title: Cherry Bomb (album)

text: "Cherry Bomb" was recorded in Tyler's home studio as well as other studios in California. The sample for "Deathcamp" was rejected shortly before the album was due to be turned in, so some elements of the song were re-recorded. The string section featured on the song "2Seater" was composed by Tyler and recorded at German composer Hans Zimmer's studio; it marked Tyler's first time overseeing a live orchestra. "Run" was recorded in Tyler's living room and features harmonic vocals from Chaz Bundick who also provided guitar chords to the song "Fucking Young". "Find Your Wings" initially featured vocals from singers Samantha Nelson, Onitsha Shaw and Tiffany Palmer. The final version features vocals from Kali Uchis. Kanye West explained that he rewrote his lines for the song "Smuckers" after he heard Tyler's and Lil Wayne's verses to the song. ASAP Rocky was present during some album sessions despite not being featured on the album. The title for the song "The Brown Stains of Darkeese Latifah Part 6-12 (Remix)" was made intentionally long. Its original title was "The Brown Stains of Blackeese Latifah Part 6-12 (The Remix) (Rough Draft) (Club Edit) (Rodney Jerkins Mix)". Tyler explained in a Hot 97 interview in 2015 that, after making the song, he and others felt that they should name the song with "the blackest name that [they] could think of".


title: Cherry Bomb (album)

text: The album's opening song, "Deathcamp", has been compared to N.E.R.D.'s debut album "In Search of..." (2001), particularly the song "Lapdance". Tyler specifically mentions the album in the song with the lines ""In Search of..." did more for me than "Illmatic"". Andrew Unterberger of "Spin" also compared "Deathcamp" to "In Search of..." and also pointed out its four-count intro commonly used in Pharrell-produced songs. Matthew Ramirez of "Pitchfork" likened "Deathcamp" to the Stooges, Glassjaw, Trash Talk, Lil Wayne's seventh studio album "Rebirth" as well as N.E.R.D. In response to claims of homophobia, Tyler jokingly replaces the word "faggot" with "book" to refer to critics on the song "Buffalo". David Jeffries of AllMusic described the track "Find Your Wings" as "smooth and jazzy", and the title track "Cherry Bomb" as "drill 'n' bass [...] as muted trumpets, xylophones, crunching guitars, and Atari Teenage Riot-style compression all fly by". The title track has also been compared to the works of experimental hip hop group Death Grips. A portion of the song "The Brown Stains of Darkeese Latifah Part 6-12 (Remix)" has a cadence similar to N.E.R.D member Pharrell Williams. The lyrics of "Fucking Young / Perfect" details Tyler's attraction to a girl six years younger than him. Ramirez described "Fucking Young" as "a warm-sounding piece of pop music". Unterberger compared the hook, sung by Charlie Wilson, to "'60s sleaze-pop".


title: Cherry Bomb (album)

text: On April 9, 2015, "Rap-Up" reported that Tyler had announced his Cherry Bomb Tour, which will visit various locations around the world, starting with his live debut of songs from the album at Coachella on April 11 to September 13, in Tokyo. On the same day, after announcing his Golf Media app and "Golf Magazine", Tyler released a music video for the song "Fucking Young" on the app and on YouTube. Tyler announced on Twitter that "Cherry Bomb" will receive a physical release two weeks, after its digital release and it would have five different album covers. On April 12, 2015, the full track list was revealed via Tyler's Instagram.


title: Cherry Bomb (album)

text: On April 9, 2015, the lead and second single, "Deathcamp" and "Fucking Young / Perfect" were released consecutively on iTunes Store, and was made available for download before the album's release. The music video for "Fucking Young" contains a snippet of an accompanying music video for "Deathcamp".


title: Cherry Bomb (album)

text: On October 1, 2015, a dual music video for "Buffalo" and "Find Your Wings" was released to the Odd Future YouTube channel. The video for "Buffalo" features Tyler, with his entire body painted white, escaping a hanging, then being chased by an all black angry mob. The "Find Your Wings" portion of the video features Tyler and other backing members of Odd Future performing the song on a show stylized as a 1970s music show.


title: Cherry Bomb (album)

text: On October 12, 2018, Tyler, the Creator released the instrumentals of "Cherry Bomb" on a two-disc expanded edition of the album. Upon its release, Tyler described "Cherry Bomb" as "the music I've always wanted to make".


title: Cherry Bomb (album)

text: "Cherry Bomb" was met with generally positive reviews. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 69, based on 23 reviews. Aggregator AnyDecentMusic? gave it 6.0 out of 10, based on their assessment of the critical consensus.


title: Cherry Bomb (album)

text: David Jeffries of AllMusic said, "Returning customers who like Tyler the ringleader, or Tyler the producer, will find this to be too much of a good thing, and can embrace the free-form "Cherry Bomb" as another freaky trip worth taking". Angel Diaz of "Complex" said, ""Cherry Bomb" is Tyler's greatest creation to date. However, the album is bit of a mess in the beginning, and while Tyler's grown immensely as a producer, his rapping isn't consistently up to par". "The Guardian"s Paul Lester described the album's sound as "fizzy sonics and lush eruptions of synths and strings" in his 3/5 star review for the album, whilst also noting the influence of N.E.R.D, comparing the opening song "Deathcamp" to N.E.R.D's 2001 release "Lapdance".


title: Cherry Bomb (album)

text: Kellan Miller of "HipHopDX" said, "Musically, he is maturing before our very eyes". Louis Pattison of "NME" said, ""Cherry Bomb" might be the tightest, leanest Tyler album yet". Matthew Ramirez of "Pitchfork" said, "His greatest strength has always been world-building, using a synth-heavy blitz of candy-colored jazz chords taken straight (sometimes blatantly so) from the Pharrell handbook. "Cherry Bomb" isn't exactly a hard left turn from this lane, but it is a quick swerve". Jon Dolan of "Rolling Stone" said, "Tyler's self-produced new one flows from the Neptunes tribute "Deathcamp" to the summery whimsy of "Find Your Wings". Dean Van Nguyen of "Clash" said, "If anything, the album is held back by his ambition—imprudent testing falls short of his usual standards. There are lessons to be learned here, and as a document of Tyler's growth, this may well be looked back upon as a watershed moment".


title: Cherry Bomb (album)

text: Tom Breihan, writing for "Stereogum", felt the album was "cluttered and chaotic" but also believed it to be an improvement on Tyler's previous studio album "Wolf" (2013). Breihan also praised the album's musical choices for being "brave and commendable" but added that "I'm not sure they add up to a great song". Calum Slingerland of "Exclaim!" praised Tyler's work with R&B and soul music sounds on "Find Your Wings" and "Fucking Young", though their juxtaposition with moments of poorly-mixed, blown out aggression lessened their effect. Rachel Chesbrough of "XXL" said, ""Cherry Bomb" is his greatest achievement thus far, solidifying his place in the game, with or without the conspicuously absent Odd Future crew". Evan Rytlewski of "The A.V. Club" said, "For all their blown-out abrasion, though, Tyler's harder tracks never dazzle the way West's industrial experiments did. They merely cloy". Andrew Unterberger of "Spin" said, ""Cherry Bomb" is both impressive in its ambition and absolutely stunning in its aimlessness, weaving countless genres into multi-part suites but still coming off undercooked in its entirety".


title: Cherry Bomb (album)

text: "Cherry Bomb" debuted at number four on the US "Billboard" 200 with 58,000 album-equivalent units of which 51,000 were pure album sales.


title: Nut rage incident

text: The nut rage incident, also referred to as nutgate (, ""), was an air rage incident that occurred on December 5, 2014, at John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City onboard Korean Air Flight 086. Korean Air vice president Heather Cho (Korean name: Cho Hyun-ah), dissatisfied with the way a flight attendant served nuts on the plane, ordered the aircraft to return to the gate before takeoff.


title: Nut rage incident

text: First-class passengers, including Cho, were given nuts bagged in their original packaging—in keeping with the airline's procedures. This was given to all first class passengers as a savoury snack. However, Cho had expected them to be served on a plate in first class. She questioned the cabin crew chief about the standard procedure of serving the nuts. After a heated confrontation, Cho assaulted him and ordered him off the plane, requiring a return to the gate and delaying the flight about 20 minutes.


title: Nut rage incident

text: When the incident became public, Cho and Korean Air were heavily criticized, and in the aftermath, Cho resigned from one of her several executive positions at Korean Air. She was subsequently found guilty in a South Korean court of obstructing aviation safety and given a twelve-month prison sentence, of which she served five months. The flight attendant and cabin crew chief had returned to their positions by April 2016.


title: Nut rage incident

text: On December 5, 2014, Heather Cho (Korean name: Cho Hyun-ah; ), a businesswoman and daughter of the then Korean Air chairman and CEO, Cho Yang-ho, boarded Korean Air Flight 086 registered as HL7627 at John F. Kennedy International Airport, destined for Incheon International Airport in Seoul. Prior to takeoff, she was served macadamia nuts in a closed bag rather than on a plate.


title: Nut rage incident

text: Upon being served the nuts in a bag, Cho rebuked flight attendant Kim Do-hee and called over cabin crew chief Park Chang-jin to complain. It was alleged that, under Cho's orders, the chief was forced to kneel down before her and beg for forgiveness. Cho repeatedly struck Park's knuckles with the edge of a digital tablet, and immediately dismissed him. Cho ordered the chief to get off the plane, requiring it to taxi back to the airport's gate. The incident created a delay of approximately 20 minutes for the flight with 250 people on board. The chief allegedly initially agreed with executives to refrain from making public statements and disclosing the incident to officials, but when he and the flight attendant heard about Cho's apparent attempts to spread false rumors of sexual relations between the flight attendant and chief, he decided to file an official complaint.


title: Nut rage incident

text: Korean Air issued an apology to passengers, but attempted to justify Cho's action, saying it was in accordance with her job of inspecting in-flight service and airplane safety. They apologized for the inconvenience. Initially, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport said that the Aviation and Railway Accident Investigation Board was investigating the case. An aggrieved first class passenger contacted the airline about the incident she observed, and received a model airplane and a calendar in the mail by way of apology.


title: Nut rage incident

text: Following the flight attendant's dismissal, the airline contacted him over a dozen times, pressuring him to tell the South Korean transport authorities that he had voluntarily resigned. Two members of the investigative team assigned to the incident were former Korean Air employees. Transport Minister Suh Seoung-hwan expressed confidence that the team would conduct their investigation independently and fairly. The flight attendant, however, believed that the government investigation would be unjust, and instead reported the incident directly to the media, initiating a public furor. Suh pledged to refer the matter to prosecutors and request "strict penalties" if the investigation showed collusion with the airline. Lawmakers were skeptical and wanted the Board of Audit and Inspection to intervene.


