title: We (Arcade Fire album)

text: "We" debuted at number six on the US "Billboard" 200 chart, earning 32,000 album-equivalent units (including 26,500 copies in pure album sales) in its first week. It is Arcade Fire's fifth US top-ten debut on the chart. The album also accumulated a total of 6.43 million on-demand official streams for the album's songs.


title: RP-1

text: RP-1 (alternatively, Rocket Propellant-1 or Refined Petroleum-1) is a highly refined form of kerosene outwardly similar to jet fuel, used as rocket fuel. RP-1 provides a lower specific impulse than liquid hydrogen (LH), but is cheaper, is stable at room temperature, and presents a lower explosion hazard. RP-1 is far denser than LH, giving it a higher energy density (though its specific energy is lower). RP-1 also has a fraction of the toxicity and carcinogenic hazards of hydrazine, another room-temperature liquid fuel.


title: RP-1

text: RP-1 is a fuel in the first-stage boosters of the Electron, Soyuz, Zenit, Delta I-III, Atlas, Falcon, Antares, and Tronador II rockets. It also powered the first stages of the Energia, Titan I, Saturn I and IB, and Saturn V. The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) is also developing an RP-1 fueled engine for its future rockets.


title: RP-1

text: During and immediately after World War II, alcohols (primarily ethanol, occasionally methanol) were commonly used as fuels for large liquid-fueled rockets. Their high heat of vaporization kept regeneratively-cooled engines from melting, especially considering that alcohols would typically contain several percent water. However, it was recognized that hydrocarbon fuels would increase engine efficiency, due to a slightly higher density, the lack of an oxygen atom in the fuel molecule, and negligible water content. Regardless of which hydrocarbon was chosen, it would also have to replace alcohol as a coolant.


title: RP-1

text: Many early rockets burned kerosene, but as burn times, combustion efficiencies, and combustion-chamber pressures increased, engine masses decreased, which led to unmanageable engine temperatures. Raw kerosene used as coolant tends to dissociate and polymerize. Lightweight products in the form of gas bubbles cause cavitation, and heavy ones in the form of wax deposits block narrow cooling passages in the engine. The resulting coolant starvation raises temperatures further, and causes more polymerization which accelerates breakdown. The cycle rapidly escalates (i.e. thermal runaway) until an engine wall rupture or other mechanical failure occurs, and it persists even when the entire coolant flow consists of kerosene. In the mid-1950s rocket designers turned to the chemists to formulate a heat-resistant hydrocarbon, with the result being RP-1.


title: RP-1

text: During the 1950s, LOX (liquid oxygen) became the preferred oxidizer to use with RP-1, though other oxidizers have also been employed.


title: RP-1

text: First, sulfur and sulfur compounds attack metals at high temperatures, and even very small amounts of sulfur assist polymerization. Therefore, sulfur and sulfur compounds are kept to a minimum.


title: RP-1

text: Alkenes, alkynes, and aromatics are also held to low levels, as they tend to polymerize at high temperatures and long periods of storage. At the time, it was thought that kerosene-fueled missiles might remain in storage for years awaiting activation. This function was later transferred to solid-fuel rockets, though the high-temperature benefits of saturated hydrocarbons remained. Because of the low levels of alkenes and aromatics, RP-1 is less toxic than various jet and diesel fuels, and far less toxic than gasoline.


title: RP-1

text: The more desirable isomers were selected or synthesized, with linear alkanes being reduced in number in favor of greater numbers of cyclic and highly branched alkanes. Just as cyclic and branched molecules improve octane rating in petrol, they also significantly increase thermal stability at high temperatures. The most desirable isomers are polycyclics such as ladderanes.


title: RP-1

text: In contrast, the main applications of kerosene (aviation, heating, and lighting), are much less concerned with thermal breakdown and therefore do not require stringent optimisation of their isomers, although sulfur and sulfur compounds are still minimized.


title: RP-1

text: In production, these grades are processed tightly to remove impurities and side fractions. Ashes were feared likely to block fuel lines and engine passages, and wear away valves and turbopump bearings, as these are lubricated by the fuel. Slightly too-heavy or too-light fractions affected lubrication abilities and were likely to separate during storage and under load. The remaining hydrocarbons are at or near C mass. Because of the lack of light hydrocarbons, RP-1 has a high flash point and is less of a fire hazard than petrol.


title: RP-1

text: All told, the final product is much more expensive than common kerosene. Although any petroleum can produce RP-1 with enough processing, real-world rocket-grade kerosene is sourced from a small number of oil fields with high-quality base stock, or it can be artificially synthesized. This, coupled with the relatively small demand in a niche market compared to other petroleum users, drives RP-1's high price. Military specifications of RP-1 are covered in MIL-R-25576, and the chemical and physical properties of RP-1 are described in NISTIR 6646.


title: RP-1

text: In Russia and other former Soviet countries, the two main rocket kerosene formulations are T-1 and RG-1. Densities are slightly higher, 0.82 to 0.85 g/ml, compared to RP-1 at 0.81 g/ml. For a short period, the Soviets achieved even higher densities by super-chilling the kerosene in the rocket's fuel tanks, but this partially defeated the purpose of using kerosene over other super-chilled fuels. In the case of the Soyuz and R-7, the temperature penalty was minor. Facilities were already in place to manage the vehicle's cryogenic liquid oxygen and liquid nitrogen, both of which are far colder than the kerosene. The launcher's central kerosene tank is surrounded on four sides and the top by liquid-oxygen tanks; the liquid-nitrogen tank is nearby at the bottom. The kerosene tanks of the four boosters are relatively small and compact, and also between a liquid-oxygen and a liquid-nitrogen tank. Thus, once the kerosene was chilled initially, it could remain so for the brief time needed to finish launch preparations. The latest version of Falcon 9, Falcon 9 Full Thrust, also has the capability of sub-cooling the RP-1 fuel to −7 °C, giving a 2.5–4% density increase.


title: RP-1

text: Chemically, a hydrocarbon propellant is less efficient than hydrogen fuel because hydrogen releases more energy per unit mass during combustion, enabling a higher exhaust velocity. This is, in part, a result of the high mass of carbon atoms relative to hydrogen atoms. Hydrocarbon engines are also typically run fuel-rich, which produces some CO instead of CO as a consequence of incomplete combustion, although this is not unique to hydrocarbon engines, as hydrogen engines are also typically run fuel-rich for the best overall performance. Some Russian engines run their turbopump preburners oxygen-rich, but the main combustion chamber is still run fuel-rich. All told, kerosene engines generate a in the range of 270 to 360 seconds, while hydrogen engines achieve 370 to 465 seconds.


title: RP-1

text: During engine shutdown, fuel flow goes to zero rapidly, while the engine is still quite hot. Residual and trapped fuel can polymerize or even carbonize at hot spots or in hot components. Even without hot spots, heavy fuels can create a petroleum residue, as can be seen in gasoline, diesel, or jet fuel tanks that have been in service for years. Rocket engines have cycle lifetimes measured in minutes or even seconds, preventing truly heavy deposits. However, rockets are much more sensitive to a deposit, as described above. Thus, kerosene systems generally entail more teardowns and overhauls, creating operations and labor expenses. This is a problem for expendable engines, as well as reusable ones, because engines must be ground-fired some number of times before launch. Even cold-flow tests, in which the propellants are not ignited, can leave residues.


title: RP-1

text: On the upside, below a chamber pressure of about , kerosene can produce sooty deposits on the inside of the nozzle and chamber liner. This acts as a significant insulation layer and can reduce the heat flow into the wall by roughly a factor of two. Most modern hydrocarbon engines, however, run above this pressure, therefore this is not a significant effect for most engines.


title: RP-1

text: Recent heavy-hydrocarbon engines have modified components and new operating cycles, in attempts to better manage leftover fuel, achieve a more-gradual cooldown, or both. This still leaves the problem of non-dissociated petroleum residue. Other new engines have tried to bypass the problem entirely, by switching to light hydrocarbons such as methane or propane gas. Both are volatiles, so engine residues simply evaporate. If necessary, solvents or other purgatives can be run through the engine to finish dispersion. The short-chain carbon backbone of propane (a C molecule) is very difficult to break; methane, with a single carbon atom (C), is technically not a chain at all. The breakdown products of both molecules are also gases, with fewer problems due to phase separation, and much less likelihood of polymerization and deposition. However, methane (and to a lesser extent propane) reintroduces handling inconveniences that prompted kerosenes in the first place.


title: RP-1

text: The low vapor pressure of kerosenes gives safety for ground crews. However, in flight the kerosene tank needs a separate pressurization system to replace fuel volume as it drains. Generally, this is a separate tank of liquid or high-pressure inert gas, such as nitrogen or helium. This creates extra cost and weight. Cryogenic or volatile propellants generally do not need a separate pressurant; instead, some propellant is expanded (often with engine heat) into low-density gas and routed back to its tank. A few highly volatile propellant designs do not even need the gas loop; some of the liquid automatically vaporizes to fill its own container. Some rockets use gas from a gas generator to pressurize the fuel tank; usually, this is exhaust from a turbopump. Although this saves the weight of a separate gas system, the loop now has to handle a hot, reactive gas instead of a cool, inert one.


title: RP-1

text: Regardless of chemical constraints, RP-1 has supply constraints due to the very small size of the launch-vehicle industry versus other consumers of petroleum. While the material price of such a highly refined hydrocarbon is still less than many other rocket propellants, the number of RP-1 suppliers is limited. A few engines have attempted to use more standard, widely distributed petroleum products such as jet fuel or even diesel. By using alternate or supplemental engine cooling methods, some engines can tolerate the non-optimal formulations.


title: RP-1

text: Any hydrocarbon-based fuel produces more air pollution when burned than hydrogen alone. Hydrocarbon combustion produces carbon dioxide (CO), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions, while hydrogen (H) reacts with oxygen (O) to produce only water (HO), with some unreacted H also released. Both hydrocarbon-based fuels and hydrogen fuel will create oxides of nitrogen (NO) pollutants, because rocket exhaust temperatures above 1600°C (2900°F) will thermally combine some of the nitrogen (N) and oxygen (O) already present in the atmosphere, to create oxides of nitrogen.


title: RP-1

text: While the RP-1 specification was being developed, Rocketdyne was experimenting with diethyl cyclohexane. While superior to RP-1, it was never adopted for use – its formulation was not finished before development of Atlas and Titan I (designed around RP-1) leading to RP-1 becoming the standard hydrocarbon rocket fuel.


title: RP-1

text: Soviet formulations are discussed above. In addition, the Soviets briefly used syntin (), a higher-energy formulation, used in upper stages. Syntin is 1-methyl-1,2-dicyclopropyl cyclopropane (). Russia is also working to switch the Soyuz-2 from RP-1 to "naftil" or "naphthyl".


