title: Near-Earth object

text: Observed impacts aren't restricted to the surface and atmosphere of Earth. Dust-sized NEOs have impacted man-made spacecraft, including NASA's Long Duration Exposure Facility, which collected interplanetary dust in low Earth orbit for six years from 1984. Impacts on the Moon can be observed as flashes of light with a typical duration of a fraction of a second. The first lunar impacts were recorded during the 1999 Leonid storm. Subsequently, several continuous monitoring programs were launched. , the largest observed lunar impact occurred on 11 September 2013, lasted 8 seconds, and was likely caused by an object in diameter.


title: Near-Earth object

text: On August 10, 1972, a meteor that became known as the 1972 Great Daylight Fireball was witnessed by many people; it moved north over the Rocky Mountains from the U.S. Southwest to Canada. It was an Earth-grazing meteoroid that passed within of the Earth's surface, and was filmed by a tourist at the Grand Teton National Park in Wyoming with an 8-millimeter color movie camera.


title: Near-Earth object

text: On October 13, 1990, Earth-grazing meteoroid EN131090 was observed above Czechoslovakia and Poland, moving at along a trajectory from south to north. The closest approach to the Earth was above the surface. It was captured by two all-sky cameras of the European Fireball Network, which for the first time enabled geometric calculations of the orbit of such a body.


title: Near-Earth object

text: On March 18, 2004, LINEAR announced that a asteroid, 2004 FH, would pass the Earth that day at only , about one-tenth the distance to the Moon, and the closest miss ever noticed until then. They estimated that similar-sized asteroids come as close about every two years.


title: Near-Earth object

text: On March 31, 2004, two weeks after 2004 FH, set a new record for closest recorded approach above the atmosphere, passing Earth's surface only away (about one Earth radius or one-sixtieth of the distance to the Moon). Because it was very small (6 meters/20 feet), FU was detected only hours before its closest approach. If it had collided with Earth, it probably would have disintegrated harmlessly in the atmosphere.


title: Near-Earth object

text: On February 4, 2011, an asteroid designated , estimated at in diameter, passed within of the Earth, setting a new record for closest approach without impact, which still stands .


title: Near-Earth object

text: On November 8, 2011, asteroid , relatively large at about in diameter, passed within (0.85 lunar distances) of Earth.


title: Near-Earth object

text: On February 15, 2013, the asteroid 367943 Duende () passed approximately above the surface of Earth, closer than satellites in geosynchronous orbit. The asteroid was not visible to the unaided eye. This was the first close passage of an object discovered during a previous passage, and was thus the first to be predicted well in advance.


title: Near-Earth object

text: Some NEOs are of special interest because they can be physically explored with lower mission velocity than is necessary for even the Moon, due to their combination of low velocity with respect to Earth and weak gravity. They may present interesting scientific opportunities both for direct geochemical and astronomical investigation, and as potentially economical sources of extraterrestrial materials for human exploitation. This makes them an attractive target for exploration.


title: Near-Earth object

text: The IAU held a minor planets workshop in Tucson, Arizona, in March 1971. At that point, launching a spacecraft to asteroids was considered premature; the workshop only inspired the first astronomical survey specifically aiming for NEAs. Missions to asteroids were considered again during a workshop at the University of Chicago held by NASA's Office of Space Science in January 1978. Of all of the near-Earth asteroids (NEA) that had been discovered by mid-1977, it was estimated that spacecraft could rendezvous with and return from only about 1 in 10 using less propulsive energy than is necessary to reach Mars. It was recognised that due to the low surface gravity of all NEAs, moving around on the surface of an NEA would cost very little energy, and thus space probes could gather multiple samples. Overall, it was estimated that about one percent of all NEAs might provide opportunities for human-crewed missions, or no more than about ten NEAs known at the time. A five-fold increase in the NEA discovery rate was deemed necessary to make a crewed mission within ten years worthwhile.


title: Near-Earth object

text: The first near-Earth asteroid to be visited by a spacecraft was asteroid 433 Eros when NASA's "Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous" ("NEAR") probe orbited it from February 2001, landing on the asteroid surface in February 2002. A second near-Earth asteroid, the long peanut-shaped 25143 Itokawa, was visited in September 2005 by JAXA's "Hayabusa" mission, which succeeded in taking material samples back to Earth. A third near-Earth asteroid, the long elongated 4179 Toutatis, was explored by CNSA's "Chang'e 2" spacecraft during a flyby in December 2012.


title: Near-Earth object

text: The Apollo asteroid 162173 Ryugu is the target of JAXA's "Hayabusa2" mission. The space probe was launched in December 2014, arrived at the asteroid in June 2018, and returned a sample to Earth in December 2020. The Apollo asteroid 101955 Bennu, which, , has the highest cumulative Palermo scale rating (−1.41 for several close encounters between 2178 and 2290), is the target of NASA's "OSIRIS-REx" probe. The New Frontiers program mission was launched in September 2016. On its two-year journey to Bennu, the probe had searched for Earth's Trojan asteroids, rendezvoused with Bennu in August 2018, and had entered into orbit around the asteroid in December 2018. "OSIRIS-REx" will return samples from the asteroid in September 2023.


title: Near-Earth object

text: In April 2012, the company Planetary Resources announced its plans to mine asteroids commercially. In a first phase, the company reviewed data and selected potential targets among NEAs. In a second phase, space probes would be sent to the selected NEAs; mining spacecraft would be sent in a third phase. Planetary Resources launched two testbed satellites in April 2015 and January 2018, and the first prospecting satellite for the second phase was planned for a 2020 launch prior to the company closing and its assets purchased by ConsnSys Space in 2018.


title: Near-Earth object

text: The Near-Earth Object Surveillance Mission (NEOSM) is planned for launch no earlier than 2025 to discover and characterize the orbit of most of the potentially hazardous asteroids larger than over the course of its mission.


title: Near-Earth object

text: On September 26, 2022, the DART spacecraft impacted Dimorphos, in a test of a method of planetary defense against near-Earth objects.


title: Near-Earth object

text: The first near-Earth comet visited by a space probe was 21P/Giacobini–Zinner in 1985, when the NASA/ESA probe "International Cometary Explorer" ("ICE") passed through its coma. In March 1986, ICE, along with Soviet probes "Vega 1" and "Vega 2", ISAS probes "Sakigake" and "Suisei" and ESA probe "Giotto" flew by the nucleus of Halley's Comet. In 1992, "Giotto" also visited another NEC, 26P/Grigg–Skjellerup.


title: Near-Earth object

text: In November 2010, the NASA probe "Deep Impact" flew by the near-Earth comet 103P/Hartley. Earlier, in July 2005, this probe flew by the non-near-Earth comet Tempel 1, hitting it with a large copper mass.


title: Near-Earth object

text: In August 2014, ESA probe "Rosetta" began orbiting near-Earth comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, while its lander "Philae" landed on its surface in November 2014. After the end of its mission, Rosetta was crashed into the comet's surface in 2016.


title: Projector

text: A projector or image projector is an optical device that projects an image (or moving images) onto a surface, commonly a projection screen. Most projectors create an image by shining a light through a small transparent lens, but some newer types of projectors can project the image directly, by using lasers. A virtual retinal display, or retinal projector, is a projector that projects an image directly on the retina instead of using an external projection screen.


title: Projector

text: The most common type of projector used today is called a video projector. Video projectors are digital replacements for earlier types of projectors such as slide projectors and overhead projectors. These earlier types of projectors were mostly replaced with digital video projectors throughout the 1990s and early 2000s, but old analog projectors are still used at some places. The newest types of projectors are handheld projectors that use lasers or LEDs to project images.


title: Projector

text: Movie theaters used a type of projector called a movie projector, nowadays mostly replaced with digital cinema video projectors.


title: Projector

text: Projectors can be roughly divided into three categories, based on the type of input. Some of the listed projectors were capable of projecting several types of input. For instance: video projectors were basically developed for the projection of prerecorded moving images, but are regularly used for still images in PowerPoint presentations and can easily be connected to a video camera for real-time input. The magic lantern is best known for the projection of still images, but was capable of projecting moving images from mechanical slides since its invention and was probably at its peak of popularity when used in phantasmagoria shows to project moving images of ghosts.


title: Projector

text: There probably existed quite a few other types of projectors than the examples described below, but evidence is scarce and reports are often unclear about their nature. Spectators did not always provide the details needed to differentiate between for instance a shadow play and a lantern projection. Many did not understand the nature of what they had seen and few had ever seen other comparable media. Projections were often presented or perceived as magic or even as religious experiences, with most projectionists unwilling to share their secrets. Joseph Needham sums up some possible projection examples from China in his 1962 book series "Science and Civilization in China"


title: Projector

text: The earliest projection of images was most likely done in primitive shadowgraphy dating back to prehistory. Shadow play usually does not involve a projection device, but can be seen as a first step in the development of projectors. It evolved into more refined forms of shadow puppetry in Asia, where it has a long history in Indonesia (records relating to Wayang since 840 CE), Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia, China (records since around 1000 CE), India and Nepal.


title: Projector

text: Projectors share a common history with cameras in the camera obscura. Camera obscura (Latin for "dark room") is the natural optical phenomenon that occurs when an image of a scene at the other side of a screen (or for instance a wall) is projected through a small hole in that screen to form an inverted image (left to right and upside down) on a surface opposite to the opening. The oldest known record of this principle is a description by Han Chinese philosopher Mozi (ca. 470 to ca. 391 BC). Mozi correctly asserted that the camera obscura image is inverted because light travels in straight lines.


title: Projector

text: In the early 11th century, Arab physicist Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) described experiments with light through a small opening in a darkened room and realized that a smaller hole provided a sharper image.


title: Projector

text: The use of a lens in the opening of a wall or closed window shutter of a darkened room has been traced back to circa 1550. The shared history of camera and projector basically split with the introduction of the magic lantern in the later half of the 17th century. The camera obscura device would mostly live on as a drawing aid in the form of tents and boxes and was adapted into the photographic camera in the first decades of the 19th century.


title: Projector

text: The oldest known objects that can project images are Chinese magic mirrors. The origins of these mirrors have been traced back to the Chinese Han dynasty (206 BC – 24 AD) and are also found in Japan. The mirrors were cast in bronze with a pattern embossed at the back and a mercury amalgam laid over the polished front. The pattern on the back of the mirror is seen in a projection when light is reflected from the polished front onto a wall or other surface. No trace of the pattern can be discerned on the reflecting surface with the naked eye, but minute undulations on the surface are introduced during the manufacturing process and cause the reflected rays of light to form the pattern. It is very likely that the practice of image projection via drawings or text on the surface of mirrors predates the very refined ancient art of the magic mirrors, but no evidence seems to be available.


