title: Los Angeles Aqueduct

text: The last segment of pipe, known as the Saugus Pipeline, carries water south past Bouquet Canyon, Soledad Canyon and Placerita Canyon in the city of Santa Clarita. From there it roughly parallels Sierra Highway before it enters Magazine Canyon towards the Terminal structure and Cascades. Water from the Terminal structure can then flow to either the Cascade or penstock to the Foothill Power Plant and into the Upper Van Norman Reservoir.


title: Los Angeles Aqueduct

text: In addition to the construction in the Northern and Southern sections, improvements were also made to the lined canal between the Alabama Gates and the North Haiwee Reservoir in the Northern Section that consisted of adding sidewalls to both sides of the canal and the raising of overcrosses. This work increased the capacity of the lined canal from to cfs.


title: Los Angeles Aqueduct

text: The increased flows provided by the second aqueduct lasted only from 1971 through 1988. In 1974 the environmental consequences of the higher exports were first being recognized in the Mono Basin and Owens Valley. This was followed by a series of court ordered restrictions imposed on water exports, which resulted in Los Angeles losing water. In 2005, the Los Angeles Urban Water Management Report reported that 40–50% of the aqueduct's historical supply is now devoted to ecological resources in Mono and Inyo counties.


title: Los Angeles Aqueduct

text: Between 1909 and 1928, the city of Los Angeles grew from 61 square miles to 440 square miles. This was due largely to the aqueduct, and the city's charter was worded such that it stated the City of Los Angeles could not sell or provide surplus water to any area outside the city.


title: Los Angeles Aqueduct

text: Outlying areas relied on wells and creeks for water and, as they dried up, the people in those areas realized that if they were going to be able to continue irrigating their farms and provide themselves domestic water, they would have to annex themselves to the City of Los Angeles.


title: Los Angeles Aqueduct

text: Growth was so rapid that it appeared as if the city of Los Angeles would eventually assume the size of the entire county. William Mulholland continued adding capacity to the aqueduct, building the St. Francis Dam that would impound the waters creating the San Francisquito Reservoir, filed for additional water on the Colorado River and he began sending engineers and miners to clear the heading at the San Jacinto Tunnel that he knew was key to the construction of the Colorado River Aqueduct.


title: Los Angeles Aqueduct

text: The aqueduct's water provided developers with the resources to quickly develop the San Fernando Valley and Los Angeles through World War II. Mulholland's role in the vision and completion of the aqueduct and the growth of Los Angeles into a large metropolis is recognized with the William Mulholland Memorial Fountain, built in 1940 at Riverside Drive and Los Feliz Boulevard in Los Feliz. Mulholland Drive and Mulholland Dam are both named after him.


title: Los Angeles Aqueduct

text: Many more cities and unincorporated areas would likely have annexed into the city of Los Angeles if the St. Francis Dam had not collapsed. The catastrophic failure of the St. Francis Dam in 1928 killed an estimated 431 people, flooded parts of Santa Clarita, and devastated much of the Santa Clara River Valley in Ventura County.


title: Los Angeles Aqueduct

text: The failure of the dam raised the question in a number of people's minds whether the city had engineering competence and capability to manage such a large project as the Colorado River Aqueduct despite the fact that they had built the Los Angeles Aqueduct. After the collapse, the pace of annexation came to a rapid halt when eleven nearby cities including Burbank, Glendale, Pasadena, Beverly Hills, San Marino, Santa Monica, Anaheim, Colton, Santa Ana, and San Bernardino decided to form the Metropolitan Water District with Los Angeles. The city's growth following the formation of the MWD would be limited to 27.65 square miles.


title: Los Angeles Aqueduct

text: The Cascades, which was completed on November 5, 1913, is located near the intersection of Foothill Boulevard and Balboa Boulevard, four miles northwest of San Fernando. It was designated as a California Historical Landmark on July 28, 1958.


title: Tyler, the Creator discography

text: This is the discography of Tyler, the Creator, an American rapper, record producer and the former leader of the Los Angeles hip hop collective Odd Future.


title: Tyler, the Creator discography

text: Tyler's first studio album "Goblin" was released in 2011 and his single "Yonkers" became popular on YouTube and helped him to increase in popularity. "Goblin" debuted at number 5 on the "Billboard" 200 and received positive reviews praising its horrorcore style. In 2012 he collaborated with Odd Future on songs like "Oldie" or "Rella". In 2013 Tyler released his second studio album "Wolf", which sold 100,000 in its first week and debuted at number 3 on the charts. It was promoted by the single "Domo23" and received positive reviews from music critics complimenting its diverse production. In April 2015 he released his third studio album "Cherry Bomb", which debuted at number 4 on the charts and at number one on both the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and Top Rap Albums charts. The album included features from Kanye West, Lil Wayne and others. On July 21, 2017, Tyler released his fourth studio album, "Flower Boy", which includes features from Frank Ocean, A$AP Rocky, Lil Wayne and more. His fifth studio album, "Igor", was released on May 17, 2019, which has features from Kanye West, Lil Uzi Vert, Playboi Carti, and others. His sixth studio album, "Call Me If You Get Lost", was released on June 25, 2021. Both albums won Grammy Awards for Best Rap Album in 2020 and 2022 respectively.


title: Udaan (2010 film)

text: Udaan () is a 2010 Indian Hindi-language coming-of-age drama film directed by Vikramaditya Motwane in his directorial debut. It was produced by Sanjay Singh, Anurag Kashyap and Ronnie Screwvala under their production companies Anurag Kashyap Films and UTV Spotboy respectively. Written by Motwane and Kashyap, the film stars debutante Rajat Barmecha, Ronit Roy, Aayan Boradia, Ram Kapoor, Manjot Singh and Anand Tiwari, and follows the story of a teen who is forced to live with his oppressive father back home after he is expelled from boarding school.


title: Udaan (2010 film)

text: Motwane wrote the script in 2003, but could not find a producer. He co-wrote Kashyap's "Dev.D" (2009), and Kashyap produced and co-wrote "Udaan". The film was set and shot in the industrial town of Jamshedpur. Mahendra J. Shetty was its director of photography, and Dipika Kalra was the editor; Aditya Kanwar was the production designer.


title: Udaan (2010 film)

text: "Udaan" premiered in the Un Certain Regard section of the 2010 Cannes Film Festival, and received a standing ovation; it was the first Indian film represented at Cannes in seven years. The film was also screened at the Giffoni Film Festival and the 2011 Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles. Although it was released on 16 July 2010 to critical acclaim, it underperformed at the box-office (grossing 33.5 million from a production budget of 50 million). At the 56th Filmfare Awards, the film received seven awards: Best Screenplay and Best Story (Motwane and Kashyap), Best Cinematography (Mahendra Shetty), Best Background Music (Trivedi), Best Supporting Actor (Male) (Roy), Best Sound Design Award (Kunam Sharma) and the Best Film (Critics) Award. In 2019, Film Companion ranked Roy's performance in their list of 100 greatest performances of the decade.


title: Udaan (2010 film)

text: Seventeen-year-old Rohan is expelled from the Bishop Cotton boarding school in Shimla with three of his friends (Vikram, Benoy and Maninder) after they are caught watching a pornographic film outside campus in the middle of the night. Rohan returns home to Jamshedpur, where his stern, abusive, alcoholic father, Bhairav Singh, and his six-year-old half-brother Arjun (whom Rohan hadn't known before) live. Bhairav forces him to run every morning (racing him the last leg) and work at his metalworking factory and attend engineering classes at the local university. Bhairav expresses his disappointment in him by humiliating and abusing him, both verbally and physically. Rohan aspires to be a writer and his uncle, Jimmy, supports his ambition.


title: Udaan (2010 film)

text: Rohan deliberately fails his examinations so that Bhairav will give up on him, freeing him to pursue his dream of becoming a writer. Bhairav, summoned to school to pick Arjun up, loses an important contract. Rohan comes home to find Arjun being rushed to the hospital for an unknown reason; according to Bhairav, Arjun fell down the stairs. Fearful of making things worse, Rohan lies to Bhairav that he passed his exams. Bhairav goes to Kolkata on an urgent business trip, leaving Rohan to look after Arjun in the hospital. Rohan impresses the hospital employees including doctors and nurses with his stories and poems, and discovers that Arjun was actually beaten by the angered Bhairav after he lost the contract.


title: Udaan (2010 film)

text: Returning from Kolkata, Bhairav learns that Rohan failed his exams. Enraged, he beats Rohan during the night and apologizes the following day. Announcing that he's going to remarry again, Bhairav decides to send Arjun to boarding school and have Rohan quit college to work full-time at the factory. When Jimmy offers to take Arjun in, Bhairav belittles him and throws him out of the house as Rohan begs Jimmy to take him away. Bhairav burns the diary in which Rohan has written all his poems, and later introduces his new wife and stepdaughter to him.


title: Udaan (2010 film)

text: Rohan spends a night in jail after damaging Bhairav's car when Bhairav refuses to help him. He comes home to find his future stepmother and her relatives in the house, and learns that Arjun is leaving for boarding school the following day. Wishing Arjun luck, Rohan prepares to leave home. He has a bitter confrontation with Bhairav in front of his guests before punching him and running away. Bhairav chases Rohan through the streets on foot, but loses him. Rohan spends the night at Jimmy's house, and Jimmy speaks to him about Arjun. The next morning, Rohan returns home and finds Arjun waiting outside while Bhairav is gone to get an auto rickshaw to send him to the boarding school. Rohan convinces Arjun to go with him to Mumbai, leaves a watch (which Bhairav gave him on his 18th birthday) and a note warning that if he searches for them, he'll inform the police about his physically abusive nature and how he had abused both of them. Both brothers walk away from their home towards a new life.


title: Udaan (2010 film)

text: While working on "Devdas" as an assistant director in 2002, Vikramaditya Motwane saw "Sixteen" (directed by Ken Loach, about a troubled teenager who sets out to raise money for a new home). Motwane said that the film left "a deep imprint on my mind" and thought, "Why couldn’t a similar film about a youngster be made in India?" Drawing on his own life and surroundings, he wrote a screenplay revolving around a problematic father-son relationship. Motwane decided to set the film in the industrial city of Jamshedpur when he was struck by the contrast between the area surrounding the Tata Steel plant and Jamshedpur's sister city, Adityapur, saying that the former was an "amalgamation of diverse


title: Udaan (2010 film)

text: cultural influences." He wrote the script, described it to his friend Anurag Kashyap, and realised that "some of the scenes have resemblance to his real life" (like taking a car out at night and having fun with friends). Kashyap enjoyed the script and told Motwane,"If no one produces it, you come to me, [and] I will do so."


