title: Doug McDermott

text: Originally, McDermott signed a National Letter of Intent to play with Northern Iowa, but after his father moved from coaching Iowa State University to Creighton, he was released from his commitment in order to play for him in college.


title: Doug McDermott

text: As a freshman in 2010–11, McDermott averaged 14.9 points and 7.2 rebounds per game as he started all 39 games for the Bluejays. McDermott set a Missouri Valley Conference (MVC) record for points by a freshman (581) and was named conference freshman and newcomer of the year. McDermott also became the first player to earn first team all-conference honors as a freshman since Cleo Littleton of Wichita State in 1954. McDermott led the Bluejays to the 2011 College Basketball Invitational, where they made it to the best of three final series, ultimately losing to Oregon.


title: Doug McDermott

text: Prior to his sophomore season, McDermott was named to the preseason watch lists for the Wooden Award and Naismith Award.


title: Doug McDermott

text: As a sophomore, McDermott was one of five men named first team All-America for the 2011–12 season. McDermott is Creighton's first player honored by the NABC on its first-team All-America squad. McDermott also was named the Missouri Valley Conference Player of the Year, the first Creighton player since Booker Woodfox in 2009. McDermott finished his 2011–12 season averaging 22.9 points per game, a figure that ranked third nationally. His 801 points, 307 field goals, and 48.6 percent shooting accuracy from three-point range were all school records for a single season. Creighton finished 29–6 and advanced to the Third Round (now Second Round) of the NCAA tournament. On March 26, 2012, McDermott was named a first-team AP All-American.


title: Doug McDermott

text: As a junior in 2012–13, McDermott ranked first in the nation in points scored and second in points per game. He set school records for points in a single season and in a career. He was again named a first-team All-American by the AP.


title: Doug McDermott

text: On April 25, 2013, McDermott announced he would be returning to Creighton for his senior season and would not enter the 2013 NBA Draft. That July, he relinquished his scholarship and became a walk-on for his final season at Creighton. This came about after the NCAA had granted senior guard Grant Gibbs, who had missed full seasons at both Gonzaga and Creighton with injuries, a rare sixth year of eligibility, putting Creighton over the NCAA's limit of 13 scholarships for the 2013–14 season.


title: Doug McDermott

text: On February 28, 2014, McDermott was named one of the 10 semi-finalists for Naismith College Player of the Year. On Senior Night against Providence, he scored a career-high 45 points and passed the 3,000 point threshold. McDermott was named first-team All-Big East in Creighton's first season in the league. He won the Big East Player of the Year award, as well as earning First-Team All-American honors by U.S. Basketball Writers Association for the third time. McDermott was also the consensus national player of the year, winning all major awards (Wooden, Naismith, AP, NABC, USBWA, and "Sporting News").


title: Doug McDermott

text: McDermott led the nation in scoring at 26.7 points per game. At the end of his college career, he ranked fifth on the all-time NCAA Division I scoring list, with 3,150 points, which passed basketball Hall of Famer Larry Bird. He became the first player in 29 years to be named to the AP All-America first team three times. McDermott is one of three players in NCAA men's basketball history to record 3,000 points and 1,000 rebounds. He also set an NCAA record by scoring in double figures in 135 games.


title: Doug McDermott

text: On June 26, 2014, McDermott was selected in the first round with the 11th overall pick in the 2014 NBA draft by the Denver Nuggets. He was later traded to the Chicago Bulls on draft night, along with Anthony Randolph, for both of Chicago's 2014 first round picks (Jusuf Nurkic 16th and Gary Harris 19th) and a future second-round pick. On July 22, 2014, he signed his rookie scale contract with the Bulls after averaging 18.0 points, 4.0 rebounds and 2.8 assists per game during the 2014 NBA Summer League. In his NBA debut on October 29, he recorded 12 points, 5 rebounds, 2 assists and 1 steal in a 104–80 win over the New York Knicks. While expected to contribute with scoring and shooting for the Bulls, McDermott struggled significantly over his first 17 games, averaging just 3.2 points on 42.3 percent shooting. Despite his promising debut, McDermott did not manage to eclipse 12 points before being ruled out indefinitely on December 1 due to a knee injury. He subsequently required an arthroscopic procedure on his right knee which took place on December 13. He returned to action on January 22, 2015, against the San Antonio Spurs, recording no stats in two minutes of action. On March 6, he scored a season-high 16 points in a loss to the Indiana Pacers.


title: Doug McDermott

text: In July 2015, McDermott re-joined the Bulls for the 2015 NBA Summer League, where he averaged 18.8 points and 4.4 rebounds in five games, impressing new head coach Fred Hoiberg. On October 30, the Bulls exercised their third-year team option on McDermott's rookie scale contract, extending the contract through the 2016–17 season.


title: Doug McDermott

text: McDermott's Summer League form carried over into the regular season, with Hoiberg giving him plenty of game time off the bench. Over the first three games of the season, he averaged 7.3 points per game, boosting that number up to 10.2 over the first five games with 12 points scored against the Orlando Magic on November 1 and 17 points scored against the Charlotte Hornets on November 3. His impressive play off the bench earned him his first career starting assignment on November 5 against the Oklahoma City Thunder. In 23 minutes of action as the starting small forward, he scored nine points in a 104–98 win over the Thunder. Four days later, he scored a then career-high 18 points in a 111–88 win over the Philadelphia 76ers. On November 16, Tony Snell was reinserted into the starting line-up, moving McDermott back to a bench role. On February 19, 2016, he scored a career-high 30 points off the bench in a 116–106 win over the Toronto Raptors. On March 14, he had his second 20+ point game of the season with a team-high 29 points off the bench in a 109–107 win over the Toronto Raptors. Three days later, he scored 25 points against the Brooklyn Nets for his third straight game with 20+ points, tying a career-high five three-pointers.


title: Doug McDermott

text: On October 28, 2016, the Bulls exercised their fourth-year team option on McDermott's rookie scale contract, extending the contract through the 2017–18 season. Among other moves that offseason, the Bulls also acquired Chicago native Dwyane Wade, for whom McDermott graciously switched from No. 3 to No. 11 for the 2016–17 season. In the Bulls' second game of the season, McDermott scored a game-high 23 points off the bench in a 118–101 win over the Indiana Pacers. He received a concussion on October 31 against the Brooklyn Nets and entered concussion protocol; on November 12, he suffered another concussion against the Washington Wizards. As a result, McDermott missed the next nine games, and on December 5, he was assigned to the Windy City Bulls of the NBA Development League for conditioning. He was recalled two days later and made his return to Chicago's line-up on December 8, scoring eight points in a 95–91 win over the San Antonio Spurs. On January 7, 2017, McDermott recorded his first-career double-double, grabbing a career-high 10 rebounds to go with 17 points in a 123–118 win over the Toronto Raptors. On January 15, 2017, he scored a career-high 31 points in a 108–104 win over the Memphis Grizzlies.


title: Doug McDermott

text: On February 23, 2017, McDermott was traded, along with Taj Gibson and an unprotected 2018 second round draft pick, to the Oklahoma City Thunder in exchange for Joffrey Lauvergne, Anthony Morrow and Cameron Payne. On March 18, 2017, McDermott had his highest-scoring game with the Thunder, going 8 of 9 from the field, including 4 of 5 from three-point range, to finish with 21 points in a 110–94 win over the Sacramento Kings.


title: Doug McDermott

text: On September 25, 2017, McDermott was traded, along with Enes Kanter and a 2018 second-round pick, to the New York Knicks in exchange for Carmelo Anthony. In his debut for the Knicks in their season opener on October 19, 2017, McDermott scored four points on 2-for-5 shooting in a 105–84 loss to his former team, the Oklahoma City Thunder.


title: Doug McDermott

text: On February 8, 2018, McDermott was acquired by the Dallas Mavericks in a three-team trade that also involved the Knicks and the Denver Nuggets. In his debut for the Mavericks two days later, McDermott scored eight points in a 130–123 win over the Los Angeles Lakers. He received a qualifying offer from the Mavericks on June 27, 2018, which was later withdrawn.


title: Doug McDermott

text: On July 6, 2018, McDermott signed a three-year, $22 million contract with the Indiana Pacers. On November 26, he scored a season-high 21 points in a 121–88 win over the Utah Jazz.


title: Doug McDermott

text: On May 1, 2021, McDermott scored a career-high tying 31 points, knocking down a season-high six 3-pointers in a 152–95 win over the Oklahoma City Thunder.


title: Doug McDermott

text: On August 8, 2021, McDermott joined the San Antonio Spurs via a sign-and-trade deal. On March 12, 2022, he suffered a right ankle injury in a 108–119 loss to the Indiana Pacers. Four days later, it was announced that the injury was diagnosed as a grade 3 ankle sprain, sidelining McDermott for the remainder of the season.


title: Doug McDermott

text: Following the close of his freshman year at Creighton, McDermott was selected to the U.S. team sent to Riga, Latvia for the 2011 FIBA Under-19 World Championship. McDermott started all nine matches and averaged 11.3 points per game on .501 shooting and 6.1 rebounds per contest, good for third on the team in both categories. The United States finished 7–2, good for fifth in the tournament.


title: Bourne (novel series)

text: Bourne are a series of three novels by Robert Ludlum based on the fictional spy Jason Bourne. The series has since been further extended by Eric Van Lustbader after the death of Robert Ludlum. When Eric Van Lustbader decided to stop writing the Bourne novels during the writing of The Bourne Nemesis, Brian Freeman was approached by the Ludlum estate to continue the stories of Jason Bourne.


title: Bourne (novel series)

text: A new series, inspired by Robert Ludlum's Bourne universe and centered on Adam Hayes, another Treadstone agent, began publication in 2020, written by Joshua Hood:


title: Bourne (novel series)

text: "The Bourne Identity" has been adapted into live action twice. The first adaptation is a 1988 television film starring Richard Chamberlain and Jaclyn Smith. The second is a 2002 feature film series starring Matt Damon, which proved to be a strong critical and commercial success, launching the "Bourne" film series, which consists of five films, with the fifth being released in July 2016. The television series " Treadstone" was connected to and based on the book series. The show was created by Tim Kring and premiered October 15, 2019. In May 2020, the series was canceled after one season.


title: JackBoys

text: JackBoys (stylized as JACKBOYS) is a compilation album by recording artists of American record label Cactus Jack Records, under the namesake JackBoys. Led by American rapper Travis Scott, JackBoys is a hip hop collective of rappers signed to Scott's Cactus Jack imprint, including Scott himself, Sheck Wes, Don Toliver, Luxury Tax 50, and Scott's DJ Chase B. The album was released on December 27, 2019. It features guest appearances from Rosalía, Lil Baby, Quavo and Offset from the hip hop trio Migos, Young Thug, and Pop Smoke. Upon debut, "JackBoys" opened atop the US "Billboard" 200 on January 11, 2020, becoming the first number one album of the 2020s. This is Scott's third album to debut atop the chart since his third studio album, "Astroworld" (2018).


