title: Metahuman

text: In the television series "Gotham", Professor Hugo Strange experiments with dead (and alive) bodies of criminals, Arkham Asylum patients, and civilians under the orders of the Court of Owls. There, Strange gives his victims superhuman abilities such as shapeshifting (Clayface), mind control (Fish Mooney) and super strength (Azrael). By the end of Season 2, Strange's victims escape and wreak havoc in the city. Throughout the series, the metahumans are commonly referred to as Strange's Monsters, simply Monsters (an allusion to the miniseries "Dark Moon Rising: Batman & the Monster Men"), or the Freaks from Indian Hill.


title: M Countdown

text: M Countdown () is a South Korean music program broadcast by Mnet. The show features appearances by popular music artists who also perform live on stage. It is broadcast from CJ E&M Center Studio in Sangam-dong, Mapo District, Seoul.


title: M Countdown

text: "M Countdown" airs live on domestic television at 6PM KST every Thursday. Live streaming is available internationally via the "M Countdown On Air" page on Mwave's website.


title: M Countdown

text: In the Philippines, online multi-view live broadcast of the show is available via gigafest.smart. It began airing on the free-to-air TV5 network from January 31, 2021, however due to low ratings on the network, it will conclude on March 6, 2022. Full episodes with English subtitles are shown every Sunday night, along with another K-Chart show "Music Bank" on GMA HallyPop. Meanwhile, some episodes of "M Countdown" like Hot Debut and Comeback Stages are already available on YouTube Philippines since January 2022.


title: M Countdown

text: Current segments on the show include MCD Dance Challenge, MCD Vocal Challenge, Storage M, and M Studio. Discontinued segments formerly aired include: "B'SHOP" (songwriter Bang Si-hyuk introduced a selection of hit songs), "MCD DRAMA" (show-hosts acted out various scenarios), "MCD NEWS" (reported music industry news), and "MCD Ranking" (ranked celebrities based on certain topics).


title: M Countdown

text: In February 2010, Mnet announced a new group of eight emcees, comprising select members from 2PM, 2AM, CNBLUE, and MBLAQ. Nicknamed "MCD GUYZ", they hosted the show in subgroups of three or four at a time. This marked the first time "M Countdown" deviated from its tradition of having 1–2 fixed presenters.


title: M Countdown

text: Following Key's departure as host on April 13, 2017, "M Countdown" announced the implementation of a "special MC system" of guest presenters since a permanent replacement had not yet been decided. The first "new" hosts selected were girl group singers Hani from EXID, and Kyulkyung and Nayoung from Pristin—they appeared on the April 20 broadcast.


title: M Countdown

text: Between April 2018 and March 2019, the show was hosted by a "Global MC Crew" of idols who spoke various foreign languages.


title: M Countdown

text: Girls' Generation was the only act to achieve the perfect score of 10,000 points under the fourth and fifth scoring systems. Since then, only Exo, BTS, Shinee, Twice, and NU'EST have achieved the perfect score of 11,000 points.


title: M Countdown

text: While previous revisions of this article included winners from 2004 to 2007, that information was not supported by any secondary sources since its initial addition in 2011. A lack of media coverage of the show on Naver for those particular years makes sourcing the information difficult. As such, those sections have been removed from the page and only winners from 2008 to present are cited.


title: M Countdown

text: The term "triple crown" refers to when a song achieves three wins on the show. After that, it becomes ineligible for first place and is removed from the chart. The following is a list of all songs that have achieved a triple crown on "M Countdown" from 2008 to present.


title: M Countdown

text: Scoring System: Digital Single Sales (40%), Album Sales (10%), Asia/Global Fan Vote (15%), Preferences of Music Experts (10%), Real-Time Charts (15%), SMS Vote (10%)


title: M Countdown

text: Scoring System: Digital Single Sales (45%), Album Sales (10%), Global Fan Vote (15%), Mnet Broadcasting (5%), Preferences of Music Experts (10%), Real-Time Charts (5%), SMS Vote (10%)


title: M Countdown

text: Scoring System: Digital Single Sales (50%), Album Sales (10%), Age Preference (20%), Global Fan Vote (5%), Live Show Preferences (10%), SMS Vote (5%)


title: M Countdown

text: Scoring System: Digital Single Sales (50%), Album Sales (10%), Social Media Points (10%: YouTube official music video views + SNS buzz), Preference Points (10%: global fan votes + age range preference), Mnet Broadcast Points (10%), SMS Votes (10%)


title: M Countdown

text: Scoring System: Digital Music Sales (50%), Album Sales (15%), Social Media Score (15%: YouTube official music video views + SNS buzz), Popularity Score (10%: global fan votes + age range preference), Mnet Broadcast Score (10%) + SMS Voting Score (10%)


title: M Countdown

text: Scoring System: Digital Music Sales (45%), Album Sales (15%), Social Media Score (20%: YouTube official music video views + SNS buzz), Global Fan Votes (10%), Mnet Broadcast Score (10%), SMS Live Vote (10%)


title: M Countdown

text: Scoring System: Digital Sales (45%: Melon, Genie, FLO), Album Sales (15%), Social Media (15%: YouTube MV views), Global Fan Vote (15%), Mnet Broadcast (10%: Mnet TV, MCD Stage, M2 Contents), Live Vote (10%: first-place nominees only)


title: M Countdown

text: Scoring System: Digital Sales (50%), Album Sales (15%), Social Media (10%), Global Fan Vote (15%), Mnet Broadcast (10%), Live Vote (10%)


title: The Cheetah Girls (group)

text: The Cheetah Girls was an American girl group formed in 2003, consisting of Adrienne Bailon, Kiely Williams and Sabrina Bryan as full members, and plus Raven-Symoné as a member only on soundtrack albums. The group was created by Disney, and was made famous by the eponymous Disney Channel original film and its sequels, "The Cheetah Girls 2" and "". The group has released three studio albums, "Cheetah-licious Christmas", "", and "TCG" plus several RIAA certified Platinum albums including, "The Cheetah Girls", "The Cheetah Girls 2", and "". All of their albums and soundtracks reached the "Billboard" 200. The soundtrack to their first film sold over 2 million copies.


title: The Cheetah Girls (group)

text: The group has launched a clothing line, several perfume collections, doll lines, room decor, a book series and video games. The group has had three nationwide tours, Cheetah-licious Christmas Tour, The Party's Just Begun Tour and One World Tour. The Cheetah Girls grossed over US$43 million from their second tour. They have sold over 11 million records worldwide.


title: The Cheetah Girls (group)

text: The Cheetah Girls had a television movie, based on a best-selling series of young adult books of the same name by Deborah Gregory, which was filmed in October and November 2002, and debuted on August 15, 2003. The movie's DVD sold over 800,000 copies and the film received over 84 million viewers worldwide. The film starred Raven-Symoné, Sabrina Byran, Adrienne Bailon and Kiely Williams. During casting auditions for the film, the singer Solange Knowles was originally cast, but pulled out of the film due to the promotion and release of her debut album "Solo Star". The role was then given to Williams, who along with Bailon was originally in the girl group 3LW. Though there had been no contractual plans to record as an actual music group, producer Debra Martin Chase was able to convince Disney to create new contracts and release the film's music as a soundtrack. The CD was a surprise success despite not having been promoted. Soon after the first soundtrack, plans were underway to turn the Cheetah Girls into a real-life recording group. Symoné however, decided to focus on solo work, leaving the trio of just Bailon, Bryan and Williams.


title: The Cheetah Girls (group)

text: The Cheetah Girls was also supposed to be adapted into a primetime TV series for ABC in their 2004–2005 season. According to an article on the MTV news site, ABC was set to put the show into production in early 2004, with discussions also being held to write a role for fellow 3LW member, Jessica Benson. A later article, published in February 2004, states that "The Cheetah Girls" sitcom was delayed due to the success of "That's So Raven". The article stated that because of this success, Raven would not be able to do the sitcom. ABC did not pick up the series. A pilot for the show was rumored to have been filmed, but the long-standing rumors about the pilot being filmed were later debunked by Williams and Bryan.


title: The Cheetah Girls (group)

text: In late 2004, the girls recorded for the first time as a trio and recording act for the "Disneymania 3" album, remaking the song "I Won't Say (I'm in Love)" from the "Hercules" soundtrack. The girls released their first recording in October 2005 under Walt Disney Records, "Cheetah-licious Christmas", the holiday album included classic Christmas songs, as well as several original songs, one of which was co-written by all three girls. The album peaked at number 74 on the "Billboard" 200 albums chart. The lead single, "Cheetah-licious Christmas", was rotated on Radio Disney and a music video for the song was shown on Disney Channel. A second single from the album, "Five More Days 'Til Christmas" was released as a promo single exclusively on Radio Disney. The following month, the girls went on their very first tour to support the album, along with Aly & AJ as the opening act and the Jonas Brothers as special guests.


title: The Cheetah Girls (group)

text: The Cheetah Girls began work on their debut album in January 2006. "We'll be making a real album, not a soundtrack," Adrienne Bailon says. "Some of the music on there will be produced by will.i.am from The Black Eyed Peas," she says. "It's important for people to see us as a real musical group. We have all this great marketing around us, with the movies and other things. But we are a musical group." However, when filming and recording for "The Cheetah Girls 2" came up, the album was put on hold. Raven-Symoné returned for the film, which was shot on location in Barcelona, Spain in the spring of 2006.


title: The Cheetah Girls (group)

text: "The Cheetah Girls 2" premiere received a total of over 8.1 million viewers, making it the highest rated premiere for a Disney Channel Original Movie at the time. Following the film's premiere, the group embarked on The Party's Just Begun Tour from September 2006 to March 2007. They also performed at the Disney Channel Games on April 24, 2007.


title: The Cheetah Girls (group)

text: In an interview with "Billboard" about the postponed album, Sabrina Bryan stated that the girls worked on writing for the album during their tour, and that they hoped to gather an audience of older fans while simultaneously staying true to their younger fan base. Bryan also stated that the girls would work with producers they had worked with in the past as well as exploring new producers, such as Timbaland. The album was originally titled "Who We Are", and set to be released on June 19, 2007 but this was postponed to September 25, 2007, with a release name of "TCG". The track "So Bring It On" was released as the album's first single. "Fuego" was released as the second single from the album.


title: The Cheetah Girls (group)

text: The third Cheetah Girls film was announced for pre-production in early 2007, with Adrienne Bailon revealing in March 2007 that the film would be filming for a three-month period, in India and that the film would have a storyline and theme centered around Bollywood. The entirety of the main cast members was invited to return, but Raven-Symoné confirmed in August 2007 that she would not appear in the third film.