title: Projector

text: Revolving lanterns have been known in China as "trotting horse lamps" [走馬燈] since before 1000 CE. A trotting horse lamp is a hexagonal, cubical or round lantern which on the inside has cut-out silhouettes attached to a shaft with a paper vane impeller on top, rotated by heated air rising from a lamp. The silhouettes are projected on the thin paper sides of the lantern and appear to chase each other. Some versions showed some extra motion in the heads, feet and/or hands of figures by connecting them with a fine iron wire to an extra inner layer that would be triggered by a transversely connected iron wire. The lamp would typically show images of horses and horse-riders.


title: Projector

text: In France, similar lanterns were known as "lanterne vive" ("bright" or "living lantern") in Medieval times. and as "lanterne tournante" since the 18th century. An early variation was described in 1584 by Jean Prevost in his small octavo book "La Premiere partie des subtiles et plaisantes inventions". In his "lanterne", cut-out figures of a small army were placed on a wooden platform rotated by a cardboard propeller above a candle. The figures cast their shadows on translucent, oiled paper on the outside of the lantern. He suggested to take special care that the figures look lively: with horses raising their front legs as if they were jumping and soldiers with drawn swords, a dog chasing a hare, etcetera. According to Prevost barbers were skilled in this art and it was common to see these night lanterns in their shop windows.


title: Projector

text: A more common version had the figures, usually representing grotesque or devilish creatures, painted on a transparent strip. The strip was rotated inside a cylinder by a tin impeller above a candle. The cylinder could be made of paper or of sheet metal perforated with decorative patterns. Around 1608 Mathurin Régnier mentioned the device in his "Satire XI" as something used by a patissier to amuse children. Régnier compared the mind of an old nagger with the lantern's effect of birds, monkeys, elephants, dogs, cats, hares, foxes and many strange beasts chasing each other.


title: Projector

text: John Locke (1632-1704) referred to a similar device when wondering if ideas are formed in the human mind at regular intervals,"not much unlike the images in the inside of a lantern, turned round by the heat of a candle." Related constructions were commonly used as Christmas decorations in England and parts of Europe. A still relatively common type of rotating device that is closely related does not really involve light and shadows, but it simply uses candles and an impeller to rotate a ring with tiny figurines standing on top.


title: Projector

text: Many modern electric versions of this type of lantern use all kinds of colorful transparent cellophane figures which are projected across the walls, especially popular for nurseries.


title: Projector

text: The inverted real image of an object reflected by a concave mirror can appear at the focal point in front of the mirror. In a construction with an object at the bottom of two opposing concave mirrors (parabolic reflectors) on top of each other, the top one with an opening in its center, the reflected image can appear at the opening as a very convincing 3D optical illusion.


title: Projector

text: The earliest description of projection with concave mirrors has been traced back to a text by French author Jean de Meun in his part of "Roman de la Rose" (circa 1275). A theory known as the Hockney-Falco thesis claims that artists used either concave mirrors or refractive lenses to project images onto their canvas/board as a drawing/painting aid as early as circa 1430.


title: Projector

text: It has also been thought that some encounters with spirits or gods since antiquity may have been conjured up with (concave) mirrors.


title: Projector

text: Around 1420 the Venetian scholar and engineer Giovanni Fontana included a drawing of a person with a lantern projecting an image of a demon in his book about mechanical instruments "Bellicorum Instrumentorum Liber". The Latin text "Apparentia nocturna ad terrorem videntium" (Nocturnal appearance to frighten spectators)" clarifies its purpose, but the meaning of the undecipherable other lines is unclear. The lantern seems to simply have the light of an oil lamp or candle go through a transparent cylindrical case on which the figure is drawn to project the larger image, so it probably couldn't project an image as clearly defined as Fontana's drawing suggests.


title: Projector

text: In 1437 Italian humanist author, artist, architect, poet, priest, linguist, philosopher and cryptographer Leon Battista Alberti is thought to have possibly projected painted pictures from a small closed box with a small hole, but it is unclear whether this actually was a projector or rather a type of show box with transparent pictures illuminated from behind and viewed through the hole.


title: Projector

text: Leonardo da Vinci is thought to have had a projecting lantern - with a condensing lens, candle and chimney - based on a small sketch from around 1515.


title: Projector

text: In his Three Books of Occult Philosophy (1531-1533) Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa claimed that it was possible to project "images artificially painted, or written letters" onto the surface of the moon with the means of moonbeams and their "resemblances being multiplied in the air". Pythagoras would have often performed this trick.


title: Projector

text: In 1589 Giambattista della Porta published about the ancient art of projecting mirror writing in his book "Magia Naturalis".


title: Projector

text: Dutch inventor Cornelis Drebbel, who is a likely inventor of the microscope, is thought to have had some kind of projector that he used in magical performances. In a 1608 letter he described the many marvelous transformations he performed and the apparitions that he summoned by the means of his new invention based on optics. It included giants that rose from the earth and moved all their limbs very lifelike. The letter was found in the papers of his friend Constantijn Huygens, father of the likely inventor of the magic lantern Christiaan Huygens.


title: Projector

text: In 1612 Italian mathematician Benedetto Castelli wrote to his mentor, the Italian astronomer, physicist, engineer, philosopher and mathematician Galileo Galilei about projecting images of the sun through a telescope (invented in 1608) to study the recently discovered sunspots. Galilei wrote about Castelli's technique to the German Jesuit priest, physicist and astronomer Christoph Scheiner.


title: Projector

text: From 1612 to at least 1630 Christoph Scheiner would keep on studying sunspots and constructing new telescopic solar projection systems. He called these "Heliotropii Telioscopici", later contracted to helioscope.


title: Projector

text: The 1645 first edition of German Jesuit scholar Athanasius Kircher's book "Ars Magna Lucis et Umbrae" included a description of his invention, the steganographic mirror: a primitive projection system with a focusing lens and text or pictures painted on a concave mirror reflecting sunlight, mostly intended for long distance communication. He saw limitations in the increase of size and diminished clarity over a long distance and expressed his hope that someone would find a method to improve on this. Kircher also suggested projecting live flies and shadow puppets from the surface of the mirror. The book was quite influential and inspired many scholars, probably including Christiaan Huygens who would invent the magic lantern. Kircher was often credited as the inventor of the magic lantern, although in his 1671 edition of "Ars Magna Lucis et Umbrae" Kircher himself credited Danish mathematician Thomas Rasmussen Walgensten for the magic lantern, which Kircher saw as a further development of his own projection system.


title: Projector

text: Although Athanasius Kircher claimed the Steganographic mirror as his own invention and wrote not to have read about anything like it, it has been suggested that Rembrandt's 1635 painting of "Belshazzar's Feast" depicts a steganographic mirror projection with God's hand writing Hebrew letters on a dusty mirror's surface.


title: Projector

text: In 1654 Belgian Jesuit mathematician André Tacquet used Kircher's technique to show the journey from China to Belgium of Italian Jesuit missionary Martino Martini. It is sometimes reported that Martini lectured throughout Europe with a magic lantern which he might have imported from China, but there's no evidence that anything other than Kircher's technique was used.


title: Projector

text: By 1659 Dutch scientist Christiaan Huygens had developed the magic lantern, which used a concave mirror to reflect and direct as much of the light of a lamp as possible through a small sheet of glass on which was the image to be projected, and onward into a focusing lens at the front of the apparatus to project the image onto a wall or screen (Huygens apparatus actually used two additional lenses). He did not publish nor publicly demonstrate his invention as he thought it was too frivolous.


title: Projector

text: The magic lantern became a very popular medium for entertainment and educational purposes in the 18th and 19th century. This popularity waned after the introduction of cinema in the 1890s. The magic lantern remained a common medium until slide projectors came into widespread use during the 1950s.


title: Projector

text: A few years before his death in 1736 Polish-German-Dutch physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit reportedly constructed a solar microscope, which basically was a combination of the compound microscope with camera obscura projection. It needed bright sunlight as a light source to project a clear magnified image of transparent objects. Fahrenheit's instrument may have been seen by German physician Johann Nathanael Lieberkühn who introduced the instrument in England, where optician John Cuff improved it with a stationary optical tube and an adjustable mirror. In 1774 English instrument maker Benjamin Martin introduced his "Opake Solar Microscope" for the enlarged projection of opaque objects. He claimed:


title: Projector

text: The solar microscope, was employed in experiments with photosensitive silver nitrate by Thomas Wedgwood in collaboration with Humphry Davy in making the first, but impermanent, photographic enlargements. Their discoveries, regarded as the earliest deliberate and successful form of photography, were published in June 1802 by Davy in his "An Account of a Method of Copying Paintings upon Glass, and of Making Profiles, by the Agency of Light upon Nitrate of Silver. Invented by T. Wedgwood, Esq. With Observations by H. Davy" in the first issue of the "Journals of the Royal Institution of Great Britain".


title: Projector

text: Swiss mathematician, physicist, astronomer, logician and engineer Leonhard Euler demonstrated an opaque projector, now commonly known as an episcope, around 1756. It could project a clear image of opaque images and (small) objects.


title: Projector

text: French scientist Jacques Charles is thought to have invented the similar "megascope" in 1780. He used it for his lectures. Around 1872 Henry Morton used an opaque projector in demonstrations for huge audiences, for example in the Philadelphia Opera House which could seat 3500 people. His machine did not use a condenser or reflector, but used an oxyhydrogen lamp close to the object in order to project huge clear images.


title: Projector

text: Known equally, though later, as a solar enlarger, the solar camera is a photographic application of the solar microscope and an ancestor of the darkroom enlarger, and was used, mostly by portrait photographers and as an aid to portrait artists, in the mid-to-late 19th century to make photographic enlargements from negatives using the Sun as a light source powerful enough to expose the then available low-sensitivity photographic materials. It was superseded in the 1880s when other light sources, including the incandescent bulb, were developed for the darkroom enlarger and materials became ever more photo-sensitive.


title: Projector

text: In the early and middle parts of the 20th century, low-cost opaque projectors were produced and marketed as a toy for children. The light source in early opaque projectors was often limelight, with incandescent light bulbs and halogen lamps taking over later. Episcopes are still marketed as artists’ enlargement tools to allow images to be traced on surfaces such as prepared canvas.


title: Projector

text: In the late 1950s and early 1960s, overhead projectors began to be widely used in schools and businesses. The first overhead projector was used for police identification work. It used a celluloid roll over a 9-inch stage allowing facial characteristics to be rolled across the stage. The United States military in 1940 was the first to use it in quantity for training.