title: JackBoys

text: In March 2017, Scott announced he would be launching his own imprint, under the name of Cactus Jack Records. During an interview, Scott said, "I'm not doing it to have financial control over my music. I want first and foremost to help other artists, launch new names, to provide opportunities. I want to do for them what happened to me, but better." In September 2017, Smokepurpp signed to the label, but left sometime later in 2019.


title: JackBoys

text: In August, Don Toliver was signed to the label. After the release of Scott's third studio album, "Astroworld" (2018), artists Sheck Wes and Don Toliver began to rise to popularity after they appeared on the album. Wes's June 2017 song "Mo Bamba" went viral in 2018, while Toliver's May 2019 song "No Idea" went viral on the app TikTok in the same year. Wes and Toliver both helped Scott on "Astroworld". Wes was featured alongside American rapper Juice Wrld on "No Bystanders" and Toliver was featured on "Can't Say".


title: JackBoys

text: On November 29, 2019, Scott released JackBoys merchandise on his website, including a digital album preorder for $10. On December 24, Scott revealed on Twitter that the album would be released within the week. On December 26, a day before the album was released, the cover art and release date were revealed and the song titles were leaked on Shazam.


title: JackBoys

text: "JackBoys" debuted at number one on the US "Billboard" 200 with 154,000 album-equivalent units, of which 79,000 were pure album sales. In its second week, the album dropped to number four on the chart, earning 47,000 album-equivalent units. In its third week, the album dropped to number seven on the chart, earning 38,000 more units that week.


title: JackBoys

text: All the songs on the album debuted on the "Billboard" Hot 100 with the exception of the titular track.


title: Malena Ernman

text: Sara Magdalena Ernman (born 4 November 1970) is a Swedish opera singer. Besides operas and operettas, she has also performed chansons, cabaret, jazz, and appeared in musicals. She is a member of The Royal Swedish Academy of Music. Ernman represented Sweden at the Eurovision Song Contest 2009 in Moscow.


title: Malena Ernman

text: Ernman was born in Uppsala, Sweden, spent her childhood and school years in Sandviken, and was educated at the Royal College of Music in Stockholm, the Music Conservatory in Orléans, France, and the school of the Royal Swedish Opera. She is married to actor Svante Thunberg, with whom she had appeared in a 2000 Swedish television musical documentary about the composer Joseph Martin Kraus, played by Thunberg. Together they have two daughters: singer Beata Ernman and climate activist Greta Thunberg.


title: Malena Ernman

text: In 1997, Ernman sang in the premiere of Ivar Hallström's 1897 opera "Liten Karin" in Vadstena; Opera magazine noted that "the mezzo Malena Ernman was very expressive as Princess Cecilia, King Erik XIV's sister". In 1998, her Rosina in "Il barbiere di Siviglia" at the Royal Opera in Stockholm was described as "displaying impressive technique" and "shaping the character with mocking good humour". The same year, she sang Kaja in the premiere of Sven-David Sandström's "Staden" under Leif Segerstam also at the Royal Opera in Stockholm, where one reviewer commented that "in vocal focus and expression, her full, rich voice is not that far behind Bartoli". In July 1999, Ernman sang the trouser role of Ziöberg in the premiere of Jonas Forssell's "Trädgården" (The Garden) at the Drottningholm Palace Theatre in Stockholm, conducted by Roy Goodman, the first new opera to be premiered at the theatre in modern times.


title: Malena Ernman

text: In Brussels in 2000, her Nerone in Handel's "Agrippina", alongside Rosemary Joshua's Poppea and Anna Caterina Antonacci's Aggripina was described as "the most convincingly brattish young man imaginable". In 2013, she returned to this role at the Gran Teatre del Liceu in Barcelona in a production by David McVicar conducted by Harry Bicket.


title: Malena Ernman

text: Ernman has sung several major roles with the Staatsoper Berlin, including Cherubino in "Le nozze di Figaro" and Zerlina in "Don Giovanni", both under conductor Daniel Barenboim. She also performed Rosina in Rossini's "Il barbiere di Siviglia" with Staatsoper Berlin and the Finnish National Opera. With the Royal Opera Stockholm she has also sung the title role in "Carmen".


title: Malena Ernman

text: Ernman worked with conductor René Jacobs in the roles of Nerone in "Agrippina", Roberto in Scarlatti's "Griselda" and Diana in Cavalli's "La Calisto".


title: Malena Ernman

text: In 2001, she sang Sesto in Handel's "Giulio Cesare" at the Drottningholm Festival. She appeared at the Glyndebourne Festival in 2002 singing Nancy in "Albert Herring" and in 2003 singing Prince Orlovsky in Johann Strauss's "Die Fledermaus", which was also performed and broadcast at the BBC Proms that year. During the 2003/2004 season Ernman sang Donna Elvira in "Don Giovanni" at La Monnaie in Brussels. At the Aix-en-Provence Festival that year, she performed as Lichas in "Hercules" with Les Arts Florissants under conductor William Christie, a role that was later revived at the Paris Opera and the Vienna Festival. During the spring and summer of 2005, she performed the title role in Philippe Boesmans's "Julie" at la Monnaie, the Vienna Festival and Aix-en-Provence. In spring of 2006 she sang the title role of "Dido and Aeneas" with William Christie at the Vienna Festival.


title: Malena Ernman

text: In 2006, Ernman made her debut at the Salzburg Festival as Annio in "La clemenza di Tito" under conductor Nikolaus Harnoncourt. In 2007, her roles included Sesto in "Giulio Cesare" with René Jacobs in Vienna, Cherubino in "Le nozze di Figaro" with Daniel Harding in Aix-en-Provence, and Nerone in "L'incoronazione di Poppea" in Amsterdam. In 2008 she sang Angelina in "La Cenerentola" with the Royal Swedish Opera and "Dido and Aeneas" with Christie and the Opéra-Comique in Paris. In 2009 she reprised Angelina in "La Cenerentola" with Oper Frankfurt and the Swedish Royal Opera, and Dido in "Dido and Aeneas" with Christie in Vienna and Amsterdam. In 2010, she sang the castrato role of Idamante in "Idomeneo" under Jérémie Rhorer at the Theatre de la Monnaie in Brussels, where her "feisty" portrayal of the prince was "as if to the gender born, her efforts rewarded by the inclusion of the usually cut aria 'No, la morte'. Vienna saw her in the title role of "Serse" by Handel in October 2011 at the Theater an der Wien, and the following season she sang Eduige in the Nicolas Harnoncourt-led production of Handel's "Rodelinda" at the same house, later released on DVD. Back in the city as Elena in "La donna del lago" in August 2012, she was "impressive... dealing with the vocal difficulties with aplomb and managing the extra dramatic demands made on her with genuine expressivity". She added Béatrice to her repertoire in 2013 in performances at Theater an der Wien of Berlioz's late opéra-comique.


title: Malena Ernman

text: She sang Gabriella in the Swedish musical "Så som i himmelen", based on a 2004 film of the same name, with words by Kay Pollak and Carin Pollak and the score by Fredrik Kempe, which premiered at the Oscarsteatern in September 2018.


title: Malena Ernman

text: Early recitals on Swedish Radio included Rachmaninov in 1994, "The airconditioned nightmare" by Olov Olofsson, songs by Gunnar de Frumerie, and an eclectic mix of Fauré, Debussy, Jolivet, Ravel, Bizet, Barber, Ives and Lehrer in 1996, Brahms lieder, and works by Carlid, Mahler and Berio in 1998.


title: Malena Ernman

text: Ernman has performed several concert pieces as well. At the Salzburg Festival she sang Mozart's "Waisenhausmesse" with conductor Frans Brüggen. She performed Berio's "Folksongs" with the Stockholm Royal Philharmonic Orchestra under Carlo Rizzi, and at the Verbier Festival with Gustavo Dudamel. She sang the world premiere of "Nachtgesänge" by Fabian Müller with the Zurich Tonhalle Orchestra. In Minneapolis she sang Mozart's "Requiem" with Arnold Östman.


title: Malena Ernman

text: On 28 November 2008, it was announced that Ernman would enter Melodifestivalen 2009 for the Eurovision Song Contest 2009 with the song "La voix," written by Fredrik Kempe. On 28 February 2009, Ernman competed in the 4th semi-final of Melodifestivalen in Malmö and became a finalist. She went on to win the final on 14 March at the Globe Arena in Stockholm, and to represent Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest in Moscow. She qualified as a finalist on 12 May and performed in the finals on 16 May, where she finished 21st with 33 points. "La voix" was the first Swedish entry to contain a substantial amount of French lyrics; it was written by Ernman herself, who speaks French fluently. Prior to the competition a documentary about the life and career of Ernman was broadcast on Swedish television entitled 'Rösternas Malena' ('The voice of Malena').


title: Malena Ernman

text: Ernman revealed that the dress for her Eurovision performance cost 400,000 kronor (€37,471) and was made by designer Camilla Thulin. Singer Dea Norberg joined Ernman as one of the choirgirls. Ernman later participated in the Second Chance round of Melodifestivalen 2015 as a guest singer for Behrang Miris entry.


title: Malena Ernman

text: Ernman is married to Swedish actor Svante Thunberg. Their daughter Greta Thunberg rose to worldwide prominence when she initiated the school strike for climate. In August 2014, 11-year-old Greta suddenly stopped eating, talking, reading, or wanting to do anything. This condition lasted for several months until she was finally diagnosed with Asperger syndrome. The acute period of her daughter's condition affected Ernman and her family to such an extent that she had three breakdowns during her professional activity and five performances had to be cancelled. After the crisis was overcome, she turned to the nationwide daily newspaper "Expressen", which reported it in detail, because she wanted to help other families in a similar situation.


title: Malena Ernman

text: Ernman has been politically active in support of the Paris Agreement against climate change; she wrote a collaborative debate piece in "Dagens Nyheter". With her husband she co-wrote the book "Scener ur hjärtat" ("Scenes from the Heart") about her family, the environment, and sustainability.


title: Kate Higgins

text: Higgins earned a degree in music from Auburn University in 1991. She is a trained pianist who studied with the jazz artist Bob Richardson. She released the first jazz album by her own name "The Tide is Low" in 2002. The second jazz album is "Stealing Freedom". She is also in a band called Upper Structure.


