title: Indian nationality law

text: Ethnic conflict in neighbouring Sri Lanka led to civil war in 1983. Following the start of hostilities, about 100,000 people sought refuge in India. This event, combined with sustained unrest in Assam, led to another amendment to the Citizenship Act in 1986 that limited citizenship by birth to children born to at least one Indian parent. A further amendment in 2003 restricted that entitlement only to children with two Indian parents, or those with one parent who is a citizen and if the other is not considered an illegal migrant. Mandatory registration in the National Register of Citizens for the entire country (contrasted with the register specific to Assam) was introduced in that year, as well as overseas citizenship for the Indian diaspora living abroad.


title: Indian nationality law

text: Restrictions were selectively relaxed in 2019 for migrants from neighbouring countries belonging to certain religious groups who illegally entered India before 2015; persons from Afghanistan, Bangladesh, and Pakistan who are Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, Parsis, or Christians are not counted as illegal migrants for nationality purposes and are eligible for a reduced six-year residence requirement for naturalisation. The enactment of these changes sparked widespread protests for countering the secular nature of earlier citizenship law.


title: Indian nationality law

text: The National Register of Citizens for Assam was comprehensively updated in 2019, with every citizen in the state required to show proof of their citizenship and pre-1971 settlement. 1.9 million people failed to provide sufficient documentation and were not listed on the register, leaving them stateless and subject to deportation.


title: Indian nationality law

text: All persons born in India between 26 January 1950 and 1 July 1987 automatically received citizenship by birth regardless of the nationalities of their parents. From 1 July 1987 until 3 December 2004, children born in the country received Indian citizenship by birth if at least one parent was a citizen. Since then, citizenship by birth is granted only if both parents are Indian citizens, or if one parent is a citizen and the other is not considered an illegal migrant.


title: Indian nationality law

text: Children born overseas are eligible to become Indian citizens by descent if at least one parent is a citizen. The birth of eligible persons must be registered at an Indian diplomatic mission within a certain time frame for citizenship to be granted. Individuals born before 3 September 2004 were not required to have had their birth registered and received citizenship by descent automatically, unless either parent was an Indian citizen by descent, in which case registration of their birth was mandatory. Prior to 10 December 1992, only children of Indian fathers (not mothers) were eligible for citizenship by descent. Indian citizens by descent who hold another nationality automatically cease to be Indian citizens six months after reaching the age of 18, unless they renounce their foreign nationality.


title: Indian nationality law

text: Certain non-citizens qualify for citizenship by registration if they are married to an Indian citizen, are minor children of Indian citizens, or are of Indian origin and living either in the country or outside the area of pre-partition India. Persons whose parents are Indian citizens, who themselves or their parents had previously held Indian citizenship, or have held overseas citizenship for at least five years are also eligible to acquire citizenship by registration. Eligible individuals must be resident in the country for at least 12 months prior to an application for registration, and are subject to additional residence requirements depending on the criterion they qualified under.


title: Indian nationality law

text: All other foreigners may become Indian citizens by naturalisation after residing in the country for at least 11 of the previous 14 years, with an additional 12 months of residence immediately preceding an application, a total of 12 years. Anyone acquiring Indian citizenship through either naturalisation or registration must renounce their previous nationalities. Between 2010 and 2019, about 21,000 people naturalised as Indian citizens.


title: Indian nationality law

text: Any person deemed to be an illegal migrant is typically barred from obtaining citizenship through both naturalisation and registration. However, migrants from Afghanistan, Bangladesh, or Pakistan who belong to selected religious communities (Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, Parsis, or Christians) and arrived in India prior to 2015 are not considered illegal migrants. They are eligible for naturalisation with a reduced residence requirement; at least five years of residence during the previous 14-year period, along with the additional 12 months of residence immediately preceding an application.


title: Indian nationality law

text: Indian citizenship can be voluntarily relinquished by any person over the age of 18. Minor children of a person who gave up citizenship also cease to be citizens. On reaching adult age, these children have the option of resuming Indian citizenship within one year. Before 2003, relinquishment required holding nationality of another country, and all married women were considered to be of full age for the purposes of giving up citizenship regardless of their actual age. Minor children lost citizenship only if their fathers (not mothers) relinquished that status until 1992. Any Indian citizen who permanently settles in Pakistan or Bangladesh, or who voluntarily acquires citizenship of another country at any time automatically loses Indian citizenship. Between 2015 and 2019, about 670,000 people lost their Indian citizenship either through renunciation or automatic loss after acquiring a foreign nationality.


