title: Inside the NBA

text: Oakland native and NBA legend Gary Payton, in his trademark competitive, trash-talking style, went around Oakland with a video camera to rebuke some of Barkley's comments and get some of the locals' opinions on Barkley and his comments, with Payton providing some of his own comments about "Sir Charles" and providing quips such as "It ain't no thrift store, it's Oakland". The humorous segment, which also included embarrassing vintage coverage of Barkley being dunked on in a game against Golden State, aired during "Inside the NBA"'s playoff coverage of the series between the Warriors and the Utah Jazz. The clip culminated with a shot of Payton standing in front of the San Francisco Bay saying "How do you feel about my city now, Chuck? ... Now, come see me, in person, here. I've got a surprise for you, too, a lot of Krispy Kreme donuts." The humorous controversy was subsequently put to rest.


title: Inside the NBA

text: In response to the shooting of Jacob Blake in Kenosha, Wisconsin, the Milwaukee Bucks boycotted Game 5 of their series against the Orlando Magic on August 26. Later that day, the NBA announced that in light of the Bucks' decision, all games for the day were postponed. In support for the players boycott, Kenny Smith walked out of the set while the show was aired live. “I think the biggest thing now — as a Black man and a former player — I think it’s best for me to not be here tonight,” Smith said.


title: Inside the NBA

text: "Inside", since Barkley joined the show during the 2000–01 season, has become a particularly popular show due to its combination of league highlights with unscripted banter among the panelists. Bill Simmons of ESPN.com wrote in May 2002, when Johnson, Smith, and Barkley made up the core panel, that "Inside" was "the greatest TV studio show I've seen." Simmons observed, "A postgame show that occasionally "improves" on the ratings from the actual game? How rare is that?"


title: Inside the NBA

text: In 2014, the "New York Times" described "Inside" as "one of the most freewheeling, unpredictable and funny talk shows on television." The "On Comedy" columnist described O'Neal as the "weak link" but generally praised the interplay between the panelists in ways that often veer far from discussions of basketball games. In 2017, "The Guardian" wrote that the show's commentary had veered into hot takes, such as Barkley’s angry comments about LeBron James, and bullying, such as O'Neal's treatment of JaVale McGee on "Shaqtin' a Fool." The writer lamented that the show's analysis was becoming too close in style to that of morning sports talk shows like "First Take" and "Undisputed".


title: Inside the NBA

text: Commentators have praised "Inside the NBA" for its panelists' willingness to have serious conversations when circumstances demand them. The panel's comments about the 2016 presidential election, particularly Johnson's, were praised in national media. Kenny Smith's solidarity with social justice protests in 2020 was described as "impactful" by a columnist for "Sportscasting". "The outpouring of well wishes for Johnson and his family has shown that there may not be a more beloved person in sports media," wrote Jimmy Traina in "Sports Illustrated" in an article about the panel's public support for Johnson on "Inside" after his son Michael died. Johnson used his Twitter account and his appearance on "Inside" the following week to gratefully acknowledge the support he received from his coworkers and from the public.


title: Inside the NBA

text: As of the end of 2022, the show has won seventeen Sports Emmy Awards. Six times for the best daily show (2002, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2014), six times for the best weekly show (2012, 2014, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022), three times for the best weekly show - limited run (2019, 2021, 2022), one for the best decoration and art visuals (2016) and one for the best social TV experience (2019). Johnson has also won six awards as a studio host (2002, 2007, 2015, 2019, 2020, 2021) and Barkley has won four as a studio analyst (2012, 2013, 2017, 2020).


title: Inside the NBA

text: "Inside" was inducted into the Broadcasting & Cable Hall of Fame in October 2016, becoming the 12th program to receive the honor and the third sports show after "SportsCenter" and "Monday Night Football".


title: Inside the NBA

text: "Outside the NBA" is a show on Facebook Watch that debuted on October 20, 2017. The same panel as on "Inside" talks about subjects outside of the NBA.


title: Inside the NBA

text: TNT aired "The Inside Story", a four-part miniseries documenting "Inside the NBA", during the NBA All-Star Break in March 2021. Each 90-minute (with commercials) episode focused on one core panelist. The miniseries was nominated for a Sports Emmy Award for Outstanding Documentary Series at the 43rd Sports Emmy Awards.


title: Inside the NBA

text: "The Steam Room" is a video podcast hosted on YouTube starring Johnson and Barkley, named after a running joke from "Inside". The podcast primarily consists of interviews and interactions with celebrities that are friends of Barkley and Johnson, sports media personalities, former NBA legends, comedians, and staff members.


title: Inside the NBA

text: The current theme song, composed by former guitarist of the progressive rock band Yes, Trevor Rabin has been used since the 2002-2003 season.


title: Shi Pei Pu

text: Shi Pei Pu (; December 21, 1938 – June 30, 2009) was a Chinese opera singer from Beijing. He became a spy who obtained secrets from Bernard Boursicot, an employee in the French embassy, during a 20-year-long sexual affair in which the performer convinced the man that he was a woman. He claimed to have had a child that he insisted had been born through their relations. The story made headlines in France when the facts were revealed.


title: Shi Pei Pu

text: The affair inspired American David Henry Hwang's play "M. Butterfly" (1988), which was produced on Broadway. It was adapted as the 1993 movie of the same title.


title: Shi Pei Pu

text: Shi's father was a college professor, and his mother was a teacher. He had two sisters who were significantly older than he was. Shi grew up in Kunming in the southwestern province of Yunnan, where he learned French and attended the Yunnan University, graduating with a literature degree. By 17, Shi had become an actor and singer who had achieved some recognition. In his 20s, Shi wrote plays about workers.


title: Shi Pei Pu

text: Bernard Boursicot was born in France and was 20 years old when he obtained a job as an accountant at the French embassy in Beijing. It opened in 1964 as the first Western mission in China since the Korean War. As recorded in his diary, Boursicot had previously had sexual relations only with fellow male students in school and wanted to meet a woman and fall in love. He first met Shi, then 26 years old, at a Christmas party in December 1964; the performer was dressed as a man. Shi had been teaching Chinese to families of embassy workers. He told Boursicot that he was "a female Beijing opera singer who had been forced to live as a man to satisfy his father's wish to have a son". The two quickly developed a sexual relationship, maintained in darkness. Shi convinced Boursicot that he was with a woman.


title: Shi Pei Pu

text: After being discovered by the Chinese government, Boursicot was pressured into providing secret documents from his postings in Beijing from 1969 to 1972 and in Ulan Bator, Mongolia from 1977 to 1979. He took more than 500 documents. When Boursicot was stationed outside of China, he saw Shi infrequently, but they maintained their sexual relationship. Shi later showed Shi Du Du, a four-year-old child that Shi insisted was their son, to Boursicot.


title: Shi Pei Pu

text: Shi and his adopted son were brought to Paris in 1982, after Boursicot was able to arrange for them to enter France. Boursicot was arrested by French authorities on June 30, 1983, and Shi was arrested shortly thereafter. In police custody, Shi explained to doctors how he had hidden his genitals to convince Boursicot that he was a woman. And as the French doctors sent to examine Pei Pu discovered, he had the ability to make his testicles ascend into his body cavity and tuck his penis back, creating the illusion of female genitalia. He said that Shi Du Du, their purported son, was from China's Uyghur people and had been purchased from the child's mother. Upon discovering the truth of their relationship, Boursicot attempted suicide by slitting his throat but survived. The public disclosure of the long-term affair made Boursicot the subject of widespread ridicule in France.


title: Shi Pei Pu

text: Shi and Boursicot were each convicted of espionage in 1986 and sentenced to six years in prison. Shi was pardoned by President of France François Mitterrand April 10, 1987, as part of an effort to defuse tensions between France and China over what was described as a "very silly" and unimportant case. Boursicot was pardoned in August of that year.


title: Shi Pei Pu

text: The affair inspired David Henry Hwang's 1988 play "M. Butterfly". B.D. Wong played Song Liling, a Chinese opera singer and spy based on Shi Pei Pu, in the original Broadway production of the play.


title: Shi Pei Pu

text: After his pardon, Shi returned to performing as an opera singer. He was reluctant to share the details of his relationship with Boursicot, stating that he "used to fascinate both men and women" and that "What I was and what they were didn't matter." Shi spoke infrequently with Boursicot over the subsequent years. But in the months before Shi's death, he told Boursicot that he still loved him.


title: Shi Pei Pu

text: Shi was said to be 70 years old when he died on June 30, 2009, in Paris. Shi is survived by his adopted son, Shi Du Du, who later fathered three sons of his own. Notified at a French nursing home of Shi's death, Boursicot said, "He did so many things against me that he had no pity for, I think it is stupid to play another game now and say I am sad. The plate is clean now. I am free."


title: Crystal system

text: In crystallography, a crystal system is a set of point groups (a group of geometric symmetries with at least one fixed point). A lattice system is a set of Bravais lattices. Space groups are classified into crystal systems according to their point groups, and into lattice systems according to their Bravais lattices. Crystal systems that have space groups assigned to a common lattice system are combined into a crystal family.


title: Crystal system

text: The seven crystal systems are triclinic, monoclinic, orthorhombic, tetragonal, trigonal, hexagonal, and cubic. Informally, two crystals are in the same crystal system if they have similar symmetries (albeit there are many exceptions).


title: Crystal system

text: Crystals can be classified in three ways: lattice systems, crystal systems and crystal families. The various classifications are often confused: in particular the trigonal crystal system is often confused with the rhombohedral lattice system, and the term "crystal system" is sometimes used to mean "lattice system" or "crystal family".


title: Crystal system

text: A lattice system is a group of lattices with the same set of lattice point groups. The 14 Bravais lattices are grouped into seven lattice systems: triclinic, monoclinic, orthorhombic, tetragonal, rhombohedral, hexagonal, and cubic.


title: Crystal system

text: A crystal system is a set of point groups in which the point groups themselves and their corresponding space groups are assigned to a lattice system. Of the 32 crystallographic point groups that exist in three dimensions, most are assigned to only one lattice system, in which case both the crystal and lattice systems have the same name. However, five point groups are assigned to two lattice systems, rhombohedral and hexagonal, because both exhibit threefold rotational symmetry. These point groups are assigned to the trigonal crystal system.