title: Udaan (2010 film)

text: Motwane signed Kashyap as a dialogue writer in 2003, and paid him . He could not find a producer for his film, since it had no commercially-viable actor. Kashyap had worked with Motwane on his unreleased film, "Paanch", in which Motwane was the song choreographer. Since he knew "how good [Motwane] was", he decided to produce "Udaan". Motwane had completed the script in 2003, so it took him seven years to find a producer for the film; it was produced by Kashyap and Sanjay Singh under the former's production company, Anurag Kashyap Films. Later, Ronnie Screwvala of UTV Spotboy represented the film for global sales and distribution at the International film markets. Motwane said that many people "wanted to add and subtract things to increase the selling value of the film", with which he did not agree. Although Kashyap wanted to produce his film, his own films were unreleased.


title: Udaan (2010 film)

text: "Udaan" is not autobiographical, but Motwane said that the script has traces of his life: "As a first-time writer there was a lot that I took from my own life, in terms of certain themes and references, with observations of friends." He initially made some changes to the script when he looked for financing, and called its final version "a combination of first and second drafts." Kashyap told Motwane in 2003, after reading the script, that he would solely produce the film. Motwane was the co-writer for Kashyap's "Dev.D" (2009) before Kashyap agreed to produce "Udaan". He said that it is "one of the few films made on teenagers and their issues growing up", since teen films "usually tackle love stories". For a scene in the film involving Rohan's mother, Motwane used his wife's photograph. Motwane called it a "simple straightforward film" about a boy "who wants to break free from his clutches."


title: Udaan (2010 film)

text: Newcomer Rajat Barmecha was cast as Rohan after several screen tests by casting director Jogi. Motwane did not like his initial auditions, but Barmecha later improved and was chosen. The film was set and shot extensively in Jamshedpur, with a local production crew. It was filmed for 39 days (out of a 42-day shooting schedule) in a HUDCO bungalow and the Circuit House area and also in Shimla for three days. The production crew included 13 students and ten actors from the city. The film was shot on super 16 mm film with sync sound. Mahendra J. Shetty was "Udaan" director of photography, and Dipika Kalra was the film's editor; Aditya Kanwar was its production designer. The film featured Ronit Roy, Aayan Boradia, Ram Kapoor, Manjot Singh and Anand Tiwari in supporting roles.


title: Udaan (2010 film)

text: The film's score was composed by Amit Trivedi, with lyrics by Amitabh Bhattacharya and Kashyap. The soundtrack album had seven songs, including one instrumental; Joi Barua, Neuman Pinto, Bhattacharya, Trivedi, Mohan Kannan, Raman Mahadevan, Bonnie Chakraborty, Kashyap, Kshitij Wagh, Tochi Raina, Shriram Iyer and Nikhil D'Souza provided vocals. It was released on 29 June 2010 on the T-Series label.


title: Udaan (2010 film)

text: The album received positive responses from critics. Nikhil Taneja of "Hindustan Times" wrote that "each song in "Udaan" literally takes flight from a soft, seminal intro, building up to a crescendo of indie, alternative rock", calling the title song "one of the most soul-stirring tracks of this year". Kashmin Fernandes of "Mid-Day" said that the music and lyrics "run through with the innocent optimism", and called the album an "uplifting gem". Joginder Tuteja of Bollywood Hungama wrote, "Udaan is one of those albums that don't necessarily take a huge start at the music stands."


title: Udaan (2010 film)

text: "Udaan" premiered in the Un Certain Regard section of the 2010 Cannes Film Festival as "The Flight", and received a standing ovation. It was the first Indian film represented at Cannes in seven years, and it was also screened at the Giffoni Film Festival and the 2011 Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles. Kashyap released a letter he wrote to his parents in 1993 (when he left home and went to Mumbai), and he and Motwane destroyed a car—imitating a scene in the film—for a promotion.


title: Udaan (2010 film)

text: "Udaan" was released on 16 July 2010 with 200 prints in India. In addition to the Indian release, it was released in Singapore, Australia, South Africa and the United States. The film underperformed at the box office, earning at the box office against a budget of . The film was released on DVD on 14 September 2010, and is available on Netflix.


title: Udaan (2010 film)

text: "Udaan" was acclaimed by critics with particular praise on direction and the performances. Writing for "The Times of India", film critic Nikhat Kazmi called "Udaan" "unconventional Bollywood at its biting best" and stated that it "has the edgy feel and the bittersweet emotional core characteristic of India's neo-wave cinema." Mayank Shekhar also gave it a positive review: "The movie's certainly worth a trip back to somewhat figure why." Rajeev Masand mentioned it as one of the year's best films, and said that Motwane makes "a terrific directing debut, offering up a film whose images will linger in your head long after you've left your seat."


title: Udaan (2010 film)

text: Kaveere Bamzai of "India Today" described the film as "an extraordinary story told without veering into the maudlin": "It's a tightly controlled drama without any melodrama." Pratim D. Gupta said, "For every rupee you have wasted on big, bad Bolly noise, you must back this beautiful and brave voice." Sukanya Verma of Rediff.com felt that the film "refreshingly distinct and unyielding" and an "enriching experience." According to an Indo-Asian News Service review, ""Udaan" is both a celebration and a triumph of that spirit rebellious." Blessy Chettiar of "Daily News and Analysis" praised Barmecha's performance, calling him a "raw talent" who plays "a wide emotional range with panache."


title: Udaan (2010 film)

text: Namrata Joshi of "Outlook" praised Roy's performance as the father and wrote, "It's a sharp, concentrated look at a troubled father-son relationship, how each of them, and the people around them, cope with their mercurial ways." Shubhra Gupta of "The Indian Express" said that the film is both "terrific" and "moving". She also included it in her book "50 Films That Changed Bollywood, 1995–2015". Although Sonia Chopra of Sify called Roy a "real discovery", she opined that some scenes appeared "inconsistent and a bit too cute for a cutting-edge film of this nature." Baradwaj Rangan observed that "Udaan" is "at heart, a feel-good fairy tale", and praised Roy's multidimensional character. Alissa Simon of "Variety" was more critical, however: "Earnest, predictable, conventionally-crafted "Udaan" brings nothing new to the coming-of-age genre in this tale of a fraught relationship between a sensitive teen and his abusive, controlling father, which adopts the style of popular Indian melodrama." Rachel Saltz of "The New York Times" felt that the film "covers familiar first-film ground with emotional conviction and freshness."


title: Udaan (2010 film)

text: The film was mentioned in critic and author Shubhra Gupta's book, "50 Films That Changed Bollywood, 1995–2015".


title: Bar (law)

text: In law, the bar is the legal profession as an institution. The term is a metonym for the line (or "bar") that separates the parts of a courtroom reserved for spectators and those reserved for participants in a trial such as lawyers.


title: Bar (law)

text: In the United Kingdom, the term "the Bar" refers only to the professional organisation for barristers (referred to in Scotland as advocates); the other type of UK lawyer, solicitors, have their own body, the Law Society. Correspondingly, being "called to the Bar" refers to admission to the profession of barristers, not solicitors.


title: Bar (law)

text: The origin of the term "bar" is from the barring furniture dividing a medieval European courtroom. In the US, Europe and many other countries referring to the law traditions of Europe, the area in front of the barrage is restricted to participants in the trial: the judge or judges, other court officials, the jury (if any), the lawyers for each party, the parties to the case, and witnesses giving testimony. The area behind the bar is open to the public. This restriction is enforced in nearly all courts. In most courts, the bar is represented by a physical partition: a railing or barrier that serves as a bar.


title: Bar (law)

text: "The bar" may also refer to the qualifying procedure by which a lawyer is licensed to practice law in a given jurisdiction.


title: Bar (law)

text: In the United States, this procedure is administered by the individual U.S. states. In general, a candidate must graduate from a qualified law school and pass a written test: the "bar examination". Almost all states use the Multistate Bar Examination (MBE), a multiple-choice exam administered on one day of a two- or three-day test, and an increasing number use the Uniform Bar Examination, which includes the MBE. In either case, on days during which the MBE is not administered, the bar exam may include questions related to that state's laws. The candidate is then "admitted to the bar". A lawyer whose license to practice law is revoked is said to be "disbarred".


title: Bar (law)

text: Admission to practice before the patent section of the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) requires that the individual pass a separate, single-day examination administered by that agency. This test is typically referred to as the "patent bar", although the word "bar" does not appear in the test's official name.


title: Bar (law)

text: Unlike the general bar examination, for which graduation from a recognized law school is a prerequisite, the USPTO exam does not require that the candidate have taken any law school courses. Instead, the main prerequisite is a science or engineering background, most often met with a bachelor's degree in a relevant field. Individuals who pass the examination are referred to as "patent attorneys" if they have an active law license from any U.S. jurisdiction, and "patent agents" otherwise. Attorneys and agents have the same license to represent clients before the patent section of the USPTO, and both may issue patentability opinions. However, any other patent-related practice (such as licensing or infringement litigation) can only be performed by licensed attorneys—who do not necessarily have to be USPTO-licensed.


title: Bar (law)

text: In the United Kingdom, the practice of law is divided between barristers (referred to in Scotland as advocates) and solicitors. It is usually the former who appear in an advocacy role before the court. When a lawyer becomes an advocate or barrister, he/she is "called to the bar". In the UK, the bar is differentiated between the "inner bar" (for King's counsel) and the "outer bar" (for Junior barristers).


title: Bar (law)

text: "The bar" commonly refers to the legal profession as a whole. With a modifier, it may refer to a branch or division of the profession: as, for instance, the "tort bar"—lawyers who specialize in filing civil suits for damages.


title: Bar (law)

text: In conjunction with "bench", "bar" may differentiate lawyers who represent clients ("the bar") from judges or members of a judiciary ("the bench"). In this sense, the bar advocates and the bench adjudicates. Yet, in some countries, judges who previously worked as lawyers representing clients commonly remain members of the bar and lawyers are commonly referenced as "Officers of the Court".


title: Glaive (musician)

text: Ash Blue Gutierrez (born January 20, 2005), known professionally as glaive (stylized in lower case), is an American singer, songwriter, and record producer. After posting a string of hyperpop songs to SoundCloud during the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic that earned him a cult following, he signed a record deal with Interscope Records and released his debut extended play, "Cypress Grove", in 2020. His second EP, "All Dogs Go to Heaven", and his collaborative EP with Ericdoa, "Then I'll Be Happy", were released in 2021. The deluxe version of "All Dogs Go to Heaven", "Old Dog, New Tricks," was released in early 2022, followed by his singles "minnesota is a place that exist" and "three wheels and it still drives".