title: Projector

text: From the 1950s to the 1990s slide projectors for 35 mm photographic positive film slides were common for presentations and as a form of entertainment; family members and friends would occasionally gather to view slideshows, typically of vacation travels.


title: Projector

text: Complex Multi-image shows of the 1970s to 1990s, purposed usually for marketing, promotion or community service or artistic displays, used 35mm and 46mm transparency slides (diapositives) projected by single or multiple slide projectors onto one or more screens in synchronization with an audio voice-over and/or music track controlled by a pulsed-signal tape or cassette. Multi-image productions are also known as multi-image slide presentations, slide shows and diaporamas and are a specific form of multimedia or audio-visual production.


title: Projector

text: Digital cameras had become commercialised by 1990, and in 1997 Microsoft PowerPoint was updated to include image files, accelerating the transition from 35 mm slides to digital images, and thus digital projectors, in pedagogy and training. Production of all Kodak Carousel slide projectors ceased in 2004, and in 2009 manufacture and processing of Kodachrome film was discontinued.


title: Projector

text: In Mad Men's first series the final episode presents the protagonist Don Draper's presentation (via slide projector) of a plan to market the Kodak slide carrier a 'carousel'.


title: Margrave

text: Margrave was originally the medieval title for the military commander assigned to maintain the defence of one of the border provinces of the Holy Roman Empire or of a kingdom. That position became hereditary in certain feudal families in the Empire and the title came to be borne by rulers of some Imperial principalities until the abolition of the Empire in 1806 (e.g., Margrave of Brandenburg, Margrave of Baden). Thereafter, those domains (originally known as "marks" or "marches", later as "margraviates" or "margravates") were absorbed in larger realms or the titleholders adopted titles indicative of full sovereignty.


title: Margrave

text: Etymologically, the word "margrave" (, ) is the English and French form of the German noble title (, meaning "march" or "mark", that is, border land, added to , meaning "Count"); it is related semantically to the English title "Marcher Lord". As a noun and hereditary title, "margrave" was common among the languages of Europe, such as Spanish and Polish.


title: Margrave

text: A (margrave) originally functioned as the military governor of a Carolingian march, a medieval border province. Because the territorial integrity of the borders of the realm of a king or emperor was essential to national security, the vassal (whether a count or other lord) whose lands were on the march of the kingdom or empire was likely to be appointed a margrave and given greater responsibility for securing the border.


title: Margrave

text: The greater exposure of a border province to military invasion mandated that the margrave be provided with military forces and autonomy of action (political as well as military) greater than those accorded other lords of the realm. As a military governor, the margrave's authority often extended over a territory larger than the province proper, because of border expansion subsequent to royal wars.


title: Margrave

text: The margrave thus usually came to exercise commensurately greater politico-military power than other noblemen. The margrave maintained the greater armed forces and fortifications required for repelling invasion, which increased his political strength and independence relative to the monarch. Moreover, a margrave might expand his sovereign's realm by conquering additional territory, sometimes more than he might retain as a personal domain, thus allowing him to endow his own vassals with lands and resources in return for their loyalty to him; the consequent wealth and power might allow the establishment of a near-independent principality of his own.


title: Margrave

text: Most marches and their margraves arose along the eastern borders of the Carolingian Empire and the successor Holy Roman Empire. The Breton Mark on the Atlantic Ocean and the border of peninsular Brittany and the on the Muslim frontier (including Catalonia) are notable exceptions. The Spanish March was most important during the early stages of the peninsular of Iberia: ambitious margraves based in the Pyrenees took advantage of disarray in Muslim to extend their territories southward, leading to the establishment of the Christian kingdoms that would become unified Spain in the fifteenth century. The Crusaders created new and perilous borders susceptible to holy war against the Saracens; they thus had use for such border marches as the Greek Margraviate of Bodonitsa (1204–1414).


title: Margrave

text: As territorial borders stabilised in the late Middle Ages, marches began to lose their primary military importance; but the entrenched families who held the office of margrave gradually converted their marches into hereditary fiefs, comparable in all but name to duchies. In an evolution similar to the rises of dukes, landgraves, counts palatine, and (ruling princes), these margraves became substantially independent rulers of states under the nominal overlordship of the Holy Roman Emperor.


title: Margrave

text: Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV's Golden Bull of 1356 recognized the Margrave of Brandenburg as an elector of the Empire. Possession of an electorate carried membership in the highest "college" within the Imperial Diet, the main prerogative of which was the right to elect, along with a few other powerful princes and prelates, the non-hereditary Emperor whenever death or abdication created a vacancy on the Imperial throne. became the nucleus of the House of Hohenzollern's later Kingdom of Prussia and the springboard to their eventual accession as German Emperors in 1871.


title: Margrave

text: Another original march also developed into one of the most powerful states in Central Europe: the Margraviate of Austria. Its rulers, the House of Habsburg, rose to obtain a monopoly on election to the throne of the Holy Roman Empire. They also inherited several, mainly Eastern European and Burgundian, principalities. Austria was originally called in Latin, the "eastern borderland", as (originally roughly the present Lower-) Austria formed the easternmost reach of the Holy Roman Empire, extending to the lands of the Magyars and the Slavs (since the 19th century, has been translated as by some Germanophones, though medieval documents attest only to the vernacular name ). Another march in the south-east, Styria, still appears as in German today.


title: Margrave

text: The margraves of Brandenburg and of Meissen eventually became, respectively, the kings of (originally 'in') Prussia and of Saxony.


title: Margrave

text: The title of margrave, no longer a military office, evolved into a rank in the Holy Roman Empire's nobility; higher than (count), it was equivalent to such associated compound titles as Landgrave, Palsgrave and , yet remained lower than (duke) and even, officially, lower than .


title: Margrave

text: A few nobles in southern Austria and northern Italy, whose suzerain was the Emperor, received from him the title of margrave, sometimes translated in Italian as marquis (): those who reigned as virtual sovereigns (Marquis of Mantua, Marquis of Montferrat, Marquis of Saluzzo) exercised authority closer to the dynastic jurisdiction associated in modern Europe with the margrave, while some non-ruling nobles (e.g., Burgau, Pallavicini, Piatti) retained use of the margravial title but held the non-sovereign status of a "marquis".


title: Margrave

text: By the 19th century, the sovereigns in Germany, Italy and Austria had all adopted "higher" titles, and not a single sovereign margraviate remained. Although the title remained part of the official style of such monarchs as the German Emperors, Kings of Saxony and Grand Dukes of Baden, it fell into desuetude as the primary title of members of any reigning family.


title: Margrave

text: The children of Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden by his second, morganatic wife, Luise Karoline Geyer von Geyersberg, only legally shared their mother's title of "Imperial Count von Hochberg" from 1796, and were not officially elevated to the title of margrave until 1817 when they were publicly de-morganitised. But their father had, in fact, allowed its use for his morganatic children at his own court in Karlsruhe from his assumption of the grand ducal crown in 1806, simultaneously according the princely title to the dynastic sons of his first marriage. However, from 1817 his male-line descendants of both marriages were internationally recognised as entitled to the princely prefix, which all used henceforth.


title: Margrave

text: The title of "Margrave of Baden" has been borne as a title of pretence only by the head of the House of Zähringen since the death of the last reigning Grand Duke, Frederick II, in 1928. Likewise, "Margrave of Meissen" is used as a title of pretence by the claimant to the Kingdom of Saxony since the death in exile of its last monarch, King Fredrick Augustus III, in 1932.


title: Margrave

text: In 1914, the Imperial German Navy commissioned a dreadnought battleship "SMS Markgraf" named after this title. She fought in WWI and was interned and scuttled at Scapa Flow after the war.


title: Margrave

text: The etymological heir of the margrave in Europe's nobilities is the marquis, also introduced in countries that never had any margraviates, such as the British marquess; their languages may use one or two words, e.g. French or . The "margrave/marquis" ranked below its nation's equivalent of "duke" (Britain, France, Germany, Portugal, Scandinavia, Spain) or of "prince" (Belgium, Italy), but above "count" or "earl".


title: Margrave

text: The wife of a margrave is a "margravine" ( in German, but in French). In Germany and Austria, where titles were borne by all descendants in the male line of the original grantee, men and women alike, each daughter was a as each son was a .


title: Margrave

text: The title of "margrave" is translated below in languages which distinguish "margrave" from "marquis", the latter being the English term for a Continental noble of rank equivalent to a British marquess. In languages which sometimes use "marquis" to translate "margrave", that fact is indicated below in parentheses):


title: Adriana Farmiga

text: Adriana Farmiga (; born July 17, 1974) is an American visual artist, curator, and professor based in New York City. She serves as a programming advisor for the non-profit La Mama Gallery in the East Village, and is the current Associate Dean at Cooper Union School of Art.


title: Adriana Farmiga

text: Farmiga was born and raised in a small Ukrainian community in Rosendale, New York. Her paternal first cousins are actresses Vera Farmiga and Taissa Farmiga. She was educated at Cooper Union, graduating with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in 1996. Farmiga went on to study at the Milton Avery Graduate School of the Arts at Bard College, where she was taught by the late installation artist Maryanne Amacher; she received her Master of Fine Arts degree from Bard in 2004.


title: Adriana Farmiga

text: Farmiga began teaching at Temple University's Tyler School of Art and at her alma mater Cooper Union. Additionally, she served as a visiting lecturer at the Rhode Island School of Design in 2013. In October 2017, Farmiga was appointed to the position of Assistant Dean at Cooper Union School of Art.


title: Adriana Farmiga

text: Farmiga has displayed her artwork at many solo exhibitions, including "objects" (2001) in New Orleans, "'Scape" (2006) in Miami, and "Versus" (2012) in New York. In 2004, Farmiga was among a group of artists displaying their work in the exhibition "The Reality of Things" at Triple Candie in Harlem. In 2008, she received the Emerging Artist Fellowship from Socrates Sculpture Park.


title: Adriana Farmiga

text: In 2011, Farmiga worked as a curator and artist for her cousin Vera Farmiga's directorial debut film "Higher Ground". That same year, her work appeared in "Thisorganized", a group exhibit curated by painter Hope Gangloff, which was displayed at the Susan Inglett Gallery. In 2013, Farmiga was part of the "Screen Play" exhibition at the Samuel Dorsky Museum of Art in New Paltz. The following year, she was one of 16 artists chosen, from over 320 applicants, to display her work in the "Worlds of Wonder" exhibition, also shown at the Samuel Dorsky Museum of Art.


