2014–15 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Loanees Patrick Bamford and Alex Davey had their loan deals extended to the end of the season, to Middlesbrough and Scunthorpe United respectively, while John Swift returned from his unsuccessful loan spell to Rotherham United and was subsequently sent to Swindon Town. Striker Alex Kiwomya was also sent to Barnsley on a one-month loan.


title: 2014–15 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Chelsea started their FA Cup campaign with a 3–0 victory over Watford, with goals from Willian, Rémy and Zouma. Despite a superb first-half performance from Newcastle United and in particular Rémy Cabella, the Blues ran out 2–0 winners after goals from Oscar and Diego Costa.


title: 2014–15 Chelsea F.C. season

text: José Mourinho recorded his biggest Premier League away win as Chelsea manager as the Blues hammered Swansea City 5–0, thanks to two doubles from Costa, Oscar and a goal from Schürrle. A week later, Chelsea threw away a two-goal lead and lost to League One side Bradford City in the FA Cup Fourth Round.


title: 2014–15 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Chelsea progressed to the League Cup Final after defeating Liverpool on aggregate 2–1 in the Semi-finals. An early penalty from Hazard was cancelled out by a Raheem Sterling goal in the first leg, leaving the game 1–1 heading into the second leg at Stamford Bridge. The second leg finished 0–0 after 90 minutes before an Ivanović header after 94 minutes sent the Blues to the League Cup Final at Wembley to face Tottenham.


title: 2014–15 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Striker Costa was banned for a stamp on Liverpool midfielder Emre Can, missing games against Manchester City, Aston Villa and Everton.


title: 2014–15 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Chelsea finished January with a 1–1 draw at Stamford Bridge with second place Manchester City. The Blues took the lead through Rémy before David Silva equalised to prevent the lead at the top increasing to eight points.


title: 2014–15 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Fiorentina winger Juan Cuadrado signed for Chelsea for an initial fee of £23.3 million. Cuadrado played a vital role in Colombia's run to the World Cup Quarter-finals. Schürrle moved to Wolfsburg on a £22 million deal, having played 65 games for Chelsea and scoring 14 goals, including vital goals against Paris Saint-Germain and Manchester City. Additionally, left back Ryan Bertrand made the permanent move to Southampton for £10 million after having spent the first half of the season on loan at the club.


title: 2014–15 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Chelsea moved seven points clear of second-placed Manchester City after a hard-fought win over Aston Villa at Villa Park. The Blues then won 0–1 for the first time in all competitions after a late goal from Willian gave Chelsea a victory over Everton to keep the lead their lead at the top of the table at seven points.


title: 2014–15 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Eden Hazard signed a new five-and-a-half-year deal with Chelsea, keeping him at the club until 2020. He had played 147 games to date and scored 44 goals while also winning the 2012–13 UEFA Europa League with the Blues.


title: 2014–15 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Edinson Cavani's equaliser in the 54th minute denied Chelsea victory against PSG in the first leg of the Champions League round of 16. Ivanović gave the Blues the lead and looked set to give them victory at the Parc des Princes, but Edinson Cavani equalised, and it could have been worse for Chelsea yet Thibaut Courtois made a series of top saves to keep the Blues in the tie for the second leg at Stamford Bridge.


title: 2014–15 Chelsea F.C. season

text: The Blues' final game in February was mired in controversy, as official Martin Atkinson had a poor game at Stamford Bridge. Ivanović gave Chelsea the lead, but two stonewall penalties were not given in Chelsea's favour, one for a handball and another for a blatant two-handed push on Costa. Matić was then sent off for retaliating to a challenge from Burnley's Ashley Barnes before Ben Mee equalised in the 81st minute. Chelsea appealed Matić's red card, and The Football Association reduced the ban from three games to two.


title: 2014–15 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Two Chelsea players left the club—Lewis Baker left on loan to Milton Keynes Dons until the end of the season, while Hazard's younger brother Thorgan Hazard moved permanently to Borussia Mönchengladbach, signing a deal to keep him at the German club until 2020.


title: 2014–15 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Chelsea's first game in March won José Mourinho his first trophy on his return to Chelsea after the Blues defeated Spurs 2–0 in the 2015 League Cup Final. Zouma replaced the suspended Matić in defensive midfield, and Petr Čech replaced Thibaut Courtois in goal. A goal from captain John Terry just before half-time sent Chelsea on their way and a Costa deflected effort, originally credited as a Kyle Walker own goal, gave the Blues the win. Credit to Costa was later confirmed on the official match scorecard on the Capital One Cup's website. Mourinho's win was his third Football League Cup and Chelsea's fifth overall; this win was also Čech, Drogba and Terry's third win. It was Chelsea's first domestic cup since the 2011–12 FA Cup and Chelsea's first major trophy in two years. The win also meant that Chelsea qualified for the 2015–16 UEFA Europa League Third qualifying round.


title: 2014–15 Chelsea F.C. season

text: A Hazard header in the first-half gave the Blues victory over London rivals West Ham. The win kept the gap at the top at five points over Manchester City, with Chelsea having a game in hand.