title: Russo-Circassian War

text: In March 1864, a surrounded Circassian army refused to surrender and committed mass suicide. Around the same time, a final battle took place in Qbaada in 1864 between the Circassian army of 20,000 men and women, consisting of local villagers and militia as well as tribal horsemen and a Russian army of 100,000 men, consisting of Cossack and Russian horsemen, infantry and artillery. The Russian forces advanced from four sides. Circassian forces tried to break the line, but many were hit by Russian artillery and infantry before they managed to reach the front. The remaining fighters continued to fight as militants and were soon defeated. The Russian army began celebrating victory on the corpses, and a military-religious parade was held, as 100 Circassian warriors were publicly mutilated in a public execution in order to establish authority.


title: Russo-Circassian War

text: The Russian army began raiding and burning Circassian villages, destroying fields to prevent return, cutting down trees, and driving the people to the Black Sea coast, the soldiers used many methods to kill or terrorize the Cirassian people.


title: Russo-Circassian War

text: After 101 years of resistance, all of Circassia fell into Russian hands. The only exception, the Hakuchey, who lived in the mountainous regions, continued their resistance until the 1870s.


title: Russo-Circassian War

text: The Circassian genocide was the Russian Empire's systematic mass murder, ethnic cleansing, forced migration, and expulsion of 800,000–1,500,000 Circassians (at least 75% of the total population) from their homeland Circassia, which roughly encompassed the major part of the North Caucasus and the northeast shore of the Black Sea.


title: Russo-Circassian War

text: After the war, Russian General Yevdokimov was tasked with forcing the surviving Circassian inhabitants to relocate outside of the region, primarily in the Ottoman Empire. This policy was enforced by mobile columns of Russian riflemen and Cossack cavalry.


title: Russo-Circassian War

text: Ottoman archives show nearly 1 million migrants entering their land from the Caucasus by 1879, with nearly half of them dying on the shores as a result of diseases. If Ottoman archives are correct, it would make it the biggest exile of the 19th century, and indeed, in support of the Ottoman archives, the Russian census of 1897 records only 150,000 Circassians, one tenth of the original number, still remaining in the now conquered region.


title: Russo-Circassian War

text: 90% of people with Circassian descent now live in other countries, primarily in Turkey, Jordan and other countries of the Middle East, with only 500,000–700,000 remaining in what is now Russia. The depopulated Circassian lands were resettled by numerous ethnic groups, including Russians, Ukrainians and Georgians.


title: Flag of Alabama

text: The current flag of Alabama (the second in Alabama state history) was adopted by Act 383 of the Alabama state legislature on February 16, 1895:


title: Flag of Alabama

text: The cross of St. Andrew referred to in the law is a diagonal cross, known in vexillology as a saltire. Because the bars must be at least wide, small representations of the Alabama flag do not meet the legal definition. In 2001, a survey conducted by the North American Vexillological Association (NAVA) ranked Alabama's state flag 29th in design quality of the 72 Canadian provincial, U.S. state and U.S. territorial flags ranked. There are sources that believe the saltire was intended to memorialize the Confederacy, but no legislative records indicate the inspiration for the flag.


title: Flag of Alabama

text: On January 11, 1861, the Alabama Secession Convention passed a resolution designating an official flag. Designed by several women from Montgomery, final touches were made by Francis Corra of that city. One side of the flag displayed the Goddess of Liberty holding an unsheathed sword in her right hand; in her left she held a small blue flag with one gold star. Above the gold star appears the text "Alabama" in all capital letters. In an arch above this figure were the words "Independent Now and Forever". The reverse side of the flag had a cotton plant with a coiled rattlesnake. The text "Noli Me Tangere", ("Touch Me Not" in Latin), was placed below the cotton plant.


title: Flag of Alabama

text: This flag was flown until February 10, 1861, when it was removed to the Governor's Office after it was damaged by severe weather. It was never flown again.


title: Flag of Alabama

text: Alabama's current flag was adopted in 1895. The legislation introduced by Representative John W. A. Sanford Jr. stipulates: "The flag of the state of Alabama shall be a crimson cross of St. Andrew on a field of white. The bars forming the cross shall be not less than six inches broad, and must extend diagonally across the flag from side to side." St. Andrew's cross represents the cross on which St. Andrew was crucified.


title: Flag of Alabama

text: The legislation that created the state flag did not specify that the flag was to be square but defined the width of the bars of the cross. In 1987, the office of Alabama Attorney General Don Siegelman stated in a letter that the proper shape of the state flag is rectangular, as it had been depicted numerous times in official publications and reproductions. Despite this, the flag is still often depicted as being square, even in official publications of the U.S. federal government.


title: Flag of Alabama

text: The saltire of Alabama's flag most closely resembles the saltire of the flag of Florida, which was derived from the Spanish Cross of Burgundy. Southern Alabama was originally part of Spanish Florida and subsequently West Florida.


title: Flag of Alabama

text: No documentation in the legislative records indicates the flag was intended to commemorate the Confederacy. In 1900, the "Montgomery Advertiser" reported the flag was "a memory and a suggestion of the Confederate battle flag". In 1906, the "Birmingham Age-Herald" published a piece that stated the Alabama state flag "has no history woven into it".


title: Flag of Alabama

text: Within a few decades after the flag was adopted, several sources said that the design was drawn from the battle flag. Thomas M. Owen, the first director of the Alabama Department of Archives and History, wrote in 1915 that the flag bill's sponsor and the rest of the legislature had intended to "preserve, in permanent form, some of the more distinctive features of the Confederate battle flag". The authors of a 1917 article in "National Geographic" expressed their opinion that the Alabama flag was based on the Confederate Battle Flag. In 1924, Bell Allen Ross, a member of the Daughters of the Confederacy, said that John W.A. Sanford Jr. modeled his design of the Alabama flag on the battle flag used by his father, John W. A. Sanford commanding the Hilliard's Legion regiment. Sanford's design was meant to preserve some of the distinctive features of the Confederate battle flag, particularly the Saint Andrews Cross. Alabama Attorney General Don Siegelman's letter in 1987 also referenced that the flag was modeled after Sandford's 60th Alabama Infantry Regiment battle flag.


title: Flag of Alabama

text: Some commentators have interpreted the red saltire as a commemoration of Alabama's contributions to the Confederacy, since the flag was adopted during a period of promotion of the "Lost Cause" of the culture of the antebellum South. Other former Confederate slave states, beginning with Mississippi, and followed by Florida, had also adopted new state flags around the same time that they disenfranchised African Americans and passed laws establishing Jim Crow segregation.


title: Flag of Alabama

text: But other contemporary commentators, such as Steve Murray, Director of the Alabama Department of History and Archives, believe the origins of the flag are unclear. According to Murray, the flag's connections to the battle flag are thin and based on suppositions. Murray said, "I would conclude that if they were wanting to evoke the Confederate battle flag, they would have been more explicit about doing it either in the design which could have more closely resembled the Confederate flag." Murray also noted that Alabama may have wanted to approve a new state flag to prepare for an exposition in Atlanta, Georgia later that year.


title: Flag of Alabama

text: The flag of the governor of Alabama is a variant of the state flag. In the top saltire, the flag displays the state coat of arms. The bottom saltire contains the state military crest, which consists of a cotton plant with full bursting boll.


title: Jack Thompson (actor)

text: Jack Thompson, AM (born John Hadley Pain; 31 August 1940) is an Australian actor and a major figure of Australian cinema, particularly Australian New Wave. He was educated at University of Queensland, before embarking on his acting career. In 2002, he was made an honorary member of the Australian Cinematographers Society (ACS). He is best known as a lead actor in several acclaimed Australian films, including such classics as "The Club" (1980), "Sunday Too Far Away" (1975), "The Man from Snowy River" (1982) and "Petersen" (1974). He won Cannes and AFI acting awards for the latter film. He was the recipient of a Living Legend Award at the 2005 Inside Film Awards.


title: Jack Thompson (actor)

text: Born John Hadley Pain in Manly, a suburb of Sydney, Thompson was three years old when his mother died, leaving his father, a merchant seaman, unable to care for him and his brother, David. He was sent to "LakeHouse orphanage" in Narrabeen by his aunt and subsequently adopted by the poet and ABC broadcaster John Thompson and his wife Pat, after which he changed his surname. Jack is film reviewer Peter Thompson's adopted brother.


title: Jack Thompson (actor)

text: Thompson was educated at Sydney Boys High School. He left school at 14, and became a jackaroo in the Northern Territory, as well as taking labouring jobs in New South Wales.


title: Jack Thompson (actor)

text: After working in an agricultural lab, Thompson joined the army in 1960 so that he could earn a science degree. He enrolled at the University of Queensland in 1963 and transferred to an arts degree, performing in theatre at night, including the Twelfth Night Theatre and UQ Dramatic Society in Brisbane.


title: Jack Thompson (actor)

text: Thompson decided to take acting seriously, giving himself twelve months to make a go of it. His TV career began with the soap opera "Motel" (1968), and guest appearances on "Riptide", "Woobinda, Animal Doctor", "Skippy", "The Rovers", "Division 4", "Homicide" and "Matlock Police". He also appeared in a documentary short "Personnel, or People?" (1969), directed by Donald Crombie. Thompson made his film debut in "That Lady from Peking" (1968). He played the lead in a TV movie "Silo 15" (shot in 1969, released 1971).


title: Jack Thompson (actor)

text: Thompson took the lead role in spy drama series "Spyforce" (1971–73), playing the role of Erskine who did missions in World War II.


title: Jack Thompson (actor)

text: Thompson also had a key support role in the film "Wake in Fright" (1971). He continued to guest star on shows such as "Over There", "Matlock Police" (again), "Ryan", "Boney" and "Elephant Boy".


title: Jack Thompson (actor)

text: Thompson received excellent reviews for his performance in one of the stories in "Libido" (1973); his segment was written by David Williamson.


title: Jack Thompson (actor)

text: He starred in a TV movie "Linehaul" (1973), playing a truckie, and guest starred on "The Evil Touch" and "Homicide" again; he also appeared in "" (1974).


title: Jack Thompson (actor)

text: Thompson became an Australian film star playing the title role in "Petersen" (1974), written by Williamson and directed by Tim Burstall. The film was a success at the box office. He did a TV movie "Human Target" (1974) then starred in another highly acclaimed Australian film, "Sunday Too Far Away" (1975) playing a shearer.


title: Jack Thompson (actor)

text: Thompson played the title role in "Scobie Malone" (1975), based on the Jon Cleary novel "Helga's Web". It was produced by American Casey Robinson who said "Jack Thompson is a great part of my reason to become involved in this venture. I have no doubt whatsoever that when this film is seen overseas he'll be turned instantly into an international star. There aren't many male actors like him around any more. There's something there that reminds me very much of Bogart." The film was a failure at the box office.


title: Jack Thompson (actor)

text: its time so accurately," he said later. "There was a preoccupation with the macho Australian male, it's a thing that had to be examined or purged in film."


title: Jack Thompson (actor)

text: Thompson then deliberately decided to take character parts, out of a fear of typecasting and "also an understanding that unless I could get out of that target area, then I wouldn't be allowed to be seen as an actor."