title: Indian nationality law

text: Former Indian citizens and descendants of citizens have been eligible for overseas citizenship since its creation in 2003. This status gives its holders a lifelong entitlement to live and work in the country but they cannot vote in elections, stand for public office, and are subject to restrictions on entry into protected and restricted areas. Overseas citizenship is a status created specifically to work around the constitutional prohibition on holding multiple nationalities; it is not considered a full form of Indian citizenship. All persons who (or whose parents or grandparents) have ever been citizens of Pakistan or Bangladesh are permanently ineligible for overseas citizenship.


title: Aiden English

text: Matthew Thomas Rehwoldt (born October 7, 1987) is an American color commentator and retired professional wrestler who currently appears in Impact Wrestling where he performs under his real name. He is best known for his time in WWE, where he performed under the ring name Aiden English.


title: Aiden English

text: Rehwoldt signed a development contract with WWE in 2012 and was assigned to the farm territory Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW) and later to NXT. In NXT, he formed a tag team called The Vaudevillains with Simon Gotch, winning the NXT Tag Team Championship. They were called to the main roster in 2016, but the team ended in 2017 when Gotch was released. English was then paired with Rusev, starting an act where every day was "Rusev Day". In 2019, he became a color commentator on "205 Live" and "NXT UK", but he was released in April 2020. He also worked on the independent circuit and Impact Wrestling using both his real name and the name Matt Morris.


title: Aiden English

text: Outside of wrestling, Rehwoldt started the "Rough Cuts" social media campaign for unfinished art and the "Wrestling With Whiskey" project on YouTube.


title: Aiden English

text: Matthew Rehwoldt was born in Chicago, Illinois, where he developed an interest in acting at an early age. By the age of 20, he had appeared in over 20 stage productions. After graduating from Lyons Township High School, he studied acting (with a focus on stage combat) at Columbia College Chicago, graduating in 2010 with a Bachelor of Arts.


title: Aiden English

text: After graduating from college, Rehwoldt trained as a professional wrestler. He debuted on the Illinois independent circuit in late-2011 under the ring name "Matt Marquee." He wrestled for promotions such as Chicago Style Wrestling, where he formed a tag team named "The Ryte Stuff" with Barry Ryte.


title: Aiden English

text: Rehwoldt signed a contract with WWE in early 2012, and was assigned to its developmental territory, Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW), where he began using the ring name "Aiden English," debuting on March 1, 2012 as part of an 8-man tag team match. He made his televised debut on the March 15, 2012 taping of FCW television, airing on April 15, 2012, teaming with Audrey Marie in an intergender tag team match against Rick Victor and Paige.


title: Aiden English

text: After WWE rebranded FCW as "NXT" in 2012, English's television debut took place on the June 27 episode of the rebooted "NXT" taped at Full Sail University, losing to Leo Kruger. English was used primarily as a jobber throughout the rest of the year, losing to wrestlers including Bray Wyatt, Ryback, and Big E Langston. He scored his first televised win on the September 18, 2013 episode of "NXT", defeating Michael Q. Laurie.


title: Aiden English

text: A week later, on the September 25 episode of "NXT", English sang a parody version of the "Major-General's Song" from the musical "The Pirates of Penzance" while approaching the ring. He subsequently began singing before, during and after his matches, while also establishing himself as a heel. Throughout the year, English scored wins over Jason Jordan and Camacho. In the beginning of 2014, English began a feud with Colin Cassady, losing to him on the January 1 episode of "NXT" in a sing-off but defeating him in several matches.


title: Aiden English

text: In June 2014, English formed a tag team with Simon Gotch, known as the Vaudevillains. The duo turned face when they feuded with Blake and Murphy. The feud escalated to , where the Vaudevillains defeated Blake and Murphy to win the NXT Tag Team Championship. On the November 11 episode of "NXT", the Vaudevillains lost the title to Dash and Dawson, ending their reign at 61 days. On the November 25 episode of "NXT", the Vaudevillains faced Dash and Dawson in a rematch for the title in a losing effort. On the December 23 episode of "NXT", the Vaudevillains competed in a four-way tag team match against Blake and Murphy, The Hype Bros, and Chad Gable and Jason Jordan, won by Gable and Jordan. On the March 16, 2016 episode of "NXT", the Vaudevillains were defeated by Gable and Jordan, later known as American Alpha, in a #1 contenders match for the NXT Tag Team Championship.


