title: Alice in Wonderland (1976 film)

text: Ken Russell planned a remake of the 1976 film, and co-wrote a screenplay for it with Osco, but Russell died before it could be produced. As of December 2011, Russell's widow and Osco were still moving forward with the remake's production, as a tribute to Russell.


title: 2017 UEFA Europa League Final

text: The 2017 UEFA Europa League Final was the final match of the 2016–17 UEFA Europa League, the 46th season of Europe's secondary club football tournament organised by UEFA, and the 8th season since it was renamed from the UEFA Cup to the UEFA Europa League. It was played on 24 May 2017 at the Friends Arena in Solna, Stockholm, Sweden, between Dutch side Ajax and English side Manchester United. Manchester United won the match 2–0 to secure their first title in this competition. With this victory, they joined Juventus, Ajax, Bayern Munich and Chelsea as the only clubs to have won all three major European trophies (European Champion Clubs' Cup/UEFA Champions League, UEFA Cup/Europa League, and the now-defunct Cup Winners' Cup); while, with this defeat, Ajax became the fifth club – after Hamburger SV, Fiorentina, Arsenal and Liverpool – to have lost a final in all these competitions.


title: 2017 UEFA Europa League Final

text: Manchester United earned the right to play against the winners of the 2016–17 UEFA Champions League, Real Madrid, in the 2017 UEFA Super Cup. They also entered the group stage of the 2017–18 UEFA Champions League, as the berth reserved for the Champions League title holders was not used. Police of Stockholm took measures against potential terrorist attacks which they described as "the new normality", since two had occurred in Stockholm in 2010 and just a month before the final, and also prepared for potential clashes between supporters.


title: 2017 UEFA Europa League Final

text: "In the following table, finals until 2009 were in the UEFA Cup era, since 2010 were in the UEFA Europa League era."


title: 2017 UEFA Europa League Final

text: Friends Arena, located in the Solna Municipality of the Stockholm urban area, was announced as the final venue on 30 June 2015, following the decision of the UEFA Executive Committee meeting in Prague, Czech Republic.


title: 2017 UEFA Europa League Final

text: This was Ajax's second final in the UEFA Cup/Europa League, having won in the 1992 UEFA Cup Final over Torino on away goals.


title: 2017 UEFA Europa League Final

text: This was Manchester United's first final in the UEFA Cup/Europa League. They were seeking to join Juventus, Ajax, Bayern Munich and Chelsea as the only clubs to have won all three major European trophies (European Champion Clubs' Cup/UEFA Champions League, UEFA Cup/Europa League, and the now defunct UEFA Cup Winners' Cup).


title: 2017 UEFA Europa League Final

text: The two sides had previously met four times in European competitions, all in the UEFA Cup/Europa League, with a record of two wins each. However, Manchester United had eliminated Ajax on both occasions, 2–1 on aggregate in the 1976–77 UEFA Cup first round, and 3–2 on aggregate in the 2011–12 UEFA Europa League round of 32.


title: 2017 UEFA Europa League Final

text: The ambassador for the final was former Swedish international player Patrik Andersson, who won the Champions League with Bayern Munich against Valencia in 2001.


title: 2017 UEFA Europa League Final

text: UEFA unveiled the brand identity of the final on 26 August 2016 in Monaco during the group stage draw.


title: 2017 UEFA Europa League Final

text: With a stadium capacity of 48,000 for the final, a total number of 37,000 tickets were available to fans and the general public, with the two finalist teams receiving 10,000 tickets each and with 17,000 tickets being available for sale to fans worldwide via UEFA.com from 17 to 28 March 2017 in four price categories: €150, €100, €70 and €45. The remaining tickets were allocated to the local organising committee, UEFA and national associations, commercial partners and broadcasters, and to serve the corporate hospitality programme.


title: 2017 UEFA Europa League Final

text: A minute's silence was observed before the final in memory to victims of the bombing in Manchester which occurred two days before the final; the opening ceremony was thus considerably reduced.


title: 2017 UEFA Europa League Final

text: In May 2017, Slovenian referee Damir Skomina was chosen to oversee the final. He was joined by compatriots Jure Praprotnik and Robert Vukan as assistant referees, Matej Jug and Slavko Vinčić as additional assistant referees, Tomaž Klančnik as reserve assistant referee, and Italian official Gianluca Rocchi as fourth official.


title: 2017 UEFA Europa League Final

text: Paul Pogba opened the scoring for Manchester United in the 18th minute when his low left foot shot from just outside the penalty area took a deflection off Davinson Sánchez which wrong footed the goalkeeper before looping over him and into the net. Henrikh Mkhitaryan got the second goal three minutes into the second half when with his back to goal he flicked the ball into the net with his right foot from three yards out after the ball had been knocked down to him by Chris Smalling after a corner from the right by Juan Mata. Wayne Rooney, who entered minutes before the final whistle, took the captain's armband and later led the team to lift the trophy in his final game for United; he would return to Everton less than two months later.


title: 2017 UEFA Europa League Final

text: The "home" team (for administrative purposes) was determined by an additional draw held after the semi-final draw, which was held on 21 April 2017 at UEFA headquarters in Nyon, Switzerland. Ajax as the "home" team played with their new home kit which would be used the following season. United wore their outgoing away (European third) kit.


title: Martha Raye

text: Martha Raye (born Margy Reed; August 27, 1916 – October 19, 1994), nicknamed The Big Mouth, was an American comic actress and singer who performed in movies, and later on television. She also acted in plays, including Broadway.


title: Martha Raye

text: She was honored in 1969 at the Academy Awards as the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award recipient for her volunteer efforts and services to the troops.


title: Martha Raye

text: Raye's life as a singer and comedic performer began in very early childhood. She was born at St. James Hospital in Butte, Montana, as Margy Reed; despite her birth certificate showing Reed, some sources in the 1970s and 1980s gave her the surname O'Reed.


title: Martha Raye

text: Her father, Peter F. Reed Jr., was an Irish immigrant; her mother, Maybelle Hazel (Hooper) Reed, was raised in Milwaukee and Montana. Her parents were performing in a local vaudeville theatre as Reed and Hooper when their daughter was born. Two days later, her mother was performing again. Martha first appeared in their act when she was three years old. She later performed with her brother Bud, and the children became so popular that their parents' act was renamed Margie and Bud.


title: Martha Raye

text: In the early 1930s, Raye was a band vocalist with the Paul Ash and Boris Morros orchestras. She made her first film appearance in 1934 in a band short titled "A Nite in the Nite Club". In 1936, she was signed for comic roles by Paramount Pictures, and made her first picture for Paramount. Her first feature film was "Rhythm on the Range" with crooner Bing Crosby. She made her Broadway debut in the Harry Akst musical "Calling All Stars" in 1934, and later returned to Broadway in starring roles in Yip Harburg's "Hold On to Your Hats" (1941, as Marnie), Jerry Herman's "Hello, Dolly!" (1967, as Dolly), and Vincent Youmans's "No, No, Nanette" (1972, as Pauline).


title: Martha Raye

text: From 1936–1939, she was a featured cast member in 39 episodes of Al Jolson's weekly CBS radio show, "The Lifebuoy Program", also called "Cafe Trocadero." In addition to comedy, Raye sang both solos and duets with Jolson. Over the next quarter century, she would appear with many of the leading comics of her day, including Joe E. Brown, Bob Hope, W. C. Fields, Abbott and Costello (in "Keep 'Em Flying"), Charlie Chaplin (in "Monsieur Verdoux"), and Jimmy Durante. She joined the USO in 1942, soon after the US entered World War II.


title: Martha Raye

text: She was known for the size of her mouth, which was large in proportion to her face, earning her the nickname The Big Mouth. She later referred to this in a series of television commercials for Polident denture cleaner in the 1980s: "So take it from The Big Mouth: new Polident Green gets tough stains clean!" Her large mouth would relegate her motion picture work to supporting comic parts, and was often made up so it appeared even larger. In the Disney cartoon "Mother Goose Goes Hollywood", she is caricatured while dancing alongside Joe E. Brown, another actor known for a big mouth. In the Warner Bros. cartoon "The Woods Are Full of Cuckoos" (1937), she was caricatured as a jazzy scat-singing donkey named 'Moutha Bray'.


title: Martha Raye

text: In 1968, she was awarded the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award in the form of an Oscar. After her death the statuette was displayed for many years in a specially constructed lighted niche at the Friars Club in Beverly Hills. On November 2, 1993, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Bill Clinton for her service to her country. The citation reads:


title: Martha Raye

text: A talented performer whose career spans the better part of a century, Martha Raye has delighted audiences and uplifted spirits around the globe. She brought her tremendous comedic and musical skills to her work in film, stage, and television, helping to shape American entertainment. The great courage, kindness, and patriotism she showed in her many tours during World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War earned her the nickname 'Colonel Maggie'. The American people honor Martha Raye, a woman who has tirelessly used her gifts to benefit the lives of her fellow Americans.


title: Martha Raye

text: She was a television star very early in its history. She starred in the short-lived (28 episodes) "The Martha Raye Show" (1954–1956), opposite retired middleweight boxer Rocky Graziano, who played her boyfriend. (Raye was known to call Graziano "goombah", the Sicilian abbreviation of the Italian 'compáré' ('cumpari' in Southern Italian - friend, comrade)). The writer and producer was future "The Phil Silvers Show" creator Nat Hiken.


title: Martha Raye

text: Some of the guest stars on the show were Zsa Zsa Gabor, Cesar Romero, and Broadway dancer Wayne Lamb. She also appeared on other TV shows in the 1950s, such as "What's My Line?"


title: Martha Raye

text: Following the demise of her TV variety show, the breakup of her fifth marriage, and a series of other personal and health problems, she attempted suicide by overdosing on sleeping pills on August 14, 1956. Well-wishers gave her a St. Christopher's medal, a St. Genesius medal, and a Star of David. After her recovery, she wore these amulets faithfully, although she was neither Catholic nor Jewish. At the conclusion of each episode of her TV shows, she would thank the nuns at the Sisters of St. Francis Hospital in Miami, Florida, where she had recovered. She always said "Goodnight, Sisters" as a sign of appreciation and gratitude.


title: Martha Raye

text: Later in her career, she made television commercials for Polident denture cleanser, principally during the 1970s and 1980s.


title: Martha Raye

text: In 1970, she portrayed Boss Witch, the "Queen of all Witchdom", in the feature film "Pufnstuf" for Sid and Marty Krofft. This led to her being cast as villainess Benita Bizarre in "The Bugaloos" (1970), which the Kroffts produced the same year.


