title: South African farm attacks

text: This definition excludes "social fabric crimes", that is those crimes committed by members of the farming community on one another, such as domestic or workplace violence, and focuses on outsiders entering the farms to commit specific criminal acts. Dina Pule, the safety and security Member of the Executive Council (MEC) for Mpumalanga Province, has disagreed with this definition and has said that "farm attacks" included only those cases "where farm residents were murdered and not cases of robberies or attempted murders". Human Rights Watch has criticised the use of the term "farm attacks", which they regard as "suggesting a terrorist or military purpose", which they do not believe is the primary motivation for most farm attacks.


title: South African farm attacks

text: The South African government believes the chief motive for attacks is robbery. This position was shared by Afrikaner rights group Afriforum in a 2017 interview, where they stated that they do not believe that there is a racial motive associated with all attacks. A Committee of Inquiry into Farm Attacks was appointed in 2001 by the National Commissioner of Police. The purpose of the committee was to "inquire into the ongoing spate of attacks on farms, which include violent criminal acts such as murder, robbery, rape, to determine the motives and factors behind these attacks and to make recommendations on their findings". Monetary theft occurred in most of the attacks, firearms were stolen in 23.0%, and 16.0% of farm attacks involved vehicular theft. The committee noted that "there is a common misconception that in a large proportion of farm attacks little is stolen" and "various items are stolen by far in the majority of cases and, in those cases where nothing is taken, there is almost always a logical explanation, such as that the attackers had to leave quickly because help arrived."


title: South African farm attacks

text: The Natives' Land Act, adopted in 1913, restricted black South Africans' ownership of land and the right to legally rent land to around 10% of South Africa. The modern discontent among black South Africans has caused populists to call for a confiscation of white-owned farms in the north. The Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF) party, founded by Julius Malema, demands redistribution of the land and wealth, alongside pressure for land expropriation without compensation. As of March 2011, 31 million hectares or 25% of the 122 million hectares surface area of South Africa were in the hands of the State. The remaining 91 million hectares or 75% of the surface area was privately owned. Proponents of the theory that farm attacks disproportionately target whites point to racial hostility as a result of this situation as a motive for the attacks.


title: South African farm attacks

text: Johan Burger of the Institute for Security Studies (ISS) has said that attacks were motivated not by race but by greed. The South African Police Service declared in 1998 that there had been no evidence at the time of systematic organised attacks, although the matter was being looked into by special investigators.


title: South African farm attacks

text: According to Tshego's (Short G / Sterling) media reports, , approximately 3,158–3,811 South African farmers have been killed in these attacks. Self-reported data from the Transvaal Agricultural Union state that 1,544 people were killed in farm attacks from 1990 to 2012. In 2012, Reuters reported that the number of farmers of European descent had decreased by one third since 1997, and that news headlines about farm killings provided incentive for them to sell their properties. In January 2019, AfriForum stated that the number of murders on farms had decreased between 2017 and 2018, which it attributed to improved self-defence by farmers. AfriForum reported a doubling in the number of attacks in the Western Cape for the first half of the 2019, to 16 attacks over the period, relative to the same period in 2018, although this change took place against a backdrop of an increased crime rate in the Western Cape. According to South African police statistics, there were 21,325 murder victims in 2019 of which 49 were white farmers.


title: South African farm attacks

text: During the South Africa's hard lockdown early in the COVID-19 pandemic, crime, including rural crime, decreased. The opposition Democratic Alliance (DA) political party claimed that they increased once the lockdown restrictions were lifted. Agriculture organisations the Transvaal Agricultural Union, and Free State Agriculture stated that attacks and murders had increased over the full year in 2020


title: South African farm attacks

text: Gideon Meiring, chairperson of the Transvaal Agricultural Union's safety and security committee, criticised the South African Police Service for failing to prevent farm attacks, stating that the police "are not part of the solution but part of the bloody problem". Meiring has assisted farming communities in setting up private armed patrols in their area. Kallie Kriel of AfriForum accused politicians, including Agriculture Minister Lulu Xingwana and her deputy Dirk du Toit, of inciting hatred against farmers, saying "Those who inflame hate and aggression towards farmers have to be regarded as accomplices to the murders of farmers." In particular, Kriel condemned claims that violence against farm workers by farmers was endemic.


title: South African farm attacks

text: Johan Burger of the Institute for Security Studies has said that the government's dismantling of the commando system had created a vacuum which the current rural safety plan was not addressing adequately. Defence Minister Mosiuoa Lekota said that the military commando personnel were "unwilling to serve a black government and were hostile to democracy in South Africa", adding that "former commando members were politically indoctrinated and supplied with weapons and training to spy on blacks in their areas, making this military structure wholly unsuited to the new South Africa."


title: South African farm attacks

text: While Human Rights Watch has described a general trend of escalation in "farm attacks" since 1994, and noted a lack of government response to them, its 2001 study found that the failures of the government response disproportionately affected black farm residents. "In practice, however, the plan has significantly increased insecurity for black residents of and visitors to commercial farming areas, as they have become the targets of sometimes indiscriminate "anti-crime" initiatives... In addition, the rural protection plan has largely failed to respond to crime committed against black farm residents, in particular crime committed by white farm owners."


title: South African farm attacks

text: While the police are supposed to regularly visit commercial farms to ensure security, they say they cannot provide effective protection due to the wide areas that need to be covered and a lack of funding. 'Farmwatch' groups have been formed with the intention of filling this protection gap. These groups use radio to coordinate mutual assistance between farmers, local Commando volunteers, and private security companies. The particular mix of groups that operate has varied by area, with wealthier farmers being more likely to employ private security firms. The police and these groups are linked together as part of the Rural Protection Plan, created in 1997 by President Nelson Mandela. Some white farmers have undertaken self-defence training, with some farmers trained by an Israeli special forces veteran.


title: South African farm attacks

text: In 2003 the government began disbanding commando units, saying they had been "part of the apartheid state's security apparatus". A 2013 study from the University of the Free State concluded that this disbanding compromised rural security, as police have prioritised South Africa's urban crime problems.


title: South African farm attacks

text: A spike in violent attacks on farmers in February 2017 led to one of the country's largest prayer meetings being held on 22–23 April 2017 in Bloemfontein, attracting over 1,000,000 participants.


title: South African farm attacks

text: Following the murder of Klapmuts farmer Joubert Conradie in October 2017, a protest convoy was organised on 30 October 2017. Known as #BlackMonday the convoy ran from Stellenbosch to Cape Town and attracted an estimated 10,000 protesters. The protest convoy was criticised by the South African Police Service for disrupting traffic. The protest convoy was also criticised by the ANC and the EFF for the display by some protesters of the old South African flag and alleged that the protesters were only concerned about the death of white farmers and did not include black members of the farming community. These photos were later confirmed to have been used out of context and inappropriately linked to the protests by Nickolaus Bauer, a reporter from eNCA. The eNCA released an official apology regarding the untruthful reporting. The Nelson Mandela Foundation also criticised the event for being polarising, describing the protesters' "expressions of 'us' and 'them'" as "worrisome".


title: South African farm attacks

text: In October 2020, protesters stormed Senekal Magistrates Court, where two suspects were being held for the murder of farm manager Brendin Horner. A police vehicle was also overturned and set on fire. One man was arrested for setting the vehicle ablaze.


title: South African farm attacks

text: There is a wall of remembrance outside the town of Bothaville dedicated to farmers who lost their lives during farm attacks.


title: South African farm attacks

text: Following a spate of attacks in the Western Cape in late 2018, the Western Cape branch of the ANC issued a condemnation of all farm attacks and called on the police to increase efforts to catch perpetrators and prevent attacks. The Freedom Front Plus has continuously campaigned against farm attacks in South Africa.


title: South African farm attacks

text: The Suidlanders, a survivalist Afrikaner group preparing for a race war predicted by Boer "prophet" Siener van Rensburg, has taken credit for publicising the issue internationally after undertaking a tour of the United States in 2017.


title: South African farm attacks

text: After an Australian journalist was given a guided tour of South Africa by Afriforum, stories about attacks on white farmers appeared in News Corp Australia newspapers claiming that white South Africans were "trapped like frogs in boiling water" and that the South African government was "notoriously corrupt" and "potentially complicit" in the attacks and stating that the farmers were being "persecuted" because of their race.


title: South African farm attacks

text: In March 2018, Australia's Minister for Home Affairs, Peter Dutton, proposed fast-tracking white South African farmers as refugees, stating that "they need help from a civilised country", amid pressure by the South African Australian community for a special immigration intake for their family members. Far-right marchers from the Australian Liberty Alliance in Perth carried signs exhorting the Australian government to "let the right ones [white South Africans] in", and MPs Andrew Hastie and Ian Goodenough headlined a rally in Perth, which was also attended by far-right extremist Neil Erikson, while senator Fraser Anning and MP Andrew Laming appeared at a Brisbane rally that was also attended by members of the far-right group, the Proud Boys. Dutton's proposal reportedly got support from some of his party's backbenchers and Liberal Democrat Senator David Leyonhjelm; however, Leyonhjelm later clarified that he thought that South African farmers could be admitted under existing family reunification and skilled visa programmes, and that he did not believe that they qualified as refugees.


title: South African farm attacks

text: The Australian High Commissioner was subjected to a démarche by the South African Department of International Relations & Co-operation, which expressed offence at Dutton's statements, and demanded a retraction, stating that "there is no reason for any government in the world to suspect that a section of South Africans is under danger from their own democratically elected government". Afrikaner groups including AfriForum and the Suidlanders, who took credit for Dutton's offer, rejected the idea of Afrikaners becoming refugees.


title: South African farm attacks

text: Australia's ruling Coalition MPs subsequently stated that white farmers were entitled to apply for humanitarian visas, without necessarily meeting the definition of "refugees", describing the situation as difficult and unique but without calling for a special category of visa to be created. The Australian government effectively retracted Dutton's offer by responding to the démarche with a letter that "satisfied" the South African foreign ministry, with the South African government officially welcoming the letter and stating again that "...no one is being persecuted in South Africa, including white farmers". However, Dutton reiterated his position that the farmers were persecuted, denied any retraction, and insisted that the Australian government was looking at "several" individual cases that may qualify for humanitarian visas, stating that his critics were "dead to me". In April 2018, it emerged that Dutton's department had previously blocked asylum applications by a white farmer, and another white South African woman on the basis that "the vast majority of crimes against whites are not racially motivated", and on the basis that there was no evidence of racial persecution, with the decisions upheld by the Administrative Appeals Tribunal.