title: The Cheetah Girls (group)

text: Although "catfights" and "territorial issues" were initially stated to be the reason, Symoné revealed that she did not appear in the third film due to feeling "excluded" and "ostracized" on the set of the second film, likely due to the fact that the three other girls had spent so much time together after being put together in the real-life Cheetah Girls recording group. It was also revealed that Raven and Williams didn't get along because of jealousy of Raven's role on "The Cosby Show" and Raven revealed she would've went to jail if it wasn't for Lynn Whitfield, who played her mom, keeping her tame during filming.


title: The Cheetah Girls (group)

text: The group began filming their third and final "Cheetah Girls" movie, entitled "", in January 2008. It premiered on August 22, 2008 with its soundtrack released on August 19. The movie debuted with 6.2 million viewers, the lowest-ever rated premiere for the series. In the fall of 2008, the group went on tour to support the "One World" movie and soundtrack, which would be their last tour together. In late December 2008, the group disbanded.


title: The Cheetah Girls (group)

text: The Cheetah Girls were the first multi-ethnic girl music group to come out of the Disney Channel. The group not only featured young women of various races, backgrounds, and sizes, but it also showcased music from various cultures around the world. When the second movie took the group to Spain, they released “Amigas Cheetahs” and “Fuego” that featured Spanish lyrics and utilized costumes that are typical of Spanish culture.


title: The Cheetah Girls (group)

text: The group was largely popular at the same time as a more “grown up” multi-ethnic girl group, The Pussycat Dolls. This parallel is visible in their names, in their upbeat dance tracks, and even in their choreography. The largest difference is in the PG nature of The Cheetah Girls, they keep their choreography rather clean and they are always in layers that are not very revealing. This all helped the group gain popularity with tweens and parents alike.


title: The Cheetah Girls (group)

text: The message in The Cheetah Girls films is that stardom is attainable as long as you remember that your close personal relationships are more important. The group staying together was always the main goal of the series. This female support shown in the movies communicated an idea of feminism to young girls watching. The music of the group speaks about “friends for life” and “sisters, we stand together” which gave young girls a foundation in feminism and an appreciation for other ethnicities.


title: The Cheetah Girls (group)

text: The Cheetah Girls have inspired many artists that came after them. Popular celebrities such as Fifth Harmony (mainly Camila Cabello and Ally Brooke), The McClain Sisters, Zendaya, Olivia Holt and Brittany O'Grady have mentioned The Cheetah Girls as idols or an inspiration. Kehlani and rapper Cardi B have also paid homage to The Cheetah Girls by singing their songs.


title: The Cheetah Girls (group)

text: There are Cheetah Girls-based clothing lines, toys, and video games. The clothing line was made available in Sears stores, and its launch was the most successful in Sears history.


title: The Cheetah Girls (group)

text: Videos games have been produced for GBA and Nintendo DS, as well as a dancemat game. Toy instruments have been produced for the children's market.


title: The Cheetah Girls (group)

text: The Cheetah Girls also have a doll line, released in 2007, inspired by the Disney Channel Original Movies (DCOMs). There are several versions of the dolls and the three members. The dolls were sold at Sears stores nationwide and several other retailers.


title: The Cheetah Girls (group)

text: The Cheetah Girls started as a book series that was written by Deborah Gregory. There are two versions of the Cheetah Girls book series. The original, which was the inspiration for the first movie, and the other by Disney authors released as movie tie-ins.


title: The Cheetah Girls (group)

text: The Disney Channel Original Movies, and the concert DVD, are released with The Cheetah Girls 2 Special Edition Soundtrack. A 20-minute highlights DVD of the Girls' The Party's Just Begun Tour was released on July 10, 2007, along with a live audio CD of the tour. The first DVD released has sold over 800,000 copies. The Cheetah Girls have also released a "California Adventures" DVD and two compilation DVDs, "DisneyMania 3 in Concert" and "Radio Disney's Totally 15th Birthday".


title: The Cheetah Girls (group)

text: In 2006, Tooth Tunes released a toothbrush featuring a picture of The Cheetah Girls and plays a clip of their single "Shake a Tail Feather". It was one of the most popular toothbrushes for all girls in 2006.


title: Sentimental ballad

text: A sentimental ballad is an emotional style of music that often deals with romantic and intimate relationships, and to a lesser extent, loneliness, death, war, drug abuse, politics and religion, usually in a poignant but solemn manner. Ballads are generally melodic enough to get the listener's attention.


title: Sentimental ballad

text: Sentimental ballads are found in most music genres, such as pop, R&B, soul, country, folk, rock and electronic music. Usually slow in tempo, ballads tend to have a lush musical arrangement which emphasizes the song's melody and harmonies. Characteristically, ballads use acoustic instruments such as guitars, pianos, saxophones, and sometimes an orchestral set. Many modern mainstream ballads tend to feature synthesizers, drum machines and even, to some extent, a dance rhythm.


title: Sentimental ballad

text: Sentimental ballads had their origins in the early Tin Pan Alley music industry of the later 19th century. Initially known as "tear-jerkers" or "drawing-room ballads", they were generally sentimental, narrative, strophic songs published separately or as part of an opera, descendants perhaps of broadside ballads. As new genres of music began to emerge in the early 20th century, their popularity faded, but the association with sentimentality led to the term "ballad" being used for a slow love song from the 1950s onwards.


title: Sentimental ballad

text: Sentimental ballads have their roots from medieval French "chanson balladée" or "ballade", which were originally "danced songs". Ballads were particularly characteristic of the popular poetry and song of the British Isles from the later medieval period until the 19th century. They were widely used across Europe, and later in the Americas, Australia and North Africa. As a narrative song, their theme and function may originate from Scandinavian and Germanic traditions of storytelling. Musically they were influenced by the Minnesinger. The earliest example of a recognizable ballad in form in England is "Judas" in a 13th-century manuscript. A reference in William Langland's "Piers Plowman" indicates that ballads about Robin Hood were being sung from at least the late 14th century and the oldest detailed material is Wynkyn de Worde's collection of Robin Hood ballads printed about 1495.


title: Sentimental ballad

text: Ballads at this time were originally composed in couplets with refrains in alternate lines. These refrains would have been sung by the dancers in time with the dance. In the 18th century, ballad operas developed as a form of English stage entertainment, partly in opposition to the Italian domination of the London operatic scene. In America a distinction is drawn between ballads that are versions of European, particularly British and Irish songs, and 'Native American ballads', developed without reference to earlier songs. A further development was the evolution of the blues ballad, which mixed the genre with Afro-American music.


title: Sentimental ballad

text: In the late 19th century, Danish folklorist Svend Grundtvig and Harvard professor Francis James Child attempted to record and classify all the known ballads and variants in their chosen regions. Since Child died before writing a commentary on his work it is uncertain exactly how and why he differentiated the 305 ballads printed that would be published as "The English and Scottish Popular Ballads". There have been many different and contradictory attempts to classify traditional ballads by theme, but commonly identified types are the religious, supernatural, tragic, love ballads, historic, legendary and humorous.


title: Sentimental ballad

text: By the Victorian era, "ballad" had come to mean any sentimental popular song, especially so-called "royalty ballads". Some of Stephen Foster's songs exemplify this genre. By the 1920s, composers of Tin Pan Alley and Broadway used "ballad" to signify a slow, sentimental tune or love song, often written in a fairly standardized form. Jazz musicians sometimes broaden the term still further to embrace all slow-tempo pieces. Notable sentimental ballads of this period include, "Little Rosewood Casket" (1870), "After the Ball" (1892), and "Danny Boy" (1913).


title: Sentimental ballad

text: Popular sentimental ballad vocalists in this era include Frank Sinatra, Ella Fitzgerald, Andy Williams, Johnny Mathis, Connie Francis and Perry Como. Their recordings were usually lush orchestral arrangements of current or recent rock and roll or pop hit songs. The most popular and enduring songs from this style of music are known as "pop standards" or (where relevant) "American standards". Many vocalists became involved in 1960s' vocal jazz and the rebirth of swing music, which was sometimes referred to as "easy listening" and was, in essence, a revival of popularity of the "sweet bands" that had been popular during the swing era, but with more emphasis on the vocalist and the sentimentality.


title: Sentimental ballad

text: Soft rock, a subgenre that mainly consists of ballads, was derived from folk rock in the late 1960s, using acoustic instruments and putting more emphasis on melody and harmonies. Major sentimental ballad artists of this decade included Barbra Streisand, Nana Mouskouri, Elton John, Engelbert Humperdinck, Carole King, Cat Stevens and James Taylor. By the early 1970s, softer ballad songs by the Carpenters, Anne Murray, John Denver and Barry Manilow began to be played more often on "Top 40" radio.


title: Sentimental ballad

text: When the word "ballad" appears in the title of a song, as for example in the Beatles' "The Ballad of John and Yoko" (1969) or Billy Joel's "The Ballad of Billy the Kid" (1974), the folk music sense is generally implied. The term "ballad" is also sometimes applied to strophic story-songs more generally, such as Don McLean's "American Pie" (1971).


title: Sentimental ballad

text: Prominent artists who made sentimental ballads in the 1980s include Stevie Wonder, Lionel Richie, Peabo Bryson, Barry White, Luther Vandross and George Michael.


title: Sentimental ballad

text: The 1990s mainstream pop/R&B singers such as Boyz II Men, Celine Dion, Shania Twain, Whitney Houston and Mariah Carey.


title: Sentimental ballad

text: Newer female singer-songwriters such as Sarah McLachlan, Natalie Merchant, Jewel, Melissa Etheridge and Sheryl Crow also broke through on the AC chart during this time owing to their ballad-sound.


title: Sentimental ballad

text: A popular trend in the early 2000s was remixing or re-recording dance music hits into acoustic ballads (for example, the "Candlelight Mix" versions of "Heaven" by DJ Sammy, "Listen to Your Heart" by DHT, and "Everytime We Touch" by Cascada).


title: Sentimental ballad

text: In the 2010s, indie musicians like Imagine Dragons, Mumford & Sons, Of Monsters and Men, the Lumineers and Ed Sheeran had indie songs that crossed over to the adult contemporary charts, due to their ballad-heavy sound.


title: Sentimental ballad

text: Most pop standard and jazz ballads are built from a single, introductory "verse", usually around 16 bars in length, and they end on the dominant – the "chorus" or "refrain", usually 16 or 32 bars long and in AABA form (though other forms, such as ABAC, are not uncommon). In AABA forms, the B section is usually referred to as the "bridge"; often a brief "coda", sometimes based on material from the bridge, is added, as in "Over the Rainbow".


title: Sentimental ballad

text: The most common use of the term "ballad" in modern pop and R&B music is for an emotional song about romance, breakup and/or longing. The singer would usually lament an unrequited or lost love, either where one party is oblivious to the existence of the other, where one party has moved on, or where a romantic affair has affected the relationship.