title: RP-1

text: After the RP-1 standard, RP-2 was developed. The primary difference is an even lower sulfur content. However, as most users accept RP-1, there was little incentive to produce and stock a second, even rarer and more expensive formulation.


title: RP-1

text: The OTRAG group launched test vehicles using more common blends. In at least one instance, a rocket was propelled by diesel fuel. However, no OTRAG rocket came even close to orbit.


title: Kyle Juszczyk

text: Kyle Patrick Juszczyk ( ; born April 23, 1991) is an American football fullback for the San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Harvard, and was drafted by the Baltimore Ravens in the fourth round of the 2013 NFL Draft.


title: Kyle Juszczyk

text: Juszczyk is the first Harvard alumnus ever to score a touchdown in a Super Bowl, doing so in Super Bowl LIV.


title: Kyle Juszczyk

text: Juszczyk was born in Medina, Ohio. He attended Cloverleaf High School in Lodi, Ohio, and played high school football for the Cloverleaf Colts as a tight end.


title: Kyle Juszczyk

text: Juszczyk attended Harvard University, where he played tight end for the Harvard Crimson football team under coach Tim Murphy. He played for the Crimson from 2009–2012. Following his senior season in 2012, he was a unanimous first-team All-Ivy League selection.


title: Kyle Juszczyk

text: Coming out of Harvard, many analysts and scouts projected Juszczyk to be a third or fourth round pick. NFLDraftscout.com ranked him the best fullback out of the 94 available. Although he was not invited to the NFL Combine, Juszczyk performed all the required drills and positional workouts at Harvard's Pro Day.


title: Kyle Juszczyk

text: The Baltimore Ravens chose Juszczyk in the fourth round (130th overall) of the 2013 NFL Draft. He was the first fullback selected of the three chosen in the 2013 NFL Draft. Juszczyk became the first fullback drafted from Harvard and only the tenth player in school history to be drafted. He was the second highest selection in school history, only behind Isaiah Kacyvenski, who was selected in the fourth round (119th overall) in the 2000 NFL Draft.


title: Kyle Juszczyk

text: On May 2, 2013, the Baltimore Ravens signed Juszczyk to a four-year, $2.46 million contract that includes a signing bonus of $300,574.


title: Kyle Juszczyk

text: Juszczyk entered training camp his rookie year competing with veteran Vonta Leach to be the Raven's starting fullback. He was named Leach's backup to begin the regular season. He made his professional regular season debut in the Ravens' season-opening 49-27 loss to the Denver Broncos. Throughout his rookie season, he appeared in all 16 regular season games but was used mainly on special teams and as a blocking fullback.


title: Kyle Juszczyk

text: The following year, Juszczyk became the Baltimore Ravens' starting fullback with the release of Vonta Leach in February. He also switched his jersey number from #40 to #44, which he had worn at Harvard and Leach had worn the season before. He earned his first career start in the Raven's season-opener loss to the Cincinnati Bengals. On September 21, 2014, he caught three passes for a season-high 54 receiving yards and caught his first career touchdown reception during a 23-21 defeat of the Cleveland Browns. His first career reception was a nine-yard touchdown pass from Joe Flacco. In a Week 10 matchup against the Tennessee Titans, Juszczyk caught a season-high three passes for 26 receiving yards during a 21–7 victory. Juszczyk finished the season with 19 receptions for 182 receiving yards and a touchdown while starting 14 games and appearing in all 16 games. He was named a Pro Bowl alternate at fullback after the 2014 season.


title: Kyle Juszczyk

text: Juszczyk returned as the starting fullback in 2015 after winning the job over Kiero Small in training camp. In the season-opener against the Denver Broncos, he had four catches for 17 receiving yards. On October 11, 2015, Juszczyk caught three passes for 31 receiving yards and caught his first touchdown of the season, on an eight-yard pass from Joe Flacco, as the Ravens lost 33–30 to the Cleveland Browns. During a Week 10 loss to the Jacksonville Jaguars, he made a season-high five receptions for 47 receiving yards. The next game, he caught three passes for ten yards and had his first two career carries for three rushing yards during Baltimore's 16-13 victory over the St. Louis Rams. On December 27, 2015, Juszczyk caught five passes for a season-high 55 receiving yards as the Ravens defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers 20–17.


title: Kyle Juszczyk

text: Juszczyk finished the 2015 season with career-highs in receptions (42), receiving yards (321), and receiving touchdowns (4). Juszczyk only had two rushing attempts for three yards in 16 games and 11 starts.


title: Kyle Juszczyk

text: Entering the regular season in 2016, Juszczyk was the Baltimore Ravens' starter at fullback and was one of only 17 full-time fullbacks to play in 2016. On September 11, 2016, in the season opener against the Buffalo Bills, he caught two passes for 22 receiving yards and had one carry for two yards as the Ravens won 13-7. On October 2, 2016, Juszczyk caught a career-high six passes for 56 receiving yards as the Baltimore loss to the Oakland Raiders 28-27. On December 25, 2016, Juszczyk scored his first career rushing touchdown against the Pittsburgh Steelers on Christmas Day. He finished the Ravens' 27-31 loss to the Steelers with two carries for 15 rushing yards and his first NFL rushing touchdown while catching two passes for 10 receiving yards. The Ravens were eliminated from playoff contention with the loss. On January 20, 2017, it was announced that was elected as an original selection to his first Pro Bowl. Pro Football Focus ranked Juszcyzk as the top fullback for 2016. He played the most snaps of any fullback in 2016, finishing with 465, which was 115 more than any other fullback.


title: Kyle Juszczyk

text: Juszczyk entered free agency for the first time in his career in 2017 and was the top fullback on the market. He received interest and offers from multiple teams, including the Philadelphia Eagles, Cleveland Browns, Buffalo Bills, and the San Francisco 49ers. The Philadelphia Eagles were the top team to possibly land the prized free agent at first, but the Buffalo Bills overtook them as the favorite, as they were looking for a stable replacement for Jerome Felton.


title: Kyle Juszczyk

text: On March 9, 2017, the San Francisco 49ers signed Juszczyk to a four-year, $21 million contract that includes $7 million guaranteed and a signing bonus of $5 million. It was the largest contract for a fullback in NFL history.


title: Kyle Juszczyk

text: In his 49ers debut, Juszczyk had two receptions for 17 yards in the season-opening 23–3 loss to the Carolina Panthers. On December 19, 2017, he was named to his second Pro Bowl.


title: Kyle Juszczyk

text: Juszczyk finished his first season with the 49ers tallying 33 receptions for 315 yards and a touchdown along with 31 rushing yards.


title: Kyle Juszczyk

text: In the 2018 season opener against the Minnesota Vikings, Juszczyk recorded a 56-yard reception in the 24–16 loss. During Week 3 against the Kansas City Chiefs, he scored his first touchdown of the season on a 35-yard pass from Jimmy Garoppolo. He was named to his third Pro Bowl for his accomplishments in the 2018 season.


title: Kyle Juszczyk

text: Juszczyk finished the 2018 season with 30 receptions for 324 yards and a touchdown along with 30 rushing yards.


title: Kyle Juszczyk

text: In the 2019 season, Juszczyk appeared in 12 games and recorded 20 receptions for 239 receiving yards and one receiving touchdown. He was named to his fourth Pro Bowl.


title: Kyle Juszczyk

text: During Super Bowl LIV against the Kansas City Chiefs, Juszczyk caught three passes for 39 receiving yards and a receiving touchdown in the 31–20 loss. Juszczyk's touchdown reception in the game was the first by a Harvard alumnus in Super Bowl history, and the first by a fullback since Mike Alstott in Super Bowl XXXVII.


title: Kyle Juszczyk

text: In Week 16 against the Arizona Cardinals, Juszczyk recorded two receiving touchdowns in the 20–12 win. He finished the 2020 season with 19 receptions for 202 receiving yards and four receiving touchdowns to go along with 17 carries for 64 rushing yards and two rushing touchdowns. For the fifth consecutive season, he was named to the Pro Bowl. He was ranked 97th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2021.


title: Kyle Juszczyk

text: On March 15, 2021, Juszczyk signed a five-year contract extension with the 49ers worth $27 million. He recorded 30 receptions for 296 receiving yards and one receiving touchdown to go along with a rushing touchdown in the 2021 season. For the sixth consecutive season, he earned a Pro Bowl nomination. He was ranked 100th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2022.


title: Sneha Ullal

text: Sneha Ullal (born 18 December 1987) is an Indian actress who has appeared in Telugu and Hindi films. She is known for her roles in the Telugu films "Ullasamga Utsahamga", "Simha" and the Hindi film "".


title: Sneha Ullal

text: Sneha Ullal was born bought up in Middle East in Muscat, Oman to a Tulu Devadiga father from Mangalore and a Sindhi mother. She studied at Indian School Wadi Kabir and Indian School, Salalah in Oman. Later she moved to Mumbai with her mother and attended Durelo Convent High School and studied at Vartak College.


title: Sneha Ullal

text: Ullal made her movie debut in the 2005 Hindi movie "" opposite Salman Khan. After the movie, she was noted for her striking similarities in appearance with Aishwarya Rai. She later said that although the comparison didn't help her as an actor, it gave her a lot of recognition. Ullal then appeared with Khan's brother Sohail Khan in "Aryan", which did not do well at the box office.


title: Sneha Ullal

text: Fearing that she was too young and needed to be more mature to work in movies, she took a break from Bollywood. She made her debut in Telugu movies with "Ullasamga Utsahamga", which turned out to be a huge hit. "Nenu Meeku Telusa...?" was her second Telugu release. It was followed by an appearance in the song "Nuvvu ready" in the Telugu movie "King" opposite Nagarjuna.


title: Sneha Ullal

text: In 2007, she was to appear in "Pirate's Blood" by prolific horror filmmaker and character actor Steg Dorr. In interviews, Dorr would say "we canceled them because of a hurricane. We could not get it going on and the financing fell through." The role later went to Oman actress Maimoon Al-Balushi.


title: Sneha Ullal

text: Later, she signed "Kaashh... Mere Hote" to show that she is still interested in Hindi films. Her next few films didn't do well at the box office, but her 2010 release "Simha" opposite Balakrishna turned out to be a blockbuster.


title: Cody Carpenter

text: John Cody Carpenter (born May 7, 1984) is an American musician and composer. He is the son of film director John Carpenter and actress Adrienne Barbeau. Carpenter is mostly known for his work with his father and musician Daniel Davies, as well as his various solo projects.


title: Cody Carpenter

text: Carpenter was born on May 7, 1984, in Los Angeles, California. He began taking piano lessons at a very young age, and was always surrounded by instruments at both his mother's and father's house, who had separated shortly after his birth.


