title: Brisbane Roar FC

text: in 2014, head coach Mike Mulvey was sacked weeks in to the new season, and less than 6 months after guiding Roar to a Premiers Plate and Championship double.


title: Brisbane Roar FC

text: In 2015, Roar switched their home Asian Champions League games away from Brisbane and instead played them on The Gold Coast, a distance of 83 km. The move angered many supporters.


title: Brisbane Roar FC

text: In 2015 the club endured a financial crisis with FFA CEO David Gallop instructed the club owners to immediately address the Roar's financial problems or have their A-League licence revoked. Bakrie Group injected an initial sum of $1m to stabilise the club's finances before successfully retaining ownership of the club.


title: Brisbane Roar FC

text: in 2016, Chief executive David Pourre resigned from his role to take up a new opportunity outside of the sports industry.


title: Brisbane Roar FC

text: In 2016, Roar Director Daniel Cobb blamed Bakrie Group for late player payments. A crisis engulfed Brisbane Roar when the club's managing director effectively accused club owners of lying over promises to fund the club properly. Cobb eventually quit on the eve of the season start.


title: Brisbane Roar FC

text: in 2017, Brisbane Roar celebrated their 60th anniversary. The history of the Roar had often been muddied since the A-League license first changed hands in 2008; legendary soccer writer Michael Cockerill wrote "rightfully, the owners have opted to respect history, rather than trash it".


title: Brisbane Roar FC

text: In 2017, just 14 months after being appointed by club owners to replace Cobb, MD Mark Kingsman was fired in a surprise move by Roar chairman Rahim Soekasah who cited continued growth, greater governance and oversight and deeper connection with members, the business sector and the wider community as reasons for the move.


title: Brisbane Roar FC

text: In 2018, Roar's'peeling shirt numbers and a shock loss to Ceres-Negros in the Asian Champions League caused embarrassment with supporters calling it the "lowest moment in the club's history". The club were forced to make a public apology in relation to the incident.


title: Brisbane Roar FC

text: In 2019, in January the organising committee of 'The Den' supporters group withdrew organisation of Active Support issued demands on the club and refused to organise support for games until they were met, in response the club withdrew recognition of the organising committee.


title: Fred Ball

text: Frederick Henry Ball (July 17, 1915 – February 5, 2007) was an American movie studio executive and younger brother of Lucille Ball.


title: Fred Ball

text: Ball was born on July 17, 1915, to Henry Durrell Ball (1887–1915) and Désirée "Dede" Evelyn Hunt (1892–1977) in Jamestown, New York. He was named after his grandfather. He grew up in a Baptist family; his father was of English and Scottish descent. His mother was of French, Irish and English descent. His genealogy can be traced back to the earliest settlers in the colonies, including Edmund Rice, a founder of Sudbury, Massachusetts. Another direct ancestor, William Sprague, left England on the ship "Lyon's Whelp" for Plymouth/Salem, Massachusetts. He helped found the city of Charlestown, Massachusetts.


title: Fred Ball

text: His father was a telephone lineman for the Bell Telephone Company, and his mother was a concert pianist. His father contracted typhoid fever while DeDe Ball was pregnant with Fred, and died in February 1915. When Fred was a few years old, his mother met a Swedish Lutheran salesman named Edward (Ed) Peterson, and married him in 1918.


title: Fred Ball

text: Fred and his sister were raised by their grandparents. Their grandfather (Fred Hunt) was an eccentric socialist who enjoyed the theater and frequently took the family to vaudeville shows. He worked in the furniture industry. He often whittled toys and made doll furniture for his grandchildren. Fred thought of Mr. Hunt as his father (since his own father died before he was born); it was his grandfather who became a surrogate father to him through most of his childhood. Fred, Lucille, and their mother all lived together with the Hunts for a time in Celoron.


title: Fred Ball

text: In 1927, a neighborhood child, Warner Erikson, was paralyzed by a shot accidentally fired from a gun Fred's grandfather had given him for his birthday. Erikson died five years later. The resultant publicity and lawsuit forced Mr. Hunt to sell his house and enter bankruptcy. He was even jailed for a time. After this incident (which was referred to in the family as ""the break-up""), the family had to split up. Fred's grandfather died in 1944.


title: Fred Ball

text: He left Jamestown, along with his mother and grandfather, to join his sister in California in the 1930s, working as a page boy at Cafe Trocadero. He was the road manager for Desi Arnaz's band in the 1940s and 1950s. Later, he was on the Board of Directors of Desilu Productions (the studio that Desi and Lucy purchased in 1951 and that produced "I Love Lucy", as well as "", "", and "The Untouchables").


title: Fred Ball

text: After managing administration at Desilu Productions, he instead managed restaurants and hotels, such as the Palm Desert Hotel, and mobile-home parks. He was a real estate agent and broker in Arizona.


title: Fred Ball

text: Fred Ball died of natural causes in Cottonwood, Arizona, on February 5, 2007, at the age of 91. He was cremated and buried in the Hunt family plot at Lake View Cemetery in Jamestown, New York, where his parents, Henry and Desirée (Hunt) Ball, his sister, Lucille Ball, and his grandparents are buried. He was survived by his four children, Pamela Ball Von Pinnon, Melissa LeBritton, April Jackson, and Geoffrey Ball, as well as seven grandchildren and great-grandchildren. Fred's wife, Zo Ball, died on May 12, 2013, at the age of 93.


title: Thoracic vertebrae

text: In vertebrates, thoracic vertebrae compose the middle segment of the vertebral column, between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae. In humans, there are twelve thoracic vertebrae and they are intermediate in size between the cervical and lumbar vertebrae; they increase in size going towards the lumbar vertebrae, with the lower ones being much larger than the upper. They are distinguished by the presence of facets on the sides of the bodies for articulation with the heads of the ribs, as well as facets on the transverse processes of all, except the eleventh and twelfth, for articulation with the tubercles of the ribs. By convention, the human thoracic vertebrae are numbered T1–T12, with the first one (T1) located closest to the skull and the others going down the spine toward the lumbar region.


title: Thoracic vertebrae

text: These are the general characteristics of the second through eighth thoracic vertebrae. The first and ninth through twelfth vertebrae contain certain peculiarities, and are detailed below.


title: Thoracic vertebrae

text: The bodies in the middle of the thoracic region are heart-shaped and as broad in the anteroposterior as in the transverse direction. At the ends of the thoracic region they resemble respectively those of the cervical and lumbar vertebrae. They are slightly thicker behind than in front, flat above and below, convex from side to side in front, deeply concave behind, and slightly constricted laterally and in front. They present, on either side, two costal demi-facets, one above, near the root of the pedicle, the other below, in front of the inferior vertebral notch; these are covered with cartilage in the fresh state, and, when the vertebrae are articulated with one another, form, with the intervening intervertebral fibrocartilages, oval surfaces for the reception of the heads of the ribs.


title: Thoracic vertebrae

text: The pedicles are directed backward and slightly upward, and the inferior vertebral notches are of large size, and deeper than in any other region of the vertebral column.


title: Thoracic vertebrae

text: The laminae are broad, thick, and imbricated – that is to say, they overlap those of subjacent vertebrae like tiles on a roof and connect with the pedicles to surround and protect the spinal cord.


title: Thoracic vertebrae

text: The intervertebral foramen is small, and circular, with two at each intervertebral level, one for the right and one for the left exiting nerve roots.


title: Thoracic vertebrae

text: The vertebral foramen is the large opening posterior to the vertebral body also known as the "spinal canal". It contains and protects the spinal cord at the thoracic level.


title: Thoracic vertebrae

text: The spinous process is long, triangular on coronal section, directed obliquely downward, arising from the lamina and ending in a tuberculated extremity. These processes overlap from the fifth to the eighth, but are less oblique in direction above and below.


title: Thoracic vertebrae

text: The superior articular processes are thin plates of bone projecting upward from the junctions of the pedicles and laminae; their articular facets are practically flat, and are directed backward and a little lateralward and upward.


title: Thoracic vertebrae

text: The inferior articular processes are fused to a considerable extent with the laminae, and project but slightly beyond their lower borders; their facets are directed forward and a little medialward and downward.


title: Thoracic vertebrae

text: The transverse processes arise from the arch behind the superior articular processes and pedicles; they are thick, strong, and of considerable length, directed obliquely backward and lateralward, and each ends in a clubbed extremity, on the front of which is a small, concave surface, for articulation with the tubercle of a rib.


title: Thoracic vertebrae

text: The first thoracic vertebra has, on either side of the body, an entire articular facet for the head of the first rib, and a demi-facet for the upper half of the head of the second rib.


title: Thoracic vertebrae

text: The superior articular surfaces are directed upward and backward; the spinous process is thick, long, and almost horizontal.


title: Thoracic vertebrae

text: The transverse processes are long, and the upper vertebral notches are deeper than those of the other thoracic vertebrae.


title: Thoracic vertebrae

text: The fifth thoracic vertebra, together with the fourth, is at the same level as the sternal angle. The human trachea divides into two main bronchi at the level of the 5th thoracic vertebra, but may also end higher or lower, depending on breathing.


title: Thoracic vertebrae

text: The eighth thoracic vertebra is, together with the ninth thoracic vertebra, at the same level as the xiphisternum.


title: Thoracic vertebrae

text: The ninth thoracic vertebra may have no demi-facets below. In some subjects however, it has two demi-facets on either side; when this occurs the tenth doesn't have facets but demi-facets at the upper part.


title: Thoracic vertebrae

text: The tenth thoracic vertebra has an entire articular facet (not demi-facet) on either side, which is placed partly on the lateral surface of the pedicle. It doesn't have any kind of facet below, because the following ribs only have one facet on their heads.


title: Thoracic vertebrae

text: In the eleventh thoracic vertebra the body approaches in its form and size to that of the lumbar vertebrae.


title: Thoracic vertebrae

text: The articular facets for the heads of the ribs are of medium size, and placed chiefly on the pedicles, which are thicker and stronger in this and the next vertebra than in any other part of the thoracic region.


title: Thoracic vertebrae

text: The transverse processes are very short, tuberculated at their extremities, and do not have articular facets.