title: Glaive (musician)

text: Ash Gutierrez was born on January 20, 2005, in Florida. His father played polo professionally, and his family lived near Sarasota for nine years before moving to Hendersonville, North Carolina. As of 2021, glaive is attending high school. Before pursuing a solo career, he was in a band.


title: Glaive (musician)

text: Towards the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, while attending high school virtually, glaive began recording music in his bedroom. He uploaded his first song to SoundCloud under the moniker glaive, inspired by a weapon from the 2016 video game "Dark Souls III", in April 2020. He began collaborating with other hyperpop artists on SoundCloud after being introduced to them through Discord servers, and through his friend and fellow record producer, Kurtains. He quickly became popular on SoundCloud and Dan Awad, Glaive's manager, discovered him through his song "Sick" in the summer of 2020. Soon after, he started regularly appearing on Spotify's "Hyperpop" playlist and signed a short-term record deal with Interscope Records for two extended plays.


title: Glaive (musician)

text: In August 2020, glaive released the single "Clover", and in November 2020, he released the single "Eyesore". Later that month, his debut extended play, "Cypress Grove", was released through Interscope after he wrote and recorded it in a week. He released the single "Cloak n Dagger" with Ericdoa in January 2021, a music video for his song "Astrid" in February 2021, and the single "I Wanna Slam My Head Against the Wall" in March 2021. His collaborative single with Aldn, "What Was the Last Thing U Said", was released in April 2021. In June 2021, he was included on Renforshort's song "Fall Apart" from her extended play "Off Saint Dominique", and released the single "Detest Me". His single "Bastard" was released in July 2021. He released a second EP, "All Dogs Go to Heaven", in early August 2021. In October 2021, he released his collaborative EP "Then I'll Be Happy" with Ericdoa. Glaive followed with the release of "prick," the lead single off of the deluxe version of "all dogs go to heaven," titled "old dog, new tricks," which would release with four more songs in January 2022, with glaive announcing his first headline tour in support of the release, with opening support from artists aldn and midwxst. The tour featured multiple sellout shows from mid- sized venues in major cities, and lasted from February- March of 2022. While on tour in February 2022, glaive announced via an Instagram story that he will begin work on his debut studio album, which is expected to drop late 2022. Following his North American tour, Glaive began touring Europe as an opening act for The Kid Laroi's "End of the World Tour," from June- July 2022. In June 2022, he released "minnesota is a place that exists," the first single to release off the album. He also announced his second North America tour "america is a place that exists," in support of his upcoming album. The tour is set to begin in September 2022, and will feature support from artists aldn, caspr, and riovaz. He then published his next song "three wheels and it still drives!" in late September 2022.


title: Glaive (musician)

text: glaive's music has often been described as hyperpop. He has described his own music as "straight-up pop songs" with "nothing hyper about them", and stated that his music being labeled as hyperpop is a result of him being associated with other people who make hyperpop. He has also been deemed a pioneer of the digicore genre, a more underground, largely teenage offshoot of hyperpop that uses elements of trap and emo rap with a DIY ethic. His music has included elements of Midwest emo, emo, glitch, pop punk, hip hop, trap, EDM, and indie rock. He has described his music as being about "being annoyed or mad", and has stated that he is inspired by hip hop production. His lyrics address topics such as alienation and mental health.


title: Glaive (musician)

text: Colin Joyce of "The Fader" described glaive's songs as "genre-hopping" and "self-assured", while "Pigeons and Planes" wrote that glaive took a "free-for-all approach" to his music and has "a gift for structure and melody". "Vulture"s Justin Curto called glaive's lyrics "painfully honest", while Jeff Ihaza of "Rolling Stone" wrote that glaive "has a way with clear-eyed vulnerability". "Billboard"s Andrew Unterberger called glaive a "cutting-edge pop artist"; Daisy Jones of "Vice" stated that his sound was "sugary, emotive and intuitive".


title: Costa Brava

text: The Costa Brava (, ; "Wild Coast" or "Rough Coast") is a coastal region of Catalonia in northeastern Spain. Whilst sources differ on the exact definition of the Costa Brava, it can be regarded as stretching from the town of Blanes, northeast of Barcelona, to the French border, and thus includes the coastal parts of the province of Girona.


title: Costa Brava

text: In the 1950s, the Costa Brava was identified by the Spanish government and local entrepreneurs as being suitable for substantial development as a holiday destination, mainly for package holiday tourists from Europe. The combination of a very good summer climate, nature, excellent beaches and a favourable foreign exchange rate (before the creation of the single European currency), which made Costa Brava an attractive tourist destination, was exploited by the construction of large numbers of hotels and apartments in such seaside resorts as Blanes, Tossa de Mar and Lloret de Mar. Tourism rapidly took over from fishing as the principal business of the area.


title: Costa Brava

text: The coast was named "Costa Brava" by in an article published in the Catalan newspaper "La Veu de Catalunya" in September 1908. Agulló, a journalist born in Girona, referred to the rugged landscape of the Mediterranean coast which runs from the River Tordera, near Blanes, to Banyuls with the name "Costa Brava". "Costa" is the Catalan and Spanish word for 'coast', while "Brava" in both languages means 'rugged' or 'wild'. This term was officially recognized and promoted in the 1960s as it was deemed suitable to promote tourism in the region. Before Costa Brava became the official name, other names were suggested, such as "Costa Grega" (Greek Coast), "Costa del Corall" (Coral Coast), "Costa Serena" (Serene Coast), "Costes de Llevant" (Levant Coasts) or "Marina de l'Empordà" (Empordà Marine).


title: Costa Brava

text: It may or may not be a coincidence that the name "Costa Brava" resembles "Costa Blava" (the Catalan designation of the French Riviera), which is a literal translation of the Spanish "Costa Azul" ("Blue Coast"). This in turn is a not-quite-literal translation of the French "Côte d'Azur" ("Azure Coast"); "azul" has the same etymology as "azur", but it is the general Spanish term for blue, not specifically azure. A direct translation from French to Catalan would have yielded "Costa d'Atzur".


title: Costa Brava

text: The northernmost part of the Costa Brava belongs to the "comarca" of Alt Empordà, and is marked by the Albera Massif and Cap de Creus, the easternmost prolongation of the Pyrenees. This area near the frontier is marked by rough terrain and cliffs, with small bays along the coast, in contrast with the large plains of the Alt Empordà region, where its capital Figueres is located. The first town from the border with France is Portbou, which grew around the railway station. A little down the coast are the seafaring villages of Colera and Llançà. North of the Cap de Creus lies the town of El Port de la Selva, while on its south lie the towns of Cadaqués and Roses. To the south of the Cap de Creus is found the Gulf of Roses, which stretches for fifteen kilometres with beaches and marshlands formed by the Muga and Fluvià rivers, with the protected areas of the Aiguamolls de l'Empordà along the coast. Empuriabrava, part of the municipality of Castelló d'Empúries, is one of the largest marinas in the world, built in the 1960s on the marshlands of the River Muga. Further south lies the town of Sant Pere Pescador and the coastal town of L'Escala. Between this two towns is the village of Sant Martí d'Empúries, which lies near the ruins of the ancient Greek colony of Empúries, founded in 575 BC.


title: Costa Brava

text: The central part of the Costa Brava belongs to the "comarca" of Baix Empordà, whose capital is La Bisbal d'Empordà, with the Montgrí Massif extending on its north, from L'Escala to the village of L'Estartit, part of the municipality of Torroella de Montgrí. The River Ter pours its water at this point, near a small archipelago known as Medes Islands. Further south, following a stretch of beach and marshlands, are the towns of Pals, Begur and Palafrugell. At this point the Gavarres Massif meets the sea, with a coast marked by rugged cliffs, small bays and beaches amid coastal villages such as , Fornells, Tamariu, Llafranc and Calella de Palafrugell. The town of Palamós, further south, is a major commercial and fishing port. At this point the coast forms a bay between Palamós and Sant Antoni de Calonge, part of the town of Calonge. South of it lies the town of Castell-Platja d'Aro, including Platja d'Aro, a large tourist resort which has grown along a wide beach. Situated to the south are S'Agaró and the town of Sant Feliu de Guixols, which lies to the north-east of the Ardenya Massif.


title: Costa Brava

text: The southernmost part of the Costa Brava belongs to the "comarca" of Selva, whose capital is Santa Coloma de Farners, about from the Mediterranean Sea. Tossa de Mar is located to the north of the coastline, with several resorts and small bays along the littoral. Lloret de Mar, located to the south of Tossa, is the largest resort on the Costa Brava, with a population of over 200,000 at its peak during the summer. Blanes is the southernmost town on the Costa Brava and is the third most populous municipality of the Province of Girona.


title: Costa Brava

text: In the middle of the Costa Brava, about inland from the Mediterranean Sea, lies Girona, the capital of the comarca of Gironès and the Province of Girona. The city has a population of almost 100,000 and lies at the confluence of the Onyar, Güell, Galligants and Ter rivers. Ten kilometres north of Girona is Banyoles, the capital of the "comarca" of the Pla de l'Estany, on the shore of the Lake of Banyoles. Both the Gironès and the Pla de l'Estany are the inland "comarques" of the Costa Brava.


title: Costa Brava

text: Costa Brava has a typical Mediterranean climate, mild and temperate, characterised by hot, dry summers and moderately cold winters. The annual average temperature ranges from 7 to 28 °C, while the highest temperatures are recorded in the months of July and August.


title: Costa Brava

text: Until after the First World War, the beaches along the coast of Catalonia served for Sunday leisure pursuits for the local people, plus one or two from neighbouring villages. While world tourism had discovered the Côte d'Azur by that time, the Costa Brava remained unknown to it.


title: Costa Brava

text: A few years after the Spanish Civil War when some sort of order had been restored, the gradual breaking down of Spain's international isolation in the 1950s cleared the way for new options in tourism. The sea and the sun were drawing increasing numbers of people, which combined with the Côte d'Azur already being overcrowded in those days, enhanced the appeal of Costa Brava for holiday-makers who made their way there.


title: Costa Brava

text: In the 1950s, the Costa Brava was identified by the Spanish government and local entrepreneurs as being suitable for substantial development as a holiday destination, mainly for package holiday tourists from Northern Europe and especially, the United Kingdom and France. The combination of a very good summer climate, nature, excellent beaches and a favourable foreign exchange rate was exploited by the construction of large numbers of hotels and apartments in such seaside resorts as Blanes, Tossa de Mar and Lloret de Mar. Tourism rapidly took over from fishing as the principal business of the area.