title: Crystal system

text: A crystal family is determined by lattices and point groups. It is formed by combining crystal systems that have space groups assigned to a common lattice system. In three dimensions, the hexagonal and trigonal crystal systems are combined into one hexagonal crystal family.


title: Crystal system

text: Five of the crystal systems are essentially the same as five of the lattice systems. The hexagonal and trigonal crystal systems differ from the hexagonal and rhombohedral lattice systems. These are combined into the hexagonal crystal family.


title: Crystal system

text: The relation between three-dimensional crystal families, crystal systems and lattice systems is shown in the following table:


title: Crystal system

text: The 7 crystal systems consist of 32 crystal classes (corresponding to the 32 crystallographic point groups) as shown in the following table below:


title: Crystal system

text: The point symmetry of a structure can be further described as follows. Consider the points that make up the structure, and reflect them all through a single point, so that ("x","y","z") becomes (−"x",−"y",−"z"). This is the 'inverted structure'. If the original structure and inverted structure are identical, then the structure is "centrosymmetric". Otherwise it is "non-centrosymmetric". Still, even in the non-centrosymmetric case, the inverted structure can in some cases be rotated to align with the original structure. This is a non-centrosymmetric "achiral" structure. If the inverted structure cannot be rotated to align with the original structure, then the structure is "chiral" or "enantiomorphic" and its symmetry group is "enantiomorphic".


title: Crystal system

text: A direction (meaning a line without an arrow) is called "polar" if its two-directional senses are geometrically or physically different. A symmetry direction of a crystal that is polar is called a "polar axis". Groups containing a polar axis are called "polar". A polar crystal possesses a unique polar axis (more precisely, all polar axes are parallel). Some geometrical or physical property is different at the two ends of this axis: for example, there might develop a dielectric polarization as in pyroelectric crystals. A polar axis can occur only in non-centrosymmetric structures. There cannot be a mirror plane or twofold axis perpendicular to the polar axis, because they would make the two directions of the axis equivalent.


title: Crystal system

text: The crystal structures of chiral biological molecules (such as protein structures) can only occur in the 65 enantiomorphic space groups (biological molecules are usually chiral).


title: Crystal system

text: There are seven different kinds of lattice systems, and each kind of lattice system has four different kinds of centerings (primitive, base-centered, body-centered, face-centered). However, not all of the combinations are unique; some of the combinations are equivalent while other combinations are not possible due to symmetry reasons. This reduces the number of unique lattices to the 14 Bravais lattices.


title: Crystal system

text: In geometry and crystallography, a Bravais lattice is a category of translative symmetry groups (also known as lattices) in three directions.


title: Crystal system

text: where "n", "n", and "n" are integers and a, a, and a are three non-coplanar vectors, called "primitive vectors".


title: Crystal system

text: These lattices are classified by the space group of the lattice itself, viewed as a collection of points; there are 14 Bravais lattices in three dimensions; each belongs to one lattice system only. They represent the maximum symmetry a structure with the given translational symmetry can have.


title: Crystal system

text: All crystalline materials (not including quasicrystals) must, by definition, fit into one of these arrangements.


title: Crystal system

text: For convenience a Bravais lattice is depicted by a unit cell which is a factor 1, 2, 3, or 4 larger than the primitive cell. Depending on the symmetry of a crystal or other pattern, the fundamental domain is again smaller, up to a factor 48.


title: Crystal system

text: The Bravais lattices were studied by Moritz Ludwig Frankenheim in 1842, who found that there were 15 Bravais lattices. This was corrected to 14 by A. Bravais in 1848.


title: Crystal system

text: Two dimensional space has the same number of crystal systems, crystal families, and lattice systems. In 2D space, there are four crystal systems: oblique, rectangular, square, and hexagonal.


title: Crystal system

text: The four-dimensional unit cell is defined by four edge lengths ("a", "b", "c", "d") and six interaxial angles ("α", "β", "γ", "δ", "ε", "ζ"). The following conditions for the lattice parameters define 23 crystal families


title: Crystal system

text: The names here are given according to Whittaker. They are almost the same as in Brown "et al", with exception for names of the crystal families 9, 13, and 22. The names for these three families according to Brown "et al" are given in parenthesis.


title: Crystal system

text: The relation between four-dimensional crystal families, crystal systems, and lattice systems is shown in the following table. Enantiomorphic systems are marked with an asterisk. The number of enantiomorphic pairs is given in parentheses. Here the term "enantiomorphic" has a different meaning than in the table for three-dimensional crystal classes. The latter means, that enantiomorphic point groups describe chiral (enantiomorphic) structures. In the current table, "enantiomorphic" means that a group itself (considered as a geometric object) is enantiomorphic, like enantiomorphic pairs of three-dimensional space groups P3 and P3, P422 and P422. Starting from four-dimensional space, point groups also can be enantiomorphic in this sense.


title: Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World

text: Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World is a 1998 American animated musical adventure film and the sequel to the 1995 Disney film "Pocahontas". While the first film dealt with her meeting with John Smith and the arrival of the British settlers in Jamestown, the sequel focuses on Pocahontas's journey to England with John Rolfe to negotiate for peace between the two nations, although her death is omitted from the film's ending.


title: Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World

text: In London, John Smith is ambushed by a group of soldiers with a warrant for his arrest and presumed dead in the ensuing confrontation; Governor Ratcliffe has lied to King James (being a personal friend of the King) and framed Smith as the traitor from the first film in a plot to declare war against the Powhatan Nation and get hold of the gold he still believes them to possess, all while avoiding punishment for his own crimes. In order to prevent war, the King sends a young diplomat, John Rolfe, to bring Chief Powhatan to England for negotiations. In the New World, Pocahontas, Powhatan's daughter, mourns John Smith's death but is eventually able to move on. John Rolfe soon arrives, greeted by English civilians (who by now have settled in Jamestown) and a curious Pocahontas. Rolfe eventually speaks with Powhatan, but he refuses to accompany him to England, so Pocahontas goes in her father's stead, believing that she can bring about peace between the two nations. Powhatan sends a bodyguard, Uttamatomakkin (Uti) to accompany Pocahontas. Rolfe and Pocahontas have a rocky start, but gradually warm up to each other.


title: Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World

text: In England, Rolfe leaves Pocahontas at his mansion and meets with King James and Queen Anne, but James refuses to meet with Pocahontas despite Rolfe's pleas. Instead, per Ratcliffe's suggestion, James invites both Rolfe and Pocahontas to an upcoming ball and promises that if Pocahontas impresses him by acting "civilised", he will prevent the armada from sailing to Jamestown, but if she does not, he will declare war. Knowing that Ratcliffe deliberately manipulated the King, Rolfe and his maid, Mrs. Jenkins, educate Pocahontas in the ways of British etiquette to prepare her. At the ball, Pocahontas wins over the King and Queen with flattery and almost manages to prevent war, but a bear-baiting arranged by Ratcliffe and greatly enjoyed by the snobbish nobility infuriates Pocahontas and she openly accuses the King of savage behaviour. With Ratcliffe whispering in his ear, James angrily orders Pocahontas and Uti imprisoned in the Tower of London, and declares war on the Powhatan tribe.


title: Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World

text: At his home, a despondent Rolfe is approached by a hooded stranger who helps him break Pocahontas and Uti out of the tower and take them to an inn, where the man reveals himself to be John Smith. Smith implores Pocahontas to stay hidden with him, but she instead takes Rolfe's advice and decides to try and stop the war one last time. She openly confronts the King in the palace and reveals Smith, thus proving that Ratcliffe had been lying the entire time. Realizing Ratcliffe's treachery, James sends a battalion (among them Pocahontas, Smith, Rolfe, Uti, and their animal friends) to stop the armada and detain Ratcliffe. They are successful in stopping the ships before they can set sail, but Ratcliffe refuses to give up and tries to kill Pocahontas. Smith appears and fights Ratcliffe one-on-one until Ratcliffe draws a gun, but before he can fire, Rolfe hits him overboard with the ship's mast. Ratcliffe makes it back to the port, where he is arrested by the King.


title: Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World

text: Smith receives a royal pardon and his own ship from the King as a sign of apology. Pocahontas and Rolfe, meanwhile, appear on the verge of admitting that they love each other. Before they can, Smith appears and implores Pocahontas to accompany him on his new journeys around the world, but Pocahontas chooses otherwise and she and Smith part ways as friends. As Pocahontas later prepares to return to Jamestown, she finds Rolfe waiting for her on the ship, having chosen to go and live with her in Jamestown (with Uti remaining in London in his stead). They kiss as the ship sails into the sunset.


title: Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 29% based on 7 reviews and an average rating of 4.4/10. Joe Leydon of "Variety" called it "too bland and formulaic" for adults but said that children will likely enjoy it. "TV Guide" rated the film 2/5 stars. The reviewer called it "fairly well made" but said it "suffers from the usual defects of an uncompelling plot and weak songs". At "Entertainment Weekly", Michael Sauter rated it C+ and called it "standard yet pleasing fare for the preschool set".


title: Flash fiction

text: Flash fiction is a fictional work of extreme brevity that still offers character and plot development. Identified varieties, many of them defined by word count, include the ; the 280-character story (also known as "twitterature"); the "dribble" (also known as the "minisaga," 50 words); the "drabble" (also known as "microfiction," 100 words); "sudden fiction" (750 words); "flash fiction" (1,000 words); and "microstory".


title: Flash fiction

text: Some commentators have suggested that flash fiction possesses a unique literary quality in its ability to hint at or imply a larger story.


title: Flash fiction

text: Flash fiction has roots going back to prehistory, recorded at origin of writing, including fables and parables, notably "Aesop's Fables" in the west, and Panchatantra and Jataka tales in India. Later examples include the tales of Nasreddin, and Zen koans such as "The Gateless Gate".


title: Flash fiction

text: In the United States, early forms of flash fiction can be found in the 19th century, notably in the figures of Walt Whitman, Ambrose Bierce, and Kate Chopin.


title: Flash fiction

text: In the 1920s flash fiction was referred to as the "short short story" and was associated with "Cosmopolitan" magazine; and in the 1930s, collected in anthologies such as "The American Short Short Story".