title: Sentimental ballad

text: Simon Frith, the British sociomusicologist and former rock critic, identifies the origins of the power ballad in the emotional singing of soul artists, particularly Ray Charles, and the adaptation of this style by performers such as Eric Burdon, Tom Jones, and Joe Cocker to produce slow-tempo songs often building to a loud and emotive chorus backed by drums, electric guitars, and sometimes choirs. According to Charles Aaron, power ballads came into existence in the early 1970s, when rock stars attempted to convey profound messages to audiences while retaining their "macho rocker" mystique. The hard rock power ballad typically expresses love or heartache through its lyrics, shifting into wordless intensity and emotional transcendence with heavy drumming and a distorted electric guitar solo representing the "power" in the power ballad.


title: Sentimental ballad

text: Aaron argues that the hard rock power ballad broke into the mainstream of American consciousness in 1976 as FM radio gave a new lease of life to earlier love songs such as Badfinger's "Without You", Led Zeppelin's "Stairway to Heaven" and Aerosmith's "Dream On". The Carpenters' "Goodbye to Love" has also been identified as a prototype of the power ballad, driven by the hard rock guitar sound of Tony Peluso. British heavy metal band Judas Priest wrote many power ballads, starting with "Dreamer Deceiver" and "Beyond the Realms of Death".


title: Sentimental ballad

text: American rock band Styx has been credited with releasing the first true power ballad, the song "Lady", in 1973. Its writer, Dennis DeYoung is called the "father of the power ballad". In the 1980s, bands such as Journey and REO Speedwagon contributed to the power ballad becoming a staple of hard rock performers who wanted to gain more radio airplay and satisfy their female audience members with a slower, more emotional love song. Mötley Crüe was one of the bands showcasing this style, with songs such as "Home Sweet Home" and "You're All I Need". Nearly every hard rock and glam metal band wrote at least one power ballad for each album, and record labels often released these as the album's second single.


title: Sentimental ballad

text: When grunge appeared as a counterpoint to the excesses of 1980s hard rock and glam metal, one of the distinctions of the grunge style was the absence of power ballads, however, songs in its subgenre post-grunge included ballads.


title: Sentimental ballad

text: Latin ballad refers to the ballad derived from bolero that originated in the early-1960s in Latin America and Spain.


title: Sentimental ballad

text: One of the most well-known Latin ballad singers of the 1970s and 1980s was José José. Known as "El Principe de La Cancion" (The Prince of the Song), he sold over 40 million albums in his career and became a huge influence to later ballad singers such as Cristian Castro, Alejandro Fernández, Nelson Ned, Manuel Mijares and Lupita D'Alessio.


title: Louisa Adams

text: Louisa Catherine Adams ("née" Johnson; February 12, 1775 – May 15, 1852) was the First Lady of the United States from 1825 to 1829 during the presidency of John Quincy Adams.


title: Louisa Adams

text: Adams was born on February 12, 1775, in the City of London, the illegitimate daughter of Joshua Johnson, an American merchant from Maryland, whose brother Thomas Johnson later served as Governor of Maryland and United States Supreme Court Justice, and Catherine Newth, an Englishwoman, whose identity was long a mystery; her grandson Henry Adams joked that her existence was "one of the deepest mysteries of metaphysical theology."


title: Louisa Adams

text: She was baptized as Louisa Catherine Johnson at the parish church of St Botolph without Aldgate on 9 March 1775, when her parents' names were recorded as Joshua and Catharine and their address was given as Swan Street. She had six sisters: Ann "Nancy," Caroline (mother of Union General Robert C. Buchanan, wife of Andrew Buchananand later Nathaniel Frye), Harriet, Catherine, Elizabeth (second wife of United States Senator John Pope of Kentucky), and Adelaide, and a brother, Thomas. In 1778, when Louisa was three years old, her father moved the family to Nantes, France, due to his political views supporting the American Revolution. The family remained there for five years, establishing themselves as a strong social presence among diplomats and ambassadors.


title: Louisa Adams

text: Adams attended a Catholic boarding school as a child until her father's finances forced her and her siblings to leave and be educated by a governess. She became an avid reader excelled in arts and music.


title: Louisa Adams

text: She met John Quincy Adams at her father's house in Cooper's Row, near Tower Hill, London. Her father had been appointed as United States consul general in 1790, and Adams first visited him in November 1795. Adams at first showed interest in her older sister but soon settled on Louisa. Adams, aged 30, married Louisa, aged 22, on July 26, 1797, at the parish church of All Hallows-by-the-Tower, on Tower Hill. Adams's father, John Adams, then President of the United States, eventually welcomed his daughter-in-law into the family, although they did not meet for several years.


title: Louisa Adams

text: Her parents left Europe in 1797 and went to the U.S. When her father was forced into bankruptcy, President John Adams appointed him as U.S. Director of Stamps. Her father, who suffered from mental illness, died in Frederick, Maryland, in 1802 of severe fever, leaving little provision for his family. Her mother died in September 1811, in her mid-fifties, and is buried in Rock Creek Cemetery.


title: Louisa Adams

text: During the course of her marriage, Louisa Adams had fifteen pregnancies, leading to ten miscarriages and four children. The children were:


title: Louisa Adams

text: Louisa was sickly, and suffered from migraine headaches and frequent fainting spells. She had several miscarriages over the course of her marriage. Having grown up in London and France, she found Massachusetts dull and provincial, and referred to the Adams family home as being "like something out of Noah's Ark". Nevertheless, she developed a warm affection for her father-in-law, and despite occasional differences, a deep respect for her mother-in-law Abigail Adams, whom she later described as "the guiding planet round which we all revolved".


title: Louisa Adams

text: Three years after their marriage, the couple traveled to Berlin, Prussia, where she got her first taste of diplomacy and the duties of a diplomat's wife.


title: Louisa Adams

text: She left her two older sons in Massachusetts for education in 1809 when she took two-year-old Charles Francis Adams to Russia, where Adams served as a Minister. Despite the glamour of the tsar's court, she had to struggle with cold winters, strange customs, limited funds, and poor health. An infant daughter born in 1811 died the next year.


title: Louisa Adams

text: Peace negotiations called Adams to Ghent in 1814 and then to London. To join him, she made a forty-day journey across war-ravaged Europe by coach in winter. Roving bands of stragglers and highwaymen filled her with "unspeakable terrors" for her son. The next two years gave her an interlude of family life in the country of her birth.


title: Louisa Adams

text: When John Quincy Adams was appointed James Monroe's Secretary of State in 1817, the family moved to Washington, D.C. where Louisa's drawing room became a center for the diplomatic corps and other notables. Music enhanced her Tuesday evenings at home, and theater parties contributed to her reputation as an outstanding hostess.


title: Louisa Adams

text: The pleasures of moving into the White House in 1825 were dimmed by the bitter politics of the election, paired with her deep depression. Though she continued her weekly "drawing rooms", she preferred quiet evenings of reading, composing music and verse, and playing her harp. As First Lady, she became reclusive and depressed. For a time, she regretted ever having married into the Adams family, the men of which she found cold and insensitive. The necessary entertainments were always elegant and her cordial hospitality made the last official reception a gracious occasion although her husband had lost his bid for re-election and partisan feeling still ran high.


title: Louisa Adams

text: In his diary for June 23, 1828, her husband recorded her "winding silk from several hundred silkworms that she has been rearing," evidently in the White House.


title: Louisa Adams

text: Since 1982 Siena College Research Institute has periodically conducted surveys asking historians to assess American first ladies according to a cumulative score on the independent criteria of their background, value to the country, intelligence, courage, accomplishments, integrity, leadership, being their own women, public image, and value to the president. Consistently, Adams has been ranked in the upper-half of first ladies by historians in these surveys. In terms of cumulative assessment, Adams has been ranked:


title: Louisa Adams

text: In the 2014 survey, Adams and her husband were also ranked the 19th-highest out of 39 first couples in terms of being a "power couple".


title: Louisa Adams

text: After her husband lost reelection, Adams thought that she would be retiring to Massachusetts permanently, but in 1831 her husband began seventeen years of service in the United States House of Representatives. The untimely deaths of her two oldest sons added to her burdens.


title: Louisa Adams

text: "Our union has not been without its trials," John Quincy Adams conceded. He acknowledged many "differences of sentiment, of tastes, and of opinions in regard to domestic economy, and to the education of children between us." But added that "she always has been a faithful and affectionate wife, and a careful, tender, indulgent, and watchful mother to our children."


title: Louisa Adams

text: Louisa Adams traveled with John Quincy Adams to Russia, Silesia (Poland), Germany, France, and England.


title: Louisa Adams

text: In a time before modern political campaigns, some historians argue Louisa Catherine Adams served as her husband's unofficial campaign manager. She encouraged her husband to campaign, hosted parties at their house, and networked among political acquaintances.


title: Louisa Adams

text: Her husband died at the United States Capitol on February 23, 1848, after having suffered a massive stroke two days earlier. He was 80 years old. He had a state funeral in Washington, DC, and then his body was carried by train to be entombed with his parents at United First Parish Church in Quincy.


title: Louisa Adams

text: She remained in Washington until her death of a heart attack on May 15, 1852, at the age of 77. The day of her funeral was the first time both houses of the United States Congress adjourned in mourning for any woman. She is entombed at her husband's side, along with her parents-in-law President John Adams and first lady Abigail Adams, in the United First Parish Church in Quincy, Massachusetts.


title: Louisa Adams

text: The First Spouse Program under the Presidential $1 Coin Act authorizes the United States Mint to issue -ounce $10 gold coins and medal duplicates to honor the first spouses of the United States. Louisa Adams' coin was released May 29, 2008.


title: Louisa Adams

text: Adams National Historical Park maintains Peacefield, the home Adams and her husband lived in some of the time later in their lives. The park has a bedspread on display at Peacefield which she made, as well as a painting of her by Edward Savage. For some time the painting was still owned by Adams's great-great granddaughter, Mrs. Henry L. Mason, and was loaned to the museum seasonally.


title: Louisa Adams

text: The Smithsonian's National Portrait Gallery holds several portraits of Louisa Catherine Adams, including a silhouette and a portrait on an ivory necklace.


title: Louisa Adams

text: An Adams Memorial has been proposed in Washington, D.C., honoring Adams, her husband, her son, and other members of their family.


title: 2AM (band)

text: 2AM () is a South Korean boy band, that consists of Jo Kwon, Lee Chang-min, Lim Seul-ong and Jeong Jinwoon. The band was formed by JYP Entertainment through the Mnet documentary "Hot Blood", which spawned the eleven-member boy band One Day; 2AM primarily perform ballad songs while their brother group 2PM performed more dance-focused music. With the addition of Changmin from Big Hit Entertainment, the group was co-managed by JYP and Big Hit from 2008 to 2014. They officially debuted on July 11, 2008, on KBS' "Music Bank", performing their debut single "This Song". The group also debuted in Japan with the single "" in January 2012.