title: Adriana Farmiga

text: In December 2016, Farmiga's work as part of "CIM" began showing at the Ukrainian Museum, where it was exhibited until September 2017. From January to February 2017, her work as part of "Abandoned Luncheonette" was exhibited at the Jeff Bailey Gallery in Hudson, New York. In April 2018, it was announced that Farmiga was one of twelve visual artists whom had been granted a summer fellowship at the MacDowell Colony.


title: Anna Sui

text: Anna Sui (; born August 4, 1964) is an American fashion designer. She was named one of the "Top 5 Fashion Icons of the Decade", and in 2009 earned the Geoffrey Beene Lifetime Achievement Award from the Council of Fashion Designers of America (CFDA), joining the ranks of Yves Saint Laurent, Giorgio Armani, Ralph Lauren, and Diane von Furstenberg. Her brand categories include several fashion lines, footwear, cosmetics, fragrances, eyewear, jewelry, accessories, home goods and a gifts line.


title: Anna Sui

text: Sui is a second-generation Chinese-American born in Detroit, Michigan. Her father, Paul Sui () and mother, Grace Sui Fang () met while studying at the Sorbonne in Paris where Sui's father was studying engineering and her mother, painting. Her paternal grandparents were Xiao Yulan (), a Tahitian-Chinese businessman, and his wife Qiu Daidi (). Her maternal grandparents were Fang Chih, a Chinese diplomat and his Japanese wife Fang I-chih (born Masue Ueki).


title: Anna Sui

text: Sui is a matrilineal descendant of the prominent Fang clan of Tongcheng, Anhui, notable for its many scholars and philosophers. She is an 18th generation descendant of Fang Bao, an influential Chinese poet who founded the Tongcheng School of literary prose popular throughout the Qing Empire. Notable ancestors also include Fang Gongcheng, tutor of the imperial palace, and Fang Guancheng, Viceroy of Zhili seated at Tianjin from 1749 to 1768 amongst other Qing era scholars. Her niece is actress and model Chase Sui Wonders.


title: Anna Sui

text: By the time she was four years old, Sui knew she wanted to be a fashion designer. Sui's mother taught her about putting together a wardrobe, bringing a young Sui with her to shop for fabrics. Sui would spend hours watching her mother sew and would collect the fabric scraps to clothe her Barbie dolls and her brothers' army action figures. Through this process, Sui learned the basics of making clothing and soon she was putting together her own outfits. This was accomplished by buying pattern pieces for the sleeves of a dress, and swapping them to match other dresses, to create her own look for the garments.


title: Anna Sui

text: As a teen, she read an article in "Life" magazine about the achievements of Mia Fonssagrives-Solow, who graduated from Parsons School of Design in New York City and then moved to Paris, where Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton opened a boutique with the girl. Sui credits reading this article as a pivotal moment in her youth, which gave her clear direction on her goals for her future. Sui moved to New York and attended Parsons.


title: Anna Sui

text: After finishing her second year at Parsons, Sui was hired by Erica Elias' juniors clothing label Charlie's Girls, where she learned by designing for sportswear labels and doing styling on the photography shoots of friend and former Parsons' classmate Steven Meisel. Sui's work as a stylist for Meisel's shoots featured in the Italian magazine "Lei" specifically were very well received. After the closing of Charlie's Girls, Sui worked for several other sportswear designers including Bobbie Brooks and Simultanee. During this time, she began designing and making clothes out of her apartment. Sui stated that she was inspired to branch out on her own by a desire to dress rock stars and people who attended their concerts. Indeed, during this period, the majority of her personal business was focused on targeting sales to music stores. While working for the sportswear company Glenora, she brought her collection of five pieces to a New York trade show, and caught the attention of New York department stores Bloomingdale's and Macy's. A few weeks later, in August 1979, those clothes were featured in a full-page Macy's ad in the Sunday edition of "The New York Times". The manager at Glenora, where Sui was still on the payroll, was furious when he saw the advertisement in the "Times" and fired her on the spot. Left without a job, Sui took her $300 in savings and started a business out of a little corner of the living room in her apartment. For several years Sui ran the company out of her apartment, doing odd-jobs for spare income and reinvesting every penny of earnings into her business.


title: Anna Sui

text: The 1980s was the height of "power-dressing", with companies such as Chanel, Lacroix and Versace setting the standard. Sui struggled to stand up next to the big-name fashion houses. Sui was one of the few designers of the period who distanced herself from the traditional fashion houses and explored the grunge fashion scene together with designers such as Marc Jacobs, Daryl K and Todd Oldham. Around 1987, Sui got the opportunity to move her line into Annette B, a showroom curated by Annette Breindel. Breindel, who had a history of nurturing young designers, was a major influence for Sui and helped the designer emerge onto the fashion scene. During this period, Sui finally was able to move her operation out of her apartment and into the garment district. By the late 1980s, Sui had gained a global cult-like following, getting the attention of Japanese fashion powerhouses such as Onward Kashiyama. Sui would go on to majorly expand Japanese operations in the mid 90s.


title: Anna Sui

text: At Paris Fashion Week in 1991, Sui received one of the first major breakthroughs of her career. Sui was driving with her friend Steven Meisel to see the Jean Paul Gaultier show. On the way to the show, they stopped to pick up Madonna, a friend of Meisel's. Madonna surprised Sui by wearing her clothing to the event. Madonna would later wear the same outfit again for Meisel's photoshoot for "Vogue". Sui's first runway show took place later that year upon her return to New York City.


title: Anna Sui

text: In 1991, Meisel, Paul Cavaco and Sui's supermodel friends, Naomi Campbell, Christy Turlington and Linda Evangelista, got together and encouraged her to try a runway show. Sui rented a small space in the Meatpacking District and paid the models by giving them the clothes. The successful show was the biggest breakthrough of Sui's career, with "The New York Times" commenting in reference to Sui's celebrity runway models: "That those beauties [Campbell and Evangelista] were then at the height of their fame helped stoke the reception Sui got from buyers and the news media."


title: Anna Sui

text: From her first show, Sui was known for her light-hearted, whimsical, homemade and entertaining approach to showcasing her collections. The influences came from contemporary shows by designers such as Thierry Mugler and Jean Paul Gaultier where one of the goals was to charm the audience with the atmosphere created. The atmosphere often had a distinct party vibe and the antics of guests and participants were described as a distinct cultural scene of the period. Starting in 1995, Sui's designs were showcased regularly in "Vogue Patterns". Her debut with the style magazine featured dresses from her Spring/Summer 1995 collection inspired by period pulp comics and the puffed sleeve, square shouldered, floral dress fashion popular during the war rationing years of 1940s era fashion.


title: Anna Sui

text: The designer opened her first retail location in 1992 at 113 Greene Street in New York City's Soho District. The flagship store was known for its red floors, antique black furniture, signature dolly head mannequins and its purple walls which Sui painted herself.


title: Anna Sui

text: In 1993, the Anna Sui Corporation opened a store in Hollywood at La Brea Avenue expanding coverage and controlling North American distribution. The same year, Sui introduced menswear into her runway collections with Mick Jagger later appearing on Saturday Night Live in one of the designer's suits. Later, in June 2015, Sui relocated her Soho flagship store to 424 Broome Street from its previous 23 year long location on Greene Street. The store moved out of the Broome Street space in late 2020.


title: Anna Sui

text: 1997 marked one of the pivotal years in the emergence of Sui onto the world stage. The first freestanding Anna Sui boutiques opened in 1997 in Tokyo and Osaka through a distribution and sales license with Isetan. Sui also partnered with Italian shoemaker Ballin to create a shoe line. For the Spring/Summer 1997 fashion collection, Sui drew considerable media attention when Dave Navarro of the Red Hot Chili Peppers appeared on the runway for her show in underwear only. The same year, mannequin designer Ralph Pucci made full sized mannequins using her dolly heads. The mannequins were based on the measurements of model Michele Hicks and would later form the inspiration for Sui's first diffusion brand, Dolly Girl. The Fall/Winter collection, which took place at the Church of Divine Paternity, a gothic style church in Manhattan, was noted at the time for its infusion of whimsy and lightheartedness and its repudiation of the conspicuously dark undertones traditionally associated with gothic fashion.


title: Anna Sui

text: In 1999, Anna Sui launched her fragrance, Anna Sui Classic, with Wella AG and cosmetics line with Albion.


title: Anna Sui

text: In 2000, Sui launched a skincare line, also with Albion. The same year, her collections were featured as a part of the "Fashion in Motion" exhibition at London's Victoria & Albert Museum.


title: Anna Sui

text: In 2003, the designer launched her Dolly Girl fragrance together with several limited edition sets in the Dolly Girl series. The same year, Wella AG was acquired by Procter & Gamble who continued the partnership. In 2003, Sui launched a long-term collaboration collection with Peruvian designer Ali Rapp called Ali Rapp for Anna Sui. The collaboration consists of ready to wear, handbags, fashion accessories, T-shirts and cloth dolls. Items have been featured in Sui's shows in 2008 and 2013.


title: Anna Sui

text: In April 2004, the designer entered a collaboration with Dark Horse Comics and William Tucci designing the wardrobe for several of the main characters in Tucci's "Shi: Ju-Nen", a miniseries in the hit comic Shi. Sui took the wardrobes from her Fall 2004 fashion collection, with items including yukata kimono minidresses and purple hose and high-heels. In October, Sui partnered with Gonzo K.K. Studios to design costumes for the characters in their 2004 television series , a series loosely based on The Count of Monte Cristo by French author Alexandre Dumas.


title: Anna Sui

text: In 2005, Sui was contracted by Samsung Electronics Co. in partnership with "Vogue" to design a Samsung SGH-E315 cell phone. The limited edition handset which was available through T-Mobile sold out in the first month with products occasionally coming for sale on eBay. Sui also partnered with Anthropologie to launch a fashion collection called Anna Sui for Anthropologie. The same year, Sui also entered into a 2-year deal with Victoria's Secret designing a lingerie line for the company.


title: Anna Sui

text: In 2006, Anna Sui launched a limited edition Anna Sui Boho Barbie doll in partnership with Mattel. She later launched a limited edition collection with Victoria's Secret called Anna Sui for Victoria's Secret.


title: Anna Sui

text: For the Hello Kitty 30th Anniversary in 2007, Sui partnered with the Japanese company to create a limited edition collection in tribute to the milestone. The stuffed animals from this collection sell for over US$100.00 on eBay. In November 2007, Sui followed up on the success of her US cell phone collaboration with the launch of the Dolly Girl by Anna Sui model fanfun. 815T cell phone in collaboration with Softbank Mobile which was distributed online in Japan.


title: Anna Sui

text: In 2008, Sui launched the Dolly Girl clothing collection in Japan to follow up on her previous fragrance lines. Later in 2008, Sui partnered with Nissan to design a customized car, the Nissan 350z Anna Sui Limited Edition which was featured at various roadshows.