title: Flash fiction

text: Somerset Maugham was a notable proponent, with his "Cosmopolitans: Very Short Stories" (1936) being an early collection.


title: Flash fiction

text: In 2020 The Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin established the first curated collection of flash fiction artifacts in the United States.


title: Flash fiction

text: Practitioners have included Saadi of Shiraz ("Gulistan of Sa'di"), Bolesław Prus, Anton Chekhov, O. Henry, Franz Kafka, H.P. Lovecraft, Yasunari Kawabata, Ernest Hemingway, Julio Cortázar, Daniil Kharms, Arthur C. Clarke, Richard Brautigan, Ray Bradbury, Kurt Vonnegut Jr., Fredric Brown, John Cage, Philip K. Dick and Robert Sheckley.


title: Flash fiction

text: Hemingway also wrote 18 pieces of flash fiction that were included in his first short-story collection, "In Our Time" (1925). It is disputed whether (to win a bet), as alleged, he also wrote the flash fiction "".


title: Flash fiction

text: Also notable are the 62 "short-shorts" which comprise "Severance," the thematic collection by Robert Olen Butler in which each story describes the remaining 90 seconds of conscious awareness within human heads which have been decapitated.


title: Flash fiction

text: English-speaking writers well known for their published flash fiction include Lydia Davis, David Gaffney, Robert Scotellaro, and Nancy Stohlman, and online include Sherrie Flick, Bruce Holland Rogers, Steve Almond, Barbara Henning, Grant Faulkner.


title: Flash fiction

text: Spanish-speaking literature has many authors of microstories, including Augusto Monterroso ("El Dinosaurio") and Luis Felipe Lomelí ("El Emigrante"). Their microstories are some of the shortest ever written in that language. In Spain, authors of "microrrelatos" (very short fictions) have included Andrés Neuman, Ramón Gómez de la Serna, José Jiménez Lozano, Javier Tomeo, José María Merino, Juan José Millás, and Óscar Esquivias. In his collection "La mitad del diablo" (Páginas de Espuma, 2006), included the one-word story , which in its entirety reads: "Yo" ("I"). In Argentina, notable contemporary contributors to the genre have included Marco Denevi, Luisa Valenzuela, and Ana María Shua.


title: Flash fiction

text: The Italian writer Italo Calvino consciously searched for a short narrative form, drawing inspiration from Argentine writers Jorge Luis Borges and Adolfo Bioy Casares and finding that Monterroso's was "the most perfect he could find"; "El dinosaurio", in turn, possibly inspired his "The Dinosaurs".


title: Flash fiction

text: German-language authors of "Kürzestgeschichten," influenced by brief narratives penned by Bertolt Brecht and Franz Kafka, have included Peter Bichsel, Heimito von Doderer, Günter Kunert, and Helmut Heißenbüttel.


title: Flash fiction

text: The Arabic-speaking world has produced a number of microstory authors, including the Nobel Prize-winning Egyptian author Naguib Mahfouz, whose book "Echoes of an Autobiography" is composed mainly of such stories. Other flash fiction writers in Arabic include Zakaria Tamer, Haidar Haidar, and Laila al-Othman.


title: Flash fiction

text: In the southwestern Indian state of Kerala is known for his many microstories in the Malayalam language.


title: Flash fiction

text: A number of print journals dedicate themselves to flash fiction. These include "Flash: The International Short-Short Story Magazine".


title: Flash fiction

text: Access to the Internet has enhanced an awareness of flash fiction, with online journals being devoted entirely to the style. "SmokeLong Quarterly", founded by Dave Clapper in 2003, is "dedicated to bringing the best flash fiction to the web ... whether written by widely published authors or those new to the craft." Other online flash fiction journals include "wigleaf", "Flash Fiction Online" and "Flash Fiction Magazine".


title: Flash fiction

text: In a CNN article on the subject, the author remarked that the "democratization of communication offered by the Internet has made positive in-roads" in the specific area of flash fiction, and directly influenced the style's popularity. The form is popular, with most online literary journals now publishing flash fiction.


title: Flash fiction

text: In the summer of 2017, "The New Yorker" began running a series of flash fiction stories online every summer.


title: Commanders of World War II

text: The Commanders of World War II were for the most part career officers. They were forced to adapt to new technologies and forged the direction of modern warfare. Some political leaders, particularly those of the principal dictatorships involved in the conflict, Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union), Adolf Hitler (Germany), Benito Mussolini (Italy) and Emperor Hirohito (Japan), acted as supreme military commanders as well as dictators for their respective countries or empires.


title: IUCN Red List of extinct species

text: On 29 January 2010, the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species identified 842 (746 animals, 96 plants) extinct species, subspecies and varieties, stocks and sub-populations.


title: Business development

text: Business development entails tasks and processes to develop and implement growth opportunities within and between organizations. It is a subset of the fields of business, commerce and organizational theory. Business development is the creation of long-term value for an organization from customers, markets, and relationships. Business development can be taken to mean any activity by either a small or large organization, non-profit or for-profit enterprise which serves the purpose of ‘developing’ the business in some way. In addition, business development activities can be done internally or externally by a business development consultant. External business development can be facilitated through Planning Systems, which are put in place by governments to help small businesses. In addition, reputation building has also proven to help facilitate business development.


title: Business development

text: In the limited scholarly work available on the subject, business development is conceptualized as or related to discrete projects, specific modes of growth, and organizational units, activities, and practices. Sorensen integrates these different perspectives with insights from chairmen and managing directors, senior business developers, and venture capitalists from successful high-tech firms worldwide, which is adopted in the "Palgrave Encyclopedia of Strategic Management":


title: Business development

text: ″"Business development is defined as the tasks and processes concerning the analytical preparation of potential growth opportunities, and the support and monitoring of the implementation of growth opportunities, but does not include decisions on strategy and implementation of growth opportunities."″


title: Business development

text: In practice, the term business development and its actor, the business developer, have evolved into many usages and applications. Today, the applications of "business development" and the "business developer" or "marketer" tasks across industries and countries, cover everything from IT-programmers, specialized engineers, advanced marketing or key account management activities, and sales and relations development for current and prospective customers. For this reason, it has been difficult to discern the unique features of the business development function and whether these activities are a source of profits.


title: Business development

text: Recent systematic research on the subject has outlined that the contours of an emerging business development function with a unique role in the innovation management process. The business development function seems to be more utterly matured in high-tech, and especially the pharma and biotech industries.


title: Business development

text: The business developer is concerned with the analytical preparation of potential growth opportunities for the senior management or board of directors as well as the subsequent support and monitoring of its implementation. Both in the development phase and the implementation phase, the business developer collaborates and integrates the knowledge and feedback from the organization's specialist functions, for example, research and development, production, marketing, and sales to assure that the organization is capable of implementing the growth opportunity successfully. The business developers' tools to address the business development tasks are the business model answering "how do we make money" and its analytical backup and roadmap for implementation, the business plan.


title: Business development

text: Business development professionals frequently have had earlier experience in sales, financial services, investment banking or management consulting, and delivery; although some find their route to this area by climbing the corporate ladder in functions such as operations management. Skill sets and experience for business-development specialists usually consist of a mixture of the following (depending on the business requirements):


title: Business development

text: The "pipeline" refers to the flow of potential clients that a company has started developing. Business development staff assign to each potential client in the pipeline a percent chance of success, with projected sales volumes attached. Planners can use the weighted average of all the potential clients in the pipeline to project staffing to manage the new activity when finalized. Enterprises usually support pipelines with some kind of customer relationship management tool or database, either web-based solution or an in-house system. Sometimes business development specialists manage and analyze the data to produce sales management information. Such management of information could include:


title: Business development

text: For larger and well-established companies, especially in technology-related industries, the term "business development" often refers to setting up and managing strategic relationships and alliances with other, third-party companies. In these instances, the companies may leverage each other's expertise, technologies, or other intellectual property to expand their capacities for identifying, researching, analyzing and bringing to market new businesses and new products. Business development focuses on the implementation of the strategic business plan through equity financing, acquisition/divestiture of technologies, products, and companies, plus the establishment of strategic partnerships where appropriate.


title: Business development

text: Business development is to be thought of as a marketing tactic. The objectives include branding, expansion in markets, new user acquisition, and awareness. However, the main function of business development is to utilize partners in selling to the right customers. Creating opportunities for value to be ongoing in the long term is important. To be successful in business development the partnership must be built on strong relationships.


title: Business development

text: Business Development is affected by external factors. "Planning Systems" are systems set in place in order to regulate businesses. In many cases, ruling agencies deem the necessary for business survival. There is a section of Business that is dedicated to facilitating ethical business development in developing countries. In the early 2000s, Business Ethics was dedicated to helping the Businesses in need that are in these countries. However, owing to the strong backlash from critics, they have changed their focus into helping businesses that are going to help the most people develop. These policies have improved the quality of life of the people. However, this facilitation changes the norms and, in turn, harms some groups. In order to enforce the new policies in an ethical manner Business Ethicists have created a cost-benefit analysis, placing an emphasis on basic necessities. These concerns have become so great that Business Ethicists have created a new department called Development Ethics. Now, instead of simply helping developing businesses, international business developers have begun ensuring that the companies keep basic human rights in mind. This especially applies to countries where the laws are not so strict and allow for abuse to take place. These development policies now have to follow the criteria that Penz created, consisting of: security, empowerment, rights, equity, integrity, and cultural freedom. The idea of providing people with human rights in order to facilitate business development can be seen through the rapid development of China in the last few decades. The policies that were implemented in the last couple decades coincide with these developments. In the 1980s, government policies facilitated the rise in literacy rate and education. The following decade, healthcare coverage increased significantly. This development was not originally seen as monetary capital, but instead, it was seen as human capital. With more workers able to bring skill and maximum effort to their workplace, companies were able to develop extremely rapidly.


