title: Ptolemy II Philadelphus

text: Antiochus did this by pursuing ties with Ptolemy II's maternal half-brother Magas, who had been governor of Cyrenaica since around 300 BC and had declared himself king of Cyrene sometime after Ptolemy I's death. Around 275 BC Antiochus entered into an alliance with Magas by marrying his daughter Apama to him. Shortly thereafter, Magas invaded Egypt, marching on Alexandria, but he was forced to turn back when the Libyan nomads launched an attack on Cyrene. At this same moment, Ptolemy's own forces were hamstrung. He had hired 4,000 galatian mercenaries, but soon after their arrival the Gauls mutinied and so Ptolemy marooned them on a deserted island in the Nile where "they perished at one another’s hands or by famine." This victory was celebrated on a grand scale. Several of Ptolemy's contemporary kings had fought serious wars against Gallic invasions in Greece and Asia Minor, and Ptolemy presented his own victory as equivalent to theirs.


title: Ptolemy II Philadelphus

text: Ptolemy clashed with the kingdom of Nubia, located to the south of Egypt, over the territory known as the Triakontaschoinos ('thirty-mile land'). This was the stretch of the Nile river between the First Cataract at Syene and the Second Cataract at Wadi Halfa (the whole area is now submerged under Lake Nasser). The region may have been used by the Nubians as a base for raids on southern Egypt. Around 275 BC, Ptolemaic forces invaded Nubia and annexed the northern twelve miles of this territory, subsequently known as the Dodekaschoinos ('twelve-mile land'). The conquest was publicly celebrated in the panegyric court poetry of Theocritus and by the erection of a long list of Nubian districts at the Temple of Isis at Philae, near Syene. The conquered territory included the rich gold mines at Wadi Allaqi, where Ptolemy founded a city called Berenice Panchrysus and instituted a large-scale mining programme. The region's gold production was a key contributor to the prosperity and power of the Ptolemaic empire in the third century BC.


title: Ptolemy II Philadelphus

text: Probably in response to the alliance with Magas, Ptolemy declared war on Antiochus I in 274 BC by invading Seleucid Syria. After some initial success, Ptolemy's forces were defeated in battle by Antiochus and forced to retreat back to Egypt. Invasion was imminent and Ptolemy and Arsinoe spent the winter of 274/3 BC reinforcing the defences in the eastern Nile Delta. However, the expected Seleucid invasion never took place. The Seleucid forces were afflicted by economic problems and an outbreak of plague. In 271 BC, Antiochus abandoned the war and agreed to peace, with a return to the "status quo ante bellum". This was celebrated in Egypt as a great victory, both in Greek poetry, such as Theocritus' "Idyll" 17 and by the Egyptian priesthood in the Pithom stele.


title: Ptolemy II Philadelphus

text: Ptolemy revived earlier Egyptian programmes to access the Red Sea. A canal from the Nile near Bubastis to the Gulf of Suez – via Pithom, Lake Timsah and the Bitter Lakes – had been dug by Darius I in the sixth century BC. However, by Ptolemy's time it had silted up. He had it cleared and restored to operation in 270/269 BC – an act which is commemorated in the Pithom Stele. The city of Arsinoe was established at the mouth of the canal on the Gulf of Suez. From there, two exploratory missions were sent down the east and west coasts of the Red Sea all the way down to the Bab-el-Mandeb. The leaders of these missions established a chain of 270 harbour bases along the coasts, some of which grew to be important commercial centres.


title: Ptolemy II Philadelphus

text: Along the Egyptian coast, Philotera, Myos Hormos, and Berenice Troglodytica would become important termini of caravan routes running through the Egyptian desert and key ports for the Indian Ocean trade which began to develop over the next three centuries. Even further south was Ptolemais Theron (possibly located near the modern Port Sudan), which was used as a base for capturing elephants. The adults were killed for their ivory, the children were captured to be trained as war elephants.


title: Ptolemy II Philadelphus

text: On the east coast of the sea, the key settlements were Berenice (modern Aqaba/Eilat) and Ampelone (near modern Jeddah). These settlements allowed the Ptolemies access to the western end of the caravan routes of the incense trade, run by the Nabataeans, who became close allies of the Ptolemaic empire.


title: Ptolemy II Philadelphus

text: Throughout the early period of Ptolemy II's reign, Egypt was the preeminent naval power in the eastern Mediterranean. The Ptolemaic sphere of power extended over the Cyclades to Samothrace in the northern Aegean. Ptolemaic naval forces even entered the Black Sea, waging a campaign in support of the free city of Byzantion. Ptolemy was able to pursue this interventionist policy without any challenge because a long-running civil war in Macedon had left a power vacuum in the northern Aegean. This vacuum was threatened after Antigonus II firmly established himself as king of Macedon in 272 BC. As Antigonus expanded his power through mainland Greece, Ptolemy II and Arsinoe II positioned themselves as defenders of 'Greek freedom' from Macedonian aggression. Ptolemy forged alliances with the two most powerful Greek cities, Athens and Sparta.


title: Ptolemy II Philadelphus

text: The Athenian politician Chremonides forged a further alliance with Sparta in 269 BC. In late 268 BC, Chremonides declared war on Antigonus II. The Ptolemaic admiral Patroclus sailed into the Aegean in 267 BC and established a base on the island of Keos. From there, he sailed to Attica in 266 BC. The plan seems to have been for him to rendezvous with the Spartan army and then use their combined forces to isolate and expel the Antigonid garrisons at Sounion and Piraeus which held the Athenians in check. However, the Spartan army was unable to break through to Attica and the plan failed. In 265/4 BC, the Spartan king Areus I once again tried to cross the Isthmus of Corinth and aid the beleaguered Athenians, but Antigonus II concentrated his forces against him and defeated the Spartans, with Areus himself among the dead. After a prolonged siege, the Athenians were forced to surrender to Antigonus in early 261 BC. Chremonides and his brother Glaucon, who were responsible for the Athenian participation in the war, fled to Alexandria, where Ptolemy welcomed them into his court.


title: Ptolemy II Philadelphus

text: Despite the presence of Patroclus and his fleet, it appears that Ptolemy II hesitated to fully commit himself to the conflict in mainland Greece. The reasons for this reluctance are unclear, but it appears that, especially in the last years of the war, Ptolemaic involvement was limited to financial support for the Greek city-states and naval assistance. Gunther Hölb argues that the Ptolemaic focus was on the eastern Aegean, where naval forces under the command of Ptolemy II's nephew and co-regent Ptolemy took control of Ephesus and perhaps Lesbos in 262 BC. The end of Ptolemaic involvement may be related to the Battle of Kos, whose chronology is much disputed by modern scholars. Almost nothing is known about the events of the battle, except that Antigonus II, although outnumbered, led his fleet to defeat Ptolemy's unnamed commanders. Some scholars, such as Hans Hauben, argue that Kos belongs to the Chremonidean War and was fought around 262/1 BC, with Patroclus in command of the Ptolemaic fleet. Others, however, place the battle around 255 BC, at the time of the Second Syrian War.


title: Ptolemy II Philadelphus

text: The Chremonidean War and the Battle of Kos marked the end of absolute Ptolemaic thalassocracy in the Aegean. The League of the Islanders, which had been controlled by the Ptolemies and used by them to manage the Cycladic islands seems to have dissolved in the aftermath of the war. However, the conflict did not mean the complete end of the Ptolemaic presence in the Aegean. On the contrary, the naval bases established during the war at Keos and Methana endured until the end of the third century BC, while those at Thera, and Itanos in Crete remained bulwarks of Ptolemaic sea power until 145 BC.


title: Ptolemy II Philadelphus

text: Around 260 BC, war broke out once more between Ptolemy II and the Seleucid realm, now ruled by Antiochus II. The cause of this war seems to have been the two kings' competing claims to the cities of western Asia Minor, particularly Miletus and Ephesus. Its outbreak seems to be connected to the revolt of Ptolemy II's co-regent Ptolemy, who had been leading the Ptolemaic naval forces against Antigonus II. The younger Ptolemy and an associate took control of the Ptolemaic territories in western Asia Minor and the Aegean. Antiochus II took advantage of this upset to declare war on Ptolemy II and he was joined by the Rhodians.


title: Ptolemy II Philadelphus

text: The course of this war is very unclear, with the chronological and causal relationship of events attested at different times and in different theatres being open to debate.


title: Ptolemy II Philadelphus

text: In 253 BC, Ptolemy negotiated a peace treaty, in which he conceded large amounts of territory in Asia Minor to Antiochus. The peace was sealed by Antiochus' marriage to Ptolemy's daughter Berenice, which took place in 252 BC. Ptolemy presented large indemnity payments to the Seleucids as the dowry connected to this wedding.


title: Ptolemy II Philadelphus

text: After the war was over, in July 253 BC Ptolemy travelled to Memphis. There he rewarded his soldiers by distributing large plots of land that had been reclaimed from Lake Moeris in the Fayyum to them as estates ("kleroi"). The area was established as a new nome, named the Arsinoite nome, in honour of the long-dead Arsinoe II.


title: Ptolemy II Philadelphus

text: After the Second Syrian War, Ptolemy refocused his attention on the Aegean and mainland Greece. Some time around 250 BC, his forces defeated Antigonus in a naval battle at an uncertain location. In Delos, Ptolemy established a festival, called the "Ptolemaia" in 249 BC, which advertised continued Ptolemaic investment and involvement in the Cyclades, even though political control seems to have been lost by this time. Around the same time, Ptolemy was convinced to pay large subsidies to the Achaean League by their envoy Aratus of Sicyon. The Achaean League was a relatively small collection of minor city-states in the northwestern Peloponnese at this date, but with the help of Ptolemy's money, over the next forty years Aratus would expand the League to encompass nearly the whole of the Peloponnese and transform it into a serous threat to Antigonid power in mainland Greece.


title: Ptolemy II Philadelphus

text: Also in the late 250s BC, Ptolemy renewed his efforts to reach a settlement with his brother Magas of Cyrene. It was agreed that Ptolemy's heir Ptolemy III would marry Magas' sole child, Berenice. On Magas' death in 250 BC, however, Berenice's mother Apame refused to honour the agreement and invited an Antigonid prince, Demetrius the Fair, to Cyrene to marry Berenice instead. With Apame's help, Demetrius seized control of the city, but he was assassinated by Berenice. A republican government led by two Cyrenaeans named Ecdelus and Demophanes controlled Cyrene until Berenice married Ptolemy III in 246 BC after his accession to the throne.