title: South African farm attacks

text: AfriForum toured Australia in October 2018 to "raise awareness" of farm attacks, appearing on Sky News Australia program Outsiders, where a member was interviewed by Ross Cameron and Rowan Dean, and they met Andrew Hastie and delivered a presentation before the Parliament of Western Australia.


title: South African farm attacks

text: In August 2018, Fox News host Tucker Carlson commented that the South African government had disproportionately targeted white farmers during its ongoing land reform efforts due to anti-white racism. He also criticised political "elites", who are purportedly concerned about racism, but "paying no attention" to the "racist government of South Africa". However, BBC News, CBS News, Associated Press, "PolitiFact", "The New York Times" and "The Wall Street Journal" described Carlson's segment as false or misleading. President Ramaphosa had proposed a constitutional amendment that would allow some land to be expropriated without compensation; however, that amendment had not yet been voted upon .


title: South African farm attacks

text: Following Carlson's segment, President Donald Trump instructed Secretary of State Mike Pompeo to study the South Africa land and farm seizures and expropriations and the large scale killing of farmers closely, tweeting: "South African Government is now seizing land from white farmers". Trump's tweet was denounced as "misinformed" by the South African government, which stated that it would address the matter through diplomatic channels. Political officers of the American embassy in South Africa investigated the claims, consulting farmers, police, and academics for further information. In a cable sent to the State Department, they concluded that there was "no evidence that murders on farms specifically target white people or are politically motivated" and that "[s]ome journalists and lobby groups have simplified complex land disputes to serve their own ends". AfriForum took credit for Carlson and Trump's statements, stating that it believed that its campaign to influence American politics had succeeded.


title: South African farm attacks

text: In 2018, Afriforum leaders also embarked on a tour of the US to "raise awareness" about farm attacks in South Africa and land expropriation.


title: South African farm attacks

text: The claim of a white genocide in South Africa has been promoted by right-wing groups in South Africa and the United States and is a frequent talking point among white nationalists. There are no reliable figures that suggest that white farmers are at greater risk of being killed than the average South African. Some South African blacks have sought to seize privately owned land which they have made claims to; however, South African police have stopped such attempts at appropriating land.


title: South African farm attacks

text: Fact checkers have widely identified the notion of a white genocide in South Africa as a falsehood or myth. The government of South Africa and other analysts maintain that farm attacks are part of a broader crime problem in South Africa, and do not have a racial motivation. The Afrikaner rights group AfriForum claim that some attacks are racially motivated. Racist vitriol is an element in some of the murders of white farmers. According to genocide studies and prevention professor Gregory Stanton, "early warnings of genocide are still deep in South African society, though genocide has not begun".


title: Ruta Gedmintas

text: Ruta Gedmintas (; ) is a British actress known for her work on television, primarily in "The Strain", "", "The Borgias", "The Tudors", "Lip Service" and "His Dark Materials".


title: Ruta Gedmintas

text: Gedmintas was born in Canterbury, Kent, the daughter of a Lithuanian father and an English mother. She grew up in Buckinghamshire and trained at the Drama Centre London under Reuven Adiv.


title: Ruta Gedmintas

text: Gedmintas appeared in "" as Rachel Harris, a former police officer. She has also had guest roles in the BBC's "Waking the Dead" and ITV1's "The Bill". She also appeared as Elizabeth Blount in Showtime's "The Tudors." In 2010 she worked on the independent films "Zerosome" and "Atletu" (aka "The Athlete"); and then starred as Frankie in BBC Three's "Lip Service."


title: Ruta Gedmintas

text: Gedmintas appeared in the American drama "Do No Harm" as Olivia Flynn. The series aired for one season from January through September 2013 before being cancelled. She starred in an episode of the critically acclaimed show "Ripper Street". She also starred in "The Strain" as Dutch, a computer hacker. In 2019 she was cast as Serafina Pekkala in "His Dark Materials".


title: Ruta Gedmintas

text: Gedmintas starred in "Unfaithful" at London's Found111, alongside Sean Campion ("The Borgias", "Stones in his Pockets"), Niamh Cusack ("Heartbeat", "The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-time") and Matthew Lewis (Harry Potter film series, "The Syndicate"). Gedmintas was interviewed (August 2016) regarding her previous roles as Astrid in "Backbeat", Sophie in "Stag", Betty (an animal-loving neighbour) in "A Street Cat Named Bob", released in November 2016.


title: Purple.com

text: Purple.com, commonly referred to as "Purple", was a single-page website created in 1994. It consisted of no links or text and its only content was a purple background. The site also linked to the owner, Jeff Abrahamson, at purple.com/Jeff and Jeff.purple.com; his dog, Misha, at purple.com/misha, a site with instructions to contact Jeff if Misha was lost and found; as well as his rental property business in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where he owned multiple properties for rent. The site was used for many purposes, both commercial and personal, over the years by Abrahamson. The site is notable as being the oldest known single-serving site. As of November 2017 purple.com no longer displays its older content of a plain purple background, but now serves as the domain for a mattress company by the name of Purple.


title: Purple.com

text: The most noticeable feature of the site was the main page with a purple-colored background. The site later added subpages, including FAQs, a notification about abuse and spam, a guideline about linking the site, and guidelines on availability.


title: Purple.com

text: According to the creator, software engineer Jeff Abrahamson, the site originated from the difficult process of accessing and surfing the internet in its early days, similar to most early single-serving sites. Over the years from 1994 through 2017, when Abrahamson sold the site, he used it for many purposes: novel, personal, and commercial, as stated above.


title: Purple.com

text: The site was launched on 31 August 1994. From its launch to late 2006 the background colour was #DD00FF , resulting in numerous complaints that it was not actually purple. It was changed to #7D26CD on 6 November 2006 based on recommendations.


title: Purple.com

text: In November 2017, the domain name was sold to Purple, Inc. for approximately $900k. As of June 2020, Abrahamson has hosted a similarly minimal website as a memorial, ISoldPurple.com.


title: Purple.com

text: Some sites have been created as parodies of the site. Some of the most well known, both created in 2007 are SometimesRedSometimesBlue.com, created by Damon Zucconi which alternates between a red and blue background and LetsTurnThisFuckingWebsiteYellow.com, a site which consists of a yellow background created by Charles Broskoski. Randomcolour.com and notpurple.com are websites that generate a different background colour (chosen at random) when visited.


title: Purple.com

text: The home page's minimal data size, obvious visual appearance, and unlikelihood of being already cached on a user's browser made it a go-to page for IT support workers to verifying internet connectivity or forcing a redirect to a public internet login page.


title: Purple.com

text: In January 2018, theoldpurple.com was created as an homage to and replacement for the original, single-page Purple website.


title: Resource Description Framework

text: The Resource Description Framework (RDF) is a World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) standard originally designed as a data model for metadata. It has come to be used as a general method for description and exchange of graph data. RDF provides a variety of syntax notations and data serialization formats with Turtle (Terse RDF Triple Language) currently being the most widely used notation.


title: Resource Description Framework

text: RDF is a directed graph composed of triple statements. An RDF graph statement is represented by: 1) a node for the subject, 2) an arc that goes from a subject to an object for the predicate, and 3) a node for the object. Each of the three parts of the statement can be identified by a URI. An object can also be a literal value. This simple, flexible data model has a lot of expressive power to represent complex situations, relationships, and other things of interest, while also being appropriately abstract.


title: Resource Description Framework

text: RDF was adopted as a W3C recommendation in 1999. The RDF 1.0 specification was published in 2004, the RDF 1.1 specification in 2014. SPARQL is a standard query language for RDF graphs. RDFS, OWL and SHACL are ontology languages that are used to describe RDF data.


title: Resource Description Framework

text: The RDF data model is similar to classical conceptual modeling approaches (such as entity–relationship or class diagrams). It is based on the idea of making statements about resources (in particular web resources) in expressions of the form subject–predicate–object, known as "triples". The subject denotes the resource, and the predicate denotes traits or aspects of the resource, and expresses a relationship between the subject and the object.


title: Resource Description Framework

text: For example, one way to represent the notion "The sky has the color blue" in RDF is as the triple: a subject denoting "the sky", a predicate denoting "has the color", and an object denoting "blue". Therefore, RDF uses subject instead of object (or entity) in contrast to the typical approach of an entity–attribute–value model in object-oriented design: entity (sky), attribute (color), and value (blue).


title: Resource Description Framework

text: RDF is an abstract model with several serialization formats (being essentially specialized file formats). In addition the particular encoding for resources or triples can vary from format to format.


title: Resource Description Framework

text: This mechanism for describing resources is a major component in the W3C's Semantic Web activity: an evolutionary stage of the World Wide Web in which automated software can store, exchange, and use machine-readable information distributed throughout the Web, in turn enabling users to deal with the information with greater efficiency and certainty. RDF's simple data model and ability to model disparate, abstract concepts has also led to its increasing use in knowledge management applications unrelated to Semantic Web activity.


title: Resource Description Framework

text: A collection of RDF statements intrinsically represents a labeled, directed multi-graph. This makes an RDF data model better suited to certain kinds of knowledge representation than are other relational or ontological models.


title: Resource Description Framework

text: The initial RDF design, intended to "build a vendor-neutral and operating system-independent system of metadata," derived from the W3C's Platform for Internet Content Selection (PICS), an early web content labelling system, but the project was also shaped by ideas from Dublin Core, and from the Meta Content Framework (MCF), which had been developed during 1995 to 1997 by Ramanathan V. Guha at Apple and Tim Bray at Netscape.


title: Resource Description Framework

text: A first public draft of RDF appeared in October 1997, issued by a W3C working group that included representatives from IBM, Microsoft, Netscape, Nokia, Reuters, SoftQuad, and the University of Michigan.


title: Resource Description Framework

text: In 1999, the W3C published the first recommended RDF specification, the "Model and Syntax Specification" ("RDF M&S"). This described RDF's data model and an XML serialization.


title: Resource Description Framework

text: Two persistent misunderstandings about RDF developed at this time: firstly, due to the MCF influence and the RDF "Resource Description" initialism, the idea that RDF was specifically for use in representing metadata; secondly that RDF was an XML format rather than a data model, and only the RDF/XML serialisation being XML-based. RDF saw little take-up in this period, but there was significant work done in Bristol, around ILRT at Bristol University and HP Labs, and in Boston at MIT. RSS 1.0 and FOAF became exemplar applications for RDF in this period.