title: Martha Raye

text: She often appeared as a guest on other programs, particularly those which often featured older performers as guest stars, such as ABC's "The Love Boat", and also on variety programs, including the short-lived "The Roy Rogers and Dale Evans Show". She appeared from the third to the ninth seasons as Carrie Sharples, Mel's mother on "Alice", making two or three appearances a season. She made guest appearances or did cameo roles in such series as "Murder, She Wrote" on CBS and "The Andy Williams Show" and "McMillan & Wife", both on NBC. She appeared again as Agatha for the six-episode run of the retooled "McMillan", taking over for Nancy Walker, who had left the series. Her last film appearance was as an incontinent airline passenger in the disaster film "The Concorde ... Airport '79" (1979).


title: Martha Raye

text: Raye was a devout Methodist. She regularly attended church, read the Bible daily, and taught Sunday school. Because her religious views were often misconstrued, she said, "One paper says I'm Catholic and the other says I'm Jewish. I guess that's fitting because, as a Methodist, I'm meant to be undetermined some of the time".


title: Martha Raye

text: Her engagement to orchestra leader Johnny Torrence was announced in June 1936. Less than two months later she commented, "They tell me I've gone Hollywood already because I got engaged to Johnny Torrence one day and broke it off the next."


title: Martha Raye

text: She was married to make-up artist Hamilton "Buddy" Westmore from May 30, 1937, until September 1937, filing for divorce on the basis of extreme cruelty; to composer-conductor David Rose from October 8, 1938, to May 19, 1941; to Neal Lang from May 25, 1941, to February 3, 1944; to Nick Condos from February 22, 1944, to June 17, 1953; to Edward T. Begley from April 21, 1954, to October 6, 1956; to Robert O'Shea from November 7, 1956, to December 1, 1960; and to Mark Harris from September 25, 1991, until her death in 1994. She had one child, a daughter, Melodye Condos (born July 26, 1944), with her fourth husband, Nick Condos.


title: Martha Raye

text: Politically, Raye was conservative, affirming her political views by informing an interviewer in 1984, "I believe in the constitution, strength in national defense, limited government, individual freedom, and personal responsibility. They reinforce the resolve the United States is the greatest country in the world and we can all be eternally grateful to our founding fathers for the beautiful legacy they left us."


title: Martha Raye

text: Raye's final years were plagued by ill health. She had a history of cardiovascular disease and suffered from Alzheimer's disease, in addition to losing both legs in 1993 due to poor circulation. While resting in the hospital-type bed in her home, she and her husband Mark Harris (who, because of their controversial May/December relationship, became a frequent guest on the popular Howard Stern radio program) were forced to move into a hotel after their house was destroyed in the 1994 Northridge earthquake. Raye died at age 78 of pneumonia on October 19, 1994.


title: Martha Raye

text: Appreciation of her work with the USO during World War II and subsequent wars led to her being named both an honorary colonel in the U.S. Marines and an honorary lieutenant colonel in the U.S. Army, and earned special consideration to be buried in Arlington National Cemetery. Upon her death it was instead requested that she be buried with full military honors in the Fort Bragg Main Post cemetery at Spring Lake, North Carolina, home of her loving and beloved United States Army Special Forces; the Fifth Special Forces Group (Airborne) made her an honorary Green Beret for her USO work in Vietnam.


title: Martha Raye

text: Raye has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame—one for motion pictures at 6251 Hollywood Boulevard and the other for television at 6547 Hollywood Blvd.


title: Martha Raye

text: The moving image collection of Martha Raye is held at the Academy Film Archive. The collection consists of an audio tape and home movies.


title: Tutankhamun's mummy

text: Tutankhamun's mummy was discovered by English Egyptologist Howard Carter and his team on October 28, 1925 in tomb KV62 of Egypt's Valley of the Kings. Tutankhamun was the 13th pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty of the New Kingdom of Egypt, making his mummy over 3,300 years old. Tutankhamun's mummy is the only royal mummy to have been found entirely undisturbed.


title: Tutankhamun's mummy

text: The burial chamber was found in 1922, but was not opened until a year later. Two years passed between the discovery of the tomb and that of the mummy and its famous death mask. The discovery of the tomb as a whole was one of the most significant and famous archeological discoveries in modern times. There has been much speculation about the king's life and cause of death since very little information about him is known.


title: Tutankhamun's mummy

text: Tutankhamun was the 13th pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty of the New Kingdom; however, the exact dates of his reign are not clear. An educated estimate is that he ruled over Ancient Egypt from about 1355–1346 BCE. After an initial examination of the 3,300-year-old mummy, it was estimated that Tutankhamun was a teenager of approximately 19 years of age when he died. Since it was believed that Tutankhamun became king as a child no more than ten years old, many refer to him as the "Boy-King" or "Child-King". A majority of his reign was devoted to restoring Egyptian culture, including religious and political policies; his predecessor and father Akhenaten had altered many Egyptian cultural aspects during his reign, and one of Tutankhamun's many restoration policies included changing the political capital from Akhenaten's Amarna back to Thebes. Following the discovery of Tutankhamun's mummy, much debate has arisen as to his exact cause of death. This has led to numerous medical studies and procedures performed on his remains. As medical technology has advanced throughout the years, new techniques have been utilized on the mummy to discover the true age, genealogy, and cause of death of the young pharaoh, speculated by some to be from a blow to the head, battle wound, or a chariot accident, so that some of the mysteries surrounding the "Boy-King" might finally be resolved.


title: Tutankhamun's mummy

text: In 1914 Howard Carter and his sponsor George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon obtained the concession to excavate in the Valley of the Kings. Carter believed the Valley contained at least one more royal tomb, that of Tutankhamun. Excavators working for Theodore M. Davis, the previous holder of the concession, had discovered artefacts bearing his name clustered in the centre of the Valley, including the small pit tomb KV58, which Davis declared to be Tutankhamun's tomb. However, Carter believed that the king's tomb was still undiscovered, hidden under piles of debris from earlier excavations. Following a systematic clearance that began in 1917, Carter's team would discover the real tomb of Tutankhamun on 4 November 1922.


title: Tutankhamun's mummy

text: The tomb had been robbed twice in antiquity but overall much of it was left intact and some areas including the burial chamber appeared to be left unscathed. Ancient robbers had entered the chamber and unsealed the doors of the outermost of the series of shrines that surrounded Tutankhamun's sarcophagus. However, the doors of the second and third shrines were intact, sealed with stamped cords; the doors of the innermost shrine were left unsealed in antiquity. These unbroken seals, with no evidence of re-sealing, indicated that the 3300 year old burial of the king was intact. Over the course of eighty days, the shrines were dismantled and removed from the chamber. On 3 January 1924, the doors of the third and fourth (innermost) shrines were opened, revealing the king's sarcophagus, of yellow quartzite with a granite lid tinted to match.


title: Tutankhamun's mummy

text: On 12 February 1924, the lid of the sarcophagus was raised in the presence of Egyptian government officials and Egyptologists. Within lay the long outermost mummiform coffin of gilded wood, covered by linen shrouds. The shrouds were rolled back, revealing the coffin bore the portrait of the king, his face and hands of a lighter-coloured gold alloy than the rest of the coffin, "conveying an impression of the greyness of death." Around the vulture and uraeus on his brow was placed a "tiny wreath of flowers...still retaining their colour." The sarcophagus lid was left suspended, as a tour was scheduled for reporters the following day, along with the wives of Carter's collaborators. The visit of the wives was refused by government officials, a note from Mohammed Pasha Zaghlul informed Carter that the wives would need permission to visit. Carter and his team, citing "impossible restrictions and discourtesies" resigned in protest, closing the tomb and suspending work. Under the direction of the Egyptian government, Pierre Lacau was ordered to cut the locks on the tomb and secure the sarcophagus lid. After a series of events, including the cancellation of the excavation permit, his unsuccessfully suing of the Antiquities Service, and a lecture-tour of America, Carter would return to the excavation in late January 1925 after reaching a new agreement regarding the continued clearance of the tomb.


title: Tutankhamun's mummy

text: The nested coffins were opened the following excavation season, in late 1925. The lid of the outermost coffin, secured by silver pins with gilded heads, was raised on its silver handles to reveal a second mummiform coffin, extensively inlaid with coloured glass, wreathed with floral garlands and shrouded in "gossamer thin linen, much darkened and decayed." This second coffin showed "distinct signs of the effect of some form of dampness", a fact that Carter found "disconcerting" as it indicated the presence of humidity within the coffins, suggesting the king's mummy would not be as well preserved as hoped. This middle coffin fitted tightly within the outermost, lacked handles and was "exceedingly" heavy. The silver pins securing the lid were withdrawn as far as possible, wrapped with copper wire, and the basin of the outermost coffin was lowered back into the sarcophagus, leaving the middle coffin free, quickly being supported by a wooden tray. The pins were removed, and the lid raised by means of four metal eyelets screwed on to serve as handles. The innermost coffin, made of solid gold, was covered with a red shroud, save for the face, and wore a large floral collar. It was covered from chest to ankles with unguents, which filled the space between the two coffins and stuck them firmly together. The narrow space between the coffins meant the gold nails that secured the lid could not be withdrawn, and were instead "removed piecemeal" with screwdrivers. Finally, on 28 October 1925, the "lid was raised by its golden handles and the mummy of the king was disclosed."


title: Tutankhamun's mummy

text: Before us, occupying the whole of the interior of the golden coffin, was an impressive, neat and carefully made mummy, over which had been poured anointing unguents as in the outside of its coffin - again in great quantity - consolidated and blackened by age.


title: Tutankhamun's mummy

text: Tutankhamun's wrapped mummy lay at a slight angle within the coffin. The level of dark unguents differed between the right and left sides, suggesting that the coffin had tilted, presumably while being lowered into the sarcophagus. The life-like curves of the body were reproduced with layers of padding beneath the tight outer shroud. Covering the head and shoulders of the mummy was a gold mask, which had fallen back slightly, its "gaze straight up to the heavens." Characterised by Carter as a "beautiful and unique specimen of ancient portraiture" it depicts the king as the god Osiris with a curled divine beard and wearing the striped "nemes"-headdress with vulture and uraeus emblems at the brow. Over the shoulders the mask takes the form of a broad collar with falcon-headed terminals. At the throat was a separate triple stranded necklace of faience, red and yellow gold disc beads. The mask is extensively inlaid with coloured glass, faience, and stones including lapis lazuli, carnelian, feldspar, and obsidian. The back of the mask is inscribed with Chapter 151b of the Book of the Dead.