title: Ptolemy II Philadelphus

text: Ptolemy II was responsible for the transformation of the cult of Alexander the Great which had been established by Ptolemy I into a state cult of the Ptolemaic dynasty. At the start of his sole reign, Ptolemy II deified his father. He deified his mother Berenice I as well after her death in the 270s. The couple were worshipped as a pair, the "Theoi Soteres" (Saviour Gods). Around 272 BC, Ptolemy II promoted himself and his sister-wife Arsinoe II to divine status as the "Theoi Adelphoi" (Sibling Gods).


title: Ptolemy II Philadelphus

text: The eponymous priest of the deified Alexander, who served annually and whose name was used to date all official documents, became the 'Priest of Alexander and the Theoi Adelphoi'. Each subsequent royal couple would be added to the priest's title until the late second century BC. In artistic depictions, Ptolemy II was often depicted with divine attributes, namely the club of Heracles and the elephant-scalp headdress associated with Alexander the Great, while Arsinoe was shown carrying a pair of cornucopiae with a small ram's horn behind her ear.


title: Ptolemy II Philadelphus

text: Ptolemy also instituted cults for a number of relatives. Following her death around 269 BC, Arsinoe II was honoured with a separate cult in her own right, with every temple in Egypt required to include a statue of her as a 'temple-sharing deity' alongside the sanctuary's main god. Her cult would prove extremely popular in Egypt throughout the Ptolemaic period. Ptolemy's other sister Philotera also received a cult. Even Ptolemy's mistress Bilistiche received sanctuaries in which she was identified with the goddess Aphrodite.


title: Ptolemy II Philadelphus

text: A festival, called the "Ptolemaia", was held in Ptolemy I's honour at Alexandria every four years from 279/278 BC. The festival provided an opportunity for Ptolemy II to showcase the splendour, wealth, and reach of the Ptolemaic empire. One of the Ptolemaia festivals from the 270s BC was described by the historian Callixenus of Rhodes and part of his account survives, giving a sense of the enormous scale of the event. The festival included a feast for 130 people in a vast royal pavilion and athletic competitions. The highlight was a Grand Procession, composed on a number of individual processions in honour of each of the gods, beginning with the Morning Star, followed by the "Theoi Soteres", and culminating with the Evening Star. The procession for Dionysus alone contained dozens of festival floats, each pulled by hundreds of people, including a four-metre high statue of Dionysus himself, several vast wine-sacks and wine krateres, a range of tableaux of mythological or allegorical scenes, many with automata, and hundreds of people dressed in costume as satyrs, sileni, and maenads. Twenty-four chariots drawn by elephants were followed by a procession of lions, leopards, panthers, camels, antelopes, wild asses, ostriches, a bear, a giraffe and a rhinoceros.


title: Ptolemy II Philadelphus

text: Most of the animals were in pairs - as many as eight pairs of ostriches - and although the ordinary chariots were likely led by a single elephant, others which carried a golden statue may have been led by four. At the end of the whole procession marched a military force numbering 57,600 infantry and 23,200 cavalry. Over 2,000 talents were distributed to attendees as largesse.


title: Ptolemy II Philadelphus

text: Although this ruler cult was centred on Alexandria, it was propagated throughout the Ptolemaic empire. The Nesiotic League, which contained the Aegean islands under Ptolemaic control, held its own Ptolemaia festival at Delos from the early 270s BC. Priests and festivals are also attested on Cyprus at Lapethos, at Methymna on Lesbos, on Thera, and possibly at Limyra in Lycia.


title: Ptolemy II Philadelphus

text: Ptolemy II followed the example of his father in making an effort to present himself in the guise of a traditional Egyptian pharaoh and to support the Egyptian priestly elite. Two hieroglyphic stelae commemorate Ptolemy's activities in this context. The Mendes stele celebrates Ptolemy's performance of rituals in honour of the ram god Banebdjedet at Mendes, shortly after his accession. The Pithom stele records the inauguration of a temple at Pithom by Ptolemy, in 279 BC on his royal jubilee. Both stelae record his achievements in terms of traditional Pharaonic virtues. Particularly stressed is the recovery of religious statuary from the Seleucids through military action in 274 BC – a rhetorical claim which cast the Seleucids in the role of earlier national enemies like the Hyksos, Assyrians, and Persians.


title: Ptolemy II Philadelphus

text: As part of his patronage of Egyptian religion and the priestly elite, Ptolemy II financed large-scale building works at temples throughout Egypt. Ptolemy ordered the erection of the core of the Temple of Isis at Philae was erected in his reign and assigned the tax income from the newly conquered Dodekaschoinos region to the temple. Although the temple had existed since the sixth century BC, it was Ptolemy's sponsorship that converted it into one of the most important in Egypt.


title: Ptolemy II Philadelphus

text: Ptolemaic Egypt was administered by a complicated bureaucratic structure. It is possible that much of the structure had already been developed in the reign of Ptolemy I, but evidence for it – chiefly in the form of documentary papyri – only exists from the reign of Ptolemy II. At the top of the hierarchy, in Alexandria, there were a small group of officials, drawn from the king's "philoi" (friends). These included the "epistolographos" ('letter-writer', responsible for diplomacy), the "hypomnematographos" ('memo-writer' or the chief secretary), the "epi ton prostagmaton" ('in charge of commands', who produced the drafts of royal edicts), the key generals, and the "dioiketes" ('household manager', who was in charge of taxation and provincial administration). The "dioiketes" for most of Ptolemy II's reign was Apollonius (262–245 BC). The enormous archive of his personal secretary, Zenon of Kaunos, happens to have survived. As a result, it is the administration of the countryside that is best known to modern scholarship.


title: Ptolemy II Philadelphus

text: The whole of Egypt was divided into thirty-nine districts, called nomes (portions), whose names and borders had remained roughly the same since early Pharaonic times. Within each nome, there were three officials: the nomarch (nome-leader) who was in charge of agricultural production, the oikonomos (household steward) who was in charge of finances, and the (royal secretary), who was in charge of land surveying and record-keeping. All three of these officials answered to the and held equal rank, the idea being that each would act as a check on the others and thus prevent officials from developing regional power bases that might threaten the power of the king. Each village had a (village-leader) and a "komogrammateus" (village-secretary), who reported to the nomarch and the "basilikos grammateus" respectively.


title: Ptolemy II Philadelphus

text: Through this system, a chain of command was created which ran from the king all the way down to each of the three thousand villages of Egypt. Each nome also had its own "strategos" (general), who was in charge of the troops settled in the nome and answered directly to the king.


title: Ptolemy II Philadelphus

text: A key goal of this administrative system was to extract as much wealth as possible from the land, so that it could be deployed for royal purposes, particularly war. It achieved this goal with greatest efficiency under Ptolemy II.


title: Ptolemy II Philadelphus

text: Particular measures to increase efficiency and income are attested from the start of the Second Syrian War. A decree, known as the Revenue Laws Papyrus was issued in 259 BC to increase tax yields. It is one of our key pieces of evidence for the intended operation of the Ptolemaic tax system. The papyrus establishes a regime of tax farming ("telonia") for wine, fruit, and castor oil.


title: Ptolemy II Philadelphus

text: Private individuals paid the king a lump sum up front for the right to oversee the collection of the taxes (though the actual collection was carried out by royal officials). The tax farmers received any excess from the collected taxes as profit.


title: Ptolemy II Philadelphus

text: This decree was followed in 258 BC by a 'General Inventory' in which the whole of Egypt was surveyed to determine the quantity of different types of land, irrigation, canals, and forests within the kingdom and the amount of income that could be levied from it. Efforts were made to increase the amount of arable land in Egypt, particularly by reclaiming large amounts of land from Lake Moeris in the Fayyum. Ptolemy distributed this land to the Ptolemaic soldiers as agricultural estates in 253 BC.


title: Ptolemy II Philadelphus

text: The Zenon papyri also record experiments by the "dioiketes" Apollonius to establish cash crop regimes, particularly growing castor oil, with mixed success. In addition to these measures focused on agriculture, Ptolemy II also established extensive gold mining operations, in Nubia at Wadi Allaqi and in the eastern desert at Abu Zawal.


title: Ptolemy II Philadelphus

text: Ptolemy II was an eager patron of scholarship, funding the expansion of the Library of Alexandria and patronising scientific research. Poets like Callimachus, Theocritus, Apollonius of Rhodes, and Posidippus were provided with stipends and produced masterpieces of Hellenistic poetry, including panegyrics in honour of the Ptolemaic family. Other scholars operating under Ptolemy's aegis included the mathematician Euclid and the astronomer Aristarchus. Ptolemy is thought to have commissioned Manetho to compose his "Aegyptiaca", an account of Egyptian history, perhaps intended to make Egyptian culture intelligible to its new rulers.


title: Ptolemy II Philadelphus

text: A tradition preserved in the pseudepigraphical Letter of Aristeas presents Ptolemy as the driving force behind the translation of the Hebrew Bible into Greek as the Septuagint. This account contains several anachronisms and is unlikely to be true. The Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible is likely to have taken place among the Jews of Alexandria, but the role of Ptolemy II is unclear and only the Pentateuch is likely to have been translated during his reign.


title: Ptolemy II Philadelphus

text: Ptolemy II and King Hiero II of Syracuse are regularly referred to as having enjoyed particularly close relations. There is substantial evidence for the exchange of goods and ideas between Syracuse and Alexandria. Hiero seems to have modelled various aspects of his royal self-representation and perhaps his tax system, the "Lex Hieronica" on Ptolemaic models. Two of the luminaries of Ptolemy II's court, the poet Theocritus and the mathematician and engineer Archimedes came from and eventually returned to Syracuse. Numismatic evidence seems to indicate that Ptolemy II funded Hiero II's original rise to power – a series of Ptolemaic bronze coins known as the 'Galatian shield without Sigma' minted between 271 and 265 BC, have been shown to have been minted in Sicily itself, on the basis of their style, flan shape, die axes, weight and find spots. The first set seem to have been minted by a Ptolemaic mint, perhaps left there in 276 BC after Pyrrhus of Epirus' withdrawal from Sicily. They are succeeded by a series that seems to have been minted by the regular Syracusan mint, perhaps on the outbreak of the First Punic War in 265 BC.


title: Ptolemy II Philadelphus

text: Ptolemy II cultivated good relations with Carthage, in contrast to his father, who seems to have gone to war with them at least once. One reason for this may have been the desire to outflank Magas of Cyrene, who shared a border with the Carthaginian empire at the Altars of Philaeni. Ptolemy was also the first Egyptian ruler to enter into formal relations with the Roman Republic. An embassy from Ptolemy visited the city of Rome in 273 BC and established a relationship of friendship (Latin: "amicitia"). These two friendships were tested in 264 BC, when the First Punic War broke out between Carthage and Rome, but Ptolemy II remained studiously neutral in the conflict, refusing a direct Carthaginian request for financial assistance.