title: Business development

text: With companies becoming more and more conscious of ethical practices, closely watching themselves to avoid scrutiny, a company's reputation has become a great concern. Ethical business practices are closely tied with reputation which makes it essential to follow ethical guidelines if a company is looking to build their reputation. In fact, businesses that develop quickly and successfully have tendencies to show honesty, impartiality, and service to all of their stakeholders. In order for a company to be considered "ethical", it must cater to the needs of the customer, keeping their best interest in mind. This will influence customers to make repeated purchases and lead to more profit. In order for a company to build a strong reputation with their suppliers, it is crucial for them to focus on impartial business interactions and developing long relationships. These relationships can lead to mutually-beneficial business deals for both the company and its supplier. With the employees, they must take their interests into consideration and facilitate teamwork as opposed to rigorous competition. This ensures that the company will keep their most loyal and dedicated employees for as long as possible. Funding for further development can rise when a company is able to develop strong relationship with each stakeholder individually, and ethically. This is based on the concept of reciprocation, which states how in order for social change to take place between groups of people, trust must be built between them through mutually beneficial actions. This can be supported through the results of a questionnaire study that was conducted on technology industries in GTSM and TSE. In addition, in order for a company to practice business ethics, and ensure strong business development, it is essential to maintain a positive relationship with the environment. With concerns about the recent decline of the environment increasing, stakeholders have become more involved in efforts to preserve resources and a negative impact on the environment brings about risks of damaging stakeholder relationships.


title: Basilosaurus

text: Basilosaurus (meaning "king lizard") is a genus of large, predatory, prehistoric archaeocete whale from the late Eocene, approximately 41.3 to 33.9 million years ago (mya). First described in 1834, it was the first archaeocete and prehistoric whale known to science. Fossils attributed to the type species "B. cetoides" were discovered in the United States. They were originally thought to be of a giant reptile, hence the suffix "-saurus", Ancient Greek for "lizard". The animal was later found to be an early marine mammal, which prompted attempts at renaming the creature, which failed as the rules of zoological nomenclature dictate using the original name given. Fossils were later found of the second species, "B. isis", in 1904 in Egypt, Western Sahara, Morocco, Jordan, Tunisia, and Pakistan. Fossils have also been unearthed in the southeastern United States and Peru.


title: Basilosaurus

text: It was one of the largest, if not the largest, animals of the Paleogene. It was the top predator of its environment, preying on sharks, large fish and other marine mammals, namely the dolphin-like "Dorudon", which seems to have been their predominant food source.


title: Basilosaurus

text: "Basilosaurus" was at one point a wastebasket taxon, before the genus slowly started getting reevaluated, with many species of different Eocene cetacean being assigned to the genus in the past, however they are invalid or have been reclassified under a new or different genus, leaving only 2 confirmed species.


title: Basilosaurus

text: "Basilosaurus" may have been one of the first fully aquatic cetaceans (sometimes referred to as the pelagiceti). "Basilosaurus", unlike modern cetaceans, had various types of teeth–such as canines and molars–in its mouth (heterodonty), and it probably was able to chew its food in contrast to modern cetaceans which swallow their food whole.


title: Basilosaurus

text: The two species of "Basilosaurus" are "B. cetoides", whose remains were discovered in the United States, and "B. isis", which was discovered in Egypt. "B. cetoides" is the type species for the genus. The Holotype Harlan found, was found in Ouachita Parish, Louisiana. Vertebrae were sent to the American Philosophical Society by a Judge Henry Bry of Ouachita Parish, Louisiana and Judge John Creagh of Clarke County, Alabama. Both fossils ended up in the hands of the anatomist Richard Harlan, who requested more examples from Creagh. The first bones were unearthed when rain caused a hillside full of sea shells to slide. The bones were lying in a curved line "measuring upwards of four hundred feet in length, with intervals which were vacant." Many of these bones were used as andirons and destroyed; Bry saved the bones he could find, but was convinced more bones were still to be found on the location. Bry speculated that the bones must have belonged to a "sea monster" and supplied "a piece having the appearance of a tooth" to help determine which kind.


title: Basilosaurus

text: Harlan identified the tooth as a wedge-shaped shell and instead focused on "a vertebra of enormous dimensions" which he assumed belonged to the order "Enalio-Sauri of Conybeare", "found only in the sub-cretaceous series." He noted that some parts of the vertebra were similar to those of "Plesiosaurus" and skull was similar to Mosasaurus, but that they were completely different in proportions. Comparing his vertebra to those of large dinosaurs such as "Megalosaurus" and "Iguanodon", Harlan concluded that his specimen was considerably larger—he estimated the animal to have been no less than long—and therefore suggested the name "Basilosaurus", meaning "king lizard".


title: Basilosaurus

text: Harlan brought his assembled specimens (including fragments of jaw and teeth, humerus, and rib fragments) to the UK where he presented them to anatomist Richard Owen. Owen concluded that the molar teeth were two-rooted, a dental morphology unknown in fishes and reptiles, and more complex and varied than in any known reptile, and therefore that the specimen must be a mammal. Owen correctly associated the teeth with cetaceans, but he thought it was an herbivorous animal, similar to sirenians. Consequently, Owen proposed renaming the find "Zeuglodon cetoides" ("whale-like yoke teeth" in reference to the double-rooted teeth) and Harlan agreed.


title: Basilosaurus

text: Wādī al-Ḥītān () is an Egyptian sandstone formation where many early-whale skeletons were discovered. German botanist Georg August Schweinfurth discovered the first archaeocete whale in Egypt ("Zeuglodon osiris", now "Saghacetus osiris") in 1879. He visited the Qasr el Sagha Formation in 1884 and 1886 and missed the now famous Wadi El Hitan by a few kilometers. German paleontologist Wilhelm Barnim Dames described the material, including the type specimen of "Z. osiris", a well-preserved dentary.


title: Basilosaurus

text: Hugh Beadnell, head of the Geological Survey of Egypt 1896–1906, named and described "Zeuglodon isis" in based on a partial mandible and several vertebrae from Wadi El Hitan in Egypt. described a skull and some vertebrae of a smaller archaeocete and named it "Prozeuglodon atrox", now known today as "Dorudon atrox". discovered deciduous teeth in this skull and it was then believed to be a juvenile ["Pro"]"zeuglodon isis" for decades before more complete fossils of mature "Dorudon" were discovered.


title: Basilosaurus

text: In the 1980s, Elwyn L. Simons and Philip D. Gingerich started to excavate at Qasr el-Sagha and Wadi El Hitan with the hope of finding material that could match archaeocete fossils from Pakistan. Since then, over 500 archaeocete skeletons have been found at these two locations, of which most are "B. isis" or "D. atrox", several of the latter carrying bite marks assumed to be from the former. A 1990 paper described additional fossils including foot bones and speculated that the reduced hind limbs were used as copulatory guides. One thing that was noted, was that whale fossils were so common, that when a mason company looked at their newest table counter, they realized that they had created a cross section of a 40 million year old Basilosaurid fossil. This find was another thing that caught the eye of Gingerich.


title: Basilosaurus

text: In 2016, a complete skeleton, the first-ever find for "Basilosaurus", was uncovered in Wadi El Hitan, preserved with the remains of its prey, including a "Dorudon" and several species of fish. The whale's skeleton also shows signs of scavenging or predation by large sharks such as the otodontid "Carcharocles sokolovi".


title: Basilosaurus

text: Many dubious species have been assigned to "Basilosaurus" in the past which have since been invalidated or were too incomplete to determine anything.


title: Basilosaurus

text: A "nomen dubium" is a scientific name that is of unknown or doubtful application. There are a few documented cases of this being applied to Basilosaurus in the past.


title: Basilosaurus

text: With "B. cetoides" measuring long and "B. isis" measuring long, "Basilosaurus" is one of the largest animals known to exist between the K–Pg extinction event 66 million years ago (mya) and around 15 million years ago when modern cetaceans began to reach enormous sizes. Body mass estimates for both species have been varied throughout numerous literature. Gingerich initially estimated the body mass of "B. cetoides" at and "B. isis" at , but later considered his estimates to be questionable due to the unique morphology of this genus. Waugh and Thewissen later proposed lower body mass estimates of for "B. cetoides" and for "B. isis" based on the same specimens used for Gingerich's original estimates. "Basilosaurus" is distinguished from other genera of basilosaurids by its larger body size and its more elongated posterior thoracic, lumbar, and anterior caudal vertebrae. "Basilosaurus" does not have the vertically oriented metapophyses seen in its closest relative the basilosaurid known as "Basiloterus". "Basilosaurus" is considered to be the largest of archeocete whales.


title: Basilosaurus

text: The dental formula for "B. isis" is . The upper and lower molars and second to fourth premolars are double-rooted and high-crowned.


title: Basilosaurus

text: The head of "Basilosaurus" did not have room for a melon like modern toothed whales, and the brain was smaller in comparison, as well. They are not believed to have had the social capabilities of modern whales.


title: Basilosaurus

text: A 2011 study concluded that the skull of "Basilosaurus" is asymmetrical like in modern toothed whales, and not, as previously assumed, symmetrical like in baleen whales and artiodactyls (which are closely related to cetaceans). In modern toothed whales, this asymmetry is associated with high-frequency sound production and echolocation, neither of which is thought to have been present in "Basilosaurus". This probably evolved to detect sound underwater, with a fatty sound-receiving pad in the mandible.


title: Basilosaurus

text: In the skull, the inner and middle ear are enclosed by a dense tympanic bulla. The synapomorphic cetacean air sinus system is partially present in basilosaurids, including the pterygoid, peribullary, maxillary, and frontal sinuses. The periotic bone, which surrounds the inner ear, is partially isolated. The mandibular canal is large and laterally flanked by a thin bony wall, the pan bone or acoustic fenestra. These features enabled basilosaurs to hear directionally in water.


title: Basilosaurus

text: The ear of basilosaurids is more derived than those in earlier archaeocetes, such as remingtonocetids and protocetids, in the acoustic isolation provided by the air-filled sinuses inserted between the ear and the skull. The basilosaurid ear did, however, have a large external auditory meatus, strongly reduced in modern cetaceans, but, though this was probably functional, it can have been of little use under water.


title: Basilosaurus

text: A individual of "B. isis" had hind limbs with fused tarsals and only three digits. The limited size of the limb and the absence of an articulation with the sacral vertebrae make a locomotory function unlikely. Analysis has shown that the reduced limbs could rapidly adduct between only two positions. Possible uses for the structure have been given, such as clasper-like body functions (compare to the function of pelvic spurs, the last vestiges of limbs in certain modern snakes). These limbs would have been used to guide the animals' long bodies during mating.


