title: Gibson SG

text: In 2013 Gibson released the new Gibson SG Baritone. This SG comes in Alpine white and has 24 frets. It comes tuned down two and a half steps to B-E-A-D-F#-B. It is made with a full mahogany body, Richlite fretboard 496R (Ceramic) Bridge Position 500T (Ceramic) pickups and a tune-o-matic bridge.


title: Gibson SG

text: Gibson's EB-3, EB-0, EDS-1275, and later model of Melody Maker and Kalamazoo also shared or once shared SG-shaped bodies, but these are not the members of the SG family.


title: Gibson SG

text: Epiphone also offers a range of value-priced models, including a model with 1960s styling, sold as the G-400. These models often feature simpler construction than their Gibson counterparts, although they also often implement a number of features missing from production Gibson models; examples include the period-correct 1961 SG Special's wraparound bridge (unavailable on any Gibson SG Special production model as of 2013), the 22" scale SG Express, the metal-oriented "Prophecy" line (equipped with high-output humbuckers and unique inlays), and a replica of the Gibson EDS-1275, popularized by Jimmy Page.


title: Gibson SG

text: The SG has a thinner, and more contoured body than the Les Paul, making it much lighter and more comfortable. The lighter, thinner, one-layer body means the SG, unlike the Les Paul, is particularly suitable for harmonic feedback playing techniques. The SG's neck profile is typically shallower, and thinner than that of the Les Paul, though this varies between production years and individual guitars. The SG also lacks the carved maple top and body binding of the Les Paul. Unlike the Les Paul's neck, which joins the body at the 16th fret, the SG's neck joins the body at the 22nd fret, which allows easier access to higher frets. This also makes the neck joint somewhat flexible, and players have exploited this factor in extended techniques by shaking the guitar to induce a vibrato effect such as Pete Townshend at the 1970 Isle of Wight festival. Despite the differences in body design, the SG and Les Paul models share similar electronics and controls. The sound of the SG is often described as having more "bite" (midrange emphasis) than a Les Paul, as both pickups are closer to the guitar's bridge.


title: This American Life

text: This American Life (TAL) is an American monthly hour-long radio program produced in collaboration with Chicago Public Media and hosted by Ira Glass. It is broadcast on numerous public radio stations in the United States and internationally, and is also available as a free weekly podcast. Primarily a journalistic non-fiction program, it has also featured essays, memoirs, field recordings, short fiction, and found footage. The first episode aired on November 17, 1995, under the show's original title, Your Radio Playhouse. The series was distributed by Public Radio International until June 2014, when the program became self-distributed with Public Radio Exchange delivering new episodes to public radio stations.


title: This American Life

text: A television adaptation of the show ran for two seasons on the Showtime cable network between June 2007 and May 2008.


title: This American Life

text: Each week's show has a theme, explored in several "acts". On occasion, an entire program will consist of a single act. Each act is produced by a combination of staff and freelance contributors. Programs usually begin with a short program identification by host Ira Glass who then introduces a prologue related to the theme which precedes act one. This prologue will then lead into the presentation of the theme for that week's show. After the introduction of the theme, Glass then introduces the first act of the program.


title: This American Life

text: Content varies widely by episode. Stories are often told as first-person narratives. The mood of the show ranges from gloomy to ironic, from thought-provoking to humorous. The show often addresses current events, such as Hurricane Katrina in "After the Flood". Often "This American Life" features stories which explore aspects of human nature, such as "Kid Logic", which presented pieces on the reasoning of children. The majority of interviews with subjects never make it to the air, as many as 80 percent, because the team looks for interviewees who recount stories in a "particular way".


title: This American Life

text: The end credits of each show are read by Glass, and include a sound clip extracted out of context from some portion of that show, which Glass humorously attributes to previous WBEZ general manager Torey Malatia, who co-founded the show with Glass in 1995.


title: This American Life

text: Glass has stated he is contractually obligated to mention station WBEZ (and previously, also former distributor PRI) three times in the course of the show.


title: This American Life

text: In the early 1990s, Glass co-hosted, with Gary Covino, a Friday-night show in Chicago called "The Wild Room." However, he was looking for new opportunities in radio, and had been sending grant proposals to the Corporation for Public Broadcasting for two years when, in 1995, the MacArthur Foundation approached Torey Malatia, general manager of Chicago Public Radio. They offered him to make a show featuring local Chicago writers and performance artists. Malatia approached Glass with the idea, who countered that he wanted to do a weekly program, but with a different premise, a budget of , and sights on taking it national. In a 1998 article in the "Chicago Reader", Michael Miner quoted Covino as saying, "The show [Glass] proposed was "The Wild Room". He just didn't call it "The Wild Room"." Glass, however, didn't include his co-host in his plans and assured him that the deal was unlikely to happen. When the show went on without him, Covino says he felt "betrayed". While Glass admits he wasn't transparent about his plans, in that same article, he explained, "Every week on "The Wild Room" we came to the show with two independent sensibilities. I love Gary. I loved Gary. But I didn't want to keep doing that show...and the notion that everything I brought to "The Wild Room" I got from him I find completely infuriating...I didn't want to do free-form radio anymore. I have no interest in improvisation. It might have been possible to design a show with him that he would have felt comfortable with and I would have felt comfortable with. But at that point—I was in my late 30s—I just wanted to do the thing I wanted to do."


title: This American Life

text: The show debuted on WBEZ in Chicago as "Your Radio Playhouse" on November 17, 1995. Glass conceived a format where each segment of the show would be an "act," and at the beginning of each episode, would explain that show consisted of "documentaries, monologues, overheard conversations, found tapes, [and] anything we can think of." Glass also served as executive producer. The program's name was changed beginning with the March 21, 1996, episode, and was picked up nationally by PRI the following June. Chicago Public Media (then called the WBEZ Alliance) produced. The program's first year was produced on a budget that was tight even by US public-radio standards. A budget of $243,000 covered an outfitted studio, marketing costs, satellite time, four full-time staffers, and various freelance writers and reporters. The station was located at Chicago's Navy Pier. Early on, Glass commissioned stories from artists, writers, theater people, and journalists. National syndication began in June 1996 when Public Radio International formed a distribution partnership with the program, and the Corporation for Public Broadcasting awarded the show a three-year grant for $350,000, double what Glass applied for. As time went on, the staff was drawn more to journalistic stories that were, as Glass puts it, "in a style where there were characters and scenes and plot and funny moments." The show is also carried on Sirius XM Satellite Radio over the Public Radio International block on the XM Public Radio channel. In the early 2010's, the program consistently rated as the first- or second-most downloaded podcast on iTunes for each week.


title: This American Life

text: Early response to the program was largely positive. In 1998, "Mother Jones" magazine called it "hip as well as intensely literary and surprisingly irreverent." Glass used a unique strategy to promote the show to stations by giving away pledge drive ads he developed himself. By the end of 1999, TAL aired on 325 public radio stations, and, around that time, Rhino Records released a "greatest hits" CD of "TAL" episodes.


title: This American Life

text: In January 2011, the series was picked up by CBC Radio One in Canada. The program is shortened slightly for the Canadian broadcast to allow for a five-minute newscast at the top of the hour, although this is partly made up for by the removal of mid-program breaks, most of the production credits (apart from that of Malatia), and underwriting announcements (CBC's radio services being fully commercial-free, except when contractually or legally required).


title: This American Life

text: In January 2012, "This American Life" presented excerpts from a one-man theater show "The Agony and the Ecstasy of Steve Jobs" by Mike Daisey as an exposé of conditions at a Foxconn factory in China. The episode was entitled "Mr. Daisey and the Apple Factory" and became one of the show's most popular episodes at that time, with 888,000 downloads and 206,000 streams. WBEZ planned to host a live showing and a Q+A of "The Agony and the Ecstasy of Steve Jobs" in Chicago on April 7, 2012. On March 16, 2012, "This American Life" officially retracted the episode after learning that several events recounted both in the radio story and the monologue were fabrications. WBEZ canceled the planned live performance and refunded all ticket purchases. Airing that day, "This American Life" devoted the week's show (titled "Retraction") to detailing the inconsistencies in "The Agony and Ecstasy of Steve Jobs". The show includes interviews between Rob Schmitz, the reporter who discovered the discrepancies, and Daisey's translator in China, Cathy Lee, as well as an interview between host Glass and Daisey. Daisey apologized for presenting his work as journalism, saying "It's not journalism. It's theater," but refused to acknowledge that he had lied—even in the face of obvious discrepancies. The podcast of this episode became the most downloaded until February 2013.


title: This American Life

text: Two weeks later, the show also reiterated that they had previously removed three stories by Stephen Glass due to dubious content, namely episode 57, "Delivery", episode 79, " Stuck in the Wrong Decade", and episode 86, "How to Take Money from Strangers." The episodes including the segments had inadvertently resurfaced in episode streams due to a website redesign. Though the segments were cut from podcast streams, the transcript of the contents have been kept accessible on the show's official website.


title: This American Life

text: In 2015, the show retracted a story about canvassers who tried to change people's political opinions. The story was based on an article in "Science" that was also retracted.


title: This American Life

text: In March 2014, the program announced that PRI would stop distributing the show in July, and that May, Glass announced that the staff would be distributing the show themselves, with Public Radio Exchange doing the technical legwork to deliver the audio to the radio stations.


title: This American Life

text: On October 1, 2014, the show produced a spinoff, "Serial", a season-long exploration delivered as a podcast series. In 2015, Glass became the sole owner of "This American Life"; WBEZ continued as a production partner on the show and on "Serial" with future shows to be independent. In 2017, "This American Life" launched the podcast "S-Town" through the spinoff company Serial Productions. Serial Productions was bought by The New York Times Company in 2020. The "Times" and Serial jointly produced the podcasts "Nice White Parents", hosted by Chana Joffe-Walt, which debuted in July 2020; and "The Improvement Association", hosted by Zoe Chace, which debuted in April 2021.


title: This American Life

text: In a 2014 interview, Glass revealed the software and equipment used to make the show. The staff records interviews using Marantz PMD661 digital recorders and Audio Technica AT835b shotgun microphones. After each recording session (whether a single interview or day of recording) he uses a story structuring technique he learned from print journalist Paul Tough. He jots or types all the most memorable moments from the tape, then has the recording transcribed and makes note of any quotes of potential value in the story. He then arranges those quotes into a structured narrative.


title: This American Life

text: Guests on the show have included Malcolm Gladwell and Michael Paterniti, who would normally command tens of thousands of dollars for an article but have settled for as little as 200 per day to have a piece included on the show. The program helped launch the literary careers of many, including contributing editor Sarah Vowell and essayists David Rakoff and David Sedaris.