title: Jack Thompson (actor)

text: He guest starred in an episode of "Luke's Kingdom" and played the second lead in "Mad Dog Morgan" (1976) with Dennis Hopper. He took some time off to work on a script with his brother then had a key support role in "The Chant of Jimmie Blacksmith" (1978). He supported imported stars Karen Black and Keir Dullea in a TV movie shot in Australia, "Because He's My Friend" (1978).


title: Jack Thompson (actor)

text: Thompson returned to acting after another break to play the lead role in a sex comedy, "The Journalist" (1979). "I haven't made any films since then because I haven't liked the parts I've been offered, and also I've been too busy promoting the Australian film industry overseas", said Thompson at the time. The film became a notorious flop. He worked on a script with his brother called "Welcome Stranger".


title: Jack Thompson (actor)

text: He was offered a role in "Breaker Morant" (1980), directed by Bruce Beresford - the part of Private Hancock. Thompson turned it down, Beresford rewrote the script and offered him the part again, and Thompson accepted. Then filming was delayed. John Hargreaves who was to play the lawyer became unavailable; Thompson took that part and Bryan Brown played Hancock. The film was a considerable success. Thompson won Best Supporting Actor at Cannes.


title: Jack Thompson (actor)

text: Thompson supported US stars William Holden and Rick Schroeder in "The Earthling" (1980) then was top billed in "The Club" (1980), directed by Beresford from a play by Williamson.


title: Jack Thompson (actor)

text: "You get awfully fed up with the public image that you must live up to," he said in an interview around this time. "I just want to continue becoming a part of the Australian film industry, not for materialistic reasons but because I enjoy it. I not only want to act, but produce and possibly direct".


title: Jack Thompson (actor)

text: Thompson went to New Zealand to make "Bad Blood" (1982) playing killer Stanley Graham, then had a support role in "The Man from Snowy River" (1982), playing Clancy of the Overflow.


title: Jack Thompson (actor)

text: Thompson went overseas to support Ingrid Bergman in "A Woman Called Golda" (1982). He was Lee Remick's husband in a remake of "The Letter" (1982) and played a British POW in "Merry Christmas Mr. Lawrence" (1983) with David Bowie and Tom Conti.


title: Jack Thompson (actor)

text: Back in Australia Thompsons starred in a mini series about wharfies in the Depression, "Waterfront" (1983). He went to Europe to star in a swashbuckler for Paul Verhoeven, "Flesh + Blood" (1985), then returned to Australia to star in "Burke and Wills" (1985). This film was a box office disappointment.


title: Jack Thompson (actor)

text: Thompson supported Linda Evans and Jason Robards in a TV mini series "The Last Frontier" (1986) which was a huge ratings success. In the US he had a role in "" (1987) then returned home to play an ASIO officer in "Ground Zero" (1987).


title: Jack Thompson (actor)

text: Thompson was a love interest for Stefanie Powers in "" (1988) on US TV and had the lead in an Australian TV movie, "The Riddle of the Stinson" (1989), playing Bernard O'Reilly.


title: Jack Thompson (actor)

text: He co-starred with Raquel Welch in "Trouble in Paradise" (1989) for US TV then did a mini series in New Zealand, "The Rainbow Warrior Conspiracy" (1989).


title: Jack Thompson (actor)

text: He did a US TV movie "After the Shock" (1990) and had a support part in "Turtle Beach" (1992) and "Wind" (1992).


title: Jack Thompson (actor)

text: Thompson began to increasingly work as a character actor in the US with roles in "Ruby Cairo" (1993), directed by Graeme Clifford, and "A Far Off Place" (1994).


title: Jack Thompson (actor)

text: He returned to Australia to play Russell Crowe's father in "The Sum of Us" (1994) then did "A Woman of Independent Means" (1995) in the US and "Flight of the Albatross" (1995) in New Zealand.


title: Jack Thompson (actor)

text: He had a support role in "Broken Arrow" (1996), did "" (1996) back home and "Last Dance" (1996) for Beresford in the US.


title: Jack Thompson (actor)

text: Thompson starred in the Australian TV movie "McLeod's Daughters" (1996). He was Alicia Silverstone's father in "Excess Baggage" (1997), then did "Under the Lighthouse Dancing" (1997) in Australia. He appeared in the Clint Eastwood-directed "Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil" (1997) as Sonny Seiler, the attorney of Kevin Spacey's character, Jim Williams. (Seiler himself appeared in the movie as the judge in Williams' trial.)


title: Jack Thompson (actor)

text: Back in Australia Thompson provided a voice for "The Magic Pudding" (2000) and appeared in "Yolngu Boy" (2001). He had a support part in the new version of "South Pacific" (2001), the mini series based on "My Brother Jack" (2001), "Original Sin" (2001), "" (2002), "The Assassination of Richard Nixon" (2004), and "Oyster Farmer" (2005).


title: Jack Thompson (actor)

text: Thompson had a key role in two films directed by Brett Leonard: the Marvel Comics based "Man-Thing" (2005) and "Feed" (2006), the latter written by and starring his son.


title: Jack Thompson (actor)

text: Thompson had support roles in "The Good German" (2006), "Bastard Boys" (2007), "December Boys" (2007), "Leatherheads" (2008), "Ten Empty" (2008), "Australia" (2008), "Mao's Last Dancer" (2009) for Beresford, "The Karenskys" (2009), "Don't Be Afraid of the Dark" (2010), "Rake" (2010), "Blinder" (2013), "The Great Gatsby" (2013), "Mystery Road" (2013), "Around the Block" (2013), "Bonnie & Clyde" (2013) for Beresford, "Devil's Playground" (2014), "Ruben Guthrie" (2015), "The Light Between Oceans" (2016), "Don't Tell" (2017), "Blue World Order" (2017) and "Swinging Safari" (2018).


title: Jack Thompson (actor)

text: He has also acted in television miniseries and appeared as the host of the Channel 7 factual series "Find My Family".


title: Jack Thompson (actor)

text: Thompson was the first nude male centrefold in "Cleo" in 1972. He has also appeared in television commercials, including as the face of the Bank of Melbourne for a decade, and for Claytons. Thompson is featured in a series of recordings of Australian poetry, reciting poems by Henry Lawson, Banjo Paterson, C. J. Dennis, Patrick Joseph Hartigan (aka John O'Brien) and John O'Grady. (see "Discography" below). Interviewed in the "Sydney Morning Herald" he explains his love of poetry, noting that 'Poetry is sometimes seen as too arty and perhaps not a suitable interest for blokes.'


title: Jack Thompson (actor)

text: Thompson married Beverley Hackett in 1963 and the five-year marriage produced his son Patrick Thompson. He met Leona King and her sister Bunkie in 1969, and entered into a 15-year polyamorous relationship with them. Leona was 20 and Bunkie was 15 when the relationship began. Bunkie left the relationship in 1985, and is estranged from her sister. Leona remained with Thompson, and gave birth to his second son, Billy.


title: Jack Thompson (actor)

text: Thompson featured in the first episode of the Australian version of "Who Do You Think You Are?", which was televised on 13 January 2008 on SBS, with Thompson discovering that his great-grandfather was Captain Thomas Pain, and his great-great uncle was Alfred Lee, a prominent figure in Sydney society, who donated the journal of Joseph Banks, from Captain Cook's navigation to Australia in the 1770s, to the Mitchell Library in Sydney. Thompson used to own Hotel Gearin in Katoomba, Blue Mountains. He sold the hotel in June 2011.


title: Tuxedo Mask

text: , also known as , is a fictional character and one of the primary protagonists of the "Sailor Moon" media franchise created by Naoko Takeuchi. He disguises himself in order to support the series' central heroines, the Sailor Guardians. Wearing a mask to conceal his identity, he interferes with enemy operations, offers the Sailor Guardians advice, and sometimes physically aids them in battle.


title: Tuxedo Mask

text: Like the Sailor Guardians, Tuxedo Mask possesses a power item: a Sailor Crystal, which gives him guardianship over the planet Earth. He also has psychic powers, including psychometry and healing, which evolve and become important to the storyline in the manga, but which play only a minor role and remain static in the anime. Along with his primary love interest Sailor Moon, a significant player in much of the story, he has royal credentials in the "past life" storyline as well as in the future.


title: Tuxedo Mask

text: Mamoru Chiba first appears as a high-school student studying at Moto-Azabu High School. Before the beginning of the series, his parents are killed in a car crash on his sixth birthday, which revealed the memories of his previous life as Prince Endymion. Living alone, Mamoru befriends school student Usagi Tsukino. In the beginning of the series, dreams of Princess Serenity haunt Mamoru. Unaware of his dual-identity as Tuxedo Mask, he suffers painful visions whenever Usagi becomes endangered, and he transforms unknowingly into Tuxedo Mask. As Mamoru, he tries to piece together his strange dreams, and as Tuxedo Mask, he tries to remember his past and identity, while searching for Princess Serenity. He seeks the Legendary Silver Crystal in the belief that this will fully restore his previous memories. In the anime adaptation, he seeks it because Princess Serenity tells him to in a dream. Of all the characters, Mamoru gets brainwashed and captured the most throughout the series.


title: Tuxedo Mask

text: Mamoru and Usagi share romantic feelings well before they discover their identities. Once they became a couple, they remain deeply devoted to each other and their love survives many trials. In the manga they briefly show jealousy towards each other. Usagi always addresses him as throughout the series during this time-period (Chibiusa also addresses him with this nickname later on). After dating for two years, Mamoru gives Usagi an engagement ring at an airport. Five years later, Mamoru and Usagi marry. In the future, they become king and queen and have a child together whom they name "Small Lady", known in the majority of the series as "Chibiusa".


title: Tuxedo Mask

text: Mamoru struggles with his identity and function throughout the series, worrying first about his true nature, then later whether he gets in the way of the Sailor Guardians. A fair amount of subtle characterization is made for Mamoru, and later extending his role within the manga as to who he is. He also is given the power of psychometry, which also showed up in the anime, but was not given a name. This manifests in his ability to see and read dreams (such as Chibiusa's), to heal people and to monitor the status of the Earth. This does not develop fully until the Black Moon arc, and is used occasionally throughout the series.


title: Tuxedo Mask

text: In the original anime adaptation, Mamoru is a generally outgoing person, though somewhat acerbic, and appears as a college student. He demonstrates interests in a variety of subjects and emerges as smart. The musical "Kakyu Ouhi Kourin" shows that he is aspiring to become a doctor. He also "dates" Rei Hino for a short time before the revelation of all the past-life identities, though he believes they are just friends. This history stirs jealousy in Usagi in later seasons. "Sailor Moon Crystal", the second anime adaptation, follows the manga continuity and thus has Mamoru as a high school student, without much interaction with Rei. Unlike the original anime, Mamoru and Usagi start getting along relatively quickly instead of having to warm up to each other.


title: Tuxedo Mask

text: Most of Sailor Moon's transformations and final victories come as a result of her and Tuxedo Mask cooperating together. In the final battle against the Dark Kingdom, Queen Metaria absorbs Sailor Moon and Tuxedo Mask into her body. However, they succeed in combining their powers through the Silver Crystal and destroy Queen Metalia from within. Tuxedo Mask also combines his power into Super Sailor Moon's last item with the rest of the Guardians using the Golden Crystal. In the Infinity story arc he combines his powers with Sailor Moon to create the next scepter. The episode in which this happens is The Rod of Love is born: Usagi's new transformation.