title: Basilosaurus

text: A complete "Basilosaurus" skeleton was found in 2015, and several attempts have been made to reconstruct the vertebral column from partial skeletons. estimated a total of 58 vertebrae, based on two partial and nonoverlapping skeletons of "B. cetoides" from Alabama. More complete fossils uncovered in Egypt in the 1990s allowed a more accurate estimation: the vertebral column of "B. isis" has been reconstructed from three overlapping skeletons to a total of 70 vertebrae with a vertebral formula interpreted as seven cervical, 18 thoracic, 20 lumbar and sacral, and 25 caudal vertebrae. The vertebral formula of "B. cetoides" can be assumed to be the same.


title: Basilosaurus

text: "Basilosaurus" has an anguilliform (eel-like) body shape because of the elongation of the centra of the thoracic through anterior caudal vertebrae. In life, these vertebrae were filled with marrow, and because of the enlarged size, this made them buoyant. "Basilosaurus" probably swam predominantly in two dimensions at the sea surface, in contrast to the smaller "Dorudon", which was likely a diving, three-dimensional swimmer. The skeletal anatomy of the tail suggests that a small fluke was probably present, which would have aided only vertical motion.


title: Basilosaurus

text: Similarly sized thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and caudal vertebrae imply that it moved in an anguilliform fashion, but predominantly in the vertical plane. Paleontologist Philip D. Gingerich theorized that "Basilosaurus" may also have moved in a very odd, horizontal anguilliform fashion to some degree, something completely unknown in modern cetaceans. The vertebrae appear to have been hollow, and likely also fluid-filled. This would imply that "Basilosaurus" typically functioned in only two dimensions at the ocean surface, compared with the three-dimensional habits of most other cetaceans. Judging from the relatively weak axial musculature and the thick bones in the limbs, "Basilosaurus" is not believed to have been capable of sustained swimming or deep diving, or terrestrial locomotion. Basilosaurus did still have an elbow joint in its flipper like a seal.


title: Basilosaurus

text: The cheek teeth of "Basilosaurus" retain a complex morphology and functional occlusion. Heavy wear on the teeth reveals that food was first chewed then swallowed. Scientists were able to estimate the bite force of "Basilosaurus" by analyzing the scarred skull bones of another species of prehistoric whale, "Dorudon", and concluded they could bite with a force of .


title: Basilosaurus

text: Analyses of the stomach contents of "B. cetoides" has shown that this species fed exclusively on fish and large sharks, while bite marks on the skulls of juvenile "Dorudon" have been matched with the dentition of "B. isis", suggesting a dietary difference between the two species, similar to that found in different populations of modern killer whales. It was probably an active predator rather than a scavenger. The discovery of juvenile "Dorudon" at Wadi Al Hitan bearing distinctive bite marks on their skulls indicates that "B. isis" would have aimed for the skulls of its victims to kill its prey, and then subsequently torn its meals apart, based on the disarticulated remains of the "Dorudon" skeletons. The finding further cements theories that "B. isis" was an apex predator that may have hunted newborn and juvenile "Dorudon" at Wadi Al Hitan when mothers of the latter came to give birth. The stomach contents of an elderly male " B. isis" not only includes "Dorudon" but the fish "Pycnodus mokattamensis".


title: Basilosaurus

text: "Basilosaurus" would have been the top predator of its environment. It lived in the warm tropical environment of the Eocene in areas abundant with sea grasses, such as "Thalassodendron", "Thalassia" (also known as turtle grass) and "Halodule". It would have coexisted with the dolphin-like "Dorudon", the whales "Cynthiacetus" and "Basiloterus", the primitive sirenian "Protosiren", the early elephant "Moeritherium", the sea turtle "Puppigerus" and many sharks, such as "Galeocerdo alabamensis", "Physogaleus", "Otodus", "Squatina prima", "Striatolamia", "Carcharocles sokolovi" and "Isurus praecursor".


title: Basilosaurus

text: Basilosaurus fossil record seems to end at about 35–33.9 mya. Basilosaurus extinction coincides with the Eocene–Oligocene extinction event which happened 33.9 mya, which also resulted in the extinction of almost all other archaeocetes. The event has been attributed to volcanic activity, meteor impacts or a sudden change in climate (such as the environment getting cooler), the latter of which might have caused changes in the ocean by disrupting oceanic circulation. "Basilosaurus" went extinct leaving no descendants. Despite this new currents and deep ocean upwelling favored the diversification of modern cetaceans such as early toothed and baleen whales.


title: Basilosaurus

text: Below is the phylogenetic analysis on the placement of "Basilosaurus". Two subfamilies exist in Basilosauridae: Basilosaurinae which includes "Basilosaurus", and Dorudontinae. These groups have been declared invalid in the past. "Dorudon" remains were once thought to represent juvenile "Basilosaurus".


title: Basilosaurus

text: The species "B. cetoides" is the state fossil of Alabama and Mississippi. During the early 19th century, "B. cetoides" fossils were so common (and sufficiently large) that they were regularly used as furniture in the American South.


title: Basilosaurus

text: "Basilosaurus" is featured in the BBC's Walking with series in "Walking with Beasts" and "Sea Monsters".


title: Basilosaurus

text: In the novel Moby Dick, by Herman Melville, Ishmael cites the "Basilosaurus" during his studies as a possible whale fossil.


title: Tcl

text: Tcl (pronounced "tickle" or as an initialism) is a high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming language. It was designed with the goal of being very simple but powerful. Tcl casts everything into the mold of a command, even programming constructs like variable assignment and procedure definition. Tcl supports multiple programming paradigms, including object-oriented, imperative and functional programming or procedural styles.


title: Tcl

text: It is commonly used embedded into C applications, for rapid prototyping, scripted applications, GUIs, and testing. Tcl interpreters are available for many operating systems, allowing Tcl code to run on a wide variety of systems. Because Tcl is a very compact language, it is used on embedded systems platforms, both in its full form and in several other small-footprint versions.


title: Tcl

text: The popular combination of Tcl with the Tk extension is referred to as Tcl/Tk, and enables building a graphical user interface (GUI) natively in Tcl. Tcl/Tk is included in the standard Python installation in the form of Tkinter.


title: Tcl

text: The Tcl programming language was created in the spring of 1988 by John Ousterhout while working at the University of California, Berkeley. Originally "born out of frustration", according to the author, with programmers devising their own languages intended to be embedded into Electronic design automation (EDA) Magic application where John had professional focus. Later Tcl gained acceptance on its own. Ousterhout was awarded the ACM Software System Award in 1997 for Tcl/Tk.


title: Tcl

text: The name originally comes from Tool Command Language, but is conventionally spelled "Tcl" rather than "TCL".


title: Tcl

text: Safe-Tcl is a subset of Tcl that has restricted features so that Tcl scripts cannot harm their hosting machine or application. File system access is limited and arbitrary system commands are prevented from execution. It uses a dual interpreter model with the untrusted interpreter running code in an untrusted script. It was designed by Nathaniel Borenstein and Marshall Rose to include active messages in e-mail. Safe-Tcl can be included in e-mail when the "application/safe-tcl" and "multipart/enabled-mail" are supported. The functionality of Safe-Tcl has since been incorporated as part of the standard Tcl/Tk releases.


title: Tcl

text: A Tcl script consists of a series of command invocations. A command invocation is a list of words separated by whitespace and terminated by a newline or semicolon. The first word is the name of a command, which may be built into the language, found in an available library, or defined in the script itself. The subsequent words serve as arguments to the command:


title: Tcl

text: The following example uses the "puts" (short for "put string") command to display a string of text on the host console:


title: Tcl

text: This sends the string "Hello, World!" to the standard output device along with an appended newline character.


title: Tcl

text: Variables and the results of other commands can be substituted into strings, such as in this example which uses the "set" and "expr" commands to store the result of a calculation in a variable (note that Tcl does not use codice_3 as an assignment operator), and then uses "puts" to print the result together with some explanatory text:


title: Tcl

text: The codice_4 character introduces a comment. Comments can appear anywhere the interpreter is expecting a command name.


title: Tcl

text: As seen in these examples, there is one basic construct in the language: the command. Quoting mechanisms and substitution rules determine how the arguments to each command are processed.


title: Tcl

text: One special substitution occurs "before" the parsing of any commands or arguments. If the final character on a line (i.e., immediately before a newline) is a backslash, then the backslash-newline combination (and any spaces or tabs immediately following the newline) are replaced by a single space. This provides a line continuation mechanism, whereby long lines in the source code can be wrapped to the next line for the convenience of readers.


title: Tcl

text: Continuing with normal argument processing, a word that begins with a double-quote character (codice_5) extends to the next double-quote character. Such a word can thus contain whitespace and semicolons without those characters being interpreted as having any special meaning (i.e., they are treated as normal text characters). A word that begins with an opening curly-brace character (codice_6) extends to the next closing curly-brace character (codice_7). Inside curly braces all forms of substitution are suppressed except the previously mentioned backslash-newline elimination. Words not enclosed in either construct are known as bare words.


title: Tcl

text: Substitution proceeds left-to-right in a single scan through each word. Any substituted text will not be scanned again for possible further substitutions. However, any number of substitutions can appear in a single word.


title: Tcl

text: From Tcl 8.5 onwards, any word may be prefixed by codice_12, which causes the word to be split apart into its constituent sub-words for the purposes of building the command invocation (similar to the codice_13 sequence of Lisp's quasiquote feature).


title: Tcl

text: As a consequence of these rules, the result of any command may be used as an argument to any other command. Note that, unlike in Unix command shells, Tcl does not reparse any string unless explicitly directed to do so, which makes interactive use more cumbersome, but scripted use more predictable (e.g., the presence of spaces in filenames does not cause difficulties).


title: Tcl

text: The single equality sign (codice_3) serves no special role in the language at all. The double equality sign (codice_15) is the test for equality which is used in expression contexts such as the codice_16 command and in the first argument to codice_17. (Both commands are part of the standard library; they have no special place in the library and can be replaced if desired.)


title: Tcl

text: The majority of Tcl commands, especially in the standard library, are variadic, and the codice_18 (the constructor for scripted command procedures) allows one to define default values for unspecified arguments and a catch-all argument to allow the code to process arbitrary numbers of arguments.