title: This American Life

text: For live shows, which combine live and pre-recorded elements, Glass previously used a mixing console and CD players. With time, he switched to using an iPad Mini running TouchAble software, which in turn controls the Ableton Live software on his MacBook Air. He can plug the MacBook into the house sound system using the device's headphone jack.


title: This American Life

text: The show offers two, six-month fellowship positions annually for persons who have worked in the field of journalism, but who would like training in how to tell stories in the style of "This American Life".


title: This American Life

text: Episodes of "TAL" are accompanied by music. Some songs are used between acts and are credited in the episode guide for the show. Other songs are used as thematic background music for stories and are not credited. Jonathan Menjivar is a producer and music supervisor at the show.


title: This American Life

text: "Over the years, we've used hundreds of songs under our stories—and in some stories, we use a number of different songs in different sections. We tried to answer these emails , but often it was impossible sometimes to pinpoint which song people were asking about...".


title: This American Life

text: The show received positive reviews from the beginning. Marc Fisher with "American Journalism Review" drew attention to how the program's production style elicits "a sense of ease, informality and direct, unfiltered access", and "the effect is liberating". After remarking that producing so many stories each episode is "labor intensive," David Stewart with "Current" said it is "remarkable that while a few stories were fatuous or trite, most were successful and some really memorable." He added, "Whose American life is this? Clearly Ira's: it is kinky, clever, at once disingenuous and innocent, fanciful, rarely too serious...Above all, it is compelling."


title: This American Life

text: The program has received criticism as well. In 2020, author Andrew J Bottomley wrote that the show primarily represents the perspective of its "predominantly white, upper-middle-class, educated audience." He also said the show is "didactic ... extracting from the stories of others a lesson that is then instilled on the audience."


title: This American Life

text: In 1999, more than 800,000 people listened to "This American Life" each weekend on 332 public radio stations. By 2019, the show broadcast to 2.2 million listeners each week, with an additional podcast audience of 3.6 million.


title: This American Life

text: WBEZ-FM received a Peabody Award in 1996 and again in 2006 for "TAL", for a show which "captures contemporary culture in fresh and inventive ways that mirror the diversity and eccentricities of its subjects" and "weav[es] original monologues, mini-dramas, original fiction, traditional radio documentaries and original radio dramas into an instructional and entertaining tapestry".


title: This American Life

text: In 2020, "This American Life" became the first news program to win the Pulitzer Prize for Audio Reporting. The winning work was "The Out Crowd", the 688th episode with "revelatory, intimate journalism that illuminates the personal impact of the Trump Administration's 'Remain in Mexico' policy".


title: This American Life

text: In March 2021, the May 9, 2008, episode, "The Giant Pool of Money", was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Recording Registry as one of 25 works added to the registry for 2020. It was the first podcast episode ever chosen for inclusion in the registry.


title: This American Life

text: Discussions of a television adaptation of "TAL" date back to at least 1999. However, the show's creative team was unsure of what the show would "look like" and, with so much money on the line, turned down offers. In January 2006, Showtime announced it had greenlit six episodes of a new series based on "TAL". The announcement noted that each half-hour episode would "be hosted by Ira Glass and [...] explore a single theme or topic through the unique juxtaposition of first-person storytelling and whimsical narrative."


title: This American Life

text: For budgetary reasons, Glass and four of the radio show's producers left Chicago for New York City, where Showtime is headquartered. In January 2007, it was announced that Glass had completed production on the show's first season, with the first episode set to premiere on March 22. Originally the series had a contract for a total of 30 shows over the four years, but after two seasons Glass announced that he and the other creators of the show had "asked to be taken off TV", largely in part to the difficult schedule required to produce a television program. He went on to state that the show is officially "on hiatus", but would like to do a television special at some point in the future.


title: This American Life

text: The episode "The Anatomy of Doubt" based on reporting by ProPublica and The Marshall Project was adapted into the Netflix series "Unbelievable".


title: This American Life

text: Stories from "TAL" have been used as the basis of movie scripts. In 2002 the show signed a six-figure deal with Warner Bros. giving the studio two years of "first-look" rights to its hundreds of past and future stories. One film to have emerged from the deal is "Unaccompanied Minors", a 2006 film directed by Paul Feig and based on "In The Event of An Emergency, Put Your Sister in an Upright Position" from "Babysitting". Ira Glass and longtime "TAL" producer Julie Snyder were both executive producers on the film. In June 2008, Spike Lee bought the movie rights to Ronald Mallett's memoir, whose story was featured in the episode "My Brilliant Plan". Potential Warner Bros films from "TAL" episodes include "Niagara", which explored the town of Niagara Falls, New York, after those who sought to exploit the tourism and hydroelectrical opportunities of the area left; "Wonder Woman" (from the episode "Superpowers"), the story of an adolescent who took steps to become the superhero she dreamed of being, well into adulthood; and "Act V", about the last act of "Hamlet" as staged by inmates from a maximum security prison as part of Prison Performing Arts Adult Theatre Projects. Paramount Pictures and Broadway Video are in production on "Curly Oxide and Vic Thrill", a film based on the "TAL" story in the episode "My Experimental Phase".


title: This American Life

text: "This American Life"s 168th episode, "The Fix Is In", inspired screenwriter Scott Burns to adapt Kurt Eichenwald's book about business executive and FBI informant Mark Whitacre, titled "The Informant", into a major motion picture. The film was directed by Steven Soderbergh and stars Matt Damon. Glass has stated that the radio show has no financial stake in the film, but noted that he appreciated how well the movie stuck to the original facts.


title: This American Life

text: "This American Life"s 361st episode's, "Fear of Sleep", section "Stranger in the Night" featured an excerpt from Mike Birbiglia's one-man show, "Sleepwalk with Me". This inspired Glass to work with Birbiglia for two years on a movie based on this segment. The film version of "Sleepwalk with Me" screened at the Sundance Film Festival on January 23, 2012, to favorable reviews, winning the "Best of NEXT Audience Award".


title: This American Life

text: In May 2011, Walt Disney Pictures announced it was adapting a movie from a 2009 episode titled "The Girlfriend Equation".


title: This American Life

text: The 2018 film "Come Sunday" was based on a 2005 "TAL" story called "Heretics," about controversial Tulsa preacher Carlton Pearson.


title: This American Life

text: In 2019, Lulu Wang adapted her autobiographical story called "What You Don't Know" from the 2016 episode "In Defense of Ignorance" into "The Farewell".


title: This American Life

text: The 2019 film "Ode to Joy" was adapted from a "TAL" story by Chris Higgins called "I've Fallen in Love and I Can't Get Up."


title: This American Life

text: "This American Life" has taken the radio show on the road three times since 2000; material recorded on each of the three tours has been edited into an episode which aired on the radio shortly after the tour. Other episodes include segments recorded live.


title: This American Life

text: On May 1, 2008, "This American Life" was the first major public media program to use digital cinema, distributing a one-hour-long program titled "This American Life – Live!" to select cinemas. PRI originally conceived of the idea to serve stations around the country. "This American Life Live!" was presented exclusively in select theatres by National CineMedia's (NCM) Fathom, in partnership with BY Experience and Chicago Public Radio, and in association with Public Radio International.


title: This American Life

text: On April 23, 2009, "This American Life" broadcast a second theater event, titled "This American Life – Live! Returning to the Scene of the Crime". Contributors included Mike Birbiglia, Starlee Kine, Dan Savage, David Rakoff, and Joss Whedon.


title: This American Life

text: On May 10, 2012, "This American Life" broadcast a third theater event, titled "Invisible Made Visible". Contributors included David Sedaris, David Rakoff, Tig Notaro, Ryan Knighton, and Mike Birbiglia, who made a short film with Terry Gross.


title: This American Life

text: On June 7, 2014, "This American Life" recorded a fourth live event titled "The Radio Drama Episode". Contributors included Carin Gilfry, Lin-Manuel Miranda, Mike Birbiglia, Joshua Bearman, and Sasheer Zamata. The episode was broadcast on radio and the podcast on June 20, 2014.


title: This American Life

text: From 1998 to 2005, the program could be accessed online in two formats: a free RealAudio stream available from the official show website, and a DRM-encrypted download available through Audible.com, which charged $4 per episode. In early 2006, the program began to offer MP3 copies of each episode, which could be streamed from the show's website using a proprietary Flash player. Aware that more people were listening through headphones and so could hear mistakes more clearly, the production sought to improve the mixing and editing.


title: This American Life

text: Since October 2006, the program has offered a free podcast feed to the public. Under this arrangement, each show is made available to podcast feeds and aggregation programs Sunday evening at 8 p.m. ET, allowing radio stations a 43-hour window of exclusivity to carry the episode. After seven days, the link to the MP3 is removed from the podcast feed. Older shows can be streamed online via the show's website, or purchased from Apple's iTunes Store for $0.95 per episode.


title: This American Life

text: Since the move to MP3 files in 2006, the show has relied on an extremely lightweight Digital Rights Management system, based on security through obscurity and legal threats. While the show episodes are removed from the podcast RSS feed after a week, they remain on "This American Life"s server, accessible to anyone who knows the location. On at least three occasions, Internet users have created their own unofficial podcast feeds, deep linking to the MP3 files located on the "This American Life" webserver. In all three instances, the podcast feeds were removed from the Internet once representatives from Public Radio International contacted the individuals responsible for creating the feeds.


title: This American Life

text: In February 2010, Public Radio Exchange launched a mobile app on Apple's iTunes Store. This app contains MP3 audio of the podcast.


title: This American Life

text: In October 2016, "This American Life" launched an app called Shortcut to allow listeners to share short audio clips on social media, similar to the way gifs allow social media users to share video clips. Stephanie Foo served as project lead, collaborating with developers Courtney Stanton and Darius Kazemi of Feel Train. In the app, listeners can select an audio clip of up to 30 seconds to post to social media, where the audio plays and displays a transcription of the clip. The app's initial iteration operates on "This American Life"'s archives, but the project code will be released as open-source software, available for other audio projects to adopt.


title: This American Life

text: Some of the show's episodes are accompanied by multimedia downloads available on "This American Life"'s website. For example, a cover version of the Elton John song "Rocket Man" was produced for episode 223, "Classifieds", and released as an MP3.


title: This American Life

text: Four two-disc CD sets collecting some of the producers' favorite acts have been released: "" was released on May 4, 1999; "" was released on November 11, 2003; "Davy Rothbart: This American Life" was released in 2004; and "Stories of Hope and Fear" was released on November 7, 2006.


title: This American Life

text: A 32-page comic book, "Radio: An Illustrated Guide" (), documents how an episode of "TAL" is put together. It was drawn by cartoonist Jessica Abel, written by Abel and Glass, and first published in 1999.