title: 2AM (band)

text: 2AM's albums and singles were commercially successful. Several of their Korean albums have charted within the top ten in the Gaon Album Chart, with their album "I Was Wrong" (2010) marking their first number one album. Several of their singles have achieved high peaks at the Gaon Digital Chart, with "Can't Let You Go Even If I Die," "You Wouldn't Answer My Calls," and "I Wonder If You Hurt Like Me" topping the chart. Their Japanese singles have also peaked within the top ten of the Oricon Singles Chart.


title: 2AM (band)

text: After the group departed JYP and Big Hit, 2AM was put on hiatus as the members moved to different companies and labels and pursued solo careers. Their hiatus extended as most of the group took part in their mandatory military service. Following the end of their military service, the group reunited after seven years with their fourth extended play, "Ballad 21 F/W" (2021).


title: 2AM (band)

text: Along with the members of 2PM, 2AM's Seulong, Jo Kwon, and Jinwoon appeared on the documentary "Hot Blood" that was aired on Mnet, documented their rigorous training program on their pre-debut days. Changmin was not in the documentary because he had not joined JYP. Initially, Jinwoon was eliminated on "Hot Blood," but he ended up in 2AM due to Daehun's withdrawal from JYPE.


title: 2AM (band)

text: 2AM's first single, "이 노래 (This Song)", was released on July 21, 2008. It was followed a year later by "Time For Confession", on March 19, 2009, with "친구의 고백 (Confession of a Friend)". In January 2010 the group released the EP, "죽어도 못 보내" with "죽어도 못 보내 (Even If I Die I Can't Let You Go)" as the lead single. The EP featured four additional songs, three from their first and second singles and one new song titled "잘못했어 (I Was Wrong)", which was their promoted track. They won their music show at "Inkigayo" on February 7 with "Can't Let You Go Even If I Die."


title: 2AM (band)

text: Through June and July 2010, 2AM opened for Wonder Girls on the second leg of their Wonder Girls World Tour. They are also featured in "Made in Wonder Girls". On October 26, 2010, 2AM released their first full-length album entitled "Saint o'Clock", with "전활 받지 않는 너에게 (You Wouldn't Answer My Calls)" and "미친 듯이 (Like Crazy)" as the lead singles.


title: 2AM (band)

text: Following the Korean success of their 2010 album "Saint o'Clock", the group released a Japanese version on November 9, 2011. In January 2012, they released their first Japanese single "", a Japanese version of the group's Korean single, "Even if I Die, I Can't Let You Go (죽어도 못보내)." It successfully entered both Oricon Daily Chart and Weekly Chart in the top 3. They released their second Korean EP F.Scott Fitzgerald's Way Of Love and released the music video for the lead track of the album, "I Wonder If You Hurt Like Me". In January 2012 they toured Japan, becoming the first K-Pop idol group to perform at Tokyo Bunkamura Orchard Hall.


title: 2AM (band)

text: The band followed up with the release of their second Japanese single "Denwa ni Denai Kimi ni (You Wouldn't Answer My Calls)" in Japan on April 11. The song immediately debuted on Oricon Daily charts at fourth place. The release included the Japanese version of "You Wouldn't Answer My Calls" and a cover Ken Hirai's "瞳をとじて (Close Your Eyes)."


title: 2AM (band)

text: In April 2012, 2PM and 2AM announced the release of the documentary film known as "Beyond The One Day", in Japan. One Day refers to the group from which 2PM and 2AM both split. On April 13, they released the trailer for the film. This was followed up with the release of Japanese single for the theme song "One day". In September 2012, 2AM released the third Japanese single " their first original in Japanese. The title track "For You~君のためにできること~" was selected as the theme song for Japanese TBS drama NEO Soumatou Company which premiered on July 16. In the same year, 2AM held their first Asia concert tour, visiting Hong Kong, Taiwan, Japan and Malaysia. They recorded a Chinese version of the song "I Wonder If You Hurt Like Me (好痛) while Jokwon expressed some concerns about his pronunciation. It featured on the Asian version of their second EP "F. Scott Fitzgerald's Way Of Love". In November 2012, prior to the concert in Japan, Seulong fractured a toe and performed in a wheelchair. The 4th Japanese single "Darenimo Watasenai Yo" was released in Japan on December 5, 2012.


title: 2AM (band)

text: 2AM released their first full-length Japan Album titled "Voice" on January 9, 2013. The album collected the tracks from their Japanese singles released to date and included four new songs; "First Love", "Pretty Girl", "愛の歌がRadioから", "無邪気な笑顔で" and Japanese version of "I Wonder If You Hurt Like Me~君も僕のように." On March 5, 2013, 2AM released their second full-length album, "One Spring Day". The album, containing nine tracks, is a collaboration with many artists, including pianist & composer Yiruma and Eptione Project. They also hosted SNL Korea on April 13, 2013. The band released their second EP, "Nocturne", on November 19, 2013. The EP included five tracks. Due to member Jung Jinwoon's injury, 2AM did not promote the album on music programs.


title: 2AM (band)

text: Members Seulong, Jo Kwon, and Jinwoon all officially switched their contracts back to JYP Entertainment after their contracts with Big Hit Entertainment expired in April, while Changmin stayed with Big Hit due to his involvement with Homme. A new album, "Let's Talk" would be the first under JYP Entertainment, after releasing their previous albums with Big Hit Entertainment. Producer Park Jin Young composed several of the tracks, while the title song "Over The Destiny" was written for the group by Cho Kyumin. "Days Like Today "was released on October 27, followed by "Over The Destiny" on October 30, 2014.


title: 2AM (band)

text: In March 2015, Seulong and Jinwoon decided not to renew their contracts with JYP Entertainment and would sign to other agencies. While Changmin ended his contract in August 2015, JYP Entertainment assured that the departures did not mean 2AM was breaking up.


title: 2AM (band)

text: On September 22, 2017, Jo Kwon parted ways with JYP Entertainment. Jo stated that, despite his departure from JYP Entertainment, 2AM had not disbanded and that the other members had clauses in their individual contracts which would allow them to promote as 2AM in the future.


title: 2AM (band)

text: On January 17, 2019, it was announced Jinwoon would enlist in March. He will be the final member to enlist, due to Changmin's service completion in 2008.


title: 2AM (band)

text: On May 20, 2021, CJ ENM subsidiary Culture Depot announced that 2AM will have a reunion, ending their indefinite hiatus. On September 16, the group was set to release a comeback but the release date of their song and album wasn't still decided.


title: 2AM (band)

text: On October 7, 2021, the comeback announcement was made by member Lee Chang-min. According to JTBC, the group already recorded two title tracks, one written by Bang Si-hyuk and one by Park Jin-young.


title: 2AM (band)

text: 2AM's fourth EP "Ballad 21 F/W" was announced on October 12, via the groups brand-new Twitter account, set to be released on November 1 by Culture Depot and Stone Music Entertainment. The EP includes five songs, including the title tracks "Should've Known" and "No Good in Good-Bye".


title: 2AM (band)

text: In April 2010, they participated in the original soundtrack of drama series "Personal Taste" with a ballad titled "바보처럼 (Like A Fool)", which also became a number one hit.


title: 2AM (band)

text: 2AM was chosen to represent Asia on Listen Up! The Official 2010 Fifa World Cup Album with the song titled "No. 1". The song was digitally released on May 18, 2010. In October 2010, the group represented Korea and performed at the 7th Asia Song Festival, organised by "Korea Foundation for International Culture Exchange", at the Seoul Olympic Stadium. In 2012 they were appointed as ambassadors for the 'World Conservation Congress'.


title: Standartenführer

text: Standartenführer (short: Staf, , ) was a Nazi Party (NSDAP) paramilitary rank that was used in several NSDAP organizations, such as the SA, SS, NSKK and the NSFK. First founded as a title in 1925, in 1928 it became one of the first commissioned NSDAP ranks and was bestowed upon those SA and SS officers who commanded a unit known as a "Standarte" (plural "Standarten"), a unit equivalent to an army battalion and comprising 300–500 personnel.


title: Standartenführer

text: In 1929 the rank of "Standartenführer" was divided into two separate ranks known as "Standartenführer" (I) and "Standartenführer" (II). This concept was abandoned in 1930 when both the SA and SS expanded their rank systems to allow for more officer positions and thus the need for only a single "Standartenführer" rank. In 1933, when Adolf Hitler came to national power in Germany, the rank of "Standartenführer" had been established as the highest field officer rank, lower than that of "Oberführer" of the SS and SA. By the start of World War II, "Standartenführer" was widely spread as both an SS rank and a rank of the SA. In the Waffen-SS, the rank was considered the equivalent of an "Oberst", a full colonel.


title: Standartenführer

text: The insignia for "Standartenführer" consisted of a single oak leaf displayed on both collars. "Standartenführer" was the first of the SS and SA ranks to display rank insignia on both collars, without the display of unit insignia. From 1938, newer SS uniforms featured the shoulder boards of a German Army "Oberst" (colonel) in addition to the oak leaf collar patches.


title: Standartenführer

text: Various Waffen-SS units composed of foreign recruits were considered distinct from the German SS, and thus they were not permitted to wear SS runes on their collar tabs but had their unit symbol instead. Their ranks was also prepended with "Waffen" instead of "SS", as in, Waffen-"Standartenführer".


title: Ford 385 engine

text: The Ford 385 engine family (also code-named "Lima") is a series of big block V8 engines designed by Ford Motor Company. Produced from 1968 to 1998, the Lima engines replaced the MEL engine entirely, along with multiple engines of the medium-block FE engine family; in truck applications, the engines succeeded the much larger Super Duty family.


title: Ford 385 engine

text: The Lima engines were used across multiple applications in North America. In cars, the engines saw use by all three Ford divisions in full-size cars, intermediates, personal luxury cars, and muscle cars. In trucks, the engine family was used in full-size trucks and vans, along with medium and heavy-duty trucks.


title: Ford 385 engine

text: Produced in Lima, Ohio (Lima Engine), the engine family was the final big-block V8 designed and produced by Ford during the 20th century. After 1978, the engines were phased out of Ford cars as its full-size cars underwent downsizing (intermediates last used the engines in 1976). Following its shift to truck use, the Lima engines were joined by multiple diesel-powered engines.


title: Ford 385 engine

text: In 1997, Ford introduced the overhead-cam Triton V10, which replaced the Lima V8 engine family after the 1998 model year; the next overhead-valve large-block V8 produced by Ford is the 7.3 L "Godzilla" V8 introduced for 2020.