title: Tcl

text: Tcl is not statically typed: each variable may contain integers, floats, strings, lists, command names, dictionaries, or any other value; values are reinterpreted (subject to syntactic constraints) as other types on demand. However, values are immutable and operations that appear to change them actually just return a new value instead.


title: Tcl

text: codice_1 allows a command script to be executed in a scope other than the current innermost scope on the stack. Because the command script may itself call procedures that use the "uplevel" command, this has the net effect of transforming the call stack into a call tree.


title: Tcl

text: It was originally implemented to permit Tcl procedures to reimplement built-in commands (like "for", "if" or "while") and still have the ability to manipulate local variables. For example, the following Tcl script is a reimplementation of the "for" command (omitting exception handling):


title: Tcl

text: codice_2 arranges for one or more local variables in the current procedure to refer to variables in an enclosing procedure call or to global variables. The upvar command simplifies the implementation of call-by-name procedure calling and also makes it easier to build new control constructs as Tcl procedures.


title: Tcl

text: A decr command that works like the built-in codice_55 command except it subtracts the value from the variable instead of adding it:


title: Tcl

text: Tcl did not have object oriented (OO) syntax until 2012, so various extension packages emerged to enable object-oriented programming. They are widespread in existing Tcl source code. Popular extensions include:


title: Tcl

text: TclOO was not only added to build a strong object oriented system, but also to enable extension packages to build object oriented abstractions using it as a foundation. After the release of TclOO, incr Tcl was updated to use TclOO as its foundation.


title: Tcl

text: Tcl Web Server is a pure-Tcl implementation of an HTTP protocol server. It runs as a script on top of a vanilla Tcl interpreter.


title: Tcl

text: Apache Rivet is an open source programming system for Apache HTTP Server that allows developers to use Tcl as a scripting language for creating dynamic web applications. Rivet is similar to PHP, ASP, and JSP. Rivet was primarily developed by Damon Courtney, David Welton, Massimo Manghi, Harald Oehlmann and Karl Lehenbauer. Rivet can use any of the thousands of publicly available Tcl packages that offer countless features such as database interaction (Oracle, PostgreSQL, MySQL, SQLite, etc.), or interfaces to popular applications such as the GD Graphics Library.


title: Tcl

text: Tcl interfaces natively with the C language. This is because it was originally written to be a framework for providing a syntactic front-end to commands written in C, and all commands in the language (including things that might otherwise be keywords, such as codice_17 or codice_25) are implemented this way. Each command implementation function is passed an array of values that describe the (already substituted) arguments to the command, and is free to interpret those values as it sees fit.


title: Tcl

text: Digital logic simulators often include a Tcl scripting interface for simulating Verilog, VHDL and SystemVerilog hardware languages.


title: Tcl

text: Tools exist (e.g. SWIG, Ffidl) to automatically generate the necessary code to connect arbitrary C functions and the Tcl runtime, and Critcl does the reverse, allowing embedding of arbitrary C code inside a Tcl script and compiling it at runtime into a DLL.


title: Tcl

text: The Tcl language has always allowed for extension packages, which provide additional functionality, such as a GUI, terminal-based application automation, database access, and so on. Commonly used extensions include:


title: Korean beauty standards

text: Korean beauty standards have become a well-known feature of Korean culture. In 2015, a global survey by the International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons placed South Korea in the top ten of countries who had the highest rate of cosmetic surgeries. Korean beauty standards prioritize a slim figure, small face, v-shaped jaw, pale skin, straight eyebrows, flawless skin, and large eyes. Beauty standards for the eyes include "aegyo-sal", which is a term used in Korea referring to the small fatty deposits underneath the eyes that are said to give a person a more youthful appearance. East Asian blepharoplasty is a surgery to create double eyelids (creates upper eyelid with a crease) which makes the eyes appear larger. Korean beauty standards have been influenced largely by those in the media, including actresses, TV personalities, and K-pop stars. The physical appearance of K-pop idols has greatly impacted the beauty standards in Korea.


title: Korean beauty standards

text: A study from 2008 determined that 20 percent of young Korean girls have undergone cosmetic surgery. This is significantly above the average rate in other countries. A more recent survey from Gallup Korea in 2015 determined that approximately one-third of South Korean women between 19 and 29 have claimed to have had plastic surgery. A study from 2009 found that Korean women are very critical of their body image and are more prone to lower self-esteem and self-satisfaction compared to women from the United States.


title: Korean beauty standards

text: In South Korea, there is immense societal pressure to conform to the community and societal expectations placed on the individual. This is evident in the theorization of what influences both Korean men and women to want to strive to achieve a strict beauty standard. A study by Lin and Raval from Miami University shows that the pressure for the "perfect" appearance may stem from feelings of inferiority from the community if they perceive themselves as less attractive. The result from this particular study supports the previous evidence from Keong Ja Woo, who analyzed how beauty standards in Korea, in regard to one’s height, weight, and facial preference, impacted their chances of employment.


title: Korean beauty standards

text: The pressure to uphold a standard of beauty is even felt within the job market. Companies require a photo, height, and sometimes the family background of applicants as a part of the hiring process. Beauty is often seen as a means for socioeconomic success in the rapidly modernized post-war economy of South Korea, which has seen a sluggish job growth rate after its economic boom. This has left Korea with a highly skilled and educated workforce competing for a short supply of job opportunities and chances for upward social mobility. Some Koreans view investments in beauty, such as cosmetic products and medical beauty treatments, such as plastic surgery, dermatology, and cosmetic dentistry, as a means of cultural capital to get an edge over peers for social and economic advancement.


title: Korean beauty standards

text: The theorization of the impact of Western beauty standards for the Korean society is highly controversial. Some authors attribute modern Korean beauty standards to Western influence, while others reject this hypothesis and view Korean beauty standards a traditional ethnic "look" that is seen in pre-colonial Korean art. Some studies have reported a higher incidence of body dissatisfaction among Korean boys and girls than among boys and girls living in the United States, while noting that these studies fail to control for the slimmer and smaller size of Koreans as compared with Westerners. In addition to this, Jung and Lee observed that there were more models that conformed to thin beauty ideals in South Korean magazines than that of U.S. magazines. Higher cultural pressure to conform to thin body ideals in South Korea may be responsible for the higher rate of body dysmorphia and eating disorders among Korean men and women.


title: Korean beauty standards

text: In addition, since South Korea has seen more than a twenty-fold increase in real per capita income and is currently ranked within the top twenty economies in the world with continual growth, there has been a paralleled increase in visibility for women's rights within the country. However, with this growth in visibility and social change for women, there is an interesting observation that this change is "immediately accompanied by increases in body dissatisfaction and eating disorders". This could be explained by a sociocultural theory, namely objectification theory, that asserts:"Any movement toward gender equality that threatens the stability of the patriarchy is followed inevitably by a heightened emphasis on unrealistic beauty standards and increasing pressure to meet these standards. Such pressure may be effectively applied as a means to oppress women and maintain patriarchal control, as unrealistic standards such as these undermine women's self-confidence and materially shift their focus away from their individual capabilities to more generalized and superficial aspects of their physical appearance."


title: Korean beauty standards

text: Other cultural factors such as the hardened Confucianism in Korean society has been quoted as a prominent factor. The philosophy of Confucius highly influenced the gender roles and norms in Korea, and some of his teachings have been sustained even through modern Korea. The emphasis on gender roles, with women being submissive and men being dominant, caused a patriarchal society from these philosophical teachings which may have had an impact on the beauty standard. Women are more likely to examine and make changes to their bodies and face in order to adhere to the beauty standards projected by the objectification theory that views women as "objects". This raises the observation that impractical beauty standards could be caused by highly patriarchal societies that only promote unbending gender roles which is then reflected by the influence of Confucianism in Korean history. There could be another cultural factor such as certain facial features leading to bad luck encourages the Korean individual to plastic surgery.


title: Korean beauty standards

text: In 2015 South Korea exported more than $2.64 billion of cosmetic goods compared to around $1.91 billion in 2014. Some of the most popular products used in Korean beauty are blemish balm (BB) creams, color correction (CC) creams, serums, essences, ampoules, seaweed face masks, and scrubs. Korean beauty products contain ingredients not commonly found in Western products such as snail extract. In 2011, BB cream, which was previously only found in China, hit the shelves in America, and by 2014, the US market for BB cream was around $164 million.


title: Korean beauty standards

text: South Korea is often called "plastic surgery capital of the world" due in part to its status as an affordable destination for Chinese, Russian and United States cosmetic tourists, however a large number of countries in the Western hemisphere have also been dubbed the "plastic surgery capital of the world". Plastic surgery in South Korea is not stigmatized and is even a common graduation gift. The appeal of common cosmetic procedures among South Koreans are sometimes attributed to Western influence, however other authors reject this view and suggest that they represent the pursuit of a distinctly Korean ethnic "look". V-line surgery (jaw and chin reduction) and cheekbone (zygoma) reduction surgeries are used to change the facial contour. These surgeries are especially common amongst celebrities who are often required to undergo these changes in their cheekbones, jaw, and chin with the ultimate goal being to create an oval face.


title: Korean beauty standards

text: Motivation for plastic surgery has been debated throughout Korean society. Holliday and Elfving-Hwang suggest that the pressure of success in work and marriage is deeply rooted in the one's ability to manage their body which is influenced by beauty. As companies helping with matchmaking for marriage and even job applications require a photo of the individual, it is inevitable that the Korean population feels pressure to undergo plastic surgery to achieve the "natural beauty".


title: Korean beauty standards

text: South Korea has also seen an increase in medical tourism from people who seek surgeon expertise in facial bone contouring. Korean surgeons have advanced facial bone contouring with procedures like the osteotomy technique and have published the first book on facial bone contouring surgeries. There was a 17 percent increase in the sales of cosmetic surgery from 1999 to 2000, reaching almost ₩170 billion (South Korean won) which is $144 million US dollars.