title: Kate Higgins

text: Higgins's major voice roles have been in English-language adaptations of Japanese anime, and she is best known as the voice of Sakura Haruno in "Naruto" and Talho Yuuki in Eureka 7. She has also voiced CC in "Code Geass" and Saber in the original "Fate/stay night". Between 2010 and 2013, Higgins voiced Tails in the video game series "Sonic the Hedgehog". She also voices Kate, Stinky, and Lilly in the "Alpha and Omega" sequels. In 2014, Higgins was cast as Ami Mizuno / Sailor Mercury in the Viz English dub of "Sailor Moon". She voiced Purah in "" and in "" and Starla in Nick Jr.'s "Blaze and the Monster Machines". She is the current voice of Princess Aurora since 2010, a Disney Princess character originally seen in Walt Disney’s "Sleeping Beauty." She also played the voice of Frankie Stein in "Monster High" and Briar Beauty in "Ever After High". She also starred as Barbie in "Life in the Dreamhouse" in 2012.


title: Coefficient

text: In mathematics, a coefficient is a multiplicative factor in some term of a polynomial, a series, or an expression; it is usually a number, but may be any expression (including variables such as , and ). When the coefficients are themselves variables, they may also be called parameters.


title: Coefficient

text: For example, the polynomial formula_1 has coefficients 2, −1, and 3, and the powers of the variable formula_2 in the polynomial formula_3 have coefficient parameters formula_4, formula_5, and formula_6.


title: Coefficient

text: The constant coefficient is the coefficient not attached to variables in an expression. For example, the constant coefficients of the expressions above are the number 3 and the parameter "c", respectively.


title: Coefficient

text: The coefficient attached to the highest degree of the variable in a polynomial is referred to as the leading coefficient. For example, in the expressions above, the leading coefficients are 2 and "a", respectively.


title: Coefficient

text: In mathematics, a coefficient is a multiplicative factor in some term of a polynomial, a series, or any expression. For example, in the polynomial


title: Coefficient

text: with variables formula_2 and formula_9, the first two terms have the coefficients 7 and −3. The third term 1.5 is the constant coefficient. In the final term, the coefficient is 1 and is not explicitly written.


title: Coefficient

text: In many scenarios, coefficients are numbers (as is the case for each term of the previous example), although they could be parameters of the problem—or any expression in these parameters. In such a case, one must clearly distinguish between symbols representing variables and symbols representing parameters. Following René Descartes, the variables are often denoted by , , ..., and the parameters by , , , ..., but this is not always the case. For example, if is considered a parameter in the above expression, then the coefficient of would be , and the constant coefficient (with respect to ) would be .


title: Coefficient

text: it is generally assumed that is the only variable, and that , and are parameters; thus the constant coefficient is in this case.


title: Coefficient

text: for some nonnegative integer formula_12, where formula_13 are the coefficients. This includes the possibility that some terms have coefficient 0; for example, in formula_14, the coefficient of formula_15 is 0, and the term formula_16 does not appear explicitly. For the largest formula_17 such that formula_18 (if any), formula_19 is called the leading coefficient of the polynomial. For example, the leading coefficient of the polynomial


title: Coefficient

text: In linear algebra, a system of linear equations is frequently represented by its coefficient matrix. For example, the system of equations


title: Coefficient

text: the associated coefficient matrix is formula_22 Coefficient matrices are used in algorithms such as Gaussian elimination and Cramer's rule to find solutions to the system.


title: Coefficient

text: The leading entry (sometimes "leading coefficient") of a row in a matrix is the first nonzero entry in that row. So, for example, in the matrix


title: Coefficient

text: the leading coefficient of the first row is 1; that of the second row is 2; that of the third row is 4, while the last row does not have a leading coefficient.


title: Coefficient

text: Though coefficients are frequently viewed as constants in elementary algebra, they can also be viewed as variables as the context broadens. For example, the coordinates formula_24 of a vector formula_25 in a vector space with basis formula_26 are the coefficients of the basis vectors in the expression


title: Feeder (band)

text: Feeder are a Welsh rock band formed in Newport in 1994. They have released 11 studio albums, 12 compilations, four EPs and 43 singles, spending a combined total of 184 weeks on the singles and albums charts as of 2019, while accumulating 25 top 75 singles between 1997 and 2012. At their peak of commercial success, Feeder won two Kerrang! Awards in 2001 and 2003; they were inducted into their Hall of Fame in August 2019 for “Distinguished Services to Rock”.


title: Feeder (band)

text: Feeder are one of the Britpop era bands to have continued success long after their peak. Their 2019 album "Tallulah" debuted at number four, more than two decades after the group formed, and 20 years after their first top 10 album "Yesterday Went Too Soon".


title: Feeder (band)

text: The band was formed in 1994, although an earlier incarnation under the name of "Reel" was formed in 1992 by vocalist and guitarist Grant Nicholas, drummer Jon Lee and bassist Simon Blight, three of the four members of Raindancer, after the departure of that band's other member, guitarist John Canham. However, Blight left Reel later in 1992, and the band played with many session bassists before hiring Taka Hirose in 1994 and re-establishing themselves as Feeder; that year, the band signed with The Echo Label.


title: Feeder (band)

text: Feeder garnered media attention in 2001 for their third album, "Echo Park", and its lead single, "Buck Rogers", which later became a UK top five single. Jon Lee died by suicide at his Miami home in January 2002, after which the remaining members began to record and play with former Skunk Anansie drummer Mark Richardson. They released their fourth album, "Comfort in Sound", later that year; it touched on themes such as loss and coming to terms with death, while also exploring themes of positivity. Richardson was ultimately made an official member, remaining so until May 2009 when he returned to a reformed Skunk Anansie. Feeder have since worked with a roster of drummers live and in the studio, including Tim Trotter, Karl Brazil and former Elviss drummer Geoff Holroyde. Between 2010 and 2017, the band charted four more top 20 albums, with the latest of these being 2017's "The Best of Feeder" their second consecutive top 10 album. In 2019, the band signed a deal with Believe UK to release their tenth studio album, "Tallulah".


title: Feeder (band)

text: In 1994, Reel/Real's bass player, Julian Smith, left the group. Grant Nicholas and Jon Lee went 'back to the drawing board'. They placed an advert in "Loot" for a new bass player. The advert was answered by Taka Hirose, a Japanese ex-pat working in London as a graphic designer. The trio changed their name to Feeder, after Nicholas's pet goldfish. In 1994, Feeder sent a demo tape to The Echo Label. Representatives at Echo listened to the tape, sent an employee to see the band play live, then offered them a record contract.


title: Feeder (band)

text: In 1995, Feeder recorded their first EP, "Two Colours." Limited to 1,500 CDs and 1,000 7" vinyls, the band sold "Two Colours" at gigs. 1996 was an eventful year for Feeder. In February, "Kerrang!" and "Edge" gave away a promo tape the band made with producer Chris Sheldon. Called 'Two Tracker', it featured two songs that would feature on Feeder's debut album. In July, Feeder released their first commercially available release, "Swim." In August, the band made their first appearance at the Reading festival and in October, they released their first single, "Stereo World".


title: Feeder (band)

text: Feeder's debut album, "Polythene", was released in May 1997. "Polythene" was acclaimed by critics, including "Metal Hammer" and "Kerrang!", who placed the album at first and sixth in their respective end-of-year lists. Some critics labelled the band "The UK's answer to the Smashing Pumpkins", and also drew comparisons to The Pixies and Talk Talk.


title: Feeder (band)

text: Feeder would go on to release three further singles from "Polythene", "Tangerine" (charting at No. 60 in the UK singles chart.) and "Cement" (No. 53), "Crash" (No. 48). In October 1997, Feeder released their breakthrough single "High", which charted at No. 24. They also reissued "Polythene", adding "High" to the track listing, along with some other changes.


title: Feeder (band)

text: In early 1998 Feeder toured the United States as a support act for Everclear. During their tour, the band released a re-worked version of "Suffocate" for UK release, which charted at No. 37. After their return to the UK, they played their own headline tour with Everclear in support. They stayed in the US for most of the year, playing various music festivals alongside a headline tour with "High", which had been released to radio stations and charted at No. 24 on the "Billboard" Modern Rock Tracks chart. The band travelled back to the UK to play at V98.


title: Feeder (band)

text: In March 1999, Feeder returned with a new single, "Day In Day Out", which charted at No. 31. Two more singles followed, "Insomnia" in May (charting at No. 22 and resulting in their first appearance on Top of the Pops) and "Yesterday Went Too Soon" in August (charting at No. 20). That summer, Feeder added guitarist Dean Tidey to their live band. They performed on the main stage of the Reading and Leeds festivals.


title: Feeder (band)

text: The album Yesterday Went Too Soon was released on 30 August. "Yesterday Went Too Soon" entered the UK albums chart at No. 8, an unexpected position for the band.


title: Feeder (band)

text: The UK music press warmed to the album. It was "Melody Maker"s "Album of the Week" (and later No. 24 album of 1999), while "Metal Hammer" placed the album in at No. 6 and "Kerrang!" ranked it at No. 16. As of March 2003, the album has been certified gold shipping 100,000 units in the UK, with total counter sales standing at 110,000 as of February 2005.


title: Feeder (band)

text: In November, Feeder released a final single from the album, a re-recorded version of "Paperfaces", which charted at No. 41. The year ended with the band supporting the Red Hot Chili Peppers at Wembley Arena and Manic Street Preachers at the Millennium Stadium.


title: Feeder (band)

text: Feeder spent most of 2000 writing and recording for their next album. They previewed new material at festivals around the country, including V2000 and Glastonbury. They would end the year promoting "Buck Rogers", their first single since November 1999 and then playing a mini-tour at the end of the year to mainly showcase the new material. The release of the single on 8 January 2001 was coupled with a signing session at London's now defunct Tower Records store and then a TV appearance on "Top of The Pops" before the single charted. The single charted at number five, becoming the band's first top 10 entry in the singles chart before appearing on Top of the Pops again. "Buck Rogers" then spent a second week in the top 10.


title: Feeder (band)

text: Grant wrote "Buck Rogers" with The Pixies as an influence, but "on a comic book level". He had originally written the track for another band with whom "Echo Park" producer Gil Norton was working, but decided not to give it away, for he felt Feeder themselves could have a hit with it. "Buck Rogers" still receives regular airplay on alternative radio stations in the United Kingdom. "Kerrang!"s writers also approved of the track as one of their "666 Songs You Must Own", when it appeared at No. 5 in their rock songs list in November 2004.