title: Tutankhamun's mummy

text: Sewn onto the shroud immediately below the mask were a pair of separate gold hands, holding a decayed crook and flail. Between the hands sat a large resin scarab, bearing the image of the Bennu-bird and inscribed with Chapter 29b of the Book of the Dead, suspended on flexible straps originally prepared for Ankhkeperure. Below these were gold mummy bands with inlaid text, originating from a large gold "ba"-bird with outstretched wings. The mummy bands were constructed of separate gold plaques linked together along the sides by strings of tiny beads. They overlaid the vertical and horizontal fabric bands that secured the shroud at the centre front, biceps, hips, knees, and ankles. The text of the single vertical band has speeches by Nut and Geb while the four horizontal bands declare the deceased king is "honoured before" the funerary deities Anubis, Osiris, Hapi, Qebehsenuef, and Duamutef. Along the sides, the bands became "festoons of even more ornate straps" attached to the horizontal bands and made of "elaborate small inlaid gold plaques" in the forms of djeds, tyets, uraei, and cartouches. The bands too had originally been prepared for Ankhkheperure and were altered to fit Tutankhamun.


title: Tutankhamun's mummy

text: The outer wrappings and ornaments of Tutankhamun's mummy were in a deteriorated state. Carter estimated that "something like two bucketsful" of unguents had been poured over the mummy, which was a source of humidity within the closed coffins. Additionally, the unguents had undergone a chemical reaction, characterised by Carter as "a kind of slow spontaneous combustion", which carbonised the linen wrappings. The combination of heat and humidity had negatively affected the trappings of the mummy too. The crook and flail had disintegrated, the resin scarab was cracked, and the threads securing the separate hands and mummy bands were decayed, rendering the whole assemblage very fragile and which "fell apart at the slightest touch." Furthermore, the unguents had hardened over the millennia, sticking the mummy and mask to the bottom of the coffin. Attempts were made to separate the mummy from the inner and middle coffin troughs by placing them in the midday sun for several hours, with the temperature reaching . However, the mummy remained "firmly fixed" to the coffin so the initial examination was carried out in situ.


title: Tutankhamun's mummy

text: The unwrapping and examination of Tutankhamun's mummy began at 9:45am on 11 November 1925 in the outer corridor of KV15. Carter had intended the examination to take place at the start of the excavation season in October but it had been delayed by a month to allow Pierre Lacau to attend. It was conducted by the anatomists Douglas Derry, the professor of anatomy at Cairo's School of Medicine, and Saleh Hamdi Bey, the former head of the same school. Those present on the first day included government officials, Egyptologists, and members of Carter's team. The external ornaments of the mummy had been removed, except for the firmly-stuck mask. This examination was an unprecedented opportunity to study the methods and techniques used in the wrapping of a royal mummy. However, the outermost layers of linen were very fragile making it immediately apparent that "no orderly unwrapping was possible." Instead, the fabric was stabilised with a very thin layer of liquid paraffin wax before a central incision was made from the edge of the mask to the ankles, and the fabric was peeled back and removed in pieces.


title: Tutankhamun's mummy

text: The removal of the top layers of bandages exposed the first of the 150 objects included within the "voluminous" wrappings of the king's mummy. These items were distributed across many bandage layers and were often grouped together. They included personal jewellery worn by the king in life; ceremonial items of clothing; weapons, including an iron-bladed dagger now known to be made of meteoric iron; and funerary jewellery and amulets, the quantity, materials, and positions of which were dictated by the Book of the Dead, to protect and assist the deceased king in his journey to the afterlife. The examination slowed to allow the careful exposure, recording, and photographing of the objects.


title: Tutankhamun's mummy

text: The inner bandages were in worse condition than the exterior layers, having been reduced to dust. As a result, the exact wrapping method and arrangement of the padding and sheets was for the most part "impossible to follow." In general, the wrapping techniques and methods conformed to what was seen on other noble mummies of the same era. Large quantities of folded linen pads were used over the torso and thighs to provide shape. The outermost and innermost bandages were of extremely fine linen while the middle layers of bandages were of coarser fabric. Elaborate bandaging was noted over the shoulders and chest, with bandages criss-crossed over the shoulders and around the torso; a similar arrangement was seen around the crotch. The limbs were first separately wrapped, as were the fingers and toes, which were capped with gold finger and toe stalls, placed after the first layers of bandages had been applied. On the feet were gold foil sandals.


title: Tutankhamun's mummy

text: The first part of Tutankhamun's mummy to be exposed was his lower legs and feet, with the examination being carried out from the feet upwards. The body proved to be in very poor condition, being a "greyish-white colour, very brittle and exhibiting numerous cracks." The better preserved state of other royal mummies may be due to their robbery soon after burial, before the oils and resins could soak through the wrappings. It was hoped that Tutankhamun's mummy could be separated from the coffin by removing some of the outer layers of bandaging. However, the resins and unguents had penetrated the wrappings, adhering the body itself to the coffin. Ultimately, the body had to be chiseled out. The torso was cut in half at the level of the hips to remove the pelvis and legs from the coffin. The arms were disarticulated at the shoulders, elbows, and wrists in order to continue the unwrapping of the torso and to remove bracelets; each body part was treated with hot paraffin wax to stabilise it. The hands and feet were later reattached with resin. Lastly, hot knives were used to remove the head and neck from the mask. To view the condition of the teeth, Derry made an incision around the inner edge of the jaw and across the throat; this damage was repaired with resin. This thorough disarticulation of the body gave clear views of the ends of each of the relevant bones, allowing the anatomists to make an accurate estimate of the king's age. Tutankhamun was estimated to be eighteen at the time of his death and of slight build, with a projected height in life of .


title: Tutankhamun's mummy

text: The examination of Tutankhamun's mummy concluded on 19 November 1925. The dismembered mummy was placed on wooden tray filled with sand, surrounded by a packing of cotton wool and fabric bandages. The beaded linen skull-cap on the head and broad collar on the chest were treated with a layer of wax and left in place. The body was returned to the outermost coffin within the sarcophagus on the morning of 23 October 1926.


title: Tutankhamun's mummy

text: The mummy was in poor condition, being a greyish colour, and covered in numerous cracks. The head was a darker colour but in much the same condition. Spots of natron, the drying agent used in the mummification process, were present on the head and shoulders. Tutankhamun's face, when finally revealed, had a "serene and placid countenance", recognisable from his monuments. He was noted as bearing a close resemblance to the KV55 mummy, having the same uncommon broad and low (platycephalic) skull shape. This similarity indicated a close genetic relationship to the royal line; it was previously thought he had gained the throne only through marriage to Akhenaten's daughter Ankhesenamun. His head was shaved, and wore a tight-fitting linen cap with a gold brow-band and a beaded design of uraei. The eyes, with long eyelashes, were partly open; no padding had been placed in the orbits. The nose was flattened by the layers of bandaging and the nostrils were plugged with rolls of resin-soaked linen. The brain had been removed through the nose and resin introduced into the skull cavity. The top lip had drawn back a little to reveal large front teeth which were smeared with resin. The face was clean-shaven; on the left cheek near the ear was a "rounded depression...resembling a scab." The "small and well made" ears were pierced for earrings, the hole measuring in diameter.


title: Tutankhamun's mummy

text: The chest was covered by a large bib-like broad collar of small blue and yellow glass beads edged with gold sequins and drop beads. The arms were bent at the elbows and the forearms positioned parallel, left over right, over the torso. The fingers were sheathed in gold stalls. The organs were removed through an embalming incision approximately long, running from the navel to the left hip bone. This location is different to other royal mummies of that time period, who have the incision running from hip to groin. This cut was covered by an embalming plate, although not placed directly on the skin but in the bandage layers above. The body cavity packed with resin-soaked linen which had set to "rock-like hardness." The king's penis was wrapped separately and placed into an erect (ithyphallic) position, held in place by the crossed bandages; Derry could not say if he was circumcised. No pubic hair was evident, and the scrotum was flattened against the perineum. The toes were covered by gold stalls and the feet wore gold sandals.


title: Tutankhamun's mummy

text: Many items were included within and placed throughout the layers of bandaging on the royal mummy. Some objects, such as the gold foil jewellery and amulets, were purely funerary in nature, while others like the bracelets and pectorals were worn by the king in life. In the bandage layers of the head, Tutankhamun wore various forms of headwear including an inlaid gold fillet and a padded "khat"-headdress with a gold brow band, flexible gold uraeus, and Nekhbet-vulture with open wings across the top of the head. An iron headrest amulet was found at the back of the head and a four-stranded bead necklace was across the throat.


title: Tutankhamun's mummy

text: Around his neck were twenty amulets of various forms and materials including stones such as a red jasper tyet, a green feldspar "was"-sceptre, and a carnelian snake head, all suspended on gold wires. Eight further amulets were of sheet gold in various forms including uraei, vultures, and a human-headed winged snake, tied around the neck by strings. The chest and upper torso was covered in thirty-five objects such as sheet gold collars; flexible inlaid collars; a resin scarab on a long wire; bracelets; and large pectoral necklaces distributed over thirteen bandage layers.


title: Tutankhamun's mummy

text: Tutankhamun's forearms were covered from elbow to wrist with bracelets, all of which were likely worn in life, and bore devices of scarabs, eyes of Horus, and display a wide variety of techniques and materials. Rings of various materials including gold, stone, and resin were also included in the wrappings, with a group of five over the right wrist, and eight beside the left wrist. Tutankhamun wore two gold rings on the middle and ring fingers of his left hand; the bezels depict a kneeling king presenting a figure of the goddess Maat, and a lunar barque atop a lapis lazuli background respectively.


title: Tutankhamun's mummy

text: On the abdomen were Y and T-shaped sheet gold amulets; several necklaces, including a broad collar of dark blue faience beads; a bracelet or armlet; and a bead girdle. Around his waist and hips were two gold foil girdles with ceremonial tails; each had an associated kilt apron laid over the thighs (one of beadwork, and one of flexible inlaid gold plates) and dagger on the right side. One of these daggers had an iron blade, now known to be made of meteoric iron. Additionally, seven bracelets or armlets and four inlaid collars were placed over the knees and shins.