title: Ptolemy II Philadelphus

text: Ptolemy is recorded by Pliny the Elder as having sent an ambassador named Dionysius to the Mauryan court at Pataliputra in India, probably to Emperor Ashoka:


title: Ptolemy II Philadelphus

text: Ptolemy married Arsinoe I, daughter of Lysimachus, between 284 and 281 BC. She was the mother of his legitimate children:


title: Ptolemy II Philadelphus

text: Ptolemy II repudiated Arsinoe I in the 270s BC. Probably in 273 BC, he married his sister Arsinoe II, widow of Lysimachus. They had no offspring, but in the 260s BC, the children of Ptolemy II and Arsinoe I were legally declared to be Arsinoe II's children.


title: Ptolemy II Philadelphus

text: Ptolemy II also had several concubines and mistresses, including Agathoclea (?), Aglais (?) daughter of Megacles, the cup-bearer Cleino, Didyme, the Chian harp player Glauce, the flautist Mnesis, the actress Myrtion, the flautist Pothine and Stratonice. With a woman named Bilistiche he is said to have had an illegitimate son named Ptolemy Andromachou.


title: Kief

text: Kief (from Moroccan Arabic كيف "kīf", "Joy, pleasure"), sometimes transliterated as keef, also known as ‘’Dust’’ and "Chief" a.k.a cannabis crystals among other names, refers to the pure and clean collection of loose cannabis trichomes, which are accumulated by being sifted from cannabis flowers or buds with a mesh screen or sieve. Like some other cannabis concentrates, it contains a much higher concentration of THC and other psychoactive cannabinoids than that of the cannabis flower from which it is derived. Since it contains a higher level of THC, many consumers choose to add collected kief to their cannabis for a more intense "high"; by the same token, this preparation may induce unwelcome levels of intoxication.


title: Kief

text: Traditionally, kief has been pressed into cakes of hashish for convenience in storage, although it can be vaporized or smoked in either form. After the kief is collected it is heated and pressurized, resulting in hashish.


title: Kief

text: In Morocco, kief also refers to a traditional mix of finely-chopped cannabis and indigenous tobacco, which is distinctly different from trichome powder. It is usually smoked in a long pipe called a sebsi. In other countries, such as the US and those of Western Europe, kief is used to make products via infusions. Some examples are baked cookies, brownies or other edibles. Due to its potency, however, some users consume only a small quantity of kief in order to limit its effects.


title: Psych: The Movie

text: Psych: The Movie is a 2017 American made-for-television comedy film based on the USA Network dramedy series "Psych". The film follows the "Psych" characters three years later in San Francisco, since the series finale in 2014. The movie aired on December 7, 2017, on the USA Network. James Roday, Dulé Hill, Timothy Omundson, Maggie Lawson, Kirsten Nelson, and Corbin Bernsen all reprised their roles from the series, with frequently recurring actors Kurt Fuller and Jimmi Simpson also appearing. The film was directed by series creator Steve Franks, who co-wrote the script with Roday. Franks stated his hope to make five more sequels in what became Psych's film series.


title: Psych: The Movie

text: As shown in the series finale, Shawn, Gus and Juliet relocated to San Francisco, where they remain three years later. After Juliet's SFPD partner Sam Sloane is shot, Shawn and Gus attempt to find out who was responsible and why it happened. They soon learn that a mysterious organization is threatening the reputation, safety, and well-being of Juliet (who wound up needing to use unconventional and questionable but still-lawful methods to put away perpetrators, as well as the individual who snitched on all of them). At first, Juliet is reluctant to allow anyone to help her out with her problem, but an unpleasant development connected with her partner's shooting convinces her she needs Shawn's help.


title: Psych: The Movie

text: Meanwhile, Shawn refuses to get married until he can locate his grandmother's engagement ring, which he had taken without permission from his dad's house, and which had in turn been stolen from him while he was in the very act of proposing to Juliet in San Francisco three years earlier. His efforts to retrieve the ring land him in hot water with an individual known as the premiere person fencing stolen goods in the Bay Area, with surprising results.


title: Psych: The Movie

text: Chief Vick, up for consideration for a position as police commissioner, is not aware that her daughter has fallen in with the wrong crowd. Gus, meanwhile, lands in hot water with his boss as a result of Shawn bringing his business to Gus's workplace, and is soon blown away when he has a run-in with an attractive woman who uses all the best moves in his own playbook. While working around all of these complications, the group encounters old friends, discover surprising pieces of information, and come to some major determinations about their futures.


title: Psych: The Movie

text: Once production on the dramedy series "Psych" wrapped, series creator Steve Franks immediately had the idea to bring the "Psych" universe back in movie form later on. On May 8, 2017, USA Network confirmed that a TV movie would be produced. Franks directed the movie and co-wrote it with series star James Roday. All the series main cast returned for the TV movie, with Zachary Levi portraying the main villain, "Thin White Duke", while Jazmyn Simon – co-star Dulé Hill's real-life fiancée – plays Selene, a romantic interest for Gus. and WWE wrestler Charlotte Flair portraying Heather Rockrear. On June 28, 2017, former guest star Ralph Macchio joined the cast, reprising his role as Nick Conforth, the police academy officer who trained Shawn and Gus in season 5. Principal photography took place from May 25 to June 18 in Vancouver, British Columbia. In addition, Kurt Fuller and Jimmi Simpson reprised their respective roles of Woody Strode and Mary Lightly. The movie was released on December 7, 2017 on USA Network. Timothy Omundson returned as Carlton "Lassie" Lassiter but suffered a stroke just before shooting was to begin. The movie was partially rewritten, with Omundson appearing in only one scene that was filmed outside the main shoot in Vancouver months later.


title: Psych: The Movie

text: The original American broadcast premiere received 1.26 million viewers and was the most watched scripted program of the day. It also achieved a demo of 0.5 in the 18–49 category, matching the demo from multiple Season 8 episodes, while beating the demo scores of many USA Network original shows' episodes in 2017. In the Nielsen Live+7 ratings, the film nabbed a 1.0 rating in adults 18–49 and 2.2 million viewers.


title: Psych: The Movie

text: "Entertainment Weekly" graded it with a "B+." Danette Chavez of "The A.V. Club" gave it a "B" saying ""Psych: The Movie" is lively and lightweight, buoyed by Roday and Hill's bond, which hasn't diminished at all in the last three years. Its structure is classic "Psych"." The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 100% approval rating based on 14 reviews, with an average rating of 7.7/10.


title: Psych: The Movie

text: At a Comic Con gathering, Steve Franks stated that he hoped to make five additional TV movies, and was looking to the "Fast and Furious" franchise for inspiration. "Psych: The Movie 2" was greenlit on February 14, 2019, with all the main cast confirmed to return. The film was originally set to premiere later in 2019. On September 17, 2019, it was announced that the sequel had been renamed "Psych 2: Lassie Come Home" and would instead be airing on NBCUniversal's new streaming service, Peacock. The movie premiered on July 15, 2020, the day the service officially launched.


title: Takahiro Moriuchi

text: , known professionally as Taka, is a Japanese singer and musician who is the lead vocalist of the Japanese rock band One Ok Rock. Moriuchi is the band's main lyricist and composer. In 2017, "Kerrang!" magazine placed him at number 27 on their list of the "50 Greatest Rockstars in the World". He was also listed by "Rock Sound" magazine as one of "50 Most Influential Figures in Rock".


title: Takahiro Moriuchi

text: Prior to One Ok Rock, he was in the boyband News throughout 2003 until he left the group and the agency. He performs in English and Japanese.


title: Takahiro Moriuchi

text: Taka was born on April 17, 1988, the eldest son of famous Japanese singers Masako Mori and Shinichi Mori. He has two younger brothers named Tomohiro Moriuchi who works on TV Tokyo, and Hiroki Moriuchi who is the lead singer of the band My First Story.


title: Takahiro Moriuchi

text: He attended Keio Elementary School and graduated in March 2001, then continued his studies at Keio Middle School in April 2001. He joined soccer club in his first year of middle school. In April 2004, he attended Keio High School until his first year of high school (March 2005). He then dropped out to pursue his musical career. After dropping out of high school, after a fight with his parents he left home and lived with his grandmother. During this time, he took up a part-time job at a restaurant in Aoyama to prepare himself for living alone. In April 2005, his parents divorced.


title: Takahiro Moriuchi

text: In 2005, he changed his last name from Moriuchi (森内) to Morita (森田) due to the divorce of his parents. However, in the June 2012 issue of the magazine, "Rockin'On Japan", he stated in an interview that his real name is Takahiro Moriuchi.


title: Takahiro Moriuchi

text: In 2013, he is shown again in a photo using his last name, Moriuchi, where all One Ok Rock band members held a written sign of their real names. The photo was taken by photographer, Rui Hashimoto.


title: Takahiro Moriuchi

text: Taka wrote the song "Nobody's Home" on fourth album "Niche Syndrome", tells about his apology and gratitude straightforwardly for his parents. The song was performed at several concerts, including at the Nippon Budokan in 2010 where his parents attended the concert.


title: Takahiro Moriuchi

text: Taka signed with Johnny's Entertainment in August 2001 at age 13. He joined as a trainee in the group called Johnny's Junior and made some singing appearances on Japanese music shows during this period. In September 2003, two years after joining the agency, Taka was one of the Johnny's Juniors chosen to be part of the idol group News. However, his activities were suspended when he left the agency and the group in December of the same year.


title: Takahiro Moriuchi

text: He was briefly in a cover band called Chivalry of Music in 2004, consisted of a keyboardist, a guitarist, and him on vocals.


title: Takahiro Moriuchi

text: Taka was invited by guitarist Toru Yamashita to join One Ok Rock in 2005. The band released their first independent CD in 2006 and were signed by Amuse, Inc., whom they made their major debut with.


title: Takahiro Moriuchi

text: The band did moderately well with music sales until they hit with major success in August 2012 upon the release of "The Beginning", which was the theme song for the live action movie adaption of the manga and anime, "Rurouni Kenshin". The band's concerts have been sold out many times with high attendance and constantly adding new tour dates in Japan. ONE OK ROCK has also held concert tours overseas in Asia, U.S., Europe and South America.


title: Takahiro Moriuchi

text: In March 2013, Simple Plan announced a new version of their song "Summer Paradise" with Moriuchi for a Japanese-only release They later performed together at the music festival, Punkspring 2013 in Tokyo, Japan.