title: Thoracic vertebrae

text: The twelfth thoracic vertebra has the same general characteristics as the eleventh, but may be distinguished from it by its inferior articular surfaces being convex and directed lateralward, like those of the lumbar vertebrae; by the general form of the body, laminae, and spinous process, in which it resembles the lumbar vertebrae; and by each transverse process being subdivided into three elevations, the superior, inferior, and lateral tubercles: the superior and inferior correspond to the mammillary and accessory processes of the lumbar vertebrae. Traces of similar elevations are found on the transverse processes of the tenth and eleventh thoracic vertebrae.


title: Thoracic vertebrae

text: In other animals the number of thoracic vertebrae can vary greatly; for example, most marsupials have 13, but koalas have only 11. 12 to 15 is common among mammals, with 18 to 20 in horses, tapirs, rhinoceroses, and elephants, and extremes in mammals are marked by certain sloths with 25 and cetaceans with 9.


title: Highland games

text: Highland games are events held in spring and summer in Scotland and other countries with a large Scottish diaspora, as a way of celebrating Scottish and Celtic culture, especially that of the Scottish Highlands. Certain aspects of the games are so well known as to have become emblematic of Scotland, such as the bagpipes, the kilt, and the heavy events, especially the caber toss. While centred on competitions in piping and drumming, dancing, and Scottish heavy athletics, the games also include entertainment and exhibits related to other aspects of Scottish and Gaelic cultures.


title: Highland games

text: The Cowal Highland Gathering, better known as the "Cowal Games", is held in Dunoon, Scotland, every August. It is the largest Highland games in the world, attracting around 3,500 competitors and somewhere in the region of 23,000 spectators from around the globe. Worldwide, however, it is exceeded in terms of spectators by three gatherings in the United States: the estimated 30,000 that attend Grandfather Mountain in North Carolina, the New Hampshire Highland Games & Festival which attracts over 35,000 annual and the even larger gathering—the largest in the Northern Hemisphere—that has taken place every year since 1866. This event is currently held on Labor Day weekend in Pleasanton, California, and their Sesquicentennial Games held on 5–6 September 2015, attracted record crowds close to 50,000.


title: Highland games

text: The games are claimed to have influenced Baron Pierre de Coubertin when he was planning the revival of the Olympic Games. De Coubertin saw a display of Highland games at the Paris Exhibition of 1889.


title: Highland games

text: The modern Highland games are largely a 19th-century development, from the period following the Jacobite rebellions and subsequent ban on Highland Dress.


title: Highland games

text: Attempts have been made to discover earlier traditions of games, although evidence is thin. The primary sources are from the bardic traditions of both contests between clans and of tests to select retainers for clan chiefs.


title: Highland games

text: An example of a possible early games venue is at Fetteresso, although that location is technically a few miles south of the Scotland Highlands.


title: Highland games

text: Some modern sources suggest more these games would originate from the deer hunts that the inhabitants of the Highlands engaged in.


title: Highland games

text: The first historical reference to the type of events held at Highland Games in Scotland was made during the time of King Malcolm III (Scottish Gaelic: Máel Coluim; c. 1031 – 13 November 1093) when he summoned men to race up Craig Choinnich overlooking Braemar with the aim of finding the fastest runner in Scotland to be his royal messenger. There are also thought to have been events where the strongest and bravest soldiers in Scotland would be tested. Musicians and dancers were encouraged to reveal their skill and talents and so be a great credit to the clan that they represented.


title: Highland games

text: There is a document from 1703 summoning the clan of the Laird of Grant, Clan Grant. They were to arrive wearing Highland coats and "also with gun, sword, pistol and dirk". From this letter, it is surmised that the competitions would have included feats of arms


title: Highland games

text: In their original form many centuries ago, Highland games revolved around athletic and sports competitions. Though other activities were always a part of the festivities, many today still consider Highland athletics to be what the games are all about—in short, that the athletics are the Games, and all the other activities are just entertainment. Regardless, it remains true today that the athletic competitions are at least an integral part of the events and one—the caber toss—has come to almost symbolise the Highland games.


title: Highland games

text: Many of the Heavy Events competitors in Scottish highland athletics are former high school and college track and field athletes who find the Scottish games are a good way to continue their competitive careers.


title: Highland games

text: Increasingly in the US, the Heavy Events are attracting women and master class athletes which has led to a proliferation of additional classes in Heavy Events competitions. Lighter implements are used in the classes.


title: Highland games

text: For many Highland games festival attendees, the most memorable of all the events at the games is the massing of the pipe bands. Normally held in conjunction with the opening and closing ceremonies of the games, as many as 20 or more pipe bands will march and play together. The result is a thunderous rendition of "Scotland the Brave" or "Amazing Grace", and other crowd-pleasing favourites.


title: Highland games

text: It is, in fact, the music of the bagpipe which has come to symbolise music at the Games and, indeed, of Scotland itself. In addition to the massed bands, nearly all Highland games gatherings feature a wide range of piping and drumming competition, including solo piping and drumming, small group ensembles and, of course, the pipe bands themselves.


title: Highland games

text: Music at Highland games gatherings also includes other forms, such as fiddling, harp circles and Celtic bands, usually spiced with a large amount of bagpipe music.


title: Highland games

text: The Cowal Highland Gathering hosts the annual World Highland Dancing Championship. This event gathers the best competitive dancers from around the world who compete for the SOBHD sanctioned World Championship title.


title: Highland games

text: At modern-day Highland Games events, a wide variety of other activities and events are generally available. Foremost among these are the clan tents and vendors of Scottish related goods. The various clan societies make the Highland games one of the main focus of their seasonal activities, usually making an appearance at as many such events as possible. Visitors can find out information about the Scottish roots and can become active in their own clan society if they wish.


title: Highland games

text: At modern games, armouries will display their collections of swords and armour, and often perform mock battles. Various vendors selling Scottish memorabilia are also present selling everything from Irn-Bru to the stuffed likeness of the Loch Ness Monster.


title: Highland games

text: Herding dog trials and exhibitions are often held, showcasing the breeder's and trainer's skills. In addition, there may be other types of Highland animals present, such as the Highland cattle.


title: Highland games

text: Various traditional and modern Celtic arts are often showcased. These could include harpers' circles, Scottish country dancing, and one or more entertainment stages. In addition, most events usually feature a pre-event ceilidh (a type of social event with traditional music, dancing, song, and other forms of entertainment).


title: Highland games

text: Various food vendors will also offer assorted types of traditional Scottish refreshment and sustenance.


title: Highland games

text: On 1 August 1997 Canada Post issued 'Highland Games' designed by Fraser Ross, based on photographs by Andrew Balfour. The 45¢ stamps are perforated 12.5 x 13 and were printed by Canadian Bank Note Company, Limited.


title: Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God

text: "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" is a sermon written by the American theologian Jonathan Edwards, preached to his own congregation in Northampton, Massachusetts, to profound effect, and again on July 8, 1741 in Enfield, Connecticut. The preaching of this sermon was the catalyst for the First Great Awakening. Like Edwards' other works, it combines vivid imagery of Hell with observations of the world and citations of Biblical scripture. It is Edwards' most famous written work, and a fitting representation of his preaching style. It is widely studied by Christians and historians, providing a glimpse into the theology of the First Great Awakening of .


title: Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God

text: This was a highly influential sermon of the Great Awakening, emphasizing God's wrath upon unbelievers after death to a very real, horrific, and fiery Hell. The underlying point is that God has given humans a chance to confess their sins. It is the mere will of God, according to Edwards, that keeps wicked men from being overtaken by the devil and his demons and cast into the furnace of hell – "like greedy hungry lions, that see their prey, and expect to have it, but are for the present kept back [by God's hand]." Mankind's own attempts to avoid falling into the "bottomless gulf" due to the overwhelming "weight and pressure towards hell" are insufficient as "a spider's web would have to stop a falling rock". This act of grace from God has given humans a chance to believe and trust in Christ. Edwards provides much varied and vivid imagery to illustrate this main theme throughout.


title: Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God

text: One church in Enfield, Connecticut, had been largely unaffected during the First Great Awakening of New England. Edwards was invited by the pastor of the church to preach to them. Edwards's aim was to teach his listeners about the horrors of Hell, the dangers of sin, and the terrors of being lost. Edwards described the position of those who do not follow Christ's urgent call to receive forgiveness. Edwards scholar John E. Smith notes that despite the apparent pessimism of the notion of an angry God, that pessimism is "overcome by the comforting hope of salvation through a triumphant, loving savior." Whenever Edwards preached terror, it was part of a larger campaign to turn sinners from their disastrous path and to the rightful object of their affections, Jesus Christ."


title: Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God

text: In the final section of "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God," Edwards shows that his theological argument holds throughout scripture and biblical history. He invokes stories and examples throughout the whole Bible. Edwards ends the sermon with one final appeal: "Therefore let everyone that is out of Christ, now awake and fly from the wrath to come." According to Edwards and the Bible, only by returning to Christ can one escape the stark fate he outlines.


title: Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God

text: Edwards was interrupted many times during the sermon by people moaning and crying out, "What shall I do to be saved?". Although the sermon has received criticism, Edwards' words have endured and are still read to this day. Edwards' sermon continues to be the leading example of a First Great Awakening sermon and is still used in religious and academic studies.


title: Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God

text: Since the 1950s, a number of critical perspectives were used to analyze the sermon. The first comprehensive academic analysis of "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" was published by Edwin Cady in 1949, who comments on the imagery of the sermon and distinguishes between the "cliché" and "fresh" figurative images, stressing how the former related to the colonial life. Lee Stuart questions that the message of the sermon was solely negative and attributes its success to the final passages in which the sinners are actually "comforted". Rosemary Hearn argues that it is the logical structure of the sermon that constitutes its most important persuasive element. Lemay looks into the changes in the syntactic categories, like grammatical tenses, in the text of the sermon. Lukasik stresses how in the sermon Edwards appropriates Newtonian physics, especially the image of the gravitational pull that would relentlessly bring the sinners down. Gallagher focuses on the "beat" of the sermon, and on how the consecutive structural elements of the sermon serve different persuasive aims. Choiński suggests that the rhetorical success of the sermon consists in the use of the "deictic shift" that transported the hearers mentally into the figurative images of hell.


title: Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God

text: Ironically, Jonathan Edwards wrote and spoke a great deal on heaven and angels, writes John Gerstner in "Jonathan Edwards on Heaven and Hell", 1998, and those themes are less remembered, namely "Heaven is a World of Love".