title: This American Life

text: The cover of "The Lives They Lived" edition of "The New York Times Magazine" published on December 25, 2011, read "These American Lives" after a special section of the magazine edited by Glass and other staff of the show.


title: This American Life

text: Marc Fisher with "American Journalism Review" wrote, in a 1999 article on the show, that "in ways small but clear, as inspiration if not direct model, "This American Life" is at the vanguard of a shift in American journalism." In the book "Sound Streams—A Cultural History of Radio-Internet Convergence", author Andrew Bottomley calls the show "the archetype of the modern US feature-documentary mode."


title: This American Life

text: "This American Life" was an early adopter to the podcast format and became a forerunner of the medium. Steph Harmon with "The Guardian" remarked that the show is "often credited for ushering in not only a public radio revolution, but the rise of storytelling as an industry and podcasting as a form."


title: This American Life

text: Television shows and movies have made allusions to the program. "This American Life" was referenced in a 2018 episode of "The Big Bang Theory".


title: This American Life

text: Summer Roberts, in "The O.C.," asked of "This American Life", "Is that that show by those hipster know-it-alls who talk about how fascinating ordinary people are? Ekhh. God." Glass, a fan of the teen soap opera, played the line during an episode about "TAL"s 2007 live tour. After hearing the line, he said, "I literally stood up and went like—like did that just happen?


title: This American Life

text: During a crowd interaction in Mike Birbiglia's 2017 standup special 'Thank God for Jokes', a frustrated Birbiglia exclaims "We don't all have to be Ira Glass here!" in response to the audience member.


title: This American Life

text: The show has also been the subject of parodies. The satirical newspaper "The Onion" published a story on April 20, 2007, entitled "'This American Life' Completes Documentation Of Liberal, Upper-Middle-Class Existence." In 2011, comedy writer Julian Joslin (with Michael Grinspan) released a parody of "TAL" entitled "This American Laugh" on YouTube, wherein a fictional Glass makes a sex tape with Fresh Air's Terry Gross. The spoof was viewed over 100,000 times in one week. In response, Glass said, "hearing his version of me, made what I do on the air seem kind of dumb. And the impersonation was so good ... I had to decide, 'Do I want to see myself as kind of trite and dumb?' Seemed better to stop." Fred Armisen parodied Ira Glass for a skit on "Saturday Night Live"s "Weekend Update" in 2011. The skit was cut from the show on the grounds that Ira Glass was "not famous enough" to be parodied on "Saturday Night Live". Glass then invited Armisen to impersonate him as a guest co-host for an episode of "TAL" in January 2013. In 2013, Stanley Chase III, Mickey Dwyer, Ken Fletcher, and Matt Gifford launched the parody podcast "That American Life" on iTunes, which is hosted by "Ira Class". In two episodes of season one of "Orange Is the New Black", Robert Stanton portrays radio personality Maury Kind, an NPR host of a show called "Urban Tales". The show within a show is a fictional portrayal of "TAL".


title: This American Life

text: Glass has made appearances as himself in fictional works. In the 2014 film "Veronica Mars," the character Stosh "Piz" Piznarski works at "This American Life," and Glass and many "TAL" staffers appear in background roles. Glass also had a cameo appearance in the 22nd-season premiere of "The Simpsons", entitled "Elementary School Musical". Lisa plays "This American Life" on her iPod and Glass introduces the theme of the day's show, "Today in Five Acts: Condiments". In the "American Dad!" episode, "Honey, I'm Homeland", Glass plays himself in a voice-only role. Members of an "Occupy" group kidnap Stan after he tries to infiltrate their group. While he's in captivity, they try to brainwash him by playing an episode of "This American Life" in which Glass talks about a dog and his owner, who also happens to be a dog. Stan objects to Glass's pauses between lines, questioning why they are necessary if he already has them written down in front of him. When Stan has been fully brainwashed and is released, he continues to listen to Glass as he touts the benefits of paying for radio. In a season 6 episode of "30 Rock" called "St. Patrick's Day," Glass's voice appears on the radio, apparently presenting "TAL", with his studio having been overrun by drunken thugs. In the 2014 episode of "Bojack Horseman", called "Live Fast, Diane Nguyen," Glass voices Diane's ring tone during a meeting with Bojack and his publisher, thanking her for being a sustaining member of public radio. Much of the "TAL" staff made a cameo on the season four opener of the HBO show "High Maintenance", in an episode that told the story of a fictional new reporter at the radio program.


title: T-cell receptor

text: The T-cell receptor (TCR) is a protein complex found on the surface of T cells, or T lymphocytes, that is responsible for recognizing fragments of antigen as peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. The binding between TCR and antigen peptides is of relatively low affinity and is degenerate: that is, many TCRs recognize the same antigen peptide and many antigen peptides are recognized by the same TCR.


title: T-cell receptor

text: The TCR is composed of two different protein chains (that is, it is a heterodimer). In humans, in 95% of T cells the TCR consists of an alpha (α) chain and a beta (β) chain (encoded by "TRA" and "TRB", respectively), whereas in 5% of T cells the TCR consists of gamma and delta (γ/δ) chains (encoded by "TRG" and "TRD", respectively). This ratio changes during ontogeny and in diseased states (such as leukemia). It also differs between species. Orthologues of the 4 loci have been mapped in various species. Each locus can produce a variety of polypeptides with constant and variable regions.


title: T-cell receptor

text: When the TCR engages with antigenic peptide and MHC (peptide/MHC), the T lymphocyte is activated through signal transduction, that is, a series of biochemical events mediated by associated enzymes, co-receptors, specialized adaptor molecules, and activated or released transcription factors. Based on the initial receptor triggering mechanism, the TCR belongs to the family of non-catalytic tyrosine-phosphorylated receptors (NTRs).


title: T-cell receptor

text: In 1982, Nobel laureate James P. Allison first discovered the T-cell receptor. Then, Tak Wah Mak and Mark M. Davis identified the cDNA clones encoding the human and mouse TCR respectively in 1984. These findings allowed the entity and structure of the elusive TCR, known before as the "Holy Grail of Immunology", to be revealed. This allowed scientists from around the world to carry out studies on the TCR, leading to important studies in the fields of CAR-T, cancer immunotherapy and checkpoint inhibition.


title: T-cell receptor

text: The TCR is a disulfide-linked membrane-anchored heterodimeric protein normally consisting of the highly variable alpha (α) and beta (β) chains expressed as part of a complex with the invariant CD3 chain molecules. T cells expressing this receptor are referred to as α:β (or αβ) T cells, though a minority of T cells express an alternate receptor, formed by variable gamma (γ) and delta (δ) chains, referred as γδ T cells.


title: T-cell receptor

text: Each chain is composed of two extracellular domains: Variable (V) region and a Constant (C) region, both of Immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) domain forming antiparallel β-sheets. The Constant region is proximal to the cell membrane, followed by a transmembrane region and a short cytoplasmic tail, while the Variable region binds to the peptide/MHC complex.


title: T-cell receptor

text: The variable domain of both the TCR α-chain and β-chain each have three hypervariable or complementarity-determining regions (CDRs). There is also an additional area of hypervariability on the β-chain (HV4) that does not normally contact antigen and, therefore, is not considered a CDR.


title: T-cell receptor

text: The residues in these variable domains are located in two regions of the TCR, at the interface of the α- and β-chains and in the β-chain framework region that is thought to be in proximity to the CD3 signal-transduction complex. CDR3 is the main CDR responsible for recognizing processed antigen, although CDR1 of the alpha chain has also been shown to interact with the N-terminal part of the antigenic peptide, whereas CDR1 of the β-chain interacts with the C-terminal part of the peptide.


title: T-cell receptor

text: CDR2 is thought to recognize the MHC. CDR4 of the β-chain is not thought to participate in antigen recognition, but has been shown to interact with superantigens.


title: T-cell receptor

text: The constant domain of the TCR consists of short connecting sequences in which a cysteine residue forms disulfide bonds, which form a link between the two chains.


title: T-cell receptor

text: The TCR is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, a large group of proteins involved in binding, recognition, and adhesion; the family is named after antibodies (also called immunoglobulins). The TCR is similar to a half-antibody consisting of a single heavy and single light chain, except the heavy chain is without its crystallisable fraction (Fc). The two subunits of TCR are twisted together. Whereas the antibody uses its Fc region to bind to Fc Receptors on leukocytes, TCR is already docked onto the cell membrane. However, it is not able to mediate signal transduction itself due to its short cytoplasmic tail, so TCR still requires CD3 and zeta to carry out the signal transduction in its place, just as antibodies require binding to FcRs to initiate signal transduction. In this way the MHC-TCR-CD3 interaction for T cells is functionally similar to the antigen(Ag)-immunoglobulin(Ig)-FcR interaction for myeloid leukocytes, and Ag-Ig-CD79 interaction for B cells.


title: T-cell receptor

text: The generation of TCR diversity is similar to that for antibodies and B-cell antigen receptors. It arises mainly from genetic recombination of the DNA-encoded segments in individual somatic T cells by somatic V(D)J recombination using RAG1 and RAG2 recombinases. Unlike immunoglobulins, however, TCR genes do not undergo somatic hypermutation, and T cells do not express activation-induced cytidine deaminase(AID). The recombination process that creates diversity in BCR (antibodies) and TCR is unique to lymphocytes (T and B cells) during the early stages of their development in primary lymphoid organs (thymus for T cells, bone marrow for B cells).


title: T-cell receptor

text: Each recombined TCR possess unique antigen specificity, determined by the structure of the antigen-binding site formed by the α and β chains in case of αβ T cells or γ and δ chains on case of γδ T cells.


title: T-cell receptor

text: The intersection of these specific regions (V and J for the alpha or gamma chain; V, D, and J for the beta or delta chain) corresponds to the CDR3 region that is important for peptide/MHC recognition (see above).


title: T-cell receptor

text: It is the unique combination of the segments at this region, along with palindromic and random nucleotide additions (respectively termed "P-" and "N-"), which accounts for the even greater diversity of T-cell receptor specificity for processed antigenic peptides.


title: T-cell receptor

text: Later during development, individual CDR loops of TCR can be re-edited in the periphery outside thymus by reactivation of recombinases using a process termed TCR revision (editing) and change its antigenic specificity.


title: T-cell receptor

text: In the plasma membrane the TCR receptor chains α and β associate with six additional adaptor proteins to form an octameric complex. The complex contains both α and β chains, forming the ligand-binding site, and the signaling modules CD3δ, CD3γ, CD3ε and CD3ζ in the stoichiometry TCR α β - CD3εγ - CD3εδ - CD3ζζ. Charged residues in the transmembrane domain of each subunit form polar interactions allowing a correct and stable assembly of the complex. The cytoplasmic tail of the TCR is extremely short, hence the CD3 adaptor proteins contain the signalling motifs needed for propagating the signal from the triggered TCR into the cell.