title: Costa Brava

text: While part of the Costa Brava coastline lent itself to tourist developments on a very large scale, other parts have retained a more traditional look. Small towns like Cadaqués, which is close to the French border and close to the foothills of the Pyrenees, have attracted artists, such as Salvador Dalí, Joan Miró and Pablo Picasso. The Dalí Theatre and Museum in Figueres is one of the most important and visited museums in Catalonia. One can also visit Dalí's House-Museum in Port Lligat, near Cadaqués and the Castle of Púbol in Púbol. The coast between Roses and Tossa de Mar has many delightful small coastal towns, such as Pals, Begur, Tamariu, S'Agaró, Empuriabrava, Llafranc, L'Estartit, Aigua Blava, Fornells, Calella de Palafrugell, Calonge, Palamós and Sant Feliu de Guíxols.


title: Costa Brava

text: The great artistic collection is a set of nearly fifty museums and collections listed among the five counties that make up the name of the Costa Brava. From north to south:


title: Costa Brava

text: Catalonia has three official languages, Catalan, Castillian Spanish and Aranese, although the latter is only generally spoken only in the Val d'Aran. Most of the local population of the Costa Brava habitually speak Catalan, and most are also fluent in Castillian Spanish.


title: Costa Brava

text: In addition to these, and through an order from the Ministry of Employment, there will be two local festivals, to be paid and not recoverable, at the proposal of the respective municipalities.


title: Costa Brava

text: Pablo Casals, Manuel de Falla and Isaac Albéniz are some of the great figures who have left their mark on the Costa Brava. However, one of the first music festival organisers was Josep Ensesa, who opened the doors and gardens of Senya Blanca, his house in S'Agaró, to music lovers in 1956 with a series of concerts christened the International Music Festival. The success of this festival led other Costa Brava towns to host similar events and nowadays almost all the towns on the Costa Brava hold annual musical events.


title: Costa Brava

text: Music forms part of the character of many towns and of the several events held by them over the course of the year. However, it is in the summer when emblematic venues such as gardens, covered squares, cloisters, monasteries or waterside venues host internationally renowned musical and cultural events. These summer events showcase all kinds of music, including classical music, pop and rock, havaneres (colonial sea shanties) and Catalan sardana music.


title: Costa Brava

text: But there are a number of festivals in Costa Brava that stand out above the rest in terms of their history, originality or colour. These include the procession "Dansa de la Mort" (Dance of Death) in Verges on Maundy Thursday and the Dance of Death, with characters donning skeleton outfits dancing in the streets, the living Way of the Cross in Sant Hilari Sacalm, the floral carpet festival in Arbúcies, the Hobby Horse dance in Sant Feliu de Pallerols, the "Ball del Cornut" and "La Plantada de l'Arbre" (The Planting of the Tree) of May in Cornellà del Terri... not to mention the major music festivals, some of them internationally renowned, such as Peralada Castle, Cap Roig Garden Festival in Calella de Palafrugell and Torroella de Montgrí festivals, which draw world-class performers, as well as opera and contemporary music figures.


title: Costa Brava

text: The Costa Brava has been a source of inspiration for many writers. This is clear to see in the countless books dedicated to the area and the thousands that have been written here. Josep Pla, Federico García Lorca, Truman Capote, Salvador Espriu, Joan Maragall and Caterina Albert are just some of these famous writers.


title: Costa Brava

text: Over the course of its history, especially over the last one hundred years, the Costa Brava has been the birthplace and place of residence of artists from various disciplines. Several political, intellectual and social figures have passed through or stayed on the Costa Brava, which has contributed to transforming it and boosting its profile both at home and abroad.


title: Costa Brava

text: Artists and actors in particular have helped to give the area a glamorous image. Elizabeth Taylor, Ava Gardner, Orson Welles, Yves Montand and Douglas Fairbanks all graced the Costa Brava with their glamour, as did Salvador Dalí, Marc Chagall, Dani Karavan (sculptor of the monument to Walter Benjamin in Portbou), Ramon Pichot and many others.


title: Costa Brava

text: The Costa Brava was a natural film set where producers find the charm that inspires them to create stories starring world-famous actors. Artists also find inspiration for their works and the peace and quiet necessary to produce them.


title: Costa Brava

text: From the early days of cinema, the Costa Brava featured in many films, which has proved on many occasions to be an added value in boosting its profile as a tourist destination even further. The attraction of the Costa Brava for local producers and filmmakers from the local area and from Catalonia in general is perfectly understandable given its geographical proximity and its highly interesting yet easily accessible locations of all kinds.


title: Costa Brava

text: It has also proved a popular location with Spanish and foreign studios and directors, who have filmed high-profile films in the area with stellar casts and production values. The commercial success and media buzz created by these productions has made certain locations known all over the world.


title: Costa Brava

text: Sant Feliu de Guíxols was the most popular location in the counties of Girona for cinema producers and the second-most popular in all Catalonia (after Barcelona). These results are logical enough: the Costa Brava is a potent area full of beauty and diversity, located close to the historical city of Girona with an old quarter that holds a huge amount of visual possibilities.


title: Costa Brava

text: Gastronomy plays an important role of the Costa Brava. Anchovies from L'Escala, prawns from Palamós, monkfish from Roses, blue fish from Sant Feliu de Guíxols, rock fish from Begur or skate from Tossa de Mar represent the sea, while turnips from Campmany, onions from Vilabertran and Figueres, rice from Montgrí, beans and peas from Vall d'Aro and apples from Girona represent the land in an elegant fusion of sea and mountain that constitutes the Costa Brava cuisine. However, the gastronomic richness of the Costa Brava is not restricted to its cuisine.


title: Costa Brava

text: Over 2,500 restaurants throughout the counties of Girona welcome diners with a cuisine based on a combination of quality seafood and the best produce of the land.


title: Costa Brava

text: By the beginning of the 21st century, Girona province had become one of the main centres of gastronomic pilgrimage in the world. It is no secret that the creation and transmission centre of avant-garde cuisine is now El Bulli restaurant on Cap de Creus, on the northern stretch of the Costa Brava. Cap de Creus was formerly a centre of surrealism in the days when Salvador Dalí resided in the nearby coastal locality of Portlligat. The innovative cuisine at El Bulli first influenced Catalonia, then the rest of Europe, and finally the whole world. At the end of the first decade of the 21st century, El Bulli decided to reinvent itself as elBulliFoundation with the aim of perpetuating the legacy of Ferran Adrià. Starting in 2014, introduction to Girona Cuisine the new foundation will disseminate the skills, research, innovation and all future developments coming out of the sanctuary of creativity in the heart of today's Cap de Creus Nature Park. Girona province has always been home to good cooking: such pioneering cuisine could not have arisen without a historical background, local products and raw materials coming from local agriculture, horticulture, viticulture, olive production, stockbreeding, fishing and sausage-making expertise. Nothing was missing. It just took one small step forward to reinvent our traditions. And the Roca brothers exemplify an evolutive fusion between avant-garde world cuisine and their hundred-year-old family tradition at El Celler de Can Roca, a restaurant that has made major contributions to technological innovation and to culinary and gastronomic techniques. All this goes to prove that Girona province is and has always been a powerful focus of gastronomic creation.


title: Costa Brava

text: El Bulli makes its last appearance in 2011 Red Michelin Guide, when in the province of Girona lists 20 Michelin stars for 14 restaurants. In the same year the World's 50 Best Restaurants list El Bulli (Cala Montjoi) and El Celler de Can Roca (Girona) in the top five.


title: Costa Brava

text: At 2012, 11 restaurants with 15 Michelin stars: five restaurants with six stars are found along the Costa Brava. And in 2012, El Celler de Can Roca is second in the World's 50 Best Restaurants.


title: Costa Brava

text: The wines of Alt and Baix Empordà fall under the auspices of the DO Empordà regulatory body. Wines have been grown in the region for over 2,500 years, but in the middle of the 20th century, the quality declined greatly in favor of producing cheap, bulk wines aimed at visiting beach tourists. A focus on quality returned to the winemaking due to smaller wineries opening, starting in the mid-1990s. Now, the wines from the region have been subject to high scores and recognition from international critics and have even become the focus of guides created solely for enotourism.


title: Costa Brava

text: For red varieties, Carignan (legally required to be 'Samsó' on the label) is prevalent, forming the basis of Empordà viniculture, together with Grenache (sometimes known in Empordà as "Lledoner"). These traditional varieties are complemented by new ones that are being introduced: Tempranillo, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Syrah, and Marselan.


title: Costa Brava

text: The most popular white varieties are Grenache Blanc, Grenache and Macabeo. Muscat, Xarel·lo recently planted Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc and Gewürztraminer grapes are also grown, but to a much lesser extent.


title: Costa Brava

text: In 1998, the coastal towns of the Costa Brava signed a charter, called the "Carta de Tossa", which undertook to pursue environmental protection, along with tourism. This recognised the value of the region's wide range of natural habitats and microclimates. The Medes Islands off the coast of L'Estartit are in Spain's first marine reserve and provide a home to a wide range of fish and aquatic flora. The nearby wildfowl reserve on marshlands at Aiguamolls de l'Empordà also saved land from the potential ravages of development.


title: Costa Brava

text: Protection law in this area becomes the Cap de Creus Natural Park, located north of the Costa Brava, in Port de la Selva, one of the most unusual in the Iberian Peninsula. Determined as protected areas the municipalities of El Port de la Selva, La Selva de Mar, Roses, Cadaqués, Palau Saverdera, Pau and Vilajuïga, with an area of 13,886 hectares spread over 10,813 hectares of land and 3,073 of maritime space.


title: Costa Brava

text: Located in north of the Costa Brava, between the towns of Castelló d'Empúries-Empuriabrava, Sant Pere Pescador and Roses, this park is the second largest of its kind in Catalonia, as a great number of native species flora and fauna. It is divided into two areas, north and south of the River Muga, comprising the characteristic elements of the landscape of the Alt Empordà.


title: Costa Brava

text: Located in the interior of the southern part of the Costa Brava, in Arbúcies (Selva), Montseny Massif is the largest and highest part of the Catalan pre-coastal mountain range, straddling the provinces of Barcelona and Girona. One of the main values of the massif lies in the extreme variability of environments presents significant result of altitudinal gradients and vegetation and the diversity of its relief. Oak and pine forests, forests of cork oaks, oaks and beech trees are some of the shape almost a forest landscape while serving as a refuge for many animal species typical of environmental contexts of higher latitude.


title: Costa Brava

text: Declared area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, includes the towns of La Jonquera, Rabós d'Empordà, Espolla, Cantallops, Vilamaniscle, Garriguella, Mollet de Peralada and Sant Climent Sescebes.


title: Costa Brava

text: The landscape presents with one of the largest concentrations of megalithic monuments in Catalonia, with small Romanesque churches that make this area one of the most rich heritage and history of the surrounding region of the Alt Empordà. And the Albera Massif presents transition vegetation between the species of the Pyrenean mountains and the Mediterranean, as well as fauna, characterised by great diversity, between the mountain areas and the wetland Catalonia.