title: Korean beauty standards

text: The group that receives the most plastic surgery in Korea is idol trainees, and there is a culture in which entertainment agencies force plastic surgery regardless of their will. As a result of hearing opinions from plastic surgeons in downtown Seoul, the answer came out, "90% of idol singers and trainees appearing on TV seem to have had plastic surgery." Won-jun Yoon, director of Migo Plastic Surgery Clinic, said, "Now, plastic surgery has become an essential course that teenagers who dream of becoming celebrities must go through before their debut. The most common surgeries they receive are facial contouring and fat removal. Director Bae Jun-seong of JK Plastic Surgery said, "For the face, there are many cases of receiving a discount on the eyes, nose, and facial contouring surgery as a set."


title: Korean beauty standards

text: David Ralph Millard, who graduated from Yale College and Harvard Medical School, had been employed by the U.S. Marine Corps as the chief plastic surgeon in South Korea. Desiring a similar path to his mentor, Sir Harold Gillies, he wanted to provide reconstructive plastic surgery for wounded soldiers, children, and other civilians that were injured by the Korean War. Millard was observing ways to perform reconstructive surgeries on burn victims in order to reforming eyebrows on the patients in which he had an unusual interest to the study of the eye, the eye socket, and the eyelid fold.


title: Korean beauty standards

text: He wanted to modify the structure of the "oriental" eye into a more "western" look. Millard was unable to find a consenting patient until a Korean translator requested undergo the operation for eyes that had a more "round appearance", stating that the "because of the squint in his slant eyes, Americans could not tell what he was thinking and consequently did not trust him" in which Millard agreed with his sentiment.


title: Korean beauty standards

text: Millard then found inspiration to pave the way to conduct his own research on performing double-eyelid surgery when he could not find any journals translated in English.


title: Korean beauty standards

text: Although the double-eyelid surgery was already performed in small bulks in Japan, Hong Kong, and Korea, Millard's incorporation had changed the motivation and techniques for plastic surgery in Korea. Millard stated he wanted to reduce the "Asian-ness" by making a higher nose bridge by implanting more cartilage to the nose and widening the eyes by tearing the inner fold of the eye for a look of a longer eye, removed the fat in the eyelid that causes the monolid, and sutured the skin on the eyelid to create the double-eyelid fold. There were many plastic surgeries of this nature performed on various Koreans during this era and before he left the country, trained numerous local doctors on his techniques.


title: Korean beauty standards

text: After the #MeToo movement, when women shared their sexual assault and harassment stories, Korean women started to question their beauty standards and created the free the corset movement. Its name comes from the idea that societal oppression of women is like being bound in a corset. Korean women have taken to social media in a backlash against unrealistic beauty standards that requires them to spend hours applying makeup and performing extensive skincare regimes, which often involve ten steps or more. Some Korean women have destroyed their makeup, cut their hair, and rejected the pressures of getting surgery. The purpose of the movement is to create space for Korean women to feel comfortable with themselves and not have social pressures limit their identity. Critics of the movement think that women can make their own choices to wear makeup or not.


title: Korean beauty standards

text: While expectations of female beauty usually outweigh male expectations, South Korea is notable for the standards placed on men. South Korea has become one of the beauty capitals of the world for male beauty. In contrast to the West, it is still a misconception that the South Korean beauty industry exclusively focuses on women. Make-up is not seen as a gendered product and South Korea itself is proud to advertise many brands and products that are available to men. One of the reasons for this standard is the Korean Pop music culture or K-Pop. In the Western hemisphere, the population has a different understanding when it comes to the attractiveness of males.


title: Korean beauty standards

text: It is very common for Korean men to care about a clear, smooth and fair skin. It is also usual to dye and style hair on regular basis. The body shape is expected to appear rather androgyne than too muscular. Men wear sharply stylish cut outfits and double eyelids are really common as a result of cosmetic surgery. Korean men often choose to get surgery to achieve a higher nose along with smaller and slender facial features.


title: Korean beauty standards

text: "Over the past decade South Korean men have become the world's biggest male spenders on skincare and beauty products." Between 2011 and 2017, the market grew by 44%. South Koreas's cosmetics industry earns nearly $10 billion in annual sales. The industry is trying to expand its appeal to young men in their twenties. The cosmetic companies' marketing teams have also developed strategies to win new costumers for their always changing product lines. Major sports events such as baseball games air advertisements for skincare due to the large attendance of potential customers making it a good commercial opportunity to do so.


title: Korean beauty standards

text: In a country where military service is mandatory for all men, even this is used to lure prospective costumer. A South Korean-based company has released a line of face paint for active duty soldiers that include tealeaf extract to soothe and cool the skin.


title: Korean beauty standards

text: The general Western conception of males wearing make-up could be mistaken as an act of rebellion against the society rather than a beauty standard. Nevertheless, this seems to be changing due to the influence of Korean beauty standards not only because of K-Pop's "perfect brows and flawless skin", which is one of the new beauty standards even for the west.


title: Pelargonium

text: Pelargonium () is a genus of flowering plants that includes about 280 species of perennials, succulents, and shrubs, commonly called geraniums, pelargoniums, or storksbills. "Geranium" is also the botanical name and common name of a separate genus of related plants, also known as cranesbills. Both genera belong to the family Geraniaceae. Carl Linnaeus originally included all the species in one genus, "Geranium", and they were later separated into two genera by Charles Louis L'Héritier de Brutelle in 1789.


title: Pelargonium

text: While "Geranium" species are mostly temperate herbaceous plants, dying down in winter, "Pelargonium" species are evergreen perennials indigenous to warm temperate and tropical regions of the world, with many species in southern Africa. They are drought and heat tolerant, but can tolerate only minor frosts. Some species are extremely popular garden plants, grown as houseplants and bedding plants in temperate regions. They have a long flowering period, with flowers mostly in red, orange, or white; but intensive breeding has produced a huge array of cultivars with great variety in size, flower colour, leaf form and aromatic foliage.


title: Pelargonium

text: The name "Pelargonium" is derived from the Greek πελαργός, "pelargós" (stork), because the seed head looks like a stork's beak. Dillenius originally suggested the name 'stork', because "Geranium" was named after a crane — ""a" πελαργός, "ciconia, sicuti vocamus Gerania", γερανός, "grus"" (from "pelargos", stork, as we call the "Gerania", "geranos", crane).


title: Pelargonium

text: "Pelargonium" occurs in a large number of growth forms, including herbaceous annuals, shrubs, subshrubs, stem succulents and geophytes. The erect stems bear five-petaled flowers in umbel-like clusters, which are occasionally branched. Because not all flowers appear simultaneously, but open from the centre outwards, this is a form of inflorescence is referred to as pseudoumbels.


title: Pelargonium

text: The flower has a single symmetry plane (zygomorphic), which distinguishes it from the "Geranium" flower, which has radial symmetry (actinomorphic). Thus the lower three (anterior) petals are differentiated from the upper two (posterior) petals. The posterior sepal is fused with the pedicel to form a hypanthium (nectary tube). The nectary tube varies from only a few millimeters, up to several centimeters, and is an important floral characteristic in morphological classification. Stamens vary from 2 to 7, and their number, position relative to staminodes, and curvature are used to identify individual species. There are five stigmata in the style. For the considerable diversity in flower morphology, see figure 1 of Röschenbleck "et al." (2014)


title: Pelargonium

text: Leaves are usually alternate, and palmately lobed or pinnate, often on long stalks, and sometimes with light or dark patterns. The leaves of "Pelargonium peltatum" (Ivy-leaved Geranium), have a thick cuticle better adapting them for drought tolerance.


title: Pelargonium

text: Pelargonium are easy to propagate, just need to cut a part of the plant and put it in water to grow new roots and can be planted again. It can also be propagated by seeds, but the best option is cuttings.


title: Pelargonium

text: "Pelargonium" is the second largest genus (after "Geranium") within the family Geraniaceae, within which it is sister to the remaining genera of the family in its strict sense, "Erodium", "Geranium", and "Monsonia" including "Sarcocaulon". The Geraniaceae have a number of genetic features unique amongst angiosperms, including highly rearranged plastid genomes differing in gene content, order and expansion of the inverted repeat.<!--- Current insights in the relationships of the Geraniaceae, based on a 2008 DNA-analysis, are summarized in the following tree.


title: Donner Pass

text: Donner Pass is a mountain pass in the northern Sierra Nevada, above Donner Lake and Donner Memorial State Park about west of Truckee, California. Like the Sierra Nevada themselves, the pass has a steep approach from the east and a gradual approach from the west.


title: Donner Pass

text: The pass has been used by the California Trail, First transcontinental railroad, Overland Route, Lincoln Highway and Victory Highway (both later U.S. Route 40 and still later Donner Pass Road), as well as indirectly by Interstate 80. The pass gets its name from the ill-fated Donner Party who overwintered there in 1846.


title: Donner Pass

text: Today the area is home to a thriving recreational community with several alpine lakes and ski resorts (Donner Ski Ranch, Boreal, and Sugar Bowl). The permanent communities in the area include Kingvale and Soda Springs, as well as the larger community below the pass surrounding Donner Lake.


title: Donner Pass

text: To reach California from the east, pioneers had to get their wagons over the Sierra Nevada mountain range. In 1844 the Stephens-Townsend-Murphy Party followed the Truckee River into the mountains. At the head of what is now called Donner Lake, they found a low notch in the mountains and became the first overland settlers to use the pass. The pass was named after a later group of California-bound settlers. In early November 1846 the Donner Party found the route blocked by snow and was forced to spend the winter on the east side of the mountains. Of the 81 settlers, only 45 survived to reach California; some of them resorting to cannibalism to survive.


title: Donner Pass

text: On January 13, 1952, 222 passengers and crew aboard a train became stranded about west of Donner Pass at Yuba Pass, on Track #1 adjacent to Tunnel 35 (on Track #2), at about MP 176.5. Southern Pacific Railroad's passenger train "City of San Francisco" was en route westbound through the gap when a blizzard dumped so much snow the train was unable to move forward or reverse. The passengers and crew were stranded for three days until the nearby highway could be plowed sufficiently for a caravan of automobiles to carry them the few miles to Nyack Lodge.