title: Esophageal varices

text: Esophageal varices are extremely dilated sub-mucosal veins in the lower third of the esophagus. They are most often a consequence of portal hypertension, commonly due to cirrhosis. People with esophageal varices have a strong tendency to develop severe bleeding which left untreated can be fatal. Esophageal varices are typically diagnosed through an esophagogastroduodenoscopy.


title: Esophageal varices

text: The upper two thirds of the esophagus are drained via the esophageal veins, which carry deoxygenated blood from the esophagus to the azygos vein, which in turn drains directly into the superior vena cava. These veins have no part in the development of esophageal varices. The lower one third of the esophagus is drained into the superficial veins lining the esophageal mucosa, which drain into the left gastric vein, which in turn drains directly into the portal vein. These superficial veins (normally only approximately 1 mm in diameter) become distended up to 1–2 cm in diameter in association with portal hypertension.


title: Esophageal varices

text: Normal portal pressure is approximately 9 mmHg compared to an inferior vena cava pressure of 2–6 mmHg. This creates a normal pressure gradient of 3–7 mmHg. If the portal pressure rises above 12 mmHg, this gradient rises to 7–10 mmHg. A gradient greater than 5 mmHg is considered portal hypertension. At gradients greater than 10 mmHg, blood flowing through the hepatic portal system is redirected from the liver into areas with lower venous pressures. This means that collateral circulation develops in the lower esophagus, abdominal wall, stomach, and rectum. The small blood vessels in these areas become distended, becoming more thin-walled, and appear as varicosities.


title: Esophageal varices

text: In situations where portal pressures increase, such as with cirrhosis, there is dilation of veins in the anastomosis, leading to esophageal varices. Splenic vein thrombosis is a rare condition that causes esophageal varices without a raised portal pressure. Splenectomy can cure the variceal bleeding due to splenic vein thrombosis.


title: Esophageal varices

text: Varices can also form in other areas of the body, including the stomach (gastric varices), duodenum (duodenal varices), and rectum (rectal varices). Treatment of these types of varices may differ. In some cases, schistosomiasis also leads to esophageal varices.


title: Esophageal varices

text: Dilated submucosal veins are the most prominent histologic feature of esophageal varices. The expansion of the submucosa leads to elevation of the mucosa above the surrounding tissue, which is apparent during endoscopy and is a key diagnostic feature. Evidence of recent variceal hemorrhage includes necrosis and ulceration of the mucosa. Evidence of past variceal hemorrhage includes inflammation and venous thrombosis.


title: Esophageal varices

text: In ideal circumstances, people with known varices should receive treatment to reduce their risk of bleeding. The non-selective β-blockers (e.g., propranolol, timolol or nadolol) and nitrates (e.g., isosorbide mononitrate (IMN) have been evaluated for secondary prophylaxis. Non-selective β-blockers (but not cardioselective β-blockers like atenolol) are preferred because they decrease both cardiac output by β blockade and splanchnic blood flow by blocking vasodilating β receptors at splanchnic vasculature. The effectiveness of this treatment has been shown by a number of different studies.


title: Esophageal varices

text: When medical contraindications to beta-blockers exist, such as significant reactive airway disease, then treatment with prophylactic endoscopic variceal ligation is often performed.


title: Esophageal varices

text: In emergency situations, care is directed at stopping blood loss, maintaining plasma volume, correcting disorders in coagulation induced by cirrhosis, and appropriate use of antibiotics such as quinolones or ceftriaxone. Blood volume resuscitation should be done promptly and with caution. The goal should be hemodynamic stability and hemoglobin of over 8 g/dl. Resuscitation of all lost blood leads to increase in portal pressure leading to more bleeding. Volume resuscitation can also worsen ascites and increase portal pressure. (AASLD guidelines)


title: Esophageal varices

text: Therapeutic endoscopy is considered the mainstay of urgent treatment. The two main therapeutic approaches are variceal ligation (banding) and sclerotherapy.


title: Esophageal varices

text: In cases of refractory bleeding, balloon tamponade with a Sengstaken-Blakemore tube may be necessary, usually as a bridge to further endoscopy or treatment of the underlying cause of bleeding (i.e.: portal hypertension). Esophageal devascularization operations such as the Sugiura procedure can also be used to stop complicated bleeding. Methods of treating the portal hypertension include: transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS), distal splenorenal shunt procedure, or liver transplantation.


title: Esophageal varices

text: Nutritional supplementation is necessary if the person has been unable to eat for more than four days.


title: Analytic language

text: In linguistic typology, an analytic language is a language that conveys relationships between words in sentences primarily by way of "helper" words (particles, prepositions, etc.) and word order, as opposed to using inflections (changing the form of a word to convey its role in the sentence). For example, the English-language phrase "The cat chases the ball" conveys the fact that the cat is acting on the ball "analytically" via word order. This can be contrasted to synthetic languages, which rely heavily on inflections to convey word relationships (e.g., the phrases "The cat chase"s" the ball" and "The cat chase"d" the ball" convey different time frames via changing the form of the word "chase"). Most languages are not purely analytic, but many rely primarily on analytic syntax.


title: Analytic language

text: Typically, analytic languages have a low morpheme-per-word ratio, especially with respect to inflectional morphemes. A grammatical construction can similarly be "analytic" if it uses unbound morphemes, which are separate words, or word order. Analytic languages rely more heavily on the use of definite and indefinite articles (which tend to be less prominently used or absent in strongly synthetic languages), stricter word order, various prepositions, postpositions, particles, modifiers, and context.


title: Analytic language

text: The term "analytic" is commonly used in a relative rather than an absolute sense. The currently most prominent and widely used Indo-European analytic language is modern English, which has lost much of the inflectional morphology inherited from Proto-Indo-European, Proto-Germanic, and Old English over the centuries and has not gained any new inflectional morphemes in the meantime, making it more analytic than most other Indo-European languages.


title: Analytic language

text: For example, while Proto-Indo-European had much more complex grammatical conjugation, grammatical genders, dual number and inflections for eight or nine cases in its nouns, pronouns, adjectives, numerals, participles, postpositions and determiners, standard English has lost nearly all of them (except for three modified cases for pronouns) along with genders and dual number and simplified its conjugation.


title: Analytic language

text: Latin, Spanish, German, Greek and Russian are synthetic languages. Nouns in Russian inflect for at least six cases, most of which descended from Proto-Indo-European cases, whose functions English translates using other strategies like prepositions, verbal voice, word order, and possessive "" instead.


title: Analytic language

text: A related concept is the isolating language, which is about a low number of any type of morphemes per word, taking into account derivational morphemes as well. A purely isolating language would be analytic by necessity and lack inflectional morphemes by definition. However, the reverse is not necessarily true, and a language can have derivational morphemes but lack inflectional morphemes. For example, Mandarin Chinese has many compound words, giving it a moderately high ratio of morphemes per word, but since it has almost no inflectional affixes at all to convey grammatical relationships, it is a very analytic language.


title: Analytic language

text: English is not totally analytic in its nouns since it does use inflections for number (e.g., "one day, three days; one boy, four boys") and possession ("The boy's ball" vs. "The boy has a ball"). Mandarin Chinese, in contrast, has no inflections on its nouns: compare 'one day', 'three days' (literally 'three day'); 'one boy' (lit. 'one [entity of] male child'), 'four boys' (lit. 'four [entity of] male child'). Instead, English is considered to be weakly inflected, and comparatively more analytic than most other Indo-European languages.


title: Horizon-class frigate

text: The Horizon class (French: Classe Horizon; Italian: Classe Orizzonte) is a class of air-defence destroyers in service with the French and Italian navies. They are designated as destroyers by the Italians and using NATO classification but are referred to as "frigates" by the French. The programme started as the Common New Generation Frigate (CNGF), a three-nation collaboration between France, the United Kingdom, and Italy to develop a new generation of air-defence warships. Differing national requirements, workshare disagreements and delays led to the UK withdrawing from the project in 1999 to develop the Type 45 destroyer.


title: Horizon-class frigate

text: France, Italy, and the UK issued a joint requirement in 1992 after the failure of the NATO Frigate Replacement for the 90s (NFR-90) project. In July 1993, the three countries signed a Memorandum of Understanding for a Common New Generation Frigate (CNGF). The ships were to be armed with the Principal Anti Air Missile System (PAAMS). The UK intended to purchase twelve ships to replace its Type 42 destroyers. France was to purchase four to replace its , and Italy would purchase six to replace its and ships.


title: Horizon-class frigate

text: Problems emerged almost immediately. The primary problem was that of differing requirements: France wanted anti-aircraft warfare (AAW) escorts for its aircraft carriers, but only a limited range was necessary due to the self-defence capability of the French . Italy too required only close-range capabilities, as in its home waters of the Mediterranean Sea the ships would operate under Italian Air Force cover or escorts for its aircraft carrier . The Royal Navy, however, required more capable ships which could throw a large defensive "bubble" over a fleet operating in hostile areas. The compromise that largely solved this problem was the adoption of a standard radar interface, which allowed France and Italy to install the EMPAR multi-function passive electronically scanned array radar and the UK to install the more capable SAMPSON active electronically scanned array radar—the SAMPSON radar has a higher data rate and an adaptive beam that allows a greater ability to track multiple targets, long-range detection of low-RCS targets, a lower false-alarm rate, and overall higher tracking accuracy.


title: Horizon-class frigate

text: In March 1996, it was agreed that the PAAMS office would be based in Paris, and the Project Horizon project office would be based in London. The latter was to be responsible for the design of the ship, its command and control, and secondary weapons systems. Britain also agreed to contribute £100m in recognition of the development work already completed by Italy and France on PAAMS. Construction would be carried out by DCN (France), GEC-Marconi (UK), and Orizzonte (Italy).


title: Horizon-class frigate

text: On 26 April 1999, the UK announced that it was withdrawing from the CNGF project to pursue its own national design. At this point, the CNGF project was five years behind schedule. The "Financial Times" summarised the main disagreements between the partner countries:


title: Horizon-class frigate

text: The resulting Type 45 destroyer is armed with the PAAMS missile system and has benefited from investment in the Horizon project.