title: Ford 385 engine

text: The 385/Lima engine family derives its name from the crankshaft stroke of the 460 cubic-inch V8. The engine was produced in 370 (6.1 L), 429 (7.0 L), and 460 cubic-inch (7.5 L) displacements. To reduce weight over their predecessors, the 385 engines utilized thinwall casting methods and a skirtless block.


title: Ford 385 engine

text: The smallest-displacement engine of the 385 engine family, the 370 was introduced in 1977, replacing the 360 Truck (FT) V8. Sharing its 3.59-inch stroke with the 429, the 370 was designed with a downsized 4.05-inch bore (shared with its predecessor and the 390 V8). In 1979, the engine was rebranded in metric, as 6.1 L.


title: Ford 385 engine

text: After 1991 production, the 370 was discontinued, with the 460 replacing it in all truck applications.


title: Ford 385 engine

text: Developed to replace the largest of the FE-series V8s, the 429 replaced the 390, 427, and 428 V8s. Introduced in the 1968 Ford Thunderbird, the engine saw use across Ford and Mercury full-size and intermediate product lines. Replaced by the 460 in Ford and Lincoln-Mercury cars, it was only available in medium-duty Ford trucks after the 1973 model year.


title: Ford 385 engine

text: The engine became marketed in metric for 1979, as the 7.0 L "Lima" V8. Initially replacing the 401 Super Duty V8, the 7.0 replaced the 477 and 534 Super Duty engines for 1982. After 1991, the 429 became the sole gasoline engine offered in Ford commercial trucks; the 460/7.5 L was used in trucks under 1½-ton payload.


title: Ford 385 engine

text: The largest-displacement 385 engine, the 460 was developed as the successor for the 462 MEL V8 and the 390 FE/FT V8. It shared a 4.36-inch bore with the 429 but the 460 was designed with a 3.85-inch stroke. For 1968, it was introduced in the Continental Mark III and availability was exclusive to Lincolns until 1971. In 1972, the engine was introduced for the Mercury Marquis and Colony Park. For 1973, the 460 was added to Ford full-size cars, Ford and Mercury intermediates, and Ford F-Series trucks. In 1975, it later became available on Econoline vans.


title: Ford 385 engine

text: From 1968 to 1971, the 460 was rated at 365 gross hp. For 1972, advertised power saw a significant numeric decrease; along with a reduction in the compression ratio (to 8.5:1) and modification of camshaft timing, the rated output was primarily changed by the adoption of SAE net horsepower as a standard in North America (accounting for the power losses created by engine accessories and exhaust system). Initially reduced to , the 460 saw its output change nearly on a yearly basis (to improve its fuel economy and emissions performance), dropping as low as in 1977.


title: Ford 385 engine

text: As Ford began to respond to the implementation of CAFE during the late 1970s, the 460 V8 (previously standard in Lincolns and full-size Mercury lines) became an option, with the 400 V8 (335-series) becoming the standard V8 engine; after 1976, the engine was removed from intermediate-sized cars entirely. Coinciding with their eventual downsizing, full-sized Ford and Lincoln-Mercury cars (including the Continental Mark V) last used the 460 for the 1978 model year.


title: Ford 385 engine

text: From 1980 to 1982, the 460 was exclusive to the Econoline 350 van, as the 400 V8 became the largest engine for F-Series trucks. For 1983, the 460 returned to the F-Series, replacing the 400. For 1988, the 460 received fuel injection and power jumped to at 4100 rpm and at 2200 rpm. The 460, now marketed in metric as 7.5 L, continued mostly unchanged until 1994 when some minor ECU and compression ratio changes brought another 10 hp and 15 lb·ft, raising output to at 4100 rpm and at 2200 rpm for the last 3 years of production.


title: Ford 385 engine

text: Through its fitment on chassis-cab versions of the F-Series and cutaway cab configurations of the E-Series, the 460 saw many applications of commercial use; other applications include recreational vehicles/RVs and bus use. As a crate engine, the 460 was produced by Ford Motorsports through 1997. After the 1997 model year, the 460 was replaced by the 6.8 L V10.


title: Ford 385 engine

text: Succeeding the FE engine family, Ford developed multiple high-performance versions of the 385 engine family from 1969 to 1971, all based on the 429.


title: Ford 385 engine

text: The 429 Cobra Jet (429CJ) was fitted with a Rochester Quadrajet Spreadbore 4-bbl carburetor, a larger camshaft; a special set of cylinder heads (DOOE-R) 73.5 CC, combustion chamber and canted valve configuration, with push rod guide plates (DIOE-6465-AA) Intakes valves were 2.24 and exhaust valves were 1.74, with non-adjustable hydraulic lifters. This allowed for an 11.3:1 compression ratio, increasing output to 370 hp. The engine was fitted with or without a hood scoop, matched with a 3.25:1 rear-axle ratio. When fitted with a "shaker" hood scoop, a 429 CJ-Ram Air equipped vehicle received a 3.50:1 rear axle. In 1971, the CJ engine also used a four-bolt main block DOVE-A.


title: Ford 385 engine

text: The 429 Super Cobra Jet (429SCJ) was fitted with a Holley Vac-Secondaries Square-bore 4-bbl carburetor, larger mechanical camshaft, and a four-bolt main block. Forged pistons, single valve relief. Forged rods and Brindle tested cast iron crankshaft. The engine output was increased to 375 hp and 450 lb-ft of torque, matched with a 3.91:1 or 4.30:1 rear axle ratio.


title: Ford 385 engine

text: For police use, Ford developed Police Interceptor versions of the 429 and 460. Depending on horsepower rating systems (gross vs. net) and emissions tuning, engine output ranged from 210-375 hp. The Ford 460 engine would become the highest-displacement V8 ever used by police agencies, followed by the Pontiac 455 Police Enforcer, Chevrolet 454 Police Apprehender, and Chrysler/Dodge 440 Police Pursuit V8s.


title: Ford 385 engine

text: The 1971 429 Police Interceptor was tuned similar to the 429 Cobra Jet, with an 11.3:1 compression ratio; with forged single valve notched pistons the engine was rated at 370 hp (gross). 460 Ford Forums.


title: Ford 385 engine

text: From 1973 to 1978, Ford offered two versions of the 460 police engine. The lower-output 460 Police Cruiser and the higher-output 460 Police Interceptor. The basic 460 PC, identified by engine code "A" denotes Basic passenger car 460 , "C" denotes 460 PI Interceptor. in the installed vehicle's vehicle identification number (VIN) and the engine's valve cover spec sticker, was recommended for city and suburban use, while the 460 PI, identified by the engine code "C" in its VIN and on its spec sticker, was built for high speed highway patrol and interstate applications. The two were commonly confused with each other, the "A" code 460 being a basic, street/production stock flowing engine with additional cooling bolt-ons and a block-mounted non-electric fuel pump. The more powerful "C" code 460 Police Interceptor featured a higher lift camshaft and better flowing heads (D2OE-AB) or (D3OE-AA, AB) and exhaust system, along with a high flow, in-tank electric fuel pump, as the stock, block-mounted, cam-driven vacuum lift fuel pump would starve the motor for fuel above . The 460 Interceptor was capable of producing speeds in excess of when installed in certain vehicles.


title: Ford 385 engine

text: 2 valves per cylinder (although labeled 460-4V - "V" stands here for "venturi" and addresses the carburetor capacity)


title: Caroll Spinney

text: Caroll Edwin Spinney (December 26, 1933 – December 8, 2019) was an American puppeteer, cartoonist, author, artist and speaker, most famous for playing Big Bird and Oscar the Grouch on "Sesame Street" from its inception in 1969 until 2018.


title: Caroll Spinney

text: Spinney was born in Waltham, Massachusetts, on December 26, 1933, to Chester and Margaret Spinney. He had two older brothers Bruce and Glenn. His mother, a native of Bolton, England, named him Caroll despite him being male because he was born the day after Christmas. He drew and painted from childhood, and developed a love of puppeteering when he saw a performance of "Three Little Kittens" at the age of five. This motivated him to purchase a monkey puppet from a rummage sale three years later and put on a puppet show utilizing the monkey and a plush snake. The following Christmas, his mother gave him a Punch and Judy puppet theater. He continued puppeteering throughout his childhood and adolescence and used his performances to raise money for college tuition.


title: Caroll Spinney

text: After he graduated from Acton High School (subsequently Acton-Boxborough Regional High School) in Acton, Massachusetts, Spinney served in the US Air Force.


title: Caroll Spinney

text: While in the Air Force, Spinney wrote and illustrated "Harvey", a comic strip about military life. He also animated a series of black-and-white cartoons called "Crazy Crayon".


title: Caroll Spinney

text: In 1955, Spinney relocated to Las Vegas, where he performed in the show "Rascal Rabbit". He returned to Boston, joining "The Judy and Goggle Show" in 1958 as a puppeteer "Goggle" to Judy Valentine's Judy. Throughout the 1960s, he performed on the Boston broadcast of "Bozo's Big Top", where he played various costumed characters which included Flip Flop the Rag Doll, Mr. Rabbit, Kookie the Boxing Kangaroo as well as Mr. Lion, who created cartoon drawings from the names of children participating in the show. Through that decade, he was also a commercial artist and animator.


title: Caroll Spinney

text: Spinney created a puppet duo consisting of two cats named Picklepuss and Pop, which he utilized throughout the 1960s. Many years later, Spinney's Picklepuss and Pop puppets were characters in "Wow, You're a Cartoonist!"


title: Caroll Spinney

text: Spinney first met Jim Henson in 1962 at a puppeteering festival, where Henson asked if he would like to "talk about the Muppets". As Spinney failed to realize the question was an employment offer, the conversation never came to pass.


title: Caroll Spinney

text: In 1969, Spinney performed at a Puppeteers of America festival in Utah. His show was a mixture of live actors and puppets but was ruined by an errant spotlight that washed out the animated backgrounds. Henson was once again in attendance and noticed Spinney's performance. "I liked what you were trying to do," Henson said, and he asked once more if they could "talk about the Muppets". This time, they did have the conversation, and Spinney joined the Muppeteers full-time by late 1969.


title: Caroll Spinney

text: Spinney joined "Sesame Street" for the inaugural season in 1969. However, he nearly left after the first season because he was not getting acceptable pay, but Kermit Love persuaded him to stay. He performed Big Bird and Oscar in Australia, China, Japan, and across Europe. As Big Bird and Oscar, Spinney conducted orchestras across the US and Canada, including the Boston Pops, and visited the White House multiple times. He provided the characters' voices on dozens of albums.