title: Nut rage incident

text: After the incident was made public, it was revealed that Cho had attacked a flight attendant in 2013 after being served improperly cooked ramen noodles. This incident had been covered up by the airline, which found no wrongdoing. According to the police, a company executive ordered employees to delete records of the nut rage incident. It was also known that Heather Cho's representative, Korean Air, pressured the victims (flight attendant and the chief) to lie about the incident, and downplay what happened while being publicly questioned. But unaffiliated witnesses (including a first-class passenger) corroborated the victims' accounts by describing how Cho threw the packet of nuts and physically attacked the employees, and the plan was leaked, stirring the controversy even further. Cho herself denied any such actions despite widespread skepticism.


title: Nut rage incident

text: When the incident became public, there was popular indignation against Cho and Korean Air. Korean Air responded to public outrage by forcing Cho to resign from her job as vice-president. She initially said she would resign from all positions, but actually kept her position as chairperson of Korean Air, president of KAL Hotel Network and Hanjin Tour. Despite the early cover-up, criminal charges were later brought against her. It was thought that Korean Air could be fined around US$2 million. Cho attended the Aviation and Railway Accident Investigation Board's investigation on December 12, saying she would issue an apology to the cabin crew chief and flight attendant in question. Cho's father, Korean Air chairman Cho Yang-ho, also apologized for his daughter's "foolish act". Heather Cho visited the homes of the cabin crew chief and flight attendant to apologize in person, but left them notes because they were not at home.


title: Nut rage incident

text: One of the reasons for the widespread press coverage of the incident, particularly in South Korea, was that it illustrated the apparent widespread power (and abuse of it) held by the members of South Korean family businesses (chaebols). Passenger rates on Korean Air domestic flights dropped 6.6% in December 2014, compared to the previous year.


title: Nut rage incident

text: On January 12, 2015, a member of the National Assembly of South Korea released papers from Cho's indictment which showed for the first time that macadamia nuts were properly served in a bag, according to the airline's manual. Furthermore, Cho had been informed of this, and the specific reason she gave for the cabin crew chief's firing was that he had not informed her earlier.


title: Nut rage incident

text: The trial began on January 19 in the Seoul Western District Court with the defendant denying all charges. When Cho's father appeared in court, he asserted that the chief could work with no disadvantages. Despite a court summons, the chief did not appear in court. The flight attendant who served the nuts appeared, and testified that Cho had pushed her and made her kneel. She also said that she had been offered a teaching position at a KAL-affiliated college.


title: Nut rage incident

text: On February 12, 2015, Cho was given a one-year prison sentence for obstructing aviation safety. The Seoul Western District Court handed the sentence to Cho during a hearing, saying she was guilty of changing the flight plan, an offense that carries the penalty of up to ten years in prison.


title: Nut rage incident

text: On May 22, 2015, in Seoul High Court, she was found not guilty of changing the aircraft's route. The sentence was reduced to 10 months, suspended for two years and she was released immediately, having served five months in prison.


title: Nut rage incident

text: The flight attendant, Kim Do-hee, and the cabin crew chief, Park Chang-jin, filed a civil lawsuit in the Supreme Court of the State of New York in March 2015 against both Cho and the airline, seeking compensation for an alleged verbal and physical attack by Cho. They were represented by two law firms and were seeking unspecified compensatory and punitive damages. Kim also alleged that she was pressured by the airline to lie to government investigators in a bid to cover up the incident as well as appear in public with Cho to help "rehabilitate Cho's public image". Both cases were dismissed as "all parties (concerned), evidences, and witnesses" were in South Korea.


title: Nut rage incident

text: In a separate suit, the Seoul Western District Court ordered that Korean Air pay the flight attendant 20 million KRW (about 18,000 USD) for attempting to coerce him to drop the case. He is also entitled to another 30 million KRW (about 27,000 USD) as compensation for Cho's assaults and insults.


title: Nut rage incident

text: On December 14 and 28, Korean Sunday comedy show "Gag Concert" aired a parody on its sketch comedy television program. As a guest of "Radio Star" and other TV shows, Kang Kyun-sung, a singer in South Korea, gained popularity by imitating the facial expressions Cho showed while being tried in court.


title: Nut rage incident

text: The South Korean drama "Persevere, Goo Hae-Ra" on the Mnet channel included a filmed parody of the incident but, for unknown reasons, it was not broadcast. There were suspicions that pressure had been applied from the "chaebol" (Korean family owned business) to stop the broadcast, but the producers denied this.


title: Nut rage incident

text: The incident helped popularize the Korean neologism "Gapjil" (Hangul: 갑질), referring to the arrogant and authoritarian attitude or actions of people who have positions of power over others.


title: Health (band)

text: Health (often stylized as HEALTH) is an American noise rock/industrial band from Los Angeles, California.


title: Health (band)

text: Health was created after its members agreed the name should be an "everyday word." After reviewing a long list of terms, "health" was the only one not taken.


title: Health (band)

text: Health first gained reputation through a remix of their song "Crimewave" by experimental electronic band Crystal Castles in August 2007. The rendition helped broaden Health's audience in anticipation for their full-length debut a month later released under Lovepump United. The band's self-titled album was recorded in L.A.’s noise/experimental venue, The Smell. Known for its DIY mystique, Health knew how difficult, yet rewarding, it would be to record in the space. Famiglietti said in an interview, "The room completely changes the tone of anything you want to record; makes a lot of things dark and beautiful. It also makes everything sound like 'CLANG!' We didn't realize how hard it would be at all, we especially weren't prepared for the Vaquero bar dropping the reggaeton jamz at 1pm every day." Their unique sound on the album caught the attention of "Spin" in which they wrote, "The near-innocuous opening track of Health's self-titled album, 'Heaven,' segues into the 36-second neurotic dissonance of 'Girl Attorney,' which picks up tempo on its transition into 'Triceratops'—a thrashing scourge of screeches, feedback, and gratuitous clanging reminiscent of Liars laced with a relief of a Deerhunter meditation."


title: Health (band)

text: Health released their first remix album, "Health//Disco" in 2008, which received favorable critical reception.


title: Health (band)

text: To promote their 2009 album, "Get Color", the band held a sweepstakes contest, in which a winner of a golden ticket was awarded a free trip to Los Angeles to go to Six Flags Magic Mountain with the band. Other prizes included locks of the band members' hair and posters autographed in blood. The album earned a score of eight from Pitchfork in which the review claimed "Never merely meager, this project delivers, both when you're waving your orgy-snorkel all blotto on-the-town, and for a soundtrack to serious rumination at your midday desk of harsh reality." Duzsik agreed with an interviewer that Get Color was indeed more accessible than their self-titled debut, but "It’s still crazy, though." The track "Die Slow" was released as the album's single with its music video garnering nearly 500,000 views. The album received a positive score of 7.4 on Pitchfork.


title: Health (band)

text: The band's second remix album with tracks from Get Color continued to receive critical acclaim. BBC reviewed the album and said, "Whatever HEALTH’s secret is for excellent remix albums, they would do well to bottle it up to flog to lesser-able musicians insistent on releasing similar affairs of a much lower standard. This might not actually improve on the original, but it comprises a fine complementary release for hardcore fans and newcomers alike."


title: Health (band)

text: In 2012, Health composed the soundtrack for the Rockstar Games video game, "Max Payne 3". In an interview with Pitchfork, Duzsik said, "The number one reaction from HEALTH fans was, ‘What the fuck? You guys are doing a video game score?’ Just surprise. And very congratulatory." Duzsik continued, "It was fun to make music that was atypical for that sort of entertainment."


title: Health (band)

text: Ivan Pavlovich, music director of "Max Payne 3" said, "We wanted to give Max a sound that is really an identifiable sound and HEALTH as a band has an incredible sense of who they are and a very strong identity. When we saw HEALTH perform live it was very clear that they were the ones who were going to be able to capture this."


title: Health (band)

text: The score was nominated for Best Score in a Game and "Tears" was nominated for Best Song in a Game at the 2012 Spike Video Game Awards. On , just before the 10-year anniversary of the game's release, an expanded Anniversary Edition of the soundtrack was announced for release later that year. This would also mark the album's first release on Vinyl record.


title: Health (band)

text: HEALTH would continue to work on soundtracks for Rockstar's games, later recording a song called "High Pressure Dave" which appeared in "Grand Theft Auto V"; the song takes lyrics from "High Pressure Days" by The Units. Health also composed the soundtrack for "GTA Online's" "Arena War" update.


title: Health (band)

text: Health's third album, "Death Magic", was released on August 7, 2015, on Loma Vista Records. The album's release was preceded by three singles: On April 23, 2015, Health premiered "New Coke" on Sirius XMU. The song "Stonefist" would be the second single released in June. On July 24, "Men Today" was released as the third track from the album. In Autumn 2015, shortly after the release of the album, Jupiter Keyes left the band.


title: Health (band)

text: "Disco3" was released in the United States on February 17, 2017, in Loma Vista. Announced and released alongside a reverse telethon event on Facebook live, broadcast from the FunnyOrDie studios. Fans were asked to text a number in order to receive a call back from those involved, including BJ and John.


title: Health (band)

text: Health's fourth album, "Vol. 4 :: Slaves of Fear", was released February 8, 2019, on Loma Vista. The album was preceded by singles "Slaves of Fear", released in December 2018, and "Feel Nothing", released through the Adult Swim Singles Program in January 2019.


title: Health (band)

text: On September 17, 2020, the band announced their fifth album, "" (stylized as "DISCO4:: PART I"). Despite being called "Disco4" "in the interest of continuity", it is not a part of Health's "Disco" series of remix albums, but a collection of original collaborations (with the exception of the album's lead single, ""Cyberpunk 2020"", which was composed solely by Health themselves). The album was released through Loma Vista on October 16, 2020. An accompanying remix album, "Disco4+", was later released on April 2, 2021 exclusively on the band's Bandcamp page.


title: Health (band)

text: On May 3, 2021, the band posted a short teaser on their social media accounts announcing a new song in collaboration with Nine Inch Nails, "Isn't Everyone", to be released May 6. The trailer's description on YouTube confirmed that this would be the first song off of their next album, "Disco4: Part II".


title: Health (band)

text: Health has been described as having "artfully crafted noise and raw synth, haunting monotone vocals, and drum skills that are borderline insane." The band's unusual sound can be partially credited to the use of the Zoothorn, which is a permutation of microphone and guitar pedal and an occasional atonal sound without a symmetrical structure. Lyrically, the band describes the role of lyrics as being "purposely kept vague for the listener" "...[Lyrics] sort of begin to bring out this more individual quality to the whole thing like, ‘These are the lyrics, and this is the guy is singing them, so I can relate to that.’ Which is really not something we want. We wanted the vocals to have an even, unaffected feel. A softness, like a Zombies melody, or even a Gregorian chant. We aren't just interested in being a noisy screaming band."