title: Resource Description Framework

text: The recommendation of 1999 was replaced in 2004 by a set of six specifications: "The RDF Primer", "RDF Concepts and Abstract", "RDF/XML Syntax Specification (revised)", "RDF Semantics", "RDF Vocabulary Description Language 1.0", and "The RDF Test Cases".


title: Resource Description Framework

text: This series was superseded in 2014 by the following six "RDF 1.1" documents: "RDF 1.1 Primer," "RDF 1.1 Concepts and Abstract Syntax," "RDF 1.1 XML Syntax," "RDF 1.1 Semantics," "RDF Schema 1.1," and "RDF 1.1 Test Cases".


title: Resource Description Framework

text: RDF/XML is sometimes misleadingly called simply RDF because it was introduced among the other W3C specifications defining RDF and it was historically the first W3C standard RDF serialization format. However, it is important to distinguish the RDF/XML format from the abstract RDF model itself. Although the RDF/XML format is still in use, other RDF serializations are now preferred by many RDF users, both because they are more human-friendly, and because some RDF graphs are not representable in RDF/XML due to restrictions on the syntax of XML QNames.


title: Resource Description Framework

text: With a little effort, virtually any arbitrary XML may also be interpreted as RDF using GRDDL (pronounced 'griddle'), Gleaning Resource Descriptions from Dialects of Languages.


title: Resource Description Framework

text: The subject of an RDF statement is either a uniform resource identifier (URI) or a blank node, both of which denote resources. Resources indicated by blank nodes are called anonymous resources. They are not directly identifiable from the RDF statement. The predicate is a URI which also indicates a resource, representing a relationship. The object is a URI, blank node or a Unicode string literal.


title: Resource Description Framework

text: As of RDF 1.1 resources are identified by Internationalized Resource Identifiers (IRIs); IRI are a generalization of URI.


title: Resource Description Framework

text: In Semantic Web applications, and in relatively popular applications of RDF like RSS and FOAF (Friend of a Friend), resources tend to be represented by URIs that intentionally denote, and can be used to access, actual data on the World Wide Web. But RDF, in general, is not limited to the description of Internet-based resources. In fact, the URI that names a resource does not have to be dereferenceable at all. For example, a URI that begins with "http:" and is used as the subject of an RDF statement does not necessarily have to represent a resource that is accessible via HTTP, nor does it need to represent a tangible, network-accessible resource — such a URI could represent absolutely anything. However, there is broad agreement that a bare URI (without a # symbol) which returns a 300-level coded response when used in an HTTP GET request should be treated as denoting the internet resource that it succeeds in accessing.


title: Resource Description Framework

text: Therefore, producers and consumers of RDF statements must agree on the semantics of resource identifiers. Such agreement is not inherent to RDF itself, although there are some controlled vocabularies in common use, such as Dublin Core Metadata, which is partially mapped to a URI space for use in RDF. The intent of publishing RDF-based ontologies on the Web is often to establish, or circumscribe, the intended meanings of the resource identifiers used to express data in RDF. For example, the URI:


title: Resource Description Framework

text: is intended by its owners to refer to the class of all Merlot red wines by vintner (i.e., instances of the above URI each represent the class of all wine produced by a single vintner), a definition which is expressed by the OWL ontology — itself an RDF document — in which it occurs. Without careful analysis of the definition, one might erroneously conclude that an instance of the above URI was something physical, instead of a type of wine.


title: Resource Description Framework

text: Note that this is not a 'bare' resource identifier, but is rather a URI reference, containing the '#' character and ending with a fragment identifier.


title: Resource Description Framework

text: The body of knowledge modeled by a collection of statements may be subjected to reification, in which each "statement" (that is each triple "subject-predicate-object" altogether) is assigned a URI and treated as a resource about which additional statements can be made, as in ""Jane says that" John is the author of document X". Reification is sometimes important in order to deduce a level of confidence or degree of usefulness for each statement.


title: Resource Description Framework

text: In a reified RDF database, each original statement, being a resource, itself, most likely has at least three additional statements made about it: one to assert that its subject is some resource, one to assert that its predicate is some resource, and one to assert that its object is some resource or literal. More statements about the original statement may also exist, depending on the application's needs.


title: Resource Description Framework

text: Borrowing from concepts available in logic (and as illustrated in graphical notations such as conceptual graphs and topic maps), some RDF model implementations acknowledge that it is sometimes useful to group statements according to different criteria, called "situations", "contexts", or "scopes", as discussed in articles by RDF specification co-editor Graham Klyne. For example, a statement can be associated with a context, named by a URI, in order to assert an "is true in" relationship. As another example, it is sometimes convenient to group statements by their source, which can be identified by a URI, such as the URI of a particular RDF/XML document. Then, when updates are made to the source, corresponding statements can be changed in the model, as well.


title: Resource Description Framework

text: Implementation of scopes does not necessarily require fully reified statements. Some implementations allow a single scope identifier to be associated with a statement that has not been assigned a URI, itself. Likewise "named graphs" in which a set of triples is named by a URI can represent context without the need to reify the triples.


title: Resource Description Framework

text: The predominant query language for RDF graphs is SPARQL. SPARQL is an SQL-like language, and a recommendation of the W3C as of January 15, 2008.


title: Resource Description Framework

text: The following is an example of a SPARQL query to show country capitals in Africa, using a fictional ontology:


title: Resource Description Framework

text: SHACL Advanced Features specification (W3C Working Group Note), the most recent version of which is maintained by the SHACL Community Group defines support for SHACL Rules, used for data transformations, inferences and mappings of RDF based on SHACL shapes.


title: Resource Description Framework

text: The predominant language for describing and validating RDF graphs is SHACL (Shapes Constraint Language). SHACL specification is divided in two parts: SHACL Core and SHACL-SPARQL. SHACL Core consists of a list of built-in constraints such as cardinality, range of values and many others. SHACL-SPARQL describes SPARQL-based constraints and an extension mechanism to declare new constraint components.


title: Resource Description Framework

text: The following example is taken from the W3C website describing a resource with statements "there is a Person identified by <nowiki>http://www.w3.org/People/EM/contact#me</nowiki>, whose name is Eric Miller, whose email address is e.miller123(at)example (changed for security purposes), and whose title is Dr."


title: Resource Description Framework

text: In addition, the subject has a type (with URI <nowiki>http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type</nowiki>), which is person (with URI <nowiki>http://www.w3.org/2000/10/swap/pim/contact#Person</nowiki>).


title: Resource Description Framework

text: <http://www.w3.org/People/EM/contact#me> <http://www.w3.org/2000/10/swap/pim/contact#fullName> "Eric Miller" .


title: Resource Description Framework

text: <http://www.w3.org/People/EM/contact#me> <http://www.w3.org/2000/10/swap/pim/contact#mailbox> <mailto:e.miller123(at)example> .


title: Resource Description Framework

text: <http://www.w3.org/People/EM/contact#me> <http://www.w3.org/2000/10/swap/pim/contact#personalTitle> "Dr." .


title: Resource Description Framework

text: <http://www.w3.org/People/EM/contact#me> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://www.w3.org/2000/10/swap/pim/contact#Person> .


title: Resource Description Framework

text: <rdf:RDF xmlns:contact="http://www.w3.org/2000/10/swap/pim/contact#" xmlns:eric="http://www.w3.org/People/EM/contact#" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#">


title: Resource Description Framework

text: Certain concepts in RDF are taken from logic and linguistics, where subject-predicate and subject-predicate-object structures have meanings similar to, yet distinct from, the uses of those terms in RDF. This example demonstrates:


title: Resource Description Framework

text: In the English language statement " 'New York has the postal abbreviation NY' "," 'New York' " would be the subject, " 'has the postal abbreviation' " the predicate and " 'NY' " the object.


title: Resource Description Framework

text: Encoded as an RDF triple, the subject and predicate would have to be resources named by URIs. The object could be a resource or literal element. For example, in the N-Triples form of RDF, the statement might look like:


title: Resource Description Framework

text: In this example, "<nowiki>urn:x-states:New%20York</nowiki>" is the URI for a resource that denotes the US state New York, "<nowiki>http://purl.org/dc/terms/alternative</nowiki>" is the URI for a predicate (whose human-readable definition can be found here ), and "NY" is a literal string. Note that the URIs chosen here are not standard, and do not need to be, as long as their meaning is known to whatever is reading them.


title: Resource Description Framework

text: In a like manner, given that <nowiki>"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Benn"</nowiki> identifies a particular resource (regardless of whether that URI could be traversed as a hyperlink, or whether the resource is "actually" the Wikipedia article about Tony Benn), to say that the title of this resource is "Tony Benn" and its publisher is "Wikipedia" would be two assertions that could be expressed as valid RDF statements. In the N-Triples form of RDF, these statements might look like the following:


title: Resource Description Framework

text: However, RDF puts the information in a formal way that a machine can understand. The purpose of RDF is to provide an encoding and interpretation mechanism so that resources can be described in a way that particular software can understand it; in other words, so that software can access and use information that it otherwise could not use.


title: Resource Description Framework

text: Both versions of the statements above are wordy because one requirement for an RDF resource (as a subject or a predicate) is that it be unique. The subject resource must be unique in an attempt to pinpoint the exact resource being described. The predicate needs to be unique in order to reduce the chance that the idea of Title or Publisher will be ambiguous to software working with the description. If the software recognizes "<nowiki>http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/title</nowiki>" (a specific definition for the concept of a title established by the Dublin Core Metadata Initiative), it will also know that this title is different from a land title or an honorary title or just the letters t-i-t-l-e put together.


title: Resource Description Framework

text: The following example, written in Turtle, shows how such simple claims can be elaborated on, by combining multiple RDF vocabularies. Here, we note that the primary topic of the Wikipedia page is a "Person" whose name is "Tony Benn":


title: Resource Description Framework

text: Some uses of RDF include research into social networking. It will also help people in business fields understand better their relationships with members of industries that could be of use for product placement. It will also help scientists understand how people are connected to one another.