title: T-cell receptor

text: The signalling motifs involved in TCR signalling are tyrosine residues in the cytoplasmic tail of these adaptor proteins that can be phosphorylated in the event of TCR-pMHC binding. The tyrosine residues reside in a specific amino acid sequence of the signature Yxx(L/I)x6-8Yxx(L/I), where Y, L, I indicate tyrosine, leucine and isoleucine residues, x denotes any amino acids, the subscript 6-8 indicates a sequence of 6 to 8 amino acids in length. This motif is very common in activator receptors of the non-catalytic tyrosine-phosphorylated receptor (NTR) family and is referred to as immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM). CD3δ, CD3γ and CD3ε each contain a single ITAM, while CD3ζ contains three ITAMs. In total the TCR complex contains 10 ITAMs. Phosphorylated ITAMs act as binding site for SH2-domains of additionally recruited proteins.


title: T-cell receptor

text: Each T cell expresses clonal TCRs which recognize a specific peptide loaded on a MHC molecule (pMHC), either on MHC class II on the surface of antigen-presenting cells or MHC class I on any other cell type.


title: T-cell receptor

text: A unique feature of T cells is their ability to discriminate between peptides derived from healthy, endogenous cells and peptides from foreign or abnormal (e.g. infected or cancerous) cells in the body. Antigen-presenting cells do not discriminate between self and foreign peptides and typically express a large number of self-derived pMHCs on their cell surface and only a few copies of any foreign pMHC. For example, cells infected with HIV have only 8–46 HIV-specific pMHCs, compared with 100,000 total pMHCs, per cell.


title: T-cell receptor

text: Because T cells undergo positive selection in the thymus, there is a non-negligible affinity between self-pMHC and the TCR. Nevertheless, the T-cell receptor signalling should not be activated by self-pMHC so that endogenous, healthy cells are ignored by T cells.


title: T-cell receptor

text: However, when these very same cells contain even minute quantities of pathogen-derived pMHC, T cells must get activated and initiate immune responses. The ability of T cells to ignore healthy cells but respond when these same cells express a small number of foreign pMHCs is known as antigen discrimination.


title: T-cell receptor

text: To do so, T cells have a very high degree of antigen specificity, despite the fact that the affinity to the peptide/MHC ligand is rather low in comparison to other receptor types. The affinity, given as the dissociation constant ("K"), between a TCR and a pMHC was determined by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) to be in the range of 1–100 μM, with an association rate ("k") of 1000 -10000 M s and a dissociation rate ("k") of 0.01 -0.1 s. In comparison, cytokines have an affinity of KD = 10–600 pM to their receptor.


title: T-cell receptor

text: It has been shown that even a single amino acid change in the presented peptide that affects the affinity of the pMHC to the TCR reduces the T cell response and cannot be compensated by a higher pMHC concentration. A negative correlation between the dissociation rate of the pMHC-TCR complex and the strength of the T cell response has been observed. That means, pMHC that bind the TCR for a longer time initiate a stronger activation of the T cell.


title: T-cell receptor

text: Furthermore, T cells are highly sensitive; interaction with a single pMHC is enough to trigger activation. T cells move on quickly from antigens that do not trigger responses, rapidly scanning pMHC on an antigen-presenting cell (APC) to increase the chance of finding a specific pMHC. On average, a T cell encounters 20 APCs per hour.


title: T-cell receptor

text: Different models for the molecular mechanisms that underlie this highly specific and highly sensitive process of antigen discrimination have been proposed. The occupational model simply suggests that the TCR response is proportional to the number of pMHC bound to the receptor. Given this model, a shorter lifetime of a peptide can be compensated by higher concentration such that the maximum response of the T cell stays the same. However, this cannot be seen in experiments and the model has been widely rejected.


title: T-cell receptor

text: The kinetic proofreading model proposes that a signal is not directly produced upon binding but a series of intermediate steps ensure a time delay between binding and signal output. Such intermediate "proofreading" steps can be multiple rounds of tyrosine phosphorylation. These steps require energy and therefore do not happen spontaneously, only when the receptor is bound to its ligand. This way only ligands with high affinity that bind the TCR for a long enough time can initiate a signal. All intermediate steps are reversible, such that upon ligand dissociation the receptor reverts to its original unphosphorylated state before a new ligand binds.


title: T-cell receptor

text: This model predicts that maximum response of T cells decreases for pMHC with shorter lifetime. Experiments have confirmed this model.


title: T-cell receptor

text: However, the basic kinetic proofreading model has a trade-off between sensitivity and specificity. Increasing the number of proofreading steps increases the specificity but lowers the sensitivity of the receptor. The model is therefore not sufficient to explain the high sensitivity and specificity of TCRs that have been observed. (Altan Bonnet2005) Multiple models that extend the kinetic proofreading model have been proposed, but evidence for the models is still controversial.


title: T-cell receptor

text: The antigen sensitivity is higher in antigen-experienced T cells than in naive T cells. Naive T cells pass through the process of functional avidity maturation with no change in affinity. It is based on the fact that effector and memory (antigen-experienced) T cell are less dependent on costimulatory signals and higher antigen concentration than naive T cell.


title: T-cell receptor

text: The essential function of the TCR complex is to identify specific bound antigen derived from a potentially harmful pathogen and elicit a distinct and critical response. At the same time it has to ignore any self-antigen and tolerate harmless antigens such as food antigens. The signal transduction mechanism by which a T cell elicits this response upon contact with its unique antigen is termed T-cell activation.


title: T-cell receptor

text: Upon binding to pMHC, the TCR initiates a signalling cascade, involving transcription factor activation and cytoskeletal remodelling resulting in T cell activation. Active T cells secrete cytokines, undergo rapid proliferation, have cytotoxic activity and differentiate into effector and memory cells. When the TCR is triggered, T cells form an immunological synapse allowing them to stay in contact with the antigen presenting cell for several hours.


title: T-cell receptor

text: On a population level, T cell activation depends on the strength of TCR stimulation, the dose–response curve of ligand to cytokine production is sigmoidal. However, T cell activation on a single cell level can be characterised by a digital switch-like response, meaning the T cell is fully activated if the stimulus is higher than a given threshold, otherwise the T cell stay in its non-activated state. There is no intermediate activation state. The robust sigmoid dose-response curve on population level results from individual T cells having slightly different thresholds.


title: T-cell receptor

text: T cells need three signals to become fully activated. Signal 1 is provided by the T-cell receptor when recognising a specific antigen on a MHC molecule. Signal 2 comes from co-stimulatory receptors such as CD28, presented on the surface of other immune cells. It is expressed only when an infection was detected by the innate immune system, it is a "Danger indicating signal". This two-signal system makes sure that T cells only respond to harmful pathogens and not to self-antigens. An additional third signal is provided by cytokines, which regulate the differentiation of T cells into different subsets of effector T cells.


title: T-cell receptor

text: There are myriad molecules involved in the complex biochemical process (called trans-membrane signaling) by which T-cell activation occurs. Below, the signalling cascade is described in detail.


title: T-cell receptor

text: Once the TCR binds a specific pMHC, the tyrosine residues of the Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) in its CD3 adaptor proteins are phosphorylated. The residues serve as docking sites for downstream signalling molecules, which can propagate the signal.


title: T-cell receptor

text: Phosphorylation of ITAMs is mediated by the Src kinase Lck. Lck is anchored to the plasma membrane by associating with the co-receptor CD4 or CD8, depending on the T cell subtype. CD4 is expressed on helper T cells and regulatory T cells, and is specific for MHC class II. CD8, on the other hand, specific for MHC class I, is expressed on cytotoxic T cells.


title: T-cell receptor

text: Binding of the co-receptor to the MHC brings Lck in close proximity to the CD3 ITAMs. It has been shown that 40% of Lck is active even before the TCR binds pMHC and therefore has the ability to constantly phosphorylate the TCR. Tonic TCR signalling is avoided by the presence of phosphatase CD45 that removes phosphorylation from tyrosine residues and inhibits signal initiation. Upon binding the balance of kinase activity to phosphatase activity is perturbed, leading to a surplus of phosphorylation and initiation of the signal. How such perturbation is accomplished by TCR binding is still debated. Mechanisms involving conformational change of TCR, TCR aggregation and kinetic segregation have been suggested.


title: T-cell receptor

text: Tyrosine kinase Fyn might be involved in ITAM phosphorylation but is not essential for TCR signalling.


title: T-cell receptor

text: Phosphorylated ITAMs in the cytoplasmic tails of CD3 recruit protein tyrosine kinase Zap70 that can bind to the phosphorylated tyrosine residues with its SH2 domain. This brings Zap70 into close proximity to Lck which results to its phosphorylation and activation by Lck. Lck phosphorylates a number of different proteins in the TCR pathway.


title: T-cell receptor

text: Once activated, Zap70 is able to phosphorylate multiple tyrosine residues of the transmembrane protein LAT.


title: T-cell receptor

text: LAT is a scaffold protein associated with the membrane. It itself does not have any catalytic activity but it provides binding sites for signalling molecules via phosphorylated tyrosine residues. LAT associates with another scaffolding protein Slp-76 via the Grap2 adaptor protein, which provides additional binding sites. Together LAT and Slp-76 provide a platform for the recruitment of many downstream signalling molecules. By bringing these signalling molecules into close proximity, they can then be activated by Lck, Zap70 and others kinases. Therefore, the LAT/Slp76 complex act as a highly cooperative signalosome.


title: T-cell receptor

text: Molecules that bind the LAT/Slp76 complex include: Phospholipase Cγ1 (PLCγ1), SOS via a Grb2 adaptor, Itk, Vav, Nck1 and Fyb.


title: T-cell receptor

text: PLCγ is a very important enzyme in the pathway as it generates second messenger molecules. It is activated by the tyrosine kinase Itk which is recruited to the cell membrane by binding to phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3). PIP3 is produced by the action of phosphoinositide 3-kinase(PI-3K), which phosphorylates phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) to produce PIP3. It is not known that PI-3K is activated by the T cell receptor itself, but there is evidence that CD28, a co-stimulatory receptor providing the second signal, is able to activate PI-3K. The interaction between PLCγ, Itk and PI-3K could be the point in the pathway where the first and the second signal are integrated. Only if both signals are present, PLCγ is activated.


title: T-cell receptor

text: Once PLCγ is activated by phosphorylation, it hydrolyses PIP2 into two secondary messenger molecules, namely the membrane-bound diacyl glycerol (DAG) and the soluble inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3).