title: Takahiro Moriuchi

text: In November 2013, Taka helped Pay Money to My Pain to sing and write one of their songs on their tribute album "Gene" after their vocalist, K (Kei Goto), died due to heart failure.


title: Takahiro Moriuchi

text: In summer 2014, One Ok Rock's newest songs, "Mighty Long Fall" and "Heartache" were featured as theme songs for the live action movie sequels, "" and "", respectively.


title: Takahiro Moriuchi

text: In February 2015, Moriuchi was featured as a guest vocalist on the track "Dreaming Alone" by Against the Current.


title: Takahiro Moriuchi

text: As of July 2015, One Ok Rock is signed with the U.S. label, Warner Bros. Records and released an English version of their album, "35xxxv" in February 2015.


title: Takahiro Moriuchi

text: On September 11, 2016, One Ok Rock signed with Fueled by Ramen. Their eighth album, "Ambitions", was released on January 11, 2017, for the Japanese version album under the Japanese label A-Sketch and on January 13, 2017, for the English version album under the American label Fueled by Ramen.


title: Takahiro Moriuchi

text: In July 2017, Moriuchi was featured on the track "Don't Let Me Go" from Goldfinger's album "The Knife" as a guest vocalist. On 27 October 2017, he appeared at Linkin Park and Friends – Celebrate Life in Honor of Chester Bennington, performing "Somewhere I Belong" with the remaining members of Linkin Park. On May 12, 2018, he guested on Linkin Park co-vocalist Mike Shinoda's show at Identity Festival in Los Angeles, performing "Waiting for the End / Where'd You Go" mash-up.


title: Takahiro Moriuchi

text: On September 14, 2020, Journey frontman Arnel Pineda collaborated with him covering the 1981 Journey classic ballad "Open Arms". The cover was recorded separately in isolation, and uploaded on Pineda's YouTube channel.


title: Takahiro Moriuchi

text: His greatest influences are Linkin Park, Good Charlotte, The Used, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Thirty Seconds to Mars, hide, Maroon 5, Adele, Rize, Issues, Sum 41, Green Day and Simple Plan. His favorite artists are X Japan, Bring Me the Horizon, Radwimps, Michael Jackson, Vanessa Carlton, Attack Attack!, Asking Alexandria, Destrage, Coldplay, Nickelback and Avril Lavigne. He has also cited Chester Bennington from Linkin Park and Kellin Quinn from Sleeping With Sirens as his inspirations to switch from pop music to rock music.


title: Inclusion–exclusion principle

text: In combinatorics, a branch of mathematics, the inclusion–exclusion principle is a counting technique which generalizes the familiar method of obtaining the number of elements in the union of two finite sets; symbolically expressed as


title: Inclusion–exclusion principle

text: where "A" and "B" are two finite sets and |"S"| indicates the cardinality of a set "S" (which may be considered as the number of elements of the set, if the set is finite). The formula expresses the fact that the sum of the sizes of the two sets may be too large since some elements may be counted twice. The double-counted elements are those in the intersection of the two sets and the count is corrected by subtracting the size of the intersection.


title: Inclusion–exclusion principle

text: The inclusion-exclusion principle, being a generalization of the two-set case, is perhaps more clearly seen in the case of three sets, which for the sets "A", "B" and "C" is given by


title: Inclusion–exclusion principle

text: This formula can be verified by counting how many times each region in the Venn diagram figure is included in the right-hand side of the formula. In this case, when removing the contributions of over-counted elements, the number of elements in the mutual intersection of the three sets has been subtracted too often, so must be added back in to get the correct total.


title: Inclusion–exclusion principle

text: Generalizing the results of these examples gives the principle of inclusion–exclusion. To find the cardinality of the union of sets:


title: Inclusion–exclusion principle

text: The name comes from the idea that the principle is based on over-generous "inclusion", followed by compensating "exclusion".


title: Inclusion–exclusion principle

text: This concept is attributed to Abraham de Moivre (1718), although it first appears in a paper of Daniel da Silva (1854) and later in a paper by J. J. Sylvester (1883). Sometimes the principle is referred to as the formula of Da Silva or Sylvester, due to these publications. The principle can be viewed as an example of the sieve method extensively used in number theory and is sometimes referred to as the "sieve formula".


title: Inclusion–exclusion principle

text: As finite probabilities are computed as counts relative to the cardinality of the probability space, the formulas for the principle of inclusion–exclusion remain valid when the cardinalities of the sets are replaced by finite probabilities. More generally, both versions of the principle can be put under the common umbrella of measure theory.


title: Inclusion–exclusion principle

text: In a very abstract setting, the principle of inclusion–exclusion can be expressed as the calculation of the inverse of a certain matrix. This inverse has a special structure, making the principle an extremely valuable technique in combinatorics and related areas of mathematics. As Gian-Carlo Rota put it:


title: Inclusion–exclusion principle

text: "One of the most useful principles of enumeration in discrete probability and combinatorial theory is the celebrated principle of inclusion–exclusion. When skillfully applied, this principle has yielded the solution to many a combinatorial problem."


title: Inclusion–exclusion principle

text: In its general formula, the principle of inclusion–exclusion states that for finite sets , one has the identity


title: Inclusion–exclusion principle

text: The inclusion–exclusion principle is widely used and only a few of its applications can be mentioned here.


title: Inclusion–exclusion principle

text: A well-known application of the inclusion–exclusion principle is to the combinatorial problem of counting all derangements of a finite set. A "derangement" of a set "A" is a bijection from "A" into itself that has no fixed points. Via the inclusion–exclusion principle one can show that if the cardinality of "A" is "n", then the number of derangements is ["n"! / "e"] where ["x"] denotes the nearest integer to "x"; a detailed proof is available here and also see the examples section above.


title: Inclusion–exclusion principle

text: The first occurrence of the problem of counting the number of derangements is in an early book on games of chance: "Essai d'analyse sur les jeux de hazard" by P. R. de Montmort (1678 – 1719) and was known as either "Montmort's problem" or by the name he gave it, ""problème des rencontres"." The problem is also known as the "hatcheck problem."


title: Inclusion–exclusion principle

text: The number of derangements is also known as the subfactorial of "n", written !"n". It follows that if all bijections are assigned the same probability then the probability that a random bijection is a derangement quickly approaches 1/"e" as "n" grows.


title: Inclusion–exclusion principle

text: The principle of inclusion–exclusion, combined with De Morgan's law, can be used to count the cardinality of the intersection of sets as well. Let formula_6 represent the complement of "A" with respect to some universal set "A" such that formula_7 for each "k". Then we have


title: Inclusion–exclusion principle

text: The inclusion exclusion principle forms the basis of algorithms for a number of NP-hard graph partitioning problems, such as graph coloring.


title: Inclusion–exclusion principle

text: A well known application of the principle is the construction of the chromatic polynomial of a graph.


title: Inclusion–exclusion principle

text: Given finite sets "A" and "B", how many surjective functions (onto functions) are there from "A" to "B"? Without any loss of generality we may take "A" = {1, ..., "k"} and "B" = {1, ..., "n"}, since only the cardinalities of the sets matter. By using "S" as the set of all functions from "A" to "B", and defining, for each "i" in "B", the property "P" as "the function misses the element "i" in "B"" ("i" is not in the image of the function), the principle of inclusion–exclusion gives the number of onto functions between "A" and "B" as:


title: Inclusion–exclusion principle

text: A permutation of the set "S" = {1, ..., "n"} where each element of "S" is restricted to not being in certain positions (here the permutation is considered as an ordering of the elements of "S") is called a "permutation with forbidden positions". For example, with "S" = {1,2,3,4}, the permutations with the restriction that the element 1 can not be in positions 1 or 3, and the element 2 can not be in position 4 are: 2134, 2143, 3124, 4123, 2341, 2431, 3241, 3421, 4231 and 4321. By letting "A" be the set of positions that the element "i" is not allowed to be in, and the property "P" to be the property that a permutation puts element "i" into a position in "A", the principle of inclusion–exclusion can be used to count the number of permutations which satisfy all the restrictions.


title: Inclusion–exclusion principle

text: In the given example, there are 12 = 2(3!) permutations with property "P", 6 = 3! permutations with property "P" and no permutations have properties "P" or "P" as there are no restrictions for these two elements. The number of permutations satisfying the restrictions is thus:


title: Inclusion–exclusion principle

text: The final 4 in this computation is the number of permutations having both properties "P" and "P". There are no other non-zero contributions to the formula.


title: Inclusion–exclusion principle

text: The Stirling numbers of the second kind, "S"("n","k") count the number of partitions of a set of "n" elements into "k" non-empty subsets (indistinguishable "boxes"). An explicit formula for them can be obtained by applying the principle of inclusion–exclusion to a very closely related problem, namely, counting the number of partitions of an "n"-set into "k" non-empty but distinguishable boxes (ordered non-empty subsets). Using the universal set consisting of all partitions of the "n"-set into "k" (possibly empty) distinguishable boxes, "A", "A", …, "A", and the properties "P" meaning that the partition has box "A" empty, the principle of inclusion–exclusion gives an answer for the related result. Dividing by "k"! to remove the artificial ordering gives the Stirling number of the second kind:


title: Inclusion–exclusion principle

text: A rook polynomial is the generating function of the number of ways to place non-attacking rooks on a "board B" that looks like a subset of the squares of a checkerboard; that is, no two rooks may be in the same row or column. The board "B" is any subset of the squares of a rectangular board with "n" rows and "m" columns; we think of it as the squares in which one is allowed to put a rook. The coefficient, "r"("B") of "x" in the rook polynomial "R"("x") is the number of ways "k" rooks, none of which attacks another, can be arranged in the squares of "B". For any board "B", there is a complementary board formula_11 consisting of the squares of the rectangular board that are not in "B". This complementary board also has a rook polynomial formula_12 with coefficients formula_13


title: Inclusion–exclusion principle

text: It is sometimes convenient to be able to calculate the highest coefficient of a rook polynomial in terms of the coefficients of the rook polynomial of the complementary board. Without loss of generality we can assume that "n" ≤ "m", so this coefficient is "r"("B"). The number of ways to place "n" non-attacking rooks on the complete "n" × "m" "checkerboard" (without regard as to whether the rooks are placed in the squares of the board "B") is given by the falling factorial:


title: Inclusion–exclusion principle

text: Letting "P" be the property that an assignment of "n" non-attacking rooks on the complete board has a rook in column "i" which is not in a square of the board "B", then by the principle of inclusion–exclusion we have:


title: Inclusion–exclusion principle

text: Euler's totient or phi function, "φ"("n") is an arithmetic function that counts the number of positive integers less than or equal to "n" that are relatively prime to "n". That is, if "n" is a positive integer, then φ("n") is the number of integers "k" in the range 1 ≤ "k" ≤ "n" which have no common factor with "n" other than 1. The principle of inclusion–exclusion is used to obtain a formula for φ("n"). Let "S" be the set {1, …, "n"} and define the property "P" to be that a number in "S" is divisible by the prime number "p", for 1 ≤ "i" ≤ "r", where the prime factorization of


title: Inclusion–exclusion principle

text: In many cases where the principle could give an exact formula (in particular, counting prime numbers using the sieve of Eratosthenes), the formula arising does not offer useful content because the number of terms in it is excessive. If each term individually can be estimated accurately, the accumulation of errors may imply that the inclusion–exclusion formula is not directly applicable. In number theory, this difficulty was addressed by Viggo Brun. After a slow start, his ideas were taken up by others, and a large variety of sieve methods developed. These for example may try to find upper bounds for the "sieved" sets, rather than an exact formula.