title: Resource Description Framework

text: RDF is being used to have a better understanding of road traffic patterns. This is because the information regarding traffic patterns is on different websites, and RDF is used to integrate information from different sources on the web. Before, the common methodology was using keyword searching, but this method is problematic because it does not consider synonyms. This is why ontologies are useful in this situation. But one of the issues that comes up when trying to efficiently study traffic is that to fully understand traffic, concepts related to people, streets, and roads must be well understood. Since these are human concepts, they require the addition of fuzzy logic. This is because values that are useful when describing roads, like slipperiness, are not precise concepts and cannot be measured. This would imply that the best solution would incorporate both fuzzy logic and ontology.


title: TV Girl

text: TV Girl is an American indie pop band from San Diego, California, consisting of Brad Petering, Jason Wyman, and Wyatt Harmon. The group is now based in Los Angeles.


title: TV Girl

text: Though they failed to break into the critical mainstream, TV Girl has amassed a cult following, and their debut album "French Exit" is considered a staple in the indie music scene, being called "remarkably solid" by Bandwagon Magazine and "one of the most focused indie-pop albums of the past decade" by The Daily Targum.


title: TV Girl

text: TV Girl's 2012 mixtape "The Wild, The Innocent, The TV Shuffle" was released and given away for free with an accompanying downloadable coloring book. This mixtape would have been their debut album, but the duo expressed that this work didn't feel official enough to be their first album and felt that the term mixtape was more appropriate.


title: TV Girl

text: TV Girl frequently samples songs and media from the 1960s in their music. An example of this is seen in the song "Lover's Rock," where the backing track is created from a looped sample of the intro to the Shirelles' single "The Dance is Over", which was originally released in 1960. In a post to Reddit, Petering writes he "..never gets tired of seeking out old and obscure music. I listen to lots of music and I find my loops and sounds that way."


title: TV Girl

text: TV Girl is generally regarded as indie pop, or sometimes as hypnotic pop. Similarly to trip hop, the band blends elements of hip hop and electronic music. This is due to their use of sampling, keyboards, and reverb effects. The duo was upset when their music was labeled "sundrenched California pop," pointing out that there are no lyrical allusions in their music that warrant the title.


title: TV Girl

text: Lyrically, a majority of TV Girl's discography revolves around love and relationships. One example of this could be the song “Lover's Rock”, a love ballad named after the reggae sub-genre of lover's rock. Their subject matter is nostalgic and sad, but simultaneously sarcastic and humorous. Some motifs in the duo's lyrics include women, heartbreak, cynicism, sex, memories, cigarettes, hair, women's first names, and loneliness. They are also known for their use of vintage audio samples that are sampled into many of their songs, including "Not Allowed," "Lovers Rock," "Cigarettes out the Window," and "Birds Don't Sing."


title: TV Girl

text: Brad Petering, the lead singer of the band, has acknowledged the positive impact TikTok has had on the band itself and their album titled French Exit.


title: Royal Highness

text: Royal Highness is a style used to address or refer to some members of royal families, usually princes or princesses. Monarchs and their consorts are usually styled "Majesty".


title: Royal Highness

text: When used as a direct form of address, spoken or written, it takes the form Your Royal Highness. When used as a third-person reference, it is gender-specific (His Royal Highness or Her Royal Highness, both abbreviated HRH) and, in plural, Their Royal Highnesses (TRH).


title: Royal Highness

text: By the 17th century, all local rulers in Italy adopted the style "Highness", which was once used by kings and emperors only. According to Denis Diderot's "Encyclopédie", the style of "Royal Highness" was created on the insistence of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria, Cardinal-Infante of Spain, a younger son of King Philip III of Spain. The archduke was travelling through Italy on his way to the Low Countries and, upon meeting Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy, refused to address him as "Highness" unless the Duke addressed him as "Royal Highness". Thus, the first use of the style "Royal Highness" was recorded in 1633. Gaston, Duke of Orléans, younger son of King Henry IV of France, encountered the style in Brussels and assumed it himself. His children later used the style, considering it their prerogative as grandchildren of France.


title: Royal Highness

text: By the 18th century, "Royal Highness" had become the prevalent style for members of a continental reigning dynasty whose head bore the hereditary title of king or queen. The titles of family members of non-hereditary rulers (e.g., the Holy Roman Emperor, King of Poland, Princes of Moldavia and Wallachia—and even the kin of the Princes of Orange who held hereditary leadership though not monarchical position in much of the Netherlands, etc.) were less clear, varying until rendered moot in the 19th century. After dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, several of Germany's prince-electors and other now sovereign rulers assumed the title of grand duke and with it, for themselves, their eldest sons and consorts, the style of "Royal Highness" (Baden, Hesse, Mecklenburg, Saxe-Weimar).


title: Royal Highness

text: The vast majority of African royalty that make use of titles such as "prince", "chief" and "sheikh", eschew the attendant styles often encountered in Europe. Even in the cases of the aforesaid titles, they usually only exist as courtesies and may or may not have been recognised by a reigning "fons honorum". However, some traditional leaders and their family members use royal styles when acting in their official roles as representatives of sovereign or constituent states, distinguishing their status from others who may use or claim traditional titles.


title: Royal Highness

text: For example, the Nigerian traditional rulers of the Yoruba are usually styled using the "HRH The X of Y" method, even though they are confusingly known as "kings" in English and not the princes that the HRH style usually suggests. The chiefly appellation "Kabiyesi" (lit. "He (or She) whose words are beyond question") is likewise used as the equivalent of the HRH and other such styles by this class of royalty when rendering their full titles in the Yoruba language.


title: Royal Highness

text: Furthermore, the wives of the king of the Zulu peoples, although all entitled to the title of "queen", do not share their husband's style of "Majesty" but instead are each addressed as "Royal Highness", with the possible exception of the great wife.


title: Royal Highness

text: In contrast to some other European kingdoms, the kingdom of Denmark reserves the superior style of Royal Highness only to the children of the monarch and the children of the crown prince; other grandchildren of a Danish monarch enjoy the style of Highness, e.g. Prince Nikolai of Denmark.


title: Royal Highness

text: The title of Archduke or Archduchess of Austria was known to be complemented with the style of Royal Highness for all non-reigning members of the House of Habsburg and later the House of Habsburg-Lorraine. Even though the Habsburgs held the Imperial crown of the Holy Roman Empire, it was nominally an elective office that could not be hereditarily transmitted, so the non-reigning family members adopted the style of members of the hereditary Royal family of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia, etc.


title: Royal Highness

text: This changed when Francis I of Austria dissolved the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, as the Archduchy of Austria was elevated to an Empire in 1804; the members of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine abandoned the style of Royal Highness in favour of the style of Imperial and Royal Highness to reflect the creation of the Empire of Austria.


title: Royal Highness

text: At the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the former empress Marie Louise of France was restored to her Imperial and Royal style and granted the title of Duchess of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla, as well as being restored to her premarital title of Archduchess and Imperial Princess of Austria, Royal Princess of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia.


title: Royal Highness

text: The title of "Prince/Princess of the Burma with the accompanying style of HRH; direct translation of Burmese: Myint Myat Taw Mu Hla Thaw. In Burmese Royal order called for Prince: Shwe Ko Daw Gyi Phaya; "Taw Phya. For Princess: Hteik Su Gyi Phaya or Hteik Su Myat Phaya; "Su Phya"."


title: Royal Highness

text: That title used for Royal descendants of King Thibaw use that royal title. Another King Mindon and Crown Prince Kanaung royal descendant are use His/ Her Grand Highness (Royal title).


title: Royal Highness

text: The title of "Prince/Princess of the Netherlands" with the accompanying style of HRH is or may be granted by law to the following classes of persons:


title: Royal Highness

text: A separate title of "Prince/Princess of Orange-Nassau" may be granted by law to members of the Dutch royal house or, as a personal and non-hereditary title to former members of the royal house within three months of loss of membership. A Prince/Princess of Orange-Nassau who is not also a Prince/Princess of the Netherlands is addressed as "His/Her Highness" without the predicate "royal". That is the case for example of the children of Princess Margriet, younger daughter of the late Queen Juliana.


title: Royal Highness

text: Finally, members of the royal house or former members of the royal house within three months of loss of their membership may be also inducted by royal decree into the Dutch nobility with a rank lower than prince/princess and, generally, the accompanying style of "His/Her Highborn Lord/Lady". That is the case for example of the children of the younger brother of King Willem-Alexander, Prince Constantijn, who were given the titles of "Count/Countess of Orange-Nassau" and the honorific predicate of "Jonkheer/Jonkvrouw van Amsberg", both hereditary in the male line.


title: Royal Highness

text: In Norway the style of Royal Highness is reserved for the children of the monarch and the eldest child of the heir apparent. Other children of the heir apparent have the style Highness, e.g. Prince Sverre Magnus of Norway.


title: Royal Highness

text: In Spain, the prince or princess of Asturias, his or her spouse and the infantes of Spain bear the style of Royal Highness. The infantes are the children of the monarch and the children of the prince or princess of Asturias. Their spouses are not infantes by marriage and do not bear the style of Royal Highness, although they usually bear the ducal title of their spouse along with the style of The Most Excellent, also used by the children of the infantes and the grandees of Spain.


title: Royal Highness

text: The consort of a queen regnant bears the title of prince and the style of Royal Highness, although the last male consort, spouse of Queen Isabella II, was elevated to the dignity of king consort with the style of Majesty.


title: Royal Highness

text: Finally, a regent designated outside of the royal family in the cases provided by law would bear the simple style of Highness.


title: Royal Highness

text: When Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden married commoner Olof Daniel Westling in 2010, the Swedish Royal Court announced that Westling would become "Prince Daniel" and "Duke of Västergötland", corresponding in form to the style used by Swedish princes of royal birth, including Victoria's younger brother Prince Carl Philip, Duke of Värmland, i.e. "Prince + Given name + Duke of [province]". Thus Westling was made a prince of Sweden and was granted the style "Royal Highness", making him an official member of the Swedish royal family.


title: Royal Highness

text: Princess Madeleine, Duchess of Hälsingland and Gästrikland married the commoner British-American banker Christopher O'Neill in 2013, but she did not adopt the surname O'Neill and instead retained the Bernadotte surname as do her children, and retained the style of "Royal Highness". Christopher O'Neill kept his own name, unlike his brother-in-law Prince Daniel (above). O'Neill was not granted royal status and has remained a private citizen, since he wished to retain his British and United States citizenships and his business. He declined Swedish citizenship and for that reason could not be a member of the Swedish Royal Family or Duke of Hälsingland and Gästrikland (his wife's titles). To remain Swedish royalty and have succession rights to the Swedish throne, the couple's children will have to be raised in Sweden and as members of the Church of Sweden.