title: Anna Sui

text: In November 2012, Sui and Albion partnered with UK online seller ASOS to launch a Fall/Winter 2013 Anna Sui Cosmetics line in Europe. The series featured a collaboration with Disney.


title: Anna Sui

text: In April 2014, Sui returned to her native Detroit to partner with the Ford Motor Company in creating the Mustang Unleashed Collection celebrating the 50 year anniversary of the Ford Mustang. Later in April, Sui and Hong Kong based I.T. Apparels Ltd partnered with Lab Made, a Hong Kong ice cream vendor famous for pioneering the obscure market of liquid nitrogen ice cream to create an Anna Sui × Lab Made pop-up store which was featured at the company's Tsimshatsui branch throughout April 2014. The collaboration also featured Sui's own flavor of purple ice cream and the opening was announced by Hong Kong celebrity Alfred Hui, a contract artist for Hong Kong's Television Broadcasts Limited. In July, Sui launched a lingerie line in Korea with Alvin Korea Co. Ltd. which was launched with a full scale lingerie fashion show at the Ritz Carlton Hotel in Seoul. In October, Sui partnered with the CFDA to launch a collaboration with Best Buy called Anna Sui × Best Buy as a part of their designer's series.


title: Anna Sui

text: In March 2015, Sui and Isetan partnered with Sailor Moon to launch the Sailor Moon × Anna Sui collection which was featured at the Isetan store in Shinjuku. Sui also partnered with French dessert maker Ladurée to create a collaboration called Anna Sui × Ladurée as a part of the Les Merveilleuses Ladurée collection.


title: Anna Sui

text: In November 2015, the Starbucks × Anna Sui collection was announced, a holiday collaboration between the coffeehouse chain and the fashion designer.


title: Anna Sui

text: In August 2016, the 20th anniversary of Sui's entry into the Japanese market, Anna Sui Japan launched "Anna Sui Mag", an online Japanese language magazine and lifestyle blog. For Singapore's Golden Jubilee, Sui partnered with Uniform and Shentonista to create a commemorative SG50 tote featured in a blog series by Shentonista.


title: Anna Sui

text: In January 2017, Sui collaborated with Kenner/Takara to launch Blythe Adores Anna doll collection. The collection released in Japan with a further 500 dolls being further released via international lottery. In 2019, as part of Barbie's 60th anniversary, 4 limited sets of dolls with outfits from Sui's Spring 2019 collection were released.


title: Anna Sui

text: In 2009, Sui partnered with Target to produce a "Gossip Girl" inspired line combining Upper East Side style with a "downtown" edge called Anna Sui for Target. The limited edition collection, with affordable reworkings of pieces from her previous runway collections, was launched in September and sold in more than 800 stores and online.


title: Anna Sui

text: In 2011, she partnered with Hush Puppies to create a limited edition shoe collection which debuted in the Fall 2011 fashion show. She went on to also partner with Tumi to create a line of suitcases and travel items.


title: Anna Sui

text: In February, 2014, Lee Min-ho announced the Anna Sui for Fila collection in Asia on behalf of Anta Sports Products and Fila China which launched in 2015. In April 2015, Sui partnered with O'Neill to launch the collaborative collection titled Anna Sui for O'Neill, a collection inspired by the California beach scene. In August, Sui partnered with American boot-maker The Frye Company to launch a limited edition collection titled Anna Sui × Frye, which expanded a previous collaboration between the two houses to develop boots for Sui's Fall/Winter 2015 fashion show. The collection was inspired by Nordic culture and History Channel's show Vikings.


title: Anna Sui

text: In February 2016, Sui partnered with Opening Ceremony to collaborate on the label's "Year of China" Spring Summer 2016 collection which also featured brands like Renli Su, Ms Min and Vivienne Tam amongst others. For the collaboration, Sui and Opening Ceremony reissued pieces from Sui's 1993 and 1994 collections.


title: Anna Sui

text: In July 2017, Sui teamed up with Macy's, the retailer that gave her her first big break more than 35 years earlier. The collection, Anna Sui X International Concepts, included both new versions of runway pieces, jewelry and shoes, as well as "Anna Sui Loves" approved items by Macy's own design team. In August, PBTeen launched Sui's collection, inspired by Art Nouveau and her own adolescent bedroom, with bedding, accessories such as rugs and lamps, and furniture.


title: Anna Sui

text: In August 2018, Sui collaborated with online retailer Modcloth on an 8-dress capsule collection in extended sizes. The dresses used adapted silhouettes and prints from previous collections in new colorways.


title: Anna Sui

text: In 2009, Sui was presented with the Classic Icon of Fashion Design award at the China Fashion Awards in Beijing and with the CFDA's Geoffrey Beene Lifetime Achievement Award in her native New York City.


title: Anna Sui

text: In 2010, Sui collaborated with Andrew Bolton to publish a book chronicling her 20-year career. Later in the year, she launched her Forbidden Affair fragrance.


title: Anna Sui

text: In April, Sui attended the Identities 2011 fashion show at Harvard College where she spoke to the students and was honored with the program's Leadership of the Arts Award.


title: Anna Sui

text: From May to November 2013, clothing from Sui's 1999 and 2000 collections were featured at the Museum at the Fashion Institute of Technology as a part of their "RetroSpective: Fashion & Textile History Gallery" exhibition.


title: Anna Sui

text: In June 2016, a historical retrospective of Sui's designs displayed at the Beijing SKP department store. The collection featured Anna Sui designed items and outfits dating from Sui's first show in 1991 through her 2016 collections.


title: Anna Sui

text: In May 2017, London's Fashion and Textile Museum debuted an Anna Sui exhibition titled "The World of Anna Sui". The exhibition marks the first ever museum retrospective in the United Kingdom featuring an American fashion designer and the first time Sui has been the sole subject of a museum exposition. The exhibition announcement coincided with the announcement of a new book on Sui's career by "The Business of Fashion's" Editor-at-Large, Tim Blanks. The Anna Sui X INC International Concepts collection for Macy's was announced for September 2017 featuring model Karen Elson.


title: Anna Sui

text: In 2018, Sui received the Women's Entrepreneurship Day Pioneer Award at the United Nations in recognition for her achievements in fashion.


title: Anna Sui

text: For her innovative work, Sui has been called a designer who "never panders" by "The New York Times", and earned the distinction of being named to "Time" magazine's list of the decade's top five fashion icons. Sui's work has been extensively covered both by the journalist industry as a whole and by the fashion press in particular. Her seasonal shows are regularly covered by "Vogue", "Style.com", "Women's Wear Daily" and many other news and editorial platforms. In general, the ambiance created in the designer's shows is particularly well received with the media commenting on details such as the anticipation surrounding the soundtracks to the playful and lighthearted environment. Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week called Sui's career "a classic American success story," quoting Sui's determined attitude: "You have to focus on your dreams, even if they go beyond common sense. How could this young girl from the suburbs of Detroit become a success in New York? It was always that dream." Reviews generally refer to the thoroughness of the designer's research and her tying together of various trends and topics both historical and current.


title: Anna Sui

text: In 1996, Sui partnered with General Motors Corporation as a part of the GM/CFDA Concept: Cure collaboration between General Motors and various fashion industry companies, raising awareness about and raising research funds for breast cancer. As a part of the program, Sui designed a GMC Yukon which was sold at silent auction to raise funds.


title: Anna Sui

text: Following the September 11th attacks in 2001 on New York City's World Trade Center, Sui worked with actor Ellen Barkin designing an outfit to raise funds to benefit the Leary Firefighters Foundation and the firefighters who perished in the response.


title: Anna Sui

text: Sui designs and manufactures her signature collection in her New York City headquarters on Fashion Avenue and has been an advocate of her Made in USA approach. In addition to her work as a designer, Sui has ardently fought to keep the industry alive and has spearheaded a campaign to "Save the Garment Center," which was highlighted during Fashion Week in September 2008.


title: Anna Sui

text: Following the 2008 Mumbai attacks, Sui put several of her designs up for auction on eBay, donating the proceeds to Citizens for Justice and Peace, a Mumbai-based civil-rights organization.


title: Anna Sui

text: In 2010, Sui partnered with Isetan and Bearbrick in a charity event benefitting the World Wildlife Foundation and Malaysia's Forest Restoration and Orang-utan Monitoring Project, with proceeds from a limited edition collection going to the cause.


title: Anna Sui

text: In March 2011, following the Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami that devastated Japan, Sui designed and sold shirts in lavender and black printed with the words "Japan, We're All in This Together". All proceeds were turned over to the Japan Disaster Relief Fund.


title: Anna Sui

text: In 2012, Sui worked with musician and friend Jack White to design uniforms for employees at White's Third Man Records retail store which opened in Nashville in November 2012. A second location also opened in Detroit's Cass Corridor in November 2015 also featuring Sui's uniform dresses.


title: Anna Sui

text: In September 2014, in celebration of the 75th Anniversary of the 1939 film "The Wizard of Oz", Warner Bros. and the Tonner Doll Company organized the creation of a collection of commemorative dolls designed by several famous American designers including Marc Jacobs, Donna Karan, Charlotte Ronson, Trina Turk and Sui. The collection of dolls was exhibited at the Fashion Institute of Technology and Bloomingdale's between September and October 2014 before being auctioned on eBay Giving Works with proceeds going to Habitat for Humanity's There's No Place Like Home campaign.


title: Anna Sui

text: In June 2015, Sui partnered with New York restaurant Serendipity 3 in a charity fundraiser to celebrate the restaurant's 60 year anniversary benefiting the Bowery Mission, a rescue mission and shelter in the Bowery area of Manhattan.


title: Anna Sui

text: Sui regularly gives lectures to students and around the United States to inspire future generations to pursue their dreams. In October 2015, Sui spoke to local students about her experiences at the Michigan Theater in Ann Arbor as a part of the University of Michigan's Penny Stamps Speaker Series hosted by the Stamps School of Art and Design. Sui emphasized the need to not be intimidated by the industry which is sometimes described as cutthroat, even recounting her experiences from when she had been fired from a position at a sportswear company early in her career. Following the lecture, some of Sui's designs went on display as part of the Detroit Historical Museum's Booth-Wilkinson Gallery exhibition "Fashion D.Fined: The Past, Present and Future of Detroit Fashion".


title: Anna Sui

text: In January 2017, Sui showcased a pair of Vans shoes she designed to benefit the Vans Custom Culture competition, an annual campaign by Vans raising funds and awareness for high school art programs.