title: Cody Carpenter

text: Carpenter started writing music at age 13, but admits he "didn't write anything of quality until I was into my mid-20s". He has been referred to by his middle name 'Cody' since birth to avoid confusion with his father.


title: Cody Carpenter

text: Carpenter's first major musical contributions were to "Vampires" (1998) and "Ghosts of Mars" (2001), where he is credited as playing keyboards.


title: Cody Carpenter

text: In 2005 and 2006, Carpenter composed and performed the soundtrack to both "Cigarette Burns" and "Pro-Life", John Carpenter's two episodes in Showtime's "Masters of Horror" anthology television series.


title: Cody Carpenter

text: 2015 saw the release of "Lost Themes," the first musical collaboration of Carpenter, his father, and Daniel Davies. The trio would continue to work together with 2016's "Lost Themes II", after which they would embark on a European and North American tour performing popular themes from John Carpenter's films and material from both "Lost Themes albums." In 2017, the trio would re-record a number of John Carpenter's best-known movie themes in for "".


title: Cody Carpenter

text: In 2018, both Carpenters and Davies composed the score for "Halloween" (2018), and "Lost Themes III" in 2021. In 2022, they also composed the score for the remake "Firestarter".


title: Cody Carpenter

text: Differing from his composing work and his collaborations with his father, Carpenter's solo work falls more in the genres of progressive rock and jazz fusion, with Carpenter listing such artists as Genesis, ELP, Vince DiCola, and T-Square as major influences. Cody would release a number of solo albums exclusively on Bandcamp from 2014 to 2018.


title: Cody Carpenter

text: In 2018, Carpenter released his first non-Bandcamp exclusive progressive rock album on Blue Canoe Records titled "Cody Carpenter's Interdependence." This would be his first album in a series of Blue Canoe Records releases featuring recurring guest musicians such as Jimmy Haslip, Virgil Donati, Scott Seiver, and Jimmy Branly.


title: Cody Carpenter

text: He would follow up with 2019's "Force of Nature" and 2020's "Control," both featuring many of the same guest musicians as well as PJ D'Atri, John Konesky, and Junior Braguinha.


title: Cody Carpenter

text: Carpenter also has composed music under the moniker Ludrium. His work as Ludrium leans more towards the broader genres of synthwave and synth-pop, although still retaining some of the progressive stylings of his solo works.


title: Cody Carpenter

text: In 2018, Carpenter released his first album as Ludrium titled Reflections on Lakeshore Records. He would follow up this album with 2019's Stargazer, released independently.


title: Cody Carpenter

text: That same year, Carpenter would work with English composer Mark Day on "Shadow Spirits Vol 1." 影なる霊魂, a chiptune soundtrack album to a videogame that does not exist.


title: Cody Carpenter

text: Carpenter would perform backup keyboards for composer Vince DiCola in multiple live music performances in 2019 and 2018, playing music from DiCola's movie and videogame soundtracks. Carpenter has listed DiCola as one of his primary musical influences.


title: Mark Jordon

text: Mark Jordon (born 25 January 1965) is an English actor, best known for playing PC Phil Bellamy in the British television series "Heartbeat", which he left in 2007. A documentary, "Heartbeat - Farewell Phil" was broadcast later on Christmas Day where he was husband to barmaid Gina (Tricia Penrose).


title: Mark Jordon

text: His debut as director came with the short film "To The Sea Again", which played in many festivals and made it to the final of the Angel Film Festival London and Moondance International Film Festival in Hollywood.


title: Mark Jordon

text: On 8 July 2014, Jordon joined the cast of "Emmerdale" in the short term role of Daz Spencer. He reprised the role in August 2017, becoming a regular cast member, until Daz was written out on 31 January 2019.


title: Mark Jordon

text: Jordon married actress Siobhan Finneran in 1997; they divorced in 2014. They have two children together.


title: Mark Jordon

text: Mark's current partner is "Emmerdale" co-star Laura Norton. On 24 August 2020, it was announced that the couple were expecting their first child. On 29 January 2021, Norton gave birth to a son called Jesse.


title: Mark Jordon

text: In July 2018, he was arrested on suspicion of assault. In October 2018, he was charged with grievous bodily harm and assault. In November 2018, he pleaded not guilty and was granted unconditional bail until his trial. In August 2019, he was found not guilty of all charges.


title: Los del Río

text: Los del Río (, "Those from the River"), also known as The Del Rios, are a Spanish Latin pop and dance duo which was formed in 1962 by Antonio Romero Monge (17 February 1948) and Rafael Ruiz Perdigones (10 November 1947). They are best known for their hit dance single "Macarena", originally released in 1993. The song went on to become a worldwide success.


title: Los del Río

text: The single "Tengo, tengo" was released on February 18, 1996, and appeared later that year on the album "Fiesta Macarena". The group ultimately released six albums: "A mí me gusta", "Macarena Non Stop", "Fiesta Macarena", "Colores", "Rio y Guestano" and "Alegria y cosabuena". Five of the albums featured versions of "Macarena", in different styles and remixes.


title: Los del Río

text: Because of their considerable success worldwide, their native town of Dos Hermanas has named a new municipal music hall, the Anfiteatro Los del Río, after them.


title: Los del Río

text: Another well-known song by Los del Río is "Sevilla tiene un color especial," which is featured prominently in the Spanish movie "Ocho apellidos vascos".


title: Nick Suzuki

text: Nicholas Suzuki (born August 10, 1999) is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre and captain of the Montreal Canadiens of the National Hockey League (NHL). The Vegas Golden Knights selected him in the first round, 13th overall, of the 2017 NHL Entry Draft.


title: Nick Suzuki

text: Suzuki was born on August 10, 1999, in London, Ontario, to parents Rob and Amanda Suzuki. He suffered from several health conditions as a child, including hand, foot, and mouth disease, several bouts of pneumonia due to respiratory syncytial virus, and recurrent ear infections, the latter of which required surgery to insert tympanostomy tubes. Suzuki's health improved as he grew older, and he began ice skating at the age of three. He befriended his neighbour Isaac Ratcliffe, and the two began playing sports together when they were eight: ice hockey in the winter, and golf and soccer in the summer. Suzuki and Ratcliffe went on to play minor ice hockey together for the London Jr. Knights, where they took the team to the semifinals in the OHL Cup. After leading the league with 34 goals and 68 points in 31 games, Suzuki was named the Alliance Hockey Player of the Year for the 2014–15 season.


title: Nick Suzuki

text: The Owen Sound Attack of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL) drafted Suzuki in the first round, 14th overall, of the 2015 OHL Priority Selection, and he signed with the team that June. Suzuki made an immediate impact on the Attack, with two goals and one assist through the first three games of the 2015–16 season. This included his first career junior ice hockey goal against the Kitchener Rangers on September 25. After finishing the first half of his rookie season with an overtime goal against the London Knights, Suzuki scored his first OHL hat-trick on January 30, when Owen Sound defeated the Ottawa 67's 5–2. Suzuki scored his 20th goal of the year in the last regular-season game, a 7–3 loss to Kitchener, becoming the first Attack rookie to score 20 goals in his 16-year-old season since Joey Hishon in 2008. He finished the year with 38 points in 63 games and was the only 16-year-old in the OHL to score 20 or more goals. He added two more goals in six postseason games before the Knights eliminated Owen Sound in the first round. At the end of the season, Suzuki was named to the OHL First All-Rookie Team at centre.


title: Nick Suzuki

text: Entering the 2016-17 season, Suzuki, who had a goal and an assist in his first four games, was named a Player to Watch by the NHL Central Scouting Bureau. By mid-December, Suzuki was eighth in the OHL with 43 points and had already tied his previous season high of 20 goals. He was subsequently named to Team Cherry at the 2017 CHL/NHL Top Prospects Game. He was the top-ranked member of the Attack in the NHL Central Scouting Bureau's mideterm report, named the number 16 North American skating prospect. Suzuki moved up to 10th in the final Central Scouting Rankings after ending the regular season with 45 goals and 96 points in 65 games. He added an additional eight goals and 23 points in 17 postseason games as the Attack reached the OHL Western Conference Finals, where they were eliminated by the Erie Otters in six games. At the end of his sophomore season, Suzuki was named to the OHL All-Star Second Team, and he also received both the William Hanley Trophy and the CHL Sportsman of the Year award after recording only 10 penalty minutes in 65 games. That June, the Vegas Golden Knights of the National Hockey League (NHL) selected Suzuki in the first round, 13th overall of the 2017 NHL Entry Draft, and he signed a three-year, entry-level contract with the team on July 15.


title: Nick Suzuki

text: Suzuki was invited to the Golden Knights' training camp just before the season, but returned to the Attack on September 22. He began the 2017–18 OHL season as an assistant captain for the Attack, supporting captain Jacob Friend. Suzuki scored another hat-trick on November 19, scoring three goals in a 6–4 victory over the Firebirds. Suzuki set a number of milestones over the course of the 2017–18 season, with his 200th OHL point on February 3, followed by his 100th goal on March 10. In the Attack's regular-season finale, Suzuki recorded two goals and an assist, finishing the season with 42 goals and 58 assists. He was only the fifth player in franchise history to record 100 points over the course of one season, and was the first since Bobby Ryan during the 2006–07 OHL season. In the postseason, Suzuki added another goal and five assists in Owen Sound's first-round sweep of London, but the Attack lost to the Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds in the next series. In addition to taking home the 2018 William Hanley Trophy for his 18 penalty minutes, Suzuki received the Tommy Burlington Award as the Attack's leading scorer, as well as the Jerry Reid Memorial Award for Owen Sound's regular season MVP. Once the OHL season ended, Suzuki joined the Chicago Wolves, the Golden Knights' American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, for their Calder Cup run. He made a brief appearance in the final game of the Wolves' sweep at the hands of the Rockford IceHogs and was subsequently assigned to the Golden Knights' taxi squad for the remainder of the 2017–18 NHL season.


title: Nick Suzuki

text: On September 10, 2018, while playing junior ice hockey for Owen Sound, Suzuki was sent to the Montreal Canadiens alongside Tomáš Tatar and a second-round pick in the 2019 NHL Entry Draft in exchange for veteran player Max Pacioretty. In a blockbuster trade made halfway through the season, the Attack sent Suzuki, Zachary Roberts, and Sean Durzi to the Guelph Storm in exchange for forwards Zachary Pointer and Barret Kirwin, defenceman Mark Woolley, and draft picks in the next four OHL Priority Selections. At the time, Suzuki had 22 goals and 45 points in 30 games of the 2018–19 OHL season. While he had played at centre for most of his hockey career to that point, Suzuki also spent time on the wing for Guelph. He recorded his 300th career OHL point with his new team on February 20, helping push Guelph past Flint 5–4 in the process. After the trade, Suzuki scored 12 goals and 49 points in 29 games for Guelph, finishing the season with a cumulative 34 goals and 94 points in 59 games. With 12 penalty minutes for the season, he took home the William Hanley Trophy for the third consecutive season. He added another 16 goals and 42 points in 24 playoff games, including three goals and 11 points in the Storm's six-game OHL championship series. For his efforts, Suzuki won the Wayne Gretzky 99 Award as Guelph took home the J. Ross Robertson Cup. While the Storm were eliminated from the 2019 Memorial Cup by the Halifax Mooseheads, Suzuki, who had three goals and four assists in four games without taking a penalty, also took home the George Parsons Trophy for the most sportsmanlike player in the tournament. He concluded his OHL career as a Third Team All-Star for the 2018–19 season.