title: T-cell receptor

text: These second messenger molecules amplify the TCR signal and distribute the prior localised activation to the entire cell and activate protein cascades that finally lead to the activation of transcription factors.


title: T-cell receptor

text: Transcription factors involved in T cell signalling pathway are the NFAT, NF-κB and AP1, a heterodimer of proteins Fos and Jun. All three transcription factors are needed to activate the transcription of interleukin-2(IL2) gene.


title: T-cell receptor

text: IP3 produced by PLC-γ is no longer bound to the membrane and diffuses rapidly in the cell. Binding of IP3 to calcium channel receptors on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) induces the release of calcium (Ca) into the cytosol. The resulting low Ca concentration in the ER causes STIM1 clustering on the ER membrane, which in turn leads to activation of cell membrane CRAC channels that allows additional calcium to flow into the cytosol from the extracellular space. Therefore, levels of Ca are strongly increased in the T cell. This cytosolic calcium binds calmodulin, inducing a conformational change of the protein such that it can then bind and activate calcineurin. Calcineurin, in turn, dephosphorylates NFAT. In its deactivated state, NFAT cannot enter the nucleus as its nuclear localisation sequence (NLS) cannot be recognised by nuclear transporters due to phosphorylation by GSK-3. When dephosphorylated by Calcineurin translocation of NFAT into the nucleus is possible.


title: T-cell receptor

text: Additionally, there is evidence that PI-3K via signal molecules recruits the protein kinase AKT to the cell membrane. AKT is able to deactivate GSK3 and thereby inhibiting the phosphorylation of NFAT, which could contribute to NFAT activation.


title: T-cell receptor

text: "NF-κB" activation is initiated by DAG, the second, membrane bound product of PLCγ hydrolysation of PIP2. DAG binds and recruits Protein kinase C θ (PKCθ) to the membrane where it can activated the membrane bound scaffold protein CARMA1. CARMA1 then undergoes a conformational change which allow it to oligomerise and bind the adapter proteins BCL10, CARD domain and MALT1. This multisubunit complex binds the Ubiquitin ligase TRAF6. Ubiquitination of TRAF6 serves as scaffold to recruit NEMO, IκB kinase (IKK) and TAK1. TAK 1 phosphorylates IKK, which in turn phosphorylates the NF-κB inhibitor I-κB, leading to the ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of I-κB.


title: T-cell receptor

text: I-κB blocks the NLS of NF-κB therefore preventing its translocation to the nucleus. Once I-κB is degraded, it cannot bind to NF-κB and the NLS of NF-κB becomes accessible for nuclear translocation.


title: T-cell receptor

text: Activation of "AP1" involves three MAPK signalling pathways. These pathway use a phosphorylation cascade of three successive acting protein kinases to transmit a signal.


title: T-cell receptor

text: The three MAPK pathways in T cells involve kinases of different specificities belonging to each of the MAP3K, MAP2K, MAPK families. Initial activation is done by the GTPase Ras or Rac which phosphorylate the MAP3K.


title: T-cell receptor

text: A cascade involving the enzymes Raf, MEK1, ERK results in the phosphorylation of Jun, conformational change allows Jun to bind to Fos and hence AP-1 to form. AP-1 then acts as transcription factor. Raf is activated via the second messenger DAG, SOS, and Ras. DAG recruits among other proteins the RAS guanyl nucleotide-releasing protein (RasGRP), a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), to the membrane. RasGRP activates the small GTPase Ras by exchanging Guanosine diphosphate (GDP) bound to Ras against Guanosine triphosphate (GTP). Ras can also be activated by the guanine nucleotide exchange factor SOS which binds to the LAT signalosom. Ras then initiates the MAPK cascade.


title: T-cell receptor

text: The second MAPK cascade with MEKK1, JNKK, JNK induces protein expression of Jun. Another cascade, also involving MEKK1 as MAPK3, but then activating MKK3 /6 and p38 induces Fos transcription. Activation of MEKK1, additionally to being activated by Ras, involves Slp-76 recruiting the GEF Vav to the LAT signalosom, which then activates the GTPase Rac. Rac and Ras activate MEKK1 and thereby initiate the MAPK cascade.


title: Kim Min-ha

text: Kim Min-ha (; born September 1, 1995) is a South Korean actress. She gained international recognition for her role as teenage Sunja in Apple TV+ series "Pachinko" in 2022.


title: IC 1101

text: IC 1101 is a class S0 supergiant (cD) lenticular galaxy at the center of the Abell 2029 galaxy cluster. It has an isophotal diameter at about . It possesses a diffuse core which is the largest known core of any galaxy to date, and also hosts a supermassive black hole that is one of the largest black holes known.


title: IC 1101

text: The galaxy is located at from Earth. The galaxy was discovered on 19 June 1790, by the British astronomer William Herschel.


title: IC 1101

text: The galaxy is classified as a supergiant elliptical (E) to lenticular (S0) and is the brightest galaxy in A2029 (hence its other designation A2029-BCG; BCG meaning "brightest cluster galaxy"). The galaxy's morphological type is debated due to it possibly being shaped like a flat disc but only visible from Earth at its broadest dimensions. A morphology of S0- (Hubble stage -2; see Hubble stage for details) has been given by the Third Reference Catalogue of Bright Galaxies (RC3) in 1991.


title: IC 1101

text: IC 1101 is considered a large galaxy characterized by an extensive, diffuse halo. Defining the size of a galaxy varies according to the method used in the astronomical literature. Photographic plates of blue light from the galaxy (sampling stars excluding the diffuse halo) yield an effective radius (the radius within which half the light is emitted) of based on an earlier distance measurement. The galaxy has a very large halo of much lower intensity "diffuse light" extending to a radius of . The authors of the study identifying the halo conclude that IC 1101 is "possibly one of the largest and most luminous galaxies in the universe", though this figure was based on an earlier assumed distance of


title: IC 1101

text: More recent measurements, using the 25.0 magnitude/arcsec standard (commonly known as "D", a method recommended by R.O. Redman in 1936) has been utilized by the RC3 in the B-band, with a measured major axis (log 2a+1) of 1.08 (equivalent to 72.10 arcseconds), translating to a diameter of . Another calculation by the Two Micron All-Sky Survey using the "total" aperture at the K-band yield a much larger size of . Both measurements are based on the currently-accepted distance to IC 1101. This would make it one of the largest and most luminous galaxies known, though there are other galaxies with larger isophotal diameter measurements (such as NGC 623, Abell 1413 BCG, and ESO 306-17).


title: IC 1101

text: The distance to IC 1101 has also been uncertain, with different methods across different wavelengths producing varying results. An earlier distance calculation from 1980 using the galaxy's photometric property yield a distance of and a redshift of z = 0.077, based on a Hubble constant value H of 60 km/s/Mpc. The RC3 catalogue gave a nearly similar value of z=0.078, based on optical emission lines, a value conformed to as recently as 2017 based on luminosity, stellar mass, and velocity dispersion functions, all yielding distances of based on the modern value of the Hubble constant H = 67.8 km/s/Mpc; the currently accepted values. Lower redshifts have been calculated for other wavelengths such as the photometric redshift measurement by the Two Micron All-Sky Survey (2MASS) in 2014, which gave a value of z = 0.045, translating to a distance of . A measurement made in 2005 by the Arecibo Observatory using the 21-cm hydrogen emission line yields a redshift of z = 0.021, and hence a distance of .


title: IC 1101

text: Like most large galaxies, IC 1101 is populated by a number of metal-rich stars, some of which are seven billion years older than the Sun, making it appear golden yellow in color. It has a bright radio source at the center, which is likely associated with an ultramassive black hole in the mass range of measured using core dynamical models, or alternatively at using gas accretion rate and growth modelling., which would make IC 1101's black hole one of the most massive known to date. The authors also say that the galaxy is one of the most luminous and largest cD-galaxies.


title: IC 1101

text: A 2017 paper suggests that IC 1101 has the largest core size of any galaxy, with a core radius of around , making its core larger than the one observed in A2261-BCG. The core is also roughly an order of magnitude larger than the cores of other large elliptical galaxies, such as NGC 4889 and NGC 1600. However, when examining large and diffuse galactic cores, caution must be taken, as various estimates may differ between the computer models used. As an example, Holmberg 15A was originally claimed to have the largest galactic core of any galaxy but other studies proved otherwise.


title: Hannah Marks

text: Hannah Marks (born April 13, 1993) is an American actress, writer, and director. She played Amanda Brotzman on the television series "Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency".


title: Hannah Marks

text: Hannah Marks was born in Los Angeles, the daughter of Robin Marks and Nova Ball, a former actress, and grew up in San Luis Obispo, California. Hannah's maternal grandfather was entrepreneur and musician Ernie Ball, and one of her maternal great-great-grandfathers was composer Ernest Ball.


title: Hannah Marks

text: Marks appeared in the 2006 feature film "Accepted" as Lizzie Gaines. She has guest-starred in television programs such as "Ugly Betty" and "Weeds". She was featured in the cover story of the June 4, 2006 issue of "The New York Times Magazine" with her friend Liana Liberato.


title: Hannah Marks

text: Marks played Tammy in "The Runaways", a 2010 biographical film about the 1970s all-girl rock band of the same name.


title: Hannah Marks

text: She has been nominated twice for a Young Artist Award, first for her performance in the film "Accepted", and again for her performance in the television series "FlashForward".


title: Hannah Marks

text: Marks starred as Amanda Brotzman in the BBC America original "Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency".


title: Hannah Marks

text: In January 2019, she was named as the director for an upcoming film adaptation of the John Green novel "Turtles All the Way Down".


title: Hannah Marks

text: In March 2021, she was named as the director for the upcoming Amazon Studios' film "Don't Make Me Go" starring John Cho.


title: Sobhan Babu

text: Sobhan Babu (born Uppu Sobhana Chalapathi Rao; 14 January 1937 – 20 March 2008) was an Indian actor known for his works in Telugu cinema. He made his film debut in "Bhakta Sabari" (1959), but "Daiva Balam" (1959) released earlier. He garnered four Filmfare Awards South for Best Actor, and Special Jury Award for "Bangaru Panjaram" (1969) at the 4th IFFI. Sobhan Babu was featured in National Award winning films such as "Sita Rama Kalyanam" (1961), "Mahamantri Timmarusu" (1962), "Lava Kusa" (1963), "Nartanasala" (1963), featured at the 3rd Afro-Asian Film Festival, and "Desamante Manushuloyi" (1970). He is often referred to as "Nata Bushana."