title: Horizon-class frigate

text: France and Italy continued their collaboration under the Horizon project. In September 2000, the two countries signed a contract to jointly produce four ships, ordering two ships each which would deploy the PAAMS missile system. The Italian Navy ordered two units, and , to replace the "Audace" class. "Andrea Doria" was accepted on 22 December 2007 and received the flag of the Italian Navy. Full operation capability was achieved in the summer of 2008. The French Navy ordered two units, and , to replace the "Suffren"-class carrier escorts. The project cost France €2.16bn (~US$3bn) at 2009 prices. A further two Horizons were cancelled; instead, the two s were to be replaced by the FREDA air-defence variant of the Franco-Italian FREMM multipurpose frigate (later known as and ). France bought 40 Aster 15 and 80 Aster 30 missiles for their ships. On the Italian units, the three cannons will be upgraded to the 76 mm/62 Super Rapid Multi Feeding David/Strales version with the capacity to use the DART guided projectile in the anti-missile role.


title: Virginia Halas McCaskey

text: Virginia Marion Halas McCaskey (born January 5, 1923) is the principal owner of the Chicago Bears of the National Football League (NFL). She is the eldest child of Bears founder and owner George Halas, who left the team to his daughter upon his death in 1983, and Minnie Bushing Halas. After the death of Buffalo Bills owner Ralph Wilson in March 2014, she became the oldest owner in the NFL and in all major league sports in the United States.


title: Virginia Halas McCaskey

text: Officially, she is the secretary of the Bears franchise, as well as a member of the team's board of directors. However, she is empowered to vote the shares of her children and grandchildren as well as her own. Between them, McCaskey and other Halas heirs own 80% of the Bears. The franchise has been in the hands of the Halas-McCaskey family since George Halas acquired the then-Decatur Staleys from A. E. Staley and moved the team to Chicago in 1921, renaming the team the Bears the following year. The Bears have been owned by the same family for longer than any other family has owned an NFL team.


title: Virginia Halas McCaskey

text: George Halas had initially intended for Virginia's younger brother, George "Mugs" Halas Jr., to inherit the team, and passed the team presidency to him in 1963. However, Mugs died suddenly of a heart attack in 1979. Thus, it was Virginia who inherited the Bears when her father died four years later. McCaskey inherited a Bears team that won Super Bowl XX two seasons after "Papa Bear's" death. It was part of a run of five consecutive NFC Central titles from 1984 to 1988.


title: Virginia Halas McCaskey

text: However, the team struggled in the 1990s, and since 1999 she has been a very hands-off owner. Her son Michael McCaskey was team president from 1983 to 1999 and was chairman of the board until May 6, 2011, when his brother George assumed the position. George McCaskey had been the Bears ticket office director since 1991. Team president Ted Phillips currently has operational control; when he assumed the post in 1999, it marked the first time in the NFL portion of franchise history that a Halas or McCaskey had not held that title.


title: Virginia Halas McCaskey

text: Halas's husband, Ed McCaskey, was previously the chairman and treasurer of the Bears. Although McCaskey never had any official share of ownership, he acted as co-owner alongside his wife before his death in 2003.


title: Virginia Halas McCaskey

text: On January 21, 2007, she accepted the NFC Championship trophy, which bears her father's name. She called it "her happiest day so far", after the Bears had beaten the New Orleans Saints to earn a trip to Super Bowl XLI.


title: Virginia Halas McCaskey

text: McCaskey is one of ten female NFL owners as of 2022, including Sheila Ford Hamp (Detroit Lions), Amy Adams Strunk (Tennessee Titans), Kim Pegula (Buffalo Bills), Carol Davis (Las Vegas Raiders), Denise DeBartolo York (San Francisco 49ers), Gayle Benson (New Orleans Saints), Janice McNair (Houston Texans), Jody Allen (Seattle Seahawks), and Dee Haslam (Cleveland Browns).


title: Virginia Halas McCaskey

text: After the death of Arizona Cardinals owner Bill Bidwill in October 2019, McCaskey became the longest-tenured owner in the NFL.


title: Virginia Halas McCaskey

text: Virginia attended Drexel University, majoring in secretarial studies with the aspiration of serving as her father's secretary. She was an active member of the local Pi Sigma Gamma sorority, the Newman Club, the Panhellenic Council, and the YWCA. She is known for being "proudly private" pertaining to the team her father built, rarely discussing the business aspect of her life. She and her late husband Ed have 11 children and more than 40 grandchildren and great-grandchildren. McCaskey is a Roman Catholic and considers "faith, family, and football" indivisible in her life.


title: Haavara Agreement

text: The Haavara Agreement () was an agreement between Nazi Germany and Zionist German Jews signed on 25 August 1933. The agreement was finalized after three months of talks by the Zionist Federation of Germany, the Anglo-Palestine Bank (under the directive of the Jewish Agency) and the economic authorities of Nazi Germany. It was a major factor in making possible the migration of approximately 60,000 German Jews to Palestine in 1933–1939.


title: Haavara Agreement

text: The agreement enabled Jews fleeing persecution under the new Nazi regime to transfer some portion of their assets to British Mandatory Palestine. Emigrants sold their assets in Germany to pay for essential goods (manufactured in Germany) to be shipped to Mandatory Palestine. The agreement was controversial and was criticised by many Jewish leaders both within the Zionist movement (such as the Revisionist Zionist leader Ze'ev Jabotinsky) and outside it, as well as by members of both the Nazi Party and the German public. For German Jews, the agreement offered a way to leave an increasingly hostile environment in Germany; for the Yishuv, the Jewish community in Palestine, it offered access to both immigrant labour and economic support; for the Germans it facilitated the emigration of German Jews while breaking the anti-Nazi boycott of 1933, which had mass support among European and American Jews and was thought by the German state to be a potential threat to the German economy.


title: Haavara Agreement

text: Although the Nazi Party won the greatest share of the popular vote in the two Reichstag general elections of 1932, they did not have a majority, so Hitler led a short-lived coalition government formed by the Nazis and the German National People's Party. Under pressure from politicians, industrialists and others, President Paul von Hindenburg appointed Hitler as Chancellor of Germany on 30 January 1933. This event is known as the "Machtergreifung" (seizure of power). In the following months, the Nazis used a process termed "Gleichschaltung" (co-ordination) to consolidate power. By June 1933, virtually the only organisations not under the control of the Nazi party were the army and the churches.


title: Haavara Agreement

text: Within the Nazi movement, a variety of (increasingly radical) "solutions" to the "Jewish Question" were proposed both before and after the Nazi party was in government, including expulsion and the encouragement of voluntary emigration. Widespread civil persecution of German Jews began as soon as the Nazis were in power. For example, on 1 April, the Nazis organized a nationwide boycott of Jewish-owned businesses in Germany; under the "Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service" which was implemented on 7 April, Jews were excluded from the civil service; on 25 April, quotas were imposed on the number of Jews in schools and universities. Jews outside Germany responded to these persecutions with a boycott of German goods.


title: Haavara Agreement

text: Meanwhile, in Mandatory Palestine, a growing Jewish population (174,610 in 1931, rising to 384,078 in 1936) was acquiring land and developing the structures of a future Jewish state despite opposition from the Arab population.


title: Haavara Agreement

text: Hanotea (, "the Planter") was a citrus planting company based in Netanya and established in 1929 by long-established Jewish settlers in Palestine involved in the Benei Binyamin movement. In a deal worked out with the Reich Economics Ministry, the blocked German bank accounts of prospective immigrants would be unblocked and funds from them used by Hanotea to buy agricultural German goods; these goods, along with the immigrants, would then be shipped to Palestine, and the immigrants would be granted a house or citrus plantation by the company to the same value. Hanotea's director, Sam Cohen, represented the company in direct negotiation with the Reich Economics Ministry beginning in March 1933. In May 1933 Hanotea applied for permission to transfer capital from Germany to Palestine. This pilot arrangement appeared to be operating successfully, and so paved the way for the later Haavara Agreement.


title: Haavara Agreement

text: The Haavara (Transfer) Agreement, negotiated by Eliezer Hoofein, director of the Anglo-Palestine Bank, was agreed to by the Reich Economics Ministry in 1933, and continued, with declining German government support, until it was wound up in 1939. Under the agreement, Jews emigrating from Germany could use their assets to purchase German-manufactured goods for export, thus salvaging their personal assets during emigration. The agreement provided a substantial export market for German factories in British-ruled Palestine. Between November 1933, and 31 December 1937, 77,800,000 Reichmarks, or $22,500,000, (values in 1938 currency) worth of goods were exported to Jewish businesses in Palestine under the program. By the time the program ended with the start of World War II, the total had risen to 105,000,000 marks (about $35,000,000, 1939 values).


title: Haavara Agreement

text: Emigrants with capital of £1,000, (about $5,000 in 1930s currency value) could move to Palestine in spite of severe British restrictions on Jewish immigration under an immigrant investor program similar to the modern EB-5 visa. Under the Transfer Agreement, about 39% of an emigrant's funds were given to Jewish communal economic development projects, leaving individuals with about 43% of the funds.


title: Haavara Agreement

text: The Haavara Agreement was thought by some German circles to be a possible way to solve the "Jewish problem." The head of the Middle Eastern division of the foreign ministry, the anti-Nazi politician Werner Otto von Hentig, supported the policy of settling Jews in Palestine. Hentig believed that if the Jewish population was concentrated in a single foreign entity, then foreign diplomatic policy and containment of the Jews would become easier. Hitler's own support of the Haavara Agreement was unclear and varied throughout the 1930s. Initially, Hitler seemed indifferent to the economic details of the plan, but he supported it in the period from September 1937 to 1939.


title: Haavara Agreement

text: The agreement was controversial both within the Nazi party and in the Zionist movement. As historian Edwin Black put it, "The Transfer Agreement tore the Jewish world apart, turning leader against leader, threatening rebellion and even assassination." Opposition came in particular from the mainstream US leadership of the World Zionist Congress, in particular Abba Hillel Silver and American Jewish Congress president Rabbi Stephen Wise. Wise and other leaders of the Anti-Nazi boycott of 1933 argued against the agreement, narrowly failing to persuade the Nineteenth Zionist Congress in August 1935 to vote against it.


title: Haavara Agreement

text: The right-wing Revisionist Zionists and their leader Vladimir Jabotinsky were even more vocal in their opposition. The Revisionist newspaper in Palestine, "Hazit Haam" published a sharp denunciation of those involved in the agreement as "betrayers", and shortly afterwards one of the negotiators, Haim Arlosoroff was assassinated.