title: Nick Suzuki

text: After impressing general manager Marc Bergevin during training camp, Suzuki made the Canadiens' opening-night roster for the season. He made his NHL debut on October 4, 2019, a 4–3 shootout loss to the Carolina Hurricanes. He recorded his first point five days later, assisting on Joel Armia's goal in a 5–4 overtime loss to the Buffalo Sabres. Suzuki's first NHL goal came in his seventh career game, when he scored on Alex Stalock in a 4–0 shutout victory over the Minnesota Wild. He and Victor Mete became the first Montreal teammates to score their first career goals in the same game since Chris Higgins and Alexander Perezhogin in 2005. Alternating between centre and wing, Suzuki had seven goals and 19 points by the midseason holiday break. On February 8, 2020, Suzuki assisted on Ilya Kovalchuk's game-winning goal against the Toronto Maple Leafs. In doing so, he became the first Montreal rookie to reach 35 points since Higgins during the 2005–06 season. After recording four goals and 10 points, including a team-leading five power play points, Suzuki was awarded the Molson Cup as the Canadiens' player of the month for February. At the time that the regular NHL season was suspended indefinitely due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Suzuki had 13 goals and 41 points in 71 games. He was one of only three players to appear in every regular-season game, while his 41 points were second to Guy Lafleur for the most of any Montreal rookie aged 20 or younger.


title: Nick Suzuki

text: When the NHL returned to play for the 2020 Stanley Cup playoffs in July, Suzuki was one of 31 Canadiens selected to join the team in Toronto. He scored his first postseason NHL goal in the first round of Stanley Cup qualifiers, putting the Canadiens up 2–0 in an eventual 3–2 win over the Pittsburgh Penguins. Montreal defeated Pittsburgh in the qualifiers, but lost to the Philadelphia Flyers in six games during the Eastern Conference First Round. Suzuki's seven points (four goals and three assists) in 10 playoff games tied Jonathan Drouin for the team lead. At the end of the season, Suzuki was named to the 2019–20 NHL All-Rookie Team.


title: Nick Suzuki

text: Starting the season on the top offensive line with Drouin and Josh Anderson, Suzuki began the year on a six-game point streak. That early-season momentum failed to carry forward: through 18 games, the Canadiens' four centres scored only eight goals, four of which were from Suzuki. By midseason, Suzuki had 18 points in 28 games and was on an eight-game scoring drought. At the NHL trading deadline, Bergevin acquired veteran Eric Staal to act as a mentor for Suzuki and Jesperi Kotkaniemi, both of whom were struggling with consistency. Suzuki also benefited from the late-season addition of Cole Caufield, who joined the Canadiens after finishing his college ice hockey career with the Wisconsin Badgers. After Caufield set up Suzuki's game-tying goal against the Edmonton Oilers on May 12, Suzuki told reporters that the "chemistry is there" between them. Suzuki finished the regular season with 15 goals and 41 points in 56 games.


title: Nick Suzuki

text: Suzuki and the Canadiens faced the Toronto Maple Leafs in the first round of the 2021 Stanley Cup playoffs. After Toronto took a 3–1 series lead, Suzuki scored the overtime Game 5 goal to extend the series. Montreal took the series in seven games, moving on to play the Winnipeg Jets in the second round. The Canadiens swept the Jets in four games, with Suzuki recording four goals and eight points through the first 11 games of the postseason. After defeating the Vegas Golden Knights in six games, Suzuki and the Canadiens faced the Tampa Bay Lightning in the 2021 Stanley Cup Finals. It was the first time a Canadian team reached the Finals since the Vancouver Canucks ten years prior. The Canadiens lost the series in five games, Suzuki finished the postseason with seven goals and 16 points in 22 games.


title: Nick Suzuki

text: On October 12, 2021, Suzuki signed an eight-year, $63 million extension with the Canadiens, which would carry through the 2029–30 NHL season. He was also one of several alternate captains for Montreal during the season. After recording four goals and ten points in 14 games, Suzuki was the Canadiens' Molson Cup pick for the month of November. On December 7, Suzuki collected his 100th career point with an assist in Montreal's 3–2 loss to the Lightning. He became the ninth-youngest skater to record 100 points with Montreal and did so in 154 games, the third-fastest of any Canadien since 1996. In January, Suzuki, who led the team with 19 points in 35 games, was named Montreal's representative for the 2022 NHL All-Star Game in Las Vegas. On February 9, the Canadiens, who were last in the league with an 8–30–7 record, fired head coach Dominique Ducharme and appointed Martin St. Louis interim coach of the organization. Shortly after his appointment, St. Louis placed Caufield and Anderson on the top line with Suzuki. In their first game together, the line combined for seven points as Montreal won 5–2 against Toronto. Suzuki's 40th point of the season came on March 5, his 12th point in a seven-game stretch. Suzuki and Caufield were both honored with the Molson Cup for March after scoring seven goals apiece in 15 games. On April 16, Suzuki scored his 20th goal of the season against the Washington Capitals, while his 60th point came on April 27 against the New York Rangers. Although Montreal failed to reach the 2022 Stanley Cup playoffs, Suzuki set career highs with 21 goals and 61 points, while his 209 consecutive games gave him the seventh-longest iron man streak among active players. At the end of the season, Suzuki was named the Canadiens' 2021–22 Molson Cup winner.


title: Nick Suzuki

text: On September 12, 2022, Suzuki succeeded Shea Weber as captain of the Canadiens. He was the 31st captain of the franchise and, at 23 years old, the youngest captain in team history. Veteran players Joel Edmundson and Brendan Gallagher were subsequently named alternate captains. Upon being named captain, several of the leading politicians in Quebec, including Coalition Avenir Québec Premier François Legault and Liberal leader Dominique Anglade urged Suzuki to learn French as a way to connect with the Montreal fans. Pittsburgh Penguins captain Sidney Crosby also privately advised him that he should do so, citing his own experience while playing with the QMJHL's Rimouski Océanic. Suzuki told reporters that he took online classes during the summer as well as French in school growing up, but acknowledged he was currently better at reading the language than speaking it.


title: Nick Suzuki

text: The 2022–23 season was expected to be a development year for the rebuilding Canadiens. With Suzuki and Caufield an established duo on the team's first line, coach St-Louis began experimenting with different players in the other wing position. The early games saw Anderson, Sean Monahan and Mike Hoffman rotate through. The position was next given to Kirby Dach, the former 2019 third overall selection acquired by the Canadiens in the offseason with the initial expectation that he would play centre. The Caufield/Suzuki/Dach line generated strong initial results.


title: Nick Suzuki

text: Suzuki was one of three members of the Owen Sound Attack invited to participate in the 2015 World U-17 Hockey Challenge. He won gold with the Canada White team, recording one goal and four points in six tournament games. The following year, he was named to the Canadian under-18 team roster for the 2016 Ivan Hlinka Memorial Tournament. He recorded one goal and three points in four games as Canada finished the tournament in fifth place.


title: Nick Suzuki

text: As a member of the Canadian junior team, Suzuki participated in the 2019 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships in British Columbia. He provided three assists in five games, while the Canadian team was eliminated by Finland in a 2–1 quarterfinal match. It was the first time in World Junior history that Canada had hosted the tournament and not reached the medal rounds.


title: Nick Suzuki

text: Suzuki's younger brother Ryan also plays hockey. He was selected 28th overall by the Carolina Hurricanes in the 2019 NHL Entry Draft. The brothers are also distantly related to David Suzuki, a geneticist and television presenter who founded the David Suzuki Foundation. He is a first cousin of their grandfather.


title: Nick Suzuki

text: Suzuki is one-quarter Japanese and is considered "Gosei", as his great-great grandparents immigrated to Canada in the early 1900s. He has expressed his desire to become a role model for younger Japanese and other Asian hockey players. Suzuki is also of Scottish Canadian descent on his mother's side.


title: Depictions of nudity

text: Depictions of nudity include all of the representations or portrayals of the unclothed human body in visual media. In a picture-making civilization, pictorial conventions continually reaffirm what is natural in human appearance, which is part of socialization. In Western societies, the contexts for depictions of nudity include information, art and pornography. Information includes both science and education. Any ambiguous image not easily fitting into one of these categories may be misinterpreted, leading to disputes. The most contentious disputes are between fine art and erotic images, which define the legal distinction of which images are permitted or prohibited.


title: Depictions of nudity

text: A depiction is defined as any lifelike image, ranging from precise representations to verbal descriptions. Portrayal is a synonym of depiction, but includes playing a role on stage as one form of representation.


title: Depictions of nudity

text: Nudity in art – painting, sculpture and more recently photography – has generally reflected social standards of the time in aesthetics and modesty/morality. At all times in human history, the human body has been one of the principal subjects for artists. It has been represented in paintings and statues since prehistory.


title: Depictions of nudity

text: Portraits and nudes without a pretense to allegorical or mythological meaning were a fairly common genre of art during all centuries. Some regard Goya's "La Maja desnuda" of around 1800, which provoked outrage in Spanish society over the model painted with and without her clothes ("desnuda" means nude), as "the first totally profane life-size female nude in Western art", but paintings of nude females were not uncommon, especially paintings of mistresses and lover of kings, dukes and other aristocrats and mistresses and wives of the artists. La Maja desnuda was different in only one way, it was exhibited on a public art exhibition.


title: Depictions of nudity

text: With the expansion of the display of nudity in art beyond traditional galleries, some exhibitions experience backlash from individuals that equate all nude representations with sexuality, and thus inappropriate for viewing by the general public.


title: Depictions of nudity

text: Although naked, Andrea Doria is not fragile or frail. He is depicted as a powerful virile man, showing masculine spirit, strength, vigor, and power.


title: Depictions of nudity

text: Bronzino's so-called "allegorical portraits", such as this Genoese admiral, Andrea Doria are less typical but possibly even more fascinating due to the peculiarity of placing a publicly recognized personality in the nude as a mythical figure.