title: Anna Sui

text: Anna Sui Shoes, manufactured in Venice, Italy, premiered on the runway for the fall collection in 1994. Later, Sui began production of a diffusion fashion line called "Sui by Anna Sui" and a jeans line called "Anna Sui Jeans" with Italian fashion house Gilmar S.p.A. The same year, Sui and Marc Jacobs also began consulting for Gilmar's Cento x Cento and Iceberg brand lines respectively.


title: Anna Sui

text: In 1997, Sui entered into a partnership with Isetan to create a fashion accessories line. The line is distributed by Mammina in Japan and present in the United States, Korea, Hong Kong, China and Taiwan.


title: Anna Sui

text: The Anna Sui Cosmetics line launched in 1999 with Albion Cosmetics, a Japanese cosmetic brand and production company, following a distribution sales agreement with ISETAN. Ltd. An Anna Sui Skincare line, similarly with Albion followed this up in 2000. The cosmetics line releases two seasonal collections per year based on the fashion cycle. The cosmetics line covers various categories including base and makeup, eyes, lips, nails, skincare, hair and body, and cosmetics accessories.


title: Anna Sui

text: In 2010, Anna Sui Cosmetics announced Park Min Young as the brand's key opinion leader in South Korea.


title: Anna Sui

text: In October 2016, Anna Sui Cosmetics and "Nylon" Japan launched a Halloween collaboration called Anna Sui × Nylon: Halloween Makeup Room at MODI in Shibuya. In August the same year, Sui released her Autumn 2016 collection called Mysterious Fairy Tale.


title: Anna Sui

text: In July, 2017, Sui collaborated with the store that gave her her first big break, Macy's with Anna Sui X Inc International Concepts. The collection featured reeditions of recent collection items at prices of about a quarter of her collection pieces, plus jewelry and shoes.


title: Anna Sui

text: Sui has done 2 seasonal Fashion Week runway shows every year since 1991 with the exception of the Spring/Summer 2002 show, which was held in her Garment District studio due to the September 11 attacks on the Twin Towers. Design and production takes place in New York City's Garment Center. The designer also has produced two seasonal Japanese collections since 1997 based on the global collections and a Resort collection since 2007. In addition to the seasonal shows, Sui also has partnered with a variety of brands and companies such as Hush Puppies, Target Corporation, Ford Motor Company, Tumi, Isetan, Fila, O'Neill, Samsung, Mattel, Coach, T-Mobile, Victoria's Secret, Pottery Barn and "Vogue" to produce limited edition collections.


title: Anna Sui

text: In April 2016, the Anna Sui Japan Spring/Summer 16 show was premiered in Tokyo to kick off the collection's launch with much fanfare in celebration of the designer's 20th Anniversary in Japan.


title: Anna Sui

text: In 1994, Sui launched Anna Sui Footwear through a partnership with Italian shoemaker Ballin with design taking place in New York and production in Venice, Italy. Her design style became widely available as part of a multi-designer capsule, when she customized Candie's platform heels in the 1990s.


title: Anna Sui

text: Since 2009, Sui has collaborated with British ergonomic footwear company FitFlop to produce a shoe line called Anna Sui x FitFlop, comprising multiple collections.


title: Anna Sui

text: In September 2016, the Anna Sui Loves FitFlop collection was launched. Product design was based on Sui's Spring/Summer 2016 fashion collection and the designer's Tahitian heritage. It is distributed globally by FitFlop to Indonesia, Ireland, Malaysia, Netherlands, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, US, UK and Vietnam. Sui has also collaborated with and featured footwear on her runways from such designers as John Fleuvog, Terry De Havilland, Emma Hope, Bed Stu, and Teva.


title: Anna Sui

text: Sui introduced her fragrance and line in 1999 with Wella AG, to date the designer has launched a variety of cosmetic items and 30 individual fragrance products with most coming in different sizes. The designer's current fragrance license is with French company Inter Parfums and generally releases two hero fragrances per year. In 2011, She also entered into a fragrance license with InterParfums for fragrance and perfume distribution.


title: Anna Sui

text: In 2009, Sui launched Anna Sui Vision with Mondottica Limited for manufacture and distribution of spectacles and sunglasses as Anna Sui Eyewear.


title: Anna Sui

text: The distribution agreement with Mondottica for eyewear distribution was under the Anna Sui Eyewear brand and launched a collaboration collection with Bliss called Anna Sui for FitFlop.


title: Anna Sui

text: In 2012, the designer worked on a collaboration between Mondottica and Fellow Earthlings to produce sunglasses for Sui's fashion shows


title: Anna Sui

text: In 2016, Sui introduced a contact lens line under the agreement distributed in Hong Kong, Macau, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan.


title: Anna Sui

text: Anna Sui Jeans was a bridge line launched in 1994 by the designer and Italian fashion company Gilmar S.P.A. The Italian company was also involved in collaborating on the designer's main Anna Sui line and Sui had been designing and consulting for several Gilmar brands including Cento X Cento together with Marc Jacobs. Around this time, Gilmar also rolled out a jeans line for Christian Lacroix. Sui collaborated on branding for the line with New York artist Michael Economy and the collaboration with Gilmar lasted until 2004.


title: Anna Sui

text: "Anna Sui Mini" debuted in early 2009 in Japan in a partnership with Isetan and Narumiya International with a line for babies, toddlers and children. The line is distributed in Japan through 25 stores, at Isetan and Mitsukoshi department stores and through online sales.


title: Anna Sui

text: The dolly heads that were symbols of Sui's fashion style would later form the inspiration for what would become Dolly Girl. In 2003, Sui released a Dolly Girl perfume, later expanded to an entire fragrance collection with several variations. In 2008, the Dolly Girl by Anna Sui clothing line was formally launched in Japan in partnership with Isetan and Onward Kashiyama to further develop and produce the concept. Sui collaborated with art director Michael Economy on the line's branding elements.


title: Anna Sui

text: The brand line is sold in over 50 standalone stores throughout Japan and focuses on fashion and fashion accessories. There are typically 3 seasonal collection releases and combined with additional smaller monthly collections.


title: Anna Sui

text: The brand launched two Winter 2015-16 collections titled "Fantasy Folklore" and "Glitter in the Woods" featuring models Sam Laskey and Julia Belyakova respectively with both collections drawing inspiration from fairy tales and 70's style folklore.


title: Anna Sui

text: In 2016, Dolly Girl by Anna Sui launched its Summer 2016 collection titled "Colorful Paradise" and a follow up called "Mexican Dolls." The collections explored the colorful indigenous clothing found in Mexican states such as Chiapas and the State of Mexico and included Sui's take on traditional Mexican fashion items such as serapes, rebozos and even traditional Aztec huipils. For the celebration of the designer's 20th anniversary in Japan, Sui released a special edition collection titled "Happy Dolly Girl Land." The collection featured carnival-inspired motifs and patterns infused into the clothing design. Late in the year, the Winter 2016-17 collection was released, titled "Into the Night Forest" with inspiration taken from fairy tales and visuals featuring full-scale layered paper models.


title: Anna Sui

text: Sui by Anna Sui was the designer's second bridge line launched in close proximity with her Jeans line together with Gilmar S.P.A. in 1994. The Sui by Anna Sui line and her jeans line continued under operation after the designer left her designer job at Gilmar's Cento X Cento. The line focused on sportswear for men and women with Sui directly controlling branding and design and was distributed globally by Gilmar. Sui relaunched her diffusion line in 2019.


title: Anna Sui

text: In March 2016, Isetan Mitsukoshi Holdings and its subsidiary Mammina announced the launch of new brand partnership with Anna Sui Corp called The Souvenir Shop Anna Sui which covers travel retail items and fashion accessories. The line is sold in locations throughout Japan including airports, significant because it marks the first time Anna Sui fashion accessories were available as duty-free products and online via Isetan and Mitsukoshi. The collaboration features 70 new stores and boutiques and taps into the travel retail market. Stores launched in downtown areas and at airports marking the first time Anna Sui fashion products were available as duty free goods. Late in the year, Sui launched a new product line called Anna Sui Home & Interior for global rollout with initial distribution covering Japan.


title: Anna Sui

text: During filming of "Confessions of a Shopaholic" in 2008, a faux Anna Sui store was mocked up inside the Hearst Tower for the movie set, which also included mock-up stores for Valentino, Catherine Malandrino and Alberta Ferretti. The stunt fooled some New Yorkers into believing an actual store had been opened.


title: Line 2 (Mumbai Metro)

text: The Yellow Line 2 of the Mumbai Metro is the second metro line in the city of Mumbai connecting Dahisar in the northwest with Mandale in Mankhurd in the east. Phase One of Line 2A was partially opened on 2nd April 2022.


title: Line 2 (Mumbai Metro)

text: Construction on the first section of the line, called Metro 2A (between Dahisar and D.N. Road), began in November 2016, and is expected to be completed in May 2021. This section shall be long, and comprise 17 of the 39 stations that form part of this route.


title: Line 2 (Mumbai Metro)

text: A 38.24 km long Colaba-Bandra–Charkop line was proposed as Line 2 in the original Mumbai Metro master plan unveiled by the MMRDA in 2004. A 13.37 km long Bandra-Kurla–Mankhurd line and a 7.5 km line from Charkop to Dahisar were proposed as Line 3 and Line 4, respectively, in the same plan. In the updated master plan, the proposed Charkop–Bandra–Mankhurd and Charkop–Dahisar lines were merged into a single Dahisar–Bandra–Mankhurd line, which would have been 32 km and had 27 stations. This was planned to be the second corridor of the Mumbai Metro. Like Line 1, this corridor was also proposed to be constructed on a public private partnership (PPP) model.


title: Line 2 (Mumbai Metro)

text: Then President Pratibha Patil launched the project in August 2009. The MMRDA appointed Reliance Infrastructure (RInfra), in consortium with SNC Lavolin Inc. Canada and Reliance Communication, through an international competitive bidding process to carry out this phase of the project, and the concession agreement was signed with the RInfra-led consortium in January 2010. The project was proposed to be implemented on build–operate–transfer (BOT) basis for a concession period of 35 years with an extension clause of another 10 years. The MMRDA estimated the project would cost , while Reliance Infrastructure estimated it would cost 11,000 crore. Construction was planned to begin in August 2010 and be completed by mid-2013. However, construction work had yet to begin by December 2012, leading to calls for Line 2 to be cancelled outright.


title: Line 2 (Mumbai Metro)

text: The line's construction was handicapped by the lack of available land for carsheds at Charkop and Mankhurd; Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) laws forbade construction on the land that had been selected by the MMRDA. The Union Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) refused to give clearance for the depots. MMRDA officials plan to solve the problem by shifting the location of the proposed rake depot to Malwani near Malad. The plot does not come under the purview of the CRZ laws and therefore will not require environmental clearances. The MMRDA has said that they have not ruled out an underground line, claiming that they had considered a combination of an elevated and underground alignment but had deemed it impossible due to the large land requirement for ramps and slip roads.