title: Berke

text: Berke Khan (died 1266) (also Birkai; , ) was a grandson of Genghis Khan and a Mongol military commander and ruler of the Golden Horde (division of the Mongol Empire) who effectively consolidated the power of the Blue Horde and White Horde from 1257 to 1266. He succeeded his brother Batu Khan of the Blue Horde (West), and was responsible for the first official establishment of Islam in a khanate of the Mongol Empire. Following the Sack of Baghdad by Hulagu Khan, his cousin and head of the Mongol Ilkhanate based in Persia, he allied with the Egyptian Mamluks against Hulagu. Berke also supported Ariq Böke against Kublai in the Toluid Civil War, but did not intervene militarily in the war because he was occupied in his own war against Hulagu and the Ilkhanate.


title: Berke

text: Berke is a name used by both Turkic peoples and Mongols. In Mongolian "berke" (cf. "bärk" in Old Turkic) means "difficult, hard".


title: Berke

text: Berke was born to Jochi, the eldest son of Genghis Khan. There is no clear consensus regarding the year of Berke's birth. Mamluk ambassadors visiting him in 663 AH (1264/5) described him as fifty-six years old. This gives him a birth date somewhere between 1207 and 1209. However, contemporary Persian chronicler Juzjani claims that Berke was born during the Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia, which took place between 1219 and 1221.


title: Berke

text: The latter claim was used to support the argument of historian Jean Richard that Berke's mother was Khan-Sultan (or Sultan Khatun), the captured daughter of Muhammad II of Khwarazm. The marriage between Jochi and Khan-Sultan took place in 1220, allowing Berke's birth to be no earlier than 1221.


title: Berke

text: Berke was present, with several of his brothers, at the inauguration of his uncle Ögedei as Great Khan in 1229.


title: Berke

text: In 1236, Berke joined his brothers Orda, Sinkur, and Shiban and an assortment of cousins under the leadership of Batu Khan in a vast army, comprising some 150,000 soldiers, which marched from Siberia and into the territory of the Muslim Volga Bulgars and Kipchaks, whom they subdued. Batu and Subutai sent Berke to the country north of the Caucasus to conquer the Kipchaks there. Next they devastated the principalities of Ryazan and Suzdal in 1237, and marched further into Russia. During the winter of 1238–39, Berke defeated the Kipchaks and imprisoned the chief of the Merkits. He afterwards subdued the steppe watered by the Kuma and the Terek west of the Caspian Sea.


title: Berke

text: Berke further served under his brother during the invasion of Europe, fighting at the Battle of the Mohi, where the Hungarian army was decimated. When Ögedei Khan died, and all the princes of the blood were summoned to return to Mongolia to select a Great Khan, Berke and his brothers joined Batu in the kurultai to elect a new Great Khan.


title: Berke

text: Berke Khan converted to Islam in the city of Bukhara in 1252. When he was at Saray-Jük, Berke met a caravan from Bukhara and questioned them about their faith. Berke was impressed with their faith and decided to convert to Islam. Berke then persuaded his brother Tukh-timur to become a Muslim as well.


title: Berke

text: In 1248 Batu sent Berke, along with his brother Tukh-timur, to Mongolia in order to install Möngke Khan on the throne of Great Khan. When he arrived, he invited the Chagatai and Ogedeyd families several times. That is why Berke conducted the kurultai in 1251 and had Möngke enthroned. Berke organized everything under strict conditions.


title: Berke

text: When Batu died in 1255, he was briefly succeeded by his sons Sartaq Khan and Ulaghchi, before Berke assumed leadership in 1257. He was an able ruler and succeeded in maintaining and stabilizing the Golden Horde, the western khanate of the Mongol Empire. During his government, the Mongols finally defeated the rebellion of Danylo of Halych and made a second attack against Poland and Lithuania, led by general Burundai (Lublin, Zawichost, Sandomierz, Kraków and Bytom were plundered) in 1259. Also in 1265 there was a raid against Bulgaria and Byzantine Thrace. Michael of the Byzantine Empire also sent much valuable fabric to the Golden Horde as a tribute thereafter.


title: Berke

text: Berke became a devout Muslim. His conversion resulted in the Blue Horde becoming predominantly Muslim, although there were still animists and Buddhists among them. Berke was angered by Hulagu's destruction of Baghdad and was determined to deal with Hulagu Khan, who had murdered the Caliph Al-Musta'sim, and whose territorial ambitions in Syria and Egypt threatened Berke's fellow Muslims.


title: Berke

text: In the meantime, the Ilkhanates led by Kitbuqa had fallen out with the crusaders holding the coast of Palestine, and the Mamluks had secured a pact of neutrality with them, passing through their territory, and destroying the Ilkhanate army at the Battle of Ain Jalut. Kitbuqa was killed. Palestine and Syria were regained, the border remaining the Tigris for the duration of Hulagu's dynasty. Berke's vow of vengeance against Hulagu had to wait until the latter's return to his lands after the death of Möngke Khan.


title: Berke

text: Hulagu returned to his lands by 1262, but instead of being able to avenge his defeats, was drawn into civil war with Berke and the Blue Horde. Berke Khan had promised such a defeat in his rage after Hulagu's sack of Baghdad.


title: Berke

text: Muslim historian Rashid-al-Din Hamadani quoted Berke Khan as telling his Mongols and Muslim subjects, in protest at the attack on Baghdad:


title: Berke

text: Before his succession, he also complained to Batu "We helped Möngke to enthrone. But he forgot who the enemy is or friend is. Now, he is starving the lands of our friend Caliph. It is abject". It is notable that Berke Khan kept his promise, allying himself with the Mamluks, (Berke sought an alliance with the Mamluk sultan Baibars against Hulagu) and when Hulagu returned to his lands in 1262, after the succession was finally settled with Kublai as the last Great Khan, and massed his armies to avenge Ain Jalut and attack the Mamluks, Berke Khan initiated a series of raids in force which drew Hulagu north to meet him. This was the first open conflict between Mongols, and signalled the end of the unified empire. In retaliation for these attacks, Berke and Hulagu slaughtered each other's ortogh merchants.


title: Berke

text: But the reasons for the conflict between Berke and Hulagu were both religious and territorial. Möngke Khan gave lands in current day Azerbaijan, which had been given to Jochi by Genghis Khan, to his brother Hulagu. Although Berke did not like the situation, he was patient until Möngke's death.


title: Berke

text: Berke at first desisted from fighting Hulagu out of Mongol brotherhood, he said "Mongols are killed by Mongol swords. If we were united, then we would have conquered all of the world." but the economic situation of the Golden Horde due to the actions of the Ilkhanate led him to declare jihad because of the Ilkhanids domination of the wealth of North Iran, and the Ilkhanate's demands for the Golden Horde to not sell slaves to the Mamluks.


title: Berke

text: In 1262 the conflict turned into open war. Hulagu Khan suffered a severe defeat in an attempted invasion north of the Caucasus in 1263. Hulagu's forces were crushed at the Terek river by Berke's nephew Nogai, forcing Hulagu into retreat; he died in 1265. Also Chagatai Khan Alghu invaded Khwarizm and annexed Golden Horde lands. The Jochid army unsuccessfully tried to halt his advance.


title: Berke

text: Berke also supported Great Khan claimant Ariq Böke in the Toluid Civil War, and he minted coins in the name of Ariq Böke. However Kublai defeated Ariq Böke by 1264. Kublai called both Hulagu and Berke to discuss Ariq Böke. However, both of them noted that they could not attend the Kurultai at the time, and a new Kurultai was never held.


title: Berke

text: As Berke sought to cross the Kura river to attack Hulagu's son, Abaqa Khan, he fell ill and died sometime between 1266 and 1267. He was succeeded by his grandnephew, Mengu-Timur. The policy of alliance with the Mamluks, and containment of the Ilkhanate, was continued by Mengu-Timur. Many historians are in agreement that the intervention by Berke against Hulagu saved the remainder of the Holy Land, including Mecca and Jerusalem, from the same fate as Baghdad.


title: JLS

text: JLS (an initialism of Jack the Lad Swing) are an English boyband, which consists of members Aston Merrygold, Oritsé Williams, Marvin Humes, and JB Gill, originally formed by Williams. They initially signed to Tracklacers production company New Track City and then went on to become runners-up of the fifth series of the ITV reality talent show "The X Factor" in 2008, coming second to Alexandra Burke.


title: JLS

text: Following their appearance on "The X Factor", JLS signed to Epic Records. Their first two singles "Beat Again" and "Everybody in Love" both went to number one on the UK Singles Chart.


title: JLS

text: The band's self-titled debut album was released on 9 November 2009 and has since sold over 1 million copies in the UK. JLS won the awards for British Breakthrough and British Single ("Beat Again") at the 2010 BRIT Awards. They also won several awards at the MOBO Awards for Best song for "Beat Again" in 2009 and also Best Newcomer in the same year. In 2010, they won the MOBO Awards for Best UK act and Best Album. They also went on to win their fifth MOBO in 2012 by winning Best Video for "Do You Feel What I Feel?". They won the title of the UK's hardest-working band for two consecutive years, in 2011 and 2012.


title: JLS

text: In 2010, JLS signed a record deal with the US record label Jive Records and released "Everybody in Love" as their debut and only US single, but it failed to chart. "The Club Is Alive", the lead single from their second studio album, was released in the UK in July 2010 and earned the band their third number-one on the UK Singles Chart. Their single "Love You More" was the official single for "Children in Need" in 2010 and gave the group their fourth number-one single in the UK. Their single "She Makes Me Wanna" featuring Dev was their fifth UK number one. As of 2012, their debut album and single have been named one of "The X Factor"s top ten biggest-selling debut singles and albums. As of 2013, they were the 16th-richest reality TV stars in the UK, with an estimated fortune of £6 million per member, thus giving the band a financial worth of approximately £24 million.


title: JLS

text: In May 2013, after seven years together, JLS announced that they would go their separate ways after releasing a greatest hits album and one last UK and Ireland arena tour. In February 2020, the band announced a reunion, with the Beat Again Tour due to start in November 2020, but it was postponed to June 2021 due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and then postponed to October 2021.


title: JLS

text: According to the British Phonographic Industry (BPI), JLS have been certified for 2.3 million albums and 3.2 million singles in the UK.