title: Donner Pass

text: In the spring of 1868, the Sierra Nevada were finally "conquered" by the mainly Chinese laborers of the Central Pacific Railroad (CPRR), after almost three years of sustained drilling and blasting through granite, with the successful completion at Donner Pass of its 1,659-foot (506 m) Tunnel #6 (a.k.a. the Summit Tunnel) and associated grade, thus permitting the establishment of commercial transportation "en masse" of passengers and freight over the Sierra for the first time. Following a route first surveyed and proposed by CPRR's original Chief Engineer, Theodore D. Judah (1826–1863), the construction of the four tunnels, several miles of snowsheds, and a hand-crafted stone retaining wall 75-foot tall (a.k.a. Chinese or China Wall in recognition of the Chinese builders) necessary to breach Donner Summit constituted the most difficult engineering and construction challenge of the original Sacramento–Ogden CPRR route.


title: Donner Pass

text: Principally designed and built under the personal, often on-site direction of CPRR's Chief Assistant Engineer, Lewis M. Clement (1837–1914), the original (Track 1) summit grade remained in daily use from June 18, 1868, when the first CPRR passenger train ran through the Summit Tunnel, until 1993 when the Southern Pacific Railroad (SP) (which operated the CPRR-built Oakland-Ogden line until its 1996 merger with the Union Pacific Railroad (UP)) abandoned the 6.7 mile (10.7 km) section of Track #1 over the summit running between the Norden complex (Shed 26, MP 192.1) and the covered crossovers in Shed #47 (MP 198.8), one mile east of the old flyover at Eder. All traffic has since operated over the Track #2 grade crossing the summit south of Donner Pass through the -long Tunnel #41 running under Mount Judah between Soda Springs and Eder. SP made this change because the railroad considered Track 2 and Tunnel 41 (which was opened in 1925 when the summit section of the grade was finally double tracked) to be easier and less expensive to maintain during the harsh Sierra winters than the Track 1 tunnels and snow sheds over the summit.


title: Donner Pass

text: In conjunction with major ongoing upgrades and expansions being made to the Port of Oakland in order to better accommodate the rapidly growing North American trade with Asia and the Pacific, the cooperation of UP, the Port's principal rail partner, has been sought to "construct a second track and raise tunnel clearances over Donner Pass for container trains linking California with the rest of the country." This would likely require either a new parallel tunnel next to Tunnel 41 or the replacement of the summit section of Track 1 between the Norden complex and Shed 47; either would increase capacity and effectively eliminate delays currently caused by having to run all east and west bound traffic between Norden and Shed 47 over a single track. (To eliminate bottleneck delays the now single track section between Switch 9 (MP 171.9) at Emigrant Gap and Shed 10 (MP 179.0) west of Cisco would likely also have to be restored to double track.) Improvements were completed on the Sierra grade in November 2009, including increasing of tunnel clearances in 15 restricted tunnels between Rocklin and Truckee and upgrading of signals to CTC, although the original Donner Pass grade (Track 1) was not restored. Since then trains of full-height or , double-stack container cars have run over Donner Pass; some tunnels on Track 2 between Bowman and Colfax were not enlarged, so stack trains in both directions must use the older, tunnel-free Track 1 between those points.


title: Donner Pass

text: The Lincoln Highway, the first road across America, crosses Donner Pass; this was also a part of the Victory Highway. Interstate 80 was built through this area in the early 1960s. I-80 generally parallels the route of US 40 through the Sierra Nevada, but it crosses the Sierra crest at the Euer Saddle, about north of Donner Pass. Euer Saddle is referred to by CalTrans as "Donner Summit" at (), located on the south side of I-80 at the Castle Peak exit beyond Boreal Inn. Donner Summit is about higher than Donner Pass, but is wider and has a gentler approach that aided construction to Interstate Highway standards, which do not allow the sharp curves used by the Donner Pass Road. The grade is 3-6% for . The 1920s highway has been preserved as a scenic alternative to I-80.


title: Donner Pass

text: Winter weather at Donner Pass can be brutal. Precipitation averages per year, and because California has a Mediterranean climate wherein most precipitation falls in the winter, much of it falls as snow. At an average of per year, Donner Pass is one of the snowiest places in the contiguous United States. Four times since 1880 total snowfall at Donner Summit has exceeded and topped in both 1938 and 1952. To take advantage of the heavy snows, the Boreal Ski Resort was built to the north. Ski resorts in the Lake Tahoe area report an average of of snowfall per season. Winds in the pass can also become extreme and wind gusts in excess of are common during winter storms. Winter temperatures in the area drop below several times each year; the all-time record low for California of was recorded at Boca (east of Truckee) in January 1937.


title: Donner Pass

text: The winter of 1846–47 was especially severe, and this is generally cited as the single most important factor in the disaster of the Donner Party.


title: Donner Pass

text: Summer and winter offer a wide variety of recreation and lifestyle sports such as backpacking, alpine and cross-country skiing, rock and ice climbing. The original tunnel built by Central Pacific Railroad is home to a large amount of tagging culture. The region was made world-famous during the early 1990s with snowboarding films by Fall Line Films (FLF) and Standard Films, for its easy access to frontcountry and backcountry terrain. However, its fame and quick access from Old Highway 40 or nearby Sugar Bowl Ski Resort has led to a large number of avalanche fatalities, including professional snowboarder Jamil Khan.


title: Donner Pass

text: 1994 American Western Comedy "Wagons East" features James Harlow (John Candy), as the disgraced former wagon master for the Donner Party.


title: Donner Pass

text: Albert Bierstadt's painting "View of Donner Lake" (1871–72) shows the view of the titular lake from the vicinity of the pass.


title: Donner Pass

text: Jack Torrance tells his family the story of the Donner Party while driving through the pass in "The Shining."


title: Donner Pass

text: Donner Pass is featured in the History Channel special episode, "": "Westward". It is also featured in the National Geographic Channel series "Hell on the Highway", which focuses on the towing and recovery companies working the region.


title: Josef Kramer

text: Josef Kramer (10 November 1906 – 13 December 1945) was Hauptsturmführer and the Commandant of Auschwitz-Birkenau (from 8 May 1944 to 25 November 1944) and of the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp (from December 1944 to its liberation on 15 April 1945). Dubbed the Beast of Belsen by camp inmates, he was a German Nazi war criminal, directly responsible for the deaths of thousands of people. He was detained by the British Army after the Second World War, convicted of war crimes, and hanged on the gallows in the prison at Hamelin by British executioner Albert Pierrepoint.


title: Josef Kramer

text: Josef Kramer, an only child, was born and raised in Munich in a middle-class family. His parents, Theodore and Maria Kramer, brought him up as a "strict Roman Catholic". In 1915, the family moved from Munich to Augsburg, where Josef Kramer attended school. He began an apprenticeship as an electrician in 1920. From 1925 to 1933, except for working in a department store and as an accountant, he was mostly unemployed.


title: Josef Kramer

text: He joined the Nazi Party in 1931 and the SS in 1932. His SS training led him into work as a prison guard and, after the outbreak of war, as a concentration camp guard.


title: Josef Kramer

text: In 1934, Kramer was assigned as a guard at Dachau. His promotion was rapid, obtaining senior posts at Sachsenhausen and Mauthausen concentration camps. Kramer became assistant to Rudolf Höss, the Commandant at Auschwitz in 1940. He accompanied Höss to inspect Auschwitz as a possible site for a new synthetic oil and rubber plant, which was a vital industry for Nazi Germany, given its shortage of oil.


title: Josef Kramer

text: Kramer was named Commandant of Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp in April 1941. Natzweiler-Struthof was the only concentration camp established by the Nazis on present-day French territory, though there were French-run transit camps, such as the one at Drancy. At the time, the Alsace-Lorraine area in which it was established had been annexed by Nazi Germany.


title: Josef Kramer

text: As commandant at Natzweiler-Struthof, Kramer personally carried out the gassings of 80 Jewish men and women, part of a group of 87 selected at Auschwitz to become anatomical specimens in a proposed Jewish skull collection to be housed at the Anatomy Institute at the Reich University of Strasbourg under the direction of August Hirt.


title: Josef Kramer

text: Ultimately, the 87 inmates were transported to Natzweiler-Struthof; 46 of these individuals were originally from Thessaloniki, Greece. The deaths of 86 of these inmates were, in the words of Hirt, "induced" in an improvised gassing facility at Natzweiler-Struthof, and their corpses, 57 men and 29 women, were sent to Strasbourg. One male victim was shot as he fought to keep from being gassed.


title: Josef Kramer

text: Kramer was promoted to the rank of "Hauptsturmführer" (Captain) in 1942 and, in May 1944, was transferred to become the "Lagerführer" (camp commander) in charge of operations at Auschwitz II-Birkenau, the main centre used to kill inmates within the Auschwitz concentration camp complex, from 8 May 1944 to 25 November 1944. He was brought to Auschwitz to manage the gassings of new transports in May 1944, according to the Prosecution Judge Advocate at the War Crimes tribunal that convicted him of being responsible for the deaths committed at Auschwitz. There were a number of witnesses who said that he took an active part in the selection parades in that, for instance, he loaded people into the trucks and beat them when they resisted.


title: Josef Kramer

text: At Auschwitz, Kramer soon became known among his subordinates as a harsh taskmaster. One of the defendants at the Frankfurt Auschwitz Trial, Dr. Franz Lucas, testified that he tried to avoid assignments given to him by Kramer by pleading stomach and intestinal disorders. When Lucas saw that his name had been added to the list of selecting physicians for a large group of inmates transferred from Hungary, he objected strenuously. Kramer reacted sharply: "I know you are being investigated for favouring prisoners. I am now ordering you to go to the ramp, and if you fail to obey an order, I shall have you arrested on the spot."


title: Josef Kramer

text: In December 1944, "SS-Hauptsturmführer" Kramer was transferred from Birkenau to Bergen Belsen, near the village of Bergen. Belsen had originally served as a temporary camp for those leaving Germany, but during the war it had been expanded to serve as a convalescent depot for the ill and displaced people from across north-west Europe. Although it had no gas chambers, Kramer's rule was so harsh that he became known as the "Beast of Belsen".


title: Josef Kramer

text: As Nazi Germany collapsed, administration of the camp broke down, but Kramer remained devoted to bureaucracy. On 1 March 1945, he filed a report asking for help and resources, stating that of the 42,000 inmates in his camp, 250–300 died each day from typhus. On 19 March, the number of inmates rose to 60,000 as the Germans continued to evacuate camps that were soon to be liberated by the Allies. As late as the week of 13 April, some 28,000 additional prisoners were brought in.