title: Feeder (band)

text: After a sell-out tour of two legs ending at the London Astoria, the album "Echo Park" entered at number five in the UK album charts, shortly after "Seven Days in the Sun", the album's second single charted at No. 14. Shortly before the single's release, the band's rise up to the mainstream was recognised by the now defunct Scottish Television live music show "Boxed Set", where a half-hour-long live-set with a studio audience was played. A third single, "Turn" reached No. 27 in July before festival season. "Just a Day", a b-side from "Seven Days in the Sun", later reached No. 12 in December. The response the album received on a critical level was mixed, with Dan Genroe of "Q" magazine claiming that the listener will still be "feeling hungry half an hour later", alongside suggesting that the album is "hard to love". Ben Myers of "Kerrang!" gave the album 4/5 (KKKK) which indicates "blinding", while citing that the band "hit their stride" on the album, alongside suggesting that the album is "fat free and stripped to the bone".


title: Feeder (band)

text: The album saw the band adopt a more 'commercial' sound, also incorporating synthesizers. Lyrically, "Echo Park" contains both a comedic approach, as with "Seven Days in the Sun", and dark emotions, such as those shown on "Turn", "Oxygen", and "Satellite News". It was during the campaign for "Echo Park" that the band played another slot on the main stage at the Reading and Leeds festival, including T in the Park. As of August 2003, the album has shipped 300,000 units in the UK going platinum, with counter sales standing at 293,000 as of February 2005. Grant said in a "Melody Maker" interview that if the album did not sell well enough the band would probably split up; he said at the time that "It's the same with any band. That's just the way the music business is. There is only a certain amount of money a label will put into a band. I'm just being realistic. We've been around for seven or eight years and I am not planning on giving up, but we're putting everything into this record and I'm just hoping that people like it". The album campaign helped the band in August 2001 win the "Best British Live Act" accolade at the Kerrang! awards, before ending the year supporting the Stereophonics, and then releasing the "Just a Day" single in December. In February 2015, "Buck Rogers" gained a silver certification for 200,000 physical sales, digital downloads and streaming points combined. Two years later, "Just a Day" also passed 200,000 sales.


title: Feeder (band)

text: In July 2001, Feeder's EP "Swim" was re-released with extra tracks, being a selection of b-sides from their earlier singles, alongside the videos for the "Polythene" singles "Crash" and "Cement". Overall unit sales for "Swim" stand at 40,000 as of February 2005.


title: Feeder (band)

text: In January 2002, Jon Lee died at home in Miami. The band kept out of the public eye for most of the year. It was during this time that lead-singer Grant Nicholas wrote a series of songs relating to their emotions and reactions to Jon's death, which formed their fourth album "Comfort in Sound". The band brought in former Skunk Anansie and Little Angels drummer Mark Richardson, whom Grant first met in 1994, when Feeder went on tour with Richardson's then-band, B.l.o.w.


title: Feeder (band)

text: The album focused mainly on themes such as loss, depression, grief and positivity, while dedicating "Quickfade" to Jon. The album was released in October of the same year to widespread critical acclaim in the British music press, with "Kerrang!" alongside the heavy rock magazine "Metal Hammer" giving the album their respective "Album of the Week" accolades. The band were invited to the Reading and Leeds festivals that year, headlining the second stage at Reading on the first day which took place on 23 August, before heading off to Leeds the next. Grant also mentioned that at the time their fourth album already had a series of backing tracks recorded, with a total of 15 when recording is completed with then 10 chosen for the final album, when the final track listing was revealed, this was increased to 12. The album is currently Feeder's best-seller with an estimated 503,706 units sold as of April 2012. The album charted at No. 98 in Japan and No. 28 in Ireland, beating the peak position of No. 57 that "Echo Park" managed during the previous year. In Japan, it would be the first time Feeder ever charted there. The album charted at number six in the UK.


title: Feeder (band)

text: Musically, "Comfort in Sound" is mellower than Feeder's previous albums, with the use of a string orchestra on "Forget About Tomorrow", while other tracks on the album also used an accordion, trumpet, and a piano played by their manager Matt Page, with "Godzilla" being one of two tracks on the album to use loud guitars. The album was their first release to be certified platinum, (with "Echo Park" going platinum later on). It also spawned their second top 10 single, with "Just the Way I'm Feeling" in January 2003. In December of the same year they took on their only arena tour, after the album's first nationwide tour was a sell out with 50,000 tickets sold, and visited 21 different towns and cities in the United Kingdom over 23 different dates. In reaction to this, the band were invited to the Glastonbury Festival being placed third on the last day, playing the "Pyramid Stage". Shortly after the release of the single, the band were invited to support Coldplay on their UK and European tour, due to their frontman Chris Martin often saying how much he liked the "Comfort in Sound" album and their live shows. Their show at the Birmingham National Indoor Arena was reviewed by "Kerrang!", which seen Steve Beebee give the band 4/5 (KKKK) for their performance.


title: Feeder (band)

text: The album's final single, being the title track, was only available to buy as a limited edition of 3,000 CDs on their 2003 arena tour. Four singles were released commercially, with those being "Come Back Around" (#14), "Just the Way I'm Feeling" (#10), "Forget About Tomorrow" (#12), and "Find the Colour" (#24), which was released following their V2003 appearance and Kerrang! award win for "Best British Band", beating competition from Muse and the Stereophonics, which Grant dedicated to Jon saying it was the award he had always wanted the band to win. The band later went on to win an Internet Music Award for their "Just The Way I'm Feeling" video, while the album became their first to appear on the end of year top 75 album charts, appearing at No. 66. The album's commercial reception helped Echo experience their most successful financial year. Feeder then received their only nomination to date at The BRIT Awards, in which they appeared in the "Best British Rock" category at the 2004 event, before making their only appearance in the charts that year as part of Bob Geldof's Band Aid 20 charity ensemble. The single was the Christmas number one, and became the year's biggest-selling UK single. Alongside only making one singles chart appearance in 2004, Feeder also only made one live appearance during the year as part of the "Carling Live 24" event, playing their show at the Hammersmith Apollo on 1 May.


title: Feeder (band)

text: Feeder returned to the studio to record their fifth album "Pushing the Senses". The album was seen by Grant as more of an extension to "Comfort in Sound", as it focused on the same lyrical themes and musical styles, and also said that it had more of an organic sound, with more upbeat tracks added into the mix. It also seen a number of piano driven tracks, with "Frequency" being an example. "Frequency" was produced by Coldplay producer Ken Nelson, while for the rest of the album, Gil Norton was on production duties. Grant told "Kerrang!" in May 2004, "I've done some recording on my own in a little studio up by where I live in North London. I demo the album in its full form before the rest of the band play on it. Its difficult to know at this stage what it will turn out like, but so far its slightly more mature sounding". Grant later added "Each album is a journey and a reflection of the past, there is some stuff that touches on what has happened, but there are songs about love, songs of loss and songs about the future. I don't want to give too much away but there's one track called "Bitter Glass". Its quite dark but uplifting too. Its about pulling yourself out of a big hole".


title: Feeder (band)

text: The album was Feeder's highest-charting release, at number two on the UK album chart selling 42,951 units in its first week, while receiving a gold certification, and becoming a top 100 album in six other countries. Press response to the album was mixed. "Kerrang!" were brutal towards the band for all of their review, with Ben Meyers referring to them as a "Radio Friendly Unit Shifter", including comparisons to a "Pastel box". Grant later said in a documentary with "Kerrang! Radio" that he was "pissed off" with the review their magazine counterpart gave them, while citing "It was a very unfair review and reviewed by the wrong person".


title: Feeder (band)

text: The album helped them secure a headline slot at 2005's Download Festival. Shortly afterwards, Feeder supported U2 for a brief period on their "Vertigo Tour", then played at the "Live 8" concert in Edinburgh (the second charity event the band played that year after "Tsunami Relief Cardiff").


title: Feeder (band)

text: The campaign in total spawned four UK top 40 singles, which included "Shatter", a reworked version of the "Tumble and Fall" b-side that became a double A-side with "Tender" (#11), released following a fan-petition to see "Shatter" released as a single in its own right. Other singles included "Tumble and Fall" (top five), "Feeling A Moment" (#13), and "Pushing the Senses" (#30). The album was after ten weeks on sales of 111,214 units, 22 percent ahead of "Comfort in Sound" at that stage. However, the album did not keep up this momentum while also not going platinum. The last reported sales were that of 160,183 in October of the same year, which fell below Echo's expectations. It is however the band's most successful record based on peak chart positions in each country of release, while also being their only album so far to spawn a charting single outside of the UK and Ireland when "Feeling a Moment" peaked at No. 32 in Australia. Feeder already at the time charted four top 50 singles in Ireland, with "Tumble and Fall" being their first and only top 40 to date reaching a peak position of No. 26. The album itself made the Irish top 20 artist album chart at No. 16, one week before its UK release.


title: Feeder (band)

text: Feeder would end the year seeing their then latest album appear at No. 39 on "Q"s end-of-year list, with "Feeling a Moment" voted the 98th best song of the year by its readers. However, on 3 December 2005, they were forced to postpone a winter tour, after Grant picked up bleeds on his vocal cords the night before during a gig in Brighton, causing the show to be abandoned and later rescheduled along with the rest of the outstanding dates. During the year, Feeder's domestic studio album sales passed the one million units mark.


title: Feeder (band)

text: In late 2005, Feeder already returned to the studio, with Stephen Street working as the band's producer to record three new tracks to appear on their then forthcoming singles collection. "Lost and Found" (which Grant described as "an urban love song") became the first single to promote the collection, and reached No. 12 in the UK singles chart in May 2006, after completing their delayed winter tour, which ended at the LG Arena in Birmingham in front of 8,000 fans. "The Singles", released in the same month as "Lost and Found", was the first Feeder album to have involvement from a major label, with EMI taking part in a one-off collaboration with Echo as the album's distributor. The album reached number two on the UK albums chart with first week sales of 50,003 entering at number three, and was certified platinum in under three months, with a total of 497,700 units sold as of April 2012, including a gold certification in Ireland after charting at No. 13. The album also made the top ten in Europe with a debut top 40 peak in Japan at No. 37, while "Save Us" was its second and final single in the UK, charting at No. 34 in late July. A version of the album included a DVD of all their videos filmed up to that point, along with extensive sleevenotes by Ben Johncock. The album became only their second to appear on the end of year top 75 this time at No. 48, while becoming their first album to spend more than one week on the top 10. Sales of "The Singles", alongside a series of changes at Echo making them into an "Incubator label", enabled the company to report a "modest profit" for 2006. Feeder returned to the Reading and Leeds festivals after a four-year break, having a late slot on the main stage, before ending the year with a small tour of London, playing The Roundhouse, and The Coronet. These were in aid of War Child who the band are patrons of, having earlier in the year visited The Congo as part of their work for the charity.