title: Depictions of nudity

text: Centuries later, many painters created images of nude children that carried no religious or symbolic significance. Some sculptures depict nude child figures. A particularly famous one is "Manneken Pis" in Brussels, showing a nude young boy urinating into the fountain below. A female equivalent is "Jeanneke Pis".


title: Depictions of nudity

text: Henry Scott Tuke painted nude young boys doing everyday seaside activities, swimming, boating, and fishing; his images were not overtly erotic, nor did they usually show their genitals. Otto Lohmüller became controversial for his nude paintings of young males, which often depicted genitals. Balthus and William-Adolphe Bouguereau included nude girls in many of their paintings. Professional photographers such as Will McBride, Jock Sturges, Sally Mann, David Hamilton, Jacques Bourboulon, Garo Aida, and Bill Henson have made photographs of nude young children for publication in books and magazines and for public exhibition in art galleries. According to some, photographs such as these are acceptable and should be (or remain) legal since they represent the unclothed form of the children in an artistic manner, the children were not sexually abused, and the photographers obtained written permission from the parents or guardians. Opponents suggest that such works should be (or remain) banned and represent a form of child pornography, involving subjects who may have experienced psychological harm during or after their creation.


title: Depictions of nudity

text: Sturges and Hamilton were both investigated following public condemnation of their work by Christian activists including Randall Terry. Several attempts to prosecute Sturges or bookseller Barnes & Noble have been dropped or thrown out of court and Sturges's work appears in many museums, including New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art.


title: Depictions of nudity

text: There have been incidents in which snapshots taken by parents of their infant or toddler children bathing or otherwise naked were destroyed or turned over to law enforcement as child pornography. Such incidents may be examples of false allegation of child sexual abuse. Author Lynn Powell described the prosecution of such cases in terms of a moral panic surrounding child sexual abuse and child pornography.


title: Depictions of nudity

text: In the nineteenth century, Orientalism represented the European view of the Muslim cultures of North Africa. Representations of nude Muslim women included "French postcards" for popular distribution, which escaped legal sanctions by being placed in the category of ethnography rather than porn. In the fine arts, many painters used the trope of the harem as an acceptable context for nude and seminude women.


title: Depictions of nudity

text: Photography has been used to create images of nudity that fit into any category; artistic, educational, commercial, and erotic.


title: Depictions of nudity

text: Alfred Cheney Johnston (1885 – 1971) was a professional American photographer who often photographed Ziegfeld Follies "showgirls".


title: Depictions of nudity

text: Male naked bodies were not pictured as frequently at the time. An exception is the photograph of the early bodybuilder Eugen Sandow modelling the statue "The Dying Gaul", illustrating the Grecian Ideal which he introduced to bodybuilding.


title: Depictions of nudity

text: Nude depictions of women may be criticized by feminists as inherently voyeuristic due to the male gaze. Although not specifically anti-nudity, the feminist group Guerrilla Girls point out the prevalence of nude women on the walls of museums but the scarcity of female artists.


title: Depictions of nudity

text: Without the relative freedom of the fine arts, nudity in popular culture often involves making fine distinctions between types of depictions. The most extreme form is full frontal nudity, referring to the fact that the actor or model is presented from the front and with the genitals exposed. Frequently, images of nude people do not go that far. They are instead deliberately composed, and films edited, such that in particular no genitalia are seen, as if the camera by chance failed to see them. This is sometimes called "implied nudity" as opposed to "explicit nudity." It is in popular culture that a particular image may lead to classification disputes.


title: Depictions of nudity

text: In modern media, images of partial and full nudity are used in advertising to draw attention. In the case of attractive models this attention is due to the visual pleasure the images provide; in other cases it is due to the relative rarity of such images. The use of nudity in advertising tends to be carefully controlled to avoid the impression that a company whose product is being advertised is indecent or unrefined. There are also (self-imposed) limits on what advertising media such as magazines will allow. The success of sexually provocative advertising is claimed in the truism "sex sells." However, responses to nudity in American advertisements have been more mixed; nudity in the advertisements of Calvin Klein, Benetton, and Abercrombie & Fitch, for example, has provoked negative as well as positive responses.


title: Depictions of nudity

text: An example of an advertisement featuring male full frontal nudity is one for M7 fragrance. Many magazines refused to place the ad, so there was also a version with a more modest photograph of the same model.


title: Depictions of nudity

text: In the early 1990s, Demi Moore posed nude for two covers of "Vanity Fair": "Demi's Birthday Suit" and "More Demi Moore". Later examples of implied nudity in mainstream magazine covers have included:


title: Depictions of nudity

text: In 1998, two French cartoonist partners Regis Loisel and Philippe Sternis made the feral child graphic novel (bande dessinée) Pyrénée as the cover, and page story in nude.


title: Depictions of nudity

text: Nudity is occasionally presented in other media, often with attending controversy. For example, album covers for music by performers such as Jimi Hendrix, John Lennon and Yoko Ono, Nirvana, Blind Faith, Scorpions and Jane's Addiction have contained nudity. Several rock musicians have performed nude on stage, including members of Jane's Addiction, Rage Against the Machine, Green Day, Black Sabbath, Stone Temple Pilots, The Jesus Lizard, Blind Melon, Red Hot Chili Peppers, blink-182, Naked Raygun, Queens of the Stone Age and The Bravery.


title: Depictions of nudity

text: The provocative photo of a nude prepubescent girl on the original cover of the "Virgin Killer" album by the Scorpions also brought controversy.


title: Depictions of nudity

text: Sexually explicit images, other than those having a scientific or educational purpose, are generally categorized as either erotic art or pornography, but sometimes can be both.


title: Depictions of nudity

text: Japanese painters like Hokusai and Utamaro, in addition to their usual themes also executed erotic depictions. Such paintings were called shunga (literally: "spring" or "picture of spring"). They served as sexual guidance for newly married couples in Japan in general, and the sons and daughters of prosperous families were given elaborate pictures as presents on their wedding days. Most shunga are a type of ukiyo-e, usually executed in woodblock print format. It was traditional to present a bride with ukiyo-e depicting erotic scenes from the "Tale of Genji".


title: Depictions of nudity

text: Shunga were relished by both men and women of all classes. Superstitions and customs surrounding shunga suggest as much; in the same way that it was considered a lucky charm against death for a samurai to carry shunga, it was considered a protection against fire in merchant warehouses and the home. The samurai, chonin, and housewives all owned shunga. All three of these groups would undergo separation from the opposite sex; the samurai lived in camps for months at a time, and conjugal separation resulted from the sankin-kōtai system and the merchants' need to travel to obtain and sell goods. Records of women obtaining shunga themselves from booklenders show that they were consumers of it.


title: Depictions of nudity

text: The Khajuraho temples contain sexual or erotic art on the external walls of the temple. Some of the sanctuaries have erotic statuettes both on the outside of the inner wall. A small amount of the carvings contain sexual themes and those seemingly do not depict deities but rather sexual activities between human individuals. The rest depict the everyday life. These carvings are possibly tantric sexual practices.


title: Depictions of nudity

text: Another perspective of these carvings is presented by James McConnachie in his history of the "Kamasutra". McConnachie describes the zesty 10% of the Khajuraho sculptures as "the apogee of erotic art":


title: Depictions of nudity

text: Twisting, broad-hipped and high breasted nymphs display their generously contoured and bejewelled bodies on exquisitely worked exterior wall panels. These fleshy "apsaras" run riot across the surface of the stone, putting on make-up, washing their hair, playing games, dancing, and endlessly knotting and unknotting their girdles...Beside the heavenly nymphs are serried ranks of griffins, guardian deities and, most notoriously, extravagantly interlocked "maithunas", or lovemaking couples.


title: Depictions of nudity

text: In art, a study is a drawing, sketch or painting done in preparation for a finished piece, or as visual notes. Painting and drawing studies (life-drawing, sketching and anatomy) were part of the artist's education.


title: Depictions of nudity

text: Studies are used by artists to understand the problems involved in execution of the artists subjects and the disposition of the elements of the artist work, such as the human body depicted using light, color, form, perspective and composition. Studies can be traced back as long ago as the Italian Renaissance, for example Leonardo da Vinci's and Michelangelo's studies.


title: Depictions of nudity

text: Anatomical studies of the human body were also executed by medical doctors. The physician Andreas Vesalius work of anatomical studies "De humani corporis fabrica" ("On the fabric of the human body"), published 1543, was a pioneering work of human anatomy illustrated by Titian's pupil Jan Stephen van Calcar.


title: Depictions of nudity

text: The "Fabrica" emphasized the priority of dissection and what has come to be called the "anatomical" view of the body, seeing human internal functioning as an essentially corporeal structure filled with organs arranged in three-dimensional space. In this work, Vesalius also becomes the first person to describe mechanical ventilation. It is largely this achievement that has resulted in Vesalius being incorporated into the Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists college arms and crest.


title: Depictions of nudity

text: Sketching is generally a prescribed part of the studies of art students, who need to develop their ability to quickly record impressions through sketching, from a live model. The sketch is a rapidly executed freehand drawing that is not usually intended as a finished work. The sketch may serve a number of purposes: it might record something that the artist sees, it might record or develop an idea for later use or it might be used as a quick way of graphically demonstrating an image, idea or principle. A sketch usually implies a quick and loosely drawn work, while related terms such as study, and "preparatory drawing" usually refer to more finished drawings to be used for a final work.


title: Depictions of nudity

text: Most visual artists use, to a greater or lesser degree, the sketch as a method of recording or working out ideas. The sketchbooks of some individual artists have become very well known, including those of Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo and Edgar Degas which have become art objects in their own right, with many pages showing finished studies as well as sketches.


title: Depictions of nudity

text: Depictions of nudity, sometimes sexually explicit, are allowed in the context of sex education as appropriate for the age of the students.


title: Depictions of nudity

text: What is generally called "ethnographic" nudity has appeared both in serious research works on ethnography and anthropology, as well as in commercial documentaries and in the "National Geographic" magazine in the United States. In some cases, media outlets may show nudity that occurs in a "natural" or spontaneous setting in news programs or documentaries, while blurring out or censoring the nudity in a dramatic work. The ethnographic focus provided an exceptional framework for photographers to depict peoples whose nudity was, or still is, acceptable within the mores, or within certain specific settings, of their traditional culture.


title: Depictions of nudity

text: Detractors of ethnographic nudity often dismiss it as merely the colonial gaze preserved in the guise of scientific documentation. However, the works of some ethnographic painters and photographers including Herb Ritts, David LaChappelle, Bruce Weber, Irving Penn, Casimir Zagourski, Hugo Bernatzik and Leni Riefenstahl, have received worldwide acclaim for preserving a record of the mores of what are perceived as "paradises" threatened by the onslaught of average modernity.