title: Tuxedo Mask

text: The manga tends to show Mamoru as quiet, studious, mysterious and stoic. The student body of his high school often admires him for these qualities. The anime adaptation also tends to make him appear in every episode to save Sailor Moon's life. His attacks in the anime resemble those shown in the manga, but are not named.


title: Tuxedo Mask

text: In the musical adaptations, Mamoru protects Usagi and generally appears at her side. However, several of his relationships change in different settings: for example, one musical reveals Queen Beryl as Mamoru's fiancé from his time as Prince of the Earth. Associating with Silver Millennium was against Earth law, and Endymion violated this law when he fell in love with Princess Serenity. In this version of events, Serenity and Endymion are outlaws (similar to Romeo and Juliet) who drive an otherwise innocent woman, Beryl, to evil by making her jealous. Sailor Pluto also reveals that she is in love with Endymion, though she has contented herself with watching from afar.


title: Tuxedo Mask

text: Another variation occurs in the "Ryuusei Densetsu" musical, when Galaxia does not kill Mamoru, leaving him able to fight alongside the Sailor Guardians. Mamoru typically gets very involved in the Sailor Guardians' battles, fighting alongside them as opposed to his anime role of throwing a rose and then letting Sailor Moon deliver the finishing blow.


title: Tuxedo Mask

text: Tuxedo Mask always gets his own song; these songs vary from musical to musical. One musical featured multiple songs as both the present Mamoru appeared as Tuxedo Mask and later King Endymion appeared in disguise as Space Knight to look out for Chibiusa.


title: Tuxedo Mask

text: In the live-action series, Mamoru is a more silent, yet dedicated person. For example, he stays loyal to his girlfriend Hina, despite not loving her, on the basis of a promise they made as children. He searches for the Silver Crystal due to his amnesia: dreams told him that the magical object could restore his memories. To do this, he donned the Tuxedo Mask disguise and became a thief, searching for the Silver Crystal. Once he regained his memories of his past and present lives, he assumed his Endymion form to help the Sailor Guardians and tried his best to protect Usagi from the dangers of overusing the Silver Crystal. However, because of his dedication he has to join the Dark Kingdom or the Four Kings of Heaven will be killed. He also joins to keep a promise with Usagi that they will not destroy the planet. Learning that the Silver Crystal made Metaria stronger every time Sailor Moon used it, Endymion took Metaria into his body before succumbing to its dark power. Now an evil parody of himself, Dark Prince Endymion, he almost kills Sailor Mercury when Sailor Moon was forced to kill him to stop Metaria, causing Sailor Moon to kill herself but they survive. However they were saved. Mamo's pocket watch stops the sword from through Sailor Moon. His knights from a past life’gems saves him though the knights were killed. He revives once Sailor Moon manages to finally control the Crystal's power and destroys Metaria for good.


title: Tuxedo Mask

text: As a character with different incarnations, special powers, transformations, and a long lifetime spanning the Silver Millennium era and the 30th century, Mamoru gains multiple aspects and aliases as the series progresses.


title: Tuxedo Mask

text: "Tuxedo Mask" represents a disguise Mamoru created for himself in order to hunt for the Silver Crystal "incognito" and—later—to assist the Sailor Guardians in battle. In addition to his white mask, he wears a full-dress tailcoat (as opposed to the dinner jacket of an actual tuxedo) with a red-lined black cape, and in the anime and live-action series he carries a black baton which he uses like a sword. He takes the place of Sailor Earth.


title: Tuxedo Mask

text: The anime shows him standing on poles, defying gravity, and acting as a "swoop-in" type. He appears less developed, and has no special powers or named attacks, but remains a constant force in helping the Sailor Guardians throughout the series when they are in trouble. At the beginning he cannot control the transformation and his body automatically (and painfully) transforms if Sailor Moon is in danger. By the end of the first story arc he can willingly activate the transformation; in a stylized "henshin" sequence, this is indicated by pulling a rose out of his pocket which then changes colors, and his tuxedo and mask fly in. Later in the series he is shown transforming instantaneously.


title: Tuxedo Mask

text: In the manga he starts out as an ordinary thief trying to find the Silver Crystal. Luna initially tells Usagi not to trust him, but relents when they begin to fall in love and his true identity emerges. His function goes beyond that of the rescuer portrayed so often in the anime – it is frequently Sailor Moon who goes to his rescue, and he lends her strength, support, and guidance to use the Silver Crystal to defeat the enemies in return.


title: Tuxedo Mask

text: In the fourth story arc of the manga Helios reinforces Tuxedo Mask's role as a hero by revealing that he, as the Prince of the Golden Kingdom, Elysion, possesses a holy stone in the same way that the Princess of the Silver Millennium owns the Silver Crystal. This holy stone is the Golden Crystal, the Sailor Crystal of the Earth.


title: Tuxedo Mask

text: was the crown prince of planet Earth during the age of Silver Millennium and Mamoru's identity in his previous life. He resided in the Golden Kingdom, which protected the Earth from within. Even though he and Elysion's guardian Helios never met each other in person during that time, they shared the common desire to protect the planet. Endymion also had four guardians, the Four Kings of Heaven, who protected him. He and Princess Serenity fell in love, breaking the taboo between their peoples which was exploited by Queen Metaria when she corrupted the people of Earth. Being killed by Beryl when she attempted to kill Serenity, the 90s anime depicting his death with the princess committed by Metaria herself, Prince Endymion is reincarnated in the 20th century as Mamoru Chiba.


title: Tuxedo Mask

text: The manga often portrays Prince Endymion as the silent protagonist; his past life remains a mystery. Mamoru usually does not transform into Prince Endymion willfully, but is usually used as a power-up from his Tuxedo Mask form. Mamoru was under Metaria's thralldom, he assumed an evil form of Endymion and used his power to hypnotize Motoki Furuhata to assume he was his best friend "Endou". In the 90s anime, Mamoru can transform into Prince Endymion. Often this occurs when Sailor Moon transforms into Princess Serenity. As in the manga, he wears black armor.


title: Tuxedo Mask

text: In the live-action series, Endymion wears white, and after obtaining this form it becomes Mamoru's primary combat form. He gains the power of teleportation, a power shared by the Four Kings of Heaven. After he takes Metaria into his body, his armor and accessories blacken as he becomes known as Metaria Endymion with trace remnants of his white armor in his possessed state.


title: Tuxedo Mask

text: Later in the series Mamoru emerges as King Endymion, King of 30th-century Crystal Tokyo. He is the husband of Neo-Queen Serenity, and father of Chibiusa. As king of Crystal Tokyo his royal garments are a white and lavender tuxedo, as well as a royal staff.


title: Tuxedo Mask

text: King Endymion's first appearance is at the end of manga and Crystal Act 18. He is not actually in a physical form but a spiritual entity guarding the Crystal Palace while his real body sleeps.


title: Tuxedo Mask

text: During this time he helps to guide the Sailor Guardians and his past self against the Dark Moon Kingdom. It is then revealed to the Sailor Guardians that Mamoru never aged due to the Silver Crystal's power. It is the ghost of King Endymion who instructs Tuxedo Mask in the first use of his attack "Tuxedo La Smoking Bomber." Prince Endymion becomes King at the end of the battle with the Dead Moon Circus when Helios, the priest of his former home, Elysion, hands him his sacred golden crystal atop his king's staff. After this, both Tuxedo Mask and Sailor Moon turn into their respective future selves, all of the Sailor Guardians transform into their princess forms.


title: Tuxedo Mask

text: The anime shows King Endymion only in the future as the father of Small Lady and the King of Crystal Tokyo. He also appears as a computerized image when they first meet him. However, he is never shown to fight in battle. Diana makes a comment about the future King and Queen. She says in "SuperS" that the King and Queen like to fake being sick to be excused from attending important banquets and meetings. In the original English dub, he was not referred to as Endymion; only the "King of the Earth" or "The King" or "King Darien".


title: Tuxedo Mask

text: , clad in Arabian robes while possessing a saber and white roses, appears in 90s anime during the "Hell Tree" arc of "Sailor Moon R". When Usagi wished to be a normal girl at the end of the 90s depiction of the "Dark Kingdom" arc, Mamoru was included with the Sailor Guardians' memories being magically sealed to resume civilian lives. But Mamoru's subconscious desire to protect Usagi caused his sealed memories to leave his body and assume physical form as Moonlight Knight, existing independently from Mamoru. Like with Tuxedo Mask, with even Mamoru a suspect, Usagi assumed every cute guy she met was Moonlight Knight before learning his true identity. It was only once Mamoru recovered his memories and regained his ability of becoming Tuxedo Mask that Moonlight Knight ceased to exist and reintegrated back into Mamoru's being.


title: Tuxedo Mask

text: Even in civilian form, Mamoru demonstrates a variety of psychic powers throughout each series. In both the anime and manga he uses psychometry to read past, present, and future events through touch, and heals others' wounds through psychokinesis. Inconsistently, he is shown teleporting; just once in the anime while under Queen Beryl's power,


title: Tuxedo Mask

text: Mamoru also demonstrates a spiritual connection with Usagi: he can detect when she has transformed into Sailor Moon. Early on in the anime series, before they become friends, this connection forcibly transforms Mamoru into Tuxedo Mask so that he can protect her. In later episodes, he seems to have control over his transformations, although he still shows up shortly after the start of most of the battles, no matter how far away from the developing situation.


title: Tuxedo Mask

text: On one occasion the anime gives Tuxedo Mask a stylized transformation sequence, with his tuxedo and accessories forming around him as he flings a rose. He does not shout any special phrase, although his voice-actor jokingly ad-libbed the line "Tuxedo Power! Make up!" He also acquires a transformation in the live-action series, using the same phrase, which is a part of an outrageous story he tells Usagi about how he became Tuxedo Mask. This transformation is initiated with a special band-aid, and the sequence consists of Mamoru pulling on his pants and coat with dramatic flair.


title: Tuxedo Mask

text: Once transformed, Tuxedo Mask displays additional powers. In the anime shows these as mainly physical, while the manga depicts them as rare and magical. His iconic mainstay in the anime involves the use of roses, thrown like darts to injure or distract enemies. He can also twirl them or throw a wide array to block attacks, or can throw many at a time to pin an enemy down. He seems to have an unlimited supply of these roses, which are supernaturally strong and embed themselves in most any material, including concrete. In addition, when Mamoru takes on different forms or aspects, his roses change color accordingly. Tuxedo Mask's roses are red, the evil Prince Endymion's are black (and electrified), and the Moonlight Knight's are white.


title: Tuxedo Mask

text: Tuxedo Mask's secondary weapon, his cane, often serves as a sword, and he can extend its length, either to attack or to rescue people. As both Prince Endymion and Moonlight Knight, he uses real swords of different styles.