title: JLS

text: Oritsé Williams decided to get into the music business mainly because his mother has Multiple sclerosis and he wanted to raise money to help find a cure. He was originally scouted for a number of boy bands but did not feel they were right and believed that a group should have a "real" connection with each other, like his heroes Four Tops. Williams decided to form his own boy band and, through friends, met Marvin Humes who had experience in R&B and pop music, being a part of VS in 2004. Next to join was Aston Merrygold, who was once cast in the ITV children's programme "Fun Song Factory", because of his athletic ability. Last to join the group was JB Gill, for his "musical ear" and harmonies. They bonded, became friends and together they were called UFO (an initialism of Unique Famous Outrageous). They signed to Tracklacers developing a sound they then called "Jack the Lad Swing", combining the phrase "Jack the lad" and the urban music of new jack swing. While working their way into the music business, UFO instantly signed to Epic Records, before winning their first award in late 2007 at the Urban Music Awards for Best Unsigned Act thanks to their mash-up of "Stand by Me" by Ben E. King and "Beautiful Girls" by Sean Kingston. Shortly thereafter, they released their second single, "Slap Ya Elbow". The group give credit to 'DJ Triz' who produced one of UFO's first songs and helped them write it.


title: JLS

text: In 2008, UFO auditioned for the fifth series of "The X Factor", but had to change their name because it was already being used by another group, so they decided to go with the name JLS (an initialism of Jack the Lad Swing, the style created with Tracklacers some months back). Following the elimination of girl groups Bad Lashes and Girlband in weeks one and two respectively, JLS were Louis Walsh's last remaining act in the competition, but throughout the live shows the judges called them the best band to come out of "The X Factor". In week 7, JLS were in the bottom two along with Rachel Hylton. However, they survived thanks to votes from Walsh, Cheryl Cole and Simon Cowell. Cowell stated when deliberating that JLS did not deserve to be in the bottom two. In the quarter-final, JLS performed "...Baby One More Time" and received negative comments from two of the four judges, with Cowell saying "at the moment you're out", but after their second performance, "You Light Up My Life", Cowell commented that they were "back in the race" and that they could "have a hit record" with the performance.


title: JLS

text: In the semi-final, JLS performed "Umbrella" and "I'm Already There". Cowell then predicted they would win the competition. They made it to the final and performed their own version of the winner's song, "Hallelujah", which the other finalist Alexandra Burke also performed. The public voted for the second time that night and Burke won the competition, JLS coming second. They were the fourth band to make the final. JLS's manager thought the band would be well suited to Epic Records, with whom they signed a record contract in January 2009.


title: JLS

text: As soon as the contract was signed, Epic A&Rs Nick Raphael and Jo Charrington began album preparation by contacting the pop songwriters and producers who they thought to be the best in the industry. These included Steve Mac, Wayne Hector, J.R. Rotem and DEEKAY. When they went to see Mac he played them "Beat Again", a song he had written with Hector, and the pair enthusiastically agreed that it was perfect for JLS. Charrington said: "Once you've got that special song everything else seems to fall into place." The song was released as the debut single in July, only six months after the band had signed with the label. It reached No. 1 on the UK Singles Chart on 19 July 2009. On 9 November 2009 JLS released their eponymously titled debut album, "JLS". The album debuted at No. 1 on the UK Album Chart, selling over 1 million copies and named the sixth best selling album in the UK during 2009, only being released for 8 weeks before the list was compiled. Their second single "Everybody in Love", released on 2 November 2009, also topped the UK Singles Chart. Their third single, "One Shot", peaked at number six despite a physical release; however, it did stay in the charts for a number of weeks despite the drop. Due to the success of their album, the group went on their first headline tour, with twenty-five dates around the UK and Ireland. The group also became the first "The X Factor" contestants to win a BRIT Award in 2010, winning the British Breakthrough and Best British Single for "Beat Again". Jay-Z predicted that they would become as big as 'N Sync.


title: JLS

text: In the beginning of 2010, a bidding war was underway between (US-based) Epic Records and Jive Records to sign JLS to an American deal. The group settled with Jive Records, while continuing to remain with their native signing on Sony Music UK's Epic Records. As of August 2010, the album has sold over 1.2 million copies and has been certified 4× Platinum in the UK. The album was released as a six-track EP in the United States, featuring tracks "Beat Again", "Everybody in Love", "One Shot", "Only Tonight" and "Close to You" from the UK edition of the album, along with "The Club Is Alive" from the second UK album. It was released on 3 August 2010 and JLS also won two awards at the BT Digital Music Awards 2010 winning Best Group and Best Video for "Everybody in Love" .


title: JLS

text: In an interview with HitQuarters recorded in March, producer-songwriter Steve Mac said he was currently at work writing for the second JLS album, Another album contributor, Lucas Secon, said that the style of songs he worked on for the album were "a little more acoustic", prefiguring what he sees as a pop music trend shift from synthetic sounds to a more live approach. Songwriter-producer Chris Braide confirmed in August that he had just written and produced two tracks for the album. Braide said that he composed "skeleton" versions of the songs by himself, and then two members of JLS then came into his London studio to help complete them. One song was written and recorded within the space of a day.


title: JLS

text: "The Club Is Alive" was announced as the lead single in April and released on 4 July 2010. The group promoted the single on Britain's Got Talent and GMTV. The single debuted at number one, becoming the group's third UK number one single. Then reports suggested that a second single, "Ay Mama", was to be released in United States on 14 September 2010 and was set to feature Barbadian singer-songwriter Shontelle. However the group told Digital Spy that although a song had been recorded with Shontelle, it was never confirmed for the album. On 16 September 2010 the group unveiled the second single, "Love You More" and was a BBC Children in Need single. It was their 4th UK number-one. The group wrote the song with Toby Gad and Wayne Hector.


title: JLS

text: "Outta This World" was released on 22 November 2010 and debuted at number 2 on the UK Albums Chart selling 152,000 copies, being held off the number 1 spot by the second-week sales of Take That's record breaking "Progress" album. The album's third single "Eyes Wide Shut" was remixed to feature Tinie Tempah, and has so far reached number eight on the UK Singles Chart.


title: JLS

text: Merrygold said that the group had teamed up with Bruno Mars for songs on the third album, and had spoken about the possibility of working with Usher or Rihanna. On 7 January 2011 the album was certified double platinum by BPI, representing sales of over 600,000 in the UK.


title: JLS

text: JLS began working on their third album, "Jukebox" in March 2011. In May 2011 it was confirmed that the first single will feature American singer-songwriter Dev, and is titled "She Makes Me Wanna". The song was produced by BeatGeek, Jimmy Joker, Teddy Sky, who are part of RedOne's production company, after the group bid £30,000 for a recording session with the producer at Alicia Keys' Black Charity Ball in 2010. It was serviced to radio stations on 25 May 2011, while it was released for digital download on 24 July 2011. The album was released on 14 November 2011, and the band will embark on another UK arena tour in support of the album in March and April 2012. On 15 September, JLS announced that "Take a Chance on Me" would be their second single from their album "Jukebox". It was released on 4 November 2011, and charted at number two on the UK Singles Chart. The song was written by Emile Ghantous, Frankie Bautista, Nasri Atweh, and Nick Turpin. The band's third single "Do You Feel What I Feel?" was released on 1 January 2012 and became their lowest-charting single to date, peaking at number sixteen. The album charted at number 2 on the UK Album Charts, making it the second consecutive album to miss the number 1 spot, and entered the Irish Album Charts at number 5.


title: JLS

text: In 2012, JLS recorded the official Sport Relief charity single, "Proud". It was released on 18 March 2012. The song was co-written with Daniel Davidsen, Jason Gill, Cutfather and Ali Tennant, who also worked on the "Jukebox" album. The band were among the performers at the Diamond Jubilee concert held outside Buckingham Palace on 4 June 2012. On 7 June 2012, they performed at the Royal Albert Hall for the Rays of Sunshine concert, which grants wishes for seriously ill youngsters in the UK aged 3–18 years old. On 8 June 2012, they were announced to perform at the iTunes Festival 2012, along with "The X Factor" alumni Olly Murs, One Direction and Rebecca Ferguson.


title: JLS

text: On 21 August 2012, JLS began filming a music video for "Hottest Girl in the World", the lead single from their fourth album. On 25 August, the band announced that their upcoming fourth album would be called "Evolution". The album will be released on 5 November. On the direction of the album Merrygold said; "We didn't go by any kind of guidelines or anything like that, we just made what felt right and we're really excited about it." The band also confirmed that a Deluxe version of the LP will be available that will feature bonus and unreleased tracks. Producers on the album include chart-topping US studio bods Rodney Jerkins, Bangladesh, and Midi Mafia. On 6 September, they premiered the lead single, "Hottest Girl in the World", on BBC Radio 1. The single was released on 21 October and debuted at number 6 on the UK Singles Chart.


title: JLS

text: On 14 December 2012, JLS were invited to "Friday Download" as special guests. On 17 December, Humes revealed that the group were to release a follow-up album to "Evolution" in 2013. On 1 February 2013, it was confirmed that, work on what would have been their fifth studio album, had begun.


title: JLS

text: On 24 April 2013, JLS released a statement on their official website announcing that they would be splitting up after releasing their greatest hits collection and completing their third and final arena tour. On 24 April 2013, the band confirmed plans to release "Goodbye – The Greatest Hits" in late 2013, which would be preceded by a new single to coincide with their farewell arena tour across the UK. It was confirmed on 26 September that their final single will be called "Billion Lights", which was released on 17 November 2013 and charted at number 19 on the UK Singles Chart.


title: JLS

text: JLS officially disbanded following the final gig of their Goodbye Tour at The O2 Arena in London on 22 December 2013.


title: JLS

text: In November 2019, it was reported that JLS would return as a band after six years, with plans to launch a tour and release new music. This was confirmed on 12 February 2020, when JLS announced their reformation for a reunion tour called the Beat Again Tour. In February 2021, the band confirmed that a drill track called "Time" was not by them, after the song was thought to be their new single, due to it being credited to an act called JLS (with the song actually being by rappers Switch and J9). 8 March it was revealed that JLS had signed a new record deal with BMG to make new music. On 3 September 2021 the band released “Eternal Love” the lead single from the band's fifth studio album “2.0”.


title: JLS

text: At their "X Factor" audition in 2008, JLS stated that they aspired to be like groups like Four Tops, Take That, Boyz II Men, Westlife and Jodeci. Other influences include Michael Jackson and The Jackson 5, Backstreet Boys, NSYNC, Take 6, Will.i.am, The Temptations, Bell Biv DeVoe, Frank Sinatra, Lionel Richie and the Police. Aston Merrygold has cited Usher, Michael Jackson, Mario, Beyoncé, Chris Brown and Boyz II Men as influences. Marvin Humes cites Michael Jackson, Marvin Gaye, Stevie Wonder, Usher, Ne-Yo, Mariah Carey, Prince, Boyz II Men, Justin Timberlake and Craig David as influences. JB Gill cites Michael Jackson, Beyoncé and Lionel Richie as influences.


title: JLS

text: As well as appearing on numerous TV programmes for promotion of their albums/singles, JLS have had two special TV shows of their own broadcast. The first was an hour-long documentary for ITV2, titled "JLS Revealed", which first aired on 7 November 2009. The documentary followed them in the year after they had finished second in "The X Factor", capturing them as they toured with Lemar, released their singles and attended the MOBO Awards amongst other highlights. The second show was an hour-long entertainment show for ITV titled "This Is JLS", which first aired on 11 December 2010 before the first show of that year's "X Factor" final. Filmed before a live studio audience, the band performed all of their hits, tracks from the "Outta This World" album and a special duet with Kylie Minogue on her hit song "All the Lovers", as well as partaking in surprise hidden camera stunts for lucky fans who had been invited to be in the audience for the show.


title: JLS

text: The group have also released their own documentary film titled "JLS: Eyes Wide Open 3D", making them the first British music act to release a 3D film. Filmed at The O2 Arena during the tour for their second album "Outta This World" in December 2010/January 2011, and incorporated with documentary footage shot by Ben Winston and Andy Morahan, it was shown exclusively for three days only from 3 June 2011 in over 300 UK cinemas. Due to many cinemas selling out tickets for the initial weekend, additional screenings were made in cinemas for the following weekend from 10 June 2011, thus, more tickets were available to buy online or on the day of screening. It opened at number 5 in the UK Box Office chart, raking in £463,914 from three June weekend screenings alone. A DVD of the film was released on 5 December 2011. JLS also created a one-off Christmas special TV programme called "A Very JLS Christmas", in which various celebrities appeared such as Alesha Dixon.


title: JLS

text: They have also had two best-selling books published, with both featuring photography from the renowned fashion photographer Dean Freeman. The first, "Our Story So Far", was published through HarperCollins in September 2009, and went on to become a Sunday Times best-seller. The second, entitled "Just Between Us: Our Private Diary", was also published through HarperCollins in September 2010, and was again a best-seller in the run up to Christmas that year.


title: JLS

text: In addition to launching their own clothing line, and the usual merchandising of calendars, posters etc., JLS have also released branded condoms with Durex under the campaign line "Just Love Safe", as part of a charitable organisation they have established called the JLS Foundation, where they are working together with sexual health charities such as Brook to raise awareness of practising safe sex and family planning. The initiative was launched at a press conference in September 2010. Individually, the band have also become patrons for different charities, namely Beatbullying (Merrygold), Childline (Humes), Rays of Sunshine Children's Charity (Gill) and National MS Society (Williams). Williams was awarded by the Multiple Sclerosis Society of Great Britain with the "Inspiration Award" in April 2010 for his work for the charity.


title: JLS

text: In January 2011 it was announced that they and Alexandra Burke have worked together to create brand new fashion line, "2KX". Burke and JLS stated, "We are eagerly waiting for the first stocks of the ultra-hyped menswear and womenswear range, due very soon." To coincide with the launch of their third album "Jukebox", they will feature in their very own edition of 'TheirMag', a newly formed sister publication to Rio Ferdinand's "#5" magazine.


title: JLS

text: In March 2012, they launched their first fragrance, "Kiss". All four of the band members worked with perfume designer Azzi Glasser to form the scent. In February 2013, they launched their second fragrance, "Love", which scent ranges from hints of jasmine, white tea, pink orchid and orange-blossom.


title: JLS

text: In 2010 the group founded "The JLS Foundation" a foundation that sets out to raise money for 6 different charities: Cancer Research UK, Rays of Sunshine, Brook, Childline, Beat Bullying and the MS Society. Despite the split, the foundation still exists and all members are still committed to continue the foundation.


title: JLS

text: JLS have appeared on every Children in need night since 2010. All sales from the JLS number one single Love You More went to Children in Need. In 2011 Merrygold did a VT for the charity in which he met seven-year-old Emily who suffers from Osteogenesis imperfecta. In 2012 JLS performed at the "children in need rocks Manchester" concert performing Take a Chance on Me. In 2013 Aston appeared on Children In Need for the last time as a member of JLS where the group sang a medley of JLS songs at the EastEnders set.


title: JLS

text: JLS have also helped raise money for comic relief, appearing in comedy sketches with both Miranda Hart and James Corden.


title: JLS

text: In 2012 all the band members visited Uganda for Sport Relief appearing in emotional VT's across the night. The same year JLS released the official sport relief Charity single "Proud", which peaked at number 6 in the chart, as well as hosting a special charity concert "JLS sing for Sport Relief" and doing the Sport Relief Mile.


title: JLS

text: In total JLS have appeared in 5 charity singles: A cover of Mariah Carey's "Hero" as part of the X Factor 2008 finalists (for Help for Heroes), Wishing on a Star X Factor finalists featuring JLS and One Direction (for organisation Together for Short Lives) "Love You More" (for Children in Need), "Proud" (for Sport Relief) and "Everybody Hurts" (for Helping Haiti). Four out of 5 of these charity singles got to number one on the UK singles chart.


title: JLS

text: Oritsé Jolomi Matthew Soloman Williams (born 27 November 1986) attended St Edwards School in West London, where he was known as Music Boy. He has two brothers and one sister. When he was 12, his mother was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. He had to care for his brothers and sister whilst attending schools and clubs. He attended the British International School in Lagos, Nigeria. Here he befriended English/Nigerian singer L Marshall (who also attended the school in Lagos) and won his first talent show performing alongside L in his final year. He also attended Larmenier Sacred Heart Catholic Primary School and Cardinal Vaughan Memorial School. Williams dreamed of being a solo artist from a very young age. He was recruited for many boy bands but believed that a good boy band had to have a good bond between the members. He decided to put together his own boy band, UFO, who later changed their name to JLS (there was another British rock band already called UFO). He also wrote the song "Wow Oh Wow" for Jedward.


title: JLS

text: On 28 September 2013, Williams won the first series of the ITV dancing show "Stepping Out", hosted by Davina McCall.


title: JLS

text: Marvin Richard James Humes (born 18 March 1985 in Greenwich, London, England) is the oldest member of the band. Humes was previously a member of another band called VS, created by Blue member Simon Webbe, but they split shortly after releasing an album. After meeting future fellow band member Aston Merrygold, Humes joined UFO. Humes appeared in "Holby City" on the BBC for three years from 2000 to 2003, playing Robbie Waring for 14 episodes. At the age of 14 he starred in a children's programme called "K-Club", which helped people with computers and how they work. Humes has been in a public relationship with Rochelle Wiseman since March 2010. They got engaged on 31 December 2011 and married on 27 July 2012 at Blenheim Palace. It was announced on Twitter on 22 November 2012 that they were expecting their first child and, on 20 May 2013, Rochelle gave birth to their daughter Alaia-Mai. The couple's second child, a daughter called Valentina Raine, was born on 10 March 2017.


title: JLS

text: He hosted "The Voice UK" with Emma Willis between 2014-2016 and co presented "The Official Big Top 40" with Kat Shoop between 2014 and 2018.


title: JLS

text: Jonathan Benjamin "JB" Gill (born 7 December 1986) is the son of Cynthia and Keith Gill, and has one brother called Neequaye. Gill spent the first five years of his life living in Antigua, discovering his musical talent at a very early age. After completing his exams at university, he decided to audition for "The X Factor" in 2008. It was at this point that he came into contact with the other members of JLS. Gill grew up, mostly, in Croydon and began making music at the age of seven when he played the recorder, piano, flute and guitar. At the age of nine, he joined the choir and went on to perform at the local church. Gill concentrated on his music and began studying at The Centre for Young Musicians (CYM).


title: JLS

text: After leaving the CYM, Gill stayed involved with the school music scene. He was involved with the choir at school. He continued this until he was 15 but had to give it up due to the pressures from the school to concentrate on his rugby career; he was involved with London Irish rugby club until he was 18. Gill eventually decided that he wanted to sing rather than play rugby and melon took up vocal coaching during a year out before attending university. During this period, Gill was contacted by Oritse to try out for the band because of his musical ear and attention to harmonies. He studied theology at King's College London, staying in halls in Russell Square, before dropping out to pursue a music career.


title: JLS

text: In December 2012, he won the Christmas Special edition of the BBC program "Strictly Come Dancing", performing the Jive with Ola Jordan. Gill is now an owner of a farm in Scotland and he will take a pause from music and start a different life as a farmer.


title: JLS

text: In 2014, JB collaborated with DJ and music producer Charlie Hedges to release his debut solo single "Best Night of My Life", making him the first member of JLS to release solo material.


title: JLS

text: In late 2008, Gill began dating backing dancer Chloe Tangney. In January 2014, the couple announced their engagement and married on 3 May 2014. On 19 September 2014, the couple welcomed a baby boy, Ace Jeremiah Gill. In July 2018, their daughter Chiara Sapphire Gill was born.


title: JLS

text: Aston Iain Merrygold (born 13 February 1988 in Peterborough, England) was born to a Jamaican father and an Anglo-Irish mother. He is one of seven children; he has five brothers and one sister. He was born and raised in Peterborough, where he attended Jack Hunt School. In 2002, Merrygold entered "Stars in Their Eyes" where he appeared as Michael Jackson, singing "Rockin' Robin" and finished in second place. He came in second yet again with JLS on "The X Factor" at age 20. Aston performed in school productions and, after leaving school in 2004, was cast in a new ITV programme, "Fun Song Factory" alongside children's TV presenter Laura Hamilton. In the show, Merrygold played the character "Cookie". Whilst still attending secondary school, he played football on behalf of England in the European Youth Games. His initial aspiration was to play football professionally. However, after developing a nerve problem in his left foot, he tried singing and acting instead. Through acting, he met Humes. As a result, he received a call from Williams (an acquaintance of Humes) about joining a boy band.


title: JLS

text: Aston worked on his debut solo album Showstopper for a planned mid-2016 release, but it remains unreleased. The lead single of the album, "Get Stupid" was released on 24 July 2015.


title: JLS

text: In August 2017, Merrygold was announced as a contestant for the fifteenth series of Strictly Come Dancing. Merrygold was eliminated on 5 November 2017, coming in tenth place.


title: JLS

text: In December 2018, Aston reunited with dance partner Janette Manrara for Strictly's Christmas Special. The pair went on to perform the Jive to Cee Lo Green's What Christmas Means to Me. Merrygold scored a perfect score of 40 and the pair won the TV special.


title: JLS

text: He is engaged to dancer Sarah Lou Richards and their son, Grayson Jax Merrygold was born on 30 January 2018.


title: National Film Award for Best Actress

text: The National Film Award for Best Actress (officially known as the Rajat Kamal Award for the Best Actress) is an honour presented annually at the National Film Awards of India since 1968 to an actress for the best performance in a leading role within the Indian film industry. The National Film Awards were called the "State Awards for Films" when established in 1954. The State Awards instituted the "Best Actress" category in 1968 as the "Urvashi Award for the Best Actress"; in 1975, the "Urvashi Award" was renamed as the "Rajat Kamal Award for the Best Actress". Throughout the years, accounting for ties and repeat winners, the Government of India has presented a total of 56 Best Actress awards to 45 different actresses.


title: National Film Award for Best Actress

text: Until 1974, winners of the National Film Award received a figurine and certificate; since 1975, they have been awarded with a "Rajat Kamal" (silver lotus), certificate and a cash prize that amounted to in 2012. Although the Indian film industry produces films in more than 20 languages and dialects, the actresses whose performances have won awards have worked in ten major languages: Hindi (22 awards), Tamil (7 awards), Bengali (6 awards), Malayalam (6 awards), Telugu (4 awards), Kannada (3 awards), English (3 awards), Marathi (2 awards), Assamese (one award) and Urdu (one award).


title: National Film Award for Best Actress

text: The first recipient was Nargis Dutt from Bollywood, who was honoured at the 15th National Film Awards (1967) for her performance in "Raat Aur Din". The actress who won the most Rajat Kamal awards is Shabana Azmi with five wins, followed by Sharada and Kangana Ranaut with three wins. As of 2021, four actresses—Smita Patil, Archana, Shobana, and Tabu who have won the award two times. Sharada, Archana and Shobana are the only three actresses to get the award for performing in two different languages. Sharada was bestowed with the awards for her performances in two Malayalam films: "Thulabharam" and "Swayamvaram" in 1968 and 1972 respectively, and in 1978 for the Telugu film "Nimajjanam". Archana was first honoured in 1987 for the Tamil film "Veedu" and was awarded for the second time in 1988 for the Telugu film "Daasi". Shobana received her first award for the Malayalam film "Manichitrathazhu" in 1993, and her second for the English film "Mitr, My Friend" in 2001. As of 2020, the late Monisha Unni remains the youngest recipient of the honour; she was awarded for the Malayalam film "Nakhakshathangal" in 1986 when she was 16. Indrani Haldar and Rituparna Sengupta are the only two actresses to be honoured for the same film—"Dahan". Kangana Ranaut is the only actress to be honoured for her performance in two different films ("" and "Panga") in the same year. Sridevi is the only actress who was honoured posthumously for her performance in "Mom" (2017). The most recent recipient is Aparna Balamurali, who will be honoured at the 68th National Film Awards for her performance in the 2020 Tamil language film, "Soorarai Pottru".


title: Kamelot

text: Kamelot is an American power metal band from Tampa, Florida, formed by Thomas Youngblood, in 1987. The Norwegian vocalist Roy Khan joined for the album "Siége Perilous", and shared songwriting credit with Youngblood until his departure in April 2011. On June 22, 2012, Youngblood announced on their website that their new vocalist would be the Swedish singer Tommy Karevik, who was first featured on Kamelot's album "Silverthorn" as the main vocalist, co-songwriter, and lyricist.


title: Kamelot

text: As of 2022, Kamelot had released twelve studio albums, three live albums, two live DVDs and twenty music videos.


title: Kamelot

text: The band was formed, in Florida, in 1987 by guitarist Thomas Youngblood, with Richard Warner on drums, Rob Beck on vocals and Dirk Van Tilborg on bass and keyboards, as "Camelot". This name was originally suggested by Youngblood's mother, since she loved John F. Kennedy.


title: Kamelot

text: In 1988 they recorded the song "Breaking The Silence", composed by Youngblood and Warner, for "Tampa Bay's Metal Mercenaries: The Invasion", a cassette-only compilation of various Heavy Metal bands from Tampa Bay produced by Keith "Thumper" Collins (ex-bassist for Savatage).


title: Kamelot

text: In 1991 Sean Tibbetts (then using the stage name Sean Christians) joined as bass guitarist, Rob Beck was replaced on vocals by Mark Vanderbilt and Dirk Van Tilborg left the band. The band changed its name to "Kamelot" due to there being a local record store named Camelot, and to set it apart from the Camelot mythos. This line up recorded, in the same year, the band first demo.


title: Kamelot

text: In 1992 Glenn Barry replaced Sean Christians on bass guitar and, the following year, the band recorded its second demo. After this, David Pavlicko was recruited as keyboardist; in 1993 the band signed a deal with Noise Records and released its first album, "Eternity" in 1995.


title: Kamelot

text: The band's next album, "Dominion", was released in 1997. Later that year after a tour in Europe, founder Richard Warner departed the band and drummer Casey Grillo was brought in. In 1998 Mark Vanderbilt was unable to tour and Roy Khan (of Conception) was recruited as the new lead vocalist. When Roy Khan was selected, he had to prove himself by skydiving with the band. With these two new members, Kamelot released its third studio album, "Siége Perilous". The band undertook its first tour later that year, playing shows across Europe.


title: Kamelot

text: Following their first European tour and the departure of keyboardist Pavlicko, the band returned to Tampa to write music for a new album titled "The Fourth Legacy", released in 1999. In mid-2000, Kamelot undertook the "New Allegiance Tour" through Germany, Austria, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Belgium, Italy, Greece and Spain, during which the recordings for Kamelot's first live album "The Expedition" were made. A few months later, the band released its fifth album, "Karma". The sixth album, "Epica", was released in 2003. Both "Epica" and the band's seventh album, "The Black Halo", which was released in 2005, are based on Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's version of the legend of "Faust", a man who sells his soul to the devil. To support the new album, the band toured through Europe (with At Vance as a supporting band) and Japan. During the first leg of the "Black Halo World Tour 2005", Kamelot played a headliner show with Epica and Kotipelto. In Japan, the supporting group was Silent Force. The band also played at the Bang Your Head!!! Festival in Germany and the Graspop Metal Meeting in Belgium.


title: Kamelot

text: In 2005, Kamelot made its first music videos for the songs "The Haunting (Somewhere in Time)" and "March of Mephisto" from the album "The Black Halo". Both videos were shot by the prolific director Patric Ullaeus. On October 5, 2005, Kamelot added Oliver Palotai as the fifth official band member; Palotai played both keyboards and (additional) guitars. On the second leg of the Black Halo World Tour, Kamelot visited North America (Canada and the United States), South America (Brazil), and Europe (Belgium, the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden). On February 11, 2006, the band's live DVD, "One Cold Winter's Night" was filmed by Patric Ullaeus at the Rockefeller Music Hall in Oslo, Norway. It was released on November 17, 2006, in Germany, on November 20 in other parts of Europe, and on November 21 in the US and Canada via SPV Records.


title: Kamelot

text: In late 2006, the band returned to Gate Studios in Wolfsburg, Germany, to record the album, "Ghost Opera", which was released on June 1, 2007, in Germany, on June 4 in the rest of Europe, and on June 5 in the US. The album was recorded and mixed at Gate Studios and Pathway Studios in Wolfsburg with the producers Sascha Paeth and Miro. Music videos were made for the songs "Ghost Opera", "The Human Stain", "Rule the World" and "Love You to Death". A re-issue of "Ghost Opera", labeled "Ghost Opera: the Second Coming", was released shortly after its predecessor. It contains the entire original "Ghost Opera" album and a second CD with ten live songs recorded during a concert in Belgrade, Serbia, with the additional bonus tracks, "Season's End", "The Pendulous Fall", "Epilogue" and "Rule the World (Remixed)". The World Tour 2008-2009 for "Ghost Opera" included three legs in Europe and one US Tour, support bands were Edguy, Firewind, Leaves' Eyes, Delain and Serenity. During the summers of 2008 and 2009, they played festivals like Wacken Open Air, Rock am Ring, Sonisphere Festival and Metal Rock Fest in Lillehammer. At the TT Circuit Assen they played as support with Within Temptation for Iron Maiden.


title: Kamelot

text: In December 2009, Youngblood announced that the bass guitarist Glenn Barry had officially left the band and had been replaced by the touring bass guitarist and former member, Sean Tibbetts. In January 2010, Kamelot started working on their ninth studio album, in a cabin in Norway. It was said that the band was exploring "new sounds" and that the topics on the new album would be diverse. During early 2010, Kamelot published the titles of three songs from the upcoming album on their official website: "The Great Pandemonium", "Hunter's Season" and "Thespian Drama". They also revealed that guest musicians would appear: Simone Simons (she provided vocals for the ballad "House on a Hill" and the album's title track), and later Gus G, of the Greek power metal band Firewind.


title: Kamelot

text: On March 25, 2010, they began the "Pandemonium over Europe" tour, which ended on April 26, 2010. Afterward, the band revealed the title of their ninth studio album as "Poetry for the Poisoned". It was released by earMUSIC (the international label of the entertainment group Edel) in Europe on September 10, 2010, and by the band's own label KMG Recordings (via Knife Fight Media and Dismanic Distribution) in North America on September 14, 2010. A music video for "The Great Pandemonium" was directed by Owe Lingvall and was released on September 1, 2010. "Poetry for the Poisoned" entered the US "Billboard" 200 charts at number 74, selling 6,100 copies in its first week. During the summer of 2010 they played a festival summer tour which included festivals like Wacken Open Air, Rock am Ring, Tuska Open Air Festival. The last festival of the tour was Sziget Festival on August 14.


title: Kamelot

text: On September 6, 2010, the band announced that Khan had fallen seriously ill during rehearsals for the upcoming North American tour, just a few days before its scheduled start, and had returned to Norway. While it was initially reported that the band would continue the tour with the Norwegian vocalist Michael Eriksen of Circus Maximus in Khan's place, the band later announced that it would postpone the tour with Khan, though one show was performed with Eriksen at the ProgPower USA XI festival in Atlanta, Georgia, on September 10, 2010. However, on December 16, due to Khan's lingering illness, it was announced that Fabio Lione of Rhapsody of Fire would replace Khan for the remaining and rescheduled dates on the Pandemonium over Latin America, Europe and North America tours in 2011, and later the 70,000 Tons of Metal Cruise in 2012. Other guest singers appeared on selected shows, such as Simone Simons singing The Haunting and Don't You Cry, Tommy Karevik singing Center of the Universe, EdenEcho and The Human Stain, Shagrath as Mephisto on March of Mephisto and Memento Mori, Alissa White-Gluz also as Mephisto on March of Mephisto and Atle Pettersen on Karma. On April 15, 2011, the band released "Poetry for the Poisoned & Live from Wacken – Limited Tour Edition", containing the audio from Khan's last recorded show with the band.


title: Kamelot

text: Following a period of uncertainty, Khan and Kamelot released separate statements on April 21 and 22 respectively, announcing Khan's departure from the band. According to Youngblood, the band was already searching for a new singer, with the deadline for submissions at the end of January. On June 22, Kamelot introduced Seventh Wonder's Tommy Karevik as their new official vocalist. Karevik had previously appeared as one of the guest singers on the 2011 Pandemonium World Tour. Their first show with Karevik was on July 12, 2012 at Masters of Rock.


title: Kamelot

text: Kamelot returned to the German label SPV GmbH to release their tenth record (their first with Karevik), which was unveiled as "Silverthorn" in July, along with a release date of October 26, 2012. A music video was released for the first single from Silverthorn, "Sacrimony (Angel Of Afterlife)". "Silverthorn" was greeted with positive reviews and the band once again charted in the top 100 on the US Billboard Charts at number 79.


title: Kamelot

text: The band joined Nightwish on their Imaginaerum World Tour in North America as special guests during September and October 2012 in the period leading up to the release of Silverthorn, along with guest-vocalists Elize Ryd and Alissa White-Gluz. Following the North American tour Kamelot embarked on a European headlining tour during November 2012, with support on the tour coming from Xandria, Triosphere and Blackguard. The band also toured new countries on "Silverthorn" including Australia, Korea and Taiwan.


title: Kamelot

text: The band toured during 2013 with the band Delain, and string quartet Eklipse. During this leg of the tour, keyboardist Oliver Palotai sat out while he and girlfriend Simone Simons of the band Epica awaited the birth of their first child. Epica keyboardist Coen Janssen filled in for Palotai. The touring cycle for the album ended with tours in Europe, North America and finally in South America 2014.


title: Kamelot

text: In 2014 the band took some time off from touring, to concentrate on working on the next album. They only played two festivals in Europe, Sweden Rock Festival and Masters@Rock Festival and two club shows, one in Trondheim and one in Haarlem. In Haarlem they played a special acoustic set that included the live premiere of "Welcome Home" and the acoustic premiere of "Karma".


title: Kamelot

text: On February 23, 2015, it was announced that the eleventh Kamelot album would be called "Haven". It was released on May 5 of that year. Alissa White-Gluz, Troy Donockley, and Charlotte Wessels appear as guests on the album. Three music videos were released for "Haven": "Insomnia", "Liar Liar (Wasteland Monarchy)" and "My Therapy". The album was well received by critics and fans which resulted in entering the US Billboard Charts at number 75 and the Billboard Hard Rock Charts at number 1.


title: Kamelot

text: Shortly before the release of the album Kamelot began a new world tour to promote the album which started in North America with DragonForce as special guests. During summer they played at Masters of Rock, Kavarna Rock Fest and Rock by the River Festival. Later in the year the band returned to Europe with Kobra and the Lotus and Gus G as support. Between their shows in Milan and Strasbourg, they headed to Japan over the weekend, to play at Loud Park Festival for the first time. 2015 was concluded with the second leg of the American tour, again with DragonForce. Kamelot's focus in 2016 continued on live shows in support of "Haven" and brought them again to Europe, but also toured Japan and South America.


title: Kamelot

text: In 2016, the band announced that following the end of the third Haven tour and a "couple of more [touring] dates", they would be working on their new studio album.


title: Kamelot

text: February 2, 2017 marked the second time for Kamelot joining the metal cruise 70000 Tons of Metal. The band opened for Iron Maiden and Ghost with Exodus on July 1, 2017 at the San Manuel Amphitheater in San Bernardino. Casey Grillo did not attend the show, so Alex Landenburg from Luca Turilli's Rhapsody filled in. 2017 concluded the "Haven World Tour" with shows in Russia, Greece and Israel.


title: Kamelot

text: On January 25, 2018, Kamelot announced their twelfth studio album "The Shadow Theory". It was released on April 6, 2018. Lauren Hart and Jennifer Haben appear as guests on the album. The album entered the Billboard Hard Rock Charts at number 2 and peaked the Amazon Hard Rock & Metal Charts at #1. Three music videos were released for The Shadow Theory: "Phantom Divine (Shadow Empire)", "Amnesiac" and "MindFall Remedy". Kamelot announced that longtime member Casey Grillo had departed from the band on February 5, 2018 to "pursue other musical and touring opportunities" and to focus on his drumhead company. On the same day, Firewind drummer Johan Nunez was announced as the replacement drummer.


title: Kamelot

text: After the release of the new album, the band began "The Shadow Tour" to promote the album, starting in North America with Delain and Battle Beast as opening acts. After only two performances, the band announced that Johan Nunez would be stepping away due to injury and that Alex Landenburg would be his live replacement. Over the summer, they performed at European festivals. They toured Europe as headliners with support from Leaves' Eyes, Visions of Atlantis, Circus Maximus and Dynazty, followed by a Japan tour with special guests Witherfall and an Australia tour with Valhalore. Kamelot joined the metal cruise "70000 Tons of Metal" for the third time on January 31, 2019. They returned to Europe in the spring with special guests Evergrey and Visions of Atlantis. Alex Landenburg was later announced as the official drummer on April 10, 2019. During the summer the band performed some exclusive European concerts and festivals including headliner shows at the Luppolo in Rock Festival and Z! Live Rock Fest. Kamelot concluded "The Shadow Tour" with another North American leg in the fall with support from Sonata Arctica and Battle Beast.


title: Kamelot

text: The band's third live release, "I Am the Empire – Live from the 013", was recorded at the 013 in Tilburg, Netherlands on September 14, 2018 with Charlotte Wessels, Elize Ryd, Alissa White-Gluz, Eklipse and Sascha Paeth as special guests. The DVD/Blu-ray for the live release was later announced on June 3, 2020 with a release date of August 14, 2020.


title: Kamelot

text: On February 26, 2020, Kamelot announced that they will be releasing their first book "Veritas: A Kamelot Legacy" via Rocket 88, which will include band memorabilia as well as studio, live and personal photos from the band's career, marking the thirtieth anniversary of Kamelot's founding.


title: Kamelot

text: In a June 2020 interview with the "Jones.Show", Youngblood revealed that he, Karevik and Palotai have been working on new material for the upcoming thirteenth Kamelot album:


title: Kamelot

text: In two interviews with FaceCulture and A&P Reacts, Youngblood had also revealed that a number of twenty-five songs had been written for the new album, in which they would focus on thirteen of them. Both Youngblood and Karevik had also stated that the band planned to release the new album in August or September 2021, though it originally was set to be released in March. On October 13, 2020, Youngblood confirmed that there were twelve songs for the album and the band were preparing to enter the studio to record their thirteenth studio album. When asked about the album's songwriting approach in an interview, Youngblood spoke that the album will contain a mixture of new elements and influences, with material that fans should expect.


title: Kamelot

text: There had been no updates to the upcoming album's release date since passing the 2021 deadlines, but Kamelot produced two music videos for the album in May 2022. In the following month, the band announced that the "final touches of mixing are underway" for the album, which is planned for an early 2023 release, as well as the announcement that cellist Tina Guo would be a featured guest on the album. In addition to being confirmed as a headliner at the 2023 edition of ProgPower USA, the band will also support the album by going on a five-day tour in Brazil with Turilli / Lione Rhapsody in February 2023 with Melissa Bonny as a guest vocalist. On December 9, 2022, the band announced the first European leg for their "Awaken the World Tour" which is set to begin in March 2023.


title: Mass suicides in 1945 Nazi Germany

text: During the final weeks of Nazi Germany and the war in Europe, many civilians, government officials and military personnel throughout Germany committed suicide. In addition to high-ranking Nazi officials like Adolf Hitler, Joseph Goebbels, Heinrich Himmler, Philipp Bouhler and Martin Bormann, many others chose "Selbstmord" (German for "suicide", literally "Self-murder") rather than accept the defeat of Germany. Motivating factors included fear of reprisals and atrocities by the Allies and especially the Red Army, Nazi propaganda that glorified suicide as preferable to defeat, and despondency after the suicide of Adolf Hitler. For example, in May 1945, up to 1,000 people killed themselves before and after the entry of Red Army into the German town of Demmin. In Berlin alone more than 7,000 suicides were reported in 1945.


title: Mass suicides in 1945 Nazi Germany

text: Three distinct periods of suicides have been identified between January and May 1945 when thousands of German people took their own lives. "Life" Magazine reported that: "In the last days of the war the overwhelming realization of utter defeat was too much for many Germans. Stripped of the bayonets and bombast which had given them power, they could not face a reckoning with either their conquerors or their consciences." German psychiatrist noted the existence of "organised mass suicide on a large scale which had previously not occurred in the history of Europe [...] there are suicides which do not have anything to do with mental illness or some moral and intellectual deviance, but predominantly with the continuity of a heavy political defeat and the fear of being held responsible".


title: Mass suicides in 1945 Nazi Germany

text: There were several reasons some Germans decided to end their lives in the last months of the war. First, by 1945, Nazi propaganda had created fear among some sections of the population about the impending military invasion of their country by the Soviets or Western Allies. Information films from the Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda repeatedly chided audiences about why Germany must not surrender, telling the people they faced the threat of torture, rape, and death in defeat. These fears were not groundless, as many Germans were raped, mostly by Soviet soldiers. The number of rapes is disputed, but was certainly considerable – hundreds of thousands of incidents, according to most Western historians.


title: Mass suicides in 1945 Nazi Germany

text: Secondly, many Nazis had been indoctrinated in unquestioning loyalty to the party and with it its cultural ideology of preferring death over living in defeat. Finally, others killed themselves because they knew what would happen to them following defeat. The Soviets, Americans and the British had made it clear in 1943, with the Moscow Declaration, that all those considered war criminals would face judgment. Many party officials and military personnel were, therefore, aware they would face severe punishment for their conduct during the war.


title: Mass suicides in 1945 Nazi Germany

text: The scale of the suicide waves suggests that fear and anxiety were common motivations. There were also a large number of family suicides or murder-suicides where mothers and fathers killed themselves and their children.


title: Mass suicides in 1945 Nazi Germany

text: In March 1945, the British printed a German-language black propaganda postcard, supposedly issued by the Nazi government, giving detailed instructions on how to hang oneself with the minimum amount of pain.