title: Tutankhamun's mummy

text: In 1968 R. G. Harrison, a professor of anatomy, used a portable x-ray machine to re-examine the mummy of Tutankhamun. Harrison quickly discovered that Carter had dismembered the mummy, something that is not mentioned in his publication. The mummy, surrounded by cotton wool and secured by modern bandages, had deteriorated since last photographed by Carter's team in 1926. The beaded skull-cap had disappeared, as had most of the skin on the head; the eyes appeared to be wide open, and the ears were largely destroyed. The beaded collar was gone, as was the front wall of the king's chest; stray beads from this necklace were seen scattered in the torso on the x-rays. The limbs had been moved and further disarticulated, with the left hand and thumb of the right hand found in the sand under the body. Although not mentioned by Harrison, the king's penis was also missing. The additional damage to the mummy and the removal of the skullcap and collar likely occurred during World War II, and components suggested to be from the collar have since appeared on the antiquities market.


title: Tutankhamun's mummy

text: The x-rays revealed two levels of resin inside the skull. One was introduced when the body was lying on its back, pooling at the back of the head; the other when the head was tilted far back, settling at the top of the skull. Also present in the skull cavity were small bone fragments which Harrison initially believed to be the result of the embalming process. The fact that skull fragments were discovered led many to assume the king was murdered by a blow to the head, but the X-ray could not support or discredit this theory. His age at death was again estimated to be around 18, with a projected height in life of . Serological analysis undertaken by the same team determined that Tutankhamun and the KV55 mummy had the same blood group, further indicating a familial relationship.


title: Tutankhamun's mummy

text: On January 15, 2005, under the direction of Zahi Hawass, Tutankhamun's mummy was removed from his tomb and a CT scan was performed using a portable machine. The scan allowed for accurate forensic reconstruction of his body and face, as well as further evidence of his cause of death. The results showed that the bone fragments inside the skull had moved, indicating that traumatic injury to the head happened after death, and murder due to blunt force trauma was ruled out. He also had a small cleft palate that probably went unnoticed, and the elongated shape of his skull was within the normal range and appeared to be a family trait. Based on bone maturity and his wisdom teeth, Tutankhamun was confirmed to be 19 years old at the time of his death. The CT scan proved Tutankhamun was in good health and did not show any signs of disease. The study suggested that a previously unnoticed leg fracture may have contributed to his death. The placement of the mummy's embalming incision is unique. This, combined with the two levels of resin inside his skull, have led to suggestions that an initial mummification was carried out by an inexperienced embalmer.


title: Tutankhamun's mummy

text: From September 2007 to October 2009, eleven royal mummies of the New Kingdom's 18th Dynasty underwent extensive genetic and radiological testing. A team of doctors, under the leadership of Zahi Hawass, took DNA samples from bone tissue of the eleven mummies to determine a family pedigree and to determine if any familial or pathological diseases caused Tutankhamun's death. The study was able to provide a five-generation pedigree, and the KV55 mummy and the KV35 Younger Lady were identified as Tutankhamun's sibling parents. Four of the mummies, including Tutankhamun, were shown to have had malaria. Based on all the data, the study concluded the most likely cause of death for the young king was the combination of avascular necrosis, malaria and a leg fracture.


title: Tutankhamun's mummy

text: Tutankhamun's mummy has been studied to provide more information about his general health and to look for any conditions that may have contributed to his death. Analysis of the body is complicated by the poor condition of the mummy and damage sustained during its disarticulation. The many varying results of the studies "highlight the complexities of palaeopathology: how a single individual, who has been studied in detail by so many groups, can yield so many and sometimes contradictory" results.


title: Tutankhamun's mummy

text: The initial 1925 examination did not mention any signs of disease, and the first x-ray study ruled out tuberculosis. Subsequently, a wide variety of health conditions have been proposed for Tutankhamun, based on both his unusual depiction in art and his mummy. The theorised conditions are many and varied; those that involve internal organs or soft tissue are hard to prove due to their mummified state. Those that affect fertility such as an adrenal tumor, Klinefelter syndrome, or Fröhlich syndrome (adiposogenital dystrophy) are disproven by his fathering of two daughters. Disorders that produce gynecomastia such as aromatase excess syndrome, or the proposed "Tutankhamun syndrome", or affect the ribs and sternum such as pectus carinatum (pigeon chest) cannot be proven as the front wall of the chest is missing. His skull shape, although unusual, shows no signs of resulting from Antley–Bixler syndrome or Marfan syndrome.


title: Tutankhamun's mummy

text: In 2010, a team led by Zahi Hawass diagnosed Tutankhamun with a clubbed left foot with avascular necrosis of the second and third metatarsals (Köhler disease II). However, the diagnosis of clubfoot is disputed. The 1960s x-ray report noted no abnormalities and characterises both feet as "cramped" by bandaging. James Gamble suggests that the foot is not clubbed but a result of Tutankhamun habitually walking on the outside of his foot due to the pain caused by the necrosis. Depictions of Tutankhamun doing archery while seated and the presence of 130 canes in the tomb was used as evidence to support Hawass's claim that Tutankhamun had a walking impairment. However, both are indications of prestige, not a reflection of their owner's health. Depictions of kings shooting while seated date back to the Old Kingdom and canes were common symbols of status in ancient Egypt and frequently included in burials. The canes show no sign of heavy use and his footwear shows even wear on both feet.


title: Tutankhamun's mummy

text: Since the discovery of Tutankhamun's mummy, there has been a lot of speculation and theories on the exact cause of death, which until recent studies had been hard to prove with the evidence and data available. While it was a widely debated topic for many Egyptologists, it had also spread to the general public as popular culture has come up with many conspiracy theories that played out in movies, TV shows, and fictional books. Author James Patterson has even recently written his own take in his book, "The Murder of King Tut". There are many educated and respected Egyptologists as well as trained professionals in other fields who have devoted a lot of time researching Tutankhamun and who have varying beliefs to his cause of death. Some have stood by their theories even in light of new evidence. Some of the theories are better known and supported than others.


title: Tutankhamun's mummy

text: The initial examination of the mummy reported the body showed "no traces of the cause or causes of the young king's death." Bone fragments seen inside the skull in the 1960s x-rays led Harrison to propose that Tutankhamun died from a blow to the head. This has led to "endless speculation as to whether (or how) the king was brutally attacked or murdered", with Tutankhamun's vizier Ay considered the most likely culprit as he stood to gain the most from the young king's early death and ultimately succeeded him as pharaoh. It is now known that they are a result of the mummy's modern unwrapping as the fragments are loose inside the skull and there is no evidence of bone thinning or calcified membranes indicative of a fatal blow to the head. Death as a result of a brain tumor was also not supported by anatomical studies.


title: Tutankhamun's mummy

text: An accidental death is often suggested, with varying causes. A chariot crash resulting in either a fatal fall or being run over, a kick from a horse, or trauma sustained in an attack by a hippopotamus are all put forward to explain his early death and the apparent trauma to his chest. Frank Rühli and Salima Ikram consider the latter two theories unlikely. They suggest that as the king was apparently an experienced charioteer (six were found in his tomb), he would be unlikely to stand in range of a horse kick. Additionally, even if a hippo was encountered, his bodyguards would have protected him; Thutmose III was protected by his guards from an attacking elephant while hunting.


title: Tutankhamun's mummy

text: The most recent CT study lead by Hawass has attributed Tutankhamun's early death to a combination of multiple factors including a leg fracture and malaria. The fracture of the left leg has resin within it, indicating an associated open wound was present at the time of death. They suggest that the fracture was the result of a fall, and turned fatal either through infection or in combination with a severe malarial infection. However, Christian Timmann and Christian Meyer have argued that sickle cell anemia better fits the pathologies exhibited by the king. They suggest that the sickle-cell disease turned fatal when Tutankhamun also contracted severe malaria. He is expected to have been homozygous recessive for the sickle cell gene, thus making him not immune to severe malaria, which would have been fatal. This suggestion has been called "interesting and plausible" by the Egyptian team.


title: Tutankhamun's mummy

text: Christine El Mahdy, an Egyptologist, uses the original assumption from Carter's examination that Tutankhamun had a quick burial ceremony since some elements of the mummification appeared rushed, as proof that he needed to be buried quickly following his unexpected death because the man who was next in line for the throne wanted to avoid a power struggle that might have occurred if the burial process had taken too long. By speeding up the burial ceremony, the new pharaoh maintained order in Egypt.


title: Tutankhamun's mummy

text: The royal bloodline that Tutankhamun's family shared ended with the death of the young pharaoh, and with that came a question of the legitimacy of the following rulers. His tomb was the only one discovered that was not very disturbed by grave robbers, which allowed Carter to uncover many artifacts and the untouched mummy. It gave amazing insight into the royal burials, mummification, and tombs of the New Kingdom's 18th Dynasty. Since its discovery and widespread popularity, it has led to DNA testing done on it and other mummies from the time period that now give a proven family tree for many of the royalty during the 18th Dynasty. Since his death was unexpected and either poorly recorded or simply the records were lost over the years, with the discovery of his mummy and advances in modern technology, there is now strong and supported evidence as to Tutankhamun's death, and with that one of Egypt's most popular mysteries appears to have been solved.


title: Tutankhamun's mummy

text: The examination of the king's mummy was little-reported in both Arab and Western media at the time. It seems that "the king's body was of less interest to the public than his treasures, or the alleged curse", which continued to be published on into the 1930s, after the clearance of the tomb was completed.


title: Tutankhamun's mummy

text: In 1926, following the conclusion of the initial examination, Tutankhamun's mummy was placed back into his gilded outermost coffin, which was then put back into the sarcophagus; a sheet of glass was placed over the top, allowing visitors to view the coffin.


title: Tutankhamun's mummy

text: On 4 November 2007, 85 years to the day after Carter's discovery, Tutankhamun's mummy was placed on display in his underground tomb at Luxor, when the linen-wrapped mummy was removed from its golden coffin to a climate-controlled glass box. The case was designed to prevent the heightened rate of decomposition caused by the humidity and warmth from tourists visiting the tomb.


title: Tutankhamun's mummy

text: As of mid-2022, there are plans to move his body to the Grand Egyptian Museum in Cairo, to be displayed together with the entire contents of his tomb.


title: Apollo–Soyuz

text: Apollo–Soyuz was the first crewed international space mission, carried out jointly by the United States and the Soviet Union in July 1975. Millions of people around the world watched on television as a United States Apollo spacecraft docked with a Soviet Soyuz capsule. The project, and its handshake in space, was a symbol of détente between the two superpowers during the Cold War.