title: Aiden English

text: On the April 7, 2016 episode of "SmackDown", the Vaudevillains made their main roster debut as heels, defeating the Lucha Dragons. On the April 11 episode of "Raw", the Vaudevillains were announced as one of the teams to participate in the #1 contenders tournament for the WWE Tag Team Championship, where they defeated Goldust and Fandango in the first round later that week on "SmackDown" and The Usos on the April 18 episode of "Raw" in the semi-finals. At Payback, the Vaudevillains faced Enzo Amore and Colin Cassady in the finals of the tournament. The match resulted in a no-contest due to a legit concussion by Amore, and the Vaudevillains were declared number one contenders. At Extreme Rules, the Vaudevillains received their shot at the titles against The New Day in a losing effort. At Money in the Bank, The Vaudevillains competed in a Fatal 4-way tag team match also involving Enzo and Cass and Luke Gallows and Karl Anderson for the titles in a losing effort.


title: Aiden English

text: On July 19 at the 2016 WWE draft, the Vaudevillains were drafted to "SmackDown" in the tenth round of picks. In August, a tag team tournament for the newly created WWE SmackDown Tag Team Championship was set up by "SmackDown" general manager Daniel Bryan and "SmackDown" commissioner Shane McMahon, where the winners of the tournament would be crowned the inaugural champions. On the August 30 episode of "SmackDown", the Vaudevillains would compete in the first round match of the tournament, where they were defeated by The Hype Bros. On the November 8 episode of "SmackDown", the Vaudevillains were defeated by Breezango (Tyler Breeze and Fandango) in a qualifying match for a spot in Team SmackDown at Survivor Series. On the January 31, 2017 episode of "SmackDown", the Vaudevillains, along with five other teams, answered an open challenge set by American Alpha, where a brawl between all six teams ensued before being broken up by referees and officials. At Elimination Chamber, the Vaudevillains competed in a tag team turmoil match for the WWE SmackDown Tag Team Championship, where they were eliminated by Heath Slater and Rhyno. At WrestleMania 33, English competed in the André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal, which was won by Mojo Rawley. On April 5, 2017, English's partner Simon Gotch was released from WWE.


title: Aiden English

text: Following the team's disbandment, English returned to singing prior to his matches. In May 2017, he entered into a feud with Tye Dillinger, losing to him at Backlash. At Battleground on July 23, English once again faced Dillinger, this time in a winning effort.


title: Aiden English

text: In September, English allied with Rusev during a rivalry Rusev had been having with Randy Orton. After losing to Orton at SummerSlam, Rusev issued a rematch to Orton following a match with English, which Orton had won. English distracted Orton and allowed Rusev to pick up the victory in nine seconds, the same time that Orton had defeated Rusev in at SummerSlam. The following week, Rusev held "The Pride of Bulgaria Celebration," and was praised by the mayor of his hometown. English sang a song to commemorate the occasion. During the song, Orton appeared and delivered "RKO"s to both English and Rusev. From there on out, crowds began chanting "Rusev Day" during Rusev's matches, and he and English would become one of the company's most popular acts, despite their placement as villains.


title: Aiden English

text: Throughout the rest of the year, Rusev and English wrestled as a tag team, participating in a fatal four-way tag team match for the SmackDown Tag Team Championship at Clash of Champions also involving The New Day, Chad Gable and Shelton Benjamin, as well as the champions The Usos. They were unsuccessful in winning. On January 28, 2018, English entered the 2018 Royal Rumble match, but was eliminated by Finn Bálor. At WrestleMania 34, English entered the André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal, but was the first person eliminated; Matt Hardy would eventually win the match. English would re-appear later in the night with a freshly shaved head to manage Rusev in his fatal four-way match against Randy Orton, Jinder Mahal and Bobby Roode, but Rusev was unsuccessful as he was pinned by Mahal. Later, throughout the summer, English and Rusev established themselves as fan favorites.