title: Royal Highness

text: Three of the sisters of King Carl XVI Gustaf were granted honorary titles of "Princess" (without nationality) when they married commoners but lost their "Royal Highness" status, as did two of his uncles earlier in the 20th century.


title: Royal Highness

text: In October 2019, the grandchildren of King Carl XVI Gustaf retained the titles of "Prince" or "Princess" but lost the style of "Royal Highness", except for the children of the Crown Princess Victoria.


title: Royal Highness

text: Sons, daughters, patrilineal grandsons and granddaughters of Ibn Saud are referred to by the style "His/Her Royal Highness" (HRH), differing from those belonging to the cadet branches, who are called "His/Her Highness" (HH) and in addition to that a reigning king has the title of Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques.


title: Royal Highness

text: In British constitutional law, use of the style HRH or simply "Royal Highness" may only be conferred by letters patent. Since 1917, the style has usually been restricted to children of the monarch, or to male-line grandchildren (i.e., the children of the monarch’s sons). It is typically associated with the rank of prince or princess (although this has not always applied, an exception being Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, who received the style in 1947 prior to his marriage to Princess Elizabeth but was not formally created a British prince until 1957). When a prince has another title such as Duke (or a princess the title of Duchess), they may be called "HRH The Duke of ...". For instance HRH The Duke of Connaught was a prince and a member of the royal family, while a non-royal duke such as The Duke of Devonshire is not a member of the royal family, but is a member of the peerage. When Edward VIII abdicated the throne in 1936 he was granted the style and title, HRH The Duke of Windsor. The woman he then married became the Duchess of Windsor, but she was denied the style HRH. Edward for much of the rest of his life attempted unsuccessfully to persuade the crown to grant her the style.


title: Royal Highness

text: According to letters patent issued by King George V in 1917, the sons and daughters of sovereigns and the male-line grandchildren of sovereigns are entitled to the style. It is for this reason that the daughters of the Duke of York, Princess Beatrice and Princess Eugenie, carry the HRH status, but the children of Anne, Princess Royal, Peter Phillips and Zara Tindall, do not. The children of the Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex, at the request of the Earl and Countess of Wessex, are styled as the children of an earl, and thus are known as Lady Louise Mountbatten-Windsor and Viscount Severn. Under George V's letters patent, only the eldest son of the eldest living son of the Prince of Wales was also entitled to the style, but not younger sons or daughters of the eldest living son of the Prince of Wales. Queen Elizabeth II changed this in 2012 prior to the birth of Prince George so that all children of the eldest living son of the Prince of Wales would bear the style, returning to the position Queen Victoria had instituted in 1898. There is no mention of younger living sons of a Prince of Wales, as a result of which the children of Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex, Archie and Lilibet, were not automatically a prince and princess with the HRH prefix. On 18 January 2020, Queen Elizabeth II announced that the Duke and Duchess of Sussex would no longer use the style of His/Her Royal Highness due to their decision to step down as working members of the royal family, though they are still legally entitled to the style. On 13 January 2022, it was announced that Prince Andrew, Duke of York was no longer afforded the style, following a notorious lawsuit against him.


title: Royal Highness

text: Letters patent dated 21 August 1996 stated that the wife of a member of the royal family loses the right to the style of HRH in the event of their divorce. Examples include HRH The Princess of Wales and HRH The Duchess of York whose styles changed to become Diana, Princess of Wales and Sarah, Duchess of York, respectively. These styles are in line with those of a divorced peeress.


title: Sporting de Gijón

text: Real Sporting de Gijón, S.A.D. (), commonly known as Real Sporting, Sporting Gijón, or simply Sporting (although in an international context this can lead to confusion with Sporting Clube de Portugal) is a Spanish football club from Gijón, Principality of Asturias. Founded on 1 July 1905, it plays in La Liga Santander. Known as "Los Rojiblancos" because of their red and white striped jerseys, their home ground is El Molinón stadium, the oldest professional football ground in Spain, in use since at least 1908. Traditionally their red and white shirts are accompanied by blue shorts with the socks recently also being blue. Its Asturian name is "Real Sporting de Xixón".


title: Sporting de Gijón

text: The most important milestones of the club were in the 1970s and 1980s, when it finished as runner-up of the 1978–79 La Liga and played two finals of the Copa del Rey in 1981 and 1982.


title: Sporting de Gijón

text: Real Sporting is also one of only nine Spanish teams that have never played below the second division. Its local rivals are Real Oviedo from the neighbouring city slightly inland.


title: Sporting de Gijón

text: The club was established in 1905 with the name Sporting Gijonés, Anselmo López being the first club president. The first game of the club is dated on 18 August 1907, against Sport Ovetense. The decline of other local clubs like Gijón Sport Club (founded in 1903) and Sportiva Gijonesa allowed Sporting Gijonés to become the main team in the city. In 1912, King Alfonso XIII accepted the Royal patronage of the club for the Spanish Crown, introducing the term "Real" (Spanish for "Royal") to its name, becoming Real Sporting Club Gijonés.


title: Sporting de Gijón

text: In 1914, Sporting Gijón won its first Regional Championship of Asturias, success repeated two years later when the club started the first steps to buy El Molinón, where Sporting started to play its games in 1915. On 2 April 1916, a new change took place to adopt today's denomination, Real Sporting de Gijón. Thank to the win at the Regional Championship, on 24 April 1917 the club made its debut in the Copa del Rey, but was eliminated in the first round by Arenas Club de Getxo. Sporting lost both games by 0–1 in Gijón and 0–7 at the Basque Country.


title: Sporting de Gijón

text: On 9 October 1921, Manolo Meana became the first Sporting Gijón player to be called up with the Spanish national team, for a friendly game against Belgium. In 1929, Sporting Gijón joined Segunda División. In its first season, the club finished in the fourth position.


title: Sporting de Gijón

text: From 1940 until 1970, due to a temporary law forbidding the use of foreign words in football club names, the team's official denomination was Real Gijón.


title: Sporting de Gijón

text: In 1944, the club was promoted to La Liga for the first time as champion of the 1943–44 Segunda División. The first game in the top tier was played on 24 September 1944, against Español at Sarriá. The game finished without goals. The first goal was scored in the next game against Deportivo de La Coruña, by Gundemaro, but the first win did not arrive until the week 6, when the team beat Atlético Aviación by 2–0. Sporting Still is in remaining in La Liga Right now.


title: Sporting de Gijón

text: Until the 1970s, Sporting alternated both divisions, spending all the decade of the 1960s in Segunda División. At the end of the 1960–61 Segunda División the club was relegated to Tercera División after losing the relegation playoffs against Burgos, but the resignation of Condal to continue playing in the second tier allows Sporting to play a repechage playoff against Sevilla Atlético and Castellón. In the first match, Sporting tied 3–3 against Castellón. The winner of the match would be decided by a coin toss. After winning the two previous coin tosses during the match, choosing tails in both, captain Pepe Ortiz decided to choose again tails, and Sporting became the winner of the game. In the final for remaining in the category, Sporting defeated Sevilla Atlético by 2–1.


title: Sporting de Gijón

text: In 1970, with the name of "Sporting" recovered, the club would start its consolidation in La Liga despite a relegation to Segunda División in 1975. This year would mean the start of the golden era of the club.


title: Sporting de Gijón

text: Just after promoting in 1976, Sporting Gijón started the 1977–78 season by accumulating eight matches without losses. Finally, the "Rojiblancos" finished in the fifth position qualifying for the first time to the UEFA Cup.


title: Sporting de Gijón

text: Players like Quini, Cundi, Enzo Ferrero or Antonio Maceda and others would make history in the 1978–79 club's season, considered the best one in the history of the club. The season started with the first round of the UEFA Cup, where on 13 September 1978, Sporting beat Torino 3–0 at El Molinón. In the second round, Sporting was eliminated by Red Star Belgrade. The club finished the first half of La Liga leading the table, tied in points with Real Madrid, but a 0–1 loss to the "Merengues" completely ruined their title hopes.


title: Sporting de Gijón

text: In 1981, the club played for the first time the Cup Final. In the game played at Estadio Vicente Calderón on 18 June 1981, Sporting was defeated 1–3 by Barcelona. Former Sporting Gijón player Quini, considered as the most important player in the club's history, scored two goals for the "blaugranas". Sporting repeated success in 1982, but this time Real Madrid beat the "rojiblancos" 1–2. During the 1980s Sporting accumulated four more participations at UEFA Cup, but always was eliminated in the first round. On 16 September 1987, Sporting won the first leg game against Arrigo Sacchi's AC Milan, but a 0–3 defeat in Italy cut off Sporting's possibilities. In the previous 1986–87 season, Sporting beat Barcelona at Camp Nou by 0–4, the biggest win away in the club's history in La Liga. One year before, Manuel Vega-Arango, president since 1977, left office.


title: Sporting de Gijón

text: The last UEFA Cup participation was during the 1991–92 season. Sporting Gijón eliminated Partizan after a penalty shootout, but failed to defeat Steaua București in the second round.


title: Sporting de Gijón

text: In 1992, following the law, Real Sporting de Gijón became a Sociedad Anónima Deportiva. Its official name since that moment is "Real Sporting de Gijón, S.A.D." The internal financial crisis and the departure of important players triggers the decline of the club, pushing it to the lower positions in La Liga. In the 1994–95 season, Sporting remained in La Liga thanks to winning the relegation playoffs against Lleida, but three years later, following a disastrous 1997–98 campaign where Sporting only earned 13 points (two wins and seven draws in 38 games), the club was relegated to Second Division, finishing its 21-year continuous stretch in La Liga.


title: Sporting de Gijón

text: Due to the financial crisis during the 2000s, the club was menaced by its possible dissolution and was forced to sell the Escuela de Fútbol de Mareo to the Municipal Town Hall for €12m in August 2001. The 2003–04 season started with several doubts after the transfer of David Villa to Zaragoza and the election of Marcelino García Toral as head coach, who previously relegated the reserve team to Tercera División. However, the club was close to promotion to La Liga, but failed to accomplish the goal, finishing in the fifth position. After accumulating €51m of debts in its worst years, Real Sporting was close to being administratively relegated at the end of the 2004–05 season.