title: Sobhan Babu

text: In a film career as a matinee idol, spanning more than thirty five years, Sobhan Babu starred in more than 200 feature films in a variety of roles in films such as "Veerabhimanyu" (1965), "Manushulu Marali" (1969), "Tara Sasankam" (1969), "Kalyana Mandapam" (1971), "Chelleli Kapuram" (1971), "Sampoorna Ramayanam" (1972), "Sarada" (1973), "Manchi Manushulu" (1974), "Jeevana Jyothi" (1975), "Soggadu" (1976), "Kurukshetram" (1977), "Mallepoovu" (1978), "Gorintaku" (1979), "Karthika Deepam", (1979), "Mosagadu" (1980), "Devatha" (1982), and "Mundadugu" (1983).


title: Sobhan Babu

text: Sobhanbabu was born to Uppu Suryanarayanarao and had four siblings, three sisters, Dhanaranga, Jhansi and Nirmala, and a brother, Sambasivarao. Sobhanbabu completed his initial schooling at Kuntamukkula, Mylavaram. He pursued his Intermediate in Krishna District. He completed B.Sc degree in Physics at Andhra Christian College, Guntur. After that he opted for a Law degree in Madras to pursue his cinema career.


title: Sobhan Babu

text: During the initial days of his career, Sobhan Babu had gone through a lot of struggles. He was offered small roles with very little remuneration and he couldn't meet the expenses of living. At this point, he decided to quit movies, but his career was changed when he was selected for "Veerabhimanyu" (1965), his first film in a lead role. On the first day of the shoot, he was nervous and couldn't deliver his dialogue. Director V. Madhusudhana Rao decided to shoot a fight scene to reduce his nervousness. Babu's confidence was completely low and the next day he decided to inform his director and quit movies. However, he didn't get a chance to talk to the director that day so he decided to try for one last time. He gave his best performance, leaving everyone in the sets spellbound. He never looked back after that and went on to act in many memorable films.


title: Sobhan Babu

text: He married Santhakumari on May 15, 1958. They had three daughters, and a son karunasesh.he never introduced his son into film industry and he made him a successful bussinessman.he enjoyed a peaceful family life.Shoban babu and kV.chalam were best friends till kV chalam death.after that he shared a close friendship with chandramohan until his last breath.he also helped his workers(driver, chef,etc) financially and settled them well. It is also rumoured that he also maintained a close relationship with actress and former tamilnadu chief minister "Jayalalitha". He also used to give valuable suggestions to film actors regarding buying assests and investments.actor murali mohan followed his suggestions and settled well.


title: Sobhan Babu

text: on 20 March 2008,aged 71. Shobanbabu after completing yoga he freshned up and sat on his favourite "rocking chair" reading newspaper and waiting for breakfast. suddenly he suffered massive heart attack and fell down from his chair and injured his nose. Immediately family members rushed him to hospital and he was pronounced dead. tollywood, and, Kollywood stars paid homage to him whole film fraternity mourned his death.he was cremated at his own farm in chennai


title: Karen Knotts

text: During her childhood and teen years, Knotts says she and her father often "butted heads" over her desire to enter show business: "I always wanted to be an actress, even when I was young, but he said, 'No, that's not a good life for a child." She went on to say that he supported her "100 percent in the end". She studied at Beverly Hills High School, followed by USC School of Cinematic Arts.


title: Karen Knotts

text: Knotts works as a stand-up comic and SAG/AFTRA actor. Her one-woman show, "Tied Up in Knotts", is the story of growing up with her comedian father. It was directed by Andersen Gabrych. She performed it at the Edinburgh Fringe in 2008. She also performs standup comedy on the road. Her television and film credits include "Return to Mayberry", "An Occurrence at Black Canyon", "One of Our Own", and the "Vice Academy" series.


title: Karen Knotts

text: She also writes for the stage; her one-woman play "Roger and Betsy" was nominated for the Merce Awards in 2009. She has written two plays, "Dates from Hell the Musical", and a farce, "But We Open Tonite".


title: Dan Fredinburg

text: Daniel Paul Fredinburg (September 8, 1981 – April 25, 2015) was an American Google executive, climate activist, inventor, explorer, and entrepreneur. He died on April 25, 2015, of head injuries incurred in an avalanche at Mount Everest's South Base Camp triggered by the April 2015 Nepal earthquake.


title: Dan Fredinburg

text: Fredinburg grew up on a farm in Norfork, Arkansas, and left home at the age of 15 to attend the Arkansas School for Mathematics, Sciences, and the Arts in Hot Springs.


title: Dan Fredinburg

text: He graduated from the University of California, Irvine in 2004, earned a master's degree in intelligent robotics from the University of Southern California, and completed other graduate coursework at Stanford University and the University of California, Berkeley. He began working for Google in 2007.


title: Dan Fredinburg

text: Fredinburg was head of privacy at Google X, an advisor on Project Loon, and the co-founder of The Laundry SF and Save the Ice. He launched "Google Adventure Team", an effort to map geological areas and formations on Earth at a similar level of detail to Google Earth's street-level view of cities, towns, and other populated areas (including the Great Barrier Reef, the floors of the oceans, and high and/or remote mountains and mountain ranges, including the Himalayas).


title: Dan Fredinburg

text: Prior to working at Google, Fredinburg worked on future combat systems in the defense industry at Boeing.


title: Dan Fredinburg

text: Although non-disclosure agreements prevented Google from commenting on the "two or three different Google projects" related to Fredinburg's expedition work, at a minimum, he was one of four company employees documenting Mount Everest ascent routes for a Google Earth-type project. In a 2013 interview for "Time" magazine, Fredinburg explained the company's goal as "Different adventurers and people who want to explore from the comfort of their homes have the opportunity to explore and see these different corners of the world." According to "The Independent", Fredinburg's job title at the time was "Google 'I' adventurer", and the project goal was to offer the experience of climbing the world's highest mountains to people who, "lack the willingness to actually, like, climb a mountain."


title: Dan Fredinburg

text: On April 24, 2015, Fredinburg unrolled a banner on top of Kala Patthar, for the climate change cause SaveTheIce.org.


title: Dan Fredinburg

text: Fredinburg, who had been on the mountain for three weeks and who had spoken of his narrow escape from the 2014 Mount Everest avalanche which killed 16 Nepalese guides, was one of four American citizens killed in the 2015 Mount Everest-South Base Camp disaster, following the 2015 Nepal earthquake. Five Sherpas carried Fredinburg's body down the mountain, to a U.S. Army Special Forces helicopter evacuating climbers several days after the avalanche.


title: Dan Fredinburg

text: Although he had not yet reached the summit of Everest, Fredinburg had topped four of the Seven Summits using the same pair of hiking boots, including Mount Elbrus in Europe, Mount Kilimanjaro in Africa, and Aconcagua in South America, all three of which he had photographed for Google. Fredinburg likened Aconcagua to a "gates of hell" experience, telling "Time" there were mule skeletons sticking up out of the ground. Fredinburg also climbed the difficult and relatively inaccessible Puncak Jaya (Carstensz Pyramid), the highest peak in Oceania, and was briefly jailed after descending into the nearby Grasberg mine.


title: Dan Fredinburg

text: In the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy, Fredinburg organized a relief effort in New York City, Staten Island, with the aim to support victims of the storm who became homeless.


title: Dan Fredinburg

text: A 2014 SaveTheIce.org project in the Baltic states was featured in the Discovery Digital Networks production "In the Making".


title: Dan Fredinburg

text: Fredinburg founded The Laundry, a San Francisco-based business incubator geared towards building a community and productive environment for social impact.


title: Dan Fredinburg

text: Fredinburg dated actress Sophia Bush from 2013 to 2014. The two remained close friends after breaking up. Upon learning of Fredinburg's death, Bush stated, "There are no adequate words. Dan Fredinburg was one-of-a-kind. Fearless. Funny. I'm devastated and simultaneously so deeply grateful to have known and loved him."


title: Dan Fredinburg

text: A 501(c)(3) foundation was created in Fredinburg's name; "Dan Fredinburg Foundation" aims to raise funds indefinitely to power social movements around invention, adventure, and action.


title: Dan Fredinburg

text: A new building at the Arkansas School for Mathematics, Sciences and the Arts (ASMSA) called the Creativity and Innovation Complex is being constructed and is set to open in 2019. The first floor will be named the Dan Fredinburg Technology Center in memory of ASMSA Class of 1999 alumnus Dan Fredinburg.[12]


title: Expansion of the National Basketball Association

text: The expansion of the National Basketball Association has happened several times in the league's history since it began play in 1946. The most recent examples of the expansion of the NBA are the Charlotte Hornets and Miami Heat in 1988, Minnesota Timberwolves and Orlando Magic in 1989, Toronto Raptors and Vancouver Grizzlies in 1995 (who relocated to Memphis in 2001), and New Orleans Pelicans in 2002. In June 2022, Commissioner Adam Silver confirmed that while there are no current plans to expand beyond 30 teams, the NBA "invariably will expand."


text: There was a lot of expansion and moving of organizations in the early years of the NBA. During this twenty year time period is when notable franchises entered the NBA like the Syracuse Nationals (now the Philadelphia 76ers), the Philadelphia Warriors (now the Golden State Warriors), Minneapolis Lakers (now the Los Angeles Lakers), and Rochester Royals (now the Sacramento Kings).


text: During this time period the league experienced its first substantial growth, although it was short-lived, as the league was back down to nine teams by 1961.


text: During a span of fifteen years, 14 of the 30 current teams were brought into the league, beginning with the Chicago Bulls in 1966. The San Diego Rockets (now Houston Rockets) and Seattle SuperSonics (now Oklahoma City Thunder) joined one year later, with the Phoenix Suns and Milwaukee Bucks following them in 1968. After two more seasons, in 1970, the Buffalo Braves (later San Diego Clippers, now Los Angeles Clippers), Cleveland Cavaliers, and Portland Trail Blazers all began play. The New Orleans Jazz (now Utah Jazz) became the league's 18th franchise in 1974.


text: Following the 1975–76 season, the NBA merged with the American Basketball Association, a competing league that had operated for nine seasons beginning in 1967. With the ABA–NBA merger, four ABA teams became members of the NBA: the Denver Nuggets, Indiana Pacers, New York Nets (became New Jersey Nets, now Brooklyn Nets) and the San Antonio Spurs. In 1980, the Dallas Mavericks were created as the league's 23rd member.


text: The NBA has added seven more franchises from 1988 to present, the latest in 2004. Four teams were created in 1988 and 1989: the Charlotte Hornets, the Miami Heat and Orlando Magic, both in Florida, and the Minnesota Timberwolves. In 1995 the NBA created two new teams in Canada, its first since the inaugural 1946–47 season with one in Toronto; namely, the Toronto Raptors and Vancouver Grizzlies (now Memphis Grizzlies). The league expanded to 30 with the present New Orleans Pelicans in 2002.