title: Aiden English

text: In July 2018, English started a feud with Rusev when, on the July 24 episode of "SmackDown Live", English accidentally knocked Lana out. The following weeks, English interfered in the matches between Andrade Cien Almas and Zelina Vega and Rusev and Lana, turning back to a heel in the process. The feud escalated when, on the September 18 episode of "SmackDown Live", English attacked Rusev with a microphone and alluded to Lana and he having an affair. The storyline concluded on October 9, when it was revealed in a video that English made romantic advances towards Lana, to which she deflected. On the October 23 episode of "SmackDown Live", Rusev defeated English, ending their feud.


title: Aiden English

text: In January 2019, it was announced that English would join the commentary team of "205 Live" beginning on January 22, 2019, replacing Percy Watson, while still also participating on "SmackDown". On April 4, English lost to Kassius Ohno at WrestleMania Axxess, in a match that aired on "WWE Worlds Collide" on April 14. This would become his final match in the company. On November 1, 2019, English appeared as a guest commentator on "SmackDown", as part of a commentary team filling in for Michael Cole and Corey Graves. On April 15, 2020, English was released from his WWE contract due to the budget cuts stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Aiden English

text: After his WWE release, he began to work on the independent circuit under his real name. On September 17, 2020, Rehwoldt had his first match on the independent circuit for Zelo Wrestling where he defeated Nick Brubaker.


title: Aiden English

text: At Slammiversary, on July 17, 2021, a vignette aired promoting Rehwoldt's arrival to Impact Wrestling. At Homecoming, Rehwoldt made his debut as part of the Homecoming tournament, teaming with Deonna Purrazzo to defeat Hernandez and Alisha Edwards in the first round, Matt Cardona and Chelsea Green in the semi-finals, and Decay (Crazzy Steve and Rosemary) in the finals to become the Homecoming King and Queen.


title: Aiden English

text: In early 2022, Rehwoldt would join the commentary team regularly, replacing D'lo Brown. He would retire as a wrestler to focus on his work as commentator.


title: Aiden English

text: At NJPW Resurgence, Rehwoldt made his New Japan Pro Wrestling debut as part of the english commentary team. Rehwoldt made his debut for the August 20, 2021 airing of NJPW Strong in a match against Alex Coughlin under an old ring name of Matt Morris.


title: Aiden English

text: In December 2014, Rehwoldt became engaged to former professional wrestler Shaul Guerrero, the daughter of Vickie Guerrero and Eddie Guerrero. They were married in Florida on January 3, 2016.


title: Aiden English

text: Rehwoldt is a fan of The Best Show with Tom Scharpling, calling the show in April and May 2011 when it was still broadcast on WFMU.


title: Aiden English

text: Rehwoldt, as Aiden English, appears in five video games, WWE SuperCard, "WWE 2K16", "WWE 2K17", "WWE 2K18" and "WWE 2K19".


title: Aiden English

text: He frequently appeared on Xavier Woods' "UpUpDownDown" YouTube channel, where he played video games together with several other wrestlers.


title: Aiden English

text: Aside from his professional wrestling career, English started the campaign "Rough Cuts" on social media, where people share their unfinished art on Twitter or Instagram. Also, in 2018, he started the project "Wrestling With Whiskey," where, under his real name, he uploads videos of Whiskey tastings, Q & A's etc. on the project's YouTube channel. He does stream via Twitch using the username DramaKingMatt.


title: 2022 Austrian presidential election

text: Presidential elections were held in Austria on 9 October 2022. Incumbent Alexander Van der Bellen from the Greens was eligible for one more term and ran for re-election. About 6.36 million voting-age citizens were eligible to vote.


title: 2022 Austrian presidential election

text: Final results showed that Van der Bellen was re-elected in the first round with 57% of the vote. Van der Bellen won in all of the 116 administrative districts of Austria. Carinthia was the only state in which he finished below 50% of the vote. Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ) candidate Walter Rosenkranz placed second with 18% of the votes, far short of what his party colleague Norbert Hofer received in 2016. Three other right-wing candidates (Tassilo Wallentin, Gerald Grosz and Michael Brunner) tapped into the FPÖ voter pool and kept Rosenkranz below 20%. In third place - the best independent candidate without the backing of a parliamentary party - was artist, entrepreneur and medical doctor Dominik Wlazny ("Marco Pogo") from the Beer Party with 8% of the votes. In Vienna, Wlazny finished second behind Van der Bellen and ahead of Rosenkranz.