title: Costa Brava

text: This area of great landscapes and geology covers the whole of the coast called the Lake of Banyoles, which separates the plains of the Empordà and the Transversal mountain in the region of Garrotxa. Lake of Banyoles, with an area of 107 hectares and a feature-eight, is one of the largest in the Iberian Peninsula. The most important lakes of this system are its origin and source of the feed water through seepage of rain in some parts of the Garrotxa through subterranean flows caused his departure abroad. Lake of Banyoles and the collection of small ponds, present throughout the year and chemical processes of thermal stratification. In addition to these features, concentrated around the lake a wide variety of flora and fauna lake.


title: Costa Brava

text: The small archipelago of the Medes, located in the heart of the Costa Brava, in the town of Torroella de Montgrí (Baix Empordà) and close to the mountain of the same name, is composed of seven islands that are characterised by rich its marine ecosystem. The proximity of the coast and the River Ter these islands provide a great amount of organic matter, allowing the variety of flora and fauna typical of the Medes. Some examples of this variety are the colony of gulls, the peculiar terrestrial vegetation, algae or coralline seabed, where you can go diving so regulated.


title: Costa Brava

text: Located between the districts of Alt and Baix Empordà, this limestone massif separates the bays of Roses and Ter, and provides interesting elements of ecological diversity to the landscape. This wild and inhospitable nature makes an exception of the area of the Costa Brava. This area is occupied mainly by pine trees and weeds, in addition to the vegetation that appears not only in forested environments, but throughout the eastern fringe of the mountain, the sea. In this regard include Ferriol and Pedrosa coves, among others.


title: Costa Brava

text: The Marine Reserve of Ses Negres, located in Begur, in the middle of the Costa Brava stretches over 1,300 metres of coastline, including beaches of Sa Riera and Aiguafreda. It has a total area of 80 hectares, which includes the cliffs that surround the mountains of Begur. Buoys and beacons define the protected area and also indicate a navigation channel of limited speed. In the bathing area and apnea, respectful and activities compatible with conservation of the environment, there is a recovery of marine life, years after being declared the reserve.


title: Costa Brava

text: Massive features typically Mediterranean. Located between the counties of Girona and Baix Empordà, is the northernmost of the Catalan coastal mountains. The landscape of this area is mainly forest. The nature of Mediterranean forest gives ample importance to the overall bulk comprised mainly holm and cork oaks. The fauna is typical of Mediterranean environments and forest. With regard to heritage, from the days with abundance of megalithic funerary monuments, in addition, the area also includes the medieval defensive buildings and religious buildings pre-Romanesque and Romanesque style.


title: Costa Brava

text: The island of River Ter is a natural area of great ecological value for its biodiversity and for its potential as a setting for environmental education, both for students and for all those who love nature people who visit, where it is favoured because of its proximity to the city of Girona. The area is protected by municipal regulations and by the condition Wildlife Refuge. Presented botanical species of interest, the bell winter woods and some in excellent condition as they have been free from human interference natural setting of the island from the confluence the rivers Ter and Onyar.


title: Costa Brava

text: This fauna, include the otter, genet and various species of butterflies typical of aquatic environments, and a variety of birds such as night heron, the kingfisher and lesser spotted woodpecker, among others. In total, about 200 species have been observed.


title: Costa Brava

text: The Cadiretes Massif (or the bulk of Ardenya) is a natural area that occupies almost the whole town of Tossa de Mar and part of Sant Feliu, Santa Cristina d'Aro, Llagostera, Vidreres, Caldes de Malavella and Lloret de Mar. It is a mountainous terrain, granitic between the sea and the plains of the forest, the highest point of which is Puig Cadiretes (519 metres). The depressions are irrigated by mountain streams typically Mediterranean regime. However, the nature of the terrain makes it create upwelling of water throughout the year, along with humidity and precipitation caused by the screen effect of the mountains before the winds making the bulk elements converge of botanical and faunal clear Atlantic. The coast, with more than six kilometres protected is particularly abrupt, which has facilitated the establishment of several important species which have found an ideal retreat.


title: Costa Brava

text: The bulk of Guilleries is located at the northern end of the ridge just behind and beyond the Montseny, the town of Sant Hilari Sacalm is the capital. The massive mountain range old and worn, covered with thick vegetation, has a total area of 12,500 hectares and is located within the Plan of Natural Interest (PEIN). A succession of peaks, form a unique landscape, thick, quiet and wild. The highest point is St. Michael the Ants, with 1,204 metres.


title: Costa Brava

text: Counting beaches and hidden coves surrounded by vegetation, there are 199 such locations in the coastal regions of Costa Brava.


title: Costa Brava

text: In the four botanical gardens on the Costa Brava come together as many native plants typical of tropical plants, which in turn are balconies overlooking the Mediterranean:


title: Costa Brava

text: In Calella de Palafrugell (Palafrugell, Baix Empordà), the species most characteristic of the Mediterranean are mixed with trees and plants from five continents in this botanical garden, one of the most varied of Catalonia. During the summer, the botanical garden hosts a variety of activities such as exhibitions and cultural performances.


title: Costa Brava

text: The Santa Clotilde Gardens are in a beautiful landscape on a cliff with views of the sea in Lloret de Mar (Selva). This botanical garden was designed in 1919 by Nicolau Maria Rubió Tudurí, and is characterised by the Italian influence and the formal coherence between the garden and the architectural surroundings. The gardens host several marble sculptures and are characterised by the absence of flowers, contrasting sharply with the wide variety of plants.


title: Costa Brava

text: In Blanes (Selva), Ferdinand Rivière Caralt created in 1954 this botanical garden that has the peculiarity of having adapted to the Mediterranean and tropical vegetation characteristics. Plants and trees, such as cactus, Opuntia species or aloes, live in a context rich in native vegetation.


title: Costa Brava

text: This botanical garden, located in the south-eastern slope of Mount Sant Joan de Blanes, on the cliffs, was created in 1921 by German scientist Karl Faust. Years later, Marimurtra became one of the most important biological stations in the Mediterranean. The Marimurtra Botanical Garden meets not only native plants and trees, but plant species from around the world, such as Chile palms, bamboos and trees characteristic of Africa and Mexico, among others.


title: Gwen Tennyson

text: Gwendolyn "Gwen" Tennyson, occasionally known as Lucky Girl, is a fictional character that appears in the "Ben 10" franchise. The paternal first cousin and best friend of title protagonist Ben Tennyson, Gwen is a core member of Ben’s team who frequently aids him in his various adventures. A highly intelligent and a skilled martial artist, Gwen later develops magic abilities that are eventually revealed to be alien in nature.


title: Gwen Tennyson

text: Gwen was created for "Ben 10" (2005–2008), in which she was voiced as a 10-year-old by Meagan Smith, with Tara Strong voicing her future version. Smith was replaced by Ashley Johnson, who voiced the teenage Gwen for the sequel series "" (2008–2010), "" (2010–2012), and "" (2012–2014), while Montserrat Hernandez voiced Gwen for the reboot series "Ben 10" (2016–2021). An anime spin-off solo series starring Gwen, set in the original continuity as she attends college, is in active development.


title: Gwen Tennyson

text: In the series, Gwen Tennyson (Meagan Smith) is sent by her parents on a road trip with her Grandpa Max (Paul Eiding) and her cousin Ben (Tara Strong). She and Ben constantly argue, however they are both shown to deeply care for each other on various occasions throughout the series. Following Ben's acquisition of the Omnitrix, the trio embark in a series of adventures, encountering various extraterrestrial and supernatural entities, including master magician Hex (Khary Payton) and his niece Charmcaster (Kari Wahlgren), the latter of whom detects a "magical aura" within Gwen, which she begins tapping into, acquiring magical powers of her own, after learning she would from a future version of herself (Tara Strong), after procuring a small book of spells from Charmcaster in the episode "A Change of Face". On two occasions, Gwen uses artifacts sought by the master magicians known as the Charms of Bezel to acquire incredible and unique powers and abilities to become a superhero by the name of "Lucky Girl". Besides magic, Gwen's biggest power is her intelligence: she is a computer expert and revealed to have extensive knowledge of History (episode "Hunted") and Science (episodes "Tourist Trap" and "Monster Weather"). She is also a skilled martial arts practitioner and adept gymnast.


title: Gwen Tennyson

text: Set five years after the end of the original series, Gwen Tennyson (Ashley Johnson) is now a black belt in karate, but tends to favor using her powers. She is capable of creating energy constructs for nearly any purpose, usually creating platforms to levitate herself (and others), beams to grab enemies, circular blasts to knock enemies back, projecting beams from her eyes that seem to simulate heat vision, and opening up interdimensional portals, which she uses to assist her cousin Ben (Yuri Lowenthal) after the disappearance of their grandfather forces him to put back on the Omnitrix. In the episode "", the pair's former enemy Kevin (Greg Cipes) tells Gwen her powers and abilities originate from her "alien bloodline", which she refuses to believe. In "", Gwen discovers this to be true, that her paternal grandmother, Verdona, is an energy being known as an Anodite; a magic-wielding race made of mana, a substance of magic, from the distant planet Anodyne, and that Gwen seems to be the only human descendant of her to have inherited her powers. Verdona offers to take Gwen to her home planet and train her in the immense mystical and magical ways of the Anodites, but Gwen prefers to remain on Earth with Ben and Kevin, later coming into conflict with a returned Charmcaster and Michael Morningstar, who after initially seeking to absorb her powers, seeks revenge against her after her taking back her powers reduced him to a husk which he dubbed "Darkstar". Gwen later unleashes her true Anodite form for the first time in "", succeeding defending the world from the Highbreed. During the course of the series, she develops a romantic relationship with Kevin, and is revealed to suffer from both arachnophobia and claustrophobia. Galadriel Stineman portrays Gwen in the 2009 superhero television film "".


title: Gwen Tennyson

text: Set several weeks after the previous series, Gwen Tennyson, now sixteen years old, releases her dormant, inner Anodite for the second time against Zombozo (John DiMaggio) after he attempts to kill her aunt and Ben's mother Sandra (Beth Littleford), growing to a gigantic size and shouting at him to leave the Tennyson family, as well as Kevin's family, alone, terrifying him before letting him go to spread the word to all of their other enemies. Gwen also discovers her black-haired near-identical cousin Sunny (also voiced by Ashley Johnson) is also an Anodite and once again encounters Charmcaster and Darkstar, the pair now engaged in a romantic relationship after Charmcaster failed to use the Great One Dagon to resurrect her father, before helping Ben save the universe in destroying Dagon and his Esoterica. "", a one-hour crossover with fellow Man of Action series "Generator Rex", aired on November 25, 2011 on Cartoon Network, in which Gwen is featured towards the beginning and in a flashback in a cameo appearance.