title: Tuxedo Mask

text: In the manga, Tuxedo Mask can blast energy from his hand, crying "Tuxedo La Smoking Bomber!" He also has a combination attack with his daughter, Sailor Chibi Moon: "Pink Sugar Tuxedo Attack." The musicals reproduce this attack, and in the second anime, he gradually learns to use it over the course of the first season.


title: Tuxedo Mask

text: Mamoru's most important magical possession in the manga, the Golden Crystal, serves as both his star seed and as the Sailor Crystal of the Earth. He uses it in combination with Sailor Moon's Silver Crystal to defend the Solar System. In the anime, although Mamoru has the "golden star seed" of Earth, it differs from the Golden Crystal, which instead is possessed by Pegasus and can be used by people with good intentions.


title: Tuxedo Mask

text: Takeuchi designed the character of Tuxedo Mask as her own ideal of a man, describing him as "strong, silent, unshakeable, a little like Captain Harlock." She also took inspiration from Kaito Kid. Takeuchi originally intended his persona as Tuxedo Mask to "have more mysteries and take a greater role."


title: Tuxedo Mask

text: The kanji in Mamoru's surname translate as and . Together, they form the term "local," with a pun on his identity as Endymion, Prince of Earth. His given name means .


title: Tuxedo Mask

text: Originally Naoko Takeuchi used the codename "Mysterious 2098 Face" for Tuxedo Mask. She later expressed bewilderment at herself for the idea. Although Takeuchi had designed his costume herself, she found it difficult to draw, as it had many parts to it; she often forgot to draw parts of it in the early manga. She later had the same problem with Sailor Galaxia's costume.


title: Tuxedo Mask

text: Tōru Furuya stated in a making-of extra that he had an influence on the development of the anime persona of Tuxedo Mask. When asked about any differences between the anime and manga counterparts, he ad-libbed "I'm driving." Because of this, Tuxedo Mask became more comical.


title: Tuxedo Mask

text: The name Endymion fits particularly appropriately as a reference to Greek mythology. The Greek Endymion falls in love with Selene, the Greek goddess of the moon.


title: Tuxedo Mask

text: Mamoru Chiba was originally voiced by Tōru Furuya in the first Japanese anime series and related media. Furuya described the role as "very special to me." Mamoru was voiced by Kenji Nojima in "Sailor Moon Crystal" and all media since. In the DIC and Cloverway English adaptations, his name is changed to Darien Chiba and his voice is first provided by Rino Romano for the first eleven episodes, Toby Proctor for the next fifty-five episodes, and Vince Corazza for the rest of the series and its films. In the Viz Media English dub, Mamoru's voice is supplied by Robbie Daymond.


title: Tuxedo Mask

text: In the stage musicals, ten different actors and an actress have played Mamoru: Mizuki Sano, Yūta Mochizuki, Yuuta Enomoto, Kousei Amano, Hidemasa Edo, Kenji Urai, Yuu Shirota, Gyo Miyamoto, Yūga Yamato, Mikako Ishii and Riona Tatemichi. Creator Naoko Takeuchi has described Sano's portrayal of Mamoru as "a cute, sweet boy." Yūta Mochizuki, the longest-running among the musical actors, went on to perform as King Endymion during Fumina Hara's musicals.


title: Tuxedo Mask

text: The official "Sailor Moon"-character popularity-polls listed Mamoru Chiba, Tuxedo Mask, and Endymion as separate entities. In 1992, readers ranked Tuxedo Mask as the twelfth most popular character, Prince Endymion as the fifteenth most popular character, and Mamoru Chiba as the sixteenth most popular character out of thirty eight choices. One year later, now with fifty choices, King Endymion became the eighteenth most popular character, while Tuxedo Mask and Mamoru came in at twentieth and twenty-first respectively. Moonlight Knight, being an anime only form, was never included in the manga popularity polls. Tuxedo Mask was the fourth favorite male character in a May 1993 Animage poll, and Mamoru was seventh the following year.


title: Tuxedo Mask

text: Although Takeuchi herself had a soft spot for Mamoru, she has said that friends complained to her about Usagi being in love with "such a useless guy." He has been described as being both a "dashing hero" and a "boy-damsel in distress" by Jonathan Clements and Helen McCarthy. He has even been called a "liability" and a "burden," his relationship with Usagi being described as a child-mother relationship rather than that of a principality couple. Usagi is said to show him "amae", or "indulgent love." When compared to male leads of male-targeted series, Mamoru, although unafraid of girls, seems uncomfortable with them. He also gives the impression of a "character who never laughs or has fun": "noble, passive and effectively totally ineffectual."


title: Tuxedo Mask

text: The image of the top hat and cape also influenced the early making of "Tuxedo Umino Mask" ("Tuxedo Melvin" in the original dub) in the anime. In this particular episode, Umino tries to impress Naru by dressing up like Tuxedo Mask. This image was also used later in the manga for Tubby Mask for the Chibiusa Picture Diary, Story of the Hammer Price Shrine. This character was based on Makoto Hanmatsuura, who bid ¥2 million in a charity auction for the Kobe earthquake disaster to be put in the "Sailor Moon" manga.


title: Hailee Steinfeld discography

text: American actress and singer Hailee Steinfeld has released two extended plays, twenty singles (including nine as a featured artist), three promotional singles and has made other album appearances. Steinfeld gained recognition for her music after performing "Flashlight" in "Pitch Perfect 2" (2015).


title: Hailee Steinfeld discography

text: Steinfeld's debut extended play, "Haiz", was released on November 13, 2015, by Republic Records. The lead single, "Love Myself" was released on August 7, 2015, to positive reviews. The single found commercial success charting on the "Billboard" Pop Songs chart at number 27 (later peaking at 15), marking the highest debut for a solo female artist on the chart in 17 years, since the Natalie Imbruglia single "Torn" entered at number 26 in 1998. "Love Myself" also peaked at number 30 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. "Haiz" was re-released twice in 2016. With the first re-release, a new version of the song "Rock Bottom" (with American funk-pop band DNCE) was released as the second single and reached number 33 on the "Billboard" Pop Songs chart. With the second re-release, Steinfeld added "Starving" (with Grey and featuring Zedd); the song found commercial and critical success and reached number 12 on the "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: Hailee Steinfeld discography

text: Following 2016, Steinfeld made appearances on multiple soundtracks including "Capital Letters" from "Fifty Shades Freed" (2018), "Back to Life" from "Bumblebee" (2018) and "Afterlife" from "Dickinson" (2019). She also released a string of successful singles in 2017 which included "Most Girls" and "Let Me Go" reaching number 58 and 40 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 respectively. In 2019, Steinfeld featured on Drax Project's "Woke Up Late". In May 2020, Steinfeld released her second extended play, "Half Written Story" which received generally mixed reviews and was supported by the singles "Wrong Direction" and "I Love You's".


title: Trieste Kelly Dunn

text: Trieste Kelly Dunn (born January 14, 1981) is an American actress. She is known for her role as Deputy Siobhan Kelly in the Cinemax series "Banshee" and U.S. Marshal Allison Knight in the NBC series "Blindspot".


title: Trieste Kelly Dunn

text: Dunn studied theater at the North Carolina School of the Arts, where she appeared in a number of student films, including those made by classmates and future collaborators Zach Clark, Brett Haley, Aaron Katz, and Brendan McFadden.


title: Trieste Kelly Dunn

text: In 2010, "Filmmaker Magazine" named her one of the 25 New Faces of Independent in their Summer Issue, and the "Los Angeles Times" touted her as a "break out star" based on her roles in the independent films "Cold Weather" and "The New Year".


title: Trieste Kelly Dunn

text: Dunn first rose to prominence on the FOX TV series "Canterbury's Law" as Molly McConnell opposite Julianna Margulies. Her early film roles included critically lauded turns in "United 93" (2006), "Cold Weather" (2010) and "Vacation!" (2010). She has also appeared on "Fringe" as Valerie Boone, the victim of a scientific experiment in the episode "Midnight", and also guest starred on HBO's "Bored to Death". In 2014, she portrayed FBI Agent Elizabeth Ferrell on the TV series "Believe" concurrently with her co-starring role as Dep. Siobhan Kelly in "Banshee". In late 2015, Dunn began a recurring role as U.S. Marshal Allison Knight, on the NBC drama "Blindspot". In 2015, she played Natalie, a recurring character in the single season of "Almost There", on Audience. Dunn has also appeared in guest roles on episodes of a number of other television series.


title: Trieste Kelly Dunn

text: She portrayed an android in the music video for "Propagation", the single off Com Truise's 2017 album "Iteration".


title: Ashoka Vanamlo Arjuna Kalyanam

text: Ashoka Vanamlo Arjuna Kalyanam () is a 2022 Indian Telugu-language romantic comedy film directed by Vidya Sagar Chinta and written by Ravi Kiran Kola. Produced by SVCC Digital, the film stars Vishwak Sen, Ritika Naik and Rukshar Dhillon. The plot follows Arjun Kumar Allam, a 33-year old bachelor who gets engaged to Madhavi, however she elopes before the wedding.


title: Ashoka Vanamlo Arjuna Kalyanam

text: The film's editing and cinematography is done by Viplav Nyshadam and Pavi K Pavan respectively. The film's music is composed by Jay Krish. The film was released on 6 May 2022.


title: Ashoka Vanamlo Arjuna Kalyanam

text: Arjun Kumar Allam (Vishwak Sen) is a 33 Year old guy from Suryapet in Telangana. As his family are unable to find girls in their community, they get into an alliance with a family in Ashokapuram Village in Andhra Pradesh. They travel to Ashokapuram for the engagement ceremony with Madhavi (Rukshar Dhillon). Though Arjun is keen to talk to Madhavi, she appears to be shy and less talkative. Madhavi has a younger sister Vasudha (Ritika Nayak) who is more talkative in nature. During the pre-wedding shoot, Arjun notices that Madhavi has tears in her eyes. As Arjun's family is about to leave to their town, the bus breaks down which makes them stay for few more days in the same house. Further attempts to leave the house get blocked due to the government imposing a lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Ashoka Vanamlo Arjuna Kalyanam

text: Arjun drops a paper with his mobile number and Madhavi chats with him on whatsapp, which makes him happy. Due to mis-understanding, Arjun tries to kiss Madhavi and she slaps him in return. Arjun soon realizes that its Vasudha who has been chatting with him all this while and he assumed that it was Madhavi. As the elders agree to get them married earlier, Arjun says that he needs some time to agree to the wedding. Vasudha figures out that Arjun was slapped by Madhavi and tries to patch up the mis-understanding. Vasudha gets to know that Madhavi is in love with another guy from her college and their parents have forced her to the engagement. Due to Vasudha, Madhavi talks to Arjun and says sorry. Arjun agrees to the wedding and informs the elders.


title: Ashoka Vanamlo Arjuna Kalyanam

text: Next day, every one gets a shock as Madhavi elopes with another guy. This creates a rift between the elders on either sides. As Arjun's family starts to leave the village on road, the local MLA Rajaram (Vennela Kishore) and police force them back to go back to Madhavi's house due to Corona restrictions and MLA gives clear instructions to the volunteers to get signature daily from all of them till the Covid restrictions are lifted. An upset Arjun drinks along with his relatives and blasts them for creating rifts. Arjun has a rift with Vasudha, who comes to console him and asks her if she would have married an ordinary guy like Arjun? Vasudha starts thinking about this.