text: There have been 11 expansion drafts in NBA history. An additional four of the league's current teams joined via the 1976 ABA–NBA merger.


text: Seattle is the most populous metropolitan area and also the largest American media market without an NBA franchise. The city previously hosted the Seattle SuperSonics from the season until the season, after which the team was sold and relocated to Oklahoma City. The sale and relocation stemmed from team and local officials being unable to come to an agreement to build a new arena for the team in the Seattle area. Seattle is widely considered the leading candidate to host a potential NBA expansion team.


text: It was reported in 2013 that the Sacramento Kings were close to moving their franchise to Seattle, but the NBA Board of Owners voted against relocation, thus ensuring that the Kings would remain in Sacramento, California.


text: , the only statements that had been made by the NBA about it returning to Seattle had been that it would likely be through league expansion.


text: On December 3, 2018, the renovation of what was once the KeyArena (now Climate Pledge Arena) began, bringing the arena to current NBA standards and in preparation for the then upcoming National Hockey League (NHL) expansion franchise, the Seattle Kraken, who began play in 2021.


text: In late 2020, NBA commissioner Adam Silver said that Seattle is "at the top of the list" for when the NBA next "invariably" expands.


text: In addition to the NHL expansion Kraken, Seattle is currently home to the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League (NFL), Seattle Mariners of Major League Baseball (MLB), Seattle Sounders FC of Major League Soccer (MLS), and Seattle Storm of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA).


text: Las Vegas has long been rumored as a potential destination for a future NBA franchise. The city already hosts the NBA Summer League, which as of 2018, all league teams participate in.


text: The 2007 NBA All-Star Game took place in the city at the Thomas & Mack Center on the campus of the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. The arena is home to the UNLV Runnin' Rebels team of NCAA Division I's Mountain West Conference (MW).


text: In 2001, Las Vegas was included in the list of cities the Vancouver Grizzlies were considering relocating to, before the team ultimately chose to move to Memphis, Tennessee, to become the Memphis Grizzlies.


text: T-Mobile Arena, opened in 2017 and home of the National Hockey League (NHL)'s Vegas Golden Knights, has been suggested as a potential destination for a future franchise in the city. Las Vegas mayor Carolyn Goodman has been a vocal supporter of landing an NBA team for the city, including personally contacting NBA commissioner Adam Silver in early 2021.


text: In addition to the NHL's Golden Knights, who began play in 2017, Las Vegas is also home to the National Football League (NFL)'s Las Vegas Raiders, who relocated to the city in 2020.


text: In 2022, LeBron James expressed interest in owning an NBA team, specifically one located in Las Vegas.


text: San Diego is the largest American media market without a franchise in the NBA, National Hockey League (NHL), NFL, MLS, or any combination of those leagues. It is the most populous city and second-most populous metropolitan area (after Seattle) in the United States without an NBA franchise. San Diego is also the economic heart of the San Diego–Tijuana transborder metropolitan area, home to an estimated 5.6 million residents as of 2020. The city is home to three NCAA Division I men's basketball programs: the San Diego State Aztecs (SDSU) of the Mountain West Conference, the San Diego Toreros (USD) of the West Coast Conference and the UC San Diego Tritons (UCSD) of the Big West Conference. The city hosted three NBA teams simultaneously for training camps in early October 2021, one at each of the three universities (Los Angeles Clippers at SDSU, Brooklyn Nets at USD & Denver Nuggets at UCSD). San Diego has been widely regarded as one of the most under-served pro sports markets in the United States, a view that gained additional traction following the 2017 departure of the National Football League (NFL)'s Chargers to Los Angeles. The city currently hosts only Major League Baseball (MLB)'s San Diego Padres among major professional sports leagues.


text: San Diego's history with professional basketball spans multiple teams, all encompassed within an 18 year period from 1967 to 1984. The city hosted the NBA's San Diego Rockets (now Houston Rockets) from 1967 to 1971, the American Basketball Association (ABA)'s San Diego Conquistadors/Sails (defunct) from 1972 to 1975, and the NBA's San Diego Clippers (now Los Angeles Clippers) from 1978 to 1984. All three teams' time in the city were cut short due to complications surrounding the San Diego Sports Arena in combination with a variety of ownership issues.


text: The Rockets, who joined the NBA as an expansion team in 1967, played four seasons in San Diego before being purchased and relocated to Houston, Texas after founding owner Robert Breitbard encountered financial turmoil related to a tax-assessment issue surrounding the San Diego Sports Arena, which he had developed and owned the land lease for. The tax issue led to the arena's two tenants, the Rockets and original San Diego Gulls hockey team (also owned by Breitbard) of the Western Hockey League, to be served eviction notices in 1970, just three years after the arena opened. Breitbard turned down at least 14 out-of-town offers to buy the team, hoping to keep it in San Diego, but without another large arena in the San Diego area, the tax issue ultimately forced Breitbard to sell the team to a Houston ownership group in a move the NBA hurriedly approved, fearing the franchise might otherwise fold.


text: The 1971 NBA All-Star Game was played in the city at the San Diego Sports Arena, where the Rockets hosted the game just months before being sold and relocated.


text: The Conquistadors (later Sails), were the first and only expansion team of the ABA, joining in 1972. The team was forced to play its first two seasons at a pair of small 3,200 seat venues, Peterson Gymnasium then Golden Hall, due to a feud between team owner Leonard Bloom and the new San Diego Sports Arena operator Peter Graham, who had lost out to Bloom for the rights to the expansion franchise. The feud was finally resolved prior to the team's third season, allowing it to move to the Sports Arena. The franchise, newly rebranded as the Sails, was abruptly folded shortly after beginning its fourth season in 1975 after ownership learned the team was to be shut out of the upcoming ABA–NBA merger, reportedly at the insistence of then-Los Angeles Lakers owner Jack Kent Cooke. Cooke had feuded with the San Diego franchise's ownership over the Conquistadors’ 1973 signing of Wilt Chamberlain away from the Lakers to be a player-coach, which led to a legal dispute that resulted in Lakers ownership successfully suing Chamberlain and relegating him to only coaching duties with the Conquistadors.


text: The Clippers, who in 1978 relocated to San Diego from Buffalo, New York (where they were known as the Buffalo Braves), were purchased by Los Angeles developer Donald Sterling in 1981 after their third season in San Diego. The team played three additional seasons in San Diego that were mired in persistent attempts by Sterling to relocate the team to Los Angeles. Sterling was officially denied permission by the NBA to move the team to Los Angeles in both 1982 and 1984. After the 1984 rejection, Sterling moved the team to Los Angeles anyway, triggering a lawsuit filed by the NBA in federal court against Sterling, which aimed to return the Clippers to San Diego at threat of the league dissolving the franchise. Sterling ultimately prevailed over the league after a counter-suit and the team did not return to San Diego. Future Basketball Hall of Famer and San Diego native Bill Walton, who was a member of the team for five of its six seasons in San Diego and appeared in just 102 games during the period due to recurring foot injuries, has been outspokenly very self-critical about San Diego's loss of the Clippers. "I wish we had NBA basketball here, and we don't because of me. It's my greatest failure as a professional in my entire life. "It is a stain and stigma on my soul that is indelible. I'll never be able to wash that off, and I carry it with me forever." The Clippers relocation to Los Angeles remains the only franchise move in NBA history that was not approved by the NBA.


text: San Diego also hosted the Golden State Warriors for six games (initially planned for more) during the 1971–72 NBA season following the Rockets departure to Houston. The Warriors notably changed their name from "San Francisco" to "Golden State" prior to the season as the team was searching for a new home arena and looked to split the season between the San Francisco Bay Area and San Diego before committing to a new permanent home. The team ultimately stayed in the Bay Area, settling full-time in Oakland the following season.


text: In 1994, the Minnesota Timberwolves nearly relocated to San Diego to play in a proposed new downtown arena before the City of Minneapolis agreed to purchase the team's arena, Target Center, with $80 million in public bonds to help the team out of financial trouble. In 2001, the Vancouver Grizzlies, before moving to Memphis to become the Memphis Grizzlies, listed San Diego among the cities it was considering relocating to.


text: Longtime NBA commissioner David Stern, when asked about the potential return of the NBA to San Diego, routinely underscored the need for a new arena in the region for it to be considered for a franchise. In 2016, responding to reports of a potential new arena in downtown San Diego, Bob Newman, president of AEG Facilities, stated “I think as far as the future is concerned, we’re as excited about a future arena in San Diego as we are any market in the world."


text: On August 29, 2020, following a competitive proposal selection process, mayor Kevin Faulconer announced that city officials had selected a development team to build a new privately-funded sports arena and entertainment district at the site of the San Diego Sports Arena in the city's Midway District. In January 2021, new mayor Todd Gloria, on the topic of the new arena, stated "we would welcome the NBA’s interest." He continued by saying "...this project is not dependent on recruiting new professional sports. This is a world-class entertainment (venue) for San Diegans". In late 2020, it was revealed that the arena plan selected by Faulconer's team may violate a new California state law requiring the property's solicitation to affordable housing developers before other parties. In June 2021, Mayor Gloria announced the city had scrapped the project and restarted the solicitation process for the new arena and entertainment district.


text: Louisville, Kentucky business leaders have attempted to attract an NBA team several times in the past, including the Buffalo Braves in 1978, the Cleveland Cavaliers in 1983, and the Houston Rockets, Charlotte Hornets, and Vancouver Grizzlies in the early 2000s. The Grizzlies in particular came very close to relocating to Louisville, with Louisville being the other finalist city before the team chose Memphis, Tennessee, where they are now known as the Memphis Grizzlies.


text: Louisville has two basketball arenas with capacities in line with current NBA arenas, each of which is currently home to an NCAA Division I basketball team. The downtown KFC Yum! Center, which opened in 2010, holds 22,090 and hosts the Louisville Cardinals of the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC). The Cardinals' former home arena, Freedom Hall, located on the grounds of the Kentucky Exposition Center, opened in 1956 (though renovated several times), holds 18,252 and hosts the Bellarmine Knights of the ASUN Conference, who made the jump to Division I in 2020. Both arenas have hosted well-attended NBA exhibition games.


text: Louisville previously hosted major professional basketball with the Kentucky Colonels of the American Basketball Association (ABA) from 1967 to 1976, the entire duration of the league. The team folded when it was left out of the ABA–NBA merger. During their nine seasons playing at Freedom Hall, the Colonels won the most games and had the highest winning percentage of any franchise in the league. The team won the ABA Finals in 1975.