title: Apollo–Soyuz

text: The mission was officially known as the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project (ASTP; , and commonly referred to in the Soviet Union as Soyuz–Apollo; the Soviets officially designated the mission as Soyuz 19). The unnumbered American vehicle was left over from the canceled Apollo missions, and was the last Apollo module to fly.


title: Apollo–Soyuz

text: The three American astronauts, Thomas P. Stafford, Vance D. Brand, and Deke Slayton, and two Soviet cosmonauts, Alexei Leonov and Valeri Kubasov, performed both joint and separate scientific experiments, including an arranged eclipse of the Sun by the Apollo module to allow instruments on the Soyuz to take photographs of the solar corona. The pre-flight work provided useful engineering experience for later joint American–Russian space flights, such as the Shuttle–"Mir" program and the International Space Station.


title: Apollo–Soyuz

text: Apollo–Soyuz was the last crewed United States spaceflight for nearly six years until the first launch of the Space Shuttle on 12 April 1981, and the last crewed United States spaceflight in a space capsule until Crew Dragon Demo-2 on 30 May 2020.


title: Apollo–Soyuz

text: The purpose and catalyst of Apollo–Soyuz was the policy of détente between the two Cold War superpowers: the United States and the Soviet Union. Tensions ran high between the two world superpowers while the United States was engaged in the Vietnam War. Meanwhile, the Soviet press was highly critical of the Apollo space missions, printing "the armed intrusion of the United States and Saigon puppets into Laos is a shameless trampling underfoot of international law" over a photograph of the Apollo 14 launch in 1971. Although Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev made the Soviet Union's policy of détente official in his 1956 doctrine of peaceful coexistence at the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, the two nations seemed to be in perpetual conflict.


title: Apollo–Soyuz

text: After John Glenn's 1962 orbital flight, an exchange of letters between President John F. Kennedy and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev led to a series of discussions led by NASA Deputy Administrator Hugh Dryden and Soviet scientist Anatoly Blagonravov. Their 1962 talks led to the Dryden-Blagonravov agreement, which was formalized in October of that year, the same time the two countries were in the midst of the Cuban Missile Crisis. The agreement was formally announced at the United Nations on 5 December 1962. It called for cooperation on the exchange of data from weather satellites, a study of the Earth's magnetic field, and joint tracking of the NASA Echo II balloon satellite. Kennedy could even interest Khrushchev in a joint crewed Moon landing. The assassination of Kennedy on 22 November 1963, and the removal from office of Khrushchev on 14 October 1964, made any personal preferences of the respective leaders moot. Unfortunately, as the competition between the two nation's crewed space programs heated up, efforts to further cooperation at that point came to an end.


title: Apollo–Soyuz

text: Due to tense relations and military implications, space cooperation between the United States and the Soviet Union was unlikely in the early 1970s. On 7 June 1971, the USSR had launched the first piloted orbital space station, Salyut 1. Meanwhile, the United States had launched the Apollo 14 mission several months prior, the third space mission to land humans on the Moon. Each side gave the other little coverage of their achievements.


title: Apollo–Soyuz

text: Both sides had severe criticisms of the other side's engineering. Soviet spacecraft were designed with automation in mind; the Lunokhod 1 and Luna 16 were both uncrewed probes, and each Soyuz spacecraft had been designed to minimize risk due to human error by having fewer manual controls with which human operators would have to contend during flight. By contrast, the Apollo spacecraft was designed to be operated by humans and required highly trained astronauts in order to operate. The Soviet Union criticized the Apollo spacecraft as being "extremely complex and dangerous".


title: Apollo–Soyuz

text: The Americans also had their own concerns about Soviet spacecraft. Christopher C. Kraft, director of the Johnson Space Center, criticized the design of the Soyuz: "We in NASA rely on redundant components — if an instrument fails during flight, our crews switch to another in an attempt to continue the mission. Each Soyuz component, however, is designed for a specific function; if one fails, the cosmonauts land as soon as possible. The Apollo vehicle also relied on astronaut piloting to a much greater extent than did the Soyuz machine." The American astronauts had a very low opinion for the Soyuz space craft as it was a craft that was designed to be controlled from the ground. This was in stark contrast with the Apollo module that was meant to be flown from the capsule. Eventually Glynn Lunney, the Manager of the Apollo–Soyuz Test Program, warned them about talking to the press about their dissatisfaction as they had offended the Soviets. NASA was worried that any slight would cause the Soviets to pull out and the mission to be scrapped.


title: Apollo–Soyuz

text: American and Soviet engineers settled their differences for a possible docking of American and Soviet spacecraft in meetings between June and December 1971 in Houston and Moscow, including Bill Creasy's design of the Androgynous Peripheral Attach System (APAS) between the two ships that would allow either to be active or passive during docking.


title: Apollo–Soyuz

text: With the close of the Vietnam War, relations between the United States and the USSR began to improve, as did the prognosis for a potential cooperative space mission. Apollo–Soyuz was made possible by the thaw in these relations, and the project itself endeavoured to amplify and solidify the improving relations between the United States and the Soviet Union. According to Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev, "The Soviet and American spacemen will go up into outer space for the first major joint scientific experiment in the history of mankind. They know that from outer space our planet looks even more beautiful. It is big enough for us to live peacefully on it, but it is too small to be threatened by nuclear war". Thus, both sides recognized ASTP as a political act of peace.


title: Apollo–Soyuz

text: In October 1970, Soviet Academy of Sciences president Mstislav Keldysh responded to NASA Administrator Thomas O. Paine's letter proposing a cooperative space mission, and there was subsequently a meeting to discuss technical details. At a meeting in January 1971, U.S. President Richard Nixon's Foreign Policy Adviser Henry Kissinger enthusiastically espoused plans for the mission, and expressed these views to NASA administrator George Low: "As long as you stick to space, do anything you want to do. You are free to commit—in fact, I want you to tell your counterparts in Moscow that the President has sent you on this mission". By April 1972, both the United States and the USSR signed an Agreement Concerning Cooperation in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space for Peaceful Purposes, committing both the USSR and the United States to the launch of the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project in 1975.


title: Apollo–Soyuz

text: ASTP was particularly significant for the USSR's policy of keeping the details of their space program secret from the Soviet people and the world at large, especially Americans. The ASTP was the first Soviet space mission to be televised in a live fashion during the launch, while in space, and during the landing. Soyuz 19 was also the first Soviet spacecraft to which a foreign flight crew had access before flight; the Apollo crew were permitted to inspect it and the launch and crew training site, which was an unprecedented sharing of information with Americans about any Soviet space program.


title: Apollo–Soyuz

text: Not all reactions to ASTP were positive. Many Americans feared that ASTP was giving the USSR too much credit in their space program, putting them on equal footing with the sophisticated space exploration efforts of NASA. More feared that the apparent peaceful cooperation between the USSR and the United States would lull people into believing there was no conflict at all between the two superpowers. Some Soviet publicists called American critics of the mission "demagogues who stand against scientific cooperation with the USSR". In general, tensions between the United States and the USSR had softened, and the project set a precedent for future cooperative projects in space.


title: Apollo–Soyuz

text: It was American astronaut Deke Slayton's only space flight. He was chosen as one of the original Mercury Seven astronauts in April 1959, but had been grounded until 1972 for medical reasons.


title: Apollo–Soyuz

text: Jack Swigert had originally been assigned as the command module pilot for the ASTP prime crew, but he was removed before the official announcement as punishment for his involvement in the Apollo 15 postal covers incident.


title: Apollo–Soyuz

text: It was the last space mission for Soviet cosmonaut Alexei Leonov, who had become the first person to walk in space during the March 1965 Voskhod 2 mission.


title: Apollo–Soyuz

text: The ASTP entailed the docking of an American Apollo command and service module (CSM) with a Soviet Soyuz 7K-TM spacecraft. Although the Soyuz was given a mission designation number (Soyuz 19) as part of the ongoing Soyuz programme, its radio call sign was simply "Soyuz" for the duration of the joint mission. The Apollo mission was not a numbered mission of the Apollo program, and similarly bore the call sign "Apollo". Despite this, the press and NASA have referred to the mission as "Apollo 18", but this should not be confused with the canceled lunar mission.


title: Apollo–Soyuz

text: The Apollo spacecraft was launched with a docking module specially designed to enable the two spacecraft to dock with each other, used only once for this mission. The Saturn IB launch vehicle and CSM were surplus material. Like the Apollo Lunar Module, the docking module had to be retrieved from the S-IVB upper-stage of the Saturn IB rocket after launch. The docking module was designed as both an airlock — as the Apollo was pressurized at about using pure oxygen, while the Soyuz used a nitrogen/oxygen atmosphere at sea level pressure (about ) — and an adapter, since the surplus Apollo hardware used for the ASTP mission was not equipped with the APAS docking collar jointly developed by NASA and the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union for the mission. One end of the docking module was attached to the Apollo using the same "probe-and-drogue" docking mechanism used on the Lunar Module and the Skylab space station, while its other end had the APAS docking collar, which Soyuz 19 carried in place of the standard Soyuz/Salyut system of the time. The APAS collar fitted onto Soyuz 19 was releasable, allowing the two spacecraft to separate in case of malfunction.


title: Apollo–Soyuz

text: The Apollo flew with a three-man crew on board: Tom Stafford, Vance Brand, and Deke Slayton. Stafford had already flown into space three times, including within eight nautical miles of the lunar surface as Commander of Apollo 10, and was the first general officer to fly into space. He was a brigadier general in the United States Air Force at the time of the flight; he would retire with three stars in 1979. Slayton was one of the original Mercury Seven astronauts selected in 1959, but an irregular heartbeat grounded him until 1972. He became head of NASA's astronaut office and, after a lengthy medical program, selected himself for this mission. At the time, Slayton was the oldest person to fly in space and the one with the longest gap between selection as an astronaut and first flight into space. Brand, meanwhile, had trained with the Apollo spacecraft during his time as a backup Apollo 15 command module pilot, and had served two stints as a backup Skylab commander. The closest he had come to flying prior to ASTP was as commander for the Skylab Rescue mission mustered to potentially retrieve the crew of Skylab 3 due to a fuel leak on that mission's Apollo CSM.


title: Apollo–Soyuz

text: The Soyuz flew with two men: Alexei Leonov and Valeri Kubasov. Leonov became the first man to walk in space on Voskhod 2 in March 1965. Kubasov, who flew on Soyuz 6 in 1969, ran some of the earliest space manufacturing experiments. Both were to have flown on the ill-fated Soyuz 11 in 1971 (Leonov as commander, Kubasov as the flight engineer), but were grounded because Kubasov was suspected of having tuberculosis. The two-man crew on the Soyuz was a result of the modifications needed to allow the cosmonauts to wear the Sokol space suit during launch, docking, and reentry.