title: Feeder (band)

text: In 2006 Feeder announced in an interview with "XFM" that their next album would be reminiscent of their earlier material. They spent most of 2007 recording, with the resulting album "Silent Cry" being released on 16 June 2008. On balance, the album received moderate reviews. While some like "The Guardian" were negative towards the album, others like "Rock Louder" were more positive. On its release week the album charted at number eight with sales of 16,029. In its second week the album then fell to number 30, with a third week drop to number 60 before leaving the top 75 albums listing. In Japan it peaked at No. 53, which is currently higher than any of their studio albums, but lower than the peak of "The Singles". Before the release of the album, "We Are the People" charted at No. 25 in the singles chart, making it their lowest chart position for a lead single since 1999's "Day in Day Out". "Miss You" from the album was given away by the band's official website as a free download in April, and gained over 8,000 downloads on its first day of release. As of December 2008, sales of "Silent Cry" stand at less than 50,000 units, less than was what hoped for by their label. Shortly after the album was released, the band recorded a cover of Public Image Ltd's 1978 self-titled single "Public Image", for a compilation album to celebrate "Independents Day" which celebrated independently released music. The second single from "Silent Cry" was Feeder's first download-only single, consisting of "Tracing Lines" and the album's title track which failed to make the charts.


title: Feeder (band)

text: In May 2008, the band played an eight-date tour to promote "Silent Cry". Tickets sold out in six hours. These dates was followed by a one-off gig on 12 June at the Proud Galleries in Camden, which sold out in six minutes. The band then went on to play at the iTunes festival in July, which saw a release of their performance, before playing the 2008 Reading and Leeds festivals in August, on the main stage. In July the band played at T in the Park, with an appearance at the Isle of Wight Festival the month previous. In 2008, the band also introduced live keyboard player Dean Deavall, of the band Casino. During the same year, on 25 October at 06:00 GMT after playing the Glasgow Barrowlands as part of their 29 date UK tour, the band's crew bus caught fire on the M62 motorway whilst travelling between Glasgow and Lincoln, destroying it and the crew's personal items. It was also announced by Chrysalis later on in the year, that Echo have been restructured into a copyright exploitation company, in which its main duty is maintaining the copyright on existing releases while no longer releasing any new records or signing any more artists. As a result, Feeder were until 2010 no longer on a record contract in their own country, while still being signed to their Japanese label Victor and Play it Again Sam (PIAS), their European label. Their 2008 UK tour, seen their first ever gig in Loughbrough, and their last show at the London Astoria on 18 November 2008. The venue was later torn down in early 2009 and was also their last show as an Echo Label artist.


title: Feeder (band)

text: After ending their tour at the Portsmouth Pyramids Centre, a six track EP titled "Seven Sleepers" was released in Japan, the same time they toured there in March. It included a collection of B-sides from the "Silent Cry" album, plus two new songs.


title: Feeder (band)

text: After starting 2009 with two warm-up shows for their tour of Japan in Scarborough and Crewe, the band later on in May announced that Feeder had "ended their partnership" with drummer Mark Richardson, who returned to his original band Skunk Anansie. Mark was replaced by session drummer Karl Brazil who had just come off tour with James Blunt, and had also played drums for British band Ben's Brother. Karl's first live appearances with the band, after a series of university events were at the UK leg of the Sonisphere Festival, stating that this would be their only UK festival appearance of 2009, as they would be working on their seventh studio album. It was then later announced that they would be appearing at the Hevy Music Festival in Folkestone. Here they previewed a new track titled "Sentimental", with the announcement that they had been in a recording studio in South Wales.


title: Feeder (band)

text: At first, Tim Trotter then of Mexicolas was filling in on drum duties in the studio also as a session drummer, before Karl stepped in. With Karl playing drums for Robbie Williams, Natalie Imbruglia and Ben's Brother, Tim once again took over drum duties in the studio. On 2 December, the band's official webpage was changed to display the word "RENEGADES" and the names of each of the band members by their surname, with "BRAZIL" mentioned amongst these. On 17 December a sample of a new song "Sentimental" was added to their website, which was later replaced with a 20-second clip of another song called "Renegades". Later on that month the website announced a six date tour and the release of a tour-only EP which was released on "Big Teeth Music", also their own record label. After the tour was completed, another six date tour was shortly announced with the band this time playing bigger venues. Another EP was released to coincide with the tour, which included a further four new songs with one of these being titled "Home"; one of the new songs the band performed on their first tour under this alias. The side-project was used as a method to promote the seventh Feeder studio album titled "Renegades" at live shows where they would mainly play the new songs, thus avoiding having to play any of their hits if they played as Feeder. The side-project would cease in 2010 after playing their final gig as Renegades at that year's Sonisphere Festival.


title: Feeder (band)

text: In an April 2010 interview with South Yorkshire newspaper "The Star", Grant expressed his disappointment with the side-project band's sudden increase in success and awareness, in which he claimed that he wanted the band to continue playing in clubs with a slower ascendency to the bigger venues. The tour promoter however suggested that Renegades should play slightly bigger venues for the second tour than of those seen on their debut. Looking back on this version of the band, Grant Nicholas explained in an interview with Culture Deluxe, that the project was not a big marketing plan, but announced it without saying exactly what was happening. Some people thought it was a name change, Grant recording a solo album, while others got the idea from the start. He described problems with promoters printing "Feeder" on the tickets, leading to a misunderstanding that a more mainstream set was expected.


title: Feeder (band)

text: After completing their second and final tour as Renegades, the band then announced their new single "Call Out" under the name of Feeder before shortly revealing the name of their seventh album as "Renegades". All of the new songs performed live as Renegades were listed on the album with the free download track "Fallen" being a b-side on "Call Out" and was released as a download and vinyl single, with the album released on 5 July. "Renegades" peaked at No. 16 in the UK album charts, giving them their seventh top 20 album with sales of 8,729, before being followed-up by the single release of the title track, also only on vinyl and download. In Japan, the album charted at No. 93, making it their least successful since "Comfort in Sound". Dean Deavall then departed from Casino to concentrate more on his time with Feeder, including his own band The High Hurts. The album received mostly favourable reviews, although some critics as Will Dean of BBC Online did not praise the album giving it a mixed response


title: Feeder (band)

text: After a tour of Japan which saw Luna Sea guitarist Inoran join them on stage at the Daikanyama Unit for a performance of "Breed" (originally recorded by Nirvana), Feeder returned to the UK for a sell-out tour in late October which started at the Leeds Metropolitan University, before ending at Southampton University. This was followed by a small tour of Europe, South Africa and Australia, before a brief return to the UK ended their year. "Down to the River / This Town" also became the final single from the album, released only as a download and vinyl on 6 December.


title: Feeder (band)

text: In 2010, during the "Renegades" sessions, a number of tracks were left off the album before then being considered for inclusion for the follow-up. As there were not enough to fit on the album, more were recorded during the closing stages of the year. The band took a break from recording on 19 December, and resumed on 10 January 2011. Between 16 and 24 January Grant flew to New York to overdub some guitar and keyboard parts and record vocals. On 19 January 2011 a photo of song lyrics written on a sheet of paper was posted on their official Facebook page. The first of these songs to enter public knowledge, with different working titles was "Borders", with other working titles being "Jessie" and "White City Rock". In an interview with "Heineken Music", on 27 January 2011 Grant revealed that 19 or 20 songs were in various stages of recording, with an album planned to be released after their tour of the UK and Europe ends in March, and like "Renegades", looks likely to be released domestically on their own Big Teeth Music imprint.


title: Feeder (band)

text: In March 2011, Feeder released "Side by Side", a download-only single in aid of the victims of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. "Side by Side" charted at No. 91, Across 2011, Feeder played a number of shows with Damon Wilson on drums. In September 2011, the band revealed on their Facebook page that the recording of their yet-untitled eighth studio album was complete, with only mixing on one final song to be finalised, before mastering began on 30 September in New York.


title: Feeder (band)

text: On 2 December 2011, Feeder posted a trailer on YouTube titled "Coming Soon". It had a message written in Morse code as "-... --- .-. -.. . .-. ...", which translates to "Borders". On 6 December 2011 another trailer was released, announcing "Borders" as the first single from the new album, accompanied by a four-date tour, starting in Exeter and ending in Inverness. On 19 January 2012 the music video for "Borders" was uploaded to YouTube. On 30 January, "Borders" was released on CD, on 7" vinyl and on cassette – the first time Feeder released a cassette single since 2001's "Just a Day". "Borders" charted at No. 52, giving the band their 25th top 75 single and their first official chart visit since 2008's "We Are the People".


title: Feeder (band)

text: "Generation Freakshow" was released on 23 April 2012. The critical response was mixed. BBC Music praised the album, while "Drowned in Sound", despite negative reviews in the past, credited Feeder for creating another strong addition to their back catalogue. The album, which was released to coincide with a week-long tour, improved upon the respectable commercial response of "Renegades" by charting at No. 13, which increased the band's UK album charts span to fifteen years, while selling 7,338 units in the same week. In Japan, "Generation Freakshow" improved upon the chart position of "Renegades", when it entered at No. 57 and became their most successful studio album in almost four years.


title: Feeder (band)

text: The week after the album's release, "Children of the Sun" was released as the album's second single. It did not chart. The album's title track was due to be a single, but was later pulled despite promotional CDs already being pressed and sent to radio. "Idaho" became the third single from the album, released on 27 August. Like "Children of the Sun", it also failed to chart.


title: Feeder (band)

text: The band continued their year with a main stage appearance at the Isle of Wright Festival, opening the event. This was then followed by a first appearance in four years at the Reading Festival, although in their lowest position since their 1996 debut, headlining the fourth stage. Their appearance at the T in the Park festival that year was later cancelled, due to a band illness. The band played at Hyde Park in August as part of a series of concerts to celebrate the 2012 Summer Olympics, which was preceded by an appearance at Lusty Glaze in Newquay, alongside performances in Wales and Ireland, with the video shoot for "Idaho" in between.


title: Feeder (band)

text: In November, Feeder played five UK dates, starting at the O2 Academy Glasgow. Promoting the tour, Nicholas told the website "Mancunian Matters" that Feeder would take a break next year, playing no shows. He did however mention the possibility of a follow-up album along with possible side projects. He confirmed this onstage at the last show of the tour, at Brixton Academy. Although 2013 was their first full year since their time away was announced, Feeder played one show, a private event at Reading University, but the break was extended for an additional year.