text: Vancouver is the third-largest Canadian city and has a metropolitan area population of 2.6 million as of 2021. Vancouver previously hosted the Vancouver Grizzlies, who began play as an NBA expansion team in 1995 along with the Toronto Raptors in the league's first expansion into Canada. The team played at General Motors Place (now known as Rogers Arena) and was sold and relocated to Memphis, Tennessee in 2001 after experiencing financial difficulty and poor play throughout most of its six seasons in Vancouver. The franchise is now known as the Memphis Grizzlies.


text: The city is currently host to the National Hockey League (NHL)'s Vancouver Canucks and Major League Soccer (MLS)'s Vancouver Whitecaps FC.


text: Montreal in Canada is the second-largest Canadian city and is one of the largest markets in North America without an NBA franchise. It has a metropolitan population of 4 million, more than any other American or Canadian area without an NBA franchise. Montreal also has a modern arena suitable for basketball, the Bell Centre, which can hold up to 22,000 attendees for basketball. In addition, the city has regularly hosted the Toronto Raptors' preseason games. In 2018, a group of local businesspeople led by Michael Fortier announced their intention of seeking investors for an expansion team.


text: Montreal currently hosts the National Hockey League (NHL)'s Montreal Canadiens and Major League Soccer (MLS)'s CF Montréal.


text: Kansas City, Missouri previously hosted the Kansas City Kings from 1972 to 1985 (including three years where the team was shared with Omaha, Nebraska) until they moved to Sacramento, California, where they are now known as the Sacramento Kings.


text: Kansas City has a larger media market than current NBA cities Milwaukee, Oklahoma City, New Orleans, and Memphis. The city has the T-Mobile Center, an arena opened in 2007 that seats 18,972. It has hosted the Big 12 men's basketball tournament and both the men's and women's NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament games. The city is also home to the College Basketball Hall of Fame.


text: Kansas City is currently host of the National Football League (NFL)'s Kansas City Chiefs, Major League Baseball (MLB)'s Kansas City Royals, Major League Soccer (MLS)'s Sporting Kansas City, and National Women's Soccer League (NWSL)'s Kansas City Current.


text: Pittsburgh has a modern arena, PPG Paints Arena (which opened in 2010), that holds over 19,000 for basketball. It was rumored for a short time that the Detroit Pistons were moving to Pittsburgh, and Pittsburgh was one of the cities mentioned by David Stern as a possible relocation site in 2013. Pittsburgh has a long basketball tradition with NCAA Division I college programs Pitt, Duquesne, and Robert Morris in the area.


text: Pittsburgh previously hosted the Pittsburgh Pipers/Condors of the American Basketball Association (ABA) for the 1967–68 season and from 1969 to 1972 (the franchise spent the 1968–69 season in Minnesota). The Pipers won the ABA Finals in 1968. The city has also hosted the 1995 CBA finalist Pittsburgh Piranhas, the Pittsburgh Rens of the ABL and the Pittsburgh Ironmen of the BAA.


text: Pittsburgh currently hosts three major professional sports teams: the National Hockey League (NHL)'s Pittsburgh Penguins (who are the primary tenants of PPG Paints Arena), the National Football League (NFL)'s Pittsburgh Steelers, and Major League Baseball (MLB)'s Pittsburgh Pirates.


text: The Hampton Roads metropolitan area in Virginia has no major league sports team, but in August 2017, there was a proposal to bring an NBA team to the area's largest city, Virginia Beach whenever a sports arena is approved and built to host the team in the future.


text: The region previously hosted the Virginia Squires of the American Basketball Association (ABA) from 1970 to 1976.


text: Since 1992, the NBA Global Games have had NBA games hosted in different places around the world, with Palacio de los Deportes in Mexico City (the capital and most populous city in Mexico) being one of the venues for hosting preseason games and regular season games. The arena has a capacity of over 20,000.


text: On December 7, 2017, reports stated that the NBA would put an NBA G League team in the city. Commissioner Adam Silver also made a statement that the NBA had been in discussions to open an NBA Academy in that city for Latin American and Caribbean players. The team is scheduled to begin play in the 2021–22 NBA G League season.


text: The NBA originated in 1946 with 11 teams, and through a sequence of team expansions, reductions, and relocations currently consists of 30 teams. The United States is home to 29 teams and one is located in Canada.


text: In the following table it shows current NBA teams that are participating in the 2020–21 NBA season, in which city they are located, when the club was founded, joined the NBA, number of times relocated and times the franchise name has changed.


title: Louis Comfort Tiffany

text: Louis Comfort Tiffany (February 18, 1848 – January 17, 1933) was an American artist and designer who worked in the decorative arts and is best known for his work in stained glass. He is the American artist most associated with the Art Nouveau and Aesthetic movements. He was affiliated with a prestigious collaborative of designers known as the Associated Artists, which included Lockwood de Forest, Candace Wheeler, and Samuel Colman. Tiffany designed stained glass windows and lamps, glass mosaics, blown glass, ceramics, jewellery, enamels, and metalwork. He was the first design director at his family company, Tiffany & Co., founded by his father Charles Lewis Tiffany.


title: Louis Comfort Tiffany

text: Louis Comfort Tiffany was born in New York City, the son of Charles Lewis Tiffany, founder of Tiffany and Company, and Harriet Olivia Avery Young. He attended school at Pennsylvania Military Academy in West Chester, Pennsylvania, and Eagleswood Military Academy in Perth Amboy, New Jersey. His first artistic training was as a painter, studying under George Inness in Eagleswood, New Jersey and Samuel Colman in Irvington, New York. He also studied at the National Academy of Design in New York City in 1866–67 and with salon painter Leon-Adolphe-Auguste Belly in 1868–69. Belly's landscape paintings had a great influence on Tiffany.


title: Louis Comfort Tiffany

text: Tiffany started out as a painter, but became interested in glassmaking from about 1875 and worked at several glasshouses in Brooklyn between then and 1878. In 1879 he joined with Candace Wheeler, Samuel Colman, and Lockwood de Forest to form "Louis Comfort Tiffany and Associated American Artists". The business was short-lived, lasting only four years. The group made designs for wallpaper, furniture, and textiles. He later opened his own glass factory in Corona, New York, determined to provide designs that improved the quality of contemporary glass. Tiffany's leadership and talent, as well as his father's money and connections, led this business to thrive.


title: Louis Comfort Tiffany

text: In 1881 Tiffany did the interior design of the Mark Twain House in Hartford, Connecticut, which still remains, but the new firm's most notable work came in 1882 when President Chester Alan Arthur refused to move into the White House until it had been redecorated. He commissioned Tiffany, who had begun to make a name for himself in New York society for the firm's interior design work, to redo the state rooms, which Arthur found charmless. Tiffany worked on the East Room, the Blue Room, the Red Room, the State Dining Room, and the Entrance Hall, refurnishing, repainting in decorative patterns, installing newly designed mantelpieces, changing to wallpaper with dense patterns, and, of course, adding Tiffany glass to gaslight fixtures and windows and adding an opalescent floor-to-ceiling glass screen in the Entrance Hall. The Tiffany screen and other Victorian additions were all removed in the Roosevelt renovations of 1902, which restored the White House interiors to Federal style in keeping with its architecture.


title: Louis Comfort Tiffany

text: A desire to concentrate on art in glass led to the breakup of the firm in 1885 when Tiffany chose to establish his own glassmaking firm that same year. The first Tiffany Glass Company was incorporated December 1, 1885, and in 1902 became known as the Tiffany Studios.


title: Louis Comfort Tiffany

text: In the beginning of his career, Tiffany used cheap jelly jars and bottles because they had the mineral impurities that finer glass lacked. When he was unable to convince fine glassmakers to leave the impurities in, he began making his own glass. Tiffany used opalescent glass in a variety of colors and textures to create a unique style of stained glass. Tiffany acquired Stanford Bray's patent (https://patents.google.com/patent/US349424A/en)for the "copper foil" technique, which, by edging each piece of cut glass in copper foil and soldering the whole together to create his windows and lamps, made possible a level of detail previously unknown. This can be contrasted with the method of painting in enamels or glass paint on colorless glass, and then setting the glass pieces in lead channels, that had been the dominant method of creating stained glass for hundreds of years in Europe.


title: Louis Comfort Tiffany

text: The First Presbyterian Church building of 1905 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, is said to be unique in that it uses Tiffany windows that partially make use of painted glass. Use of the colored glass itself to create stained glass pictures was motivated by the ideals of the Arts and Crafts movement and its leader William Morris in England. Fellow artists and glassmakers Oliver Kimberly and Frank Duffner, founders of the Duffner and Kimberly Company and John La Farge were Tiffany's chief competitors in this new American style of stained glass. Tiffany, Duffner and Kimberly, along with La Farge, had learned their craft at the same glasshouses in Brooklyn in the late 1870s.


title: Louis Comfort Tiffany

text: In 1889 at the Paris Exposition, Tiffany was said to have been "overwhelmed" by the glass work of Émile Gallé, French Art Nouveau artisan. He also met artist Alphonse Mucha.


title: Louis Comfort Tiffany

text: In 1893, Tiffany built a new factory called the Stourbridge Glass Company, later called Tiffany Glass Furnaces, which was located in Corona, Queens, New York, hiring the Englishman Arthur J. Nash to oversee it. In 1893, his company also introduced the term "Favrile" in conjunction with his first production of blown glass at his new glass factory. Some early examples of his lamps were exhibited in the 1893 World's Fair in Chicago. At the Exposition Universelle (1900) in Paris, he won a gold medal with his stained glass windows "The Four Seasons"


title: Louis Comfort Tiffany

text: He trademarked "Favrile" (from the old French word for handmade) on November 13, 1894. He later used this word to apply to all of his glass, enamel and pottery. Tiffany's first commercially produced lamps date from around 1895. Much of his company's production was in making stained glass windows and Tiffany lamps, but his company designed a complete range of interior decorations. At its peak, his factory employed more than 300 artisans. Recent scholarship led by Rutgers professor Martin Eidelberg suggests that a team of talented single women designers – sometimes referred to as the "Tiffany Girls" – led by Clara Driscoll played a big role in designing many of the floral patterns on the famous Tiffany lamp as well as for other creations.


title: Louis Comfort Tiffany

text: Tiffany interiors also made considerable use of mosaics. The mosaics workshop, largely staffed by women, was overseen until 1898 by the Swiss-born sculptor and designer Jacob Adolphus Holzer.


title: Louis Comfort Tiffany

text: In 1902, Tiffany became the first design director for Tiffany & Co., the jewelry company founded by his father.


title: Louis Comfort Tiffany

text: 1911 saw the installation of an enormous glass curtain fabricated for the Palacio de Bellas Artes in Mexico City. It is considered by some to be a masterpiece.