title: Gary Medel

text: Gary Alexis Medel Soto (; born 3 August 1987) is a Chilean professional footballer who plays for Italian club Bologna and the Chile national team as a centre-back and a defensive midfielder. Medel has played club football with several teams in numerous countries, starting out with Chilean side Universidad Católica, and later playing for Argentine side Boca Juniors, Spanish side Sevilla, Premier League side Cardiff City, and Italian side Inter Milan, before moving to Beşiktaş in Turkey in 2017. He then moved back to Italy and joined Bologna in 2019.


title: Gary Medel

text: A full Chilean international with over 150 caps since 2007, Medel has represented the nation at two FIFA World Cups, five Copa América tournaments, and one edition of the FIFA Confederations Cup. He was part of the squad that won the 2015 Copa América (where he was named in the Team of the tournament) and the Copa América Centenario. He was also included in the squads that finished fourth at the 2019 Copa América, and were runners-up at the 2017 Confederations Cup.


title: Gary Medel

text: Medel joined Universidad Católica at the age of 12. His youth team coach Mario Lepe put his name forward to join the senior ranks.


title: Gary Medel

text: On 20 July 2009, he joined Boca Juniors on an initial loan for US$300,000 with the option to buy for $2.5 million, with Damián Díaz being sent in the opposite direction. Medel said of the move "This is a dream come true. It is a very important club, and one which has players which I admire a lot, Juan Román Riquelme, Martín Palermo and Sebastián Battaglia. He is my idol and has me very happy to play by his side". Medel scored both goals in a 2–0 win in the Superclásico against River Plate on 25 March 2010.


title: Gary Medel

text: Before he joined Sevilla, his farewell match with Boca was a friendly against River in Mar del Plata. He came on in the 77th minute of the 2–0 win.


title: Gary Medel

text: Medel joined Sevilla for €3 million on 28 January 2011, on a -year contract, on the same day as the club also signed Ivan Rakitić for their central midfield. He said "I am happy to be here, I hope that everything goes well. I'm a player who puts a lot into my heart on the pitch, I hope that with my playing that I can contribute to Sevilla".


title: Gary Medel

text: On 12 February, he made his La Liga debut, playing all 90 minutes of a 2–3 away defeat at Racing Santander. He helped Sevilla to a 1–1 draw against FC Barcelona at home on 12 March, clearing the ball off the line twice, the second on an attempt by Lionel Messi.


title: Gary Medel

text: On 11 August 2013, Cardiff City confirmed that they had signed Medel from Sevilla for a club record £11 million fee on a four-year deal. He made his debut for the club on 17 August, in a 2–0 defeat against West Ham United. He made his home debut at the Cardiff City Stadium on 25 August, in a 3–2 win against Manchester City. Medel played all 90 minutes and received the fans' man of the match award.


title: Gary Medel

text: After Cardiff's relegation, Medel joined Italian club Inter Milan for a reported £10 million fee on 9 August 2014. The fee, which was £1 million less than what Cardiff had signed Medel for, was criticised by former striker Nathan Blake, but was justified by Cardiff manager Ole Gunnar Solskjær. Medel made his Serie A debut for Inter on 31 August as they began the season with a goalless draw at Torino, playing the full 90 minutes.


title: Gary Medel

text: On 31 October 2015, Medel scored his first goal for Inter to give the "Nerazzurri" a 1–0 victory over "Scudetto" rivals Roma at the Stadio Giuseppe Meazza.


title: Gary Medel

text: On 23 October 2016, in the 2–1 away defeat at Atalanta, Medel hit Jasmin Kurtić in the face with his left arm, an incident that was not spotted by the referee. A day later, however, he was banned for three league games by Lega Serie A after examining TV images.


title: Gary Medel

text: On 20 November 2016, in the Derby della Madonnina against cross-town rivals A.C. Milan, Medel played as centre-back for 37 minutes before replaced by Jeison Murillo due to a knee injury. Following the match, which ended in a 2–2 draw, it was confirmed that Medel had damaged his lateral meniscus and would be sidelined until January 2017.


title: Gary Medel

text: Medel returned to action on 28 January by playing in Inter's 3–0 home defeat of Pescara. Later on 12 March, he made his 100th appearance for Inter as the "Nerazzurri" beat Atalanta 7–1 at home.


title: Gary Medel

text: On 11 August 2017, Medel signed for Süper Lig champions Beşiktaş for a reported €3 million. He signed a three-year contract.


title: Gary Medel

text: On 29 August 2019, Medel signed a three-year contract with Serie A club Bologna for a reported fee of €2.5 million. He debuted for Bologna against rivals SPAL on 30 August 2019.


title: Gary Medel

text: In March 2007, Medel made his international debut for Chile in a friendly against Argentina. Later that year, he played a key role in Chile's third-place finish in the U-20 World Cup held in Canada. He was sent off in the semi-final match against Argentina, when he kicked Gabriel Mercado in the 24th minute and was suspended for the third-place play-off. Medel claimed that he was tasered by police after the match.


title: Gary Medel

text: He made his competitive debut for Chile in the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification match against Bolivia in a 2–0 victory at the Estadio Hernando Siles in La Paz, scoring both goals, the first being a bicycle kick. Medel played an important role in Chile's qualification for the 2010 FIFA World Cup, playing as a central defender or right back. He started in the three group-stage matches at the World Cup finals in South Africa, but was suspended for the round of 16 match against Brazil, where "la Roja" were eliminated.


title: Gary Medel

text: He was named in Chile's squad for the 2011 Copa América, featuring in all three group matches, the first two as a starter. In the quarter-final match against Venezuela in San Juan, Argentina, he was sent off for handball and Chile lost 2–1.


title: Gary Medel

text: Medel played a key role in 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification, scoring the goal that secured qualification for the 2014 FIFA World Cup, heading a goal against Ecuador. Medel captained Chile in a 1–0 friendly defeat to Germany on 5 March 2014. He was one of 23 players who were called up by coach Jorge Sampaoli to play in 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil. Medel played as a starter alongside Gonzalo Jara in the center of defense, for Chile who beat Australia 3–1 in Cuiabá to get their first three points of the World Cup campaign. He also played a full 90 minutes in second match against the reigning world champions Spain, with Chile getting a historic 2–0 win. Spain's loss sealed the qualification of both Chile and the Netherlands to the knockout stage, and eliminated both Spain and Australia. Spain became the fifth defending champion to be knocked out in the group stage. Medel played 90 minutes in the final group match against the Netherlands who won 2–0 and won the group, while Chile finished Group B as runner-up with six points. Chile was eliminated in the round of 16 against the same team that eliminated them in last tournament, Brazil, but this time, Brazil advanced to the quarter-finals by winning on penalty shootout.


title: Gary Medel

text: At the 2015 Copa América, held in Chile, Medel scored during a 5–0 win against Bolivia which ensured that "La Roja" would progress to the knockout stage as Group A winners. In the semi-final against Peru, he scored an own goal from Luis Advíncula's cross to equalise, but Chile advanced to the final winning 2–1. In the final against Argentina, Medel played as a starter and helped the team to win the trophy on penalty kicks, after the regular time ended in a goalless draw. Medel became the fourth most capped player with 80 matches, equaling his defense partner Gonzalo Jara. That was Medel's first major trophy with Chile. For his performances he was named in the Team of the tournament.


title: Gary Medel

text: In June 2017, Medel was named in the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup squad in Chile's first ever participation. On 13 June, in the friendly against Romania, Medel received a red-card in 33rd minute as Chile slumped into a 3–2 away defeat. It was his fourth red-card with the national team in 99 appearances. He captained Chile in the first two Group B matches against Cameroon and Germany due to Claudio Bravo's injury, also earning his 100th cap in the process, becoming the fourth Chile player to achieve the feat. Then he was rested for the final group match as Chile achieved a second-place which allowed them to go to knockout stage.


title: Gary Medel

text: In the third-place match of the 2019 Copa América against Argentina on 6 July, Medel was sent off along with Lionel Messi in the 37th minute of play, after being involved in an altercation with the Argentine; Chile lost the match 2–1.


title: Gary Medel

text: Medel usually plays as a defensive midfielder; however, he is also capable of playing as a defender, and has even been deployed as a centre-back throughout his career, as well as in other midfield roles, or even as a right-back. Due to his work-rate, physicality, tenacity, tactical intelligence, and his aggressive, hard-tackling style of play, as well as his leadership on the pitch, he is nicknamed "Pitbull". In 2015, manager Roberto Mancini described Medel as a "warrior".


title: Emirate of Ajman

text: The Emirate of Ajman (; ) (Gulf Arabic: إمارة عيمان emāratʿymān) is one of the seven emirates of the United Arab Emirates. It joined the United Arab Emirates federation on December 2, 1971. It has an area of 259 square kilometers (100 sq mi), which makes it the smallest of the emirates in terms of area, while its population of approximately 504,846 in 2017 according to the Federal Competitiveness and Statistics Center makes it the fourth most populous emirate in the country. It is named after the city of Ajman, which is its seat of government. The main landmass of the emirate is bordered on the north, east, and south by the Emirate of Sharjah.


title: Emirate of Ajman

text: Located on the coast of the Arabian Gulf, Ajman also controls two small inland exclaves: Manama and Masfout, both of which are primarily agricultural. Approximately 95% of the population of the emirate resides in the city of Ajman, which forms part of the Dubai-Sharjah-Ajman metropolitan area. Ajman is ruled by Sheikh Humaid bin Rashid Al Nuaimi III of the Na'im tribe. The Crown Prince of the Emirate is Sheikh Ammar bin Humaid Al Nuaimi.


title: Emirate of Ajman

text: As well as the city of Ajman, the emirate encompasses two landlocked exclaves, Manama and Masfout. Manama is located 73 kilometers to the capital's east, covering an area of 26 km. Manama is in the plains at the foothills of the Hajjar Mountains some 60 km east of Ajman city. It also consists of a little, primarily agricultural oasis containing quarries and mines of magnesium and chromium. While Masfout is in the mountains proper, some 110 km southeast of Ajman City. It consists of a small town that provides essential services and valleys sustained by subsistence farming and marble quarrying.


title: Emirate of Ajman

text: The city and main territory of Ajman is bordered to the landward side by Sharjah, while Manama shares borders with Sharjah and Fujairah. Masfout borders Oman, Dubai (the village and exclave of Hatta) and Ras Al Khaimah. Both Manama and Masfout are fertile regions and support widespread agricultural development.


title: Emirate of Ajman

text: Most of the main emirate's landmass is developed, with extensive suburbs stretching out almost to the E311 arterial road, with light industrial zones and warehousing towards the northeast. Ajman's creek has been dredged and walled to form a port area and this is the location for the Ajman Port and the Ajman Free Zone. Ajman has a thriving textile industry and is home to some 15% of the UAE's manufacturing firms.