title: Caroll Spinney

text: As Oscar, Spinney wrote "How to Be a Grouch", a Whitman Tell-A-Tale picture book. With J. Milligan, he wrote the 2003 book "The Wisdom of Big Bird (and the Dark Genius of Oscar the Grouch): Lessons from a Life in Feathers". Spinney narrated the audiobook "Street Gang: The Complete History of Sesame Street" by Michael Davis. His work has been studied by other international puppeteers who structure their performance styles after his, most evidently with full-body puppet costumes. For example, in the Chinese performance of Da Niao on "Zhima Jie", the costume is an exact physical replica of Big Bird.


title: Caroll Spinney

text: Though Big Bird and Oscar were his main characters, Spinney also performed as other characters. At one point, he created and performed Bruno the Trashman, a full-bodied puppet representing a garbage man, who also carried Oscar's trash can. Bruno was used until the foam plastic of the character broke down. Spinney also performed as Granny Bird, Big Bird's grandmother. The puppet used for Granny Bird was actually a spare Big Bird puppet, and Spinney provided her voice. As Granny Bird's appearances were often alongside Big Bird (who is, as she stated, her "favorite grandson"), her voice was usually pre-recorded so that Spinney could perform Big Bird. Spinney reprised his role as Oscar the Grouch in "Night at the Museum" sequel, "" in a cameo appearance next to Darth Vader.


title: Caroll Spinney

text: On October 17, 2018, Spinney officially announced his retirement from "Sesame Street" after 49 years. His last performances as Big Bird and Oscar were recorded as part of the series' landmark 50th season, which aired in 2020, albeit Spinney's final recording session as his characters were ultimately not used in the broadcast version of the episode. The roles of Big Bird and Oscar were handed over to Matt Vogel and Eric Jacobson, respectively. "The Hollywood Reporter" reported that Spinney was earning over $300,000 at the time of his retirement.


title: Caroll Spinney

text: Some of Spinney's artwork includes the 1996 painting called "Luna Bird", showing Big Bird walking on the moon, and the 1997 painting "Autumn", showing him playing in autumn leaves. Spinney also drew the drawing of Mr. Hooper that sits near Big Bird's nest.


title: Caroll Spinney

text: Spinney had three children from his first marriage to Janice Spinney, whom he married in 1960. Spinney and Janice divorced in 1971. Spinney was married to his second wife, Debra Jean Gilroy, from 1979 until his death. In 2015, Spinney was diagnosed with dystonia, a neurological movement disorder that causes muscle contractions.


title: Caroll Spinney

text: On November 8, 2019, Spinney and Big Bird (played by Matt Vogel) participated in a lighting ceremony, where, by mayoral proclamation, the day was named "Caroll Spinney Day" in New York City.


title: Caroll Spinney

text: Spinney died at his home in Woodstock, Connecticut on December 8, 2019, at the age of 85. He was surrounded by his wife Debra and three children.


title: Caroll Spinney

text: Spinney was honored with four Daytime Emmy Awards for his portrayals on the series and two Grammy Awards for his related recordings. Two recordings of Spinney's voice earned Gold Record status. For his body of work, Spinney received both a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1994 and the Library of Congress' Living Legend award in 2000.


title: Caroll Spinney

text: At the 33rd Daytime Emmy Awards in 2006, Spinney received the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences' Lifetime Achievement Award. "I am elated and amazed to receive this honor from those who are committed to the best of what television and media have to offer, for doing what I've always wanted to do."


title: Caroll Spinney

text: Spinney is the subject of a full-length documentary by Copper Pot Pictures called "" that premiered at the April 2014 Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival.


title: Nathan Patterson (footballer)

text: Nathan Kenneth Patterson (born 16 October 2001) is a Scottish professional footballer who plays as a right-back for Premier League club Everton and the Scotland national team.


title: Nathan Patterson (footballer)

text: A Rangers youth graduate who attended Holyrood Secondary School in southern Glasgow as a participant in the Scottish Football Association's 'Performance Schools' development programme, Patterson signed a new contract on 21 December 2019, keeping him at the club until 2022. He made his debut on 17 January 2020, in a Scottish Cup match against Stranraer at Ibrox Stadium. He made his league debut against Kilmarnock on 22 August 2020, coming on as a substitute in the 86th minute in a 2–0 win.


title: Nathan Patterson (footballer)

text: Patterson made his European debut on 10 December 2020, starting in a 2–0 away win against Polish side Lech Poznań. He scored his first goal for the club on 25 February 2021, in a UEFA Europa League match against Royal Antwerp, scoring 16.6 seconds after coming on as a second half substitute. Patterson played regularly for Rangers during the later part of their 2020–21 title-winning season, deputising for the injured James Tavernier, until he was suspended for breaching coronavirus pandemic rules.


title: Nathan Patterson (footballer)

text: On 4 January 2022, Patterson signed for Everton on a five-and-a-half-year deal. The transfer fee was officially undisclosed, though it was reported that Everton paid Rangers an initial £5.5 million, with further payments that could potentially take the total value to £11 million. Having been signed by manager Rafa Benitez who was soon sacked, Patterson's Everton career got off to a slow start, initially playing for the under-23s rather than the first team. This trend continued for the entirety of the 2021/2022 Premier League season, with Patterson making no first team appearances in the Premier League despite the club's continued high hopes for the player. These limited opportunities for Patterson were, until April, due to the team wanting to give Patterson the time to adjust to the pace and freneticism of the Premier League before handing him a full debut. However, Patterson was unable to play after from April 10 onwards due to an ankle injury sustained in Everton's final training session before playing West Ham on April 3. This ankle injury required surgery and ruled Patterson out for the remainder of the season.


title: Nathan Patterson (footballer)

text: Patterson was named to start in all of Everton's four pre-season games before the commencement of the 2022/23 season. Throughout pre-season, he managed a total of two assists, both coming in the match against Blackpool (Vitaliy Mykolenko's 6th minute goal and Dele Alli's 64th minute goal). Patterson's positive performances in pre-season earned him the plaudits of both his manager and former footballers alike.


title: Nathan Patterson (footballer)

text: Patterson has represented Scotland at various youth levels up to under-21s. He was added to the full national squad for the first time in May 2021, ahead of the delayed UEFA Euro 2020 tournament. Patterson made his full international debut in a pre-tournament friendly against Luxembourg, came off the bench during the Euros against Croatia at Hampden Park, and made his first start against Moldova in September of that year during 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification. On 12 November 2021, Patterson scored a first international goal when he opened the scoring in a vital 2–0 win away in Moldova before setting up Ché Adams for the second. This victory saw Scotland qualify for a World Cup play-off place.


title: Nathan Patterson (footballer)

text: In February 2021, Patterson was one of five Rangers players fined by Scottish police "for attending an illegal gathering of 10 people in a flat" in breach of lockdown rules during the coronavirus pandemic. Patterson and the other players were banned for six games by the SFA for the breach, although part of that sentence was suspended.


title: Monochrome

text: A monochrome or monochromatic image, object or palette is composed of one color (or values of one color). Images using only shades of grey are called grayscale (typically digital) or black-and-white (typically analog). In physics, monochromatic light refers to electromagnetic radiation that contains a narrow band of wavelengths, which is a distinct concept.


title: Monochrome

text: Of an image, the term monochrome is usually taken to mean the same as black and white or, more likely, grayscale, but may also be used to refer to other combinations containing only tones of a single color, such as green-and-white or green-and-red. It may also refer to sepia displaying tones from light tan to dark brown or cyanotype ("blueprint") images, and early photographic methods such as daguerreotypes, ambrotypes, and tintypes, each of which may be used to produce a monochromatic image.


title: Monochrome

text: A monochrome computer display is able to display only a single color, often green, amber, red or white, and often also shades of that color.


title: Monochrome

text: Originally, all photography was done in monochrome. Although color photography was possible even in the late 19th century, easily used color films, such as Kodachrome, were not available until the mid-1930s.


title: Monochrome

text: In digital photography, monochrome is the capture of only shades of black by the sensor, or by post-processing a color image to present only the perceived brightness by combining the values of multiple channels (usually red, blue, and green). The weighting of individual channels may be selected to achieve a desired artistic effect; if only the red channel is selected by the weighting then the effect will be similar to that of using a red filter on panchromatic film. If the red channel is eliminated and the green and blue combined then the effect will be similar to that of orthochromatic film or the use of a cyan filter on panchromatic film. The selection of weighting thus allows a wide range of artistic expression in the final monochromatic image.


title: Monochrome

text: For production of an anaglyph image the original color stereogram source may first be reduced to monochrome in order to simplify the rendering of the image. This is sometimes required in cases where a color image would render in a confusing manner given the colors and patterns present in the source image and the selection filters used (typically red and its complement, cyan).


title: Monochrome

text: In physics, monochromatic light is electromagnetic radiation of a single wavelength. While no source of electromagnetic radiation is purely monochromatic, in practice, it is usually used to describe very narrowband sources such as monochromated or laser light. The degree of monochromaticity can be defined by the spectral linewidth). A device which isolates a narrow band of light from a broadband source is called a monochromator.


title: Sid and Marty Krofft

text: Sid Krofft (born July 30, 1929) and Marty Krofft (born April 9, 1937) are a Canadian sibling team of television creators and puppeteers. Through their production company, Sid & Marty Krofft Pictures, they have made numerous children's television and variety show programs in the U.S., particularly in the 1970s, including "H.R. Pufnstuf" , "Land of the Lost" and "Sigmund and the Sea Monsters" . Their fantasy programs often feature large-headed puppets, high-concept plots, and extensive use of low-budget special effects.


title: Sid and Marty Krofft

text: The Krofft brothers, Sid and Marty, were born in Montreal, Quebec, Canada on July 30, 1929, and April 9, 1937. They are of Greek and Hungarian descent, with their original surname being Yolas. For years, they claimed to have been the fifth generation of puppeteers in their family, but revealed in 2008 that this story was invented by a publicist in the 1940s. Their father Peter was a clock salesman who moved from Canada to Providence, Rhode Island, and then to New York City. Sid Krofft became a noted puppeteer who worked in vaudeville and was a featured player with the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus. In the 1940s, Sid created a one-man puppet show, "The Unusual Artistry of Sid Krofft", and performed it throughout the world. His father joined him on tour in Paris while Marty stayed in New York, where he started using his older brother's puppets to earn money by staging performances. By the 1950s, the Krofft brothers were working together, and in 1957, they developed "Les Poupées de Paris", a puppet show with more mature themes.


title: Sid and Marty Krofft

text: After designing the characters and sets for Hanna-Barbera's "The Banana Splits" (NBC, 1968–1970), the Krofft's' producing career began in 1969 with the landmark children's television series "H.R. Pufnstuf". The series introduced the team's trademark style of large-scale, colorful design, puppetry, and special effects. Featuring a boy who has been lured into an alternate fantasy world and can never escape, the team also established a storytelling formula to which they would return often. Some people suggested that the Krofft brothers were influenced by marijuana and LSD, although they have always denied these claims. In a 2005 interview with "USA Today", Marty Krofft said, "No drugs involved. You can't do drugs when you're making shows. Maybe after, but not during. We're bizarre, that's all." Referring to the alleged LSD use, Marty said in another interview, "That was our look, those were the colors, everything we did had vivid colors, but there was no acid involved. That scared me. I'm no goody two-shoes, but you can't create this stuff stoned."