title: Ashoka Vanamlo Arjuna Kalyanam

text: Meanwhile, Arjun's pregnant sister (Vidya Sivalenka) get pains and she is admitted in a hospital. Vasudha helps Arjun for the travel and arranging food for his sister in the hospital. Arjun saves Vasudha from some bad guys in the village market and Vasudha informs Arjun that she likes him. When asked by Arjun's sister about her marriage, Vasudha tells her that she needs at least 3 more years as she has few responsibilities and wanted to clear financial debts of her family. Arjun gets frustrated as he is already 33 and cannot wait for 3 more years with constant pressure from his parents and relatives. When Vasudha shows him random matrimonial pictures, frustrated Arjun says yes to everyone without even looking at the photo. Vasudha feels bad and tells him to look at the girl next time before leaving her place and his heart will come to a halt if she is the right girl for him.


title: Ashoka Vanamlo Arjuna Kalyanam

text: Arjun's brother-in-law comes to the place with permission slips and facilities to take everyone home. Around the same time, the local police inform Madhavi's father about Madhavi and her lover Vikram (Ashok Selvan). Madhavi's lover tells him that the reason Madhavi left the house was their decision of using the caste as a barrier for the wedding. However, Madhavi couldn't stay long without her father and hence, decided to convince their parents instead. This creates a further rift between the families as Madhavi returns home. The next day, when they start to leave the house, Arjun looks at Vasudha and he slowly realizes that Vasudha is indeed the right girl for him. He stops the car half way and informs his parents that he wants to marry Vasudha and he is ready to wait till Vasudha is ready for the wedding.


title: Ashoka Vanamlo Arjuna Kalyanam

text: Arjun goes back to the village and proposes to Vasudha indicating that he will wait for her as long as she needs. Vasudha happily agrees and the marriage takes place after 3 years.


title: Ashoka Vanamlo Arjuna Kalyanam

text: The film was launched on 16 April 2021 in Hyderabad. It is directed by Vidya Sagar Chinta who previously worked on the films "Raja Vaaru Rani Gaaru" and "Falaknuma Das" as cinematographer and story, screenplay, dialogues were written by Ravi Kiran Kola who's also the showrunner of the film.


title: Ashoka Vanamlo Arjuna Kalyanam

text: A reviewer from "The Hans India" gave the film a rating of 3.5/5 stars and wrote "'Ashoka Vanamlo Arjuna Kalyanam' is a perfect fun-filled family entertainer from Tollywood for this summer. Honest writing, brilliant execution, and genuine performances." Neeshita Nyayapati of "The Times of India" gave the film a rating of 3/5 stars and wrote "Ashoka Vanamlo Arjuna Kalyanam is one of those films where you see the scenes and are hit with nostalgia". Arvind V of "Pinkvilla" gave the film a rating of 2.5/5 stars and wrote "Vishwak Sen's awesome act makes this convenient story watchable". Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of "The Hindu" stated "An effective Vishwak Sen powers this heartwarming story of life and marriage".


title: Blockchain game

text: Video games that include elements that use blockchain technologies, including cryptocurrencies and non-fungible tokens (NFTs), allow players to buy, sell, or trade in-game items with other players. The game publisher takes a fee from each transaction as a form of monetization. A subset of these games are also known as play-to-earn games because they include systems that allow players to earn cryptocurrency through gameplay. Blockchain games have existed since 2017, gaining more widespread attention from the video game industry in 2021. Several AAA publishers have expressed intent to include this technology in the future. Players, developers, and game companies have criticized the use of blockchain technology in video games for being exploitative, environmentally unsustainable, and unnecessary.


title: Blockchain game

text: Blockchain technology, such as cryptocurrencies and NFTs, are potential monetization routes for video games. Many live-service games offer in-game customization options, such as character skins or other in-game items, which the players can earn and trade with other players using in-game currency. Some games also allow for trading of virtual items using real-world currency, but this may be illegal in some countries where video games are seen as akin to gambling. This has led to gray market issues such as skin gambling, and so publishers typically have shied away from allowing players to earn real-world funds from games. Blockchain games typically allow players to trade in-game items for cryptocurrency, which can then be exchanged for money, which may sidestep some problems associated with gray markets due to blockchain's traceability.


title: Blockchain game

text: The first known game to use blockchain technologies was "CryptoKitties", launched by Axiom Zen in November 2017 for personal computers. A player would purchase NFTs with Ethereum cryptocurrency, each NFT consisting of a virtual pet that the player could breed with others to create offspring with combined traits as new NFTs. The game made headlines in December 2017 when one virtual pet sold for more than . "CryptoKitties" also exposed scalability problems for games on Ethereum when it created significant congestion on the Ethereum network shortly after its launch, with approximately 30% of all Ethereum transactions at the time being for the game, and with the congestion delaying players' transactions. Axiom Zen feared that Ethereum would further struggle after they launched the mobile version of the game, particularly with an influx of users from China.


title: Blockchain game

text: "The Sandbox" is a platform that bought the brandname of a 2012 crafting game of the same name, in 2018. Players could make in-game items by using the game's toolbox and then sell them, using a game-specific cryptocurrency, to others who could display them in their virtual landscapes.


title: Blockchain game

text: "Axie Infinity", released in 2018 by Sky Mavis, is an example of a "play-to-earn" game, where the game incentivizes players to purchase and then improve NFTs through in-game activities which are then resold to other players by the publisher, with the player receiving compensation for their work. In the Philippines, where the game was most popular, some players were able to earn enough to pay their cost of living by playing and participating in the game's financial structure. However, following an early 2022 hack which saw over $600 million stolen from "Axie Infinity" publisher, the game saw a large drop in players and impacting the game's economy. Sky Mavis removed references to "play-to-earn" on its websites and marketing as its tokens plummeted in value.


title: Blockchain game

text: In mid-2018, Ubisoft became a founding member of the Blockchain Game Alliance alongside several blockchain companies.


title: Blockchain game

text: By the early 2020s there had not been a breakout success in video games using blockchain. Such games tended to focus on using blockchain for speculation instead of more traditional forms of gameplay, and this offers limited appeal to most players. Such games also represent a high risk to investors as their revenues can be difficult to predict. However, limited successes of some games, such as "Axie Infinity" during the COVID-19 pandemic, and increasing corporate interest in metaverse content, refueled interest in the area of GameFi—a term describing the intersection of video games and financing, typically backed by blockchain currency—in the second half of 2021. By the end of 2021, several major publishers, including Ubisoft, Electronic Arts, Take Two Interactive, and Square Enix, stated that blockchain and NFT-based games were under serious consideration for their companies in the future.


title: Blockchain game

text: In October 2021, Valve Corporation banned blockchain games, including those using cryptocurrency and NFTs, from being hosted on its Steam digital storefront service, which is widely used for personal computer gaming. The company said this was an extension of their policy banning games that offer in-game items with real-world value. Valve's prior history with gambling, specifically skin gambling, was speculated to be a factor in the decision to ban blockchain games. Valve's CEO Gabe Newell explained in a later interview that while he believed blockchain technology was legitimate, the company felt there were too many bad actors in the market at the time to allow cryptocurreny or NFTs onto Steam. Newell said, "The ways in which it has been utilised are currently all pretty sketchy. And you sort of want to stay away from that." Journalists and players responded positively to Valve's decision, as blockchain and NFT games have a reputation for scams and fraud among most PC gamers, while blockchain game publishers and developers urged Valve to reconsider their position. Epic Games, which runs the Epic Games Store in competition to Steam, said that they would be open to accepting blockchain games, in the wake of Valve's refusal.


title: Blockchain game

text: In December 2021, Ubisoft announced the Ubisoft Quartz program, based on the proof of stake Tezos cryptocurrency, which Ubisoft claimed was more energy efficient. Quartz allows players to purchase and sell "Digits", which are in-game character customization items. The service launched with items in "Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon Breakpoint". On the same day, "Ars Technica" stated that "Ubisoft's… plans make no sense" because the Quartz system is so deeply controlled by Ubisoft that a simple conventional internal database would achieve the same result without the overhead of a blockchain. Users criticized the technology because Ubisoft terms of service state that the company has "no liability" for claims or damages and is aware that the blockchain "may be subject to specific weaknesses, which make them possibly targets for specific cybersecurity threats" and disclaim "liability in the risks implied by the use of this new technology." On 9 December, Ubisoft de-listed the announcement video on YouTube, following viewer backlash and dislike bombing. French trade union Solidaires Informatique criticized Ubisoft's plan for Quartz, stating that blockchain technology is "harmful, worthless, and without future", and that it is "a useless, costly, ecologically mortifying tech which doesn't bring anything to videogames". After their initial release, trade volume for Digits was virtually zero in the following weeks. Players who used them complained that no one noticed the Digits during multiplayer matches. Ubisoft released the last Digit for Ghost Recon Breakpoint on 17 March 2022 and ended support for the game shortly thereafter.


title: Blockchain game

text: Peter Molyneux announced in December 2021 that his development studio 22cans planned business simulation game "Legacy" would include the use of a cryptocurrency called "LegacyCoin", based on the Ethereum blockchain. Prior to release, speculators could purchase in-game items as NFTs, and sales reached within a few days of Molyneux's announcement.


title: Blockchain game

text: In July 2022, Mojang Studios announced that NFTs would not be permitted in "Minecraft", saying that "speculative pricing and investment mentality around NFTs takes the focus away from playing the game and encourages profiteering, which we think is inconsistent with the long-term joy and success of our players".


title: Blockchain game

text: Will Wright revealed in October 2022 that his upcoming game "VoxVerse" will be a blockchain enabled game. The game's blockchain features were inspired by Wright having seen players in "The Sims" create their own assets and distribute them to others; within "VoxVerse", creator players will be able to make areas that other players can explore and interact in, and then trade and sell these assets as NFTs.


title: Blockchain game

text: Square Enix committed more to blockchain game support, intending to bring the technology to the "Final Fantasy" series and also announcing new IP named "Symbiogenesis" built around NFT. In a November 2022 investors report, the company said that they consider blockchain technology critical to their growth.


title: Blockchain game

text: Xbox head executive Phil Spencer said in regards to blockchain games "that some of the creative that I see today feels more exploitative than about entertainment". When the gaming communication platform Discord suggested possible Ethereum integration into their client in November 2021, users criticized the inclusion of cryptocurrency and Discord backed off, affirming they had no set plans for its inclusion.


title: Blockchain game

text: MMO developer Damion Schubert argued that most pitches for games for NFTs could also be achieved without the use of NFTs and that the non-NFT options would be easier to implement.


title: Blockchain game

text: In November 2021 Rob Fahy wrote in Gameindustry.biz that the "play-to-earn" business model is similar to earlier systems that encouraged the rise of gold farming which later led developers to shift to selling "gold" to players directly in real currency. He argued that the business model could potentially reintroduce artificial scarcity of in-game currency and in-game items or characters, and that in-game marketplaces will likely have a payment system where a game developer takes a cut when players sell a marketplace item to each other.