title: Feeder (band)

text: In January 2016, the band posted photos of themselves recording in Grant's home studio, 'The Treehouse'. On 29 January 2016 Feeder announced their only UK festival appearance of the year, headlining the Big Top stage at the Isle of Wight Festival in June. On 25 February, the band posted on their Facebook page a photo of a CD-R bearing their name in marker pen.


title: Feeder (band)

text: On 23 March, Feeder announced on their Facebook page that they would headline Loopallu Festival in Ullapool, Scotland on Friday 30 September as well as a picture of Grant performing on guitar at the tree house as the band continued to record their ninth studio album.


title: Feeder (band)

text: On 15 June the band announced that the album would be titled "All Bright Electric". The lead single, "Universe of Life" was released on the same day. The album was released on 7 October 2016. This was followed on 26 August by the single "Eskimo", along with its music video. Both singles were released free for people who pre-ordered the album. After the band completed their UK tour between September and October 2016, "All Bright Electric" saw Feeder return to the top 10 of the album charts after an eight-year absence, before releasing as a streaming single "Another Day on Earth" from the album, and later releasing a video for the song.


title: Feeder (band)

text: In July 2017, the band announced the compilation "The Best of Feeder", featuring all the previous singles from the band's career, as well a mini-album of new material within called "Arrow". Its lead single, "Figure You Out", was released on 20 July 2017. The compilation later charted at No. 10 on the albums chart, giving Feeder their second album to chart in the upper tier in less than a calendar year.


title: Feeder (band)

text: After completing a tour to mark 21 years since the release of "Swim", the band began plans to close down their label Big Teeth Music. After the company was listed as "dissolved" on Companies House, with a form showing Nicholas's signature being different to how he signs autographs (alongside dissolving Popping Candy, that served as Nicholas's solo label), the band posted a photo on their Facebook page, that of them signing a new record deal with Believe Music.


title: Feeder (band)

text: On 9 August 2019, Feeder released their tenth studio album, "Tallulah", before releasing a non-album single, "Criminal" on 1 November of that same year. Although this single failed to chart, the album became the band's most successful studio album in 14 years, due to charting at No.4 in the U.K. album charts on its release week. Reviews were limited, but four out of the five it received from major sources were positive.


title: Feeder (band)

text: Later in the year the band announced a U.K. tour, with Novaclub being the main support act. However, later the following year, the U.K. was facing problems from the COVID-19 pandemic, causing gigs to be rescheduled and the band then rearranging the tour from early 2020 to October, coincidentally being rescheduled on the same day the U.K. went into lockdown. By October it was still deemed unsafe to continue with live shows, so the tour was cancelled with ticket holders refunded. The band cited their reasons as that they would be promoting a two year old album most fans who are interested, would already have owned by then.


title: Feeder (band)

text: After the cancellation, the band then had further festival dates put back, but also had a one-off gig at the Manchester Academy cancelled. The band however still kept optimism that they would play live during 2021, only for The Bug Jam festival headline slot in Wellingborough to go ahead and enable Feeder to become one of the first U.K. headline acts to play live in front of an audience after the pandemic outbreak.


title: Feeder (band)

text: After the success of "Tallulah" Nicholas and Hirose immediately began work on a follow up album. The two wrote and recorded an album's worth of material across late 2019 and early 2020, with the album being largely completely outside of final audio mixing. However, progress halted with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020. Frustrated, Nicholas and Hirose turned to writing further material instead. Early sessions written during the COVID lockdown were slow, with Nicholas suffering with a case of writer's block. Eventually, his pent up frustration with both the state of the world, and his writer's block, lead to an outpouring of content, enough for two album's worth of material. The material was separated into two batches; the material written second - during the COVID lockdown - was put together to make up the "Torpedo" album, while the earlier, pre-COVID material, was put together for a later 2023 release on a yet-to-be-titled twelfth album. "Torpedo", has subsequently been released as of 18 March 2022.


title: Feeder (band)

text: Between 1997 and 2012, Feeder accumulated 25 top 75 singles when guest singles are excluded. They have headlined many of the UK's major venues, such as Wembley Arena, Birmingham National Indoor Arena, Birmingham LG Arena, Bournemouth International Centre and the Cardiff International Arena.


title: Feeder (band)

text: Feeder's overall album sales stand at 1,957,016 in the United Kingdom, as of 6 October 2017. Their second-highest selling release is 2002's "Comfort in Sound", shifting over 506,000 units in the UK. As of October 2017, "The Singles" has sold 524,000 copies. In the UK, Feeder has accumulated seven gold and platinum records. Gold records in Ireland for "The Singles", "Comfort in Sound" and "Echo Park" brings their worldwide total to ten. In 2020, "Buck Rogers" received a Gold award for 400,000 UK consumption sales, 19 years after its release. 2001's "Just a Day" was certified Silver in 2017 for 200,000 consumption sales. That same year also seen 1997's "Polythene", receive a Gold award from the BPI for sales of 100,000; almost 20 years to its release date.


title: Feeder (band)

text: Despite having dropped out of mainstream radio play since 2008, "Silent Cry" reached No. 8 on the UK albums chart in its first week of release, with 16,000 units sold. It has sold less than 50,000 units to date according to Chrysalis, the owners of the now defunct Echo Label. The "Silent Cry" tour was Feeder's longest, playing 29 dates, with many selling out. Nevertheless, "Silent Cry" remains Feeder's first album not to achieve at least gold status.


title: Feeder (band)

text: 2010's "Renegades" was less successful. It entered the UK chart at No. 16 – Feeder's first album since 1997's "Polythene" not to chart within the Top 10 – and dropped out after 2 weeks. However, the charting of "Renegades", marked the third decade in which a Feeder album had been released and charted at least in the Top 20. This marked their 6th studio album to appear in the Top 20 and the band's 9th album to appear on the chart regardless of position over the course of their career. The album also debuted at No. 1 on the Official UK Rock Albums chart. Still, "Renegades" has yet to accumulate sales that approach or eclipse any of their other studio albums before this. 2012 follow-up "Generation Freakshow", charted higher at No. 13 although on lower debut week sales, before 2016 saw the band return to the top 10 with "All Bright Electric", then less than 12 months later appeared in the top 10 again, with "The Best of Feeder" in 2017. 2019's "Tallulah", became the band's first top 5 studio album since 2005's "Pushing the Senses".


title: Feeder (band)

text: Feeder are also one of Wales' most popular rock bands. In October 2003, the bass guitar that Taka Hirose played in the video for "Seven Days in the Sun" was added to the Hard Rock Cafe in Cardiff.


title: Feeder (band)

text: Feeder have also gained a cult following in Japan. Their most recent seven studio albums have all charted in the top 200. Their most successful of these is 2008's "Silent Cry" charting at No. 53, although their most successful and only top 40 entry to date is their 2006 singles compilation, meaning the band have charted eight albums regardless of format.


title: Feeder (band)

text: In April 2012, "Total Guitar" praised the band, writing that "all the way from their first release, the "Two Colours EP" in 1995, through tragedy and triumph, he's [Grant] gone the distance with Feeder, while other British alternative rock bands of the 90s crashed or faded".


title: Feeder (band)

text: They were inducted into "Kerrang"s Hall of Fame in August 2019. Their induction came two months after Grant presented Skunk Anansie with their Hall of Fame award at the "Kerrang" Awards ceremony. This event marked the first time in ten years that Grant Nicholas had shared the same stage with former drummer Mark Richardson.


title: Marty Byrde

text: Martin Marty Byrde is a fictional character and the protagonist in the Netflix crime drama series "Ozark". He is portrayed by Jason Bateman.


title: Marty Byrde

text: Marty Byrde is a mild-mannered financial advisor and graduate of Indiana State University. He initially runs a wealth management firm out of Chicago that he founded with Bruce Liddell, his best friend since college. Marty has been married since 1995 to his wife, Wendy Davis, a former political consultant, with whom he has two children, Charlotte and Jonah. Wendy suffered a miscarriage around the time of the Great Recession after she and Marty got into a car crash. In 2007, Marty was recruited by Camino Del Rio (known simply as "Del"), a top enforcer for Mexico's Navarro drug cartel, to launder money for the organization through his and Bruce's firm. In 2017, Del discovers that Marty's partner, Bruce Liddell, has skimmed $8 million of the cartel's money through the trucking company that transports the cash, and executes Bruce alongside the trucking company owners. In a last-ditch effort to plead for his life, Marty shows Del a vacation flier for the Lake of the Ozarks that Bruce had given him earlier in the day and claims that it is an optimal location for money laundering due to its separation from federal law enforcement. Marty says if he is allowed to live, he will launder $500 million in five years. The cartel partly agrees, and Marty replaces the skimmed money by liquidating his assets. He then sells his home and moves his family to Osage Beach, Missouri.


title: Marty Byrde

text: Throughout the series, Marty is shown to want to leave the cartel lifestyle, while Wendy drives the family deeper into criminal activities. Marty is shown to always defer to Wendy's demands and wishes and his conflict with being able to stand up for himself against his wife is a key theme throughout the show.


title: Marty Byrde

text: Before arriving in the Ozarks, Marty learns Wendy is cheating on him. This strains the Byrde family's transition from Chicago. After arriving in the Ozarks, Marty searches for local businesses to purchase he can use to launder the cartel's money. He eventually purchases the Blue Cat Lodge, a boating resort run by Rachel Garrison, and the Lickety Splitz, a local strip club owned by Bobby Dean. Unbeknownst to Marty, the strip club is also a money-laundering racket for the local heroin-dealing Snell family, led by Darlene and Jacob Snell.


title: Marty Byrde

text: Throughout the season, Marty and his family encounter many obstacles in their money laundering scheme. Their cash is initially stolen by Ruth Langmore, a young woman belonging to a family of local criminals, but Marty negotiates it back from the Langmores and hires Ruth as a dishwasher at the Blue Cat, going on to enlist her aid in his money laundering schemes and developing a close, familial bond with her as a result. Marty's activities draw the attention of FBI agent Roy Petty, who has tailed him from Chicago and is working undercover in the Ozarks. Furthermore, the Snells, who use pastor Mason Young's waterfront boating church congregation as a heroin distribution racket, murder the pastor's pregnant wife after Marty and Wendy feign interest in building an actual church for him. The Snells leave the baby on Mason's doorstep, rendering him a single father. Rachel steals a significant amount of money from the Byrde family and disappears. Ruth murders her uncles Russ and Boyd when they try to kill Marty for his money.