title: Line 2 (Mumbai Metro)

text: On 6 September 2012, the MMRDA sent a letter to Reliance Infrastructure asking them to start work on the metro immediately or face legal action. In response to the letter, RInfra blamed the government and MMRDA for the delayed construction work. They said that the government had failed to fulfill its contractual obligation to provide the necessary land, right of way permits and clearances. On 8 February 2013, then RInfra CEO Sumit Banerjee claimed that the project had not advanced because the MMRDA had failed to fulfill its share of the responsibilities. The state government had since been considering alternative sites for the depot, which might have led to complete change in the alignment of the line and could have required re-bidding for the project. On 9 August 2013, "DNA" reported that an MMRDA official had informed them that a 27-acre plot that was to be used as the casting yard for Line 2, was planned to be marked for use as a casting yard for Line 3. The paper called the move "a clear indication" that Line 2 "will not take off in the near future." Chief Minister Prithviraj Chavan told the media on 30 August 2013 that "it is now clear that Mumbai's Metro II project will now not happen."


title: Line 2 (Mumbai Metro)

text: On 13 November 2014, Reliance Infrastructure announced that it had terminated the agreement between the MMTPL and the Maharashtra government. RInfra stated, "Due to non-fulfilment of various critical obligations by Maharashtra government and Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA), the project could not take off. Even after four years, despite the best efforts of the Maharashtra government, various project impediments could not be resolved." The MMRDA issued a statement confirming that the agreement was terminated with mutual consent. No party will bare any cost as a result of the termination and the state government will return a bank guarantee of 160 crore. The MMRDA also clarified that the Line 2 project had not been cancelled and will be constructed by the Mumbai Metro Railway Corp. Ltd (MMRCL) under an engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) model.


title: Line 2 (Mumbai Metro)

text: In September 2013, the MMRDA appointed RITES to study the feasibility of constructing the proposed 32-km metro line underground. RITES also studied the feasibility of extending the corridor and merging the 7.5-km Charkop-Dahisar metro, proposed as a separate line, with this project. RITES submitted its final report to the MMRDA in the last week of May 2014, concluding that constructing the metro underground and extending it up to Dahisar was feasible. The merged Dahisar-Bandra-Mankhurd line would be 40.2 km long and have 37 underground stations. The estimated cost of construction of this line is 28,900 crore, 134% higher than the originally estimated costs of 7,660 crore for the Charkop-Bandra-Mankhurd line and 4,680 crore for the Charkop-Dahisar corridor. RITES proposed the construction of a major car depot at Oshiwara and a minor car depot at Mandalay, Mankhurd on sites that were a mix of publicly and privately held land. The extension of the line to Mankhurd would resolve the land acquisition issues as land was available for the construction of a depot at Mankhurd.


title: Line 2 (Mumbai Metro)

text: In June 2015, the MMRDA proposed a new line from BKC to Mankhurd. On 15 June 2015, the MMRDA announced that it would implement Line 2 of the metro in three parts - Dahisar East-DN Nagar (Metro 2A), DN Nagar-BKC (Metro 2B), and BKC-Mankhurd (Metro 2C), and also appointed the DMRC to conduct a feasibility study and detailed project report for the line. On 1 July 2015, it was announced that MMRDA was allotted a 22-acre plot in Mankhurd adjacent to the Sion Panvel highway for the Metro carshed. The land was under dispute between the MMRDA and the State Home Ministry for the construction of a Jail.


title: Line 2 (Mumbai Metro)

text: The plan was later modified to build the line in two sections - Dahisar-DN Nagar (Metro 2A) and DN Nagar-Mankhurd (Metro 2B). Metro 2A was approved by the Maharashtra Government on 6 October 2015. In November 2015, the Department of Economic Affairs (DEA) cleared the MMRDA's request to secure a loan from the Asian Development Bank (ADB).


title: Line 2 (Mumbai Metro)

text: The Maharashtra Cabinet approved the Metro 2B corridor on 27 September 2016. Half of the project cost will be funded by the Centre and the State Government, while the remaining will be financed through loans from the Asian Development Bank and New Development Bank. The Metro 2B corridor will be 23.5 km long and have 22 stations. The project is estimated to cost 10,986 crore, including land acquisition cost of Rs 1,274 crore.


title: Line 2 (Mumbai Metro)

text: As per the government releases, Metro 2 will be built in two sections - Dahisar-DN Nagar (Metro 2A) and DN Nagar-Mankhurd (Metro 2B). The Maharashtra Government appointed the DMRC as a consultant to execute both sections. The DMRC will have sole responsibility for civil and technical works and O&M on the Metro 2A corridor. For the Metro 2B corridor, the MMRDA will carry out civil works, while the DMRC is tasked with technical work and O&M.


title: Line 2 (Mumbai Metro)

text: The corridor will be 18.5 km long and connect Dahisar West to DN Nagar. The corridor will have 16 stations - Dahisar East, Anand Nagar, Kandarpada, Mandapeshwar, Eksar, Borivali (West), Shimpoli, Kandivali (West), Dhanukarwadi, Valnai, Malad (West), Lower Malad, Pahadi Goregaon, Goregaon (West), Oshiwara, Lower Oshiwara and D.N. Nagar (Andheri West).It will have an interchange with Line 1 at DN Nagar and Line 7 at Dahisar. Line 2B will connect DN Nagar to Mankhurd via BKC. Line 2A is estimated to cost around ₹6,410 crores. The DMRC was appointed as the implementing agency for the project. The DMRC floated two tenders for the designing and construction of the corridor. The first package includes the design and construction of a viaduct and 8 elevated stations - Dahisar East, Anand Nagar (Dahisar), Kandarpada, IC Colony, Eksar, Borivali West, Pahadi Eksar, Mandapeshwar, Dahanukarwadi. The second package includes the remaining viaduct and 8 stations - Charkop, Malad, Kasturi Park (Malad), Bangur Nagar (Goregaon), Oshiwara, Samartha Nagar, Shastri Nagar and D.N. Nagar (Andheri West). JKumar Infra Pvt. Ltd was awarded both packages in June 2016, and carried out civil work, including viaducts and stations. The cost of the packages was estimated as 700 crores each, with JKumar Infra bidding below the reserve price.


title: Line 2 (Mumbai Metro)

text: Soil testing work along the corridor commenced in July 2016. Construction on the corridor began in November 2016. As of 13 September 2017, 77% of the soil investigation work for pier foundation is completed, 76% of barricading work is completed, 37% piles completed,


title: Line 2 (Mumbai Metro)

text: 19% pile caps completed, 110 piers are cast, 75 pier caps erected, 26 U girders erected and work pile foundation work commenced for all 17 stations. The corridor was scheduled to be commissioned in 2019, but delays in procuring rolling stock will push the deadline to 2020.


title: Line 2 (Mumbai Metro)

text: In April 2019, the MMRDA issued tenders for the rooftop solar PV power projects at stations on Metro 2A.


title: Line 2 (Mumbai Metro)

text: Metro 2A yellow line is to be opened to the public in two phases: upto Dhanukarwadi station in the first phase and up to DN Nagar in the second phase. First phase commercial operations began on 3 April 2022 (along with the first phase of Metro Line 7), and the second phase is expected to be opened by January 2023.


title: Line 2 (Mumbai Metro)

text: The foundation stone for the Metro 2B was laid by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 24 December 2016. The MMRDA invited bids for civil work on Metro 2B on 4 January 2017. Metro 2B was divided into four packages - ESIC Nagar to Khira Nagar, Saraswat Nagar to ILFS, MTNL Metro to Chembur, and Diamond Garden to Mandale. Metro 2B was tendered alongside Metro 4. L&T, Afcons Infrastructure, Tata, NCC and JMC, Reliance Infrastructure-RdE, JKumar Group, ITD Cementation, CHEC-TPL bid for packages on both Metro 2B and Metro 4. Simplex Infrastructures and a consortium of GHEC-RCC-JV-China placed bids only for some packages of Metro 2B. A total of 10 firms and/or consortia submitted bids for the two lines.


title: Line 2 (Mumbai Metro)

text: The MMRDA utilized a drone to carry out survey work for Metro 2B. The drones were fitted with a 360-degree camera that provides up to 3 millimeter accuracy. The aerial survey takes less time than a regular survey, achieves greater accuracy and helps protect against false claims for compensation.


title: Line 2 (Mumbai Metro)

text: Construction began in April 2018. MMRDA has awarded contract of construction of viaduct and stations for package 1 to simplex. This package includes section between DN nagar to BKC.


title: Line 2 (Mumbai Metro)

text: As of 2020, the contracts of Simplex & RCC-MBZ is terminated and new contracts have been given to Jkumar and NCC.


title: Line 2 (Mumbai Metro)

text: There will be a total of 37 stations on the Dahisar - Mandala route. Metro 2A, from Dahisar to DN Nagar, will have 17 stations, and Metro 2B, from DN Nagar to Mankhurd, will have 20 stations.


title: Line 2 (Mumbai Metro)

text: The construction of Metro-2B has courted controversy after some filmstars and residents from Bandra, Khar and Juhu challenged the construction of Metro-2B being elevated instead of underground. The residents have been claiming elevated Metro corridor will ruin already narrow SV Road, and underground metro corridor would be an ideal for their area. Originally, the metro line was supposed to go straight from Juhu Circle on NS road 10 and take a left from Pushpa Narsee Park junction onto V. Mehta Road. However due to protests from some residents, the route was changed and now it will take left from JVPD Circle and will continue on Gulmohar Road till Mithibhai college and will take a left turn to join V.Mehta Road. The new plan also includes a flyover for vehicles running parallel and under the metro viaducts to connect Andheri East with Versova.


title: Line 2 (Mumbai Metro)

text: In 2020 June, MMRDA terminated Simplex and RCC-MBZ contracts over slow work and new tenders were floated in August 2020.


title: Line 2 (Mumbai Metro)

text: As of March 2021, Jkumar & NCC have been given contracts to finish pending viaduct and station works.


title: Line 2 (Mumbai Metro)

text: Kurla Terminus Station was cancelled because of lack of space to construct it and its very close proximity to a previous station.


title: Line 2 (Mumbai Metro)

text: Metro 2A is estimated to cost . The State Government will bear 48% of the total project cost. The MMRDA secured a loan worth 52% of the total project cost from the Asian Development Bank (ADB). Metro 2B is estimated to cost 10,986 crore, including land acquisition cost of Rs 1,274 crore. Half of the project cost will be funded by the Centre and the State Government, while the remaining will be financed through loans from the Asian Development Bank and the World Bank.