title: Sid and Marty Krofft

text: The Kroffts also favoured quirky superhero stories, often with children involved as the heroes or part of a hero team. Particularly visionary and popular Krofft productions have included "The Bugaloos" (1970), "Lidsville" (1971), "Sigmund and the Sea Monsters" (1973-1975), "Land of the Lost" (1974-1976), "The Lost Saucer" (1975), "Electra Woman and Dyna Girl" (1976), and "Wonderbug" (1976-1978).


title: Sid and Marty Krofft

text: In 1976, a developer asked the Kroffts to develop an amusement park for the new Omni International complex in downtown Atlanta. The World of Sid and Marty Krofft was an indoor amusement park, but due to poor attendance it was closed after six months. The Omni International building that contained the amusement park was renamed the CNN Center when the site was converted to the present CNN headquarters.


title: Sid and Marty Krofft

text: The Kroffts' children's programs have developed a wide and enduring following, largely among adults who watched the shows as children. They were also responsible for a large number of prime time music and variety programs. These shows also tended to employ a reliable formula, in this case featuring a celebrity host or team of hosts, weekly celebrity guest performers, flashy and colorful sets, and frequent interludes of scripted banter and gag-driven, "corny," good-natured sketch comedy.


title: Sid and Marty Krofft

text: The Kroffts are often acknowledged for the ambitious vision and creativity of their projects. In addition to their colorful and hyper-kinetic programs, they often created children's shows with complex stories, unusual protagonists, uniquely modern sensibilities, or with darker or more action-themed tones than most children's shows. Their "camp" popularity stems largely from their shows' low-budget production values, the often surrealistic feel of many of the programs and the uniquely "70s" style of music and design.


title: Sid and Marty Krofft

text: The Kroffts have occasionally departed from their formula while making new programs further on, such as on "Pryor's Place" (1984) and the political puppet satire show "D.C. Follies" (1987). The team has attempted to update some of their classic series for a younger generation, including new versions of "Land of the Lost", "Electra Woman and Dyna Girl", "H.R. Pufnstuf" and "Sigmund and the Sea Monsters". A new original series, "Mutt & Stuff", aired on Nickelodeon from 2015 to 2017.


title: Sid and Marty Krofft

text: In 2020, the Kroffts were honoured with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for their contributions in television.


title: Sid and Marty Krofft

text: In May 2022, the Kroffts participated in the first Krofft Kon, a convention held in Orinda, California. They were joined by some of the actors from their television series.


title: Magnetosphere

text: In astronomy and planetary science, a magnetosphere is a region of space surrounding an astronomical object in which charged particles are affected by that object's magnetic field. It is created by a celestial body with an active interior dynamo.


title: Magnetosphere

text: In the space environment close to a planetary body, the magnetic field resembles a magnetic dipole. Farther out, field lines can be significantly distorted by the flow of electrically conducting plasma, as emitted from the Sun (i.e., the solar wind) or a nearby star. Planets having active magnetospheres, like the Earth, are capable of mitigating or blocking the effects of solar radiation or cosmic radiation, that also protects all living organisms from potentially detrimental and dangerous consequences. This is studied under the specialized scientific subjects of plasma physics, space physics and aeronomy.


title: Magnetosphere

text: Study of Earth's magnetosphere began in 1600, when William Gilbert discovered that the magnetic field on the surface of Earth resembled that of a terrella, a small, magnetized sphere. In the 1940s, Walter M. Elsasser proposed the model of dynamo theory, which attributes Earth's magnetic field to the motion of Earth's iron outer core. Through the use of magnetometers, scientists were able to study the variations in Earth's magnetic field as functions of both time and latitude and longitude.


title: Magnetosphere

text: Beginning in the late 1940s, rockets were used to study cosmic rays. In 1958, Explorer 1, the first of the Explorer series of space missions, was launched to study the intensity of cosmic rays above the atmosphere and measure the fluctuations in this activity. This mission observed the existence of the Van Allen radiation belt (located in the inner region of Earth's magnetosphere), with the follow up Explorer 3 later that year definitively proving its existence. Also during 1958, Eugene Parker proposed the idea of the solar wind, with the term 'magnetosphere' being proposed by Thomas Gold in 1959 to explain how the solar wind interacted with the Earth's magnetic field. The later mission of Explorer 12 in 1961 led by the Cahill and Amazeen observation in 1963 of a sudden decrease in magnetic field strength near the noon-time meridian, later was named the magnetopause. By 1983, the International Cometary Explorer observed the magnetotail, or the distant magnetic field.


title: Magnetosphere

text: Magnetospheres are dependent on several variables: the type of astronomical object, the nature of sources of plasma and momentum, the period of the object's spin, the nature of the axis about which the object spins, the axis of the magnetic dipole, and the magnitude and direction of the flow of solar wind.


title: Magnetosphere

text: The planetary distance where the magnetosphere can withstand the solar wind pressure is called the Chapman–Ferraro distance. This is usefully modeled by the formula wherein formula_1 represents the radius of the planet, formula_2 represents the magnetic field on the surface of the planet at the equator, and formula_3 represents the velocity of the solar wind:


title: Magnetosphere

text: A magnetosphere is classified as "intrinsic" when formula_5, or when the primary opposition to the flow of solar wind is the magnetic field of the object. Mercury, Earth, Jupiter, Ganymede, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, for example, exhibit intrinsic magnetospheres. A magnetosphere is classified as "induced" when formula_6, or when the solar wind is not opposed by the object's magnetic field. In this case, the solar wind interacts with the atmosphere or ionosphere of the planet (or surface of the planet, if the planet has no atmosphere). Venus has an induced magnetic field, which means that because Venus appears to have no internal dynamo effect, the only magnetic field present is that formed by the solar wind's wrapping around the physical obstacle of Venus (see also Venus' induced magnetosphere). When formula_7, the planet itself and its magnetic field both contribute. It is possible that Mars is of this type.


title: Magnetosphere

text: The bow shock forms the outermost layer of the magnetosphere; the boundary between the magnetosphere and the ambient medium. For stars, this is usually the boundary between the stellar wind and interstellar medium; for planets, the speed of the solar wind there decreases as it approaches the magnetopause.


title: Magnetosphere

text: The magnetosheath is the region of the magnetosphere between the bow shock and the magnetopause. It is formed mainly from shocked solar wind, though it contains a small amount of plasma from the magnetosphere. It is an area exhibiting high particle energy flux, where the direction and magnitude of the magnetic field varies erratically. This is caused by the collection of solar wind gas that has effectively undergone thermalization. It acts as a cushion that transmits the pressure from the flow of the solar wind and the barrier of the magnetic field from the object.


title: Magnetosphere

text: The magnetopause is the area of the magnetosphere wherein the pressure from the planetary magnetic field is balanced with the pressure from the solar wind. It is the convergence of the shocked solar wind from the magnetosheath with the magnetic field of the object and plasma from the magnetosphere. Because both sides of this convergence contain magnetized plasma, the interactions between them are complex. The structure of the magnetopause depends upon the Mach number and beta of the plasma, as well as the magnetic field. The magnetopause changes size and shape as the pressure from the solar wind fluctuates.


title: Magnetosphere

text: Opposite the compressed magnetic field is the magnetotail, where the magnetosphere extends far beyond the astronomical object. It contains two lobes, referred to as the northern and southern tail lobes. Magnetic field lines in the northern tail lobe point towards the object while those in the southern tail lobe point away. The tail lobes are almost empty, with few charged particles opposing the flow of the solar wind. The two lobes are separated by a plasma sheet, an area where the magnetic field is weaker, and the density of charged particles is higher.


title: Magnetosphere

text: Over Earth's equator, the magnetic field lines become almost horizontal, then return to reconnect at high latitudes. However, at high altitudes, the magnetic field is significantly distorted by the solar wind and its solar magnetic field. On the dayside of Earth, the magnetic field is significantly compressed by the solar wind to a distance of approximately . Earth's bow shock is about thick and located about from Earth. The magnetopause exists at a distance of several hundred kilometers above Earth's surface. Earth's magnetopause has been compared to a sieve because it allows solar wind particles to enter. Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities occur when large swirls of plasma travel along the edge of the magnetosphere at a different velocity from the magnetosphere, causing the plasma to slip past. This results in magnetic reconnection, and as the magnetic field lines break and reconnect, solar wind particles are able to enter the magnetosphere. On Earth's nightside, the magnetic field extends in the magnetotail, which lengthwise exceeds . Earth's magnetotail is the primary source of the polar aurora. Also, NASA scientists have suggested that Earth's magnetotail might cause "dust storms" on the Moon by creating a potential difference between the day side and the night side.


title: Magnetosphere

text: Many astronomical objects generate and maintain magnetospheres. In the Solar System this includes the Sun, Mercury, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Ganymede. The magnetosphere of Jupiter is the largest planetary magnetosphere in the Solar System, extending up to on the dayside and almost to the orbit of Saturn on the nightside. Jupiter's magnetosphere is stronger than Earth's by an order of magnitude, and its magnetic moment is approximately 18,000 times larger.


title: Magnetosphere

text: Venus, Mars, and Pluto, on the other hand, have no magnetic field. This may have had significant effects on their geological history. It is theorized that Venus and Mars may have lost their primordial water to photodissociation and the solar wind. A strong magnetosphere greatly slows this process. The magnetosphere of an exoplanet was detected in 2021.


title: Saint Peter's tomb

text: Saint Peter's tomb is a site under St. Peter's Basilica that includes several graves and a structure said by Vatican authorities to have been built to memorialize the location of Saint Peter's grave. St. Peter's tomb is alleged near the west end of a complex of mausoleums, the Vatican Necropolis, that date between about AD 130 and AD 300. The complex was partially torn down and filled with earth to provide a foundation for the building of the first St. Peter's Basilica during the reign of Constantine I in about AD 330. Though many bones have been found at the site of the 2nd-century shrine, as the result of two campaigns of archaeological excavation, Pope Pius XII stated in December 1950 that none could be confirmed to be Saint Peter's with absolute certainty. Following the discovery of bones that had been transferred from a second tomb under the monument, on June 26, 1968, Pope Paul VI said that the relics of Saint Peter had been identified in a manner considered convincing. Only circumstantial evidence was provided to support the claim.