title: Marty Byrde

text: When Del's lieutenant Garcia realizes little progress is being made, he begins spying on Wendy and the children and catches them in their home as they prepare to flee the Ozarks with identities Marty had arranged for them. However, Buddy, a terminally ill tenant living in the Byrdes' lakefront home, kills Garcia, and he and Marty dispose of the body at a funeral home Wendy had procured for the Byrdes' laundering. Del arrives in the Ozarks looking for Garcia tortures Marty in an attempt to locate his whereabouts. Concocting another plan, Marty tells Del that he will work with the Snells to build a riverboat casino to launder the rest of the money. Del and Marty meet with the Snells and finalize the deal, but Darlene shoots Del in the head with a shotgun after he calls them "rednecks". Marty is forced to continue with the casino plan. Wendy and the children decide to stay with Marty rather than flee.


title: Marty Byrde

text: Disillusioned by the Snells' impulsive violence and the perceived danger to his own family, Marty begins planning the family's escape to the Gold Coast of Australia. When Wendy finds out, she feels the plan is flawed and opts to protect the family using a different approach. While Wendy begins to establish important ties with the Kansas City mafia, her increasing disregard for Marty's input on decisions strains their relationship further.


title: Marty Byrde

text: Marty and Wendy must now deal with Navarro cartel attorney Helen Pierce and her bodyguard, James Franks, who have replaced Del as the cartel's representatives in the Ozarks. After FBI Agent Petty successfully raids the Byrde home, Helen assists with the damage control. Mason, however, kidnaps Wendy and ties her up in his cellar after his son, Zeke, is taken into state custody. Marty retrieves Zeke from the state and returns him to Mason, but he is forced to shoot and kill Mason when he threatens to stab Wendy in the neck with a screwdriver. The incident leaves Marty traumatized.


title: Marty Byrde

text: Ruth, meanwhile, is trapped between working for Cade, her volatile father recently released from prison, and Marty. Cade kills Agent Petty, solving a problem for the Byrdes, but Wendy has the cartel kill Cade in retaliation for assaulting Charlotte. Her decision to have Cade killed further widens the rift in her marriage to Marty. Now that it is safe to stay in the Ozarks, Marty prepares to open his casino.


title: Marty Byrde

text: Marty and Ruth now manage the "Missouri Belle", the riverboat casino being used for the Byrdes' laundering scheme. Wendy and Charlotte handle public relations. While the FBI is constantly monitoring the casino's activities, they are unable to prove that Marty is laundering money. Wendy's brother, Ben Davis, shows up in the Ozarks and begins living with the Byrdes, soon forming a romance with Ruth. Marty, now immensely distrustful of Wendy, begins secretly monitoring her calls with Navarro. However, Navarro has Marty kidnapped and taken to his estate in Mexico to see if Wendy and Helen can launder the money without Marty, which ultimately fails. Marty is able to negotiate his release by promising to turn FBI agent Maya Miller to their side, despite knowing that she is incorruptible. Marty forms an uneasy partnership with Maya, who offers him a chance to work for the FBI in exchange for serving prison time.


title: Marty Byrde

text: Marty and Wendy begin seeing a therapist named Sue. Unbeknownst to Wendy, Marty is bribing Sue to side with her so that Wendy does not get upset. Their relationship is further strained when Wendy is forced to divulge the nature of the Byrdes' activities to Ben, who witnessed Marty's kidnapping. Ben, who is bipolar, grows disillusioned with their crimes and lashes out at Marty, Helen, and Helen's daughter Erin. Helen resolves to kill Ben, forcing Marty to escort him to safety.


title: Marty Byrde

text: When Wendy abandons Ben on a road trip and leaves him to die at Nelson's hands, Wendy has Ben's body cremated at the funeral home. Jonah discovers Ben's ashes and realizes what happened, permanently damaging his relationship with his mother. Ruth, infuriated with Wendy, quits working for the Byrdes and joins Darlene's heroin operation. Marty and Wendy win Navarro over, resulting in Helen's death and the Byrdes' position in the cartel cemented.


title: Marty Byrde

text: In Mexico, Marty and Wendy are introduced to Navarro's hotheaded nephew Javier "Javi" Elizondro, whom Navarro says has ambitions to take over the cartel and is awaiting an opportunity to kill them all. Navarro gives Marty and Wendy a final assignment that would fulfill their obligation to him: broker a deal with the FBI allowing Navarro to retire from the cartel with immunity.


title: Marty Byrde

text: Marty and Wendy start by arranging a deal with Clare Shaw, CEO of her family's Chicago-based pharmaceutical giant, to provide the cartel's heroin to the company as raw materials in exchange for the company donating to the Byrdes' charitable organization. Javi begins frequenting the Ozarks as the cartel's representative in the deal, jeopardizing the Byrdes' attempts to secure Navarro's immunity. Marty convinces Navarro to give up Javi's weapons shipments across the border to the FBI, leading Javi to cut off heroin shipments to Shaw Medical until the "mole" in the cartel is uncovered. As a stopgap, Marty privately offers to Ruth that he buy all of Darlene's heroin from her, without Darlene's knowledge. Ruth agrees, temporarily mending her relationship with Marty. Jonah, meanwhile, moves out of the Byrdes' home due to his strained relationship with his mother.


title: Marty Byrde

text: During their meeting with Navarro, the FBI suddenly changes course and asks him to remain in charge of the cartel for another five years while providing them with intelligence. An incensed Maya goes rogue and has Navarro arrested before news cameras, prompting Javi to nearly kill Marty until Wendy convinces Navarro to call Javi from jail to loop him in on the FBI's arrangement with the cartel. The FBI then make the same deal with Javi (but for a 10-year period). Afterwards, Javi executes Darlene and Wyatt in retaliation for the former's continued heroin sales. Ruth discovers the bodies and arrives at the Byrdes' home with a shotgun, threatening to kill Marty unless he identify Wyatt's killer. Jonah gives Javi's name to Ruth, who resolves to kill Javi despite Marty and Wendy's protestations.


title: Marty Byrde

text: In 2018, 2019, 2020, and 2022, Jason Bateman was an Emmy nominee for Outstanding Lead Actor In A Drama Series for his performance as Marty Byrde. In 2019 and 2021, Bateman's performance won him the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series.


title: Marty Byrde

text: "New York Times" TV critic Mike Hale described Marty Byrde as a "middle-aged anti-hero" fueled by "a sense of unkept American promises". Hale likened Marty Byrde to Walter White, the main character of the crime drama "Breaking Bad". He further lauded the character's personality, writing: ""Ozark" uses Marty’s voice-over musings about hard work and the wages of parenthood to give the appearance of gravitas, but the show’s through-line is really just his resourcefulness in the face of gruesome, cartel-style justice."


title: Anouchka Delon

text: Anouchka Delon (born <time class="nowrap date-lien bday" datetime="1990-11-25"> 25 November 1990</time>) is a French-Dutch actress.


title: Anouchka Delon

text: Delon is the daughter of Alain Delon and Rosalie van Breemen. She has a younger brother, Alain-Fabien Delon, and two older half-brothers, , from her father's affair with German singer, actress and model Nico, and Anthony Delon, from his marriage to actress and model Nathalie Delon. She is the aunt of the supermodel Alyson Le Borges. She has different colored eyes, one brown and one blue.


title: Anouchka Delon

text: At age 12, Delon appeared alongside her father in the TV film "Le Lion", an adaptation of the novel by Joseph Kessel. From 2007 to 2010, she trained at the Cours Simon in Paris.<ref name="Le Temps, 18/07/2013">« Anouchka Delon : “Bouchers de père en fils, ça ne choque personne” », "Le Temps", 18 July 2013.</ref> In 2011, she performed with her father on stage at the Théâtre des Bouffes-Parisiens.


title: Anouchka Delon

text: In November 2019, it was announced Delon was expecting a child with her boyfriend Julien Dereims. Their son was born on 14 February 2020. They have been married since 2021.


title: The Cleaner (British TV series)

text: The Cleaner is a British television sitcom that premiered on BBC One on 10 September 2021. The series is based on the German comedy "Der Tatortreiniger".


title: The Cleaner (British TV series)

text: Paul "Wicky" Wickstead, a Government-certified cleaning technician, is responsible for the removal of any signs of death from crime scenes. In the course of his work, he gets to know a variety of people.


title: Blackgaze

text: Blackgaze is a fusion genre combining elements of black metal and shoegaze. The word is a blend of the names of the two genres, described by "The Guardian" as "the buzz term for a new school of bands taking black metal out of the shadows and melding its blast beats, dungeon wailing and razorwire guitars with the more reflective melodies of post-rock, shoegaze and post-hardcore." According to "Exclaim!", blackgaze "marries the harsh, alien instrumentation of black metal with the mellower, dreamy soundscapes of shoegaze."


title: Blackgaze

text: Influenced by atmospheric black metal bands like Ulver and Summoning, the genre was pioneered by French musician Neige around 2005 through the projects Alcest and Amesoeurs and has risen to prominence with the success of American group Deafheaven. "The Guardian" named Deafheaven "blackgaze's de facto poster boys, the most likely to open up black metal to an even wider audience", and "Exclaim!" described their second album "Sunbather" – the most critically acclaimed album of 2013 on Metacritic – as seminal to blackgaze.


title: Blackgaze

text: Michael Nelson of "Stereogum" tracks the origins of blackgaze to the early work of French musician Neige, who pioneered the fusion through projects including Alcest, Amesoeurs and Lantlôs. According to Nelson, Alcest's 2005 EP "Le Secret" was "the birth of blackgaze"; he noted that it sounded "like a Cocteau Twins/Burzum collaborative split" and that "[r]oughly half the time, vocals were delivered in an angelic coo; the other half, they were a raw, distant shriek". Natalie Zina Walschots of "Exclaim!" also credits Neige with pioneering the style, while noting that American band Deafheaven has pushed the genre to "greater prominence". Deafheaven's vocalist George Clarke himself cites the work of Alcest as "the blueprint" for the band's musical direction.


title: Blackgaze

text: Some fans of traditional black metal and heavy metal more generally have criticized the genre for its success among those outside of the metal community, most prominently after the release of Deafheaven's 2013 album "Sunbather". However, this reaction was vastly overshadowed by critical acclaim for the album, which became one of the defining releases of blackgaze. Deafheaven have also managed to gather widespread appeal by way of playing mainstream music festivals, often being one of the sole metal-related acts performing.


title: The Body Keeps the Score

text: The Body Keeps the Score: Brain, Mind, and Body in the Healing of Trauma is a 2014 book by Bessel van der Kolk about the effects of psychological trauma, also known as traumatic stress. The book describes van der Kolk's research and experiences, on how individuals are affected by traumatic stress, and its effects on the mind and body.