title: Emirate of Ajman

text: The small areas of sandy desert outside the city support scant seasonal growths of wild grasses and scrub, ghaf trees and occasional date palms. Acacia and ghaf trees are to be found in abundance in Manama, which has long been established as an agricultural centre. Date palm groves and fruit tree plantations are characteristic of Masfout.


title: Emirate of Ajman

text: The Emirate of Ajman is a monarchy, ruled by Sheikh Humaid bin Rashid Al Nuaimi III since succeeding his father in 1981. The Crown Prince of Ajman is Sheikh Ammar bin Humaid Al Nuaimi. The emirate has been ruled by members of the Al Nuaimi family (or tribe) since 1810. It contributes four senators, or seats, to the 40-seat Federal National Council of the United Arab Emirates.


title: Emirate of Ajman

text: Ajman's municipality and planning department was founded in 1968 and is responsible for integrated city planning, trade licensing, building licensing and planning and the development of roads and civic infrastructure, health care, agricultural policy and public parks. Sheikh Rashid bin Humaid Al Nuaimi is the Chairman of Ajman Municipality and Planning Department since 2005. In addition, Ajman has a Department of Economic Development , which encourages FDI and drives the emirate's economic opportunities.


title: Emirate of Ajman

text: Ajman's real estate market is regulated by the Ajman Real Estate Regulatory Authority (ARERA), established in December 2008 to bring regulation to bear on Ajman's fast-growing and uncontrolled property boom.


title: Emirate of Ajman

text: Ajman Police was founded in 1967 and originally housed in Ajman Fort, which was vacated by the Ruler, Sheikh Rashid Bin Humaid Al Nuaimi, in that year. Ajman's legal system is governed by UAE Federal law and the Federal courts.


title: Emirate of Ajman

text: Ajman's GDP was $4.23 billion in 2012, in which it had a positive trade balance with exports of $1.61 billion and imports of $600 million. Ajman grew by 5% as GDP increased from 15,690 million dirhams in 2012 to 16,441 million in 2013, according to the annual economic reports of Ajman 2013 and 2014.


title: Emirate of Ajman

text: Ajman's economy is dominated by five sectors: manufacturing; construction; wholesale and retail; real estate and business services; and transport, storage and communications. In 2012, these sectors contributed some 82% of total GDP, with manufacturing (37%) and construction (15%) the two largest contributors. The three largest growth sectors in Ajman from 2010 to 2012 were social and personal services, which grew 6.4%, transport, storage and communication, which grew 5.1% and manufacturing, which grew 5%.


title: Emirate of Ajman

text: In 2013, the relative share of manufacturing activity formed 35% of GDP. The construction sector constituted 15%, including general contracting and maintenance, construction, and civil construction such as roads, bridges, and water systems. The relative contribution of the wholesale, retail trade, and repair services sector, which includes the resale of new and used goods, repair, and maintenance, reached about 13% of the value of GDP in the same year.


title: Emirate of Ajman

text: The fastest-growing trades in the manufacturing sector from 2009 to 2011 were carpentry and paper products, printing and publishing. Overall, the manufacturing sector in Ajman grew 16.3% over this period. The re-exporting of chemicals and plastic products clocked over 100% growth in this same time period.


title: Emirate of Ajman

text: Major export markets from 2009 to 2011 were represented by the GCC countries (31%) and Asia (27%), while Africa and Asia were the fastest growing export markets over this period. Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Oman and Iran were the Ajman's principal export trade partners.


title: Emirate of Ajman

text: Investments in Ajman grew in 2013 by 5% compared to 2012. Exports (including re-export) grew in the second quarter of 2014 by 53%. Ajman is also home to many businesses and manufacturing companies such as Amtek Industries, Al Haramain Perfumes and the Gulf Medical University.


title: Emirate of Ajman

text: Established in 1988 to lead the industrial development of the emirate by attracting various companies and offering different privileges. Ajman Port and Ajman Free Zone are major contributors to the emirate's economy. Exporting to over 65 countries, the Free Zone has some 256 industrial companies and more than 12,000 companies operated in it.


title: Emirate of Ajman

text: The business activity in Ajman Free Zone grew at an annual growth rate of about 23%, while the licenses issued grew from 1590 in 2009 to 2386 in 2011. The number of issued licenses by Ajman Municipality increased from 17,873 in 2009 to 21,799 in 2011 at an annual average rate of 10.4%. Then, it jumped to 24,525 in 2013 to mark the average growth rate as 26% in 2013. The renewed licenses in Ajman Free Zone increased by 33% in 2014 compared to 2013, while the new licenses issued in the same period achieved an increase of 70%.


title: Emirate of Ajman

text: Ajman was the first emirate in the UAE to offer 100% freehold to global investors, in 2004. This led to real estate prices rising rapidly, from $11 per square foot and, by 2007, developers had announced projects with a worth of $21.78 billion, some 65,000 units in all. In an emirate with a population that used to be 240,000 the figure was high by any standard and the pace of development was not sustainable, with the global financial crisis intervening to bring development to a sharp halt. With considerable pain from investors in stalled projects, the Ajman Real Estate Regulatory Agency came under considerable pressure.


title: Emirate of Ajman

text: By 2011, work was continued on a number of projects, including the mixed business, leisure and residential development Ajman One.


title: Emirate of Ajman

text: A development boom followed the opening of Ajman's real estate market to global investors in 2004, with 'true' freehold on offer. By 2008 the growth of real estate speculation and investment had led to the establishment of a real estate regulator, the Ajman Real Estate Regulatory Agency. Arguably ineffective in the face of the fast-moving and evolutionary gold rush taking place, ARERA had not implemented widespread policies or regulations to curb the overheating market by the time the global financial crisis intervened and brought many developments to a crashing halt. As of 2014, a number of key stalled projects had restarted, marking a more cautious and measured return to the development of the emirate's real estate market, which has recently benefited from offering competitive rentals to nearby Sharjah and Dubai.


title: Emirate of Ajman

text: The construction of Ajman International Airport began in the second half of 2008 after rescheduling the plan in 2003 in the Al Manama area of Ajman. Airport operations were scheduled to begin by 2011, and the airport was expected to host about 1 million passengers a year, rising to 10.4 million by 2046. The project stalled but has now been restarted and was projected to be completed by 2018 and will entail an investment of some $575m. However, it was put on hold till early 2020.


title: Emirate of Ajman

text: In 2007, the Ajman Marina project was launched by the Tanmiyat Group. The $3 billion was being constructed in two phases over the following five years. The project includes running tracks and facilities to attract international sporting events and provide a draw for tourism to the emirate.


title: Emirate of Ajman

text: Ajman Fort was formerly the residence of the Ruler of Ajman but turned over to Ajman Police as their barracks in 1967. It was subsequently converted into a museum and housed an eclectic collection of artifacts and exhibitions of traditional life in Ajman.


title: Emirate of Ajman

text: The Red Fort was built during Sheikh Humaid bin Abdul Aziz Al Nuaimi (1910–1928), and consists of four rooms in two towers. The fort was restored in 1986 and a third tower was added to the two older towers. Gravel and red plaster were used in the construction of the walls of the fort and hence it was named the Red Fort. Sandalwood was used in the beams and supports for the construction of the roofs.


title: Emirate of Ajman

text: Manama museum, opened on 2 December 2012, is located in Al Mareer Fort, which was originally built during the reign of Sheikh Rashid bin Humaid Al Nuaimi (1873 – 1891). A yard overlooks seven rooms and a well. The fort is surrounded by palm trees irrigated by the old Manama Falaj.


title: Emirate of Ajman

text: Ajman's busy corniche is a popular evening and weekend destination for families and features a number of fast food outlets, coffee shops and stalls. It is home to the 'Outside Inn', a popular watering hole with expatriates, as well as to a number of hotels, including the Ramada, Ajman Palace, Ajman Hotel, Fairmont Ajman, and the luxurious Ajman Saray.


title: Emirate of Ajman

text: Ajman University of Science and Technology was founded in 1988 as Ajman University College of Science and Technology (AUCST) and subsequently was renamed Ajman University of Science and Technology (AUST). It is the principal higher education institution in Ajman, with colleges offering specializations in engineering, information technology, dentistry, mass communication, pharmacy and health sciences, business administration, environment, water and energy, education and law. Consisting of two clusters, J1 (25 lecture halls and 23 laboratories) and J2 (56 lecture halls and 56 laboratories), the university includes a teaching hospital for both dental and medical specializations.


title: Emirate of Ajman

text: The Gulf Medical University (GMU), previously Gulf Medical College, was established in 1998 as a leading medical university in the Gulf region and was awarded university status in July 2008 after an order issued by Sheikh Nahyan Bin Mubarak Al Nahyan, Minister of Higher Education and Scientific Research. Its Hospital Group is the largest healthcare provider in the UAE. The Gulf Medical University offers both Undergraduate and Graduate Programs.


title: Emirate of Ajman

text: City University College of Ajman (CUCA) is an institution of higher education located in Ajman. CUCA received its license from the UAE Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research (MOHESR) in August 2011. It provides education for UAE nationals and international students.


title: Emirate of Ajman

text: Ajman has multiple transportation options, including taxis, special-need taxis, ladies taxis, and buses, with fares starting at 3 AED. In 2010, the APTA chairman said there were 1,600 taxis operated by four companies in Ajman.


title: Emirate of Ajman

text: Cricket and football are popular games and sports in Ajman. Ajman Club is an Emirati football club based in Ajman.


title: Metroid (video game)

text: The game was developed by Nintendo Research & Development 1 (Nintendo R&D1) and Intelligent Systems. It was produced by Gunpei Yokoi, directed by Satoru Okada and Masao Yamamoto, and scored by Hirokazu Tanaka. It pioneered the Metroidvania genre, focusing on exploration and searching for power-ups used to reach previously inaccessible areas. Its varied endings for fast completion times made it an early popular title for speedrunning. It was also lauded for being one of the first video games to showcase a female protagonist.


title: Metroid (video game)

text: "Metroid" was both a critical and commercial success. Reviewers praised its graphics, soundtrack, and tight controls. "Nintendo Power" ranked it 11th on their list of the best games for a Nintendo console. On Top 100 Games lists, it was ranked 7th by "Game Informer" and 69th by "Electronic Gaming Monthly". The game has been rereleased multiple times onto other Nintendo systems, such as the Game Boy Advance in 2004, the Wii, Wii U and 3DS via the Virtual Console service, and the Nintendo Switch via its online service. An enhanced remake of "Metroid" featuring updated visuals and gameplay, "", was released for the Game Boy Advance in 2004.