title: Saint Peter's tomb

text: The grave allegedly lies at the foot of the aedicula beneath the floor. The remains of four individuals and several farm animals were found in this grave. In 1953, after the initial archeological efforts had been completed, another set of bones were found that were said to have been removed without the archeologists' knowledge from a niche ("loculus") in the north side of a graffiti wall that abuts the red wall on the right of the aedicula. Subsequent testing indicated that these were the bones of a 60- to 70-year-old man. Margherita Guarducci argued that these were the remains of Saint Peter and that they had been moved into a niche in the graffiti wall from the grave under the aedicula "at the time of Constantine, after the peace of the church" (313). Antonio Ferrua, the archaeologist who headed the excavation that uncovered what the Catholic Church says is Saint Peter's Tomb, said that he was not convinced that the bones that were found were those of Saint Peter.


title: Saint Peter's tomb

text: The earliest reference to Saint Peter's death is in a letter of Clement, bishop of Rome, to the Corinthians ("1 Clement", a.k.a. "Letter to the Corinthians", written AD). The historian Eusebius, a contemporary of Constantine, wrote that Peter "came to Rome, and was crucified with his head downwards," attributing this information to the much earlier theologian Origen, who died AD. St. Peter's martyrdom is traditionally depicted in religious iconography as crucifixion with his head pointed downward.


title: Saint Peter's tomb

text: Peter's place and manner of death are also mentioned by Tertullian () in "Scorpiace", where the death is said to take place during the Christian persecutions by Nero. Tacitus (56–117) describes the persecution of Christians in his Annals, though he does not specifically mention Peter. "They were torn by dogs and perished, or were nailed to crosses, or were doomed to the flames and burnt." Furthermore, Tertullian says these events took place in the imperial gardens near the Circus of Nero. No other area would have been available for public persecutions after the Great Fire of Rome destroyed the Circus Maximus and most of the rest of the city in the year 64 AD.


title: Saint Peter's tomb

text: Dionysius of Corinth mentions the burial place of Peter as Rome when he wrote to the Church of Rome in the time of the Pope Soter (died 174), thanking the Romans for their financial help. "You have thus by such an admonition bound together the planting of Peter and of Paul at Rome and Corinth. For both of them planted and likewise taught us in our Corinth. And they taught together in like manner in Italy, and suffered martyrdom at the same time."


title: Saint Peter's tomb

text: Catholic tradition holds that the bereaved Christians followed their usual custom in burying him as near as possible to the scene of his suffering. According to Catholic lore, he was laid in ground that belonged to Christian proprietors, by the side of a well-known road leading out of the city, the Via Cornelia (site of a known pagan and Christian cemetery) on the hill called Vaticanus. The actual tomb was an underground vault, approached from the road by a descending staircase, and the body reposed in a sarcophagus of stone in the center of this vault.


title: Saint Peter's tomb

text: "The Book of Popes" mentions that Pope Anacletus built a "sepulchral monument" over the underground tomb of Saint Peter shortly after his death. This was a small chamber or oratory over the tomb, where three or four persons could kneel and pray over the grave. The pagan Roman Emperor, Julian the Apostate, mentions in 363 A.D. in his work "Three Books Against the Galileans" that the tomb of Saint Peter was a place of worship, albeit secretly.


title: Saint Peter's tomb

text: There is evidence of the existence of the tomb (trophoea, i.e., "trophies", as signs or memorials of victory) at the beginning of the 3rd century, in the words of the presbyter Caius refuting the Montanist traditions of a certain Proclus: "But I can show the trophies of the Apostles. For if you will go to the Vatican, or to the Ostian way, you will find the trophies of those who laid the foundations of this church."


title: Saint Peter's tomb

text: These tombs were the objects of pilgrimage during the ages of persecution, and it will be found recorded in certain "Acts of the Martyrs" that they were seized while praying at the tombs of the Apostles.


title: Saint Peter's tomb

text: During the reign of the Roman Emperor Valerian, Christian persecution was particularly severe. The remains of the dead, and particularly the Christian dead, had lost their usual protections under Roman law. Some have conjectured that the remains of Peter and Paul may have been removed temporarily from their original tombs in order to preserve them from desecration by the Romans. They may have been removed secretly by night and hidden in the Catacombs of St. Sebastiano in 258 AD, being returned to their original tombs in 260 when Valerian's reign ended. However, no evidence exists to verify these claims.


title: Saint Peter's tomb

text: When the Church was once more at peace under Constantine the Great, Christians were able at last to build edifices suitable for the celebration of Mass. The resting places of the relics of the Apostles were naturally among the first to be selected as the sites of great basilicas. The emperor supplied funds for these buildings.


title: Saint Peter's tomb

text: Between 320 and 327, Constantine built a five-aisled basilica atop the early Christian necropolis that was purported to be Peter's resting place. Much of the Vatican Hill was leveled to provide a firm foundation for the first St. Peter's Basilica. The altar of the Basilica was planned to be located directly over the tomb. The matter was complicated by the upper chamber or memoria above the vault. This upper chamber had become endeared to the Romans during the ages of persecution, and they were unwilling that it should be destroyed. The memoria was turned into the Chapel of the Confession. Above that was the main floor of the Basilica, with the raised altar directly over the Chapel of the Confession.


title: Saint Peter's tomb

text: The "Book of Popes" details certain adornments that Constantine apparently added to Saint Peter's tomb at this time. The sarcophagus itself is said to have been enclosed on all sides with bronze, measuring 5 feet in each dimension. On top of that was laid a gold cross weighing and featuring an inscription, which translates from Latin as "Constantine Augustus and Helena Augusta This House Shining with Like Royal Splendor a Court Surrounds." However, any treasures that may have been present at the tomb are presumed to have been taken by the Saracens during their Sack of the church in 846.


title: Saint Peter's tomb

text: The skull of Saint Peter is claimed to reside in the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran since at least the ninth century, alongside the skull of Saint Paul.


title: Saint Peter's tomb

text: A tomb had been discovered at the beginning of the 16th century, when the foundations were being laid for the four twisted columns of Gian Lorenzo Bernini's "Confessio". Construction of Constantine's Old St. Peter's Basilica and of foundations for Bernini's "Baldacchino" destroyed most of the vaulting of these semi-subterranean burial chambers. Among them was the so-called "Tomb of the Julii" with mosaics that appeared to be Christian.


title: Saint Peter's tomb

text: The burial chambers were uncovered again in 1939 as workmen dug a tomb for Pope Pius XI. Over the next ten years, Monsignor Ludwig Kaas oversaw an archaeological excavation of the pagan mausoleum complex under the foundations of St. Peter's Basilica (the Vatican Necropolis), dating to the 2nd and 3rd centuries. No mausoleum had ever been built directly beneath the present high altar of St Peter's, which did however contain shallow burials, one dated by an impressed tile to the reign of Vespasian; subsequently they had been attended with care, as later burials clustered round but did not encroach upon the space. There was a small niched monument built into a wall "ca." 160. The discoveries made the pages of "Life" magazine.


title: Saint Peter's tomb

text: In 1942, the Administrator of St. Peter's, Ludwig Kaas, found remains in a second tomb in the monument. Being concerned that these presumed relics of a saint would not be accorded the respect they deserved, and having little understanding of correct archeological procedures, he secretly ordered these remains stored elsewhere for safe-keeping.


title: Saint Peter's tomb

text: After Kaas's death, Margherita Guarducci discovered these relics by chance. She informed Pope Paul VI of her belief that these remains were those of Saint Peter. Anthropological examinations of the bones imply that the remains belonged to a man in his sixties. On June 26, 1968, Pope Paul VI announced that the relics of Saint Peter had been discovered, though only circumstantial evidence supports this claim. This includes nearby graffiti of Saint Peter's name, claiming that he was buried there. On November 24, 2013, a portion of these relics were displayed publicly for the first time, after Pope Francis celebrated the closing 'Year of Faith' Mass.


title: Saint Peter's tomb

text: On July 2, 2019, it was announced that Pope Francis had transferred nine bone fragments to Orthodox Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew of Constantinople. Bartholomew, who serves as head of the Eastern Orthodox Christian church, described the gesture as "brave and bold." Pope Francis has said his decision was born "out of prayer" and intended as a sign of the ongoing work towards communion between the Orthodox and Catholic Churches. The majority of what the Catholic Church alleges is Saint Peter's remains reside in Rome, preserved under the high altar of St Peter's Basilica.


title: Saint Peter's tomb

text: In 1953, two Franciscan friars discovered hundreds of 1st century ossuaries stored in a cave on the Mount of Olives near Jerusalem. The archaeologists claimed to have discovered the earliest physical evidence of a Christian community in Jerusalem, and that some of the ossuaries were inscribed with names congruent with many commonly found in the Bible; the name inscribed on one ossuary, for instance, was interpreted as reading (, "Simon, the Son of Jonah"). However, several scholars, both Protestant and Catholic, disputed that the tomb belonged to Peter, one of the reasons being that there was no inscription referring to him as () or "Peter". Dr. Stephen Pfann of the University of the Holy Land says the inscription actually reads as , the Barzillai being a famous family in Jerusalem. The 43 inscriptions discovered in the Dominus Flevit cemetery between May 1953 and June 1955 were published with photographs by P. B. Bagatti and J. T. Milik in 1958.


title: Saint Peter's tomb

text: Very little is known about the burial of Peter's immediate successors, prior to the period when popes are known with relative certainty to have been buried in the various Catacombs of Rome. Burial near Peter, on Vatican Hill, is attributed to: Pope Linus, Pope Anacletus, Pope Evaristus, Pope Telesphorus, Pope Hyginus, Pope Pius I, Pope Anicetus (later transferred to the Catacomb of Callixtus), Pope Victor I. Epigraphic evidence exists only for Linus, with the discovery of a burial slab marked "Linus" in 1615; however, the slab is broken such that it could have once read "Aquilinius" or "Anullinus".


title: Saint Peter's tomb

text: With three exceptions, each pope before Anicetus, the first pope known to have been entombed in the Catacombs, is traditionally regarded as having been buried near Peter. A notable exception is Pope Clement I, who was traditionally regarded as having been martyred in the Black Sea near Crimea. Similarly, the original tombs of Pope Alexander I and Pope Sixtus I are unknown, although there are several churches positing mutually contradictory claims of translation.


title: Saint Peter's tomb

text: Two books were written about the tomb and bones of St. Peter: "The Bones of St Peter" by John Evangelist Walsh and "The Fisherman's Tomb" by John O'Neill.


title: Saint Peter's tomb

text: In April 2017, CNN'S "Finding Jesus Faith Fact Forgery" show featured the story of St. Peter's bones and tomb in its 5th episode from season 2.


title: Saint Peter's tomb

text: The tomb makes an appearance in the 2009 film "Angels & Demons" in which a container hidden within the tomb holding antimatter is set to explode, destroying Vatican City and symbolically Catholicism itself.