title: The Body Keeps the Score

text: "The Body Keeps the Score" has been published in 36 languages. As of July 2021 the book had spent more than 141 weeks on the "New York Times" Bestseller List for Nonfiction, with 27 of those weeks spent in the #1 position.


title: The Body Keeps the Score

text: In the book, Van der Kolk discusses the effect of trauma and forms of healing including possible eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, yoga, and limbic system therapy.


title: The Body Keeps the Score

text: "The Body Keeps the Score" was well-received, including a starred review from "Library Journal". Reviewing the book for "New Scientist" magazine, Shaoni Bhattacharya wrote that "[p]acked with science and human stories, the book is an intense read that can get technical. Stay with it, though: van der Kolk has a lot to say, and the struggle and resilience of his patients is very moving."


title: The Body Keeps the Score

text: In 2019, "The Body Keeps the Score" was ranked second in the science category of "The New York Times" Best Seller list. As of July 2021, the book had spent more than 141 weeks on the "New York Times" Bestseller List for Nonfiction, with 27 of those weeks spent in the #1 position.


title: Townshend Acts

text: The Townshend Acts () or Townshend Duties, were a series of British acts of Parliament passed during 1767 and 1768 introducing a series of taxes and regulations to fund administration of the British colonies in America. They are named after the Chancellor of the Exchequer who proposed the program. Historians vary slightly as to which acts they include under the heading "Townshend Acts", but five are often listed:


title: Townshend Acts

text: The Townshend Acts met stiff resistance in the colonies, and public opposition to them was widely debated in colonial newspapers. Opponents of the Acts gradually became violent, leading to the Boston Massacre of 1770. The Acts placed an indirect tax on glass, lead, paints, paper, and tea, all of which had to be imported from Britain. This form of revenue generation was Townshend's response to the failure of the Stamp Act 1765, which had provided the first form of direct taxation placed upon the colonies. However, the import duties proved to be similarly controversial. Colonial indignation over the acts was expressed in John Dickinson's "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania" and in the Massachusetts Circular Letter. There was widespread protest, and American port cities refused to import British goods, so Parliament began to partially repeal the Townshend duties. In March 1770, most of the taxes from the Townshend Acts were repealed by Parliament under Frederick, Lord North. However, the import duty on tea was retained in order to demonstrate to the colonists that Parliament held the sovereign authority to tax its colonies, in accordance with the Declaratory Act 1766. The British government continued to tax the American colonies without providing representation in Parliament. American resentment, corrupt British officials, and abusive enforcement spurred colonial attacks on British ships, including the burning of the "Gaspee" in 1772. The Townshend Acts' taxation of imported tea was enforced once again by the Tea Act 1773, and this led to the Boston Tea Party in 1773 in which Bostonians destroyed a large shipment of taxed tea. Parliament responded with severe punishments in the Intolerable Acts 1774. The Thirteen Colonies drilled their militia units, and war finally erupted in Lexington and Concord in April 1775, launching the American Revolution.


title: Townshend Acts

text: Following the Seven Years' War (1756–1763), the British government was deep in debt. To pay a small fraction of the costs of the newly expanded empire, the Parliament of Great Britain decided to levy new taxes on the colonies of British America. Previously, through the Trade and Navigation Acts, Parliament had used taxation to regulate the trade of the empire. But with the Sugar Act of 1764, Parliament sought, for the first time, to tax the colonies for the specific purpose of raising revenue. American colonists argued that there were constitutional issues involved.


title: Townshend Acts

text: The Americans claimed they were not represented in Parliament, but the British government retorted that they had "virtual representation", a concept the Americans rejected. This issue, only briefly debated following the Sugar Act, became a major point of contention after Parliament's passage of the Stamp Act 1765. The Stamp Act proved to be wildly unpopular in the colonies, contributing to its repeal the following year, along with the failure to raise substantial revenue.


title: Townshend Acts

text: Implicit in the Stamp Act dispute was an issue more fundamental than taxation and representation: the question of the extent of Parliament's authority in the colonies. Parliament provided its answer to this question when it repealed the Stamp Act in 1766 by simultaneously passing the Declaratory Act, which proclaimed that Parliament could legislate for the colonies "in all cases whatsoever".


title: Townshend Acts

text: This was the first of the five acts, passed on 5 June 1767. It forbade the New York Assembly and the governor of New York from passing any new bills until they complied with the Quartering Act 1765. That act required New York to provide housing, food and supplies for the British troops stationed there to defend the colony. New York resisted the Quartering Act saying they were being taxed, yet had no direct representation in Parliament. Furthermore, New York didn't think British soldiers were needed any more, since the French and Indian War had come to an end. Before the act was implemented, New York reluctantly agreed to provide some of the soldiers' needs, so it was never implemented.


title: Townshend Acts

text: This was the second of the five acts, passed on 26 June 1767. It placed taxes on glass, lead, painters' colors, paper, and tea. It gave customs officials broad authority to enforce the taxes and punish smugglers through the use of "writs of assistance", general warrants that could be used to search private property for smuggled goods. There was an angry response from colonists, who deemed the taxes a threat to their rights as British subjects. The use of writs of assistance was significantly controversial since the right to be secure in one's private property was an established right in Britain.


title: Townshend Acts

text: This act was the (joint) third act, passed on 29 June 1767, the same day as the Commissioners of Customs Act (see below). 'Indemnity' means 'security or protection against a loss or other financial burden'. The Indemnity Act 1767 reduced taxes on the British East India Company when they imported tea into England. This allowed them to re-export the tea to the colonies more cheaply and resell it to the colonists. Until this time, all items had to be shipped to England first from wherever they were made and then re-exported to their destination, including to the colonies. This followed from the principle of mercantilism in England, which meant the colonies were forced to trade only with England.


title: Townshend Acts

text: The British East India Company was one of England's largest companies but was on the verge of collapse due to much cheaper smuggled Dutch tea. Part of the purpose of the entire series of Townshend Acts was to save the company from imploding. Since tea smuggling had become a common and successful practice, Parliament realized how difficult it was to enforce the taxing of tea. The Act stated that no more taxes would be placed on tea, and it made the cost of the East India Company's tea less than tea that was smuggled via Holland. It was an incentive for the colonists to purchase the East India Company tea.


title: Townshend Acts

text: This act was passed on 29 June 1767 also. It created a new Customs Board for the North American colonies, to be headquartered in Boston with five customs commissioners. New offices were eventually opened in other ports as well. The Board was created to enforce shipping regulations and increase tax revenue. Previously, customs enforcement was handled by the Customs Board back in England. Due to the distance, enforcement was poor, taxes were avoided and smuggling was rampant. Once the new Customs Board was in operation, enforcement increased, leading to a confrontation with smuggling colonists. Incidents between customs officials, military personnel and colonists broke out across the colonies, eventually leading to the occupation of Boston by British troops. This led to the Boston Massacre.


title: Townshend Acts

text: This was the last of the five acts passed. It was not passed until 6 July 1768, a full year after the other four. Lord Charles Townshend, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, after whom the Townshend Acts were named, had died suddenly in September 1767. Because of this, some scholars do not include the Vice-Admiralty Court Act with the other Townshend Acts, but most do since it deals with the same issues. The Act was not passed by Parliament, but by the Lords Commissioners of His Majesty's Treasury, with the approval of the King.


title: Townshend Acts

text: The Act was passed to aid the prosecution of smugglers. It gave Royal naval courts, rather than colonial courts, jurisdiction over all matters concerning customs violations and smuggling. Before the Act, customs violators could be tried in an admiralty court in Halifax, Nova Scotia, if royal prosecutors believed they would not get a favourable outcome using a local judge and jury. The Vice-Admiralty Court Act added three new royal admiralty courts in Boston, Philadelphia and Charleston to aid in more effective prosecutions. These courts were run by judges appointed by the Crown and who were awarded 5% of any fine the judge levied when they found someone guilty. The decisions were made solely by the judge, without the option of trial by jury, which was considered to be a fundamental right of British subjects. In addition, the accused person had to travel to the court of jurisdiction at his own expense; if he did not appear, he was automatically considered guilty.


title: Townshend Acts

text: The first of the Townshend Acts, sometimes simply known as the Townshend Act, was the Revenue Act 1767. This act represented the Chatham ministry's new approach to generating tax revenue in the American colonies after the repeal of the Stamp Act in 1766. The British government had gotten the impression that because the colonists had objected to the Stamp Act on the grounds that it was a direct (or "internal") tax, colonists would therefore accept indirect (or "external") taxes, such as taxes on imports. With this in mind, Charles Townshend, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, devised a plan that placed new duties on paper, paint, lead, glass, and tea that were imported into the colonies. These were items that were not produced in North America and that the colonists were only allowed to buy from Great Britain.


title: Townshend Acts

text: The colonists' objection to "internal" taxes did not mean that they would accept "external" taxes; the colonial position was that any tax laid by Parliament for the purpose of raising revenue was unconstitutional. "Townshend's mistaken belief that Americans regarded internal taxes as unconstitutional and external taxes constitutional", wrote historian John Phillip Reid, "was of vital importance in the history of events leading to the Revolution." The Townshend Revenue Act received the royal assent on 29 June 1767. There was little opposition expressed in Parliament at the time. "Never could a fateful measure have had a more quiet passage", wrote historian Peter Thomas.


title: Townshend Acts

text: The Revenue Act was passed in conjunction with the Indemnity Act 1767, which was intended to make the tea of the British East India Company more competitive with smuggled Dutch tea. The Indemnity Act repealed taxes on tea imported to England, allowing it to be re-exported more cheaply to the colonies. This tax cut in England would be partially offset by the new Revenue Act taxes on tea in the colonies. The Revenue Act also reaffirmed the legality of writs of assistance, or general search warrants, which gave customs officials broad powers to search houses and businesses for smuggled goods.


title: Townshend Acts

text: The original stated purpose of the Townshend duties was to raise a revenue to help pay the cost of maintaining an army in North America. Townshend changed the purpose of the tax plan, however, and instead decided to use the revenue to pay the salaries of some colonial governors and judges. Previously, the colonial assemblies had paid these salaries, but Parliament hoped to take the "power of the purse" away from the colonies. According to historian John C. Miller, "Townshend ingeniously sought to take money from Americans by means of parliamentary taxation and to employ it against their liberties by making colonial governors and judges independent of the assemblies."


title: Townshend Acts

text: Some members of Parliament objected because Townshend's plan was expected to generate only £40,000 in yearly revenue, but he explained that once the precedent for taxing the colonists had been firmly established, the program could gradually be expanded until the colonies paid for themselves. According to historian Peter Thomas, Townshend's "aims were political rather than financial".