title: Petaluma, California

text: Petaluma (Miwok: "Péta Lúuma") is a city in Sonoma County, California, located in the North Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area. Its population was 59,776 according to the 2020 census.


title: Petaluma, California

text: Petaluma's name comes from the Miwok village named "Péta Lúuma", that was located on the banks of the Petaluma River. The modern city originates in Rancho Petaluma, granted in 1834 to famed Californio statesman Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo, considered to be the founder of Petaluma. Today, Petaluma is known for its well-preserved historic center and as a local hub for the Petaluma Valley region of Sonoma County.


title: Petaluma, California

text: The Coast Miwok resided throughout Marin and southern Sonoma County. The village of (Coast Miwok for "backside of the hill", or "sloping ridge") was east of the Petaluma River, with a number of other Coast Miwok villages nearby: was immediately to the south of , on the opposite side of the river; and were near today's downtown; and and were just north of today's city limits.


title: Petaluma, California

text: The Petaluma area was part of a 1834 Mexican land grant by Governor Jose Figueroa to Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo called Rancho Petaluma. In 1836, Vallejo ordered construction of his Rancho Petaluma Adobe, a ranch house in Petaluma, which his family often used as a summer home, while he resided in the neighboring town of Sonoma. Vallejo's influence and Mexican control in the region began to decline after Vallejo's arrest during the Bear Flag Revolt in 1846.


title: Petaluma, California

text: Pioneers moved to Petaluma from the eastern United States after James Marshall found gold in the Sierra Nevada in 1848. The town's position on the Petaluma River in the heart of productive farmland was critical to its growth during the 19th and early 20th centuries. Sailing scows, such as the scow schooner "Alma" (1892), and steamers plied the river between Petaluma and San Francisco, carrying agricultural produce and raw materials to the burgeoning city of San Francisco during the California Gold Rush.


title: Petaluma, California

text: There were brothels downtown along Petaluma Boulevard, which used to be the main thoroughfare until U.S. Highway 101 was constructed in the 1950s. The Petaluma Historic Commercial District is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.


title: Petaluma, California

text: The Sonoma County Bank Building was the home of the Baker Creek Heirloom Seed Company and the Petaluma Seed Bank until 2019. It was built in 1926.


title: Petaluma, California

text: Petaluma soon became known for its grain milling and chicken processing industries, which continue to the present as a smaller fraction of its commerce. At one time, Petaluma was known as the "Egg Capital of the World," sparking such nicknames as "Chickaluma". Petaluma hosted the only known poultry drugstore and is the place where the egg incubator was invented by Lyman Byce in 1879.


title: Petaluma, California

text: One of the largest historic chicken processing plants still stands in the central area of town; this 1930s brick building is no longer used for the chicken industry, but is being evaluated for preservation and change of use. Even though it is no longer known as the Egg Capital of the World, Petaluma maintains a strong agricultural base today with dairy farms, olive groves, vineyards, and berry and vegetable farms.


title: Petaluma, California

text: According to the Army Museum at the Presidio, San Francisco, Petaluma was relatively unharmed during the San Francisco earthquake of April 18, 1906, due to significant stable bedrock underlying the region. As one of the few communities in the region left standing after the earthquake, Petaluma was the staging point for most Sonoma County rescue and relief efforts.


title: Petaluma, California

text: Petaluma is today the location of many distinguished, well-preserved pre-1906 buildings and Victorian homes on the western side of the river. The downtown area has suffered many river floods over the years and during the Depression commerce declined. A lack of funds prevented the demolition of the old homes and buildings. In the 1960s there was a counter-culture migration out of San Francisco into Marin County and southern Sonoma County, looking for inexpensive housing in a less urban environment. The old Victorian, Queen Anne and Eastlake style houses were restored. Historic iron-front buildings in the downtown commercial district were also rescued. Traffic and new home development for the most part was rerouted to the east of downtown by the construction of the 101 freeway.


title: Petaluma, California

text: The first official airmail flight took place in 1911, when Fred Wiseman carried a handful of mail from Petaluma to Santa Rosa, including letters from Petaluma postmaster John E. Olmstead and the mayor of Petaluma. Wiseman's plane ended up in the National Air and Space Museum.


title: Petaluma, California

text: There was a substantial influx of Jewish residents to the area in the first three decades of the 20th century. Most of the settlers were secular Eastern European Jews; they founded today's B'nai Israel Jewish Center as a secular Jewish community center with no rabbi and only a small area for prayer. The community became active in the poultry industry, and some settlers joined the local labor movement and participated in leftist political organizing, leading to significant conflicts between integrationists who aimed to quietly integrate into Petaluma society and socialists who hoped to change it.


title: Petaluma, California

text: With its large stock of historic buildings, Petaluma has been used as the filming location for numerous movies set in the 1940s, '50s, and '60s (see list of movies below). The historic McNear Building is a common film location.


title: Petaluma, California

text: Petaluma pioneered the time-controlled approach to development. After Highway 101 was re-aligned as a freeway in 1955, residential development permits tripled, from 300 in 1969 to 900 in 1971. Because of the region's soaring population in the sixties, the city enacted the "Petaluma Plan" in 1971. This plan limited the number of building permits to 500 annually for a five-year period beginning in 1972. At the same time Petaluma created a redbelt around the town as a boundary for urban expansion for a stated number of years. Similar to Ramapo, New York, a Residential Development Control System was created to distribute the building permits based on a point system conforming to the city's general plan to provide for low and moderate income housing and divide development somewhat equally between east and west and single family and multi-family housing.


title: Petaluma, California

text: The stated objectives of Petaluma's time controlled growth management were to ensure orderly growth; to protect the city's small town character and surrounding green space; to provide a variety of housing choices; and to maintain adequate water supply and sewage treatment facilities.


title: Petaluma, California

text: The controlled development plan attracted national attention in 1975 when the city was taken to court by the Construction Industry Association. The city's restriction was upheld by the 9th Circuit Court in 1975 and the Supreme Court denied a petition for writ of in 1976. This court ruling still forms the foundation for most local growth management ordinances in California.


title: Petaluma, California

text: Despite this history of planned development, the Petaluma City Council voted on April 13, 2009, to eliminate the entire planning department and lay off the whole planning staff. Planning Division responsibilities were subsequently contracted out to the consulting firm Metropolitan Planning Group, which re-hired some of the former planning staff and continues to operate planning services for the city.


title: Petaluma, California

text: In the late 1990s, Petaluma was also known as Telecom Valley due to the telecom startup companies that seemed to multiply from one another, and offer great riches for early stockholders and employees. Two success stories were that of Advanced Fibre Communications (AFC) (now Tellabs), and Cerent, which was purchased by Cisco. Some Cerent employees went on to purchase the Phoenix Theater, a local entertainment venue, which was once an opera house.


title: Petaluma, California

text: In 2021, Petaluma established a goal of achieving carbon neutrality by 2030. In March of that year, the city formally prohibited construction of new gas stations, becoming the first municipality in the world to enact such a ban. The city also streamlined the process of building EV charging stations and potential hydrogen filling stations.


title: Petaluma, California

text: Petaluma has a total area of . of that is land and the remaining is water. Water is 0.74% of the total area.


title: Petaluma, California

text: Petaluma is flanked by the unincorporated communities of Penngrove to the north and Lakeville to the south.


title: Petaluma, California

text: Petaluma is situated at the northernmost navigable end of the Petaluma River, a tidal estuary that snakes southward to San Pablo Bay. Pollution levels in the river, once considerable, have improved in recent years. A significant amount of the city is in the river's flood plain, which overflows its banks every few years, particularly in the Payran neighborhood.


title: Petaluma, California

text: Principal environmental noise sources are U.S. Route 101, Petaluma Boulevard, Washington Street and other major arteries. The number of residents that live in a zone of noise exposure greater than 60 CNEL is approximately 4,000.


title: Petaluma, California

text: Petaluma has a mild Mediterranean climate (Köppen: "Csb"). Its dry summer is characterized by typically warm days and cool nights with a large degree of diurnal temperature variation. Summer mornings often start out foggy and chilly, but the fog usually clears by midday or so, giving way to clear skies and warmth for the remainder of the day. August is usually the warmest month, with average daily temperatures ranging from to . December is usually the coldest month, with average daily temperatures ranging from to . Winter is cool and rainy, with frost occasionally occurring on clear nights.


title: Petaluma, California

text: Weather Underground's reporting station in Petaluma had a record high temperature of on September 6, 2020. The record low temperature of was recorded on November 14, 1916, and December 14, 1932. The wettest year was 1998 with and the driest year was 1976 with . The wettest month was February 1998 with . The most precipitation in 24 hours was on December 27, 2004. Although snow is rare in Petaluma, fell in January 1916, as well as about in January 2002.


title: Petaluma, California

text: The 2010 United States Census reported that Petaluma had a population of 57,941. The population density was 3,998.9 people per square mile (). The racial makeup of Petaluma was 46,566 (80.4%) White, 801 (1.4%) African American, 353 (0.6%) Native American, 2,607 (4.5%) Asian (1.3% Chinese, 0.9% Filipino, 0.8% Asian Indian, 0.4% Japanese, 0.3% Vietnamese, 0.2% Korean, 0.1% Pakistani, 0.1% Laotian, 0.1% Thai), 129 (0.2%), Pacific Islander, 5,103 (8.8%) from other races, and 2,382 (4.1%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 12,453 persons (21.5%). The Latino ethnic groups are Mexicans (16.2%), Salvadorans (1.2%), Guatemalans (0.6%), Nicaraguans (0.3%), Peruvians (0.3%), and Puerto Ricans (0.3%).


title: Petaluma, California

text: The Census reported that 57,217 people (98.8% of the population) lived in households, 361 (0.6%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 363 (0.6%) were institutionalized.


title: Petaluma, California

text: There were 21,737 households, out of which 7,541 (34.7%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 11,392 (52.4%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 2,257 (10.4%) had a female householder with no husband present, 1,052 (4.8%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 1,319 (6.1%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 207 (1.0%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 5,372 households (24.7%) were made up of individuals, and 2,366 (10.9%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.63. There were 14,701 families (67.6% of all households); the average family size was 3.14.


title: Petaluma, California

text: The population was spread out, with 13,455 people (23.2%) under the age of 18, 4,589 people (7.9%) aged 18 to 24, 15,041 people (26.0%) aged 25 to 44, 17,273 people (29.8%) aged 45 to 64, and 7,583 people (13.1%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40.3 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.8 males.