title: 2022 Austrian presidential election

text: Had no candidate received a majority of valid votes cast, a runoff would have been held on 6 November.


title: 2022 Austrian presidential election

text: The President of Austria is directly elected for a six-year term by the two-round system; if no candidate receives more than 50% of valid votes cast in the first round, then a second ballot occurs in which only those two candidates who received the greatest number of votes in the first round may stand. The constitution grants the president the power to appoint the Chancellor and, by extension, federal cabinet ministers, Supreme Court justices, military officers, and most major bureaucrats. The president may dissolve the National Council. In practice, however, the president acts as a figurehead.


title: 2022 Austrian presidential election

text: Austrian citizens who have reached the age of 16 by the end of the day of the election and who are not excluded from voting by a judicial conviction are entitled to vote. For the right to stand for election, the completion of the 35th year is required. As a prerequisite for running as a candidate for Federal President, at least 6.000 declarations of support (= valid signatures of eligible voters) must be submitted to the federal electoral authority set up at the Ministry of the Interior together with the formal candidate declaration. At the same time, a candidate fee of €3.600 must be paid. Potential candidates were able to start collecting and submitting signatures on 9 August 2022 ("Stichtag"). The last deadline for submission was the 37th day before the election day (2 September 2022) at 17:00. The Federal Election Commission at the Interior Ministry announced the official list of qualified candidates on 7 September 2022, after verification of the submitted signatures and other required documents.


title: 2022 Austrian presidential election

text: Up until 2016, presidential elections were held during spring – but because the 2016 election runoff had to be repeated in December by Constitutional Court order, the date of the next election in 2022 was pushed back by about half a year as well. The exact date for the new election will be set by a joint parliamentary commission during spring/summer 2022 and the election must be held roughly three months after that date was set because of calendar reasons/deadlines. There is no definitive date as to when the election can take place in 2022, the only requirement is that the President-elect has to be sworn in by 26 January 2023. However, it has never happened that Austrian elections were scheduled for Christmas or New Year (or during summer school holidays between early July and mid-September), which means that – according to media consensus – it will definitely happen in 2022, most likely during the fall. On 26 June 2022, the Austrian government announced that 9 October 2022 was selected as election day, with a runoff on 6 November 2022 if needed.


title: 2022 Austrian presidential election

text: The SPÖ was previously undecided about whether they should run a candidate. In November 2020, federal chairwoman Pamela Rendi-Wagner stressed that a decision had not been made, but noted that the SPÖ has never challenged an incumbent president. She also ruled out running herself. Second President of the National Council Doris Bures and Mayor of Vienna Michael Ludwig both stated that the party should support Van der Bellen if he chooses to run for a second term. Tyrolean branch leader Georg Dornauer suggested that Bures herself should stand for election, even if Van der Bellen runs again.


title: 2022 Austrian presidential election

text: Norbert Hofer of the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ), who was runner-up to Van der Bellen in 2016, has made conflicting statements about his intention to seek the presidency for a second time. In 2018, he stated that he plans to run in 2022. In 2020, he stated that he would not run if Van der Bellen sought re-election, but that he would if Rudolf Anschober was the Greens nominee. Anschober himself subsequently ruled out running. In February 2021, Hofer said it was "not unlikely" that he would run, and that he would make the decision a year in advance of the election. After Hofer's resignation as party leader in June, he stated he was unsure whether he would run for president. His successor Herbert Kickl voiced his confidence that Hofer would still run, however. On 13 May 2022, Hofer declared that he will not run for president in the fall.


title: 2022 Austrian presidential election

text: On 22 May 2022, President Alexander Van der Bellen announced his candidacy for re-election. Opinion polls indicate high approval ratings for President Van der Bellen. A May 2022 survey showed that 63% of voters are satisfied or very satisfied with Van der Bellen's presidency. Another poll at the end of May had his approval rating at 59%, with 34% disapproving.