title: Apollo–Soyuz

text: The ASTP-class Soyuz 7K-TM spacecraft used was a variation of the post-Soyuz 11 two-man design, with the batteries replaced by solar panels enabling "solo" flights (missions not docking to one of the Salyut space stations). It was designed to operate, during the docking phase, at a reduced nitrogen/oxygen pressure of , allowing easier transfers between the Apollo and Soyuz. Six ASTP-class Soyuz spacecraft were built in total, including the one used. Before the actual mission, two craft were launched uncrewed as Kosmos satellites. The third was launched as the crewed Soyuz 16 flight as a rehearsal in order to test the APAS docking mechanism. Another craft was used fully fueled as a "hot backup" at the launch site – later it was disassembled. And the sixth craft was available as a "cold" backup; it was later used on the last "solo" Soyuz flight in 1976, but with the APAS docking adapter replaced by the MKF-6 multispectral camera.


title: Apollo–Soyuz

text: The Soyuz and Apollo flights launched within seven-and-a-half hours of each other on 15 July 1975, and docked on 17 July 1975. Three hours later, the two mission commanders, Stafford and Leonov, exchanged the first international handshake in space through the open hatch of the Soyuz. NASA had calculated that the historic handshake would have taken place over the British seaside resort of Bognor Regis, but a delay resulted in its occurrence being over the city of Metz in France. During the first crew exchange, the crews were read a statement from Soviet Premier Leonid Brezhnev, and received a phone call from U.S. President Gerald Ford.


title: Apollo–Soyuz

text: While the two ships were docked, the three Americans and two Soviets conducted joint scientific experiments, exchanged flags and gifts (including tree seeds which were later planted in the two countries), listened to each other's music (examples include "Tenderness" by Maya Kristalinskaya and "Why Can't We Be Friends?" by War), signed certificates, visited each other's ships, ate together, and conversed in each other's languages. (Because of Stafford's pronounced drawl when speaking Russian, Leonov later joked that there were three languages spoken on the mission: Russian, English, and "Oklahomski".) There were also docking and redocking maneuvers, during which the two spacecraft reversed roles and the Soyuz became the "active" ship.


title: Apollo–Soyuz

text: American scientists developed four of the experiments performed during the mission. Embryologist Jane Oppenheimer analyzed the effects of weightlessness on fish eggs at various stages of development.


title: Apollo–Soyuz

text: After 44 hours together, the two ships separated, and maneuvered to use the Apollo to create an artificial solar eclipse to allow the crew of the Soyuz to take photographs of the solar corona. Another brief docking was made before the ships went their separate ways. The Soviets remained in space for two more days, and the Americans for five, during which the Apollo crew also conducted Earth observation experiments.


title: Apollo–Soyuz

text: The mission was considered a great success, both technically and as a public-relations exercise for both nations. The only serious problem was during reentry and splashdown of the Apollo craft, during which the crew were accidentally exposed to toxic hydrazine and nitrogen tetroxide fumes, caused by unignited reaction control system (RCS) hypergolic propellants venting from the spacecraft and reentering a cabin air intake. The RCS was inadvertently left on during descent, and the toxic fumes were sucked into the spacecraft as it drew in outside air. Brand briefly lost consciousness, while Stafford retrieved emergency oxygen masks, put one on Brand, and gave one to Slayton. The three astronauts were hospitalized for two weeks in Honolulu, Hawaii. Brand took responsibility for the mishap; because of high noise levels in the cabin during reentry, he believes he was unable to hear Stafford call off one item of the reentry checklist, the closure of two switches which would have automatically shut off the RCS and begun drogue parachute deployment. These procedures were manually performed later than usual, allowing the ingestion of the propellant fumes through the ventilation system.


title: Apollo–Soyuz

text: The ASTP was the final flight of an Apollo spacecraft. Immediately after the launch of the Apollo spacecraft, preparations began to convert LC-39B and the Vehicle Assembly Building at Kennedy Space Center for use by the Space Shuttle, the United States' next crewed spacecraft program. LC-39A had already been closed after the launch of Skylab.


title: Apollo–Soyuz

text: A derivative (but mechanically incompatible) docking collar, APAS-89, was launched as part of the Kristall module of the Soviet Mir space station. Originally intended as the docking port for the (defunct) Buran Soviet space shuttle, the APAS-89 unit was used for the next Russian-American docking mission, STS-71, twenty years later as part of the Shuttle–Mir program (though not before the docking port was tested by the last APAS-equipped Soyuz, Soyuz TM-16, in 1993).


title: Apollo–Soyuz

text: The American Space Shuttle continued to use the same APAS-89 docking hardware through the end of the Space Shuttle program to dock to Mir and then the International Space Station, the latter through the Pressurized Mating Adapters (PMAs).


title: Apollo–Soyuz

text: The PMAs are equipped with the later APAS-95 adapters, which differ from the APAS-89 adapters in that they are no longer androgynous; while compatible with the APAS-89 docking collars, they are not capable of acting as the "active" partner in docking.


title: Apollo–Soyuz

text: The first PMA, PMA-1, remains in use as the interface connecting the Russian-built, NASA-owned Zarya module to the US segment of the ISS (USOS), and so the APAS continues in use to this day (2021).


title: Apollo–Soyuz

text: Apollo–Soyuz was the first joint US–Soviet space mission. At the time it was thought that space would become either more international or competitive as a result, but it became both. The mission became symbolic of each country's goals of scientific cooperation, while their news reports downplayed the technical prowess of the other. Soviet press implied that it was leading the United States in space flight, tying it to Marxist ideology, while the United States reported that the Soyuz was technically primitive. High-profile space cooperation declined after the successful mission and became entangled in linkage politics, but it set a precedent of cooperation that continued in the Shuttle–Mir Program.


title: Apollo–Soyuz

text: The American and Soviet commanders, Stafford and Leonov, became lasting friends. Leonov was the godfather of Stafford's younger children. Stafford gave a eulogy at Leonov's funeral in October 2019.


title: Apollo–Soyuz

text: An asteroid, 2228 Soyuz-Apollo, discovered in 1977 by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Chernykh, is named after the mission.


title: Apollo–Soyuz

text: The Apollo Command Module from the mission is on display at the California Science Center in Los Angeles. The descent module of Soyuz 19 is on display at the RKK Energiya museum in Korolyov, Moscow Oblast, Russia.


title: Apollo–Soyuz

text: A display at the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C. shows the docked Apollo/Soyuz configuration. The display is made up of Apollo Command and Service Module 105 (used for vibration testing for the Skylab program), the back-up Docking Module, and a model of the Soyuz spacecraft. An identical Soyuz model is exhibited at the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex. A full-size mockup of the two docked spacecraft is at the Cosmosphere in Hutchinson, Kansas.


title: Apollo–Soyuz

text: The United States Postal Service issued the Apollo–Soyuz commemorative stamps, honoring the United States–Soviet link up in space, on 15 July 1975, the day of the launch.


title: Apollo–Soyuz

text: The remaining crew's most recent reunion was on 16 July 2010, when Leonov, Kubasov, Stafford, and Brand met at an Omega timepiece store in New York City. All except Leonov participated in a public roundtable that evening. Omega had produced several watches to be used on the mission.


title: Apollo–Soyuz

text: A large Soyuz–Apollo monument was constructed outside TsUP (the Soviet, later Russian space control center) in Moscow. It consisted of a metal scale model of Earth overarched by an arc terminating in the joined Soyuz–Apollo spacecraft. It was damaged when a vehicle collided with it in the late 1990s, and was removed for repairs.


title: Apollo–Soyuz

text: The mission control room that hosted the Americans in Korolyov, Russia, was preserved as a memorial to the Soyuz–Apollo mission.


title: Room 237

text: Room 237 is a 2012 American documentary film directed by Rodney Ascher about interpretations of Stanley Kubrick's film "The Shining" (1980) which was adapted from the 1977 novel of the same name by Stephen King. The documentary includes footage from "The Shining" and other Kubrick films, along with discussions by Kubrick enthusiasts. "Room 237" has nine segments, each focusing on a different element within "The Shining" which "may reveal hidden clues and hint at a bigger thematic oeuvre." Produced by Tim Kirk, the documentary's title refers to a room in the haunted Overlook Hotel featured in "The Shining".


title: Room 237

text: "Room 237" was screened in the Directors' Fortnight section at the 2012 Cannes and Sundance film festivals. Its distribution rights were acquired by IFC Midnight and was exhibited theatrically and on VOD on March 29, 2013.


title: Room 237

text: Though King's novel and Kubrick's film adaptation depart in some significant details, they share the same premise. Jack Torrance, a would-be professional writer, takes on a job as the winter caretaker of the sprawling Overlook Hotel in the Colorado Rocky Mountains. His wife Wendy and son Danny accompany him for the season, the child exhibiting a psychic power called "the shining". Hotel chef Dick Hallorann also possesses psychic powers and offers advice to the youngster about managing his unusual abilities. As the months wear on, the isolated family suffers from cabin fever and begins to experience paranormal events.


title: Room 237

text: "Room 237" is told entirely through voice-overs by people with theories about "The Shining". According to one, the film is about the cultural assimilation of Native Americans, because, according to the story, the hotel was built on a Native American burial mound; and there is imagery throughout the film associated with the American West. Cans of Calumet Baking Powder are noticeable in the background of two important scenes. Because a calumet is a ceremonial pipe, and the cans featured the image of a Native American, one analyst believed that American imperialism was the subtext of the film.


title: Room 237

text: Another theorist believed that Kubrick had directed the footage disseminated by NASA to fake the Apollo 11 Moon landing. He believed that there are telltale signs of the use of front projection in NASA's footage and that Kubrick was contracted to produce hoaxed footage of a fake Moon landing. He points to the knitted Apollo 11 sweater that Danny wears and claims that "237" refers to the mean distance of the Earth to the Moon. He also refers to the fact that a carpet pattern resembles the Apollo launching pad as evidence that the film is an elaborate apology of sorts for Kubrick's involvement. The analyst feels that the tirade Jack delivers to Wendy about how she does not understand the duty of work and honoring a contract with an employer portrays Kubrick's own sense of isolation from keeping so big a secret.