title: Inclusion–exclusion principle

text: Let "A", ..., "A" be arbitrary sets and "p", …, "p" real numbers in the closed unit interval . Then, for every even number "k" in {0, …, "n"}, the indicator functions satisfy the inequality:


title: Inclusion–exclusion principle

text: Choose an element contained in the union of all sets and let formula_19 be the individual sets containing it. (Note that "t" > 0.) Since the element is counted precisely once by the left-hand side of equation (), we need to show that it is counted precisely once by the right-hand side. On the right-hand side, the only non-zero contributions occur when all the subsets in a particular term contain the chosen element, that is, all the subsets are selected from formula_19. The contribution is one for each of these sets (plus or minus depending on the term) and therefore is just the (signed) number of these subsets used in the term. We then have:


title: Inclusion–exclusion principle

text: An algebraic proof can be obtained using indicator functions (also known as characteristic functions). The indicator function of a subset "S" of a set "X" is the function


title: Inclusion–exclusion principle

text: Let "A" denote the union formula_30 of the sets "A", …, "A". To prove the inclusion–exclusion principle in general, we first verify the identity


title: Inclusion–exclusion principle

text: is identically zero because: if "x" is not in "A", then all factors are 0 − 0 = 0; and otherwise, if "x" does belong to some "A", then the corresponding "m" factor is 1 − 1 = 0. By expanding the product on the left-hand side, equation () follows.


title: Inclusion–exclusion principle

text: To prove the inclusion–exclusion principle for the cardinality of sets, sum the equation () over all "x" in the union of "A", …, "A". To derive the version used in probability, take the expectation in (). In general, integrate the equation () with respect to "μ". Always use linearity in these derivations.


title: Live Free or Die (Breaking Bad)

text: "Live Free or Die" is the fifth season premiere episode of the American television drama series "Breaking Bad", the first episode of the first part of the season and the 47th overall episode of the series. Written by series creator Vince Gilligan and directed by Michael Slovis, it originally aired on AMC in the United States on July 15, 2012.


title: Live Free or Die (Breaking Bad)

text: The episode is titled after the official motto of the U.S. state of New Hampshire, seen on a license plate in the opening.


title: Live Free or Die (Breaking Bad)

text: The episode starts with a flashforward to Walter White in a restaurant on his 52nd birthday. He illegally purchases a machine gun from his arms dealer which is hidden inside the trunk of a car.


title: Live Free or Die (Breaking Bad)

text: In the present, Walt disposes of any evidence connecting him to Gus Fring's killing and Brock Cantillo's poisoning. Skyler White tries not to speak to Walt, explaining that she is now scared of him. Walt suddenly remembers the surveillance cameras that Gus installed in the superlab, and realizes that the footage Gus may have collected could incriminate him.


title: Live Free or Die (Breaking Bad)

text: The following day, Mike Ehrmantraut learns of Gus's death and drives back to New Mexico in a rage. He comes across Walt and Jesse Pinkman and is prepared to kill Walt, but Walt and Jesse convince him that Gus's laptop, which has been seized by police as evidence, needs to be dealt with.


title: Live Free or Die (Breaking Bad)

text: Mike advises that they all leave the city, as the police will inevitably find them in the lab camera footage; however, Jesse and Walt concoct a plan to use an industrial electromagnet to destroy the laptop from outside the police building. They pull it off, despite being forced to abandon the truck. As they drive away, Walt defies Mike's doubts that everything is settled.


title: Live Free or Die (Breaking Bad)

text: Meanwhile, Saul Goodman approaches Skyler at the car wash and tells her that Ted Beneke survived the injury from his encounter with Kuby and Huell. Skyler visits Ted in the hospital and finds that he has been fitted with a halo brace. An intimidated Ted tells her that he will remain silent about what caused his injury. Elsewhere, Walt argues with Saul about the lawyer's failure to inform him about Skyler's bailout to Ted. It is revealed that Huell was told to pickpocket Jesse's ricin cigarette, which is why Jesse believed it was lost; Saul presents the cigarette to Walt in a plastic bag, remarking that he had no idea Walt was going to poison Brock in the service of killing Gus. Saul tries to end his and Walt's business relationship, but Walt threateningly tells him, "We're done when I say we're done".


title: Live Free or Die (Breaking Bad)

text: In July 2011, series creator Vince Gilligan indicated that he intended to conclude "Breaking Bad" with the fifth season. In early August 2011, negotiations began over a deal regarding the fifth and possible final season between the network AMC and Sony Pictures Television, the series' production company. AMC proposed a shortened fifth season (six to eight episodes, instead of 13) to cut costs, but the producers declined. Sony then approached other cable networks about possibly picking up the show if a deal could not be made. On August 14, 2011, AMC and "Breaking Bad"s production team agreed to renew the series for a final 16 episodes. Filming began for the season on March 26, 2012.


title: Live Free or Die (Breaking Bad)

text: Following a dispute between AMC and Dish Network that led to Dish's dropping AMC as of July 1, 2012, AMC posted the episode online for streaming. The episode is the shortest in the series, with a runtime of approximately 43 minutes.


title: Live Free or Die (Breaking Bad)

text: "Live Free or Die" was the most watched episode in "Breaking Bad"s history at the time, with 2.93 million viewers.


title: Live Free or Die (Breaking Bad)

text: The episode was praised for the flashforward cold open and Cranston's performance. In 2019 "The Ringer" ranked "Live Free or Die" as the 23rd best out of the 62 total "Breaking Bad" episodes.


title: Gino Vannelli

text: Gino Vannelli (born June 16, 1952) is a Canadian rock singer and songwriter who had several hit songs in the 1970s and 1980s. His best-known singles include "People Gotta Move" (1974), "I Just Wanna Stop" (1978), "Living Inside Myself" (1981) and "Wild Horses" (1987).


title: Gino Vannelli

text: Vannelli was born to an Italian family in Montreal, Quebec. His father, (Joseph) Russ Vannelli, sang with the Montreal dance bands of trumpeters Bix Belair and Maynard Ferguson. His early ambition was to be a drummer. He admired Gene Krupa and Buddy Rich, and he played drums in a pop band while he was in high school. In 1969, at the age of seventeen, he signed a contract with RCA Records, using the name Vann Elli. He studied music theory at McGill University in Montreal.


title: Gino Vannelli

text: Vannelli and his brother, Joe, moved to Los Angeles in 1972. Desperate and broke, they waited for hours in the parking lot outside A&M Studios, hoping to get a record deal. When Herb Alpert, the co-owner of A&M Records, finally emerged, Vannelli ran toward him and gave him a demo tape while being chased by security guards. Alpert signed Vannelli and released his debut album, "Crazy Life", in the summer of 1973.


title: Gino Vannelli

text: Vannelli was one of the first Caucasians (Dennis Coffey being the very first in January 1972) to appear on the television dance program "Soul Train". In 1974, he was invited to tour with Stevie Wonder.


title: Gino Vannelli

text: Vannelli released an album, "Gist of the Gemini", in 1976 through A&M Records. His 1978 album "Brother to Brother", also with A&M, produced the single "I Just Wanna Stop", which reached No. 4 on the "Billboard" magazine chart, No. 1 in Canada, and received a Grammy Award nomination. His next album, "Nightwalker", also produced a top ten hit, "Living Inside Myself".


title: Gino Vannelli

text: He received the Juno Awards for the most promising male vocalist of the year in 1975. In 1976, and again 1979, he received Juno Awards for the best male vocalist. He and his brother Joe, his musical partner during those years, shared the Juno for Best Production for "Brother to Brother" in 1979.


title: Gino Vannelli

text: Despite the success of singles "Black Cars" and "Hurts to Be in Love" (1985), as well as "Wild Horses" (1987), after his 1979 world tour, Vannelli appeared live only sporadically throughout the 1980s.


title: Gino Vannelli

text: Departing from the jazz-pop idiom, Vannelli released two largely-acoustic jazz discs, "Yonder Tree" (1995) and "Slow Love" (1997). Subsequent to producing the album "Hitek Hiku" for Danish jazz pianist Niels Lan Doky, Vannelli revisited his interest in western classical music with the song "Parole Per Mio Padre" (Words For My Father), dedicated to his late father, and composed in the style and tradition of Schubert. The recording came to the attention of Pope John Paul II who requested a performance of the song at the Vatican. Televised in Europe, the event caught the attention of the head of BMG Records who subsequently asked Vannelli to record a contemporary classical disc in the style of "Parole per Mio Padre". "Canto", released by BMG in 2003, features songs sung in English, Italian, Spanish, and French (Tracklist: Canto, Parole Per Mio Padre, The Last Dance, Dea Speranza, Una Sola Voce, Wayward Lover, Mala Luna, Joli Cœur, Una Rosa A Dicembre, Il Viaggio, The Last Days Of Summer), as is considered by fans and Vannelli himself to be one of his strongest musical accomplishments. In 2008, Vannelli became a symbol of sorts for the National Basketball Association championship run by the Boston Celtics. After each blowout home victory during the 2008 season, the video crew at the TD Banknorth Garden played a clip from Dick Clark's "American Bandstand" that featured a bearded disco dancer clad in a tight Gino Vannelli T-shirt. The tradition became known in Boston as "Gino Time" and Gino T-shirts became common at Celtics games. The "Wall Street Journal" reported in 2008 that the dancer in the Gino shirt was a young man named Joseph R. Massoni, and that he died of pneumonia in 1990. He was 34 years old.


title: Gino Vannelli

text: "People Gotta Move" became a small hit again in the Netherlands in 2008 after this song was used in a commercial on TV and radio of the ANWB (Dutch road assistance).