title: 2022 Austrian presidential election

text: The two major parties, the Austrian People's Party (ÖVP) and the Social Democratic Party of Austria (SPÖ), traditionally refrain from challenging a popular incumbent president if they choose to seek re-election. Following President Van der Bellen's announcement to run for re-election on 22 May 2022, the SPÖ announced that they will not run a candidate against him, instead they will actively endorse and support his campaign for re-election.


title: 2022 Austrian presidential election

text: On 23 May 2022, the governing party ÖVP announced that they will not run a candidate on their own but did not endorse the candidacy of Van der Bellen for re-election, instead wishing him "all the best". The Governor of Tyrol, Günther Platter, endorsed Van der Bellen.


title: 2022 Austrian presidential election

text: NEOS – The New Austria and Liberal Forum also announced on 22 May 2022 that they are endorsing and supporting Van der Bellen in his re-election effort.


title: 2022 Austrian presidential election

text: The Greens – The Green Alternative, of which Van der Bellen was a long-time leader, also endorsed Van der Bellen after his announcement to run for re-election. While both the SPÖ and NEOS did not support Van der Bellen financially, the Green Party did so with at least €500.000 in campaign money.


title: 2022 Austrian presidential election

text: The opposition Freedom Party of Austria announced at an early stage that they will definitely run a candidate against Van der Bellen, while the new party MFG Austria – People Freedom Fundamental Rights said they are thinking about a candidacy against him. In June 2022, MFG party leader Michael Brunner announced his candidacy for President.


title: 2022 Austrian presidential election

text: After the announcement of the 7 official candidates on 7 September, the intensive campaign period started. President Alexander Van der Bellen (Green Party) decided not to participate in any TV debates with his challengers, citing that the "integrity of the office should not be harmed" and "his predecessors as President who ran for re-election also did not participate in TV debates". Some of Van der Bellen's opponents, such as Walter Rosenkranz (FPÖ) and Gerald Grosz (Independent, ex-FPÖ, ex-BZÖ) attacked him for his refusal to debate them and called him a "coward".


title: 2022 Austrian presidential election

text: President Van der Bellen instead focused on a billboard and Social Media campaign with slogans such as "The safe choice during stormy times." or "We are stronger together." or "You don't gamble with Austria." The President also used meetings with international leaders and visits to international organizations such as the United Nations in New York City to increase his profile ahead of the election and to appear statesmanlike.


title: 2022 Austrian presidential election

text: Walter Rosenkranz also ran several billboard and Social Media campaigns with slogans like "Let's take back our freedoms." or "Uncompromisingly for Austria." or "Serving in the interest of the people, not the elites and powerful." The FPÖ also repeatedly mocked President Van der Bellen as "Van der Biden".


title: 2022 Austrian presidential election

text: Dominik Wlazny (alias Marco Pogo) from the Beer Party launched a Social Media parody ad, mocking the campaign team of Alexander Van der Bellen, insinuating that the Van der Bellen camp is "afraid of Wlazny and his proposals." Later, Wlazny launched several billboards in which he prioritizes the fight against child poverty, violence against women, better pay for women, a rise in pensions, more renewable energy, better animal rights protection and a mandatory skills test for new cabinet members.


title: 2022 Austrian presidential election

text: Gerald Grosz portrayed himself as a Donald Trump-style presidential candidate, wearing a red MAGA hat ("Make Austria Grosz Again"), with his last name Grosz resembling the German word "groß" for "great". Grosz attacked Van der Bellen and the Austrian ÖVP-Green government repeatedly for various failures on the Russia-Ukraine War, the rising inflation and electricity prices etc. His main priority if elected President would be to dismiss the current Austrian government immediately, install a new cabinet of his own thinking, who would then call new parliamentary elections. His main campaign slogan is "Vote for Gerald Grosz and you get rid of Van der Bellen and the current government."


title: 2022 Austrian presidential election

text: Like Rosenkranz and Grosz, Tassilo Wallentin and Michael Brunner also hail from the radical right. In his editorials for the "Kronen Zeitung" before becoming an official candidate, Wallentin repeatedly wrote that immigration in general and requests for asylum must be limited to zero, especially from Muslim-majority countries and warned that Muslims will be close to a majority in Austria in 20 years.