title: Petaluma, California

text: There were 22,736 housing units at an average density of 1,569.2 per square mile (), of which 14,159 (65.1%) were owner-occupied, and 7,578 (34.9%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.3%; the rental vacancy rate was 4.8%. 37,389 people (64.5% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 19,828 people (34.2%) lived in rental housing units.


title: Petaluma, California

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 54,548 people, 19,932 households, and 14,012 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,953 people per square mile (). There were 20,304 housing units at an average density of 1,471/sq mi (). The racial makeup of the city was 84.16% White, 1.16% African American, 0.54% Native American, 3.91% Asian, 0.17% Pacific Islander, 6.08% from other races, and 3.98% from two or more races. 14.64% of the population were Hispanic.


title: Petaluma, California

text: There were 19,932 households, out of which 36.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.3% were married couples living together, 10.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.7% were non-families. 22.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.70 and the average family size was 3.16. The age distribution is: 26.2% under the age of 18, 7.2% from 18 to 24, 31.5% from 25 to 44, 24.1% from 45 to 64, and 11.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.9 males.


title: Petaluma, California

text: The median income for a household in the city was $61,679, and the median income for a family was $71,158 (these figures had risen to $68,949 and $85,513, respectively, as of a 2007 estimate). Males had a median income of $50,232 versus $36,413 for females. The per capita income for the city was $27,087. About 3.3% of families and 6.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.2% of those under age 18 and 7.1% of those age 65 or over.


title: Petaluma, California

text: Amy's Kitchen, Calix Inc., CamelBak, Clover Stornetta Farms, Fireman's Fund Insurance Company, Lagunitas Brewing Company, Petaluma Poultry, and Athleta Inc. are based in Petaluma. Mesa Boogie and Enphase Energy were also founded in Petaluma.


title: Petaluma, California

text: According to the City's 2021 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are:


title: Petaluma, California

text: The U.S. Coast Guard operates Training Center Petaluma just outside Petaluma, near Two Rock. It operates several of its class "A" and "C" schools at TRACEN Petaluma, including the Electronics Technician (ET), Culinary Specialist (CS), Health Service Technician (HS), Information Systems Technician (IT), Operation Specialist (OS), Storekeeper (SK), and Yeoman (YN) schools.


title: Petaluma, California

text: The Coast Guard also operates the Chief Petty Officer Academy at the TRACEN. Academy trains senior non-commissioned officers (Chief Petty Officers) for both the U.S. Coast Guard and the U.S. Air Force.


title: Petaluma, California

text: Immediately to the southwest is Helen Putnam Regional Park, accessible from Chileno Valley Road. This park of has trails for hiking, cycling and horseback riding and is one of two parks named in honor of former mayor Helen Putnam who served from 1965–1979; the other is Putnam Plaza on Petaluma Boulevard. Lying above the city of Petaluma on the northwest flank of Sonoma Mountain is the Fairfield Osborn Preserve, a nature reserve with a diversity of native plants and animals. Nearby to the southeast is Tolay Lake, the site of prehistoric seasonal settlement by Miwok and Pomo tribes.


title: Petaluma, California

text: The mayor of Petaluma is Teresa Barrett, who was formerly the vice mayor, and has previously served on the Petaluma City Council. The other six council members are Brian Barnacle (Vice Mayor), D'Lynda Fischer, Mike Healy, Dave King, Kevin McDonnell and Dennis Pocekay.


title: Petaluma, California

text: According to the California Secretary of State, as of February 10, 2019, Petaluma has 36,034 registered voters. Of those, 18,779 (52.1%) are registered Democrats, 6,124 (17%) are registered Republicans, and 9,281 (25.8%) have declined to state a political party.


title: Petaluma, California

text: Public schools are managed by the Petaluma City School District. There are two comprehensive high schools in Petaluma: Petaluma High School and Casa Grande High School, whose athletic teams are known as the Trojans and Gauchos respectively. Casa Grande High School has a notable Academic Decathlon team, which has represented Sonoma County for the last 27 years in the state-level competition. There is an annual football game between the two schools' teams known as the "Egg Bowl". The Game was suspended in 2011 for fights involving players and fans, but was brought back in 2017, with Petaluma winning the game over Casa Grande, 20–14. The two Petaluma public middle schools are Kenilworth Junior High School and Petaluma Junior High School.


title: Petaluma, California

text: St. Vincent de Paul High School, a Roman Catholic private school, is in Petaluma, and its athletic teams are known as the Mustangs. Santa Rosa Junior College has a second campus in Petaluma, and the campus the unaccredited art school/atelier l'Atelier aux Couleurs is located in Petaluma. Harvest Christian School is a private Christian school in Petaluma, serving grades TK-8.


title: Petaluma, California

text: U.S. Highway 101 is the main freeway through town. State Route 116 also runs through town as Lakeville Highway. Other major streets include East Washington Street, North and South McDowell Boulevards, and Petaluma Boulevard.


title: Petaluma, California

text: Petaluma is served by Petaluma Transit, Golden Gate Transit and by Sonoma County Transit bus services. The Sonoma–Marin Area Rail Transit (SMART) rail line inaugurated service in August 2017 and serves Petaluma–Downtown station, adjacent to the historic Northwestern Pacific Railroad depot near Washington Street. A second station, Petaluma–North, is planned for future construction and service.


title: Petaluma, California

text: The nearest major airports are San Francisco International Airport and Oakland International Airport, Sonoma County Airport Express buses connect Petaluma with the aforementioned airports. General aviation is served by the Petaluma Municipal Airport, as well as the Charles M. Schulz – Sonoma County Airport located north of Santa Rosa.


title: Juliet Anderson

text: Juliet Anderson (born Judith Carr), also known as Aunt Peg, (July 23, 1938 – January 11, 2010) was an American pornographic actress and adult movie producer, relationship counselor and author. Entering the adult movie business relatively late in life (at age 39), she quickly built a reputation as one of the premier performers in the so-called "Golden Age of Porn", appearing in over seventy films—often as "Aunt Peg", a role portrayed as a giddy, insatiable woman determined to enjoy life and sex to the maximum extent possible. In 1987, she started a new career as a relationship counselor and massage therapist, before returning to adult entertainment in the mid-1990s.


title: Juliet Anderson

text: Judith Carr was born and grew up in Burbank, California, the daughter of a jazz trumpet player and an aspiring nurse. She was afflicted with both childhood arthritis and Crohn's disease and spent a sizable portion of her youth in the hospital or on bedrest. Graduating from Burbank High School in 1956 (where she was a straight-A student), she briefly attended Long Beach State College as an art major before relocating to Hayama, Japan, in 1961, with her then lover, a Navy sailor. A brief marriage to him did not work out, ending in 1964, and she spent the next thirteen years in various occupations, including clerical worker, teaching assistant in kindergarten and high school, and English as a Second Language teacher, and working as a radio journalist in Finland.


title: Juliet Anderson

text: In 1963, while living in Miami, she was secretary to a producer of "nudie" movies and a receptionist at the Burger King home office; she also worked for Avis during this period. In her website autobiography, she indicates that she appeared in an (unnamed) sexploitation film in 1963, portraying a police sergeant.


title: Juliet Anderson

text: During this time, she was known by her birth name of Judith Carr. She did not begin using the moniker "Juliet Anderson" until later in her adult film career, when she made the transition from 8mm productions to feature films. She has also used the stage names of Alice Rigby, Judy Callin, Ruby Sapphire, Judy Carr, Aunt Peg, Judy Fallbrook, and Judith Anderson.


title: Juliet Anderson

text: After living in Finland from 1971 to 1977, working as a radio journalist and teaching English to Finnish schoolchildren, she returned to the United States in 1977, and became involved in the pornography business in 1978 while trying to get into documentary film making. She was working in advertising when she answered an ad by hardcore pornography producer Alex de Renzy, who was looking for an actress. Her career took off after she was cast in the movie "Pretty Peaches". She acquired the name of "Aunt Peg" during a clip in the Swedish Erotica series, where she was portrayed as having sex with a niece, who cried out: "Oh, Aunt Peg!"; thus arose the moniker by which Anderson is best known to her fans.


title: Juliet Anderson

text: Anderson appeared in several pornographic magazine pictorials, operated a mail-order business, a casting agency, was a phone operator for a phone-sex service, and made appearances on both radio and television. She also created and performed in stage shows across the United States, combining comedy, sex, and Q&A sessions in her performances. Anderson later indicated that these stage exhibitions were the "most gratifying" portion of her adult career.


title: Juliet Anderson

text: Although Anderson portrayed many characters during her movie career, all tended to be tough-talking and unsentimental, yet rambunctious, vibrant and even comedic—all at the same time. She was said never to have faked an orgasm in any of her films. Author Charles Taylor wrote that she "brought a persona of classic movie-broad to porn", referring to her as "the Joan Blondell of porn." Another critic, Howard Hampton, opined that "her tough, no-nonsense older woman routine would be at home in the margins of any Howard Hawks movie."


title: Juliet Anderson

text: In 1985, Anderson chose to leave the adult film business after signing over distribution rights for the film "Educating Nina", under pressure, a video she directed, produced and funded with money she raised from various donors, which featured the debut of future porn superstar Nina Hartley. She never received any income for the film, and all the investors' money was lost. Juliet moved to Placerville, California, where she worked in a bed and breakfast, cleaned houses and did child care and elder care, continued to do some live stage shows, and opened a massage therapy office. Anderson chose to return to pornography in 1995, making new movies as an actress, producer and director.


title: Juliet Anderson

text: In 1998, she directed and produced "Ageless Desire", a hardcore video featuring several over-50 real-life couples, including Juliet and her partner at the time. Numerous awards followed: Induction into the Erotic Legends Hall of Fame in 1996, an X-rated Critics Organization Hall of Fame Award in 1999, and a "Lifetime Achievement Actress Award" from the Free Speech Coalition in 2001. In 2007, Anderson received an honorary Doctor of the Arts from The Institute for Advanced Study of Human Sexuality. She was featured in the 1998 documentary "" and also made one of her last appearances in "Dick Ho: Asian Male Porn Star" in 2005.