title: Gino Vannelli

text: On May 13, 2014, Vannelli's "Live in L.A." CD/DVD compilation was released by the Sono Recording Group. The presentation was recorded live onstage at the historic Saban Theater in Los Angeles on November 8, 2013, which represented Vannelli's first performance in Los Angeles in more than 15 years. The recording also marks the first on-stage collaboration in many years between the three Vannelli brothers (including Ross Vannelli as producer, editor, and mixer).


title: Gino Vannelli

text: Vannelli resides in Troutdale, Oregon where he is active as a music teacher. He continues to perform throughout North America.


title: Thursday (band)

text: Thursday is an American post-hardcore band, formed in New Brunswick, New Jersey, in 1997. The band currently consists of Geoff Rickly (lead vocals), Tom Keeley (lead guitar, backing vocals), Steve Pedulla (rhythm guitar, backing vocals), Tim Payne (bass), and Tucker Rule (drums).


title: Thursday (band)

text: Thursday released their debut album, "Waiting", in late 1999 with original guitarist Bill Henderson, who left the band in 2000 and was replaced by Steve Pedulla. The band gained popularity with the release of their second album, "Full Collapse", in 2001, and released their third album and major label debut, "War All the Time", in 2003, which reached number seven on the US "Billboard" Top 200 Albums chart. Thursday released their fourth album, "A City by the Light Divided", in 2006, and two further albums, "Common Existence" (2009) and "No Devolución" (2011), before announcing an indefinite hiatus in 2011. In a January 2013 interview, Geoff Rickly confirmed that the band had officially disbanded. However, the band announced a reunion in 2016 and performed a series of shows within the next few years. In October 2018, the band announced their reunion would conclude with a performance at Saint Vitus in Brooklyn, New York on March 17, 2019; despite this, Thursday had played more shows by the end of 2019, and resumed activity as a band in the fall of 2021 with a series of live dates, including an appearance at Riot Fest in Chicago.


title: Thursday (band)

text: The band has been considered an influential band of the post-hardcore music scene in the 2000s, and is credited as one of the key bands to popularize the darker emo sound and screaming vocals which came to prominence at the time.


title: Thursday (band)

text: Thursday was formed in 1997 by vocalist Geoff Rickly, guitarist Tom Keeley, guitarist Bill Henderson, bassist Tim Payne, and drummer Tucker Rule. The band began playing basement shows in New Brunswick and the surrounding New Jersey and New York areas, playing their first official show on December 31, 1998 in Rickly's basement alongside Midtown, Saves the Day and Poison the Well.


title: Thursday (band)

text: The band recorded demos to hand out at shows, and in the summer of 1999, teamed up with MP3.com for their first official release, the "1999 Summer Tour EP", which featured demos of songs that would soon be found on their debut album, "Waiting". The album was released on December 6, 1999 on northern New Jersey-based Eyeball Records without any singles or support from television or radio.


title: Thursday (band)

text: In 2001, Thursday signed to independent label Victory Records. After signing, they were warned by their friends that they "gotten ourselves into a situation that we would regret". The group were unsure what they meant, but thought things would turn out fine due to their contract with the label. They initially thought that part of the contract meant they could sign with a different label would they want to. However, they realized the deal had in fact stated they could only leave Victory if it was to join a major label, which they thought was "a far-fetched idea to say the least." Later in the year, they released their second album "Full Collapse" through the label, eventually reaching number 178 on the "Billboard" 200. Before appearing on Warped Tour, the group visited Victory's offices and learned about Thursday-branded whoopee cushions that the label was planning to sell at the tour. Vocalist Geoff Rickly discussed this matter with Victory founder Tony Brummel, and according to the band, responded that Victory "was a big company and that they didn't have time to run everything by the band."


title: Thursday (band)

text: On a number of occasions, the group attempted to have better communication with the label in regards to promotion. On one occasion, Brummel informed them they were not living up to his expectations. Sometime afterwards, the group were touring with Saves the Day. Brummel became more positive in his interactions, frequently calling the band "just to say hello, or to ask how record sales at shows were going." The group were disappointed that his positivity "wasn't there from the beginning. ... Instead of Tony's relationship with us being based on a love for music, it was based entirely on numbers." The band's new-found popularity and disgust with the label led to internal problems, which almost led the band to disband. The situation caused the creation of the "Five Stories Falling EP", a release the band used to fulfill contractual obligations with Victory Records. At live shows, the band routinely told fans not to purchase the EP, but instead to download "Jet Black New Year", the only new studio recording found on the EP, with the rest consisting of live performances of four "Full Collapse" songs. While all the interactions with the label were occurring, the group were being contacted by major labels. The group, who "didn't understand [anything] about major labels", pondered about other independent labels they would join. However, due to their contract they wouldn't be allowed to move to another independent label. Throughout 2001, people from major label Island Records had been to the band's shows since they became a full-time touring act. Soon after, the label expressed interest in signing the band.


title: Thursday (band)

text: In late May 2002, the group announced they had signed to Island Records, following a bidding war between other major labels. Up to this point, "Full Collapse" had sold 111,000 copies. On September 9, the group's signing to Island Records was made official following negotiations of an exit agreement with Victory Records. The agreement required parent company Island/Def Jam to buy out Victory's contract claim for the group's next two albums. Rickly said as a result of the deal, Victory Records received $1,200,000, which meant the band would be "[paying off] that bill for as long as we were on the new label." In addition, their next two albums were required to feature the Victory logo.


title: Thursday (band)

text: With expectation building for their follow-up album, Rickly wanted their next album to be "really aggressive and progressive ... and have all these boundary pushing ideas". In September and October, the group went on the Plea for Peace Tour, and were planning to work on their next album following its conclusion. They said they had accumulated a lot of ideas but were unable to work on them due to touring. In mid-November, the group began writing new material.


title: Thursday (band)

text: After an entire writing and recording process that took only six months, the band issued their third album and major label debut, "War All the Time", on September 16, 2003 to critical acclaim and strong commercial performance. "War All the Time" was the first release to feature Andrew Everding on keyboards, though he would not become an official member of the band until December 2004, when he was officially welcomed into the band at a Christmas holiday show held at the Starland Ballroom in Sayreville, New Jersey. The album's title, coupled with it being released approximately two years after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, led many critics to believe it was a political album; however, Rickly has denied this on many accounts, instead claiming that he is speaking about love being a war. The album spawned two singles: "Signals Over the Air" and "War All the Time", though the latter received considerably less attention due to MTV banning the video for controversial material involving a fake news feed that appeared to be real and teenagers being weapon targets.


title: Thursday (band)

text: Thursday toured extensively to support "War All the Time", featuring dates with acts such as AFI, Thrice, and Coheed and Cambria. On these tours, Thursday performed many in-store acoustic sessions at various Tower Records stores and other record stores. The band also recorded a live acoustic session for Y100 Sonic Sessions, a radio program on the now defunct Philadelphia-based radio station, Y100. The live acoustic version of single "Signals Over the Air" was used on Y100 Sonic Sessions Volume 8. The band released two EPs: the first was "Live from the SoHo & Santa Monica Stores Split EP" and sold exclusively on iTunes, and the second was a promotion found in Revolver, called the "Live in Detroit EP".


title: Thursday (band)

text: The band went on an indefinite hiatus in 2004, citing label pressure, extensive touring, and health problems as the reasons. However, Thursday returned for a charitable performance to save New York City's CBGB, on August 25, 2005, which was streamed live through the CBGB's website.


title: Thursday (band)

text: In fall 2005, five Thursday demo songs were stolen from the iPod of the tour manager for My American Heart, a band Rickly had recently collaborated with for their song "We Are the Fabrication". The band issued a statement on their official website stating that they were disappointed the unfinished products leaked, but that they were glad that people take that much interest in their music. The band confirmed the title of one demo, "At This Velocity" and promised it would make their upcoming album. Three other songs ("The Other Side of the Crash/Over and Out (Of Control)", "Telegraph Avenue Kiss", and "Autumn Leaves Revisited") would also make the album, while the remaining demo would later become the song "Last Call" on their fifth studio album, "Common Existence". Thursday had originally toyed with the idea of a double album to follow up "War All the Time" but the idea was scrapped, reporting on their website that they believed "not even The Beatles could properly fill two discs with enough worthy material".


title: Thursday (band)

text: Thursday released their fourth album and second major label release, "A City by the Light Divided", on May 2, 2006, on Island Records in the US and Hassle Records in the United Kingdom. The album was produced by Dave Fridmann, becoming Thursday's first full-length album not produced by Sal Villanueva. The title was created by Geoff Rickly by combining two lines from the poem "Sunstone" by Octavio Paz. The album was available for preview on the band's MySpace page on April 18, 2006, two weeks before it was officially released. "A City by the Light Divided" was generally received well by critics, spawning two singles: "Counting 5-4-3-2-1" and "At This Velocity", though the latter received considerably less attention. The band left Island Records in early 2007.


title: Thursday (band)

text: At their 2007 New Year's Eve show at the Starland Ballroom, the band announced that they will be writing and recording new material in 2008. During a private show they performed on May 3, 2007 in New York City, long-time friend and artist manager, David "Rev" Ciancio proposed to his fiancée on stage. Thursday also held a performance on May 5 at The Bamboozle under the fake name Bearfort. Thursday cancelled all tour plans until their fall tour with Circle Takes the Square and Portugal. The Man in support of "Kill the House Lights", a DVD/CD compilation album and live album. featuring demos, unreleased songs, footage of live performances, and a documentary about the band. The album was released on October 30, 2007 by their former label Victory Records.


title: Thursday (band)

text: Thursday announced on April 2, 2008, via a MySpace bulletin and their official website, a new split album with Japanese post-hardcore band Envy. The band debuted a song from the album live during their show in Poughkeepsie on April 24, 2008, and the album, "Thursday / Envy", was released on Temporary Residence Limited on November 4, 2008.


title: Thursday (band)

text: The band announced on September 30, 2008 that they had signed with Epitaph Records, regarding their new label the band stated: "It's a great feeling to have a label encourage you to be more socially conscious and politically active." Thursday released their fifth full-length album,"Common Existence", on February 17, 2009 on Epitaph Records. In a March 2009 interview, Rickly explained the album's title refers to humanity's shared experience, and that many of the songs were influenced by the words of his favorite poets and authors: "Almost every song on the record is connected to a different writer. The first song, "Resuscitation of a Dead Man" is influenced by Denis Johnson's "Resuscitation of a Hanged Man". Another song is based on a book [ Martin Amis'] Time's Arrow. The whole record also has a lot of themes from Roberto Bolano, a poet who wrote "The Savage Detectives" and a few other things. The song "Circuits of Fever" is very influenced by [writer] David Foster Wallace." Cormac McCarthy has also influenced Rickly.