title: 2022 Austrian presidential election

text: Brunner repeatedly warned of vaccination damages from COVID-19 vaccines and attacked the government on their policies during the pandemic. With the COVID-19 pandemic decreasing as a major topic during the campaign for President, Brunner followed the other candidates in focusing on rising inflation, electricity and gas prices. He said he favours the elimination of EU sanctions against Russia ("They are not working and harm the Austrian population.") and the full implementation of Neutrality in Austria again, which in his opinion is currently not the case. He would also immediately dismiss the current Austrian government if elected President.


title: 2022 Austrian presidential election

text: Heinrich Staudinger calls for poverty reduction, pacifism and the decrease in military spending and the focus of the military on disaster aid rather than engaging in conflicts. He strongly opposes increasing military spending to 2-3% of GDP like candidates Grosz and Rosenkranz. He strongly advocates help for immigrants and asylum seekers (his shoe manufacturing company employs numerous immigrants) and supports regional production methods with natural products and in line with the environment. He strongly supports measures to protect the environment and climate. He was vaccination-sceptic during the Covid pandemic. As President, he would make his first official state trip to the Democratic Republic of Congo.


title: 2022 Austrian presidential election

text: According to the Ministry of the Interior, 6,363,336 citizens are entitled to vote – 61,113 of them residing abroad. Compared to the first ballot in 2016, the number of those entitled to vote has fallen slightly (6,382,507 – 42,830 of whom reside abroad). After the end of the objection period and the correction process, the final number of eligible voters was published on 7 October.


title: 2022 Austrian presidential election

text: After the official candidates were announced on 7 September, the official ballot papers were printed. The requested absentee ballots were sent out by the municipalities from 13 September. The last possible date for the written application for an absentee ballot being 5 October, while the last possible date for a personal application and collection at voters' main place of residence was 7 October.


title: 2022 Austrian presidential election

text: The number of absentee ballots issued was announced on the evening of 7 October, with 958,136 absentee ballots issued – 60,264 of them to eligible voters living abroad. Accordingly, 15.1% of those entitled to vote applied for an absentee ballot. In comparison, a total of 641,975 absentee ballots were issued before the first ballot in 2016 – 39,079 of them to eligible voters living abroad. Compared to this year, 10.1% of those entitled to vote applied for an absentee ballot ahead of the first ballot in 2016.


title: 2022 Austrian presidential election

text: Absentee ballots have to be received by the district election commissions on election day, no later than poll closing time (17:00), to be counted. The Austrian Post offered a one-time special emptying of all public mailboxes in Austria on Saturday at 09:00 so that the absentee ballots could be delivered on time by Sunday. Absentee ballots will be counted on 10 October.


title: Charlie Berens

text: Charlie Berens (born April 27, 1987) is an American journalist, comedian, and creator of "Manitowoc Minute". He has been featured on FOX, CBS, "Funny or Die", TBS Digital, "Variety", and MTV News. His observational humor often focuses on the Midwest.


title: Charlie Berens

text: Berens grew up in the Wisconsin towns of Elm Grove and New Berlin, he graduated from Marquette University High School and studied broadcast journalism at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He resides in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.


title: Charlie Berens

text: Berens began his career working for the MTV News show "Choose or Lose". He covered Wisconsin state politics and was arrested while covering protests at the 2008 Republican National Convention. In 2012, Tribune Media recruited Berens to host the comedic news show "Nightcap". While a reporter for KDAF-TV, Berens won his first Regional Emmy.


title: Charlie Berens

text: In 2014 CBS Sports Network hired Berens to host the sports gameshow "You're So Money" and PMC made Berens the host of their comedy/entertainment news brand @Hollywood.


title: Charlie Berens

text: Berens has been featured on "Funny or Die". His comedic mashups, including "If Jack Dawson was Really from Wisconsin," have garnered more than thirteen million views. He authored the 2021 book "The Midwest Survival Guide: How We Talk, Love, Work, Drink, and Eat...Everything with Ranch".