title: Sporting de Gijón

text: With Manuel Preciado at the helm of the team since 2006, the 2007–08 season started with the club unbeaten during the first nine games. Finally, on 15 June 2008, the club secured promotion back to La Liga after beating 2–0 Eibar in the last round.


title: Sporting de Gijón

text: In its first season after the return, the 2008–09, Sporting conceded 20 goals in its first five games, but achieved important wins like the one at Mestalla against Valencia by 3–2 or the 1–0 win against Sevilla. In a season where the team broke La Liga record of 29 consecutive games without any draw (a 1–1 finish with Athletic Bilbao on 3 May 2009), Sporting avoided relegation in the last round after a win by 2–1 against last qualified Recreativo de Huelva.


title: Sporting de Gijón

text: On 2 April 2011, they beat Real Madrid 1–0 at Santiago Bernabéu Stadium to end Real manager José Mourinho's nine-year home league unbeaten run. This was the best season of the club since the last promotion, as it finished in the 10th position.


title: Sporting de Gijón

text: The 2011–12 season started without wins in the first eight games and the team remained in the relegation positions almost all the season. On 31 January 2012, after a 5–1 loss against Real Sociedad, Manolo Preciado was sacked. The Cantabrian coach ended his era after nearly six years in the club and being very appreciated by all the club supporters. Javier Clemente was hired for avoiding the relegation, but despite keeping the possibilities until the last round, failed and the club was condemned to a new relegation, that carried a new financial crisis in the club.


title: Sporting de Gijón

text: On 4 May 2014, Abelardo Fernández was appointed as head coach after José Ramón Sandoval was sacked. In his first season at the first squad, Abelardo could not achieve the promotion to La Liga after being eliminated in the semifinals of the play-offs by Las Palmas.


title: Sporting de Gijón

text: However, the manager extended his contract for two years. Sporting was not allowed to sign any player out from the reserve team during 2014–15 season due to the non-payments, but despite this disadvantage, Sporting once again returned to La Liga with a squad where 17 players played before in the reserve team or any of the youth teams of the club. After only two losses in all the season, Sporting promoted in the last round by beating 3–0 Real Betis at Benito Villamarín stadium and a late equaliser conceded by rival Girona in their separate match against CD Lugo, when Sporting's game just finished.


title: Sporting de Gijón

text: During its comeback season, Sporting had the same sanction due to a delay in payments to the players during the previous season. The club was only allowed to sign, by loan, three new under-23 players without experience in La Liga (Antonio Sanabria from Roma, Alen Halilović from Barcelona and Omar Mascarell from Real Madrid).


title: Sporting de Gijón

text: The season started with a 0–0 draw against Real Madrid, managed by Rafa Benítez, at El Molinón. Despite an irregular path, Sporting obtained very important wins like a 1–0 at Mestalla, a 2–1 against Atlético Madrid or a 5–1 against Real Sociedad. After earning a 1–1 draw at Getafe, the club finally avoided relegation in the last round after beating Villarreal by 2–0 and taking advantage of the win of Real Betis against Getafe. The era of Abelardo ended in January 2017, when he left the club after earning only five points in 15 matches and, despite changing the manager, the club was finally relegated again to Segunda División.


title: Sporting de Gijón

text: In the successive years, Sporting remained in Segunda División, only playing the promotion play-offs in 2018. The club continued a decline until 2022, where it narrowly avoided relegation to the third division. Abelardo came back to ensure the place in Segunda in the latest four rounds.


title: Sporting de Gijón

text: On 28 June 2022, majority shareholder Javier Fernández sold the club to Mexican group Orlegi Sports by €43m, thus becoming the second highest sale of a club in Spain. Alejandro Irarragorri the first foreign President of the club.


title: Sporting de Gijón

text: Real Sporting de Gijón have worn red and white striped jerseys since their inception, being the first Spanish team to wear red and white, as both Athletic Bilbao and Atlético Madrid wore blue and white until 1909. The colors are those of the official flag of Gijón, which itself is based on the flag of the maritime province of Gijón, established in 1845. The color of the shorts alternated between blue and white, as in the first years there was not any officiality for its colors. In the 1910s, finally, the color blue was established as the color of the shorts of the first kit.


title: Sporting de Gijón

text: Currently, Sporting wears both blue shorts and socks but until the 1980s they were black. In the 1990s, Sporting wore white shorts and socks, until the supporters voted to come back to the traditional blue.


title: Sporting de Gijón

text: Like most old football clubs, Real Sporting de Gijón did not initially have any badge displayed on their shirts. Their first official badge was introduced in the 1920s. It consisted of a traditionally shaped shield split into three sections, representing the club and the city.


title: Sporting de Gijón

text: From 1931 to 1936, during the Spanish Second Republic, the badge consisted of a circular shield and had the royal crown in the top replaced by a mural crown.


title: Sporting de Gijón

text: The club's badge is a triangle with red and white vertical stripes with 'S' (for Sporting) and 'G' (for Gijón) intertwined, in gold, across them. A crown in the top symbolizes the royal patronage.


title: Sporting de Gijón

text: The club's official flag consists of nine equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white in a rectangular field in a 2:3 ratio. The club logo is displayed in the centre.


title: Sporting de Gijón

text: Despite existing since at least 1908, Sporting did not start to use it until 1915. Before this year, the club played its games in different zones of the city. Firstly at San Lorenzo beach and later in the pitches of Prau Redondu (near El Humedal), La Matona in Somió, that was rented by the club for three months by paying 100 pesetas, and La Flor de Valencia in La Guía.


title: Sporting de Gijón

text: In 2018, the stadium was renamed as "El Molinón-Enrique Castro "Quini"" after the death of the club's all-time top scorer Quini.


title: Sporting de Gijón

text: The Escuela de Fútbol de Mareo is the training ground and academy base of Sporting de Gijón. It was opened on 28 March 1978 and it also has the club headquarters in it.


title: Sporting de Gijón

text: Located just 7 km away from the city center and covering 112,000 m, it is used for training and youth teams matches. At present, facilities include inter alia, eight pitches, one service building (including team catering areas), a gymnasium, and a medical centre. The main pitch, where Sporting de Gijón B plays its games, is called "Campo Pepe Ortiz" and has a capacity for 3,000 people.


title: Sporting de Gijón

text: Mareo is a very prolific "cantera", where several international football players grown being widely famous like Eloy, Ablanedo, Luis Enrique, Abelardo, Manjarín, Juanele or David Villa, World Champion in 2010 with the Spain national team.


title: Sporting de Gijón

text: Sporting de Gijón supporters commonly call themselves "Sportinguistas" in order to show their dedication to the club. "Sportinguistas" are widely regarded as one of the most loyal, traveler, and cheerful supporter groups in La Liga, providing one of the best atmospheres in the competition. When following their team in large groups through the country, they are referred to as "La Mareona", Spanish for "The Big Tide", composed mainly by 240 groups of supporters or "peñas".


title: Sporting de Gijón

text: Sporting finished the 2015–16 season with 23,400 season tickets; this record would be beaten in August 2016, when the club reached the 24,078 tickets sold, and again in the 2017–18 season, with 24,402 season tickets despite suffering a relegation in the previous season.


title: Sporting de Gijón

text: Sporting de Gijón played six editions of the UEFA Cup, but only in two of them it passed the first round.


title: Sporting de Gijón

text: The women's team of Sporting Gijón was founded in 1995 as "EF Mareo" and declared officially as a section of the club in 2016. It currently plays in Segunda División.


title: Azelastine

text: Azelastine, sold under the brand name Optivar among others, is a H receptor-blocking medication primarily used as a nasal spray to treat allergic rhinitis (hay fever) and as eye drops for allergic conjunctivitis. Other uses may include asthma and skin rashes for which it is taken by mouth. Onset of effects is within minutes when used in the eyes and within an hour when used in the nose. Effects last for up to 12 hours.


title: Azelastine

text: Common side effects include headache, sleepiness, change in taste, and sore throat. It is unclear if use is safe during pregnancy or breastfeeding. It is a second-generation antihistamine and works by blocking the release of a number of inflammatory mediators including histamine.


title: Azelastine

text: Azelastine was patented in 1971 and came into medical use in 1986. It is available as a generic medication in the United States. In 2020, it was the 173rd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 3million prescriptions.


title: Azelastine

text: Azelastine nasal spray is indicated for the local treatment of the symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis and perennial allergic rhinitis, such as rhinorrhea, sneezing and nasal pruritus in people five years of age and older. In some countries, it is also indicated for the treatment of vasomotor rhinitis in adults and children ≥ 12 years old. Azelastine eye drops are indicated for the local treatment of seasonal and perennial allergic conjunctivitis.


title: Azelastine

text: Azelastine is safe and well tolerated in both adults and children with allergic rhinitis. Bitter taste, headache, nasal burning and somnolence are the most frequently reported adverse events. US prescribing recommendations warn against the concurrent use of alcohol and/or other central nervous system depressants, but to date there have been no studies to assess the effects of azelastine nasal spray on the CNS in humans. More recent studies have shown similar degrees of somnolence (approx. 2%) compared with placebo treatment.


title: Azelastine

text: The most common side effect is a bitter taste (about 20% of people). Due to this, the manufacturer has produced another formulation of azelastine with sucralose. The problem of bitter taste may also be reduced by correct application of the nasal spray (i.e. slightly tipping the head forward and not inhaling the medication too deeply), or alternatively using the azelastine/sucralose formulation.


title: Azelastine

text: In addition, anosmia (loss in the ability to smell) can occur with nasal spray antihistamines (including both formulations of azelastine).


title: Azelastine

text: The systemic bioavailability of azelastine is approximately 40% when administered intranasally. Maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax) are observed within 2–3 hours. The elimination half life, steady-state volume of distribution and plasma clearance are 22 h, 14.5 L/kg and 0.5 L/h/kg respectively (based on intravenous and oral administration data). Approximately 75% of an oral dose is excreted in feces. Pharmacokinetics of orally administered azelastine is not affected by age, gender, or hepatic impairment.


title: Azelastine

text: Azelastine is oxidatively metabolized by the cytochrome P450 family into its active metabolite, desmethylazelastine, and two inactive carboxylic acid metabolites.


title: Azelastine

text: The chemical nomenclature of azelastine is (±)-1-(2H)-phthalazinone, 4-[(4-chlorophenyl) methyl]-2-(hexahydro-1-methyl-1H-azepin-4-yl)-monohydrochloride. It is white, almost odorless with a bitter taste.