title: Thursday (band)

text: Thursday headlined the 2009 Taste of Chaos Tour with support from Bring Me the Horizon, Four Year Strong, Pierce The Veil, Cancer Bats and a local act. The band was not well received on this tour, as the majority of the audience members showed up at tour dates mainly for opening act Bring Me the Horizon, with guitarist Tom Keeley approximating about 90% of the audience would leave before their set, and described the tour as an "awful experience."


title: Thursday (band)

text: Thursday began recording their next album in July 2010, at Tarbox Road Studios in Fredonia, New York with Dave Fridmann, who had also produced the group's two previous albums. Their sixth album and second release for Epitaph Records, "No Devolución", was released on April 12, 2011. Vocalist Geoff Rickly commented on the style of the new album, stating, "In style, this record feels like a radical departure from our earlier records but in substance it feels like a return. The songs are more vulnerable than they've been in a long time. [...] It's very atmospheric and mood oriented so far." Rickly also stated that the primary lyrical theme is devotion. Thursday debuted "Turnpike Divides" at their annual holiday show on December 30, 2010 at the Starland Ballroom.


title: Thursday (band)

text: On November 22, 2011, Thursday posted a statement on their official website and their Twitter account reading "Thanks & Love", expressing their intention to stop producing music together. However, the statement about the status of band was ambiguous, not stating explicitly in the article whether they were breaking up or on an indefinite hiatus. The following is excerpted from the article:


title: Thursday (band)

text: In January 2013, Geoff Rickly stated during an interview that Thursday had in fact disbanded, and that the term "hiatus" was misleading as it had only been used in case the band did ever decided to play a show again. He did, however, indicate that there was a possibility for the band to play shows in the future, but no new material would ever be produced.


title: Thursday (band)

text: Since their disbandment, Rickly formed the band No Devotion in 2014 with former members of the band Lostprophets, and has continued his side-project United Nations. Tucker Rule became the touring drummer for the British Boy Band The Wanted, the pop-punk band Yellowcard and works as a hired musician as well as studio drummer.


title: Thursday (band)

text: In January 2016, former members of Thursday posted a picture of themselves hanging out to Rickly's Twitter account. This sparked rumors that the band would soon be reuniting, however Rickly quickly dispelled these rumors saying that their communication was minimal in the five years since disbanding and they were "just finally mending some fences and healing some old wounds." Thursday's former booking agent began encouraging them to reunite the band with the freedom to do whatever they wanted and without the pressure of having to write a new album.


title: Thursday (band)

text: Two months later, Thursday announced they would reunite for Atlanta, Georgia's Wrecking Ball music festival in August 2016. In a statement about the reunion show, Rickly said: "Five years ago, we found it necessary to end Thursday for reasons beyond our control. Earlier this year, we were able to reconcile all of our differences and spend time together. This is a vital component to what we loved about being in Thursday and we're happy to say that we'll be playing this show as the same line-up that began touring together on "Full Collapse" and jointly worked on every record since." Thursday agreed to perform at Wrecking Ball only two days before publicly announcing their participation, and the decision was made after its organizers allowed the band to perform "in our own way, including involving a charity" and after hearing about the strong lineup of bands on the festival. The band had no intention to reunite before this decision. Two months later, it was announced that the band would be playing both Denver and Chicago dates of Riot Fest in September, causing speculation that the band may play more shows later on in the year.


title: Thursday (band)

text: On June 15, the band's official Instagram posted a picture of a show bill announcing a 'homecoming' on December 30 at Starland Ballroom. The caption on the Instagram post read, "NJ-you won't believe the homecoming we have planned. The lineup and SETLIST are going to be insane." On November 6, the band played the inaugural Sound on Sound fest just outside of Austin, TX.


title: Thursday (band)

text: On January 31, 2017, the band announced a 24 date tour to take place in March and April 2017. Aside from the tour, Thursday headlined the 2017 Northside Festival in Brooklyn, New York.


title: Thursday (band)

text: The band announced in October 2018 that they would be ending their reunion the following year while stating "when we stopped playing last time, it wasn't on the best of terms. This time, we get to put down touring on the very highest of notes: in each other's lives and able to pick up and play together behind closed doors whenever we want. If we are ever able to do Thursday again, it will be a new, separate chapter. Thank you all for your time, attention and friendship.". The band's final show took place on March 17, 2019 at Saint Vitus in Brooklyn, NY.


title: Thursday (band)

text: In May 2019, due to mounting pressure from their international fanbase, who did not get an opportunity to see the reunion tour, the band announced that they would play Germany and released the following statement: "We are so excited and surprised to be able to announce Family First Festival in Cologne. After our last show, we began conversations about all the places that we hadn't been able to play on our reunion. It seemed impossible that we would all be available at the same time to play shows again, especially in any sustained way. But when our old friends in boysetsfire asked us to play this festival with them, we saw that we had a rare opportunity to accomplish two things at once: visit a country that's always been kind to Thursday and play, once more, with a band that we've admired since before we were a band, a band that took us on one of our first tours ever. After much discussion among ourselves, we decided that there were certain cities around the globe that we had unfinished business in and if we find that, at some point in the future, we're in a position to play them, then we will. We hope to see you there."


title: Thursday (band)

text: They then proceeded to announce a show in Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and two UK shows to be held at London's Electric Ballroom, due to play "Full Collapse" on night one followed by "War All the Time" on night two, which took place in December 2019. Following this they appeared at The Shrine in Los Angeles on December 20, opening for the reunited My Chemical Romance.


title: Thursday (band)

text: Despite the band's previous statement that their reunion would come to an end, it was announced in June 2020 that Thursday would play their first show in nearly two years at Riot Fest in September 2021. They also played a series of live shows that same month on the East Coast and Midwest with Taking Back Sunday and Piebald.


title: Thursday (band)

text: Between August 2020 and April 2021, the band shared three virtual performances entitled "Signals". The first performance (V1) featured guest guitarist Frank Iero, and largely consisted of stripped-back versions of the band's songs. The second (V2) was a commemorative holiday show, with guests including Iero, Jim Ward, Walter Schriefels and Bartees Strange. The third and final performance (V3) saw the band performing "Full Collapse" and "No Devolución" in their entirety.


title: Thursday (band)

text: In June 2021, the band shared a cover of Bruce Springsteen's "Dancing in the Dark" as part of an ongoing series of covers headed by the creative collective Two Minutes To Late Night.


title: Thursday (band)

text: In October 2021, the band were featured in Dan Ozzi's book "Sellout: The Major Label Feeding Frenzy That Swept Punk, Emo, And Hardcore 1994–2007". A chapter on the band's major-label debut, "War All the Time", was included in the book, as well as a photo of the band performing live serving as the book's cover.


title: Thursday (band)

text: In July 2022, the band headlined Philadelphia's This is Hardcore Fest, Playing "Full Collapse" in its entirety.


title: Thursday (band)

text: Thursday used a dove logo which is featured on much of the band's artwork and merchandise. The dove is believed to have been conceived by guitarist Tom Keeley on a tour bus sometime before "Full Collapse" was recorded. Lyrics from the song "Cross Out the Eyes" on the album reference a dove twice, but it is unknown if these lyrics were inspired by the dove art or vice versa. The logo debuted on the cover art for "War All the Time" in 2003, appearing on the artwork for all of Thursday's album and single artwork until 2011, where it was notably absent on the cover art for their sixth and final album "No Devolución".


title: Thursday (band)

text: The band also used a second logo, a red bullseye with a small chevron below it. This logo first appeared on the cover art for "A City by the Light Divided" in 2006, and featured on merchandise related to the album. It can also be seen faded in the background of the cover for "Kill the House Lights".


title: Thursday (band)

text: Additionally, Shepard Fairey (Creator of Obey) created artwork for the band with a new dove logo, which has been used on other works by Fairey.


title: Falling (2020 film)

text: Falling is a 2020 drama film written and directed by Viggo Mortensen in his feature directorial debut. The film stars Mortensen as John Peterson, a middle-aged gay man whose homophobic father Willis (Lance Henriksen) starts to exhibit symptoms of dementia, forcing him to sell the family farm and move to Los Angeles to live with John and his husband Eric (Terry Chen). The film's cast also includes Sverrir Gudnason, Laura Linney, Hannah Gross and David Cronenberg.


title: Falling (2020 film)

text: It premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 31, 2020. Modern Films released it in the United Kingdom on December 4, 2020. Quiver Distribution and Mongrel Media released it in the United States and Canada on February 5, 2021.


title: Falling (2020 film)

text: John lives with his husband Eric in California, far from the traditional rural life he left behind years ago. His father, Willis, a headstrong man from a bygone era, lives alone on the isolated farm where John grew up. Willis's mind is declining, so John brings him west, hoping he and his sister, Sarah, can help their father find a home closer to them. Their best intentions ultimately run up against Willis's angry refusal to change his way of life in any way.


title: Falling (2020 film)

text: In October 2018, it was announced Viggo Mortensen would star in the film, alongside Lance Henriksen, Sverrir Gudnason, and directing from a screenplay he wrote. Mortensen and Daniel Bekerman will serve as producers on the film under their Scythia Films banner. In March 2019, Laura Linney, Hannah Gross and Terry Chen joined the cast of the film.


title: Falling (2020 film)

text: Mortensen had not originally intended to play the lead role in the film himself, but found that since there were virtually no other major stars in the cast, committing to act in the film was the only way he was able to secure production funding.


title: Falling (2020 film)

text: Though not an autobiographical piece, Mortensen was influenced by feelings from his upbringing. One of the first scenes of the movie where Mortensen's character shoots a duck as a young boy and decides to keep the dead bird as a pet actually happened to him as a child.


title: Falling (2020 film)

text: It premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 31, 2020. It screened at the 2020 Toronto International Film Festival in September. It was released in the United Kingdom on December 4, 2020, by Modern Films. In December 2020, Quiver Distribution acquired U.S. distribution rights to the film and set it for a February 5, 2021, release. It was released in Canada on February 5, 2021.


title: Falling (2020 film)

text: The film has a rating of on Rotten Tomatoes based on reviews and an average of . The website's critics consensus reads: "As messy and complex as the relationship at its center, "Falling"s repetitive nature can be taxing, but its heart is clearly in the right place." Metacritic reports a score of 66 out of 100 based on 15 critic reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Falling (2020 film)

text: It won the 2020 Sebastiane Award and the award for Outstanding Achievement in Picture Editing from the Directors Guild of Canada, and received five Canadian Screen Award nominations at the 9th Canadian Screen Awards in 2021, for Best Actor (Henriksen), Best Art Direction or Production Design (Carol Spier), Best Costume Design (Anne Dixon), Best Editing (Ronald Sanders) and Best Casting (Deirdre Bowen).