title: Blockchain game

text: In December 2021, GSC Game World had announced their intent to include NFTs as part of "S.T.A.L.K.E.R. 2", but due to complaints from players, a day later they announced that they would no longer be pursuing NFTs within the game.


title: Blockchain game

text: In December 2021, during The Game Awards, Josef Fares, director of "It Takes Two", stated that he would rather get "shot in the knee" than include NFTs in any of his games.


title: Blockchain game

text: Games journalist Jason Schreier characterised the blockchain "play-to-earn" model as a pyramid scheme. Competing developers of "step-to-earn" games—fitness games that reward cryptocurrency for walking—rushed to accuse each other of being Ponzi schemes while simultaneously working toward "solutions to their Ponzinomics problem". One developer, StepN, admitted that play-to-earn games require a constant supply of new players or else their token economy would collapse.


title: Blockchain game

text: The Game Developers Conference's 2022 annual report stated that 70% of developers surveyed said their studios had no interest in NFTs, while 28% said they were very or somewhat interested in them, and only 1% said they were integrating them into their games. In addition 72% of developers said they weren't interested in cryptocurrency as a payment tool for games, while 27% said they were very or somewhat interested, and only 1% saying they were already doing so.


title: Blockchain game

text: Square Enix's new year letter, which expressed interest in NFTs in video games, received heavy backlash from fans, with many additionally expressing disdain at the letter's comparison of "play to have fun" and "play to contribute" players.


title: Geetha (actress)

text: Geetha Kadambee (born 14 July 1962) is an Indian actress who appears in Malayalam, Tamil, Kannada, Telugu and Hindi films. She debuted in the Tamil film "Bairavi" (as Rajinikanth's sister). Since then she has acted in over 200 films in all major South Indian languages, and in a few Hindi films. She also appears in South Indian television serials. Geetha has won two Filmfare Awards South and a Karnataka State Film Awards and Kerala State Film Awards each.


title: Geetha (actress)

text: Geetha made her film debut with the 1978 Tamil film "Bairavi" as the title character in which she played Rajinikanth's sister. She was in her seventh grade when she was cast for the film. She later discontinued her studies to concentrate on her movie career. Her performance as Indira in the 1986 Malayalam film "Panchagni" based on the true life story of a Naxalite revolutionary Ajitha was well acclaimed and described by The Hindu as "one of Malayalam cinema's landmark heroines". The same year she had more Malayalam releases such as "Sukhamo Devi", "Kshamichu Ennoru Vakku", "Aavanazhi", "Geetham", etc. made her a popular actress in Malayalam cinema She won the State award for the second best actress in 1989 for "Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha"., most of her notable performances were with Mammootty and Mohanlal


title: Geetha (actress)

text: Her notable Kannada movies are with Rajkumar, Ananth Nag, Vishnuvardhan and Ambarish. Some of her notable movies are "Dhruva Thare", "Devatha Manushya", "Anuraga Aralithu", "Shruthi Seridaaga", and "Aakasmika" with Rajkumar. Other films are "Eradu Rekhegalu", "Mareyada Manikya, Mrugaalaya, Veeradhi Veera, Mithileya Seethayaru, Nenapina Doni, Bairavi, Shiva Mecchida, Giri Baale, Ramanna Shamanna, Goonda Guru, Nigooda Rahasya, Ramapurada Ravana, Prachanda Kulla, Hrudaya Pallavi, Daada, Aaradhane, Shabarimale Swamy Ayyappa" and Aruna Raaga. She formed a successful romantic pair with Ambareesh and acted with him in over fifteen movies.


title: Geetha (actress)

text: Geetha also acted in Tamil Serials like "Kai Alavu Manasu" and "Engirindho Vanthaal", both directed by K. Balachander. She also starred in the Tamil Serials such as "Katha Kathayaam Karanamaam" and recently in Rajakumari, where she played Ramya Krishnan's mother which aired on Sun TV.


title: Geetha (actress)

text: She did a cameo as Kamal Haasan's dance partner for the song 'Ve Vela Gopemmala' in K. Viswanath's "Sagara Sangamam".


title: Geetha (actress)

text: In 1997 she married Vasan Thatham, an American CPA and Indian Chartered accountant. The couple live in New Jersey, where Vasan is a business promoter and advisor to corporations. The couple have one son who was born in 1999


title: Geetha (actress)

text: After her marriage, she took a break from acting during 1998 to 2002. She returned to acting in 2003 and has played roles like hero's mother, in movies such as Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana, Okkadu, Pournami, "Unakkum Enakkum", "Santosh Subramaniam", "Azhagiya Tamil Magan" and "Masters".


title: Raymond J. Barry

text: Raymond John Barry (born March 14, 1939) is an American film, television, and stage actor. He was nominated for the Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Male for his performance in the film "Steel City".


title: Raymond J. Barry

text: Raymond John Barry was born in Hempstead, New York. He is married to writer Robyn Mundell. Together they have four children, Oona, Raymond, Liam and Manon.


title: Raymond J. Barry

text: His father, Raymond Barry, worked in sales. His mother, Barbara Constance Barry (née Duffy), was also an actor, known professionally as B. Constance Barry (April 29, 1913 – October 22, 2006). Her final role in 2001, after a career of small or cameo appearances in films, was in the film "L.I.E.", as Anne Harrigan, the mother of a Long Island pedophile. Barry's mother was of Canadian, Irish, and Swedish descent, and Barry's paternal grandparents were from Ireland.


title: Raymond J. Barry

text: A three-letter athlete at Lynbrook High School in Lynbrook, New York, Barry graduated from Brown University in 1962. While there, he earned his degree in Philosophy. Afterwards, he completed the Yale Drama School.


title: Raymond J. Barry

text: Before appearing in films he appeared in more than 75 plays. Barry is known for his roles in the film "Interview with the Assassin", portraying Walter Ohlinger, a man who claimed to be the second shooter on the Grassy Knoll in the assassination of John F. Kennedy, and as Ron Kovic's father in the Academy Award-winning film "Born on the Fourth of July". Barry also played Pa Cox in "", and is known for his character's continuous quote, "The wrong kid died!"


title: Raymond J. Barry

text: Other films in which he appeared include: "Dead Man Walking", "Cool Runnings", "K2", "The Tulse Luper Suitcases", "Falling Down", and "Training Day".


title: Raymond J. Barry

text: On television, he has appeared as Jack Shephard's grandfather in "Lost", as Fox Mulder's congressional patron, Senator Richard Matheson, in "The X-Files", and as Lilly Rush's father in CBS series "Cold Case". He had a recurring role on "Justified" as Arlo Givens, the father of main character Raylan Givens.


title: Raymond J. Barry

text: Barry appeared in two films focusing on the death penalty, "Dead Man Walking" and "The Chamber", with actor Robert Prosky.


title: Raymond J. Barry

text: Barry will next appear in the 2021 feature film Filthy Animals written and directed by James T. North IV and produced by Kendra Gage North and Elyusha Vafaeisefat.


title: Dodge Charger (2005)

text: The Dodge Charger is a full-size four-door sedan, introduced first at the 2005 North American International Auto Show and built by American automobile manufacturer Stellantis North America, a subsidiary of Stellantis. It is available in rear-wheel drive or all-wheel drive drivetrains. The Charger was developed to continue the Dodge Charger line with its muscle car heritage, and replaced the Dodge Intrepid as Dodge's full-size sedan. The seventh-generation Charger debuted for the 2011 model year.


title: Dodge Charger (2005)

text: The first Charger was a 1964 show car based on the Dodge Polara and fitted with a 426 Wedge V8 engine. The first production Charger, based on the Dodge Coronet, was introduced as a 1966 model. There were several different vehicles bearing the Charger nameplate built on three different platforms and sizes, all bearing the Charger nameplate. Although the name is associated with the late-1960s performance model in the Dodge range, it was also used on personal luxury coupes during the late-1970s and on front-wheel-drive subcompact hatchbacks during the 1980s.


title: Dodge Charger (2005)

text: In 1999, Dodge introduced a new Charger R/T concept car. It took many styling cues from the 1960s Chargers, sharing their long nose and rearward cab, but was shorter at , compared to for the 1966 Charger. It was also lighter. It featured a four-door sedan body design, whereas all the previous production Chargers had two doors.


title: Dodge Charger (2005)

text: It was a return to a rear-wheel-drive sedan platform Dodge had not offered since the mid-size Dodge Diplomat had been discontinued in 1989.


title: Dodge Charger (2005)

text: In November 2021, Stellantis announced that 2023 model year would be the final model year for both the Dodge Charger and Dodge Challenger, as the company will focus its future plans on electric vehicles rather than fossil fuel powered vehicles, especially with tougher automotive emissions standards of being rolled out and required by the Environmental Protection Agency for the 2023 model year.


title: Dodge Charger (2005)

text: The Dodge Charger is based on the rear-wheel-drive Chrysler LX platform with Chrysler executives confirming that structural elements of the car's foundation such as the toe board, safety cage architecture, as well as the load-path philosophy being utilized by then-partner, Mercedes-Benz. Mercedes executives also confirmed that several individual components of the car are derived from the Mercedes-Benz E-Class (W211) and S-Class of the era. Shared and or derived components from Mercedes-Benz included: the rear suspension cradle and 5-link independent rear suspension design derived from E-Class, a double-wishbone front suspension design with short-and-long arm front suspension geometry derived from the Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W220), the 5-Speed NAG1 W5A580 transmission, rear differential, driveshaft, ESP & ABS systems, steering system, the CAN Bus electrical architecture, cabin electronics including several other electronic modules, switchgear such as the cruise control and turn signal combination stalk, seat controls, seat frames, and the wiring harness. Later models also feature a Mercedes-Benz-derived laser key ignition system in place of the traditional metal key. AWD models also benefited from the use of Mercedes-Benz's 4MATIC system, including transfer case components.


title: Dodge Charger (2005)

text: Both the SXT and R/T models were available in rear and all-wheel drive trains starting in 2007. The AWD system is engaged all the time, routing approximately 60% of the power to the rear wheels and 40% of the power to the front wheels.


title: Dodge Charger (2005)

text: After three years of production, an update for 2009 models was made. This sixth generation included relocating the rear decklid's "CHARGER" badging from the left to the right, making way for "DODGE" at the left. Tail lamps were also revised. 2008 models had seen minor revisions to the interior (a new center console and switchgear changes). The 2009 Charger AWD utilized the BorgWarner Torque-on-Demand system which disconnects the front axles until extra traction is needed. This results in a slight boost in fuel economy while retaining the same maximum power split to the front wheels.


title: Dodge Charger (2005)

text: The unnamed Base model was the entry-level model in the Charger lineup. Powered by the 2.7L "Magnum" V6 gasoline engine (starting with 2008 models) or a 3.5L "Magnum" V6 gasoline engine (for 2006 and 2007 models), mated to a four- or five-speed automatic transmission (06-07 models with 3.5L engines used the 5-speed regardless of drive type, while 2.7L cars were RWD only and used the 4-speed exclusively), the Base was equipped with features such as seventeen-inch black steel wheels with full plastic wheel covers, an A/M-F/M stereo radio with a single-disc CD player (with MP3 capabilities starting in 2008) and an auxiliary audio input jack, a four-speaker audio system, a urethane steering wheel, power brakes, a color-keyed front grille with black inserts, cloth seating surfaces, power windows and door locks, remote keyless entry, air conditioning, color-keyed exterior door handles, power-adjustable exterior side mirrors with black caps, a compact spare tire and wheel, and a split-folding rear bench seat, among other features. Options, while limited, included four-wheel Antilock Braking System (ABS) brakes, SiriusXM Satellite Radio, a six-speaker audio system, and a cruise control. This model was only available with rear-wheel drive.


title: Dodge Charger (2005)

text: The SE Plus model was only offered for the 2008 model year and added features onto the unnamed Base trim. These added features included SiriusXM Satellite Radio, a six-speaker audio system, the 3.5 L "Magnum" V6 gasoline engine, a cruise control, four-wheel power Antilock Braking System (ABS) brakes, and seventeen-inch aluminum-alloy wheels. This model was only available with rear-wheel drive.


title: Dodge Charger (2005)

text: The SXT was the volume seller of the Charger lineup. Originally available as an appearance package for the unnamed Base model until 2007, the SXT became its own trim level starting with the 2008 model year. Features added onto to the Base trim included a chrome front grille with black inserts, SiriusXM Satellite Radio (starting with 2008 models), a six-speaker audio system, steering wheel-mounted audio system controls, a security alarm system, a leather-wrapped steering wheel and automatic transmission shift lever, a cruise control, four-wheel power Antilock Braking System (ABS) brakes, a power-adjustable front driver's bucket seat, and the 3.5L "Magnum" V6 gasoline engine (starting with 2008 models). Options on the SXT included eighteen-inch tires and aluminum-alloy wheels, an A/M-F/M stereo radio with a six-disc, in-dash CD/MP3 changer (including DVD and DVD Audio playback starting in 2008), a touchscreen infotainment system (starting with 2008 models), a U Connect hands-free Bluetooth phone system, two different Boston Acoustics audio systems (one with a subwoofer), Digital Sound Processing (DSP), and an external amplifier, a GPS navigation system, a rearview backup camera system, a remote vehicle starter system, luxury leather-trimmed seating surfaces, dual power-adjustable front bucket seats, a five-speed automatic transmission, and a power sunroof. This model was available with either rear-wheel drive or All Wheel Drive (AWD).


title: Dodge Charger (2005)

text: The R/T was the performance-oriented Charger model. It added features onto the SXT trim such as the 5.7 L HEMI V8 gasoline engine with the Multi-Displacement System (MDS), a five-speed automatic transmission, a six-speaker Boston Acoustics premium audio system with a 276-watt external amplifier and Digital Sound Processing (DSP), SiriusXM Satellite Radio (starting with 2008 models), eighteen-inch tires and polished aluminum-alloy wheels, exterior body side moldings, luxury leather-trimmed seating surfaces, dual power-adjustable front bucket seats, power-adjustable and heated exterior side mirrors with color-keyed caps, a dual-zone automatic climate control system, a rear spoiler, and front fog lamps. Most options available on the SXT trim were also available on the R/T trim. This model was available with either rear-wheel drive]] (RWD) or All Wheel Drive (AWD).


title: Dodge Charger (2005)

text: The SRT-8 was the top trim level of the Charger lineup. It added features onto the R/T trim such as the 6.1L HEMI V8 gasoline engine with the Multi-Displacement System (MDS), Brembo performance front and rear brakes with painted brake calipers, sport front bucket seats, dual heated front bucket seats, an AM-FM stereo radio with an in-dash, six-disc CD/MP3 changer (including DVD and DVD Audio playback starting with 2008 models), SiriusXM Satellite Radio (starting with 2008 models), sport leather-trimmed seating surfaces with perforated microfiber suede inserts, a color-keyed front grille with black "Honeycomb" inserts, a performance body kit, twenty-inch performance-rated tires, and forged aluminum-alloy wheels, electronic stability and traction controls, and simulated carbon-fiber interior trim. Optional features included touchscreen infotainment system (starring with 2008 models), SiriusXM satellite Radio (for 2006 and 2007 models), a navigation system, U Connect hands-free Bluetooth phone system, and a 13-speaker Kicker audio system with a powered amplifier, Digital Sound Processing (DSP), and a rear trunk-mounted subwoofer. This model was only available with rear-wheel drive.


title: Dodge Charger (2005)

text: The Charger "SE" and "SXT" are equipped with the 3.5L High Output engine, rated at and of torque. In Canada, the base model Charger has a 2.7 L V6, which is rated at and of torque. In 2006, the 2.7 L V6 was also available in the U.S. for fleet sales only. For 2007, the SE package could be had with the 2.7 L engine. The Canadian SXT model included the 3.5 L V6.


title: Dodge Charger (2005)

text: The "R/T" version uses the 5.7 L Hemi V8 engine. From 2006 to 2008, this engine was rated at and of torque. For 2009, Variable Camshaft Timing was added, raising power output levels to and of torque respectively.


title: Dodge Charger (2005)

text: The 2006 Charger Daytona R/T debuted at the Chicago Auto Show. It featured a high output version of the Hemi as well as an updated suspension and tires. Visual additions included a special front fascia with a chin spoiler and a black rear spoiler. In a retro touch, the Daytona R/T featured black "Hemi" decals on the hood and rear fender and retro high impact colors.


title: Dodge Charger (2005)

text: The 2006 Dodge Charger R/T Daytona Limited colors were "Go ManGo!" (orange with black decals and spoiler (punctuation in the name is correct, as displayed on the dashboard), "Top Banana" (yellow with black decals and spoiler)), "Tor Red” (red with black decals and spoiler (punctuation in the name is correct, as displayed on the dashboard)). The U.S. production release was limited to 4,000 cars each for orange and yellow, 2,000 for the red, and they had a badge with a production number placed under the far-right dash vent.


title: Dodge Charger (2005)

text: In 2007, larger 20-inch chrome-clad wheels were introduced, now being produced only in two new colors, Sub Lime Green and Plum Crazy Purple. In 2008, a revised stripe package was adopted, and the color for this year was HEMI Ornage. In 2009, horsepower was increased to by the addition of Variable Camshaft Timing. The color for this year was Stone White. There was no Daytona R/T for the 2010 model year.


title: Dodge Charger (2005)

text: An SRT8 version of the Charger debuted at the 2005 New York International Auto Show. Powered by a version of the "Hemi V8", it also featured upgraded Brembo brakes, and interior and exterior updates. The engine is rated at of torque at 4,800 rpm. The 425 SAE net horsepower of the modern 6.1 L Hemi makes it more powerful than the Chrysler Hemi engines of the muscle car era, the biggest of which were rated at 425 SAE gross horsepower. This made the 6.1 L Hemi the most powerful V8 engine that Chrysler had put in a production vehicle at the time. The SRT8 can accelerate from in 4.8 seconds (5.0 average).


title: Dodge Charger (2005)

text: A new Super Bee version of the Charger debuted at the 2006 New York International Auto Show for the 2007 model year. It shared the SRT-8's Hemi engine, but was available in a special "Detonator Yellow" paint with black decals. It was a limited edition with only 1,000 being produced. A B5 Blue version of the Super Bee was shown at the 2007 North American International Auto Show and went on sale in early 2008, also with a limited run of 1,000. A total of 425 Hemi Orange Super Bees were built in 2009.


title: Dodge Charger (2005)

text: Developed in collaboration with DUB Magazine, this version is based on the Charger SXT. It features a body-color spoiler and fog lamps, 20-inch alloy wheels with 245/45R20 tires, MyGIG Multimedia Infotainment System with 13-speaker Puncher surround-sound system, and a 322w Kicker amplifier, a 100-watt Kicker subwoofer, and upgraded brakes from the R/T models that use dual-piston calipers in the front. Exterior colors are red, black, silver, cool vanilla, and dark titanium.


title: Dodge Charger (2005)

text: The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety gives the Charger an overall "Good" score in frontal crash tests. In side impacts Charger models equipped with optional side airbags are given a "Marginal" score overall, and models without side airbags are given the lowest overall "Poor" score.


title: Dodge Charger (2005)

text: The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration gives the Charger five stars on passenger, driver, and rear passenger crash test ratings and four stars in regard to side-impact rating.


title: Dodge Charger (2005)

text: All models come standard with electronic stability program (ESP) (except in 2.7L V6 cars where it is optional) with ABS and all speed traction control.


title: Dodge Charger (2005)

text: Racecars based on the Charger were campaigned by several NASCAR Sprint Cup teams starting in 2005 through to 2012. Although NASCAR stock cars bear only a slight resemblance to actual street cars, Dodge's 2005 and 2006 NASCAR entries were based on the Charger silhouette, replacing the previous Dodge Intrepid. Unlike the Intrepid, the Charger shares the rear-wheel-drive with the V8 engine configuration with its NASCAR counterparts.


title: Dodge Charger (2005)

text: During the 2007 NASCAR season, the Charger was used in all non Car of Tomorrow races while the Dodge Avenger was used in all Car of Tomorrow races. The Car of Tomorrow was used exclusively in 2008. However, the Avenger Car of Tomorrow was redesignated as a Charger R/T through the use of different decals. The decals have been revised again for 2011–2012 to reflect the updated nose and tail styling of the production Charger, including the full-width taillight panel.


title: Dodge Charger (2005)

text: Though the car was successful in "Sprint Cup" competition, fewer teams were running Dodges from 2007 and on. This would lead Dodge and Ram to abandon its NASCAR (Sprint, Nationwide, and Camping World Truck-series) factory support efforts at the end of the 2012 season. For the 2012 NASCAR season, Penske Racing was the only full-time team campaigning Dodges (the #2 and #22 Chargers) in the Sprint Cup, and their #2 Miller Lite Dodge (driven by Brad Keselowski) won the NASCAR Sprint Cup Championship. Despite winning the Sprint Cup and producing the new 2013 version of the NASCAR Charger, Penske Racing switched to Ford for the 2013 season, ending Dodge's second tenure in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series.


title: Dodge Charger (2005)

text: The 2011 LD Charger seventh generation underwent both exterior and interior changes, taking some styling cues from the 1968–1970 models. A new body featured a redesigned fascia and hood section, modified "racetrack" vintage-style taillights, and a new dashboard. Silver aluminum wheels became standard equipment replacing the previous plastic hubcaps. However, the core foundation of the car was still based on the original LX platform, derived from the Mercedes-Benz E-Class (W211). While the suspension was tweaked, the front suspension is still derived from the design of the Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W220) and the 5-link rear design from the Mercedes-Benz E-Class (W211).


title: Dodge Charger (2005)

text: The new 3.6 L Pentastar V6 engine replaced the 2.7 L V6 engine as well as the 3.5 L High Output V6 engine. The 3.6 L Pentastar has variable valve timing, which is a technology that adjusts the timing of the intake and/or exhaust valves. The engine uses a timing chain instead of a belt. The exhaust manifold is cast directly into the cylinder head.


title: Dodge Charger (2005)

text: The Charger was built alongside the 2011 Challenger SRT8 392 and Chrysler 300C. Engines are available with both the 5-speed and 8-speed automatic transmissions.