title: De Dana Dan

text: De Dana Dan ( Hit left and right) is a 2009 Indian Hindi-language comedy film directed by Priyadarshan. The story is a partial adaptation of Hollywood film "Screwed" and some scenes were taken from Priyadarshan's own Malayalam film "Vettam". It stars an ensemble cast led by Akshay Kumar, Sunil Shetty, Katrina Kaif, Paresh Rawal and Sameera Reddy. Filming began on 1 December 2008 at Mehboob Studios in Mumbai. It was released on 27 November 2009 and did average business at the box office.


title: De Dana Dan

text: Nitin Bankar and Ram Mishra are lucky in love, otherwise their life is a big zero like their bank balance. Nitin is stuck as a servant and driver of Kuljeet Kaur, according to the conditions of a loan which his father had taken to educate Nitin. Kuljeet is the owner of many malls, restaurants, and other places in Singapore, where this whole story is based. Nitin is fed up with Kuljeet's dog, Moolchand Ji, who always puts Nitin into trouble.


title: De Dana Dan

text: Ram works for a courier service in Singapore. He had originally gone there to work in Chinese films, but he was not selected. Anjali Kakkad, is in love with Nitin and Manpreet Oberoi is in love with Ram. Both of their girlfriends are rich, and they put a condition – get money or forget us.


title: De Dana Dan

text: Inspector Wilson Parera is on the trail of Harbans Chadda who has nine arrest warrants due to cheque bounces. Harbans is eager to get his son, Nonny Chadda married, so that he can get dowry of the wedding and pay all of his debts. He finalises Nonny's wedding with Anjali, after her father, Kakkad (Tinu Anand), brings up the topic. Also at the restaurant, Harbans fails to meet Anjali due to Wilson's presence, and there, Kakkad meets Pammi Chadda, Harban's second wife, who is almost half of his age. Anjali lies to Nonny that she is pregnant with her lover's baby, in order to cancel the wedding (since she still loves Nitin).


title: De Dana Dan

text: Later at a casino, Harbans meets Mr. Brij Mohan Oberoi. Also Oberoi introduces Paramjeet Singh Lamba(Vikram Gokhale), who is the Indian ambassador, to everyone there. After finding out that Oberoi is one of the richest Indians in Singapore, he lies to Oberoi to fix Nonny's wedding with Manpreet, which finally works out. As he didn't inform Kakkad, Kakkad gets really angry with Harbans. To counter Harbans, Kakkad fixes his daughter Anjali's wedding with someone else.


title: De Dana Dan

text: At the same casino where Harbans met Oberoi, Moosa Heerapoorwala, decides to marry Anu Chopra, a dancer at that casino. After his brother-in-law finds out, he hires a Mafia Don, Maamu, to kill Moosa. Maamu sends his best assassin, Kaala Krishna Murali (Johnny Lever) to do the job. To hide from his wife, Moosa books a room in Pan Pacific Hotel under the name Subair.


title: De Dana Dan

text: To eliminate the problems and earn some money, Nitin and Ram decide to kidnap Moolchand Ji, as that is the only thing 'living' that Kuljeet, the rich lady, loves. But things go wrong – after they reached Pan Pacific Hotel, the place where they decide to stay, they realise that Moolchand Ji has escaped, causing the police to believe that its Nitin who has been kidnapped. Things worsen when Anjali runs away from home and reaches their room. Initially, Kuljeet refuses to pay the ransom to the kidnappers, but after all her customers decide to go on a strike, she agrees to pay the ransom. As Nitin does not want to go back to Kuljeet, they come up with a plan – they decide to get a dead body from Maamu and throw it onto the railway tracks, along with his driving licence, and then spread the news that the kidnappers have killed Nitin.


title: De Dana Dan

text: Harbans' and Oberoi's families come to Pan Pacific Hotel, where the wedding is going to take place. Harbans and Oberoi click a photo to celebrate their families uniting. To give the advance money to Maamu, Nitin waits at the entrance of Pan Pacific with a white orchid flower on his hand, waiting for Maamu's man to come and say the code 'I'm Maamu's man'. But Kakkad arrives at the hotel, and chases Nitin into Harbans' room. Nitin tries to hide under the bed, but there is no place for him. At the same time, Harbans enters his room and to hide from Harbans, Nitin hides inside the wardrobe. Fed up of his calls, Harbans throws his mobile into the wardrobe and locks it, causing Nitin to get stuck in a wardrobe. Also Kakkad mistakes Nitin's room with Lamba's room and thus, mistakenly attacks him and his wife, which makes Kakkad to shave off his moustache.


title: De Dana Dan

text: Meanwhile, Nitin calls Ram and instructs him to give advance to Maamu's man, and he gives the advance to Kaala, by mistake. Things get worse at the sangeet ceremony when Nonny spots Anjali, and he requests her father to return their money after coming to an agreement. Harbans mistakes Anu for Anjali, which causes great confusion later. Moosa's photo, gets exchanged with Oberoi's photo, so Kaala tries to kill Oberoi. Also, Pammi demands money from Harbans, in order to purchase new clothes and jewellery,


title: De Dana Dan

text: but actually she wanted to elope with her lover, Arjun. Harbans requests her to take money from Lamba, and she mistakes Moosa for Lamba. After giving money, Moosa tries to molest Pammi, which makes Harbans furious at Lamba. Also Anu mistakes Lamba for Moosa and tries to get close to her, and after getting caught, she reveals that Lamba promised either to marry her or give her money, which makes things more worse.


title: De Dana Dan

text: Wilson reaches Harbans' room with Lamba's help and searches for Harbans, and opens the wardrobe to find Nitin, and mistakes him as Harbans. In an attempt to kill Oberoi, Kaala ends up falling onto Ram's and Nitin's truck, which they take to pick up the ransom. While picking up the ransom, Nitin gets left behind, and is taken to the hospital, while Ram takes the money and reaches the hotel, and Kaala is assumed to be the kidnapper, as he was on top of the truck. And to top it all, Maamu arrives at the hotel with a corpse that nobody wants. Also at the last attempt to kill Oberoi, Wilson catches him and he reveals that Harbans ordered him to kill Oberoi and also gave him advance. Also police mistakes Kaala being the kidnapper and his name is Harbans Chadda.


title: De Dana Dan

text: In the end, a bomb planted by Kaala enters the water-tank of the hotel, which causes it to burst and make the hotel flood. At the end, Nitin, Anjali, Ram and Manpreet decided to separate since they couldn't find the money suitcase. While they were about to leave, suddenly Nitin sees the suitcase and recognized that it was Kuljeet's suitcase which she gave for the ransom. Immediately Nitin calls Anjali, Ram, and Manpreet and tells them life is not over yet.


title: De Dana Dan

text: The film reunites the trio of Akshay Kumar, Sunil Shetty and Paresh Rawal with Priyadarshan, who directed them in the first "Hera Pheri" film. This is the first time the trio has acted together after "Phir Hera Pheri" in 2006, although Rawal and Shetty appeared in Priyadarshan's "Hulchul" and "Chup Chup Ke". Akshay and Rawal also appeared in Priyadarshan's "Bhagam Bhag" and Garam Masala.Asin Thottumkal was approached for Katrina's role but she refused it due to less screen time.


title: De Dana Dan

text: The characters 'Nitin Bankar' and 'Ram Mishra', played respectively by Akshay Kumar and Sunil Shetty, are names of respective long-lasting spot-boys. Nitin Bankar is Akshay's spotboy, while Ram Mishra is that of Sunil.


title: De Dana Dan

text: An article in Slate Magazine describes the shooting of a flood scene in Goregaon studios with locally hired white people. The film took 80 days to complete.


title: De Dana Dan

text: "De Dana Dan" collected Rs. 220 million in its opening weekend in India, thus making it the tenth biggest opening weekend of all time at the time of its release. It collected 341.9 million at the end of its first week and more than 650 million by the end of its box office run in India.


title: De Dana Dan

text: Meanwhile, it did very well overseas debuting at No. 9 position in the U.K collecting £ [approx. Rs. 23.4 million] on 48 screens in its opening weekend, with the per screen average working out to £6,417. In the US, it debuted at No. 20 position and collected $ [approx. Rs. 35.7 million] on 69 screens in its opening weekend, with the per screen average working out to $11,194. In Australia, it debuted at No. 12 position and collected $96,597 [approx. Rs. 4096,000] on 14 screens in its opening weekend, with the per screen average working out to $6,900. At the end of its run in the U.K it collected £. At the end of its run in the US it collected $944,979. At the end of its run in Australia it collected $.


title: De Dana Dan

text: It received mixed reviews from critics, who appreciated performances of the cast, humor, cinematography, climax visuals, and score, but criticised for screenplay, narration, and pace.


title: De Dana Dan

text: "Paisa Paisa" (complete name: "Tu, paisa paisa karti hai, tu paise pe kyun marti hai") is the theme song for this film. The song is produced by Pritam, Composed and sung by RDB, and was performed by Akshay kumar and Katrina Kaif.


title: De Dana Dan

text: The concept was to create a theme with mass appeal, about how money was the driving force behind the film's various acts. This was accomplished by incorporating comedy lyrics with sound effects and a "slight R&B touch" to make it upbeat, danceable, and memorable. The song is sung by Manak-e, a Punjabi singer and was composed specially for the movie by RDB even though the rest of the music was done by Pritam. The music is based upon the Usher hit song "Yeah". This song was originally sung by Manak-E in Punjabi few years back in his album, however on request of Akshay Kumar the song was re-composed and re-released with a mix Hindi-Punjabi lyrics by RDB. The decision was made to use Paisa Paisa as the film's theme song due it being light and up-tempo.


title: De Dana Dan

text: "Times of India" reported in late November 2009, that released before the film, the song was gaining attention and "rocking the charts". Before the film's release, the tune was already considered one of the film's "fast catching numbers" and a version was being used in the Jharkhand election campaign. "Glamsham" reported ""Paisa Paisa" from "De Dana Dan" is a chartbuster and is igniting the music charts." In December 2009, "Daily News & Analysis" reported that "Paisa Paisa" was a current favourite and expected to be a big number for the party season. It was later reported, that while the film itself did not do as well as expected at the box office, the song aided in locating a lost, mentally challenged child when police were informed of the missing child's continually humming the "Paisa Paisa" tune.