title: Juliet Anderson

text: By 2009, Anderson lived in Berkeley, California with four cats, serving as the manager of her apartment complex. Although no longer working in the adult film industry, she had announced plans to produce new films. She also worked as a relationship counselor, giving private workshops for couples focusing on "Tender Loving Touch", in which sexual touching is seen as "the play, not foreplay." She contributed to the books "The New Sexual Healers: Women of the Light" and "The Red Thread of Passion", and authored articles for magazines and newspapers.


title: Juliet Anderson

text: On the morning of January 11, 2010, a friend discovered Anderson's body. The friend stated that he had arrived at Anderson's residence to take her to a doctor's appointment for a colonoscopy, to help her with the treatment of Crohn's disease. He further reported that he found Anderson in her bed, with nothing in the room appearing to be "out of the ordinary." He stated that Anderson had expressed a desire to be cremated. A memorial was held on January 26, 2010 at the Center for Sex and Culture in San Francisco where friends she had known in and out of the business, including Nina Hartley whom she mentored, attended and gave testimonials to her kind and warm friendship. Later that month, it was revealed that Anderson had died of a heart attack.


title: Frame of reference

text: In physics and astronomy, a frame of reference (or reference frame) is an abstract coordinate system whose origin, orientation, and scale are specified by a set of reference points―geometric points whose position is identified both mathematically (with numerical coordinate values) and physically (signaled by conventional markers).


title: Frame of reference

text: For "n" dimensions, reference points are sufficient to fully define a reference frame. Using rectangular Cartesian coordinates, a reference frame may be defined with a reference point at the origin and a reference point at one unit distance along each of the "n" coordinate axes.


title: Frame of reference

text: In Einsteinian relativity, reference frames are used to specify the relationship between a moving observer and the phenomenon under observation. In this context, the term often becomes observational frame of reference (or observational reference frame), which implies that the observer is at rest in the frame, although not necessarily located at its origin. A relativistic reference frame includes (or implies) the coordinate time, which does not equate across different reference frames moving relatively to each other. The situation thus differs from Galilean relativity, in which all possible coordinate times are essentially equivalent.


title: Frame of reference

text: The need to distinguish between the various meanings of "frame of reference" has led to a variety of terms. For example, sometimes the type of coordinate system is attached as a modifier, as in "Cartesian frame of reference". Sometimes the state of motion is emphasized, as in "rotating frame of reference". Sometimes the way it transforms to frames considered as related is emphasized as in "Galilean frame of reference". Sometimes frames are distinguished by the scale of their observations, as in "macroscopic" and "microscopic frames of reference".


title: Frame of reference

text: In this article, the term "observational frame of reference" is used when emphasis is upon the "state of motion" rather than upon the coordinate choice or the character of the observations or observational apparatus. In this sense, an observational frame of reference allows study of the effect of motion upon an entire family of coordinate systems that could be attached to this frame. On the other hand, a "coordinate system" may be employed for many purposes where the state of motion is not the primary concern. For example, a coordinate system may be adopted to take advantage of the symmetry of a system. In a still broader perspective, the formulation of many problems in physics employs "generalized coordinates", "normal modes" or "eigenvectors", which are only indirectly related to space and time. It seems useful to divorce the various aspects of a reference frame for the discussion below. We therefore take observational frames of reference, coordinate systems, and observational equipment as independent concepts, separated as below:


title: Frame of reference

text: Although the term "coordinate system" is often used (particularly by physicists) in a nontechnical sense, the term "coordinate system" does have a precise meaning in mathematics, and sometimes that is what the physicist means as well.


title: Frame of reference

text: A coordinate system in mathematics is a facet of geometry or of algebra, in particular, a property of manifolds (for example, in physics, configuration spaces or phase spaces). The coordinates of a point r in an "n"-dimensional space are simply an ordered set of "n" numbers:


title: Frame of reference

text: In a general Banach space, these numbers could be (for example) coefficients in a functional expansion like a Fourier series. In a physical problem, they could be spacetime coordinates or normal mode amplitudes. In a robot design, they could be angles of relative rotations, linear displacements, or deformations of joints. Here we will suppose these coordinates can be related to a Cartesian coordinate system by a set of functions:


title: Frame of reference

text: where "x", "y", "z", "etc." are the "n" Cartesian coordinates of the point. Given these functions, coordinate surfaces are defined by the relations:


title: Frame of reference

text: The intersection of these surfaces define coordinate lines. At any selected point, tangents to the intersecting coordinate lines at that point define a set of basis vectors {e, e, …, e} at that point. That is:


title: Frame of reference

text: Coordinate surfaces, coordinate lines, and basis vectors are components of a coordinate system. If the basis vectors are orthogonal at every point, the coordinate system is an orthogonal coordinate system.


title: Frame of reference

text: An important aspect of a coordinate system is its metric tensor "g", which determines the arc length "ds" in the coordinate system in terms of its coordinates:


title: Frame of reference

text: As is apparent from these remarks, a coordinate system is a mathematical construct, part of an axiomatic system. There is no necessary connection between coordinate systems and physical motion (or any other aspect of reality). However, coordinate systems can include time as a coordinate, and can be used to describe motion. Thus, Lorentz transformations and Galilean transformations may be viewed as coordinate transformations.


title: Frame of reference

text: An observational frame of reference, often referred to as a "physical frame of reference", a "frame of reference", or simply a "frame", is a physical concept related to an observer and the observer's state of motion. Here we adopt the view expressed by Kumar and Barve: an observational frame of reference is characterized "only by its state of motion". However, there is lack of unanimity on this point. In special relativity, the distinction is sometimes made between an "observer" and a "frame". According to this view, a "frame" is an "observer" plus a coordinate lattice constructed to be an orthonormal right-handed set of spacelike vectors perpendicular to a timelike vector. See Doran. This restricted view is not used here, and is not universally adopted even in discussions of relativity. In general relativity the use of general coordinate systems is common (see, for example, the Schwarzschild solution for the gravitational field outside an isolated sphere).


title: Frame of reference

text: There are two types of observational reference frame: inertial and non-inertial. An inertial frame of reference is defined as one in which all laws of physics take on their simplest form. In special relativity these frames are related by Lorentz transformations, which are parametrized by rapidity. In Newtonian mechanics, a more restricted definition requires only that Newton's first law holds true; that is, a Newtonian inertial frame is one in which a free particle travels in a straight line at constant speed, or is at rest. These frames are related by Galilean transformations. These relativistic and Newtonian transformations are expressed in spaces of general dimension in terms of representations of the Poincaré group and of the Galilean group.


title: Frame of reference

text: In contrast to the inertial frame, a non-inertial frame of reference is one in which fictitious forces must be invoked to explain observations. An example is an observational frame of reference centered at a point on the Earth's surface. This frame of reference orbits around the center of the Earth, which introduces the fictitious forces known as the Coriolis force, centrifugal force, and gravitational force. (All of these forces including gravity disappear in a truly inertial reference frame, which is one of free-fall.)


title: Frame of reference

text: A further aspect of a frame of reference is the role of the measurement apparatus (for example, clocks and rods) attached to the frame (see Norton quote above). This question is not addressed in this article, and is of particular interest in quantum mechanics, where the relation between observer and measurement is still under discussion (see measurement problem).


title: Frame of reference

text: In physics experiments, the frame of reference in which the laboratory measurement devices are at rest is usually referred to as the laboratory frame or simply "lab frame." An example would be the frame in which the detectors for a particle accelerator are at rest. The lab frame in some experiments is an inertial frame, but it is not required to be (for example the laboratory on the surface of the Earth in many physics experiments is not inertial). In particle physics experiments, it is often useful to transform energies and momenta of particles from the lab frame where they are measured, to the center of momentum frame "COM frame" in which calculations are sometimes simplified, since potentially all kinetic energy still present in the COM frame may be used for making new particles.


title: Frame of reference

text: In this connection it may be noted that the clocks and rods often used to describe observers' measurement equipment in thought, in practice are replaced by a much more complicated and indirect metrology that is connected to the nature of the vacuum, and uses atomic clocks that operate according to the standard model and that must be corrected for gravitational time dilation. (See second, meter and kilogram).


title: Frame of reference

text: In fact, Einstein felt that clocks and rods were merely expedient measuring devices and they should be replaced by more fundamental entities based upon, for example, atoms and molecules.


title: Frame of reference

text: The discussion is taken beyond simple space-time coordinate systems by Brading and Castellani. Extension to coordinate systems using generalized coordinates underlies the Hamiltonian and Lagrangian formulations of quantum field theory, classical relativistic mechanics, and quantum gravity.


title: Luo Yunxi

text: Luo Yunxi (, born 28 July 1988), also known by his English name Leo Luo, is a Chinese actor, singer, dancer who predominantly works in Chinese television drama industry. He graduated from the Shanghai Theater Academy where he majored in ballet.


title: Luo Yunxi

text: Luo became known for his role as the younger counterpart of the male protagonist He Yichen in the hit romance drama "My Sunshine". He achieved breakthrough with the fantasy romance drama "Ashes of Love", where his role as an ambiguous antagonist received critical and popular acclaim.


title: Luo Yunxi

text: Luo Yunxi, born Luo Yi (罗弋), was raised in Chengdu, Sichuan, China. When he was three, his father, who was a dance teacher, discovered his talent and started to teach him dancing. Luo was trained professionally in ballet for 11 years. In 2005, Luo was admitted to both Beijing Dance Academy and Shanghai Theater Academy, and chose to enter the latter. In 2008, Luo and his classmates participated in the sixth Lotus Award National College Dance Competition in China and performed the group ballet dance “Tchaikovsky Rhapsody”. As a part of the competition, Luo also performed a single impromptu solo “The Burning Flame”. The “Tchaikovsky Rhapsody” group ballet dance received the golden medal of the competition.


title: Luo Yunxi

text: After graduation, he worked as an instructor at the School of Dance of Macao Conservatory. During this time, he participated in the stage performance of the contemporary ballet “Flying to the Moon” and served as one of the lead dancers. The dancing drama was selected to be performed during the celebration of tenth anniversary of Macau's transfer of sovereignty in 2009.


title: Luo Yunxi

text: In 2010, Luo debuted as part of the three-member boy group JBOY3 with the single "Promise of Love". The group released its second single “Gravity” on March 23, 2011, and the third single ”Walking Emoji” on July 26, 2011. JBOY3 disbanded in 2012.