title: Grand Army of the Republic

text: The Grand Army of the Republic (GAR) was a fraternal organization composed of veterans of the Union Army (United States Army), Union Navy (U.S. Navy), and the Marines who served in the American Civil War. It was founded in 1866 in Decatur, Illinois, and grew to include hundreds of "posts" (local community units) across the North and West. It was dissolved in 1956 at the death of its last member.


title: Grand Army of the Republic

text: According to Stuart McConnell:The Grand Army of the Republic, the largest of all Union Army veterans' organizations, was the most powerful single-issue political lobby of the late nineteenth century, securing massive pensions for veterans and helping to elect five postwar presidents from its own membership. To its members, it was also a secret fraternal order, a source of local charity, a provider of entertainment in small municipalities, and a patriotic organization. Linking men through their experience of the war, the G.A.R. became among the first organized advocacy groups in American politics, supporting voting rights for black veterans, promoting patriotic education, helping to make Memorial Day a national holiday, lobbying Congress to establish regular veterans' pensions, and supporting Republican political candidates. Its peak membership, at 410,000, was in 1890, a high point of various Civil War commemorative and monument dedication ceremonies.


title: Grand Army of the Republic

text: After the end of American Civil War, various state and local organizations were formed for veterans to network and maintain connections with each other. Many of the veterans used their shared experiences as a basis for fellowship. Groups of men began joining, first for camaraderie and later for political power. Emerging as most influential among the various organizations during the first post-war years was the Grand Army of the Republic, founded on April 6, 1866, on the principles of "Fraternity, Charity and Loyalty," in Decatur, Illinois, by Dr. Benjamin F. Stephenson.


title: Grand Army of the Republic

text: The GAR initially grew and prospered as a "de facto" political arm of the Republican Party during the heated political contests of the Reconstruction Era. The commemoration of Union Army and Navy veterans, black and white, immediately became entwined with partisan politics. The GAR promoted voting rights for Black veterans, as many white veterans recognized their demonstrated patriotism and sacrifices, providing one of the first racially integrated social/fraternal organizations in America. Black veterans, who enthusiastically embraced the message of equality, shunned black veterans' organizations in preference for racially inclusive and integrated groups. But when the Republican Party's commitment to reform in the South gradually decreased, the GAR's mission became ill-defined and the organization floundered. The GAR almost disappeared in the early 1870s, and many state-centered divisions, named "departments", and local posts ceased to exist.


title: Grand Army of the Republic

text: In his General Order No. 11, dated May 5, 1868, first GAR Commander-in-Chief, General John A. Logan declared May 30 to be Memorial Day (also referred to for many years as "Decoration Day"), calling upon the GAR membership to make the May 30 observance an annual occurrence. Although not the first time war graves had been decorated, Logan's order effectively established "Memorial Day" as the day upon which Americans now pay tribute to all their war casualties, missing-in-action, and deceased veterans. As decades passed, similarly inspired commemorations also spread across the South as "Confederate Memorial Day" or "Confederate Decoration Day", usually in April, led by organizations of Southern soldiers in the parallel United Confederate Veterans.


title: Grand Army of the Republic

text: In the 1880s, the Union veterans' organization revived under new leadership that provided a platform for renewed growth, by advocating Federal pensions for veterans. As the organization revived, black veterans joined in significant numbers and organized local posts. The national organization, however, failed to press the case for similar pensions for black soldiers. Most black troops never received any pension or remuneration for wounds incurred during their Civil War service.


title: Grand Army of the Republic

text: The GAR was organized into "Departments" at the state level and "Posts" at the community level, and military-style uniforms were worn by its members. There were posts in every state in the U.S., and several posts overseas. The pattern of establishing departments and local posts was later used by other American military veterans' organizations, such as the Veterans of Foreign Wars (organized originally for veterans of the Spanish–American War and the Philippine Insurrection) and the later American Legion (for the First World War and later expanded to include subsequent World War II, Korean, Vietnam and Middle Eastern wars).


title: Grand Army of the Republic

text: The G.A.R.'s political power grew during the latter part of the 19th century, and it helped elect several United States presidents, beginning with the 18th, Ulysses S. Grant, and ending with the 25th, William McKinley. Six Civil War veterans (Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes, James A. Garfield, Chester A. Arthur; Benjamin Harrison, and McKinley) were elected President of the United States; all were Republicans. (The sole post-war Democratic president was Grover Cleveland, the 22nd and 24th chief executive.) For a time, candidates could not get Republican presidential or congressional nominations without the endorsement of the GAR veterans voting bloc.


title: Grand Army of the Republic

text: With membership strictly limited to "veterans of the late unpleasantness," the GAR encouraged the formation of Allied Orders to aid them in various works. Numerous male organizations jousted for the backing of the GAR, and the political battles became quite severe until the GAR finally endorsed the Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War as its heir.


title: Grand Army of the Republic

text: The GAR, according to Stuart McConnell, promoted, "a nationalism that honored white, native-stock, middle-class males and ...affirmed a prewar ideal of a virtuous, millennial Republic, based on the independent producer, entrepreneurial capitalism, and the citizen-soldier volunteer."


title: Grand Army of the Republic

text: Although an overwhelmingly male organization, the GAR is known to have had at least two women who were members.


title: Grand Army of the Republic

text: The first female known to be admitted to the GAR was Kady Brownell, who served in the Union Army with her husband Robert, a private in the 1st Rhode Island Infantry at the First Battle of Bull Run in Virginia and with the 5th Rhode Island Infantry at the Battle of New Berne in North Carolina. Kady was admitted as a member in 1870 to Elias Howe Jr. Post #3, in Bridgeport, Connecticut. The GAR insignia is engraved on her gravestone in the North Burial Ground in Providence, Rhode Island.


title: Grand Army of the Republic

text: In 1897 the GAR admitted Sarah Emma Edmonds, who served in the 2nd Michigan Infantry as a disguised man named "Franklin Thompson" from May 1861 until April 1863. In 1882, she collected affidavits from former comrades in an effort to petition for a veteran's pension which she received in July 1884. Edmonds was only a member for a brief period as she died September 5, 1898; however she was given a funeral with military honors when she was reburied in Houston in 1901.


title: Grand Army of the Republic

text: The GAR reached its largest enrollment in 1890, with 410,000 members. It held an annual "National Encampment" every year from 1866 to 1949. Interesting anecdotes from the war were told around the many campfires at these reunions and compiled in a book of campfire "chats", including descriptions of the festivities at the 1884-1886 encampments in Minneapolis, Portland, Maine and San Francisco. At the final encampment in Indianapolis, Indiana, in 1949, the few surviving attendees voted to retain the existing officers in place until the organization's dissolution. Theodore Penland of Oregon, the GAR's Commander at the time, was therefore its last. At the time of the last national encampment, 16 members were still living and six were able to attend, including James Hard, the last combat veteran, who had fought at First Bull Run, Antietam, and Chancellorsville. In 1956, after the death of the last member, Albert Woolson, the GAR was formally dissolved.


title: Grand Army of the Republic

text: There are physical memorials to the Grand Army of the Republic in numerous communities throughout the United States.


title: Grand Army of the Republic

text: The Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps began during the conflict by both sides. In 1948, the Grand Army of the Republic was commemorated on a stamp. In 1951, the U.S. Postal Service printed a virtually identical stamp for the final reunion of the United Confederate Veterans.


title: Grand Army of the Republic

text: Every state (even those of the former Confederacy) fell within a GAR "Department," and within these Departments were the "Posts" (forerunners of modern American Legion Halls or VFW Halls). The posts were made up of local veterans, many of whom participated in local civic events. As the posts were formed, they were assigned to the home Department of the National Commander-in-chief of the year that they were chartered. There was no GAR post in London, but there was a Civil War Veterans Association Group that had many GAR members belonging to it.


title: Grand Army of the Republic

text: As Civil War veterans died or were no longer able to participate in GAR activities, posts consolidated or were disbanded. Posts were assigned a sequential number based on their admission into the state's GAR organization, and most posts held informal names which honored comrades, battles, or commanders; it was not uncommon to have more than one post in a state honoring the same individual (such as Abraham Lincoln) and posts often changed their informal designation by vote of the local membership.


title: Grand Army of the Republic

text: John Steinbeck's "East of Eden" features several references to the Grand Army of the Republic. Despite having very little actual battle experience during his brief military career, cut short by the loss of his leg, Adam Trask's father Cyrus joins the GAR and assumes the stature of "a great man" through his involvement with the organization. At the height of the GAR's influence in Washington, he brags to his son:


title: Grand Army of the Republic

text: Later in the book, references are made to the graves of GAR members in California in order to emphasize the passage of time.


title: Grand Army of the Republic

text: Sinclair Lewis also refers to the GAR in his acclaimed novel "Main Street" and in his novel "It Can't Happen Here", as does Charles Portis's classic novel, "True Grit", the GAR is briefly mentioned in William Faulkner's novel, "The Sound and the Fury". and Willa Cather's short story "The Sculptor's Funeral" briefly references the GAR.


title: Grand Army of the Republic

text: The GAR is mentioned in the seldom-sung second verse of the patriotic song "You're a Grand Old Flag".


title: Grand Army of the Republic

text: The GAR is referenced in John McCrae's poem "He Is There!" which was set to music in 1917 by Charles Ives as part of his cycle "Three Songs of the War".


title: Grand Army of the Republic

text: In Ward Moore's 1953 alternate history novel "Bring the Jubilee", the Confederates won the Civil War and became a major world power while the rump United States was reduced to an impoverished dependence. The Grand Army of the Republic is the name of a nationalistic organization working to restore the United States to its former glory through acts of sabotage and terrorism.


title: Grand Army of the Republic

text: The name appears in the "Star Wars" prequel era. "" refers to the clone army as "The Grand Army of the Republic".


title: Grand Army of the Republic

text: The Woman's Relief Corps was founded in 1879 as a "secret" organization and recognized in 1883 as the "official women's auxiliary" to the G.A.R.


title: Grand Army of the Republic

text: The Ladies of the Grand Army of the Republic was also a significant organization. It was founded by Lelia P. Roby. As a congressionally chartered non-profit organization, it is the oldest women's hereditary organization in the United States. The original objectives of the organization included promotion of patriotism and loyalty to the Union, and participation in community service, especially for the aid of our Veterans and their dependents."