title: Gwen Tennyson

text: Unlike in previous series, sixteen-year-old Gwen is a supporting character in the modern day, only popping up occasionally to assist Ben due to now attending college. She is often depicted in flashback sequences to when she was 11-years-old, revealing she had developed a crush on Kevin at that time. Immediately after the previous series, Gwen is seen with Ben and Kevin chasing Zombozo through Bellwood. Shortly after fighting and capturing Zombozo, Gwen says her goodbyes to Ben because she is heading to college since she took honor classes. She then tells Ben to stay out of trouble and gets into the car with Kevin (who also reveals that he will be staying with Gwen, but near campus), and the two drive off, leaving Ben to deal with Zombozo. Sometime later, she makes the decision to take up the mantle of Lucky Girl again, using a nonverbal glamour-spell to change her appearance. She is later shown to attend a magic class taught by a redeemed Hex, after he finally overcomes his depression, him having become her favorite teacher, before he is trapped as a stone totem by his niece Charmcaster. Later, after being freed, he and Gwen keep Charmcaster as a miniature stone totem under the hope that she can get better someday herself.


title: Gwen Tennyson

text: At the end of "", after watching the new universe be created, Ben calls Gwen to get Kevin as he proposes that the trio and his partner Rook Blonko (Bumper Robinson) go on a road trip together to explore the universe that they watched being created.


title: Gwen Tennyson

text: "Ben 10" introduces a re-imagined Gwen (in her 10-year-old form), her cousin Ben, and Grandpa Max, as they travel the country during summer vacation. When Ben finds the Omnitrix, a mysterious watch that transforms him into 10 different aliens, a world of extraterrestrial superpowers opens up to him; Gwen's form as Lucky Girl in the previous continuity exists as a popular pre-existing multimedia franchise of which she is a fan, while her enemy "Kevin 11" has a crush on Gwen, to which she is oblivious.


title: Gwen Tennyson

text: In September 2021, in response to fan questioning about rumours of a "Gwen 10" spin-off series, Man of Action confirmed they were actively working with a Japanese anime company to develop a series that would "just follow Gwen without any Ben" as they attend college, retaining her boyfriend Kevin Levin as a supporting character, citing the character's greater popularity in Asia compared to Ben as the reason for the solo series entering development.


title: Gwen Tennyson

text: "Ben 10" was created by Man of Action (consisting of comic book creators Duncan Rouleau, Joe Casey, Joe Kelly, and Steven T. Seagle) and was produced by Cartoon Network Studios. The group worked on the concept of "Ben 10" and its title character roughly three years before Cartoon Network picked up the series. Dave Johnson also helped in the design development. Gwen was originally developed to be a classmate, best friend and potential romantic interest of Ben's accompanying on his road trip with his grandfather. Later in development, she was changed to be his cousin, the pair being exactly the same age.


title: Gwen Tennyson

text: Gwen's original design, including a yellow t-shirt and ponytail, was inspired by the original design of Ben Tennyson, the red hair retained for all series, while the ponytail would be incorporated into her outfit redesign by Glen Murakami for the last season of "Alien Force", the entirety of "Ultimate Alien" and the first season of "Omniverse". Her head and hair were reworked by Glenn Wong, who also gave the character her blue top in "Alien Force", while colors were added by Chris Hooten.


title: Gwen Tennyson

text: The original concept behind the characters was later cited as the primary inspiration for the characters of Patrice Blazing and Nate Timely in PopCap Games and Dark Horse Comics' "Plants vs. Zombies" comic series, with Patrice designed after Gwen and Nate after Ben.


title: Gwen Tennyson

text: In the original series, Gwen is portrayed as an intelligent, mature but usually stubborn and smart-mouthed when it came to talking with Ben. Her quick thinking and good instincts give her an edge in dealing with dangerous situations.


title: Gwen Tennyson

text: As she got older, she became even more mature, caring, and sympathetic. Her affection towards her cousin Ben became more clear, as she had deeply bonded with him over that adventure-filled summer, realizing how much she cared about him. Gwen is willing to forgive villains for their wrongdoings, the most notable being Kevin, if she believes they have changed for the better.


title: Gwen Tennyson

text: Despite being far more mature and reasonable than Ben and Kevin, Gwen is somewhat hot-headed and can lose control of her abilities if angered enough.


title: Gwen Tennyson

text: Due to her one-quarter anodite (a fictional alien race of beings of pure magical energy) heritage, Gwen is able to manipulate mana (life energy/chakra/chi).


title: Gwen Tennyson

text: In the original series, Gwen has shown a latent knack for magic, able to handle multiple magical artifacts. In the third season, after keeping the villain Charmcaster’s small spellbook, Gwen begins casting spells and practicing magic. Her abilities manifest as a light blue energy. Despite abandoning these tactics in favor of her Anodite powers starting in "Alien Force", she continued casting spells later on "Ultimate Alien" and "Omniverse".


title: Gwen Tennyson

text: Starting in "Alien Force", Gwen’s abilities have progressed to a magenta-colored energy. She soon discovers her Anodite heritage and comes to learn the energy she manipulates is mana, a life force energy present in all living beings. Mana is the basis of magic, which explains Gwen’s previous magical proficiency.


title: Gwen Tennyson

text: By manipulating mana, Gwen is able to create forcefields, energy blasts, beams, stepping stones and energy constructs. She is also able to track living beings by sensing their mana and can absorb or generate mana at will. Through her powers, she is also capable of telekinesis, teleportation, clairvoyance and healing.


title: Gwen Tennyson

text: Gwen is able to assume an Anodite form. In this form, she is dark purple in color, with long glowing pink/white hair. In this form, she is capable of growing in stature, flight, and immortality.


title: Gwen Tennyson

text: Gwen is a skilled martial artist and has been practicing since the original series. She is trained in Karate and Jiu-jitsu. She is also a talented gymnast as she is very agile and can jump great distances.


title: Gwen Tennyson

text: She is voiced by Meagan Smith in the 2005 original series as 10-year old Gwen to the show's finale in 2008. Smith reprises her role in 2012 in the film "".


title: Gwen Tennyson

text: In the 2008 sequel series, ""; teenage Gwen (15 years old), is voiced by Ashley Johnson (replacing Smith) and continued to voice Gwen in both "" and "" respectively. In "Omniverse", she voices both the kid and teenage versions of Gwen, as well as all her alternate timeline counterparts.


title: Gwen Tennyson

text: Tara Strong voices Gwen as an adult from an alternate timeline in the original series for two episodes ("Ben 10,000" and "Ken 10").


title: Gwen Tennyson

text: Gwen is voiced by Montserrat Hernandez in the 2016 reboot, who additionally voices both alternate variants (from the future and a universe where "she" had the Omnitrix instead of Ben) and all alien forms she assumes.


title: ATP synthase

text: ATP synthase is a protein that catalyzes the formation of the energy storage molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP) using adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (P). It is classified under ligases as it changes ADP by the formation of P-O bond (phosphodiester bond). ATP synthase is a molecular machine. The overall reaction catalyzed by ATP synthase is:


title: ATP synthase

text: The formation of ATP from ADP and P is energetically unfavorable and would normally proceed in the reverse direction. In order to drive this reaction forward, ATP synthase couples ATP synthesis during cellular respiration to an electrochemical gradient created by the difference in proton (H) concentration across the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotes or the plasma membrane in bacteria. During photosynthesis in plants, ATP is synthesized by ATP synthase using a proton gradient created in the thylakoid lumen through the thylakoid membrane and into the chloroplast stroma.


title: ATP synthase

text: Eukaryotic ATP synthases are F-ATPases, running "in reverse" for an ATPase. This article deals mainly with this type. An F-ATPase consists of two main subunits, F and F, which has a rotational motor mechanism allowing for ATP production.


title: ATP synthase

text: The F fraction derives its name from the term "Fraction 1" and F (written as a subscript letter "o", not "zero") derives its name from being the binding fraction for oligomycin, a type of naturally derived antibiotic that is able to inhibit the F unit of ATP synthase. These functional regions consist of different protein subunits — refer to tables. This enzyme is used in synthesis of ATP through aerobic respiration.


title: ATP synthase

text: Located within the thylakoid membrane and the inner mitochondrial membrane, ATP synthase consists of two regions F and F. F causes rotation of F and is made of c-ring and subunits a, two b, F6. F is made of α, β, γ, and δ subunits. F has a water-soluble part that can hydrolyze ATP. F on the other hand has mainly hydrophobic regions. F F creates a pathway for protons movement across the membrane.


title: ATP synthase

text: The F portion of ATP synthase is hydrophilic and responsible for hydrolyzing ATP. The F unit protrudes into the mitochondrial matrix space. Subunits α and β make a hexamer with 6 binding sites. Three of them are catalytically inactive and they bind ADP.


title: ATP synthase

text: Three other subunits catalyze the ATP synthesis. The other F subunits γ, δ, and ε are a part of a rotational motor mechanism (rotor/axle). The γ subunit allows β to go through conformational changes (i.e., closed, half open, and open states) that allow for ATP to be bound and released once synthesized. The F particle is large and can be seen in the transmission electron microscope by negative staining. These are particles of 9 nm diameter that pepper the inner mitochondrial membrane.


title: ATP synthase

text: F is a water insoluble protein with eight subunits and a transmembrane ring. The ring has a tetramer shape with a helix loop helix protein that goes through conformational changes when protonated and deprotonated, pushing neighboring subunits to rotate, causing the spinning of F which then also affects conformation of F, resulting in switching of states of alpha and beta subunits. The F region of ATP synthase is a proton pore that is embedded in the mitochondrial membrane. It consists of three main subunits, a, b, and c. Six c subunits make up the rotor ring, and subunit b makes up a stalk connecting to F OSCP that prevents the αβ hexamer from rotating. Subunit a connects b to the c ring. Humans have six additional subunits, d, e, f, g, F6, and 8 (or A6L). This part of the enzyme is located in the mitochondrial inner membrane and couples proton translocation to the rotation that causes ATP synthesis in the F region.


title: ATP synthase

text: In eukaryotes, mitochondrial F forms membrane-bending dimers. These dimers self-arrange into long rows at the end of the cristae, possibly the first step of cristae formation. An atomic model for the dimeric yeast F region was determined by cryo-EM at an overall resolution of 3.6 Å.