title: Mass suicides in 1945 Nazi Germany

text: Cyanide capsules were one of the most common ways that people killed themselves in the last days of the war. On 12 April 1945, members of the Hitler Youth distributed cyanide pills to audience members during the last concert of the Berlin Philharmonic. Prior to his own suicide in the "Führerbunker", Hitler ensured all his staff had been given poison capsules.


title: Mass suicides in 1945 Nazi Germany

text: Many German civilians would go into forests to hang themselves and their families in areas which were soon to be invaded by the Red Army, while others would use poison instead. There are also numerous documented cases where parents killed their children before they killed themselves.


title: Mass suicides in 1945 Nazi Germany

text: Members of the German Armed Forces often used firearms to end their lives. For example, SS-"Obergruppenführer" Ernst-Robert Grawitz killed himself and his family with a "Eierhandgranate", while "Wehrmacht" generals Wilhelm Emanuel Burgdorf and Hans Krebs shot themselves in the head with their pistols, and Josef Terboven, the "Reichskommissar" for German-occupied Norway, blew himself up in a bunker by detonating of dynamite.


title: Mass suicides in 1945 Nazi Germany

text: More than 7,000 suicides were reported in Berlin in 1945, but it is thought that many suicides went unreported due to the chaos of the post-war period. Other locations where suicides happened include:


title: Mass suicides in 1945 Nazi Germany

text: The willingness to commit suicide before accepting defeat was a key Nazi idea during the Second World War. Adolf Hitler declared his preference for death over defeat in a speech he gave to the Reichstag during the invasion of Poland in 1939, saying, "I now wish to be nothing other than the first soldier of the German Reich. Therefore I have put on that tunic which has always been the most holy and dear to me. I shall not take it off again until after victory is ours, or I shall not live to see the day!"


title: Mass suicides in 1945 Nazi Germany

text: When it became apparent that the Nazis were about to lose the war, Germany's leaders (including Goebbels and Hitler) spoke publicly in favor of suicide as an option. Hitler declared on 30 August 1944 during a military briefing, "It’s only [a fraction] of a second. Then one is redeemed of everything and finds tranquility and eternal peace." Many supporters of Nazi ideology and party shared the apocalyptic message of National Socialism and looked forward to ending their lives. Years of exposure to Nazi propaganda also led many Germans to assume that suicide was the only way out.


title: Mass suicides in 1945 Nazi Germany

text: The glorification of violent death is believed to have originated with the post-World War I Nazi struggle for power and the early deaths of Nazi activists such as Horst Wessel. In the same way, the suicides of leading Nazis were meant to be seen as heroic sacrifices. In a radio speech on 28 February 1945 (circulated in most newspapers in the Reich on 1 March), Joseph Goebbels declared on public radio that, if Germany were to be defeated, he would "cheerfully throw away his life" as Cato the Younger did. On 28 March of the same year, the Nazi paper "Völkischer Beobachter" published an article titled "Risk of One's Life" by Wilhelm Pleyer, which called on Germans to fight to the death.


title: Mass suicides in 1945 Nazi Germany

text: The suicidal atmosphere was enhanced by the Nazis' report of numerous Soviet mass graves and other atrocities committed by the NKVD and Red Army towards the end of the war. A Nazi leaflet distributed in February 1945 in Czech territories warned German readers about the "Bolshevik murderer-pack" whose victory would lead to "incredible hatred, looting, hunger, shots in the back of the neck, deportation and extermination" and appealed to German men to "save German women and girls from defilement and slaughter by the Bolshevik bloodhounds". These fears, and the portrayal of "Soviet Bolsheviks" as sub-human monsters, led to a number of mass suicides in eastern Germany. One female clerk in the city of Schönlanke within Pomerania said, "Out of fear of these animals from the east, many Schönlankers ended their lives. (around 500 of them) Whole families were wiped out in this way." The fear of Soviet occupation was so great that even people living far from Soviet lines, including a pensioner in Hamburg, killed themselves in fear of what Soviet soldiers would do to them. The behavior of Soviet troops also played a role, as many Germans committed suicide to avoid rape or out of shame at having been raped. In addition, many suicides are believed to have occurred due to depression caused or exacerbated by living in a war zone among ruins.


title: Mass suicides in 1945 Nazi Germany

text: Many prominent Nazis, Nazi followers, and members of the armed forces committed suicide during the last days of the war. Others killed themselves after being captured. The list includes 8 out of 41 NSDAP regional leaders who held office between 1926 and 1945, 7 out of 47 higher SS and police leaders, 53 out of 554 Army generals, 14 out of 98 Luftwaffe generals, 11 out of 53 admirals in the Kriegsmarine, and an unknown number of junior officials.


title: Troubleshooting

text: Troubleshooting is a form of problem solving, often applied to repair failed products or processes on a machine or a system. It is a logical, systematic search for the source of a problem in order to solve it, and make the product or process operational again. Troubleshooting is needed to identify the symptoms. Determining the most likely cause is a process of elimination—eliminating potential causes of a problem. Finally, troubleshooting requires confirmation that the solution restores the product or process to its working state.


title: Troubleshooting

text: In general, troubleshooting is the identification or diagnosis of "trouble" in the management flow of a system caused by a failure of some kind. The problem is initially described as symptoms of malfunction, and troubleshooting is the process of determining and remedying the causes of these symptoms.


title: Troubleshooting

text: A system can be described in terms of its expected, desired or intended behavior (usually, for artificial systems, its purpose). Events or inputs to the system are expected to generate specific results or outputs. (For example, selecting the "print" option from various computer applications is intended to result in a hardcopy emerging from some specific device). Any unexpected or undesirable behavior is a symptom. Troubleshooting is the process of isolating the specific cause or causes of the symptom. Frequently the symptom is a failure of the product or process to produce any results. (Nothing was printed, for example). Corrective action can then be taken to prevent further failures of a similar kind.


title: Troubleshooting

text: The methods of forensic engineering are useful in tracing problems in products or processes, and a wide range of analytical techniques are available to determine the cause or causes of specific failures. Corrective action can then be taken to prevent further failure of a similar kind. Preventive action is possible using failure mode and effects (FMEA) and fault tree analysis (FTA) before full-scale production, and these methods can also be used for failure analysis.


title: Troubleshooting

text: Usually troubleshooting is applied to something that has suddenly stopped working, since its previously working state forms the expectations about its continued behavior. So the initial focus is often on recent changes to the system or to the environment in which it exists. (For example, a printer that "was working when it was plugged in over there"). However, there is a well known principle that correlation does not imply causality. (For example, the failure of a device shortly after it has been plugged into a different outlet doesn't necessarily mean that the events were related. The failure could have been a matter of coincidence.) Therefore, troubleshooting demands critical thinking rather than magical thinking.


title: Troubleshooting

text: It is useful to consider the common experiences we have with light bulbs. Light bulbs "burn out" more or less at random; eventually the repeated heating and cooling of its filament, and fluctuations in the power supplied to it cause the filament to crack or vaporize. The same principle applies to most other electronic devices and similar principles apply to mechanical devices. Some failures are part of the normal wear-and-tear of components in a system.


title: Troubleshooting

text: Second basic principle in troubleshooting is to reduce the "system" to its simplest form that still show the problem.


title: Troubleshooting

text: Third basic principle in troubleshooting is to "know what you are looking for. In other words, to fully understand the way the system is supposed to work, so you can "spot" the error when it happens.


title: Troubleshooting

text: A troubleshooter could check each component in a system one by one, substituting known good components for each potentially suspect one. However, this process of "serial substitution" can be considered degenerate when components are substituted without regard to a hypothesis concerning how their failure could result in the symptoms being diagnosed.


title: Troubleshooting

text: Simple and intermediate systems are characterized by lists or trees of dependencies among their components or subsystems. More complex systems contain cyclical dependencies or interactions (feedback loops). Such systems are less amenable to "bisection" troubleshooting techniques.


title: Troubleshooting

text: It also helps to start from a known good state, the best example being a computer reboot. A cognitive walkthrough is also a good thing to try. Comprehensive documentation produced by proficient technical writers is very helpful, especially if it provides a theory of operation for the subject device or system.


title: Troubleshooting

text: A common cause of problems is bad design, for example bad human factors design, where a device could be inserted backward or upside down due to the lack of an appropriate forcing function (behavior-shaping constraint), or a lack of error-tolerant design. This is especially bad if accompanied by habituation, where the user just doesn't notice the incorrect usage, for instance if two parts have different functions but share a common case so that it is not apparent on a casual inspection which part is being used.


title: Troubleshooting

text: Troubleshooting can also take the form of a systematic checklist, troubleshooting procedure, flowchart or table that is made before a problem occurs. Developing troubleshooting procedures in advance allows sufficient thought about the steps to take in troubleshooting and organizing the troubleshooting into the most efficient troubleshooting process. Troubleshooting tables can be computerized to make them more efficient for users.


title: Troubleshooting

text: Some computerized troubleshooting services (such as Primefax, later renamed MaxServ), immediately show the top 10 solutions with the highest probability of fixing the underlying problem. The technician can either answer additional questions to advance through the troubleshooting procedure, each step narrowing the list of solutions, or immediately implement the solution he feels will fix the problem. These services give a rebate if the technician takes an additional step after the problem is solved: report back the solution that actually fixed the problem. The computer uses these reports to update its estimates of which solutions have the highest probability of fixing that particular set of symptoms.


title: Troubleshooting

text: Efficient methodical troubleshooting starts on with a clear understanding of the expected behavior of the system and the symptoms being observed. From there the troubleshooter forms hypotheses on potential causes, and devises (or perhaps references a standardized checklist of) tests to eliminate these prospective causes. This approach is often called "divide and conquer".


title: Troubleshooting

text: Two common strategies used by troubleshooters are to check for frequently encountered or easily tested conditions first (for example, checking to ensure that a printer's light is on and that its cable is firmly seated at both ends). This is often referred to as "milking the front panel."


title: Troubleshooting

text: printing system, checking to see if the job reached the server to determine whether a problem exists in the subsystems "towards" the user's end or "towards" the device).


title: Troubleshooting

text: This latter technique can be particularly efficient in systems with long chains of serialized dependencies or interactions among its components. It is simply the application of a binary search across the range of dependencies and is often referred to as "half-splitting". It is similar to the game of "twenty questions": Anyone can isolate one option out of a million by dividing the set of alternatives in half 20 times (because 2^10 = 1024 and 2^20 = 1,048,576).


title: Troubleshooting

text: One of the core principles of troubleshooting is that reproducible problems can be reliably isolated and resolved. Often considerable effort and emphasis in troubleshooting is placed on reproducibility ... on finding a procedure to reliably induce the symptom to occur.