title: Dodge Charger (2005)

text: From the 2012 model year, the 3.6 L engine was available with an 8-speed automatic that improved fuel economy by 4-mpg on the highway.


title: Dodge Charger (2005)

text: The 3.6 liter Pentastar V6 is rated at and of torque, the 5.7 L V8 has and of torque, and the new 6.4 liter V8 is rated at and of torque. According to the October 2011 issue of Motor Trend, the Dodge Charger SRT-8, weighing , accelerates from 0- in 4.3 seconds, and completes the quarter mile (~400 m) in 12.8 seconds at . It is mechanically identical to the Chrysler 300 SRT-8.


title: Dodge Charger (2005)

text: The Charger SRT8 returned as 2012 model, which was previewed at the 2011 Chicago Auto Show. Chrysler began putting the Dodge logo with slanted red rectangles on the grilles of the SRT8 halfway through the 2012 model year.


title: Dodge Charger (2005)

text: In 2011, it was announced that the Super Bee will be returning as a 2012 model on the redesigned Dodge Charger with the 392 HEMI engine in "Stinger Yellow" and "Pitch Black" exterior colors.


title: Dodge Charger (2005)

text: In 2011 Dodge introduced the Dodge Charger R/T Mopar 11 Edition. In the Mopar Edition, there are several appearance and performance changes to set it apart from the rest of the production models that year. The Mopar edition came only in the ”Pitch Black“ exterior color with a Mopar blue driver side stripe and a Mopar grille badge instead of an "R/T" badge. The interior is finished in the same black as seen on the outside except for a splash of chrome and carbon fiber dash and center console, along with a pistol grip shifter. The Mopar blue stripe is carried to the interior as a part of the driver's front seat and the left side rear passenger seat. The performance of the Mopar edition Charger is improved with the Super Track Pack, a 3.91 final drive gear ratio, a three-mode traction control, heavy-duty brakes, larger stability bars, front and rear strut tower bars, as well as a sport-tuned steering rack.


title: Dodge Charger (2005)

text: 9,688 2011 and 2012 Dodge Charger police vehicles were recalled for overheated lighting harness connector causing low beams to fail, and an overheated power distribution center could result in a loss of the vehicle's anti-lock braking and stability control systems.


title: Dodge Charger (2005)

text: On May 7, 2012, a recall announcement was made by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) regarding loss of anti-lock brakes and stability control as a result of an overheated fuse in the PDC. This failure could lead to loss of vehicle control, which increases crash risk. Over 127,350 Chrysler 300s and Dodge Chargers were recalled.


title: Dodge Charger (2005)

text: Penske Racing built two Sprint Cup Series race cars based on the appearance of 2013 Dodge Charger, and the cars were unveiled in Las Vegas Motor Speedway. About the time the car was unveiled, Penske Racing, the sole Dodge team in Sprint Cup announced it was switching to Ford for the 2013 season. Although the new cars received positive reviews by the automotive press and in track testing, attempts by Dodge Motorsports to get other teams to switch to the new Charger for 2013 came to naught, and Dodge folded its NASCAR racing efforts in all series except the NASCAR Pinty's Series, which is dominated by Dodge cars.


title: Dodge Charger (2005)

text: Unveiled at the 2012 SEMA Show, the Dodge Charger Juiced is based on the Dodge Charger, with a Mopar crate Viper V10 engine rated at , Mopar cold air intake and Mopar cat-back exhaust, Mopar front chin spoiler, Mopar Performance prototype hood (with a functional forward-facing intake), roof in a darker matte version of the custom Metallic "Copperhead" body color, unique Mopar matte black hood graphics and decklid graphics, body-color split crosshair grille with a Mopar grille badge, Mopar-exclusive 20-inch lightweight wheels trimmed in matte black with an accent "Copperhead" stripe, unique black Katzkin leather seats with touches of "Copperhead" color, "Copperhead" color stitching at the steering wheel, shifter and armrest; a "Copperhead" embroidered on the seatbacks, aluminum instrument panel bezel in matte black, Mopar logo door-sill guards, Mopar logo premium carpet floor mats and a Mopar pistol-grip shifter.


title: Dodge Charger (2005)

text: Available for the Charger R/T and R/T Plus, it includes a choice of 6 body colors (Pitch Black, Billet Metallic, Granite Crystal, Bright White, Redline Red Tri-coat, and Phantom Black Tri-coat), Gloss Black 20-inch aluminum wheels, Gloss Black center caps, Gloss Black front grille, body-color rear spoiler, steering wheel-mounted paddle shifters, Sport Mode, 3.06 rear axle, Beats Audio (10 speakers with subwoofer and 552-Watt amplifier).


title: Dodge Charger (2005)

text: The Blacktop Package was also available in model years 2012 and 2013 for the Charger V6 model. Horsepower was increased to 300 through the use of cold air intake and less restrictive exhaust systems.


title: Dodge Charger (2005)

text: The Charger Daytona is a limited version of the 2013 Charger R/T and Charger R/T Road & Track with a choice of 4 body colors (Daytona Blue, Bright White, Billet Silver, Pitch Black), dark trim, Satin Black front crosshair grille with heritage "R/T" badge, custom vinyl hood graphic, roof wrap, rear R/T spoiler; "DAYTONA" graphic on the rear quarter panels, exclusive 20-inch five-spoke polished aluminum wheels with Gloss Black painted pockets, 'Daytona Blue' engine cover, performance 3.06 rear axle ratio, high-speed engine controller, paddle shifters with sport mode, performance steering and suspension, black heated and ventilated seats with Daytona Blue stitching and piping in cloth (R/T) or Nappa leather and suede (R/T Road & Track) upholstery, blue "DAYTONA" embroidery at the upper front seat backs, unique dark brushed aluminum trim surrounds the 8.4-inch Uconnect Touch screen and gauges on the instrument panel, as well as the trim around the shifter and cup holders on the center console; a Mopar bright pedal kit, a 552-watt 10-speaker Beats Audio System, a special numbered "DAYTONA" badge on the instrument panel that features the build number of that specific Charger Daytona model.


title: Dodge Charger (2005)

text: The SRT Daytona was unveiled at the 2012 Los Angeles International Auto Show. US models arrived at Dodge dealerships nationwide in the first quarter of 2013. Production was limited to 2,500 units.


title: Dodge Charger (2005)

text: Available for Dodge Charger SXT AWD, SXT Plus AWD, Charger R/T AWD, and R/T Plus AWD, the Charger AWD Sport package includes a unique gloss black painted split-crosshair grille and grille surround, 19-inch polished aluminum wheels with Gloss Black pockets, all-season performance tires, steering-wheel-mounted paddle shifters, sport mode transmission calibration, rear body-color spoiler, sport seats in black cloth (SXT and R/T) or premium black or red heated Nappa leather (SXT Plus and R/T Plus) upholstery, Beats Audio technology (a 12-channel amplifier integrating Beats proprietary equalizer algorithm, three 3.5-inch speakers located in the instrument panel, two 3.5-inch speakers located in the rear doors, two 6 x 9-inch front-door woofers, two 6 x 9-inch speakers and a center-mounted 8-inch speaker located in the rear-shelf area), active transfer case and front-axle-disconnect system.


title: Dodge Charger (2005)

text: Available for the 2013 and 2014 model years, this appearance package is a limited (392 units total) version of Dodge Charger SRT8 with custom-designed gloss black "392 HEMI" fender badges with a charcoal grey metallic insert, center section of power bulge hood painted in Pitch Black, roof painted in Pitch Black, new satin black SRT lower-body side stripe with a heavy band and accent tracer stretching from the front fascia, through doors to rear fascias; side mirrors painted in Pitch Black, 20-inch split five-spoke Black Vapor Chrome wheels, rear spoiler painted in Pitch Black, choice of 5 body colors (Bright White Clear Coat, Billet Silver Metallic Clear Coat, Plum Crazy Pearl Coat, HEMI Orange Pearl Coat, and TorRed Clear Coat), '392' engine beauty covers under the hood, exclusive serialized dash plaque showing production build number / 392, expanded adaptive damping suspension with three-mode selectable suspension tuning, standard launch control.


title: Dodge Charger (2005)

text: Changes for 2014 included Uconnect 8.4N with integrated Garmin navigation, 3 new body colors (Header Orange, TorRed, Plum Crazy), and re-introduction of the Blacktop and Rallye Appearance Packages.


title: Dodge Charger (2005)

text: The Redline package is based on 2014 Dodge Charger SXT and SXT Plus models, with 20-inch Black Chrome wheels with a Redline Red lip and inner backbone, all-season performance tires, a performance-tuned suspension, sport seats, rear body-color spoiler, exclusive Beats by Dre audio system, eight-speed automatic transmission with steering-wheel-mounted paddle shifters and Sport Mode.


title: Dodge Charger (2005)

text: The 20-inch Wheel Sport Appearance Group is based on Charger SXT models, with 20-inch chrome-clad wheels, performance-tuned suspension and all-season tires, and a body-color rear spoiler.


title: Dodge Charger (2005)

text: The Dodge Charger AWD Sport includes a unique Gloss Black split-crosshair grille, polished 19-inch aluminum wheels with Gloss Black pockets; steering-wheel-mounted paddle shifters with sport-mode, rear spoiler, sport seats, 300 horsepower V-6 or 370 horsepower V8 engine, Beats Audio.


title: Dodge Charger (2005)

text: The US model was set to appear in Dodge showrooms in fall 2013. Early models include SE, SXT, SXT Plus, R/T, R/T Plus, R/T Road & Track, R/T Max.


title: Dodge Charger (2005)

text: The police version of the Dodge Charger was made available with a choice of a 3.6-liter Pentastar V6 (292 hp) or 5.7-liter HEMI V8 (370 hp) engine, larger 14.5-inch front brake discs, increased front-caliper swept area from 289 sq.in to 388 sq.in., increased rear-caliper swept area from 291 sq.in. to 296 sq.in., Police-specific Secure Park (prevents an idling vehicle from being driven without key fob present in the vehicle), revised rear fascia and exhaust tips, new camber link change to the rear suspension to further enhance high-speed and aggressive braking performance, upgraded fuel pump for added durability, variable-displacement air conditioner compressor for added efficiency, factory-installed Mopar horizontal or vertical vinyl graphics for customer convenience and optional ParkSense rear-park assist.


title: Dodge Charger (2005)

text: The Charger Pursuit V-8 AWD model includes segment-exclusive active transfer case and front-axle disconnect (late availability). The Dodge Charger Pursuit AWD became available to law enforcement customers in the Spring of 2014 through Chrysler Group's Fleet Operations.


title: Dodge Charger (2005)

text: Unveiled at the 2013 SEMA Show, the Scat Package 1 includes a Mopar cold air intake, Mopar cat-back exhaust, Scat Package 1 badge, and an all-new performance calibrated engine controller "optimized" to the 5.7-liter HEMI engine.


title: Dodge Charger (2005)

text: The Scat Package 2 adds a customized, optimized performance calibration feature tailored for Scat Package 2, a new Mopar performance camshaft that works in conjunction with the components of the Scat Package 1 kit, and a 'Scat Package 2' badge.