title: Room 237

text: One theorist connects the Overlook's hedge maze-labyrinth with the mythic story of the Minotaur, believing that a skier in a poster is actually a minotaur. She bolsters her theory by pointing out that there is no maze in the original book and that Kubrick's 1955 film, "Killer's Kiss", was made for Minotaur Productions.


title: Room 237

text: Kubrick's unrealized project about the Holocaust, "Aryan Papers", suggested to another critic that "The Shining" is really about that genocide. He connects Jack's sinister recitation of the Big Bad Wolf's refrain to a Disney production where the wolf is an anti-Semitic caricature. The analyst also feels that Kubrick embeds a message of hope in Dick's advice to Danny about how to deal with his shining abilities. Dick explains that the images Danny sees are just pictures of the past and they can be forgotten. The analyst feels Kubrick is trying to remind his audience of the Holocaust while at the same time helping them to let go of its horrors. There is an extended sequence where the film is superimposed over itself in reverse. By running the film forwards and backwards at the same time, parallels are created, such as Danny walking in on his father and the previous caretaker as they discuss Danny's murder.


title: Room 237

text: The filmmakers do not attempt to promote the claims made by their interview subjects. Director Rodney Ascher offered his own interpretation in an interview for "Complex":


title: Room 237

text: The film features narration by Bill Blakemore, Geoffrey Cocks, Juli Kearns, John Fell Ryan and Jay Weidner. Buffy Visick appears as the VHS enthusiast.


title: Room 237

text: The film also contains archive footage featuring Stanley Kubrick, Stephen King, Jack Nicholson, Shelley Duvall, Danny Lloyd, Scatman Crothers, Joe Turkel, Barry Nelson, Philip Stone, Barry Dennen, Keir Dullea, Martin Potter, Tom Cruise and Nicole Kidman.


title: Room 237

text: "Room 237" opened to general acclaim from critics. It holds a 94% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 133 critic reviews. At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the film has received an average score of 80 based on 30 critics, considered to be "generally favorable reviews".


title: Room 237

text: Manohla Dargis of "The New York Times" praised the film as "an ode to movie love at its most deliriously unfettered" and wrote "The doc positions "The Shining" as a comparably coiled, thematically overflowing microcosm—standing in for cinema, for history, for obsession, for postmodern theory buckling under the film's heft." Owen Gleiberman of "Entertainment Weekly" gave the movie an "A", writing: ""Room 237" makes perfect sense of "The Shining" because, even more than "The Shining" itself, it places you right inside the logic of how an insane person thinks." Another positive review came from Peter Travers of "Rolling Stone", who rated the movie 3.5 stars out of 4 and called the "unique and unforgettable film" a "tribute to movie love". Mary Pols of "Time" commented that the movie was "as fresh, crisp and strangely exciting as a new dollar bill." She commented on the theories of the movie: "Maybe they’re all right. Or wrong. It can’t be settled. What matters is that people are still crazy about the beauty of a beautiful movie about going crazy."


title: Room 237

text: A negative review came from Kyle Smith of the "New York Post", who gave the movie 1.5 stars out of four and deemed the theories put forward in the movie "laughable" and further wrote that "you could do the same with "". But to be enlightening (or entertaining) the analysis has to persuade, or at least be clever." Jim Emerson, writing for RogerEbert.com, offered a mixed 2.5 stars out of a possible 4. He wrote that the documentary "isn't film criticism, it isn't coherent analysis, but listening to fanatics go on and on about their fixations can be kind of fun. For a while, at least."


title: Room 237

text: In a March 27, 2013 article in "The New York Times", Leon Vitali, who served as personal assistant to Kubrick on the film, stated, "There are ideas espoused in the movie that I know to be total balderdash". For example, the documentary's theory concerning a poster of a skier is in fact referencing a minotaur, while the film's usage of a German typewriter, interpreted to be symbolic of the Holocaust, was chosen by Kubrick for pragmatic reasons. He concluded that "[Kubrick] didn’t tell an audience what to think or how to think and if everyone came out thinking something differently that was fine with him. That said, I’m certain that he wouldn’t have wanted to listen to about 70, or maybe 80 percent [of "Room 237"]... Because it’s pure gibberish."


title: Room 237

text: In an October 2014 interview with "Rolling Stone", Stephen King (who has been vocal in his dislike for Kubrick's adaptation of his novel) said that he had seen the film and that he "watched about half of it and got impatient with it and turned it off". According to King, he "never had much patience for academic bullshit"; several of the interpretations of "The Shining" come from academics and professors. King felt the film makers and theorists were "reaching for things that weren't there".


title: Bohemian F.C.

text: Bohemian Football Club (), more commonly referred to as Bohemians or Bohs, is a professional football club from Dublin, Ireland. Bohemians compete in the Premier Division of the League of Ireland, and are the oldest League of Ireland club in continuous existence. Bohs are the fourth most successful club in League of Ireland football history, having won the League of Ireland title 11 times, the FAI Cup 7 times, the League of Ireland Shield 6 times and the League of Ireland Cup 3 times. Prior to the establishment of the Football Association of Ireland and League of Ireland, Bohemians competed in the Irish Football League and Irish Cup, which were at the time all-Ireland competitions. During that period they won the Irish Cup once and finished runners up 5 times. They hold the record for Leinster Senior Cup wins with 32 cups claimed.


title: Bohemian F.C.

text: Bohemians were founded by members of the Bell's Academy civil service training college, the Royal Hibernian Military School, medical students and others, on 6 September 1890 in the Phoenix Park Gate Lodge beside the North Circular Road entrance and played its first games in the Park's Polo Grounds. They were one of the founding members of the League of Ireland in 1921, after their withdrawal from the Irish Football League. They established themselves as a major force within the first 15 years of the League of Ireland, winning 5 league titles, 2 FAI Cups and 4 Shields, but struggled for decades after that, largely due to their strict amateur status, going 34 seasons without winning a major trophy. Bohemians dropped their amateur ethos in 1969 and proceeded to win 2 League titles, 2 FAI Cups, and 2 League cups during the 1970s. They suffered a further decline throughout the 1980s and most of the 1990s before claiming League and Cup doubles in 2001 and 2008, alongside the 2003 and most recently 2009 title wins.


title: Bohemian F.C.

text: Bohemians play their home matches at Dalymount Park in Phibsborough on the northside of Dublin. They are owned 100% by the members of the club. Their club colours are red and black, which they adopted at the 4th AGM in October 1893. Bohemians supporters often refer to their club by a number of nicknames including Bohs and The Gypsies, and provide one half of a bitter rivalry with southside club, Shamrock Rovers.


title: Bohemian F.C.

text: Bohemians were founded on 6 September 1890. They were members of the Irish Football League from 1902 to 1911 (the first club from Dublin to join) and from 1912 to 1920. During this time the club's greatest success was winning the Irish Cup in 1908.


title: Bohemian F.C.

text: It was a founding member of the League of Ireland in 1921, and it is one of only two clubs to have been members of the League of Ireland since its inception (the other being Shelbourne), and it is the only club to have been ever-present in the top division of the league. In its first season it finished second in the league, just two points behind St. James Gate. The club won its first league title in 1924. In 1928 the club won its second league title and completed a double that season by winning its first FAI Cup also. The club was one of the major forces in the early years of the league, going on to win another three league titles and another FAI Cup in the next eight seasons.


title: Bohemian F.C.

text: After this success the club began to struggle, often finishing at the foot of the league and rarely mounting a title challenge, largely because of an inability to attract or keep top players due to its strict amateur status, which had been a fundamental part of the club since its formation. The club went 34 seasons without winning a major trophy. In 1969 the club ended its amateur status, and the first player to sign professional terms was Tony O'Connell, who signed on 11 March 1969.


title: Bohemian F.C.

text: The club then went on to win two league titles, two FAI Cups and two league cups in the 1970s, more trophies than any other club that decade. In 1970 the club entered European competition for the first time where it was beaten in the first qualifying round of the European Cup Winners' Cup (see below). The club went through another trophy-less spell after its 1979 league cup victory, which was not broken until the club won its fifth FAI Cup in 1992. It was not until 2001 that it regained the league title, also winning the FAI Cup that season to complete its second double. After adding another league title in 2003, Bohemians triumphed once again in 2008, under Pat Fenlon, winning the double of both the league for the tenth time with four league games still to play, and the FAI cup in a penalty shoot-out.


title: Bohemian F.C.

text: In September 2009, Bohemians claimed the League Cup for the third time in the club's history with a 3–1 win over Waterford United in the final.


title: Bohemian F.C.

text: On 6 November 2009, Bohemians retained the title after a 1–1 draw against Bray Wanderers. They were already assured of the league title before the final round of matches as they held a three-point lead and 16-goal difference advantage over their nearest rivals Shamrock Rovers. Captain Owen Heary collected the Premier Division trophy for the club's first back-to-back league win. Bohs narrowly missed out on a hat trick of league titles on goal difference in 2010 in a season which also seen them suffer European disappointment at the hands of Welsh club TNS.


title: Bohemian F.C.

text: Bohemians' first permanent home ground was on the Polo Ground in Phoenix Park. Goal posts and other equipment were kept at Gate Lodge on North Circular Road (Dublin). They remained there until the 1893–94 season when they obtained a private ground on Jones Road now known as Croke Park, the headquarters of the Gaelic Athletic Association. The space then took in the ground previously occupied by the Old Belvedere playing pitches and now occupied by the Cusack Stand. For the first time it was possible for the club to build up some sort of finances, since a charge for admission was made at all important home matches.


title: Bohemian F.C.

text: They moved to a new home at Whitehall Farm, Glasnevin, in time for the start of the 1895–96 season but in those days, the area was out of the way and without public transport so the Bohemian committee continued to look for a new home ground. Their search came to an end when they moved to Dalymount Park which was officially opened on 7 September 1901.


title: Bohemian F.C.

text: In 2006 the club's members decided to sell Dalymount Park to developer Liam Carroll in a reported €65,000,000 deal, although then board members refused to allow members to see the details of the deal. The deal included the development of a new 10,000-seater stadium in Harristown near Dublin Airport. On 7 November 2008, Bohemians lost a court case versus Albion Ltd, when it was discovered that the board, led by Gerry Cuffe and Gerry Conway, had attempted to re-sell part of the ground which the club no longer owned, which has had the effect of putting the move on hold long enough for the property market to collapse and the deal to be all but dead. In March 2015 Dublin City Council announced that it would purchase Dalymount park. The Council completed the purchase in June 2015 for €3.8million. In February 2016 the Council published plans to demolish and rebuild Dalymount on a phased basis at a cost of €20 million. It is likely that Bohemians would need to play elsewhere during redevelopment.