title: Luo Yunxi

text: Luo then teamed up with one of the members Fu Longfei to form a duo named Double JL (双孖JL), and they released the single "JL" in April 2012 and the second single "Us" in August 2012. As a group, Double JL participated in various activities; including auditioning for the singing reality competition show "Asian Wave", and hosting an internet variety show "Music ShowShowShow" from December 2012 to March 2013. They also participated in a few television gala events, such as 2013 Sichuan TV New Year Gala Concert and Shanghai Dragon TV New Year Gala Concert.


title: Luo Yunxi

text: Luo made his acting debut in 2012, when he was cast in the romance film "The Spring of My Life" opposite Tan Songyun. The film was released in theaters in 2015. In 2013, he was cast in his first drama "Flip in Summer", which was broadcast in 2018.


title: Luo Yunxi

text: In 2014, Luo starred in the science fiction campus web drama "Hello Aliens". The same year, he signed a contract with the agency .


title: Luo Yunxi

text: In 2015, Luo became known to audiences with his role as the younger counterpart of the male protagonist He Yichen (played by Wallace Chung) in the hit romance drama "My Sunshine". Following the airing of the drama, Luo experienced a significant rise in popularity.


title: Luo Yunxi

text: In 2016, Luo was cast as the protagonist Qin Ming in the crime suspense drama "Voice of the Dead", an adaption of one of the books in the "Medical Examiner Dr. Qin" novel series. The same year, he starred in historical fantasy drama "Fox in the Screen" as a fox demon in love with a human.


title: Luo Yunxi

text: In 2017, Luo co-starred in the fantasy romance drama "A Life Time Love" where he reunited with "My Sunshine" co-star Janice Wu. He then played the lead role in the medical drama "Children's Hospital Pediatrician". He also voiced the role of Flame in the animated film "Dragon Force", which was released in September 2017.


title: Luo Yunxi

text: In 2018, Luo began filming the historical romance drama "Princess Silver" as a kind but distant and misunderstood prince who inherits a deadly poison from his mother before birth. The drama was released in April 2019.


title: Luo Yunxi

text: Luo also starred in the hit fantasy romance drama "Ashes of Love" as Runyu, the gentle and regal Night Immortal whose innocence and kindness later transforms into hatred and revenge when he sets out to avenge his mother's unfair death. The drama topped television ratings and was one of the most watched dramas online, and Luo's portrayal of a morally ambiguous antagonist received critical acclaim and led to widespread recognition for him. The same year, he was cast in the modern romance drama "Broker" alongside Victoria Song as a morally ambiguous corporate spy with a hidden motive. The drama premiered on Zhejiang TV and Jiangsu TV on July 22, 2021.


title: Luo Yunxi

text: In 2020, Luo was cast in the xianxia drama "Immortality" as the selfless and fearless grandmaster Chu Wanning. The same year, he starred in the wuxia romance drama "And The Winner Is Love" as Shangguan Tou, the graceful young master of the Yueshang Valley. He also starred in the modern romance workplace drama "Love is Sweet"，and received positive reviews for his role as an arrogant and charming investment bank executive. The same year, he was cast as the secretive CEO Li Zeliang in melo romance "Lie to Love".


title: Luo Yunxi

text: In 2021, Luo was cast in "Light Chaser Rescue" as an unscrupulous lawyer who turns over a new leaf after becoming a volunteer rescue worker. This drama marks his third collaboration with "My Sunshine" co-star Janice Wu. He was also cast in upcoming xianxia drama "Till The End Of The Moon" as Tantai Jin, a hostage prince who is born with an evil bone and must rebel against his destiny of becoming the havoc-wreaking Demon God.


title: Luo Yunxi

text: In 2022, Luo was cast in medical romance drama "Love Is Panacea" as the genius neurosurgeon Gu Yunzheng, who ends up spearheading research on Huntington's disease to save his love interest.


title: Abi Titmuss

text: Abigail Evelyn Titmuss (born 8 February 1976) is an English actress, television personality and poker player. She is also a former glamour model and nurse.


title: Abi Titmuss

text: Born in Newark-on-Trent in Nottinghamshire, Titmuss grew up in Ruskington, Lincolnshire; both of her parents were teachers. She took her A-levels at Kesteven and Sleaford High School, where she played the clarinet. When she was 17, her parents divorced and her father moved to Argyll, Scotland.


title: Abi Titmuss

text: Titmuss graduated from City University at the teaching hospital St Bartholomew's Hospital in 1998. She completed a nursing diploma, because she "was interested in becoming a doctor, but hadn't taken A level Chemistry" and became a staff nurse at London's University College Hospital.


title: Abi Titmuss

text: Titmuss was hired as a roving reporter on the Channel 4 programme "Richard & Judy", in late 2003, and stated at the time that the job was "an absolute dream come true". She lost her job in January 2004 following allegations of group sex with her boyfriend John Leslie. A sex tape from four years earlier emerged, in which she had been privately filmed having sex with Leslie and Aisha Abubakar, an aspiring model. The footage was downloaded without permission from a private computer and made public by "conman" Jason Onabowale, subsequently convicted and sentenced to serve 18 years in jail for four counts of rape.


title: Abi Titmuss

text: She appeared on "Hell's Kitchen" in 2004 and the following year appeared on Channel 4's "The Friday Night Project" as a regular guest; in "Abi Titmuss: A Modern Day Morality Tale", a fly-on-the-wall documentary for Channel 4; and on ITV1's "Celebrity Love Island".


title: Abi Titmuss

text: She starred on a celebrity edition of Channel 4's "Come Dine with Me" with Paul Ross, Lesley Joseph, Linda Lusardi and Rodney Marsh.


title: Abi Titmuss

text: Titmuss appeared on the reality television series "Deadline" with Janet Street Porter on ITV2. The show followed a number of celebrities as they attempted to produce a celebrity-based magazine each week, published as a supplement to "Closer". Titmuss was the fourth celebrity to be sacked from the show.


title: Abi Titmuss

text: Titmuss took up presenting on pornographic channel Television X; released a fitness video; put her name to an erotic novel published by Black Lace; and made personal appearances in nightclubs in the UK and Ireland. An initial offer of a photo shoot over two pages of "FHM" morphed into a three-page spread and a cover.


title: Abi Titmuss

text: In December 2004, Titmuss appeared on the front cover of "FHM" again, with Swedish model Victoria Silvstedt, "marking," as she wrote, "the first time a girl was on the FHM cover twice in one year". In 2004 and 2005, she made a total of 38 front-page appearances on British men's magazines, such as "FHM", "Nuts", "Zoo Weekly", "Loaded", "GQ" and "Maxim". She also appeared in the "Sunday Times Style" section and in glamour pictures in several tabloid newspapers, including "The Sun", "News of the World", "Daily Mirror", "The People" and "Daily Star".


title: Abi Titmuss

text: In 2005, Titmuss was ranked seventh by readers in "FHM"s list of 100 Sexiest Women in the World. She started writing a regular sex advice column for the magazine the same year. In 2005, Titmuss appeared in a high fashion shoot in "Pop" magazine, which commented on her status as the "face of 21st century celebrity".


title: Abi Titmuss

text: In her memoir, Titmuss states how she quickly realised that she wanted more control after seeing magazines pay her for one shoot and then sell the pictures many times over. Accordingly, she started paying for and directing her own shoots, thus owning the copyright over them and selling them herself, along with her manager.


title: Abi Titmuss

text: After taking a break from modelling, Titmuss relaunched her glamour career in 2007, this time as a brunette, with an appearance on the cover of "Zoo Weekly" and the sale of the official "Abi Titmuss Calendar".


title: Abi Titmuss

text: After announcing in late 2007 that she would take a break from her glamour modelling career to concentrate on acting, Titmuss returned with a "Nuts" shoot in April 2009 to promote one more calendar.


title: Abi Titmuss

text: Titmuss first acted during her university studies and then took part-time acting courses at the Central School of Speech and Drama, paid for from her nursing work. After reducing her glamour model work, Titmuss took a further short acting course at the same establishment. She also trained at Kensington and Chelsea College.


title: Abi Titmuss

text: According to her memoir, the first West End theatre producer to audition her for a role was Marc Sinden:


title: Abi Titmuss

text: In March 2006, Titmuss made her London theatre acting début at the Courtyard Theatre in King's Cross, playing a prostitute with a multiple personality disorder in "Two Way Mirror" (a combination of the one-act plays "Elegy for a Lady" and "Some Kind of Love Story" by Arthur Miller); for which she won a Fringe Report Award for Best West End Début.


title: Abi Titmuss

text: In 2006, Titmuss had a small role in the film "Goal! 2" and in the following year appeared in the second series premiere of "Rob Brydon's Annually Retentive", which aired on BBC Three; and as a character called Gezebelle in an episode of "Katy Brand's Big Ass Show", a sketch comedy series for ITV2.


title: Abi Titmuss

text: Between 26 February and 23 March 2008, Titmuss appeared in the black comedy "Fat Christ" at the King's Head Theatre in Islington, London.


title: Abi Titmuss

text: She has been cast in small roles in the British independent films "Do Elephants Pray?" and "Mixed Up". In 2008, she played the "Mysterious Girl" in the Beat 24 Films independent feature film "Frontman".


title: Abi Titmuss

text: In 2009, Titmuss was cast in the 25th anniversary production of John Godber's play "Up 'n' Under" at the newly refurbished Hull Truck Theatre, Hull. Titmuss played Hazel, the fitness instructor, starring alongside James Crossley (formerly the Gladiator "Hunter" in the British version of "Gladiators") and soap actor Lewis Linford ("Lee Naylor" in "Emmerdale"). She also had a part in the BBC TV series "Hotel Babylon", playing a nun.


title: Abi Titmuss

text: In November and December 2009, Titmuss appeared in a production of Shakespeare's "Macbeth" with the Seagull Rep, playing the character of Lady Macbeth. The production opened at the Seagull Theatre in Lowestoft before transferring to other East Anglian venues.


title: Abi Titmuss

text: In January 2015, Titmuss announced that she had changed her name to Abigail Evelyn, in the context of her relocation to Hollywood, California and her attempts to establish a new career as an actress.


title: Abi Titmuss

text: Titmuss started playing poker "seriously" around 2001. In 2008, Titmuss played in "Ante Up For Africa", a charity side-event of the World Series of Poker, in Las Vegas. Ladbrokes Poker started sponsoring her in 2005, when she appeared in the first Ladbrokes Poker European Ladies Championship.