title: ATP synthase

text: In the 1960s through the 1970s, Paul Boyer, a UCLA Professor, developed the binding change, or flip-flop, mechanism theory, which postulated that ATP synthesis is dependent on a conformational change in ATP synthase generated by rotation of the gamma subunit. The research group of John E. Walker, then at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, crystallized the F catalytic-domain of ATP synthase. The structure, at the time the largest asymmetric protein structure known, indicated that Boyer's rotary-catalysis model was, in essence, correct. For elucidating this, Boyer and Walker shared half of the 1997 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.


title: ATP synthase

text: The crystal structure of the F showed alternating alpha and beta subunits (3 of each), arranged like segments of an orange around a rotating asymmetrical gamma subunit. According to the current model of ATP synthesis (known as the alternating catalytic model), the transmembrane potential created by (H+) proton cations supplied by the electron transport chain, drives the (H+) proton cations from the intermembrane space through the membrane via the F region of ATP synthase. A portion of the F (the ring of c-subunits) rotates as the protons pass through the membrane. The c-ring is tightly attached to the asymmetric central stalk (consisting primarily of the gamma subunit), causing it to rotate within the alphabeta of F causing the 3 catalytic nucleotide binding sites to go through a series of conformational changes that lead to ATP synthesis. The major F subunits are prevented from rotating in sympathy with the central stalk rotor by a peripheral stalk that joins the alphabeta to the non-rotating portion of F. The structure of the intact ATP synthase is currently known at low-resolution from electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM) studies of the complex. The cryo-EM model of ATP synthase suggests that the peripheral stalk is a flexible structure that wraps around the complex as it joins F to F. Under the right conditions, the enzyme reaction can also be carried out in reverse, with ATP hydrolysis driving proton pumping across the membrane.


title: ATP synthase

text: The binding change mechanism involves the active site of a β subunit's cycling between three states. In the "loose" state, ADP and phosphate enter the active site; in the adjacent diagram, this is shown in pink. The enzyme then undergoes a change in shape and forces these molecules together, with the active site in the resulting "tight" state (shown in red) binding the newly produced ATP molecule with very high affinity. Finally, the active site cycles back to the open state (orange), releasing ATP and binding more ADP and phosphate, ready for the next cycle of ATP production.


title: ATP synthase

text: Like other enzymes, the activity of FF ATP synthase is reversible. Large-enough quantities of ATP cause it to create a transmembrane proton gradient, this is used by fermenting bacteria that do not have an electron transport chain, but rather hydrolyze ATP to make a proton gradient, which they use to drive flagella and the transport of nutrients into the cell.


title: ATP synthase

text: In respiring bacteria under physiological conditions, ATP synthase, in general, runs in the opposite direction, creating ATP while using the proton motive force created by the electron transport chain as a source of energy. The overall process of creating energy in this fashion is termed oxidative phosphorylation.


title: ATP synthase

text: The same process takes place in the mitochondria, where ATP synthase is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane and the F-part projects into the mitochondrial matrix. By pumping proton cations into the matrix, the ATP-synthase converts ADP into ATP.


title: ATP synthase

text: The evolution of ATP synthase is thought to have been modular whereby two functionally independent subunits became associated and gained new functionality. This association appears to have occurred early in evolutionary history, because essentially the same structure and activity of ATP synthase enzymes are present in all kingdoms of life. The F-ATP synthase displays high functional and mechanistic similarity to the V-ATPase. However, whereas the F-ATP synthase generates ATP by utilising a proton gradient, the V-ATPase generates a proton gradient at the expense of ATP, generating pH values of as low as 1.


title: ATP synthase

text: The F region also shows significant similarity to hexameric DNA helicases (especially the Rho factor), and the entire enzyme region shows some similarity to -powered T3SS or flagellar motor complexes. The αβ hexamer of the F region shows significant structural similarity to hexameric DNA helicases; both form a ring with 3-fold rotational symmetry with a central pore. Both have roles dependent on the relative rotation of a macromolecule within the pore; the DNA helicases use the helical shape of DNA to drive their motion along the DNA molecule and to detect supercoiling, whereas the αβ hexamer uses the conformational changes through the rotation of the γ subunit to drive an enzymatic reaction.


title: ATP synthase

text: The motor of the F particle shows great functional similarity to the motors that drive flagella. Both feature a ring of many small alpha-helical proteins that rotate relative to nearby stationary proteins, using a potential gradient as an energy source. This link is tenuous, however, as the overall structure of flagellar motors is far more complex than that of the F particle and the ring with about 30 rotating proteins is far larger than the 10, 11, or 14 helical proteins in the F complex. More recent structural data do however show that the ring and the stalk are structurally similar to the F particle.


title: ATP synthase

text: The modular evolution theory for the origin of ATP synthase suggests that two subunits with independent function, a DNA helicase with ATPase activity and a motor, were able to bind, and the rotation of the motor drove the ATPase activity of the helicase in reverse. This complex then evolved greater efficiency and eventually developed into today's intricate ATP synthases. Alternatively, the DNA helicase/ motor complex may have had pump activity with the ATPase activity of the helicase driving the motor in reverse. This may have evolved to carry out the reverse reaction and act as an ATP synthase.


title: ATP synthase

text: A variety of natural and synthetic inhibitors of ATP synthase have been discovered. These have been used to probe the structure and mechanism of ATP synthase. Some may be of therapeutic use. There are several classes of ATP synthase inhibitors, including peptide inhibitors, polyphenolic phytochemicals, polyketides, organotin compounds, polyenic α-pyrone derivatives, cationic inhibitors, substrate analogs, amino acid modifiers, and other miscellaneous chemicals. Some of the most commonly used ATP synthase inhibitors are oligomycin and DCCD.


title: ATP synthase

text: Bacterial F-ATPases can occasionally operate in reverse, turning them into an ATPase. Some bacteria have no F-ATPase, using an A/V-type ATPase bidirectionally.


title: ATP synthase

text: Yeast ATP synthase is one of the best-studied eukaryotic ATP synthases; and five F, eight F subunits, and seven associated proteins have been identified. Most of these proteins have homologues in other eukaryotes.


title: ATP synthase

text: In plants, ATP synthase is also present in chloroplasts (CFF-ATP synthase). The enzyme is integrated into thylakoid membrane; the CF-part sticks into stroma, where dark reactions of photosynthesis (also called the light-independent reactions or the Calvin cycle) and ATP synthesis take place. The overall structure and the catalytic mechanism of the chloroplast ATP synthase are almost the same as those of the bacterial enzyme. However, in chloroplasts, the proton motive force is generated not by respiratory electron transport chain but by primary photosynthetic proteins. The synthase has a 40-aa insert in the gamma-subunit to inhibit wasteful activity when dark.


title: ATP synthase

text: The ATP synthase isolated from bovine ("Bos taurus") heart mitochondria is, in terms of biochemistry and structure, the best-characterized ATP synthase. Beef heart is used as a source for the enzyme because of the high concentration of mitochondria in cardiac muscle. Their genes have close homology to human ATP synthases.


title: ATP synthase

text: Eukaryotes belonging to some divergent lineages have very special organizations of the ATP synthase. A euglenozoa ATP synthase forms a dimer with a boomerang-shaped F head like other mitochondrial ATP synthases, but the F subcomplex has many unique subunits. It uses cardiolipin. The inhibitory IF also binds differently, in a way shared with trypanosomatida.


title: ATP synthase

text: Archaea do not generally have an F-ATPase. Instead, they synthesize ATP using the A-ATPase/synthase, a rotary machine structurally similar to the V-ATPase but mainly functioning as an ATP synthase. Like the bacteria F-ATPase, it is believed to also function as an ATPase.


title: ATP synthase

text: F-ATPase gene linkage and gene order are widely conserved across ancient prokaryote lineages, implying that this system already existed at a date before the last universal common ancestor, the LUCA.


title: Apple Thunderbolt Display

text: The Apple Thunderbolt Display is a 27-inch flat panel computer monitor developed and sold by Apple Inc. from July 2011 to June 2016. Originally priced at $999, it replaced the 27-inch Apple LED Cinema Display. New to the Thunderbolt Display was the switch from Mini DisplayPort and USB to a single Thunderbolt connector for data and DisplayPort. The Thunderbolt Display also added a Gigabit Ethernet port and FireWire 800 port. Macs released before 2011 without Thunderbolt, the 2012 Mac Pro and the single USB-C Retina MacBook are incompatible with the Thunderbolt Display without use of additional adaptors.


title: Apple Thunderbolt Display

text: The Thunderbolt Display was discontinued in June 2016, and replaced by LG UltraFine displays developed with LG on the consumer end, while the Pro Display XDR succeeded it in 2019 as Apple's professional display. In 2022, the Apple Studio Display was released as the first Apple-branded consumer display since its discontinuation.


title: Apple Thunderbolt Display

text: Like its predecessor, the 27-inch LED Cinema Display, the resolution is 2560×1440 pixels in a aspect ratio. It was made with aluminum and glass, having a similar appearance to the contemporary ranges of iMac and MacBook Pro unibody designs. The display featured a built-in 720p FaceTime HD camera (replacing the iSight in the previous model), microphone, and stereo speaker system with subwoofer (2.1 channel). An octopus cable with Thunderbolt and MagSafe is permanently attached to the back of the display for data and charging MacBooks, respectively. On the rear of the display there is a Thunderbolt port, a FireWire 800 port, three USB 2.0 ports and a Gigabit Ethernet port.


title: Apple Thunderbolt Display

text: The Thunderbolt port allows for the possibility of daisy chaining Thunderbolt Displays from a supported Mac, or connecting other devices that have Thunderbolt ports, such as external hard drives and video capture devices. In July 2012, Apple began including a MagSafe to MagSafe 2 adaptor in the box.


title: Apple Thunderbolt Display

text: On June 23, 2016, Apple announced through a statement that it was discontinuing the Thunderbolt Display and would no longer produce stand-alone displays, saying, "There are a number of great third-party options available for Mac users." Apple subsequently worked with LG to design the Thunderbolt 3-enabled UltraFine line, consisting of 4K and 5K displays, which were the only displays sold by Apple from 2016 to 2019. In December 2019, Apple released the Pro Display XDR, the first Apple-branded display since the Thunderbolt Display's discontinuation. In March 2022, Apple released the Apple Studio Display, the first Apple-branded consumer display since the Thunderbolt Display's discontinuation, which similarly includes integrated speakers and a webcam.


title: Apple Thunderbolt Display

text: The Thunderbolt Display drops compatibility with all previous standards, including VGA, DVI, and DisplayPort. It is not compatible with computers that do not have a Thunderbolt port, including pre-2011 Macs and the vast majority of desktop PCs. The 12-inch Retina MacBook and 2012 Mac Pro do not support Thunderbolt.