title: Metroid (video game)

text: "Metroid" is an action-adventure game in which the player controls Samus Aran in sprite-rendered two-dimensional landscapes. The game takes place on the fictional planet of Zebes, a large, open-ended world with areas connected by doors and elevators. The player controls Samus as she travels through the planet's caverns and hunts Space Pirates. She begins with a weak power beam as her only weapon, and with only the ability to jump. The player explores more areas and collects power-ups that grant Samus special abilities and enhance her armor and weaponry, allowing her to enter areas that were previously inaccessible. Among the power-ups that are included in the game are the Morph Ball, which allows Samus to curl into a ball to roll into tunnels; the Bomb, which can only be used while in ball form and can open hidden floor/wall paths; and the Screw Attack, a somersaulting move that destroys enemies in its path.


title: Metroid (video game)

text: In addition to common enemies, Samus encounters two bosses, Kraid and Ridley, whom she must defeat in order to progress. Ordinary enemies typically yield additional energy or ammunition when destroyed, and the player can increase Samus's carrying capacities by finding storage tanks and defeating bosses. Once Kraid and Ridley have both been defeated, the player can shoot their statues to open the path to the final area and confront the Mother Brain.


title: Metroid (video game)

text: In the year 20X5, the Space Pirates attack a Galactic Federation-owned space research vessel and seize samples of Metroid creatures—the parasitic lifeforms discovered on the planet SR388. Dangerous floating organisms, the Metroids can latch on to any organism and drain its life energy to kill it. The Space Pirates plan to replicate Metroids by exposing them to beta rays and then using them as biological weapons to destroy all living beings that oppose them. While searching for the stolen Metroids, the Galactic Federation locates the Space Pirates' base of operations on the planet Zebes. The Federation assaults the planet, but the Pirates resist, forcing the Federation to retreat.


title: Metroid (video game)

text: As a last resort, the Federation decides to send a lone bounty hunter to penetrate the Pirates' base and destroy Mother Brain, the biomechanical life-form that controls the Space Pirates' fortress and its defenses. Considered the greatest of all bounty hunters, Samus Aran is chosen for the mission. Samus lands her gunship on the surface of Zebes and explores the planet, traveling through the planet's caverns, finding upgrades like missiles, energy tanks, the morph ball, bombs, screw attack (lightning ball), and ice beam, and uses these weapons to dispatch the alien creatures who get in her way. She comes across Kraid, an ally of the Space Pirates, and Ridley, the Space Pirates' commander, and defeats them both. Eventually, Samus kills the Metroids, and finds and destroys Mother Brain. A timed bomb goes off to destroy the lair and Samus is able to escape before it explodes.


title: Metroid (video game)

text: After Nintendo's release of commercially successful platforming games in the 1980s, including "Donkey Kong" (1981), "Ice Climber" (1985), "Super Mario Bros." (1985), and the critically acclaimed adventure game "The Legend of Zelda" (1986), the company began work on an action game. The word "Metroid" is a portmanteau of the words "metro" and "android". It was co-developed by Nintendo's Research and Development 1 division and Intelligent Systems, and produced by Gunpei Yokoi. "Metroid" was directed by Satoru Okada and Masao Yamamoto (credited as "Yamamoto"), and featured music written by Hirokazu Tanaka (credited as "Hip Tanaka"). The scenario was created by Makoto Kano (credited with his last name), and character design was done by Hiroji Kiyotake (credited with his last name), Hirofumi Matsuoka (credited as "New Matsuoka"), and Yoshio Sakamoto (credited as "Shikamoto"). The character design for Samus Aran was created by Kiyotake.


title: Metroid (video game)

text: The production was described as a "very free working environment" by Tanaka, who stated that, though being the composer, he also gave input for the graphics and helped name areas. Partway through development, one of the developers asked the others, "Hey, wouldn't that be kind of cool if it turned out that this person inside the suit was a woman?" This idea was incorporated into the game, though the English-language instruction manual for the game uses only the pronoun "he" in reference to Samus. Ridley Scott's 1979 horror film "Alien" was described by Sakamoto as a "huge influence" after the game's world had been created. The development staff was affected by the work of the film's creature designer H. R. Giger, and found his creations to be fitting for the theme. Still, there were problems that threatened timely progress and eventually led Sakamoto to be "forcefully asked to participate" by his superiors, hoping his previous experience could help the team. Sakamoto stated he figured out a way to bypass the limited resources and time to leverage existing game media assets "to create variation and an exciting experience".


title: Metroid (video game)

text: Nintendo attempted to distinguish "Metroid" from other games by making it a nonlinear adventure-based game, in which exploration was a crucial part of the experience. The game often requires that the player retrace steps to progress, forcing the player to scroll the screen in all directions, as with most contemporary games. "Metroid" is considered one of the first video games to impress a feeling of desperation and solitude on the player. Following "The Legend of Zelda", "Metroid" helped pioneer the idea of acquiring tools to strengthen characters and help progress through the game. Until then, most ability-enhancing power-ups like the Power Shot in "Gauntlet" (1985) and the Starman in "Super Mario Bros." offer only temporary boosts to characters, and they are not required to complete the game. In "Metroid", however, items are permanent fixtures that lasted until the end. In particular, missiles and the ice beam are required to finish the game.


title: Metroid (video game)

text: After defeating Mother Brain, the game presents one of five ending screens based on the time to completion. "Metroid" is one of the first games to contain multiple endings. In the third, fourth, and fifth endings, Samus Aran appears without her suit, and for the first time, reveals herself to be a woman. In Japan, the Disk Card media used by the Famicom Disk System allows players up to three different saved game slots in "Metroid", similar to "The Legend of Zelda" in the West. Use of an internal battery to manage files was not fully realized in time for "Metroid"s international release. The Western versions of "Metroid" use a password system that was new to the industry at the time, in which players write down a 24-letter code and re-enter it into the game when they wish to continue a previous session. Codes also allow for cheats, such as "NARPAS SWORD" and "JUSTIN BAILEY".


title: Metroid (video game)

text: Tanaka said he wanted to make a score that made players feel like they were encountering a "living organism" and had no distinction between music and sound effects. The only time a melodic theme is heard is when Mother Brain is defeated in order to give the victorious player catharsis. During the rest of the game, the melodies are more minimalistic, because Tanaka wanted the soundtrack to be the opposite of the "hummable" pop tunes found in other games at that time.


title: Metroid (video game)

text: Officially defined as a scrolling shooter video game, "Metroid" was released by Nintendo for the Famicom Disk System in Japan on August 6, 1986. An arcade version of the game was released in August 1986 as part of Nintendo's PlayChoice-10. It was released on the Nintendo Entertainment System a year later on August 15, 1987, in North America, and on January 15, 1988, in Europe.


title: Metroid (video game)

text: The game was re-released several times via emulation. Linking the Game Boy Advance game "Metroid Fusion" (2002) with the GameCube's "Metroid Prime" (2002) using a link cable unlocks the full version of "Metroid" on the GameCube. The game is unlocked as a bonus upon completion of "" (2004). A stand-alone version of "Metroid" for the Game Boy Advance, part of the "Classic NES Series" collection, was released in Japan on August 10, 2004, in North America on October 25, and in Europe on January 7, 2005. The game arrived on the Wii's Virtual Console in Europe and North America in 2007, and in Japan on March 4, 2008. "Metroid" was released for the Nintendo 3DS Virtual Console on March 1, 2012.


title: Metroid (video game)

text: At E3 2010, Nintendo featured "Metroid" among NES and SNES games in a tech demo called "Classic Games", to be released for the Nintendo 3DS. Nintendo of America president Reggie Fils-Aimé said "not to think of them as remakes". Miyamoto said that these classics might be using "new features in the games that would take advantage of the 3DS's capabilities". This was released as part of "3D Classics" series which does not include "Metroid".


title: Metroid (video game)

text: The game was reimagined as "" with a more developed backstory, enhanced graphics, and the same general game layout.


title: Metroid (video game)

text: "Metroid" was a commercial success, reported to be "famous" and "very popular" by 1989. As of 2004, units of "Metroid" have been sold worldwide.


title: Metroid (video game)

text: "Metroid" received positive reviews from critics upon release. "Famicom Tsūshin" ("Famitsu") magazine rated it five out of five stars in 1989. "Computer and Video Games" said it was a "tough" platform arcade adventure with a "very handy" password system and recommended it to "avid" arcade adventurers. "Game Players" praised its "Excellent, fast-paced game play." In "Nintendo Power" NES retrospective in 1990, "Metroid" was rated 5/5 for Graphic and Sound, 4.5/5 for Play Control, 5/5 for Challenge, and 5/5 for Theme Fun.


title: Metroid (video game)

text: In 2006, "Nintendo Power" ranked "Metroid" as the 11th-best game on its list of the Top 200 Games on a Nintendo video game console. Two years later, the magazine named "Metroid" the fifth-best game for the Nintendo Entertainment System in its Best of the Best feature, describing it as a combination of "Super Mario Bros."s platforming and "The Legend of Zelda"s exploration and character upgrades. The game was ranked 44th on "Electronic Gaming Monthly"s original 100 best games of all time in 1997, dropped to 69th in 2001, but was ranked 11th on its "Greatest 200 Videogames of Their Time" in 2006, which ranks games on their impact at the time (whereas "EGM"s earlier lists rank games based on lasting appeal, with no consideration given to innovation or influence). "Game Informer" ranked it 6th best game of all time in 2001 and 7th in 2009, saying that it "started the concept of open exploration in games". In 2004, "Metroid" was inducted into GameSpot's list of the greatest games of all time. GamesRadar ranked it the fifth best NES game ever made. The staff said that it had aged after the release of "Super Metroid" but was "fantastic for its time". "Metroid"s ranking of multiple endings entices players to race the game, or speedrunning. "Entertainment Weekly" called it the #18 greatest game available in 1991, saying: "The visuals are simplistic, but few games make you think as much as the five-year-old "Metroid". Try not to consult Nintendo's hint book, which provides detailed maps of the terrain your hero has to navigate in order to complete his mission".


title: Metroid (video game)

text: In a retrospective focusing on the entire "Metroid" series, GameTrailers remarked on the original game's legacy and its effect on the video game industry. They noted that "Metroid" launched the series with its ever-popular search and discovery gameplay. The website said that the combination of detailed sprites, original map designs, and an intimidating musical score "generated an unparalleled ambience and atmosphere that trapped the viewer in an almost claustrophobic state". They noted that the Morph Ball, first introduced in "Metroid", "slammed an undeniable stamp of coolness on the whole experience and the franchise", and they enjoyed the end segment after defeating Mother Brain, describing the race to escape the planet Zebes as a "twist few saw coming". They said the game brought "explosive action" to the NES and a newfound respect for female protagonists. Noting that "Metroid" is not the first game to offer an open world, or the first side-view platformer exploration game, or the first game to allow players to reach new areas using newly acquired items, Gamasutra praised "Metroid" for being perhaps the first video game to "take these different elements and rigorously mold them into a game-ruling structure".