title: Bohemian F.C.

text: Although they did not make their first appearance in European competition until 1970, they have, like all Irish clubs, found the going tough in Europe, but they have had some famous successes too. Their finest hour came when they eliminated Scottish Premier League club (and former Cup Winners' Cup and European Super Cup champions) Aberdeen from the UEFA Cup in August 2000. That triumph was set up by a dramatic 2–1 victory away from home, in which Bohs scored 2 late goals to overturn a 1–0 deficit. That was the first time an Irish club defeated British opposition away from home in European competition. Other notable results include wins against Rangers and Kaiserslautern (away) and draws against Rangers, Newcastle United, Sporting CP, Dundee United (away) and Aberdeen. In all, they have beaten a total of 11 different teams, from 9 countries (Denmark, Cyprus, Scotland, Germany, Estonia, Belarus, Belgium, Wales and Latvia). Bohs bowed out of the 2008 Intertoto Cup on away goals to Latvian side FK Riga despite winning the second leg 2–1. Earlier in that campaign they recorded their biggest single leg (5–1) and aggregate (9–3) wins in Europe (against Welsh Premier League club Rhyl).


title: Bohemian F.C.

text: Bohemians started their 2009–10 UEFA Champions League campaign away to Austrian Bundesliga champions Red Bull Salzburg on 16 July 2009 with a 1–1 draw in Salzburg.


title: Bohemian F.C.

text: In the second leg on 22 July 2009, Bohemians held out until an 87th-minute goal by Patrik Ježek for Red Bull Salzburg gave them a one-nil victory on the night and two one win on aggregate.


title: Bohemian F.C.

text: After retaining the league title in 2009, Bohs entered the Champions League again in 2010–11. They were drawn against Welsh side The New Saints in the Second Qualifying Round, and won the first leg 1–0 at Dalymount Park on 13 July 2010. They lost the second leg 4–0 and were eliminated 4–1 on aggregate. Bohs manager Pat Fenlon later labelled the performance as 'disgraceful' and said 'the players let the club, league and country down'. The result was labelled by others as the worst result in Bohs' 40-year European history.


title: Bohemian F.C.

text: After a nearly a decade away from continental competition, Bohs faced Hungarian opposition in the form of Fehérvár in the 2020-2021 UEFA Europa League qualifiers. The gypsies narrowly missed out by virtue of a penalty shoot-out loss, decided after a solitary one-legged affair was played, due to the Coronavirus pandemic. Bohs entered the inaugural Europa Conference League the year after and consecutively sold out their home matches at Dublin's Aviva Stadium in matches with Stjarnan FC and F91 Dudelange, both home legs ending with famous 3-0 victories.


title: Bohemian F.C.

text: Bohs' fan base is mainly drawn from the northside of Dublin and their supporters share a bitter rivalry with Southside club, Shamrock Rovers. However, the club has many fans from other parts of the city, across Ireland and worldwide. The club shares a rivalry with their Northside neighbours Shelbourne largely because of geographical proximity as both clubs are now located roughly just 1 mile apart, and also because they featured prominently in the early days of Dublin football, when nationwide football was still based around Belfast. Shelbourne and Bohs were often featured in the Belfast-centered Irish Football League before partition and the rivalry was kept on-off after they formed the new Irish Free State league with Shamrock Rovers and other clubs.


title: Bohemian F.C.

text: During 2006, a number of Bohemians fans formed an ultra group in an effort to create a more interesting atmosphere at home games. Ironically named The Notorious Boo-Boys (or NBB, a term used by journalists to disparage the patience of Bohs fans), the group bought flags and organised displays during games to lift the atmosphere of the home of Irish football Dalymount Park. The fans have friendly contacts with Prague club Bohemians 1905, Welsh club Wrexham AFC, Swedish club Malmö FF as well as English non-league and fellow supporter owned club FC United of Manchester.


title: Bohemian F.C.

text: The club boasts some well known supporters such as Top10Wrestling, his dog Archie, Keiron, Billy, Johnny Logan, Samuel L. Jackson, Aslan's Christy Dignam, alternative band Royseven, as well as musicians Brush Shiels, Rob Smith and novelist Irvine Welsh. The club also has a working relationship with Hibernian FC of Edinburgh.


title: Bohemian F.C.

text: On 27 November 2018 Bohemians have been accepted to compete in the Under-17 Women's National League beginning with the 2019 season.


title: Bohemian F.C.

text: The aim is to grow the number of girls and ladies members in the club and eventually compete in the Women's National League.


title: Bohemian F.C.

text: The historic first game in the Under-17 Women's National League for Bohemians was played on 13 April 2019 against Cork City and ended in 0–2 defeat.


title: Bohemian F.C.

text: Just one year after being accepted to compete in the Under-17 Women's National League, Bohemians was accepted to the Women's National League on 18 February 2020. The first match was originally scheduled for 15 March 2020, however, the team was made to wait until 8 August 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland which delayed the start of the season. The game ended in a 4–1 defeat to Wexford Youth. Chloe Darby scored the consolation goal and wrote herself into the history books as Bohemians' first-ever goalscorer.


title: Bohemian F.C.

text: Bohemians compete with an elite team in the SSE Airtricity National Under-19 League. In an exclusive partnership with schoolboy club St Kevin's Boys they field an elite team as Bohemians/St Kevins Boys in the SSE Airtricity National Under-17 League, SSE Airtricity National Under-15 League and SSE Airtricity National Under-13 League.


title: Bohemian F.C.

text: Beyond the elite teams, Bohemians have worked hard to build youth structures from the bottom up. The club has increased its participation numbers within the community through the Academy (ages 4–7), Girls Academy (ages 7–12), and youth teams (ages 7–15).


title: Bohemian F.C.

text: Bohemians youth section has about 250 players from the ages of 8 to 17. The club runs 15 teams who play in the DDSL. The youth director is Conor Emerson who, along with the support of Bohemians, announced a 5-year partnership with DCU to national media coverage. This partnership will see Bohemians' youth teams training in and using DCU facilities, "learning the game like the first team do". The partnership also included a scholarship system which will see Bohs players being offered scholarships to DCU. Since 2011 this partnership has ended and Bohemians are now currently training in Royal College of Surgeons close to the airport. The main aim of the youth section is to produce players who are good enough to play for the first team.


title: Bohemian F.C.

text: Bohemian Futsal compete in the AUL Futsal Premier Division, the winners of which compete in the UEFA Futsal Champions League preliminary rounds. Bohs also have a 'B' team that compete in the AUL Futsal Division One. They are the only League of Ireland club with a futsal club.


title: Bohemian F.C.

text: Bohemian's Player of the Year award is voted for by the club's supporters at the end of every season.


title: Mineral water

text: Mineral water is water from a mineral spring that contains various minerals, such as salts and sulfur compounds. Mineral water may usually be still or sparkling (carbonated/effervescent) according to the presence or absence of added gases.


title: Mineral water

text: Traditionally, mineral waters were used or consumed at their spring sources, often referred to as "taking the waters" or "taking the cure", at places such as spas, baths, or wells. The term "spa" was used for a place where the water was consumed and bathed in; "bath" where the water was used primarily for bathing, therapeutics, or recreation; and "well" where the water was to be consumed.


title: Mineral water

text: Today, it is far more common for mineral water to be bottled at the source for distributed consumption. Travelling to the mineral water site for direct access to the water is now uncommon, and in many cases not possible because of exclusive commercial ownership rights. There are more than 4,000 brands of mineral water commercially available worldwide.


title: Mineral water

text: In many places the term "mineral water" is colloquially used to mean any bottled carbonated water or soda water, as opposed to tap water.


title: Mineral water

text: The more calcium and magnesium ions that are dissolved in water, the "harder" it is said to be; water with few dissolved calcium and magnesium ions is described as being "soft".


title: Mineral water

text: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration classifies mineral water as water containing at least 250 parts per million total dissolved solids (TDS), originating from a geologically and physically protected underground water source. No minerals may be added to this water.


title: Mineral water

text: In the European Union, bottled water may be called mineral water when it is bottled at the source and has undergone no or minimal treatment. Permitted is the removal of iron, manganese, sulfur and arsenic through decantation, filtration or treatment with ozone-enriched air, insofar as this treatment does not alter the composition of the water as regards to the essential constituents which give it its properties. No additions are permitted except for carbon dioxide, which may be added, removed or re-introduced by exclusively physical methods. No disinfection treatment is permitted, nor is the addition of any bacteriostatic agents.


title: Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church

text: The Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church (MOSC) also known as the Indian Orthodox Church (IOC) or simply as the Malankara Church, is an autocephalous Oriental Orthodox church headquartered in Devalokam, near Kottayam, India. The church serves India's Saint Thomas Christian (also known as "Nasrani") population. According to tradition, these communities originated in the missions of Thomas the Apostle in the 1st century (circa 52 AD). It employs the Malankara Rite, an Indian form of the West Syriac liturgical rite.


title: Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church

text: The MOSC descends from the Malankara Church and its affiliation with the Syriac Orthodox Church. However, between 1909 and 1912, a schism over the authority of the Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch's authority resulted in the dissolution of the unified Malankara Church and establishment of the overlapping and conflicting MOSC and Jacobite Syrian Christian Church (JSCC). Since 1912, the MOSC has maintained a catholicate, the Catholicos of the East and Malankara Metropolitan–presently Baselios Marthoma Mathews III–who is the primate of the church. The MOSC drafted and formally adopted a constitution in 1934, wherein the church formally declared the Malankara Metropolitan and the Catholicos of the East as one. The Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church asserts communion with the other Oriental Orthodox churches. However, regular legal and occasional physical confrontations between the MOSC and the Syriac Orthodox JSCC have continued despite multiple efforts to reconcile the churches.


title: Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church

text: The Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church accepts miaphysitism, which holds that in the one person of Jesus Christ, divinity and humanity are united in one (μία, "mia") nature (φύσις – "physis") without separation, without confusion, without alteration and without mixing where Christ is consubstantial with God the Father. Around 500 bishops within the Patriarchates of Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem refused to accept the dyophysitism (two natures) doctrine decreed by the 4th ecumenical council, the Council of Chalcedon in 451, an incident that resulted in the first major split in the main body of the Christian Church. While the Oriental Orthodox churches rejected the Chalcedonian definition, the sees that would later become the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church accepted this council.