title: Line 2 (Mumbai Metro)

text: The MMRDA allotted to the DMRC to implement and commission rolling stock, signalling and telecommunication work for the Metro 2A and Metro 7 corridors on 26 November 2016.


title: Line 2 (Mumbai Metro)

text: On 2 March 2019, the Union Ministry of Finance stated that it signed a $926 million loan agreement with the ADB to fund construction of Metro 2 and 7. This was the single largest infrastructure loan ever extended by the ADB. The funds will be used to procure 63 six-car trainsets and for signalling and safety systems on both corridors.


title: Line 2 (Mumbai Metro)

text: A consortium of Indian company Datamatics and Italian company AEP Ticketing solutions S.R.L was awarded a contract to implement the automated fare collection system for Metro 2 and Metro 7 in February 2019.


title: Kawasaki Ninja

text: The Kawasaki Ninja is a name given to several series of Kawasaki sport bikes that started with the 1984 GPZ900R. Kawasaki Heavy Industries trademarked a version of the word Ninja in the form of a wordmark, a stylised script, for use on "motorcycles and spare parts thereof".


title: Vox Lux

text: Vox Lux is a 2018 American musical drama film film written and directed by Brady Corbet from a story by Corbet and Mona Fastvold. The film stars Natalie Portman, Jude Law, Raffey Cassidy, Stacy Martin and Jennifer Ehle.


title: Vox Lux

text: "Vox Lux" had its world premiere at the 75th Venice International Film Festival on September 4, 2018, and was released in the United States on December 7, 2018, by Neon. The film received generally favorable reviews from film critics.


title: Vox Lux

text: In January 2000, a boy named Cullen Active walks into his school in the Staten Island neighborhood of New Brighton, goes to a classroom, and shoots the teacher. One student, 13-year-old Celeste Montgomery, calmly and compassionately talks to Cullen, and offers to pray with him. However, he shoots all the students and kills himself; Celeste is later seen to be in one of only three ambulances carrying survivors from the scene.


title: Vox Lux

text: As she slowly recovers from her injuries, Celeste and her older sister, Ellie, write music together. Soon after, at an event held in memory of the shooting victims, Celeste sings a song that she and Ellie wrote called "Wrapped Up". The song becomes an instant hit and Celeste is soon picked up by a manager.


title: Vox Lux

text: Over the next 20 months, Celeste manages and navigates the increasing pressures of her newfound fame in spite of her past trauma. She and Ellie indulge in bouts of partying that soon get in the way of Celeste's work, including the underage Celeste having a one-night stand with an older musician and Ellie having sex with Celeste's manager the night before the September 11 attacks. However, we see that Celeste continues to successfully rise in the music industry, with her songs getting quickly picked up by the radio and rushing the demand for her first music video, "Hologram (Smoke and Mirrors)".


title: Vox Lux

text: In 2017, a terrorist shooting on a beach in Croatia is rumored to be linked to Celeste's music due to the masks that the criminals donned, which are similar to the masks from Celeste's "Hologram" video.


title: Vox Lux

text: Celeste is now 31 years old and preparing for the first night of a concert tour for her sixth album, "Vox Lux". Her manager informs her of the terrorist shooting, and then tells her to prepare for the ensuing press junkets. Before her first interview, Celeste takes her teenage daughter, Albertine (conceived from the encounter with the musician), to lunch. Once there, Celeste unveils her erratic and destructive behavior, aided by alcohol, resulting in Celeste and Albertine getting kicked out of the restaurant by the manager. It is revealed here that 6 years prior, Celeste permanently blinded herself in her left eye due to consuming excessive amounts of methanol while binge-drinking household cleaning products. Celeste then drove under the influence across three state lines, injuring a man in his left leg and pelvis in the process, which resulted in a public lawsuit.


title: Vox Lux

text: After lunch, Celeste has a heated argument with Ellie after finding out Albertine has recently lost her virginity; Ellie has been Albertine's guardian since her birth. The press interviews begin soon after, with Celeste becoming increasingly unhinged after one interviewer mentions the aforementioned driving incident. Her publicist decides to cancel the rest of the interviews scheduled that day and asks Celeste to rest before the concert. However, Celeste and her manager get high on drugs and have sex. That evening, an impaired Celeste heads for the concert venue with her entourage in tow. She then experiences a mental breakdown, with Ellie successfully comforting her before sending her out.


title: Vox Lux

text: Celeste appears ready for the concert and preps for the stage with her band and background dancers. She then performs multiple songs with elaborate dance numbers involved. It is revealed that after she was shot, Celeste told Ellie that she made a deal with the devil for her life. The movie ends with her manager, Albertine, and Ellie pensively looking on at the façade of a performing Celeste.


title: Vox Lux

text: In August 2016, it was announced Brady Corbet would write and direct the film, with Christine Vachon, David Hinojosa and Brian Young producing the film under their Killer Films and Three Six Zero Group banners respectively. In September 2016, Rooney Mara joined the cast of the film, while Sia was hired to compose original songs for the film. In October 2016, Jude Law joined the cast of the film. In January 2017, Stacy Martin confirmed her involvement in the film. In January 2018, Natalie Portman joined the cast of the film, replacing Mara. In February 2018, Raffey Cassidy joined the cast of the film. In August 2018, it was announced that Sia would be contributing original songs and Scott Walker would be scoring the film. Speaking of his surprise involvement in the film, Willem Dafoe, who narrates the film, stated that “it was a very last-minute thing. I think Brady had another voice in there and he wasn’t quite happy with it, and at the last minute he had the idea to use me to be the narrator — which in terms of actual work isn’t a huge time commitment. It’s an important tonal element and framing device in the film. It’s a kind of go-between with the audience.” Corbet has discussed the challenges of making the film, saying that "nobody asked for it" and he did not make any money from it.


title: Vox Lux

text: Principal photography began on February 1, 2018. Natalie Portman revealed her acting was influenced by what she observed in documentaries about Lady Gaga and Madonna.


title: Vox Lux

text: "Vox Lux" premiered at the 75th Venice International Film Festival on September 4, 2018. It also screened at the 43rd Toronto International Film Festival on September 7, 2018. Shortly after, Neon acquired distribution rights to the film. It was screened at the 29th New Orleans Film Festival on October 23, 2018. It was theatrically released on December 7, 2018 and on VOD by Universal Home Entertainment on March 5, 2019.


title: Vox Lux

text: "Vox Lux" grossed $0.7 million in the United States and Canada, and $0.7 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $1.4 million, against a production budget of $11 million. Sales of its DVD/Blu-ray releases cashed $115,195.


title: Vox Lux

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of based on reviews, with an average rating of . The website's critical consensus reads, "Intriguing albeit flawed, "Vox Lux" probes the allures and pitfalls of modern celebrity with sharp intelligence and visual style, all held together by an assured Natalie Portman performance." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 67 out of 100, based on 39 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Vox Lux

text: Guy Lodge of "Variety" magazine praised Natalie Portman for her performance and called the film "a bold, often brilliant trip through the celebrity spin cycle."


title: Valve

text: A valve is a device or natural object that regulates, directs or controls the flow of a fluid (gases, liquids, fluidized solids, or slurries) by opening, closing, or partially obstructing various passageways. Valves are technically fittings, but are usually discussed as a separate category. In an open valve, fluid flows in a direction from higher pressure to lower pressure. The word is derived from the Latin "valva", the moving part of a door, in turn from "volvere", to turn, roll.


title: Valve

text: The simplest, and very ancient, valve is simply a freely hinged flap which swings down to obstruct fluid (gas or liquid) flow in one direction, but is pushed up by the flow itself when the flow is moving in the opposite direction. This is called a check valve, as it prevents or "checks" the flow in one direction. Modern control valves may regulate pressure or flow downstream and operate on sophisticated automation systems.


title: Valve

text: Valves have many uses, including controlling water for irrigation, industrial uses for controlling processes, residential uses such as on/off and pressure control to dish and clothes washers and taps in the home. Even aerosol spray cans have a tiny valve built in. Valves are also used in the military and transport sectors. In HVAC ductwork and other near-atmospheric air flows, valves are instead called dampers. In compressed air systems, however, valves are used with the most common type being ball valves.


title: Valve

text: Valves are found in virtually every industrial process, including water and sewage processing, mining, power generation, processing of oil, gas and petroleum, food manufacturing, chemical and plastic manufacturing and many other fields.


title: Valve

text: People in developed nations use valves in their daily lives, including plumbing valves, such as taps for tap water, gas control valves on cookers, small valves fitted to washing machines and dishwashers, safety devices fitted to hot water systems, and poppet valves in car engines.


title: Valve

text: In nature there are valves, for example one-way valves in veins controlling the blood circulation, and heart valves controlling the flow of blood in the chambers of the heart and maintaining the correct pumping action.


title: Valve

text: Valves may be operated manually, either by a handle, lever, pedal or wheel. Valves may also be automatic, driven by changes in pressure, temperature, or flow. These changes may act upon a diaphragm or a piston which in turn activates the valve, examples of this type of valve found commonly are safety valves fitted to hot water systems or boilers.


title: Valve

text: More complex control systems using valves requiring automatic control based on an external input (i.e., regulating flow through a pipe to a changing set point) require an actuator. An actuator will stroke the valve depending on its input and set-up, allowing the valve to be positioned accurately, and allowing control over a variety of requirements.


title: Valve

text: Valves vary widely in form and application. Sizes typically range from 0.1 mm to 60 cm. Special valves can have a diameter exceeding 5 meters.


title: Valve

text: Valve costs range from simple inexpensive disposable valves to specialized valves which cost thousands of US dollars per inch of the diameter of the valve.


title: Valve

text: Disposable valves may be found in common household items including mini-pump dispensers and aerosol cans.


title: Valve

text: A common use of the term "valve" refers to the poppet valves found in the vast majority of modern internal combustion engines such as those in most fossil fuel powered vehicles which are used to control the intake of the fuel-air mixture and allow exhaust gas venting.


title: Valve

text: Valves are quite diverse and may be classified into a number of basic types. Valves may also be classified by how they are actuated:


title: Valve

text: The main parts of the most usual type of valve are the body and the bonnet. These two parts form the casing that holds the fluid going through the valve.


title: Valve

text: The valve's body is the outer casing of most or all of the valve that contains the internal parts or "trim". The bonnet is the part of the encasing through which the stem (see below) passes and that forms a guide and seal for the stem. The bonnet typically screws into or is bolted to the valve body.