title: Pat Healy (actor)

text: Pat Healy (born September 14, 1971) is an American film and television actor, best known for his roles in "Better Call Saul, Great World of Sound," "Compliance" and "Station 19", in which he was upgraded to the main cast in 2022"." He directed his first feature film, "Take Me", in 2017.


title: Pat Healy (actor)

text: Healy was born in Chicago, Illinois, where his career began at the Steppenwolf Theatre. He moved to Los Angeles in 1998, where he quickly landed a memorable supporting role in Paul Thomas Anderson's "Magnolia" as the pharmacist on the receiving end of Julianne Moore's profane meltdown. He has since appeared in over thirty feature films, including "Ghost World", "The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford", "Rescue Dawn", "", "Draft Day", "Harmony and Me", "Dirty Girl", "Snow Angels", "Undertow", "Pearl Harbor", and "Home Alone 3".


title: Pat Healy (actor)

text: In 2007, Healy played the lead in "Great World of Sound", an independent film directed by Craig Zobel and produced by David Gordon Green. The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival, and Healy was the recipient of the Atlanta Film Festival Best Actor Award. Healy also appeared in Zobel's follow-up, "Compliance", as a prank caller that incites a series of disturbing events at a fast food restaurant. He starred in Ti West's horror film "The Innkeepers" and in "Cheap Thrills", alongside Ethan Embry, Sara Paxton and David Koechner. The dark comedy, directed by E.L. Katz, won the Midnight Films Audience Award at South by Southwest in 2013 before its acquisition by Alamo Drafthouse.


title: Pat Healy (actor)

text: On television, Healy has appeared on "Six Feet Under", "", "24", "Grey's Anatomy", "The Shield", "", "Without a Trace", "NCIS", "Cold Case", "Charmed", "", "Chicago Hope", "NYPD Blue", and "The Practice". He had a recurring role as the villain Sugalski on "Eagleheart", as well as a celebrity guest appearance in "Metalocalypse" on Adult Swim.


title: Pat Healy (actor)

text: In 2000, Healy wrote and directed the short film "Mullitt", starring himself, Michael Shannon and Henry Gibson. The film premiered at the 2001 Sundance Film Festival before being acquired by HBO. His feature scripts "Snow Ponies" and "Strange Skies" landed spots on the Black List in 2006 and 2007, respectively. He has also written three episodes of HBO's "In Treatment", Weeks 1–3 of Walter (John Mahoney)'s sessions in Season Two.


title: Pat Healy (actor)

text: Healy's feature directorial debut "Take Me" premiered at Tribeca Film Festival in April 2017. The film was produced by Duplass Brothers Productions and stars Healy alongside Taylor Schilling. It was acquired by The Orchard for a May 2017 release.


title: Pat Healy (actor)

text: In 2022, Healy took over the role of Jeff in the sixth and final season of "Better Call Saul" from Don Harvey.


title: Richard Stanley (director)

text: Richard Stanley is a South African filmmaker, known for his work in the horror genre. He began his career making short films and music videos, and subsequently directed the feature films "Hardware" (1990) and "Dust Devil" (1992), both of which are considered cult classics. He was the original director of "The Island of Dr. Moreau" (1996), but was fired early into principal photography due to creative differences, an episode recounted in the 2014 documentary "". In 2019, he returned to feature films after more than 20 years, directing the H. P. Lovecraft adaptation "Color Out of Space."


title: Richard Stanley (director)

text: Stanley's first foray into film making began in high school where he joined the Young Filmmaker's Workshop. Here he created his first film, "Rites of Passage". Shot on super-8 stock, the 10-minute short film draws comparisons between modern man and primitive man. The short eventually won Stanley the IAC International Student Film Trophy film award in 1984.


title: Richard Stanley (director)

text: Stanley followed his first success with the ambitious 45-minute 8 mm short "Incidents in an Expanding Universe". Set in a future dystopia, the film laid the groundwork for Stanley's cyberpunk feature debut "Hardware". It won the IAC Gold Seal Award and was eventually made available on the Severin DVD release of "Hardware".


title: Richard Stanley (director)

text: In the mid-1980s, Stanley began work on two more shorts. "In a Season of Soft Rains" was another futuristic journey, but a majority of the footage has been lost. "Dust Devil" was his first work on 16 mm. Inspired by a series of unsolved murders in Namibia, this short was unfinished but footage can be viewed on the Subversive Cinema DVD release of the feature "Dust Devil".


title: Richard Stanley (director)

text: Following the move to London, England, Stanley began working in music videos in 1987. He directed videos for bands including Fields of the Nephilim, Pop Will Eat Itself, and Renegade Soundwave.


title: Richard Stanley (director)

text: In the late 1980s Stanley traveled to Afghanistan to document the Soviet–Afghan War. Stanley and his crew witnessed the Soviet Army's withdrawal and the country's slide into the civil war that would bring the Taliban to power. The resulting documentary, "Voice of the Moon", is a 30-minute look at the daily lives of the Afghan people trying to survive. Stanley was present at the siege of Jalalabad, and the events surrounding his escape from the country, along with his wounded camera man, Immo Horn, later formed the basis of the screenplay "Addicted to Danger", by Sebastian Junger. The documentary is available on the Subversive Cinema DVD release of the feature "Dust Devil".


title: Richard Stanley (director)

text: Stanley made his feature film directing debut with the post-apocalyptic science fiction film "Hardware" in 1990. The film included cameos by musicians Iggy Pop, Carl McCoy and Lemmy. Shot for approximately £960,000, it was eventually picked up by the Weinstein brothers and released theatrically in the United States through their early Millimeter Films division.


title: Richard Stanley (director)

text: Stanley returned to his South African roots with the supernatural horror film "Dust Devil" in 1992. The full director's cut was officially released on DVD by Subversive Cinema in September 2006.


title: Richard Stanley (director)

text: In 1994, Stanley directed a 50-minute length video for Marillion's concept album, "Brave", which has since been released on DVD. He would later disown the end result, claiming the material was re-edited to cover the overall running time without his consent.


title: Richard Stanley (director)

text: Stanley's next project was the third major movie version of the H.G. Wells novel "The Island of Doctor Moreau" for New Line Cinema in 1996. An ambitious project attempting to stay true to the source material, the film's production was fraught with problems from the start, with Stanley being undercut by his belligerent lead actors, suspicious studio and a sudden burst of bad weather; he was fired and replaced by John Frankenheimer a week after shooting began. The details of Stanley's involvement in the film, which ultimately veered far from his original vision, are captured in the 2014 documentary "".


title: Richard Stanley (director)

text: Stanley completed "The Secret Glory" – an examination of SS officer Otto Rahn's search for the Holy Grail – in 2001 and "The White Darkness" – a look at the voodoo practices in Haiti – in 2002. Following several festival screenings, both documentaries appeared in the "Dust Devil" DVD box-set, released by Subversive Cinema in 2006.


title: Richard Stanley (director)

text: Stanley's cinematic efforts include a number of short films. "Children of the Kingdom" appeared in the short-film collection "Europe - 99euro-films 2" in 2003. The science fiction story "The Sea of Perdition" premiered in October 2006 at the Festival de Cine de Sitges, and has since been made available online and on the 2009 Severin DVD release of "Hardware". The werewolf short "Black Tulips" premiered online in September 2008.


title: Richard Stanley (director)

text: Stanley was a contributing writer-director to the 2011 omnibus "The Theatre Bizarre", with an adaptation of the short story "Mother of Toads" by Clark Ashton Smith.


title: Richard Stanley (director)

text: In addition to directing, Stanley has continued working as a screenwriter. He co-wrote the script for Nacho Cerdà's feature debut "The Abandoned" (2006) and delivered the screenplay for Cerdà's upcoming comic book adaptation "I Am Legion" (2012). In addition, Stanley was a script collaborator on the Italian horror-thriller "Imago Mortis" (2009). Stanley also co-wrote an unmade film adaptation of J. G. Ballard's "High Rise" with director Vincenzo Natali.


title: Richard Stanley (director)

text: Stanley launched the interactive website "Terra Umbra – Empire of Shadows" in October 2009, an ongoing inquiry into the invisible world and the hidden history of southern and central Europe. He also released the e-book "Shadow of the Grail – Magic and Mystery at Montsegur" in December 2010.


title: Richard Stanley (director)

text: In early 2012, it was announced that Stanley would collaborate on the anthology film "The Profane Exhibit". Stanley's contribution will be the short "Coltan", which is described as "an unflinching look into darkest Africa."


title: Richard Stanley (director)

text: In December 2018, it was announced Stanley was returning to film with an adaptation of "The Colour Out of Space" with Nicolas Cage set to star. The film, "Color Out of Space", was released in 2020 and became a critical success with Stanley being praised for his return.


title: Richard Stanley (director)

text: In a Q&A session upon the release of the film, Stanley revealed it was the first in a trilogy of H.P. Lovecraft adaptations, and that he was currently writing an adaptation of "The Dunwich Horror".


title: Richard Stanley (director)

text: In March 2021, screenwriter Scarlett Amaris, who previously collaborated with Stanley on several projects, alleged in a blog post that she had been in an abusive relationship with him. Subsequently SpectreVision, which produced "Color Out of Space", announced it would no longer work with Stanley and that all future revenue from the film would be donated to anti-domestic violence charities.


title: Richard Stanley (director)

text: On October 25, 2021, entertainment news outlet "Deadline" reported Stanley has filed criminal complaints for libel and harassment in response to the accusation.


title: Sociological imagination

text: Sociological imagination is a term used in the field of sociology to describe a framework for understanding social reality that places personal experiences within a broader social and historical context.


title: Sociological imagination

text: It was coined by American sociologist C. Wright Mills in his 1959 book "The Sociological Imagination" to describe the type of insight offered by the discipline of sociology. Today, the term is used in introductory sociology textbooks to explain the nature of sociology and its relevance in daily life.


title: Sociological imagination

text: In "The Sociological Imagination", Mills attempts to reconcile two different and abstract concepts of social reality: the "individual" and the "society." Accordingly, Mills defined "sociological imagination" as "the awareness of the relationship between personal experience and the wider society."


title: Sociological imagination

text: Later sociologists have different perspectives on the concept, but they share some overlapping themes.


title: Sociological imagination

text: Sociological imagination is an outlook on life that involves an individual developing a deep understanding of how their biography is a result of historical process and occurs within a larger social context. As per Anthony Giddens, the term is: