title: Blighia sapida

text: Though ackee is used widely in traditional dishes, research on its potential hypoglycin toxicity has been sparse and preliminary, requiring evaluation in well-designed clinical research to better understand its pharmacology, food uses, and methods for detoxification.


title: Blighia sapida

text: In 2011, it was found that as the fruit ripens, the seeds act as a sink whereby the hypoglycin A in the arils convert to hypoglycin B in the seeds. In other words, the seeds help in detoxifying the arils, bring the concentration of hypoglycin A to a level which is generally safe for consumption.


title: Blighia sapida

text: Ackee canned in brine is a commodity item and is used for export by Jamaica, Haiti and Belize. If propagated by seed, trees will begin to fruit in 3 – 4 years. Cuttings may yield fruit in 1 – 2 years.


title: Blighia sapida

text: The fruit has various uses in West Africa and in rural areas of the Caribbean Islands, including use of its "soap" properties as a laundering agent or fish poison. The fragrant flowers may be used as decoration or cologne, and the durable heartwood used for construction, pilings, oars, paddles and casks. In African traditional medicine, the ripe arils, leaves or bark were used to treat minor ailments.


title: Lakmé Cosmetics

text: Lakmé is an Indian cosmetics brand, owned by Hindustan Unilever. It was named after the French opera "Lakmé", which itself is the French word for goddess Lakshmi who is renowned for her beauty. It was started in 1952 as a 100% subsidiary of Tata Oil Mills, famously after Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru was concerned that Indian women were spending precious foreign exchange on beauty products and persuaded JRD Tata to manufacture them in India. Simone Tata joined the company as director and went on to become the chairperson. In 1998, Tatas sold their stake in Lakmé to Hindustan Unilever for .


title: Lakmé Cosmetics

text: Lakmé mainly sells coloured cosmetics products such as lipsticks, eyeliners and skincare cream. In December 2018, it launched its e-commerce platform. As of 2021, Lakmé also runs 485 beauty salons under Lakmé Lever. The company is the title sponsor for Lakme Fashion Week (LFW), a bi-annual fashion week which takes place in Mumbai.


title: Lakmé Cosmetics

text: Lakmé has Shraddha Kapoor, Kajol Devgn, Kareena Kapoor, and Ananya Pandey as brand ambassadors. In "The Brand Trust Report" 2012, Lakme was ranked 104th among India's most trusted brands and following year it was ranked 71st on the list. In 2014, Lakme was ranked 36th among India's most trusted brands according to the Brand Trust Report 2014.


title: The Stoning of Soraya M.

text: The Stoning of Soraya M. () is a 2009 Persian-language American drama film adapted from French-Iranian journalist Freidoune Sahebjam's 1990 book "La Femme Lapidée".


title: The Stoning of Soraya M.

text: The film is directed by Cyrus Nowrasteh, and stars Academy Award nominee Shohreh Aghdashloo (as Zahra), Jim Caviezel (as Freidoune Sahebjam, the foreign journalist), and Mozhan Marnò (as Soraya Manutchehri, the title character). "The Stoning of Soraya M." had its world premiere at the 2008 Toronto International Film Festival, where it won the Director's Choice Award. It was also the second runner-up for the Cadillac People's Choice Award. The book has been banned in Iran.


title: The Stoning of Soraya M.

text: French-Iranian journalist and war correspondent Freidoune Sahebjam was traveling through Iran, when he came upon Soraya Manutchehri's village, where he learned from her aunt about Soraya and her cruel fate. He would make Manutchehri's death the subject of his 1990 book "La Femme Lapidée," which was translated into English in 1994"." "The Stoning of Soraya M." is an adaption of the book. Credibility of Sahebjam's story and the film plot itself is disputed by many Iranian critics, expert Elise Auerbach from Amnesty International, and film critics like Richard Nilsen from "The Arizona Republic" and Wesley Morris from "Boston Globe".


title: The Stoning of Soraya M.

text: Soraya Manutchehri (; the "t" in the transcription by Sahebjam followed French spelling rules; 1951 – 15 August 1986) was a 35-year-old woman who was stoned to death in the small village of Kuhpayeh, Iran, after being accused of adultery.


title: The Stoning of Soraya M.

text: Unnamed witnesses have claimed that Manutchehri's husband, Ghorban-Ali, a prison guard with a petty criminal past, was eager to get rid of her in order to marry a 14-year-old girl. Not wanting to support two families, nor return Soraya's dowry, he spread false rumours of her alleged adultery after she began cooking for a local widower. Abetted by venal and corrupt village authorities, who turned her father against her, he accused his wife of adultery. She was convicted, buried up to her waist, and stoned to death.


title: The Stoning of Soraya M.

text: Her death has been described as a slow, painful event with "a carnival atmosphere led by village elders". After her death, the body was allegedly left outside so that animals could "ravage" it.


title: The Stoning of Soraya M.

text: Stranded in the remote Iranian village of Kuhpayeh by car trouble, a journalist is approached by Zahra, a woman with a harrowing tale to tell about her niece, Soraya, and the bloody circumstances of Soraya's death by stoning the previous day. The two sit down as Zahra recounts the story to Freidoune, who records the conversation. The journalist must escape with his life to tell the story to the rest of the world.


title: The Stoning of Soraya M.

text: Ali is Soraya's abusive husband who tries to get the village's mullah to convince Soraya to grant him a divorce so that he can marry a 14-year-old girl. Ali is able to convince the mullah by making threats to tell the village about his past as a convict.


title: The Stoning of Soraya M.

text: Ali's marriage to the teenager is conditional upon Ali's ability to save the girl's father, a doctor who has been sentenced to death for an unspecified crime. Soraya has two sons whom Ali wants. After a woman dies, Ali asks Zahra to persuade Soraya to care for the woman's now-widowed husband. Soraya starts working for the widower, and Ali uses this situation to spread lies that Soraya is being unfaithful to him so that she will be stoned and he can remarry. Ali knows if Soraya were dead, he would not have to pay child support either. Ali and the mullah start a rumor about her infidelity so they can charge her with adultery. They need one more witness to her "infidelity" to be able to formally charge her. They manipulate and threaten the widower into backing up their story. Ali then drags Soraya through the streets, beating her and publicly declaring that she has been unfaithful. Zahra intervenes, and takes her niece, Ali, and the mayor to talk privately. They bring the widower to the home, and, after he lies as instructed, a trial is pursued. Only men, including Soraya's father, are allowed while Soraya is confined in Zahra's house. She is quickly convicted. Zahra tries to flee with her and after realizing she cannot, pleads with the mayor for her life, even offering to switch places with Soraya. The conviction is upheld.


title: The Stoning of Soraya M.

text: Soraya's father is given the first stone to throw, but he misses her repeatedly. A woman in the crowd pleads to the mayor that the stones missing are a sign that Soraya is innocent, but none of the men listen. Ali takes up stones and throws them himself. Her two sons are also forced to throw stones. The widower is given stones as well but instead walks away in tears. The crowd finally joins in and Soraya is stoned to death.


title: The Stoning of Soraya M.

text: In the present, the widower informs the journalist that his car is fixed. The mullah and the widower are informed by Ali that his marriage to the teenage girl is off, implying that he could not spare her father from execution. Angry at Ali and the mullah, the widower admits that he lied. As the journalist attempts to leave, the mullah orders a Revolutionary Guard to stop him at gunpoint. They seize his tape recorder and destroy the tapes. Zahra then appears with the true tape in her hand. Men attempt to run after the car as the journalist drives away and escapes. Zahra triumphantly declares that now the whole world will know of the injustice that has happened.


title: The Stoning of Soraya M.

text: Film received financing led by Mpower Pictures, the company started by President John Shepherd, Stephen McEveety, and Todd Burns. Additional financing came from


title: The Stoning of Soraya M.

text: "The Stoning of Soraya M." received generally mixed reviews. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives it a 59% approval rating, with an average score of 6 out of 10, based on 86 collected reviews. Its consensus states: ""The Stoning of Soraya M." nearly transcends its deficiencies through the sheer strength of its subject material, but ultimately drowns out its message with an inappropriately heavy-handed approach." On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, gives the film an average score of 50 based on 20 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Enzo Fittipaldi

text: Enzo Fittipaldi da Cruz (born 18 July 2001) is a Brazilian-American racing driver, who is set to compete in the FIA Formula 2 Championship with Carlin. After signing with Carlin, he became a member of the Red Bull Junior Team in November 2022, and was a previous member of the Ferrari Driver Academy.


title: Enzo Fittipaldi

text: He is grandson of two-time Formula 1 champion Emerson Fittipaldi by his daughter Juliana and Carlos da Cruz, and brother of racing driver Pietro Fittipaldi.


title: Enzo Fittipaldi

text: Not much is known about Fittipaldi's karting career, he took a high of sixth place in the 2009 USA Rotax Grand Nationals in the Micro Max category. Fitttipaldi also won the East Coast Karting Championship in 2014.


title: Enzo Fittipaldi

text: In 2016, Fittipaldi graduated to car racing in the Ginetta Junior Championship with Douglas Motorsport. He finished 18th in the championship with a best race finish of eighth, despite missing the final three rounds.


title: Enzo Fittipaldi

text: In 2017, Fittipaldi signed with Prema Powerteam for the Italian F4 Championship. He was massively outperformed by teammate and eventual champion Marcus Armstrong. Fittipaldi achieved a highest finish of fifth place four times, leading him to finish ninth in the championship. In the 2017 ADAC Formula 4 Championship, Fittipaldi competed as a guest driver.


title: Enzo Fittipaldi

text: In 2018, Fittipaldi remained with Prema Powerteam for the Italian F4 Championship. In the first race of the year, he duly went to take his maiden single-seater victory at Adria, later winning again in the third race. However, he would not win for another two rounds, and lost the championship lead heading into Misano. There, he would take all available points by winning all three races which saw him regain the championship lead. Despite not winning for the next two rounds, a double Mugello win saw him seal the title at the final race.


title: Enzo Fittipaldi

text: In ADAC Formula 4, in a season which was dominated by eventual champion Lirim Zendeli, Fittipaldi's sole win came at the second Hockenheimring round. He also picked up eight other podiums throughout the season and finished the year third overall.


title: Enzo Fittipaldi

text: In 2019 Fittipaldi competed in the 2019 Formula Regional European Championship for the Prema Powerteam alongside Frederik Vesti and Olli Caldwell. Fittipaldi's opening to the season was clean, standing on the podium on all races during the opening three rounds. This included a win in just his second race, although he did not stand on the step of the rostrum due to previous winner Olli Caldwell being disqualified post-race. Following that however, he could only score five more podiums in the remaining five rounds, one of which was at Imola where he took another win. Overall, he won two races, scored 11 more podiums and finished runner-up in the championship, only behind Vesti. He also helped his team win the team championship.


title: Enzo Fittipaldi

text: During the 2019 F3 post-season testing, Fittipaldi was invited to drive for Prema Racing during the second day. At the start of January 2020, Fittipaldi was announced to be driving for HWA Racelab in the 2020 FIA Formula 3 Championship, partnering Jake Hughes and Red Bull junior Jack Doohan. He started his season strong at the Red Bull Ring despite qualifying 29th, he charged forward in both races to take his first points with ninth in Race 2. The third round in Budapest saw Fittipaldi make another Race 2 charge, to finish ninth yet again and claiming points. A penalty robbed him from another point in the second Silverstone round, but improved his personal best result to eighth in the following Barcelona round. In Spa-Francorchamps despite not earning points, Fittipaldi made another Race 2 charge, climbing 14 places from 26th to end 12th. He scored another ninth place in Monza during Race 1, and another strong result was lost due to a puncture following contact with Lirim Zendeli in Race 2. He had his best weekend of the season in Mugello season finale, sealing an impressive fifth in qualifying, before being promoted to start fourth. He managed to secure fifth and fourth places in the races, which tripled his points tally. Fittipaldi placed 15th in the standings, eight places behind his vastly more experienced teammate Hughes, but eleven positions ahead of fellow rookie Doohan.


title: Enzo Fittipaldi

text: In May 2021, it was announced that Fittipaldi would switch to Charouz Racing System in the 2021 FIA Formula 3 Championship, partnering Reshad de Gerus and Logan Sargeant. By finishing 12th in Race 1, He scored reverse pole for Race 2. There, he battled with David Schumacher until lap 15, where he collided with him, sending Schumacher out of the race. A lap later, he would slow and retire with electrical issues. Despite not scoring in Paul Ricard and his points tally remaining at zero, he stated that the Charouz atmosphere "one of the best [I've] ever felt". At the Red Bull Ring, Fittipaldi finished 11th on the road, but numerous penalties promoted to fourth, scoring his first points of the year. He finished eighth in Race 2 despite being airborne for a second. At the Hungaroring, finishing 12th in Race 1 gave him reverse pole again for Race 2. He maintained his lead, until lap 4, where Matteo Nannini passed him. Fittipaldi remained in second place and duly claimed his first F3 podium. Fittipaldi surged to finish ninth in Race 3.


title: Enzo Fittipaldi

text: Following that however, Fittipaldi was replaced in his seat by American Hunter Yeany. Overall, Fittipaldi claimed 25 points and ended 17th in the championship.


title: Enzo Fittipaldi

text: In February 2021 it was confirmed that Fittipaldi would compete in the Indy Pro 2000 Championship for RP Motorsport. However, after the first round of the season the Brazilian left the championship. In an interview with his former F3 teammate Jake Hughes in June of that year Fittipaldi confirmed that he would not be returning to the series.


title: Enzo Fittipaldi

text: In September 2021 it was announced that Fittipaldi would step up to Formula 2 to race throughout the second half of the season with Charouz Racing System, alongside compatriot Guilherme Samaia. Fittipaldi replaced David Beckmann, who was forced to vacate his seat due to financial difficulties, in the Charouz line-up. A few days before his debut weekend Fittipaldi stated that he "wasn't really expecting" his F2 call-up before it happened, but was "looking forward to [racing at Monza]".


title: Enzo Fittipaldi

text: His first round in Monza was positive, he originally finished ninth in the feature race but was demoted five seconds due to a penalty which dropped him to 11th. Another solid weekend came in Sochi, finishing the feature race 12th. At the start of December, MUSEO2.0 started to sponsor him from then on. Fittipaldi would then go on to take his first points of his Formula 2 career by finishing seventh in the second sprint race in Jeddah.


title: Enzo Fittipaldi

text: The following day, Fittipaldi was involved in an incident at the start of the feature race in which he hit the stalled car of Théo Pourchaire from behind. Both drivers were extracted and given medical treatment, before Fittipaldi was transferred to the King Fahad Armed Forces Hospital via helicopter. Later that night his brother Pietro reported that he [Enzo] was awake, and that he had only sustained a fracture of his right heel as well as a cut above his left eye.


title: Enzo Fittipaldi

text: Fittipaldi was not able to compete in the final round of the 2021 championship due to his injuries, being replaced for the weekend by Richard Verschoor. On 12 December 2021, the day of the Abu Dhabi feature race, Fittipaldi was discharged and soon returned to his home. Fittipaldi was 20th in the standings, with two points.


title: Enzo Fittipaldi

text: On 16 February 2022, Fittipaldi announced that he would remain with Charouz for 2022, partnering Euroformula Open graduate Cem Bölükbaşı. Fittipaldi failed to score points in the opening two rounds, taking 11th place twice. In Imola he qualified 15th, but was demoted three places for the sprint race due to impeding, he finished the race in 12th. In the feature race, as a result of an opportunistic tyre strategy, Fittipaldi found himself in a net fifth place following the pit stops. A crash for Roy Nissany followed, and in the last laps passed Logan Sargeant and Ralph Boschung for second place, and his first F2 podium. This would become the starting point for a run of consistent points finishes. The Brazilian qualified 11th, missing out on reverse pole by 15 thousandths. He managed to take the final points' positions in eighth during the sprint race, courtesy of overtaking Jake Hughes on the fourth last lap. In the feature race, an alternate strategy he was on proved to be successful, overtaking car after car to claim sixth place.


title: Enzo Fittipaldi

text: In Monaco, Fittipaldi qualified sixth. His races were relatively quiet, finishing the sprint race in fourth and the feature race in fifth, scoring decent points. He qualified a low 16th in Baku. His sprint race ended in disappointment, as he made a failed overtake on Jüri Vips for tenth, instead clouting the wall and damaging his suspension. In a chaotic feature race, Fittipaldi rose to sixth, thanks to a late crash from Vips. In Silverstone, he qualified ninth to start second in the sprint race. He managed to overtake reverse polesitter Jehan Daruvala in a rain-affected race on lap 5. He lost two positions to Jack Doohan and Ayumu Iwasa but nevertheless claimed a second podium in third. Fittipaldi lost on the final points position in the feature race on the last lap, being passed by Jake Hughes. At the Red Bull Ring he qualified 12th, and finished eighth after penalties were given to Iwasa and Frederik Vesti ahead. In the feature race, the right decision to put slick tyres on a drying track paid off, and was well in the top 5 following the pit stops. He eventually ended fifth, but due to penalties awarded to the drivers ahead of him, Fittipaldi was promoted to second place.


title: Enzo Fittipaldi

text: A disappointing round in Paul Ricard a car issue meant he was confined to 14th. Worst was to come as he stalled at the start of the sprint race and retiring after colliding with Roberto Merhi, which earned a five-place grid drop. He finished tenth in the feature race and added a point, only because Richard Verschoor suffered an engine issue ahead and retired. However, Fittipaldi would experience his best round of the season in Hungary, qualifying in ninth place. He took the lead at the start from Doohan in the sprint race into the first corner, but locked up at the next turn and fell to third place. He would stay there for the remainder of the race and collect another podium. In the feature race, he was up to fifth by lap 4, and made a successsful overcut during the pit stops that saw him jump to second place behind Théo Pourchaire. third and second respectively in Hungary. Heading into the summer break, the Brazilian sat fourth in the standings with 100 points.


title: Enzo Fittipaldi

text: In Spa-Francorchamps, he had his best qualifying yet, qualifying second. After finishing the sprint race in 13th, he dropped two places to fourth at the start of the feature race, and was involved in a tight battle with Liam Lawson and eventually finished fifth. However, he was demoted to tenth place after gaining a place on Lawson off-track. In Zandvoort, he qualified 13th and finished the sprint race in the same position. In a hectic feature race, Fittipaldi claimed fifth place, staying out of trouble.


title: Enzo Fittipaldi

text: In Monza, he qualified 16th. After an uneventful sprint race where he ended 12th, a better feature race saw him pit at the right time, and end up in fourth place, but was promoted to third as Iwasa was disqualified ahead. A disappointing Abu Dhabi round saw Fittipaldi end his season with a collision with Jehan Daruvala in the sprint race, and 14th in the feature race. Fittipaldi ended the 2022 season in eighth place in the standings, scoring 126 points and six podium finishes.


title: Enzo Fittipaldi

text: After the end of the campaign, his brother Pietro revealed that Fittipaldi had had to undergo brain surgery as a result of a brain haemorrhage, which nearly caused him to miss the season opener.


title: Enzo Fittipaldi

text: At the conclusion of the 2022 season, Fittipaldi tested for Carlin during the Abu Dhabi post-season test.


title: Enzo Fittipaldi

text: In November 2016, Fittipaldi was among five drivers invited to join the Ferrari Driver Academy and was confirmed as a member alongside Marcus Armstrong the following month. In the winter of 2021 the Brazilian and Ferrari parted ways.


title: Enzo Fittipaldi

text: In November 2022 it was announced that Fittipaldi would join the Red Bull Junior Team as a full member.


title: Yellow Line (Delhi Metro)

text: The Yellow Line (Line 2) is a metro rail line of the Delhi Metro, a rapid transit system in Delhi, India. It consists of 37 stations from Samaypur Badli in Delhi to HUDA City Centre in the neighbouring city of Gurgaon in Haryana. The line with a length of is mostly underground and has been laid under one of the most congested parts of Delhi.


title: Yellow Line (Delhi Metro)

text: It is the 3rd longest metro line on the Delhi Metro network. This line covers Outer Delhi, North Delhi, through Central Delhi and South Delhi and finally Gurgaon. The Yellow line has interchanges with the Red, Blue, Violet, Pink and Magenta lines of the Delhi Metro, as well as with the Old Delhi and New Delhi railway stations of the Indian Railways. The Line also connects with the Airport Express Line at New Delhi metro station. Chawri Bazar metro station is the second deepest station of the Delhi Metro network and is situated about below ground level and has 18 escalators.


title: Yellow Line (Delhi Metro)

text: The following dates represent the dates the section opened to the public, not the private inauguration.


title: Head Above Water (album)

text: Head Above Water is the sixth studio album by Canadian singer-songwriter Avril Lavigne. It was released on February 15, 2019, through BMG Rights Management. It is Lavigne's first studio release since her self-titled fifth studio album (2013), marking the longest gap between two of her studio albums, and is her first and only album recorded for the new incarnation of BMG (she was originally signed to the first incarnation of BMG, which later became Sony Music). She assumed an integral role in the album's production and collaborated with several producers including Chad Kroeger, Stephan Moccio, Chris Baseford, Johan Carlsson, Lauren Christy from The Matrix, Ryan Cabrera, Travis Clark of We the Kings, Bonnie McKee, JR Rotem and Mitch Allan among others.


title: Head Above Water (album)

text: The album draws inspiration from Lavigne's battle with Lyme disease, with her describing the album as an "emotional journey". The title track was released as the lead single from the album in September 2018, followed by "Tell Me It's Over" as the second single in December 2018, "Dumb Blonde" as the third single the week of the album's release, a collaboration with rapper Nicki Minaj and "I Fell in Love with the Devil" as the fourth single in June 2019.


title: Head Above Water (album)

text: "Head Above Water" received generally mixed reviews from music critics. While some praised Lavigne's vocal performance, themes and maturity compared to the singer's previous works, some noted the "generic" sound of the album, criticizing the lyrics and production of certain songs. The album debuted at number five on the "Billboard" Canadian Albums chart, making it Lavigne's sixth album to enter the top ten in Canada. In the United States the album debuted at number thirteen on the Billboard 200 chart. In the United Kingdom the album debuted and peaked at number ten on the UK Albums OCC chart.


title: Head Above Water (album)

text: In support of the album, Lavigne embarked on the Head Above Water Tour, starting on September 14, 2019 (her first tour in nearly five years following the Avril Lavigne Tour).


title: Head Above Water (album)

text: In December 2014, Lavigne was diagnosed with Lyme disease. According to her, she "sat behind a piano and sang past the pain". The songs on the album are inspired by her battle with Lyme disease. On December 25, 2016, Lavigne announced that she would release the album in 2017. On March 1, 2017, Lavigne announced that she had signed with BMG Rights Management and promised to release the album in 2017. On January 21, 2018, Lavigne responded to a fan on Twitter about the album, saying: "[The album is] personal, dear, intimate, dramatic, raw, powerful, strong and unexpected. This record is a true emotional journey." On February 7, 2018, Lavigne posted on Twitter about the album, saying: "I've started mixing my album and all of the pieces are finally coming together. These songs are so close to my heart. Wish me luck while I throw every last drop of me into these final stages." In May, Lavigne finished recording the album, though she was reported to have worked with songwriter Bonnie McKee afterwards.


title: Head Above Water (album)

text: On July 7, 2018, Lavigne stated that the album cover was being shot that week. On August 18, 2018, Lavigne posted on her social media: "Exciting things coming" and "prepping for my video shoot". On September 6, 2018, Lavigne posted a letter to her fans on her official website, revealing she wrote and recorded most of the album on her couch due to Lyme disease. She also stated that "Head Above Water" was the first song she wrote for the album. To Lavigne, recording this album was a "victorious moment" and a "huge accomplishment", describing it as "a very strong, triumphant, powerful and true record to me and my experiences over the last few years". On December 7, the singer revealed that the name of the album as "Head Above Water" and the tracklist. Along with revealing the album title, Lavigne also unveiled the cover artwork. The front cover shows her nude sitting in a pool of water holding an acoustic guitar close to her body.


title: Head Above Water (album)

text: In an interview with "Entertainment Weekly", Lavigne explained that she "wanted to make this record about the vocals so you could really hear the lyrics and feel the emotion because sometimes the music can be overbearing", and to "explore with different sounds like "Crush" and "Tell Me It's Over"; they're a little bit more throwback and jazzy." She also described the album as "going back to my roots — I got my start in church and musical theater before I started writing my own music.".


title: Head Above Water (album)

text: "Head Above Water" opens with its title track, an "empowering" pop rock and Christian rock ballad, backed by steady-building mix of piano, strings, synths and thunderous drums".


title: Head Above Water (album)

text: Second track "Birdie" contains "gloomy, feet-crunching-in snow beats" and lyrics about feeling trapped. Regarding the song's inspiration, Lavigne said "I had that concept in my head two years before I wrote it. I was feeling bad. I kept saying to myself, "I feel like I'm a bird locked up in a cage. I feel like I'm in jail." I was just stuck with a bunch of s–t. That's where that concept came from. It's not necessarily about my illness but about other stuff in my life. I love that song because it has an empowering message of standing up for yourself, doing something about a situation you're in, taking charge, and removing yourself. I think a lot of people can relate to that whether that's a toxic relationship they're in, or they're not happy with their job."


title: Head Above Water (album)

text: Third track "I Fell in Love with the Devil" is an "ominous, tightly crafted rumination on toxic relationships", which Lavigne wrote "as a constant reminder to [herself] that some of the darkest people in this world can be disguised as angels".


title: Head Above Water (album)

text: The album's fourth track and second single "Tell Me It's Over" is a Memphis soul and rhythm and blues ballad. Lavigne explained in a statement that the song is about "being strong, finally putting your foot down and closing the door on a relationship that you know is wrong after time and time again of falling for their games." About her inspirations to write the song, Lavigne said, "The vocals and the lyrics are very vulnerable which is reflective of the feelings I had in relationships like these. I wanted to write something classic and have been inspired by some of the timeless queens I listen to everyday at home, Billie Holiday, Ella Fitzgerald, Aretha Franklin and Etta James."


title: Head Above Water (album)

text: Fifth track and third single "Dumb Blonde" is a "fiery" and "plucky" mix of pop, pop punk, power pop, hip hop, punk rock and urban music; with Lavigne describing the conception of the song as "something I actually went through where I had an experience with someone calling me a dumb blonde. I was like, 'Ooh that's a good concept and title.' It started as a misogynist intimidated by my independence. I just thought that was really unfair."


title: Head Above Water (album)

text: Sixth track "It Was in Me" is an "earnestly delivered self-empowerment anthem", which Lavigne compared to her 2002 single "I'm with You". Seventh track "Souvenir" was described by "Pitchfork" as a "sun-drenched love song", and features lyrics "guardedly optimistic about a new love".


title: Head Above Water (album)

text: Ninth track "Goddess" "comes on with a playful note, wishing for a simpler time with breezy sonic flair", while tenth track "Bigger Wow" was said by "NME" to "sound like a cross between Shania Twain and Sheryl Crow". Eleventh track "Love Me Insane" was described by "Rolling Stone" as containing a "half-yodel" which "is a hook in itself". Twelfth and final track "Warrior" is a ballad described by Lavigne as "one of the first songs I wrote for the album" and according to her, is "about the health battle I continue to fight every day".


title: Head Above Water (album)

text: The song "Head Above Water" serves as the album's lead single. It was released on September 19, 2018, and impacted hot adult contemporary radio and Christian radio on October 8, 2018. The song was described as "a powerful, spiritual epiphany detailing the Canadian singer's journey through her battle with Lyme disease." The single was certified 2× Platinum in Canada and Platinum in Brazil and US.


title: Head Above Water (album)

text: "Tell Me It's Over" was announced as the second single from the album on December 5, 2018, and was released the following December 12, with the album's pre-order. The album's third single, "Dumb Blonde", was released on February 12, 2019, featuring rapper Nicki Minaj, it debuted at number ninety-two on the Canadian Singles chart. "I Fell in Love with the Devil" was announced as the fourth single from the album on June 7, 2019, and was released on June 28.


title: Head Above Water (album)

text: "We Are Warriors" was released as a new version of her song "Warrior", and was released as a charity single on April 24, 2020, for the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Head Above Water (album)

text: "Head Above Water" received mixed reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album has an average score of 55 based on 12 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Head Above Water (album)

text: Lavigne's vocals were complimented by critics; Arielle Gordon, writing for "Pitchfork", commented that "Head Above Water" "is an album about resilience, one that explores the range of her vocal chords, with little time for the scream-singing that once defined her sound"; and David Needleman of "Rolling Stone" writing that Lavigne has "never sounded stronger or more vocally confident". The album was also noted to show maturity compared to Lavigne's previous works; with Nick Levine of "NME" writing that "Head Above Water" "isn't her most banging album, but it is a deeply honest one that sounds a lot like growing up gracefully."


title: Head Above Water (album)

text: Many critics noted a generic sound to the album. Alexandra Pollard from "The Independent" wrote that the album "might not have found a musical identity that truly becomes her, but Head Above Water is an effective, and occasionally affecting, album". In an article for "Exclaim!", Ian Gormely observed that "Across the record's 12 tracks, Lavigne tries on a variety of styles, inhabiting each with ease, but rarely manages to rise above and make the sound her own". Marianna Lozowska called the album "boring", being "[Lavigne's] own worst nightmare" while writing for "Now". Dylan Tuck gave the album 2/5 stars in an article for "The Skinny", acknowledging the powerful ballads such as the lead single, but negatively spoke about the majority of the album, noting that "it [felt] much like a lost Lavigne seeking a sound that’ll just keep her afloat".


title: Head Above Water (album)

text: "Head Above Water" debuted at number five on the "Billboard" Canadian Albums chart. In the United States the album debuted at number thirteen on the US "Billboard" 200 chart, with 29,000 units on its first week. It also became the lowest entry on the chart, comparing to the previous one, "Avril Lavigne" (2013) that sold 44,000 copies. On the "Billboard" Independent Albums, the album peaked at number one. In the United Kingdom the album debuted and peaked at number 10 with 5,766 units sold. It also went straight to number one on the UK Independent Albums. In Germany, the album debuted at number three, making it her best performance on the chart since "The Best Damn Thing" (2007). Overall, the album reached top 10 positions in 10 countries. In Japan, the album had sold 42,424 copies by the end 2019.


title: Digital audio

text: Digital audio is a representation of sound recorded in, or converted into, digital form. In digital audio, the sound wave of the audio signal is typically encoded as numerical samples in a continuous sequence. For example, in CD audio, samples are taken 44,100 times per second, each with 16-bit sample depth. Digital audio is also the name for the entire technology of sound recording and reproduction using audio signals that have been encoded in digital form. Following significant advances in digital audio technology during the 1970s and 1980s, it gradually replaced analog audio technology in many areas of audio engineering, record production and telecommunications in the 1990s and 2000s


title: Digital audio

text: In a digital audio system, an analog electrical signal representing the sound is converted with an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) into a digital signal, typically using pulse-code modulation (PCM). This digital signal can then be recorded, edited, modified, and copied using computers, audio playback machines, and other digital tools. For playback, a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) performs the reverse process, converting a digital signal back into an analog signal, which is then sent through an audio power amplifier and ultimately to a loudspeaker.


title: Digital audio

text: Digital audio systems may include compression, storage, processing, and transmission components. Conversion to a digital format allows convenient manipulation, storage, transmission, and retrieval of an audio signal. Unlike analog audio, in which making copies of a recording results in generation loss and degradation of signal quality, digital audio allows an infinite number of copies to be made without any degradation of signal quality.


title: Digital audio

text: Digital audio technologies are used in the recording, manipulation, mass-production, and distribution of sound, including recordings of songs, instrumental pieces, podcasts, sound effects, and other sounds. Modern online music distribution depends on digital recording and data compression. The availability of music as data files, rather than as physical objects, has significantly reduced the costs of distribution as well as made it easier to share copies. Before digital audio, the music industry distributed and sold music by selling physical copies in the form of records and cassette tapes. With digital-audio and online distribution systems such as iTunes, companies sell digital sound files to consumers, which the consumer receives over the Internet. Popular streaming services such as Apple Music, Spotify, or Youtube, offer temporary access to the digital file, and are now the most common form of music consumption


title: Digital audio

text: An analog audio system converts physical waveforms of sound into electrical representations of those waveforms by use of a transducer, such as a microphone. The sounds are then stored on an analog medium such as magnetic tape, or transmitted through an analog medium such as a telephone line or radio. The process is reversed for reproduction: the electrical audio signal is amplified and then converted back into physical waveforms via a loudspeaker. Analog audio retains its fundamental wave-like characteristics throughout its storage, transformation, duplication, and amplification.


title: Digital audio

text: Analog audio signals are susceptible to noise and distortion, due to the innate characteristics of electronic circuits and associated devices. Disturbances in a digital system do not result in error unless they are so large as to result in a symbol being misinterpreted as another symbol or disturb the sequence of symbols. It is therefore generally possible to have an entirely error-free digital audio system in which no noise or distortion is introduced between conversion to digital format and conversion back to analog.


title: Digital audio

text: A digital audio signal may be encoded for correction of any errors that might occur in the storage or transmission of the signal. This technique, known as channel coding, is essential for broadcast or recorded digital systems to maintain bit accuracy. Eight-to-fourteen modulation is the channel code used for the audio compact disc (CD).


title: Digital audio

text: If an audio signal is analog, a digital audio system starts with an ADC that converts an analog signal to a digital signal. The ADC runs at a specified sampling rate and converts at a known bit resolution. CD audio, for example, has a sampling rate of 44.1 kHz (44,100 samples per second), and has 16-bit resolution for each stereo channel. Analog signals that have not already been bandlimited must be passed through an anti-aliasing filter before conversion, to prevent the aliasing distortion that is caused by audio signals with frequencies higher than the Nyquist frequency (half the sampling rate).


title: Digital audio

text: A digital audio signal may be stored or transmitted. Digital audio can be stored on a CD, a digital audio player, a hard drive, a USB flash drive, or any other digital data storage device. The digital signal may be altered through digital signal processing, where it may be filtered or have effects applied. Sample-rate conversion including upsampling and downsampling may be used to change signals that have been encoded with a different sampling rate to a common sampling rate prior to processing. Audio data compression techniques, such as MP3, Advanced Audio Coding, Ogg Vorbis, or FLAC, are commonly employed to reduce the file size. Digital audio can be carried over digital audio interfaces such as AES3 or MADI. Digital audio can be carried over a network using audio over Ethernet, audio over IP or other streaming media standards and systems.


title: Digital audio

text: For playback, digital audio must be converted back to an analog signal with a DAC. According to the Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem, with some practical and theoretical restrictions, a band-limited version of the original analog signal can be accurately reconstructed from the digital signal.


title: Digital audio

text: During conversion, audio data can be embedded with a digital watermark to prevent piracy and unauthorized use. Watermarking is done using a direct-sequence spread-spectrum (DSSS) method. The audio information is then modulated by a pseudo-noise (PN) sequence, then shaped within the frequency domain and put back in the original signal. The strength of the embedding determines the strength of the watermark on the audio data.


title: Digital audio

text: Pulse-code modulation (PCM) was invented by British scientist Alec Reeves in 1937. In 1950, C. Chapin Cutler of Bell Labs filed the patent on differential pulse-code modulation (DPCM), a data compression algorithm. Adaptive DPCM (ADPCM) was introduced by P. Cummiskey, Nikil S. Jayant and James L. Flanagan at Bell Labs in 1973.


title: Digital audio

text: Perceptual coding was first used for speech coding compression, with linear predictive coding (LPC). Initial concepts for LPC date back to the work of Fumitada Itakura (Nagoya University) and Shuzo Saito (Nippon Telegraph and Telephone) in 1966. During the 1970s, Bishnu S. Atal and Manfred R. Schroeder at Bell Labs developed a form of LPC called adaptive predictive coding (APC), a perceptual coding algorithm that exploited the masking properties of the human ear, followed in the early 1980s with the code-excited linear prediction (CELP) algorithm.


title: Digital audio

text: Discrete cosine transform (DCT) coding, a lossy compression method first proposed by Nasir Ahmed in 1972, provided the basis for the modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT), which was developed by J. P. Princen, A. W. Johnson and A. B. Bradley in 1987. The MDCT is the basis for most audio coding standards, such as Dolby Digital (AC-3), MP3 (MPEG Layer III), Advanced Audio Coding (AAC), Windows Media Audio (WMA), and Vorbis (Ogg).


title: Digital audio

text: PCM was used in telecommunications applications long before its first use in commercial broadcast and recording. Commercial digital recording was pioneered in Japan by NHK and Nippon Columbia and their Denon brand, in the 1960s. The first commercial digital recordings were released in 1971.


title: Digital audio

text: The BBC also began to experiment with digital audio in the 1960s. By the early 1970s, it had developed a 2-channel recorder, and in 1972 it deployed a digital audio transmission system that linked their broadcast center to their remote transmitters.


title: Digital audio

text: The first 16-bit PCM recording in the United States was made by Thomas Stockham at the Santa Fe Opera in 1976, on a Soundstream recorder. An improved version of the Soundstream system was used to produce several classical recordings by Telarc in 1978. The 3M digital multitrack recorder in development at the time was based on BBC technology. The first all-digital album recorded on this machine was Ry Cooder's "Bop till You Drop" in 1979. British record label Decca began development of its own 2-track digital audio recorders in 1978 and released the first European digital recording in 1979.


title: Digital audio

text: Popular professional digital multitrack recorders produced by Sony/Studer (DASH) and Mitsubishi (ProDigi) in the early 1980s helped to bring about digital recording's acceptance by the major record companies. Machines for these formats had their own transports built-in as well, using reel-to-reel tape in either 1/4", 1/2", or 1" widths, with the audio data being recorded to the tape using a multi-track stationary tape head. PCM adaptors allowed for stereo digital audio recording on a conventional NTCS or PAL video tape recorder.


title: Digital audio

text: ADAT became available in the early 1990s, which allowed eight-track 44.1 or 48 kHz recording on S-VHS cassettes, and DTRS performed a similar function with Hi8 tapes.


title: Digital audio

text: Formats like ProDigi and DASH were referred to as SDAT (Stationary-head Digital Audio Tape) formats, as opposed to formats like the PCM adaptor-based systems and DAT, which were referred to as RDAT (Rotating-head Digital Audio Tape) formats, due to their helical-scan process of recording.


title: Digital audio

text: Like the DAT cassette, ProDigi and DASH machines also accommodated the obligatory 44.1 kHz sampling rate, but also 48 kHz on all machines, and eventually a 96 kHz sampling rate. They overcame the problems that made typical analog recorders unable to meet the bandwidth (frequency range) demands of digital recording by a combination of higher tape speeds, narrower head gaps used in combination with metal-formulation tapes, and the spreading of data across multiple parallel tracks.


title: Digital audio

text: Unlike analog systems, modern digital audio workstations and audio interfaces allow as many channels in as many different sampling rates as the computer can effectively run at a single time. Avid Audio and Steinberg released the first digital audio workstation software programs in 1989. Digital audio workstations make multitrack recording and mixing much easier for large projects which would otherwise be difficult with analog equipment.


title: Digital audio

text: The rapid development and wide adoption of PCM digital telephony was enabled by metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) switched capacitor (SC) circuit technology, developed in the early 1970s. This led to the development of PCM codec-filter chips in the late 1970s. The silicon-gate CMOS (complementary MOS) PCM codec-filter chip, developed by David A. Hodges and W.C. Black in 1980, has since been the industry standard for digital telephony. By the 1990s, telecommunication networks such as the public switched telephone network (PSTN) had been largely digitized with VLSI (very large-scale integration) CMOS PCM codec-filters, widely used in electronic switching systems for telephone exchanges, user-end modems and a range of digital transmission applications such as the integrated services digital network (ISDN), cordless telephones and cell phones.


title: Digital audio

text: Digital audio is used in broadcasting of audio. Standard technologies include Digital audio broadcasting (DAB), Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM), HD Radio and In-band on-channel (IBOC).


title: Digital audio

text: Digital audio in recording applications is stored on audio-specific technologies including CD, Digital Audio Tape (DAT), Digital Compact Cassette (DCC) and MiniDisc. Digital audio may be stored in a standard audio file formats and stored on a Hard disk recorder, Blu-ray or DVD-Audio. Files may be played back on smartphones, computers or MP3 player. Digital audio resolution is measured in sample depth. Most digital audio formats use a sample depth of either 16-bit, 24-bit, and 32-bit.


title: Digital audio

text: For personal computers, USB and IEEE 1394 have provisions to deliver real-time digital audio. USB interfaces have become increasingly popular among independent audio engineers and producers due to their small size and ease of use. In professional architectural or installation applications, many audio over Ethernet protocols and interfaces exist. In broadcasting, a more general audio over IP network technology is favored. In telephony voice over IP is used as a network interface for digital audio for voice communications.


title: Digital audio

text: Several interfaces are engineered to carry digital video and audio together, including HDMI and DisplayPort. Some interfaces offer MIDI support as well as XLR and TRS analog ports.


title: Brian Lee (wrestler)

text: Brian Lee Harris (born November 26, 1966) is an American retired professional wrestler. He is best known for his appearances with Extreme Championship Wrestling, Smoky Mountain Wrestling, and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling under the ring name Brian Lee and with the World Wrestling Federation as Chainz and an impersonator version of The Undertaker.


title: Brian Lee (wrestler)

text: Lee enjoyed most of his success in SMW, becoming the promotion's inaugural Heavyweight Champion in 1992, winning it a total of two times. He also held the Tag Team Championship and the Beat the Champ Television Championship twice each and was a mainstay of the promotion throughout its existence between 1991 and 1995.


title: Brian Lee (wrestler)

text: Brian Lee made his debut in 1988 for Jerry Jarrett's Continental Wrestling Association in Memphis, Tennessee. In 1989, the CWA merged with World Class Championship Wrestling to form United States Wrestling Association. He would remain with the USWA until 1991.


title: Brian Lee (wrestler)

text: Brian Lee would make an initial appearance at a WCW taping on April 23, 1990 in Marietta, Georgia when he defeated Bob Cook. He made his television debut at Clash of the Champions XIII on November 20, 1990 losing to The Z-Man.


title: Brian Lee (wrestler)

text: In November 1991 he returned to the promotion, this time teaming with Chris Sullivan. The duo were defeated by the combination of Diamond Dallas Page and The Diamond Studd in a match that would air on the December 7, 1991 edition of "World Championship Wrestling".


title: Brian Lee (wrestler)

text: Brian Lee made his first appearance at a TV taping for the World Wrestling Federation's "Wrestling Challenge" show, losing to Kevin Von Erich in a untelevised match. The match appeared to be a tryout for both wrestlers. Lee then wrestled in a dark match against Chris Walker the following day at the 1991 special Tuesday pay-per-view event This Tuesday in Texas, but lost the match. On October 28, 1992 Brian Lee received another tryout at a "Wrestling Challenge" taping in Louisville, Kentucky and was defeated by Jim Powers.


title: Brian Lee (wrestler)

text: He appeared in Smoky Mountain Wrestling (SMW) as the promotion's mainstay from 1992 until 1995 as "Prime Time" Brian Lee. Lee appeared at SMW's first televised show on February 2, 1992, where he defeated Barry Horowitz in his first SMW match and was pushed as the company's top heroic character. He instantly began his first rivalry with Dutch Mantell, which culminated in a match between the two on April 4 episode of "SMW TV", which Lee won to advance for the quarter-final round of a tournament to crown the promotion's first Heavyweight Champion. At Volunteer Slam, Lee defeated Buddy Landel, Dirty White Boy and Paul Orndorff to win the tournament and become the inaugural SMW Heavyweight Champion. Lee would retain the title against the likes of Barry Horowitz, Dirty White Boy and Buddy Landel while getting involved in a rivalry with Dirty White Boy and Paul Orndorff. At Summer Blast, Lee and Ron Garvin defeated the team of Orndorff and Dirty White Boy in a tag team match. Lee lost the title to Dirty White Boy after interference by Mongolian Mauler at Fire on the Mountain, ending his reign at 78 days. For the next two months, a mystery assailant named "The Master" sent several wrestlers after Lee and issued a $10,000 bounty over Lee's head until Master was revealed to be Kevin Sullivan on the November 7 episode of "SMW TV". Lee had a lengthy rivalry with Sullivan that culminated in a series of matches for the rest of 1992 until summer 1993. Lee defeated Sullivan in a Singapore Spike match at Bluegrass Brawl.


title: Brian Lee (wrestler)

text: On the May 1 episode of "SMW TV", Lee defeated Bobby Eaton to capture his first Beat the Champ Television Championship. Lee made his first successful title defense against Killer Kyle on the May 8 episode of "SMW TV". At Volunteer Slam II, Lee defeated Stan Lane and then teamed with Rock 'n' Roll Express, Jimmy Golden and Robert Fuller to defeat the team of Kevin Sullivan, Killer Kyle, The Tazmaniac and The Heavenly Bodies (Stan Lane and Tom Prichard) in a Rage in a Cage match. Lee would then defeat Sullivan in a Singapore Spike match at The Last Tango in Tennessee to end the feud. Lee would then retain the Beat the Champ Television Championship in title defenses against Jimmy Golden, The Dirty White Boy, Paul Lee and finally Robbie Eagle on the June 19 episode of "SMW TV", which resulted in Lee vacating the title after having won five consecutive title matches. After the match, Tracy Smothers interrupted an interview of Lee to cut his own promo which infuriated Lee.


title: Brian Lee (wrestler)

text: On June 24, Lee defeated Jimmy Golden, Killer Kyle and Tracy Smothers to win the King of Kentucky tournament. On the June 26 episode of "SMW TV", Lee turned into a villain for the first time in his SMW career by attacking Tracy Smothers after rescuing him from an assault by Kevin Sullivan and Jimmy Golden. He was joined by the debuting Tammy Fytch as his valet on the July 3 "SMW TV". This led to a feud between Lee and Smothers, which led to Lee defeating Smothers to win his second Heavyweight Championship on the July 24 "SMW TV". Lee made his first televised title defense against Tim Horner on the August 7 "SMW TV", where he retained the title via a disqualification after Smothers attacked Lee. Lee would then retain the title against Smothers after losing via disqualification at Hot Night in Morristown and in a Coal Miner's Glove match at Fire on the Mountain. Lee would then successfully defend the title against Mongolian Stomper at K-Town Showdown and Bobby Blaze on the September 4 episode of "SMW TV". He retained the title against the likes of Blaze, Smothers and The Dirty White Boy throughout the rest of the year and early 1994 until he lost the title to Dirty White Boy in a Chain match at Sunday Bloody Sunday on February 13, 1994. Lee would continue his feud with Dirty White Boy as Lee teamed with Fytch to take on Dirty White Boy and Dirty White Girl in a series of mixed tag team matches, which culminated in a street fight at Bluegrass Brawl II, which Lee and Fytch lost.


title: Brian Lee (wrestler)

text: After losing the Heavyweight Championship, Lee formed a tag team with Tammy Sytch's other client Chris Candido and began feuding with the Tag Team Champions Rock 'n' Roll Express, which led to Lee and Candido defeating Rock 'n' Roll Express for the Tag Team Championship at a house show on April 23. Lee and Candido successfully defended the titles against Rock 'n' Roll Express in a no disqualification, no time limit match at Volunteer Slam III. On the July 16 episode of "SMW TV", Lee unsuccessfully challenged Tracy Smothers for the Beat the Champ Television Championship. Lee and Candido dropped the titles back to Rock 'n' Roll Express at Night of Legends on August 5. However, the following night, at Fire on the Mountain, Lee and Candido defeated Rock 'n' Roll Express in a hair vs. hair match to win their second SMW Tag Team Championship. They successfully defended the titles against Rock 'n' Roll Express via disqualification at Battle of Beckley, before losing the title again to Rock 'n' Roll Express on the August 20 episode of "SMW TV", after Candido accidentally attacked Lee. This led to a post-match confrontation in which Fytch blamed Lee for the loss and Candido turned on Lee by attacking him, which led to Lee turning back into a fan favorite.


title: Brian Lee (wrestler)

text: Lee formed an alliance with Lance Storm and entered a brief feud with Candido and Boo Bradley and the two teams competed in a series of tag team matches. On the December 10 episode of "SMW TV", Lee defeated The Nightmare to win the vacant Beat the Champ Television Championship for the second time. He successfully defended the title against Inferno Brimstone and D-Lo Brown, before losing the belt to Buddy Landel on December 31 episode of "SMW TV". Lee then left SMW and began wrestling in the United States Wrestling Association (USWA). He made a one-off return to SMW at Fire on the Mountain on August 12, where he took on Brad Armstrong in a losing effort.


title: Brian Lee (wrestler)

text: In 1994, he briefly returned to the World Wrestling Federation to perform as an impostor version of The Undertaker. "The Million Dollar Man" Ted DiBiase, who originally introduced The Undertaker into the WWF at Survivor Series 1990, claimed to have found The Undertaker, who disappeared after losing a casket match to Yokozuna at the 1994 Royal Rumble. Shortly after this, Lee began appearing dressed as The Undertaker. DiBiase claimed that he had convinced The Undertaker to come back with his vast amounts of money and made him a member of his Million Dollar Corporation, with his powers now derived from DiBiase's riches instead of the urn that he or his manager, Paul Bearer, toted with him to the ring. For several weeks, Lee wrestled matches as The Undertaker, his debut being a victory over Mike Bell on the July 4, 1994, edition of Monday Night Raw. Bearer "made contact" with the real Undertaker and promised to produce him at SummerSlam in August 1994. At the event, DiBiase's impostor Undertaker faced off against the actual Undertaker and was defeated. After the match, DiBiase fled from ringside while The Undertaker rolled the impostor into a casket that was taken away. Although the idea was for Lee to continue portraying the impostor Undertaker for some time afterward and to have more matches against the actual Undertaker, the WWF dropped the story after SummerSlam 1994.


title: Brian Lee (wrestler)

text: After SummerSlam 1994, Lee returned to SMW and also returned to the United States Wrestling Association. It was in the USWA that he first teamed with his real life cousins, Ron and Don Harris, then known as the Bruise Brothers.


title: Brian Lee (wrestler)

text: By early 1996, Lee began competing in Extreme Championship Wrestling. During this period, he went by the nicknames "Prime Time" Brian Lee, "Bulldozer" (or Bulldozer for Hire) and later "Killdozer" and was allied with Raven as a hired bodyguard for his stable.


title: Brian Lee (wrestler)

text: Lee and Tommy Dreamer then got involved in a very violent and personal feud, which began through Dreamer's feud with Raven. At the ECW event Fight The Power on June 1, during a six-man tag match, Brian Lee chokeslammed Dreamer from the ECW balcony through three stacked tables, then pinned Dreamer for the win. The footage was frequently used during ECW's opening video montage.


title: Brian Lee (wrestler)

text: On June 22, at Hardcore Heaven, after losing a singles match to Dreamer after Dreamer's valet Beulah McGillicutty got involved, Lee again chokeslammed Dreamer off a balcony through three tables. At Heat Wave, during a three on three "Rage in the Cage" tag team cage match, Lee again chokeslammed Dreamer, this time from the top of the cage through three tables set up on the outside by Raven's henchmen. On October 5 at Ultimate Jeopardy during a tag match also involving Sandman and Stevie Richards, Lee once again chokeslammed Dreamer from the ECW balcony, this time through four tables set up below.


title: Brian Lee (wrestler)

text: At several house shows released on ECW Fan Cam, Lee and Dreamer had Falls Count Anywhere matches which resulted in the two men brawling in moving traffic outside the building. The feud culminated at High Incident, in the match Lee is most remembered for from his ECW tenure. During his Scaffold Match with Dreamer, Lee took a major bump from the scaffolding high above the ring through a series of tables stacked up inside the ring.


title: Brian Lee (wrestler)

text: At November to Remember, the main event was a tag match pitting Dreamer with Terry Funk against Shane Douglas and Lee. From here, Lee began a feud with Funk, which lasted until 1997. Lee also became a part of the revived Triple Threat stable with Douglas and Chris Candido, while a masked man who was hinted at to be Rick Rude began stalking Douglas. At ECW's ECW Barely Legal, it was revealed that the masked man was Lee himself. He attacked Shane Douglas and kissed Francine before leaving the ring with Rick Rude. Lee left ECW soon after. His spot was subsequently taken by Bam Bam Bigelow.


title: Brian Lee (wrestler)

text: In June 1997, Lee returned to the WWF as "Chainz", a member of the biker faction Disciples of Apocalypse (or DOA) along with leader Crush and his cousins, the Harris Brothers, who were renamed Skull and 8-Ball. The reason Crush formed this faction was to get revenge on his former faction The Nation of Domination, who's leader Faarooq fired him. Chainz had his debut match on the June 28, 1997, edition of Shotgun Saturday Night tag teaming with Crush and defeating The Headbangers. Afterwards, the foursome continued feuding with The Nation of Domination and also feuded Los Boricuas and The Truth Commission during the WWF's "Gang Warz" storyline. Crush left the company at the end of November 1997 in protest of the Montreal Screwjob and believing he'd be better off in WCW, as they were winning the Monday Night Wars. After Crush left, Chainz became the new leader of the DOA. Then the faction would go onto feuding with D-Generation X and LOD 2000. Chainz remained in the WWF until the summer of 1998. His last match in the company was on June 15, 1998, on an episode of Raw is War, which was a loss to Val Venis. After this match he was released from the company once again.


title: Brian Lee (wrestler)

text: After being released from the WWF in June 1998, Brian Lee entered some independent companies in 1998, as Chainz. He entered New Breed Wrestling (NBW), where he and "Jackmaster" John Diamond defeated Primo Carnera III and Tony DeVito. He entered Lutte Familiale, for the company's Lutte 2000 event, where he defeated Brian Christopher. He entered American States Wrestling Alliance (ASWA), for the company's ASWA Vault event, where he defeated Jimmie Lee. He also entered New Dimension Wrestling (NDW), where he defeated The Dark Patriot.


title: Brian Lee (wrestler)

text: On May 2, 1999, Brian Lee entered Pro Wrestling International as Chainz, where he had a match against Tatanka, which he lost by disqualification. On May 8, 1999, Brian Lee (as Chainz) and his manager Poindexter entered Universal Wrestling Council, where he wrestled Tom Brandi. Unfortunately he had a miscalculation with Poindexter and hit him by mistake, allowing Tom Brandi to roll Chainz up from behind and get a pinfall victory on him. After the match, Chainz beat up Poindexter, blaming him for the loss and fired him. Brian Lee (as Chainz) also was a regular for the company Championship Wrestling (CW), which was an independent wrestling company featuring appearances from up and coming wrestlers and wrestlers who were previously in big name companies. There were high profile wrestlers from major wrestling companies entering CW for one-off matches also. His first match in this company was on February 11, 1999, where he defeated Scott Stone and his last was on July 21, 1999, which was a double count-out with Vincent.


title: Brian Lee (wrestler)

text: On January 4, 2002, Brian Lee entered IWA Puerto Rico for the first night of their 3 night event IWA Histeria Boricua 2002 and had a match against Shane the Glamour Boy, which ended in a no contest. On January 6, 2002, Brian Lee (as Chainz) challenged Apolo for the IWA Undisputed World Heavyweight Championship on the third night of the 3 night event, but lost the match.


title: Brian Lee (wrestler)

text: Brian Lee debuted in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling on August 14, 2002, when he tag teamed with David Young taking on America's Most Wanted ("Cowboy" James Storm and "Wildcat" Chris Harris) in a dark match on NWA-TNA Saturday morning, which they lost. He appeared on the same show the following week, in his first televised match in the company, where he tag teamed with Ron Harris, taking on America's Most Wanted, which they lost. He would tag team with Ron Harris for two more matches, which were two more losing efforts to America's Most Wanted, then the team disbanded. On October 30, 2002, he joined The Disciples of The New Church and formed a tag team with Slash, under the leadership of manager Father James Mitchell. In their debut match on November 6, 2002, they took on America's Most Wanted for the NWA World Tag Team Championship, but lost the match by disqualification. The following week, on November 13, 2002, they defeated America's Most Wanted and captured the NWA World Tag Team Championship from them and ended their undefeated streak. They later lost the titles back to America's Most Wanted on January 8, 2003. In his final match in the company, on July 30, 2003, he teamed with Slash and Shane Douglas, in a Falls Count Anywhere Clockwork Orange House of Fun match against Raven, Julio Dinero, and Alexis Laree, in which he and his team were victorious.


title: Brian Lee (wrestler)

text: After leaving Total Nonstop Action Wrestling, Brian Lee appeared from time to time on smaller independent events from 2003-2006.


title: Brian Lee (wrestler)

text: Brian Lee appeared in a United States Wrestling Organization (USWO) match on August 17, 2012, tag teaming with Wolfie D defeating Damien Payne and Jocephus.


title: Brian Lee (wrestler)

text: Brian Lee entered NWA Southern All-Star Wrestling in early 2014 and formed a tag team with Lee Condry, called The Prime Time Outlaws. They had their debut tag team match on March 7, 2014 (broadcast: March 9, 2014) on the company's Inferno TV show, which was a loss to NWA SAW Southern Tag Team Champions: Team IOU (Kerry Awful and Nick Iggy). On May 30, 2014, at the company's Collision Course event, they defeated Team IOU in a Double Dog Collar Match for the NWA SAW Southern Tag Team Championships. Their final tag team match was on June 27, 2014 (broadcast: July 6, 2014), where they lost the NWA SAW Southern Tag Championships to Weatherby Inc. (Cody Weatherby and Kevin Weatherby). Afterwards, Brian Lee left the company and retired from professional wrestling.


title: Gallic Empire

text: The Gallic Empire or the Gallic Roman Empire are names used in modern historiography for a breakaway part of the Roman Empire that functioned "de facto" as a separate state from 260 to 274. It originated during the Crisis of the Third Century, when a series of Roman military leaders and aristocrats declared themselves emperors and took control of Gaul and adjacent provinces without attempting to conquer Italy or otherwise seize the central Roman administrative apparatus.


title: Gallic Empire

text: The Gallic Empire was established by Postumus in 260 in the wake of barbarian invasions and instability in Rome, and at its height included the territories of Germania, Gaul, Britannia, and (for a time) Hispania. After Postumus' assassination in 269 it lost much of its territory, but continued under a number of emperors and usurpers. It was retaken by Roman emperor Aurelian after the Battle of Châlons in 274.


title: Gallic Empire

text: The Roman Crisis of the Third Century continued as the Emperor Valerian was defeated and captured by the Sasanian Empire of Persia in the Battle of Edessa, together with a large part of the Roman field army in the east. This left his son Gallienus in very shaky control. Shortly thereafter, the Palmyrene leader Odaenathus gained control of a wide swath of the east, including Egypt, Syria, Judea, and Arabia Petraea; while he was nominally loyal to the Roman government, his domain was "de facto" independent and has come to be referred to as the Palmyrene Empire.


title: Gallic Empire

text: The governors in Pannonia staged unsuccessful local revolts. The Emperor left for the Danube to attend to their disruption. This left Postumus, who was governor of Germania Superior and Inferior, in charge at the Rhine border. An exceptional administrator, Postumus had also ably protected Germania Inferior against an invasion led by the Franks in the summer of 260. In fact, Postumus defeated the Frankish forces at Empel so decisively that there would be no further Germanic raids for ten years. This all combined to make Postumus one of the most powerful men in the western reaches of the Roman Empire.


title: Gallic Empire

text: Gallienus's son Saloninus and the praetorian prefect Silvanus remained at Colonia Agrippina (Cologne), to keep the young heir out of danger and perhaps also as a check on Postumus' ambitions. Before long, however, Postumus besieged Colonia Agrippina and put the young heir and his guardian to death, making his revolt official. Postumus is thought to have established his capital there or at Augusta Treverorum (Trier). Lugdunum (Lyon) was one of the most important cities in the area under his control.


title: Gallic Empire

text: Postumus did not make any effort to extend his control into Italy or to depose Gallienus. Instead, he established parallel institutions modelled on the Roman Empire's central government: his regime had its own praetorian guard, two annually elected consuls (not all of the names have survived), and probably its own senate. According to the numismatic evidence, Postumus held the office of consul five times.


title: Gallic Empire

text: Postumus successfully fended off a military incursion by Gallienus in 263, and was never challenged by him again. However, in early 269 he was challenged by Laelianus, who was probably one of his own commanders. Laelianus was declared emperor at Mogontiacum (Mainz) by his Legio XXII Primigenia. In response, Postumus quickly retook Mogontiacum and Laelianus was killed. In the aftermath of the battle, however, Postumus was overthrown and killed by his own troops, reportedly because he did not allow them to sack the city.


title: Gallic Empire

text: An officer in Postumus' army, Marcus Aurelius Marius, was installed as Emperor upon Postumus's death, but died very shortly after; ancient sources writing much later state that he reigned only two days, though it is more likely, based on the numismatic record, that he reigned for a few months. Subsequently, the tribune of the praetorians, Marcus Piavonius Victorinus came to power, being recognized as Emperor in northern Gaul and Britannia, but not in Hispania. Meanwhile, Roman Emperor Gallienus had been killed in a coup in 268, and his successor in the central Roman provinces, Claudius Gothicus, re-established Roman authority in Gallia Narbonensis and parts of Gallia Aquitania; there is some evidence that the provinces of Hispania, which did not recognize Postumus's successors in Gaul, may have realigned with Rome then.


title: Gallic Empire

text: Victorinus spent most of his reign dealing with insurgencies and attempting to recover the Gaulish territories taken by Claudius Gothicus. He was assassinated in 271, but his mother Victoria took control of his troops and used her power to influence the selection of his successor. With Victoria's support, the governor of Gallia Aquitania, Gaius Pius Esuvius Tetricus was made Emperor, and was recognized in Britannia and the parts of Gaul that had recognized Victorinus. Tetricus fought off Germanic barbarians who had begun ravaging Gaul after the death of Victorinus, and was able to re-take Gallia Aquitania and western Gallia Narbonensis while Claudius Gothicus's successor Aurelian was in the east fighting the Palmyrene Empire, now in open revolt against Roman authority under Queen Zenobia. Tetricus established the imperial court at Trier, and in 273 he elevated his son, also named Tetricus, to the rank of Caesar.


title: Gallic Empire

text: The following year the younger Tetricus was made co-consul with his father, but the area under their control grew weak from internal strife, including a mutiny led by the usurper Faustinus. By that time Aurelian had defeated the Palmyrene Empire and had made plans to reconquer the west. He moved into Gaul and defeated Tetricus at the Battle of Châlons in 274. According to some sources, Tetricus offered to surrender in exchange for clemency for him and his son before the battle. This detail may be later propaganda, but either way, Aurelian was victorious, and the Gallic Empire was effectively ended. In contrast with his propaganda after the recent defeat of Zenobia, Aurelian did not present his recapture of Gaul as a victory over a foreign enemy, and indeed many officials who had served in the army and administration of the Gallic Empire continued their careers, including Tetricus, who was appointed to an administrative post in Italy.


title: Gallic Empire

text: The Gallic Empire was symptomatic of the fragmentation of power during the third-century crisis. It has also been taken to represent autonomous trends in the western provinces, including proto-feudalistic tendencies among the Gaulish land-owning class whose support has sometimes been thought to have underpinned the strength of the Gallic Empire, and an interplay between the strength of Roman institutions and the growing importance of provincial concerns.


title: Gallic Empire

text: One of Postumus' primary objectives as emperor was evidently the defense of the Germanic frontier. In 261, he repelled mixed groups of Franks and Alamanni to hold the Rhine "limes" secure (though lands beyond the upper Rhine and Danube had to be abandoned to the barbarians within a couple of years). In so doing, Postumus positioned himself avowedly as not only the defender and restorer of Gaul, but also as the upholder of the Roman name.


title: Gallic Empire

text: The usurpation of power over Britain and northern Gaul by Carausius just twenty years later reflects a continuing trend by which local loyalties from the landed aristocracy and deteriorating morale in the legions enabled Carausius to seize power in Britain. Similarly with the withdrawal of legions after 408, many Britons desired a localized Roman authority rather than nationalist revolt. The desire for Roman order and institutions was entirely compatible with a degree of national or regional separatism.


title: Gallic Empire

text: The Gallic Emperors are known primarily from the coins they minted. The political and military history of the Gallic Empire can be sketched through the careers of these emperors. Their names are as follows:


title: Andy Biggs

text: Andrew Steven Biggs (born November 7, 1958) is an American attorney and politician who represents in the United States House of Representatives. The district, which was once represented by U.S. Senators, John McCain and Jeff Flake, is in the heart of the East Valley and includes most of Mesa and Chandler and all of Queen Creek and Biggs's hometown of Gilbert.


title: Andy Biggs

text: A Republican, Biggs was a member of the Arizona House of Representatives from 2003 to 2011 and a member of the Arizona Senate from 2011 to 2017. He was president of the Arizona Senate from 2013 to 2017. In 2016, he was elected to Congress. In September 2019, Biggs became chairman of the Freedom Caucus, which includes the House Republican Conference's most conservative members.


title: Andy Biggs

text: Biggs was born on November 7, 1958, in Tucson, Arizona. When he was young, Biggs went on a mission to Japan for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and learned to speak fluent Japanese. He later earned his B.A. in Asian studies from Brigham Young University in 1982, his J.D. from the University of Arizona in 1984, and his M.A. in political science from Arizona State University in 1999.


title: Andy Biggs

text: Biggs worked as a lawyer for a firm based in Hobbs, New Mexico, before relocating to Phoenix, where he worked as a prosecutor. In 1993, he won $10 million in the American Family Publishers sweepstakes. He appeared in a TV ad with Dick Clark and Ed McMahon to promote the sweepstakes.


title: Andy Biggs

text: Enabled by $10 million in sweepstakes winnings, which made him financially independent, Biggs decided to run for office.


title: Andy Biggs

text: In 2016, Biggs ran for Congress from the 5th District to replace retiring Representative Matt Salmon. He led the field in the four-way Republican primary, finishing nine votes ahead of his nearest opponent, businesswoman Christine Jones. A recanvass boosted Biggs's margin to 16 votes, and an automatic recount confirmed him as the nominee by 27 votes. His primary victory virtually assured him of being the next representative from the district; the 5th and its predecessors have been in Republican hands for all but one term since 1953.


title: Andy Biggs

text: Biggs defeated Democratic nominee Talia Fuentes, 64.1% to 35.9%. He was not required to give up his state senate seat under Arizona's resign-to-run laws, since he was in the last year of what would have been his final term in the chamber.


title: Andy Biggs

text: Biggs is a member of the Congressional Western Caucus and the Republican Study Committee. In September 2019, he replaced Mark Meadows as chair of the Freedom Caucus.


title: Andy Biggs

text: Biggs voted for the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. After the vote, he said the bill would "provide much-needed economic relief" to American citizens and businesses.


title: Andy Biggs

text: On March 4, 2020, Ken Buck and Biggs were the only two representatives to vote against an $8.3 billion emergency aid package meant to help the U.S. respond to the COVID-19 pandemic. In a statement, Biggs called the bill "larded-up" and "bloated". Ten days later, he voted against the larger Coronavirus Response Act, which passed the House, 363–40. Biggs said he opposed the second bill because it provided benefits to domestic partners and thereby "redefined the family".


title: Andy Biggs

text: In 2020, Biggs joined Representative Paul Gosar in a video falsely claiming there was widespread voter fraud in the 2020 presidential election. They claimed that Arizona's voting machines were faulty, and Biggs claimed that poll watchers were allowed to participate in vote tabulations in Detroit. They also demanded an audit of Maricopa County's vote count. Later, Biggs falsely claimed that 10,000 Maricopa County voters were "disenfranchised" without giving evidence.


title: Andy Biggs

text: In December 2020, Biggs was among 126 House Republicans to sign an amicus brief for "Texas v. Pennsylvania", an unsuccessful lawsuit that asked the Supreme Court to overturn election results from Georgia, Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin, thereby denying Joe Biden from taking office as president.


title: Andy Biggs

text: Biggs also spoke at rallies promoting the "Stop the Steal" election conspiracy movement, and has claimed antifa was behind the January 6, 2021, storming of the U.S. Capitol. He denied that he was involved in planning the event and the riots as alleged by "Rolling Stone" and a video posted by Stop the Steal organizer Ali Alexander. In a deposition to the January 6 committee of the House of Representatives, Alexander testified that he spoke in person with Biggs before the events.


title: Andy Biggs

text: On October 7, 2021, Biggs again falsely claimed that "we don't know who won Arizona in the 2020 presidential election".


title: Andy Biggs

text: During the 2021 attack on the U.S. Capitol, Biggs and all other House members were ushered to a secure location when the House chamber was cleared. A video of Biggs later surfaced in which he refused to wear a mask in violation of House rules. Sources noted that after the siege lockdown, during which several other congressional Republicans also refused to wear masks, three House Democrats tested positive for COVID-19. Biggs subsequently voted to object to Arizona's and Pennsylvania's electoral votes that day, joining 146 House Republicans.


title: Andy Biggs

text: On January 12, 2021, Biggs called on Representative Liz Cheney to resign from her leadership position in the Republican caucus after she voted in favor of Donald Trump's second impeachment.


title: Andy Biggs

text: In the aftermath of the events on January 6, Biggs's brothers William and Daniel wrote a letter to the editor of "The Arizona Republic" demanding their brother's removal from office. They wrote that Biggs is "at least partially to blame" for the Capitol storming. They also condemned his refusal to wear a mask in the secure location. According to William and Daniel Biggs, this "was a passive-aggressive tantrum and the ultimate disrespect for all present".


title: Andy Biggs

text: Biggs was one of 12 House Republicans to vote against H.R 1085 to award three Congressional Gold Medals to the United States Capitol Police who protected the Capitol on January 6. In June 2021, he and 20 other House Republicans voted against a similar resolution.


title: Andy Biggs

text: The House committee investigating the January 6 attack subpoenaed Biggs on May 12, 2022. During the committee hearing on June 21, 2022, Speaker of the Arizona House Russell Bowers testified that Biggs called him on the morning of January 6 asking him to sign a letter calling for decertification of the Arizona electors. On June 23, 2022, witnesses confirmed that Biggs had asked for a presidential pardon for his activities related to the certification of the vote.


title: Andy Biggs

text: Biggs was among 60 Republicans to oppose condemning Trump's action of withdrawing forces from Syria. He, Matt Gaetz, and a handful of other Republicans broke with their party and voted to end Saudi assistance to the War in Yemen.


title: Andy Biggs

text: On March 19, 2021, Biggs voted against a House resolution to condemn the military coup in Myanmar. The resolution passed, 398–14, with one other member, Paul Gosar, voting present. Biggs called the violence "tragic" but added that "there is suffering everywhere in the world" and the U.S. "can't be the military police for the entire world", claiming the resolution was a way to "put our foot in the door in Burma." The resolution was symbolic and did not call for use of force.


title: Andy Biggs

text: Biggs was one of 15 representatives to vote against H.R. 567: Trans-Sahara Counterterrorism Partnership Program Act of 2021, which would establish an interagency program to assist countries in North and West Africa to improve immediate and long-term capabilities to counter terrorist threats, and for other purposes.


title: Andy Biggs

text: In July 2021, Biggs voted against the bipartisan ALLIES Act, which would increase by 8,000 the number of special immigrant visas for Afghan allies of the U.S. military during its invasion of Afghanistan, while also reducing some application requirements that caused long application backlogs; the bill passed the House, 407–16.


title: Andy Biggs

text: In September 2021, Biggs was among 75 House Republicans to vote against the National Defense Authorization Act of 2022, which contains a provision that would require women to be drafted.


title: Andy Biggs

text: Biggs was among 19 House Republicans to vote against the final passage of the 2022 National Defense Authorization Act.


title: Andy Biggs

text: In February 2022, Biggs co-sponsored the Secure America's Borders First Act, which would prohibit the expenditure or obligation of military and security assistance to Kyiv over the U.S. border with Mexico.


title: Andy Biggs

text: In 2022, Biggs voted against a bill to provide approximately $14 billion to the government of Ukraine.


title: Andy Biggs

text: In July 2022, Biggs was one of 14 House Republicans to vote for an amendment that would have removed a proposed $37 billion spending increase in the defense budget.


title: Andy Biggs

text: In July 2022, Biggs was one of 18 Republicans to vote against ratifying Sweden's and Finland's applications for NATO membership.


title: Andy Biggs

text: During the presidency of Donald Trump, Biggs voted in line with the president's stated position 82.9% of the time. During the presidency of Joe Biden, Biggs has voted in line with the president's stated position 5.1% of the time.


title: Andy Biggs

text: Biggs is "opposed to all forms of elective abortion". He has argued in favor of abolishing the filibuster to make it easier to pass anti-abortion laws. He has attended a conference hosted by the Susan B. Anthony List, an anti-abortion group. He supported the 2022 overturning of "Roe v. Wade", calling it "a major victory for the unborn."


title: Andy Biggs

text: Biggs has received mixed ratings from special interest groups focused on abortion. In 2019, he received a 0% rating from NARAL Pro-Choice America. He has a 15% lifetime rating from Planned Parenthood, which supports legal access to abortion, and a 100% rating from Campaign for Working Families, which opposes legal abortion.


title: Andy Biggs

text: Biggs opposes a convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution, also known as an Article V convention. During his tenure as Arizona Senate president, Biggs blocked a resolution calling for a convention. In 2015, Biggs published a book, "The Con of the Con-Con," arguing against a convention.


title: Andy Biggs

text: In comments at an April 2017 constituent town hall, frequently interrupted by boos, Biggs rejected the scientific consensus on climate change, asserting in a halting answer, "There are credible scientists who say it exists; we aren't sure why", and "there are credible scientists who say it doesn't." Replying to a candidate survey from "The Arizona Republic", Biggs wrote, "I do not believe climate change is occurring. I do not think that humans have a significant impact on climate. The federal government should stop regulating and stomping on our economy and freedoms in the name of a discredited theory." He submitted an amendment to the 2018 spending bill that would defund the National Climate Assessment and urged President Donald Trump to withdraw from the Paris Accords. In February 2020, when Republican House Minority Leader Kevin McCarthy attempted to make a modest effort to gather the support of concerned young voters via a restrained approach to address climate change, Biggs and other hardline denialists objected. Biggs said: "People are like, 'Is this an official rollout? It can't be official. We didn't vote on it'."


title: Andy Biggs

text: While factions of the Republican Party were split on whether to continue climate change denial, conservative groups such as the Club for Growth and the Competitive Enterprise Institute supported continuation. In 2018, Biggs was the sole House member to receive a 100% rating from the CFG.


title: Andy Biggs

text: Biggs opposes wearing masks to prevent the transmission of COVID-19, encouraging Arizonans not to wear them. In July 2020, he tweeted that people should not trust Anthony Fauci or Deborah Birx. He has called for the White House Coronavirus Task Force to be disbanded. During a major outbreak in the summer of 2020 in Arizona, Biggs questioned the hospitalization numbers and called Governor Doug Ducey's two-month lockdown a result of "hysteria" from "Democratic Leftists." In September 2020, Biggs posted a series of tweets supporting the use of hydroxychloroquine to prevent COVID-19. There is no strong evidence to support the use of hydroxychloroquine to treat COVID-19.


title: Andy Biggs

text: On March 4, 2020, Biggs and Ken Buck were the only two representatives to vote against an $8.3 billion COVID-19 aid package. Biggs called the bill "larded-up" and "bloated". Ten days later, he voted against the larger Coronavirus Response Act, saying that because it provided benefits to domestic partners, it "redefined the family." In December 2020, Biggs called on Trump to veto the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021, which included $900 billion in stimulus relief for the pandemic. The legislation was the first bill to address the pandemic since April 2020.


title: Andy Biggs

text: In 2018, Biggs sponsored a bill "designed to let very sick patients request access to experimental medicines without government oversight", which passed the House, 267–149. Biggs said the bill was "not false hope; it is hope."


title: Andy Biggs

text: In June 2021, Biggs was among 14 House Republicans who voted against passing legislation to establish June 19, or Juneteenth, as a federal holiday.


title: Andy Biggs

text: Biggs is a former policy advisor to United Families International, a nonprofit that opposes same-sex marriage. Biggs condemned the Supreme Court ruling in Obergefell v. Hodges, which held that same-sex marriage bans violated the US constitution.


title: Andy Biggs

text: Biggs has gone on record as opposing net neutrality, and favored FCC Chairman Ajit Pai's plan to end it. In a letter to his constituents, Biggs wrote, "we should allow the free market to expand the internet and its services." He has accepted $19,500 in campaign donations from the telecommunications industry.


title: Andy Biggs

text: On June 23, 2017, Biggs was one of three Republicans who called for the resignation of Robert Mueller, the prosecutor investigating Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election, on the grounds that Mueller could not conduct his investigation fairly because of events that happened when he was the acting director of the FBI.


title: Andy Biggs

text: On March 19, 2018, Biggs renewed his call for Mueller to resign. On July 25, 2018, Biggs and nine other Republicans co-sponsored a resolution to impeach Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein, who was Mueller's direct supervisor after the recusal of Attorney General Jeff Sessions.


title: Andy Biggs

text: On April 8, 2019, "The Arizona Republic" published an op-ed by Biggs on the initial findings of the Mueller investigation. In it, Biggs called the investigation "an illegitimate attack on the executive branch" and wrote that the findings "demonstrate the weakness of the initial premise to investigate Trump, his family and campaign staff." He blamed the investigation on "the media that fueled this bogus attempt to overthrow the will of the American voter." Biggs's op-ed was published well ahead of the release of Mueller's full report on April 18, 2019, and was most likely written in response to a four-page summary of the report by Attorney General William Barr released on March 24. After the publication of the full report, Biggs posted a video on Twitter declaring that there was "no basis for an obstruction [of justice] charge" against Trump, chastising the Democratic party for attempting to "undermine the POTUS".


title: Andy Biggs

text: In 2017, Biggs used his powers as transportation chair and president of the Arizona State Senate to block a bill banning driving while texting for holders of a learning permit.


title: Andy Biggs

text: In 2019, Biggs was one of 11 House Republicans to oppose funding for the September 11 Victims Compensation Fund bill H.R. 1327. On July 12, 2019, the measure passed the House, 402–12.


title: Andy Biggs

text: Biggs voted against the Fairness for High-Skilled Immigrants Act of 2019 which would amend the Immigration and Nationality Act to eliminate the per-country numerical limitation for employment-based immigrants, to increase the per-country numerical limitation for family-sponsored immigrants, and for other purposes.


title: Andy Biggs

text: Biggs voted against the Further Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2020 which authorizes DHS to nearly double the available H-2B visas for the remainder of FY 2020.


title: Andy Biggs

text: Biggs voted against Consolidated Appropriations Act (H.R. 1158) which effectively prohibits ICE from cooperating with Health and Human Services to detain or remove illegal alien sponsors of unaccompanied alien children (UACs).


title: Andy Biggs

text: In 2022, Biggs was one of 39 Republicans to vote for the Merger Filing Fee Modernization Act of 2022, an antitrust package that would crack down on corporations for anti-competitive behavior.


title: Origins and architecture of the Taj Mahal

text: The Taj Mahal represents the finest and most sophisticated example of Indo-Islamic architecture. Its origins lie in the moving circumstances of its commission and the culture and history of an Islamic Mughal empire's rule of large parts of India. The distraught Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan commissioned the project upon the death of one of his favorite wives Mumtaz Mahal.


text: Today it is one of the most famous and recognizable buildings in the world and while the large, domed marble mausoleum is the most familiar part of the monument, the Taj Mahal is an extensive complex of buildings and gardens that extends over and includes subsidiary tombs, waterworks infrastructure, the small town of Taj Ganji to the south and a 'moonlight garden' to the north of the river. Construction of Taj Mahal began in 1632 AD, (1041 AH), on the south bank of the River Yamuna in Agra, and was substantially complete by 1648 AD (1058 AH). The design was conceived as an earthly replica of the house of Mumtaz Mahal in paradise.


text: In 1607 (AH 1025) the Mughal Prince Khurrum (later to become Shah Jahan) was betrothed to Arjumand Banu Begum, the grand daughter of a Persian noble. She would become the unquestioned love of his life. They were married five years later in 1612. After their wedding celebrations, Khurram "finding her in appearance and character elect among all the women of the time," gave her the title Mumtaz Mahal (Jewel of the Palace).


text: The intervening years had seen Khurrum take two other wives known as Akbarabadi Mahal and Kandahari Mahal, but according to the official court chronicler Qazwini, the relationship with his other wives "had little more than the status of marriage. The intimacy, deep affection, attention and favour which His Majesty had for the Cradle of Excellence [Mumtaz] lacked by a thousand times what he felt for any other."


text: Mumtaz died in Burhanpur on 17 June 1631, after complications with the birth of their fourteenth child, a daughter named Gauhara Begum. She had been accompanying her husband whilst he was fighting a campaign in the Deccan Plateau. Her body was temporarily buried in a garden called Zainabad on the banks of the Tapti River in Burhanpur. The contemporary court chroniclers paid an unusual amount of attention to this event and Shah Jahan's grief at her demise. Immediately after hearing the news, the emperor was reportedly inconsolable. He was not seen for a week at court and considered abdicating and living his life as a religious recluse. The court historian Muhammad Amin Qazwini, wrote that before his wife's death the emperor's beard had "not more than ten or twelve grey hairs, which he used to pluck out', turned grey and eventually white" and that he soon needed spectacles because his eyes deteriorated from constant weeping. Since Mumtaz had died on Wednesday, all entertainments were banned on that day. Jahan gave up listening to music, wearing jewelry, sumptuous clothes or perfumes for two years. So concerned were the imperial family that an honorary uncle wrote to say that "if he continued to abandon himself to his mourning, Mumtaz might think of giving up the joys of Paradise to come back to earth, this place of misery – and he should also consider the children she had left to his care." The Austrian scholar Ebba Koch compares Shah Jahan to "Majnun, the ultimate lover of Muslim lore, who flees into the desert to pine for his unattainable Layla."


text: Jahan's eldest daughter, the devoted Jahanara Begum Sahib, gradually brought him out of grief and fulfilled the functions of Mumtaz at court. Immediately after the burial in Burhanpur, Jahan and the imperial court turned their attentions to the planning and design of the mausoleum and funerary garden in Agra.


text: The first Mughal garden was created in 1526 in Agra by Babur, the founder of the dynasty. Thereafter, gardens became important Mughal symbols of power, supplanting the emphasis of pre-Mughal power symbols such as forts. The shift represented the introduction of a new ordered aesthetic – an artistic expression with religious and funerary aspects and as a metaphor for Babur's ability to control the arid Indian plains and hence the country at large. Babur rejected much of the indigenous and Lodhi architecture on the opposite bank and attempted to create new works inspired by Persian gardens and royal encampments. The first of these gardens, Aram Bagh, was followed by an extensive, regular and integrated complex of gardens and palaces stretching for more than a kilometre along the river. A high continuous stone plinth bounded the transition between gardens and river and established the framework for future development in the city.


text: In the following century, a thriving riverfront garden city developed on both banks of the Yamuna. This included the rebuilding of Agra Fort by Akbar, which was completed in 1573. By the time Jahan ascended to the throne, Agra's population had grown to approximately 700,000 and was, as Abdul Aziz wrote, "a wonder of the age – as much a centre of the arteries of trade both by land and water as a meeting-place of saints, sages and scholars from all Asia...a veritable lodestar for artistic workmanship, literary talent and spiritual worth".


text: Agra became a city centered on its waterfront and developed partly eastwards but mostly westwards from the rich estates that lined the banks. The prime sites remained those that had access to the river and the Taj Mahal was built in this context, but uniquely; as a related complex on both banks of the river.


text: Levels gradually descend in steps from the Taj Ganji towards the river. Contemporary descriptions of the complex list the elements in order from the river terrace towards the Taj Ganji.