title: Apple Thunderbolt Display

text: Macs released after 2016 with Thunderbolt 3 and later, which uses a USB-C connector, are compatible using Apple's Thunderbolt 3-to-2 adapter.


title: Icelandic name

text: Icelandic names are names used by people from Iceland. Icelandic surnames are different from most other naming systems in the modern Western world by being patronymic or occasionally matronymic: they indicate the father (or mother) of the child and not the historic family lineage. Iceland shares a common cultural heritage with the Scandinavian countries of Denmark, the Faroe Islands, Norway, and Sweden. Unlike other Nordics, Icelanders have continued to use their traditional name system, which was formerly used by all Nordic countries except Finland, whose indigenous people are Uralic speakers and thus distinct from the Germanic rest of Scandinavia. The Icelandic system is thus not based on family names (although some people do have family names and might use both systems). Generally, with few exceptions, a person's last name indicates the first name of their father (patronymic) or in some cases mother (matronymic) in the genitive, followed by ("son") or ("daughter").


title: Icelandic name

text: Some family names do exist in Iceland, most commonly adaptations from last names Icelanders took up when living abroad, usually Denmark. Notable Icelanders who have an inherited family name include former prime minister Geir Haarde, football star Eiður Smári Guðjohnsen, entrepreneur Magnús Scheving, film director Baltasar Kormákur Samper, and actress Anita Briem. Before 1925, it was lawful to adopt new family names; one Icelander to do so was the Nobel Prize-winning author Halldór Laxness, while another author, Einar Hjörleifsson and his brothers all chose the family name "Kvaran". Since 1925, one cannot adopt a family name unless one explicitly has a legal right to do so through inheritance.


title: Icelandic name

text: First names not previously used in Iceland must be approved by the Icelandic Naming Committee before being used. The criterion for acceptance of names is whether they can be easily incorporated into the Icelandic language. With some exceptions, they must contain only letters found in the Icelandic alphabet (including þ and ð), and it must be possible to decline the name according to the language's grammatical case system, which in practice means that a genitive form can be constructed in accordance with Icelandic rules.


title: Icelandic name

text: Names considered to be gender nonconforming have historically not been allowed; however, in January 2013, a 15-year-old girl named Blær (a masculine noun in Icelandic) was allowed to keep this name in a court decision that overruled an initial rejection by the naming committee. Her mother Björk Eiðsdóttir did not realize at the time that Blær was considered masculine; she had read a novel by Halldór Laxness, "The Fish Can Sing" (1957), that had an admirable female character named Blær, meaning "light breeze", and had decided that if she had a daughter, she would name her Blær.


title: Icelandic name

text: In 2019, the laws governing names were changed. First names are no longer restricted by gender. Moreover, Icelanders who are officially registered as non-binary will be permitted to use the patro/matronymic suffix ("child of") instead of or .


title: Icelandic name

text: A man named "Jón Einarsson" has a son named "Ólafur". Ólafur's last name will not be "Einarsson" like his father's; it will become "Jónsson", indicating that "Ólafur" is the son of "Jón" (Jóns + son). The same practice is used for daughters. Jón Einarsson's daughter "Sigríður"'s last name would not be "Einarsson" but "Jónsdóttir". Again, the name means "Jón's daughter" (Jóns + dóttir).


title: Icelandic name

text: In some cases, an individual's surname is derived from a parent's second given name instead of the first. For example, if Jón is the son of Hjálmar Arnar Vilhjálmsson he may either be named Jón Hjálmarsson (Jón, son of Hjálmar) or Jón Arnarsson (Jón, son of Arnar). The reason for this may be that the parent prefers to be called by the second given name instead of the first; this is fairly common. It may also be that the parent's second name seems to fit the child's first name better.


title: Icelandic name

text: In cases where two people in the same social circle bear the same first name and the same father's name, they have traditionally been distinguished by their paternal grandfather's name (avonymic), e.g. Jón Þórsson Bjarnasonar (Jón, son of Þór, son of Bjarni) and Jón Þórsson Hallssonar (Jón, son of Þór, son of Hallur). This practice has become less common (the use of middle names having replaced it), but features conspicuously in the Icelandic sagas.


title: Icelandic name

text: The vast majority of Icelandic last names carry the name of the father, but occasionally the mother's name is used: e.g. if the child or mother wishes to end social ties with the father. Some women use it as a social statement while others simply choose it as a matter of style.


title: Icelandic name

text: In all of these cases, the convention is the same: Ólafur, the son of Bryndís, will have the full name of Ólafur Bryndísarson ("the son of Bryndís"). Some well-known Icelanders with matronymic names are the football player Heiðar Helguson ("Helga's son"), the novelist Guðrún Eva Mínervudóttir ("Minerva's daughter"), and the medieval poet Eilífr Goðrúnarson ("Goðrún's son").


title: Icelandic name

text: In the Icelandic film "Bjarnfreðarson" the title character's name is the subject of some mockery for his having a woman's name – as Bjarnfreður's son – not his father's. In the film this is connected to the mother's radical feminism and shame over his paternity, which form part of the film's plot. Some people have both a matronymic and a patronymic: for example, Dagur Bergþóruson Eggertsson ("the son of Bergþóra and Eggert"), the mayor of Reykjavík since 2014. Another example is the girl Blær mentioned above: her full name is Blær Bjarkardóttir Rúnarsdóttir ("the daughter of Björk and Rúnar").


title: Icelandic name

text: A gender autonomy act approved by the Icelandic Parliament in 2019 allows individuals who register their gender as neutral (i.e., non-binary) to use "bur", a poetic word for "son", to be repurposed as a neuter noun, as a suffix instead of "son" or "dóttir".


title: Icelandic name

text: Unlike the other Nordic countries, Iceland never formalized a system of family names. A growing number of Icelanders — primarily those who had studied abroad — began to adopt family names in the second half of the 19th century. In 1855, there were 108 family names but by 1910 there were 297. In 1913, the Althing legalized the adoption of family names. The Icelanders who had family names tended to be upper-class and serve as government officials.


title: Icelandic name

text: In 1925, Althing banned the adoption of new family names. Some of the common arguments against the usage of family names were: they were not authentically "Icelandic"; the usage of -son in family names made it unclear if the name was actually a family name or patronymic; and there were fears that low-class people would adopt the family names of well-known upper-class families. Some of the common arguments for the usage of family names were: they made it easier to trace lineages; they made it easier to distinguish individuals (a problem in mid-19th century Iceland was that there were so many people named Jón — in fact, one in six Icelandic males were named Jón at the time); and that Iceland ought to follow the lead of its Nordic neighbours.


title: Icelandic name

text: In Russia, where name-patronyms of similar style were historically used (such as "Ivan Petrovich" which means "Ivan, the son of Peter"), the much larger population necessitated the introduction of surnames, and relegated the patronymic to record-keeping middle-name and conversational honorific.


title: Icelandic name

text: In Iceland, listings such as the telephone directory are alphabetised by first name rather than surname. To reduce ambiguity, the telephone directory goes further by also listing professions.


title: Icelandic name

text: Icelanders formally address others by their first names. By way of example, the former prime minister Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir would not be introduced as 'Ms Sigurðardóttir' but either by her first name or her full name, and usually addressed by her first name only. While the name of Icelandic singer Björk is generally perceived as her stage name, it is actually simply her first name (her full name is Björk Guðmundsdóttir). "Björk" is how any Icelander would address her, whether formally or casually.


title: Icelandic name

text: In the case of two people in the same group having the same given name, perhaps one named Jón Stefánsson and the other Jón Þorláksson, one could address Jón Stefánsson as "Jón Stefáns" and Jón Þorláksson as "Jón Þorláks". When someone holds a conversation with these two people at the same time, the appendage "son" would not need to be used; in that case, the genitive form of the father's name could be used like a nickname, although it is just as common in such cases to refer to people by their middle names (having a middle name being nowadays the general rule for people with a common name like 'Jón').


title: Icelandic name

text: As a result of the vast majority of people using patronymics, a family will normally have a variety of last names: the children of (married or unmarried) parents Jón Einarsson and Bryndís Atladóttir could be named Ólafur Jónsson and Katrín Jónsdóttir. With matronymics, the children in this example would be Ólafur Bryndísarson and Katrín Bryndísardóttir. Patronymics thus have the formula (genitive case of father's name, usually adding "-s", or if the name ends in "-i", it will change to "-a") + "son/dóttir/bur", whereas matronymics are (genitive case of mother's name, often "-ar", or if the name ends in "-a", it will change to "-u") + "son/dóttir/bur".


title: Icelandic name

text: The Icelandic naming system occasionally causes problems for families travelling abroad, especially with young children, since non-Icelandic immigration staff (apart from those of other Nordic countries) are usually unfamiliar with the practice and therefore expect children to have the same last names as that of their parents.


title: Icelandic name

text: Icelandic footballers who work abroad similarly will be referred to by their patronymics, even though such use of the term is considered improper from a native Icelandic standpoint. Aron Gunnarsson, for example, wore the name "Gunnarsson" on the back of his shirt in the Premier League before his move to Al-Arabi, and was referred to as such by the British media and commentators.


title: Icelandic name

text: Expatriate Icelanders or people of Icelandic descent who live in foreign countries, such as the significant Icelandic community in the Canadian province of Manitoba, usually abandon the traditional Icelandic naming system. In most cases, they adapt to the naming conventions of their country of residence—most commonly by retaining the patronymic of their first ancestor to immigrate to the new country as a permanent family surname, much as other Nordic immigrants did before surnames became fully established in their own countries. Alternatively, a permanent family surname may sometimes be chosen to represent the family's geographic rather than patronymic roots; for example, Canadian musician Lindy Vopnfjörð's grandfather immigrated to Canada from the Icelandic village of Vopnafjörður.


title: Click consonant

text: Click consonants, or clicks, are speech sounds that occur as consonants in many languages of Southern Africa and in three languages of East Africa. Examples familiar to English-speakers are the "tut-tut" (British spelling) or "tsk! tsk!" (American spelling) used to express disapproval or pity, the "tchick!" used to spur on a horse, and the "clip-clop!" sound children make with their tongue to imitate a horse trotting.


title: Click consonant

text: Anatomically, clicks are obstruents articulated with two closures (points of contact) in the mouth, one forward and one at the back. The enclosed pocket of air is rarefied by a sucking action of the tongue (in technical terminology, clicks have a lingual ingressive airstream mechanism). The forward closure is then released, producing what may be the loudest consonants in the language, although in some languages such as Hadza and Sandawe, clicks can be more subtle and may even be mistaken for ejectives.


title: Click consonant

text: Click consonants occur at six principal places of articulation. The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) provides five letters for these places (there is as yet no dedicated symbol for the sixth).