title: Charlie Berens

text: In 2017, Berens created "Manitowoc Minute", a weekly comedic video series. The name refers to the Wisconsin city of Manitowoc. His "Oh My Gosh!" Tour, inspired by the series, sold out theaters across Wisconsin. Berens partnered with Madison brewery Ale Asylum to launch a beer inspired by "Manitowoc Minute" called "Keep ‘Er Movin’". The Manitowoc Minute features segments that include the "Craiglist Kicker", "Craigslist Missed Connections", Kwik Trip and Fleet Farm jokes and fun catch phrases like- "Keep'er Movin", "UFF DA", "Geez Louise", "Tell your folks I says hi", "Watch out for deer". He always ends the show with a salute to the WI troops, and most famously- "Go Packers and Fuck da Bears".


title: Charlie Berens

text: Berens was married to TV host, actress, and former Miss Wisconsin USA Alex Wehrley in 2015. They divorced in late 2020.


title: Can't Tell Me Nothing (mixtape)

text: Can't Tell Me Nothing: The Official Mixtape is a mixtape by American hip hop artist Kanye West. It was made freely available over the internet on May 27, 2007, in anticipation of the release of his third studio album, "Graduation".


title: Can't Tell Me Nothing (mixtape)

text: The official mixtape was hosted by Kanye West alongside his A&R, Plain Pat. Overall, it is compiled of songs made by various artists signed onto West's G.O.O.D. Music label, collaborations with other unaffiliated musicians, and preview versions of certain songs that would later appear on "Graduation". The mixtape was very well received and gave off several tracks that later became successful singles.


title: Can't Tell Me Nothing (mixtape)

text: Stylus Magazine awarded "Can't Tell Me Nothing" an A− rating and complimented it for expressing a high quality in comparison to most promotional mixtapes, claiming, "Even with a few duds, this might be the album of the year." On its general review of the mixtape, Stylus wrote, ""Can't Tell Me Nothing" is one mixtape that should be legendary on its own, rather than piggybacking off its 'parent' album. It's as diverse as anything I've heard this year, both as intelligent and as stoopid as it wants to be (cf. "Us Placers" vs. "Throw Some D's (Remix)"), and gloriously so." Rock critic Robert Christgau dictated, "Get this while you can from the mixtape man no matter how much of it is destined for the real album." URB wrote, "Although the scatterbrained way Kanye chooses to present himself will continue to face scrutiny and divide opinion, any critic would be hard pressed to deny his talent. Whatever persona he adopts, whether relatively restrained or unsurprisingly in your face, the artist rarely fails to engage." "Can't Tell Me Nothing" won "Mixtape of the Year" at the 2007 Vibe Awards.


title: Combined DNA Index System

text: The Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) is the United States national DNA database created and maintained by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. CODIS consists of three levels of information; Local DNA Index Systems (LDIS) where DNA profiles originate, State DNA Index Systems (SDIS) which allows for laboratories within states to share information, and the National DNA Index System (NDIS) which allows states to compare DNA information with one another.


title: Combined DNA Index System

text: The CODIS software contains multiple different databases depending on the type of information being searched against. Examples of these databases include, missing persons, convicted offenders, and forensic samples collected from crime scenes. Each state, and the federal system, has different laws for collection, upload, and analysis of information contained within their database. However, for privacy reasons, the CODIS database does not contain any personal identifying information, such as the name associated with the DNA profile. The uploading agency is notified of any hits to their samples and are tasked with the dissemination of personal information pursuant to their laws.


title: Combined DNA Index System

text: The creation of a national DNA database within the U.S. was first mentioned by the Technical Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (TWGDAM) in 1989. In 1990, the FBI began a pilot DNA databasing program with 14 state and local laboratories. In 1994, Congress passed the DNA Identification Act which authorized the FBI to create a national DNA database of convicted offenders as well as separate databases for missing persons and forensic samples collected from crime scenes. The Act also required that laboratories participating in the CODIS program maintain accreditation from an independent nonprofit organization that is actively involved in the forensic fields and that scientists processing DNA samples for submission into CODIS maintain proficiency and are routinely tested to ensure the quality of the profiles being uploaded into the database. The national level of CODIS (NDIS) was implemented in October 1998. Today, all 50 states, the District of Columbia, federal law enforcement, the Army Laboratory, and Puerto Rico participate in the national sharing of DNA profiles.


title: Combined DNA Index System

text: The CODIS database contains several different indexes for the storage of DNA profile information. For assistance in criminal investigations three indexes exist: the offender index, which contains DNA profiles of those convicted of crimes; the arrestee index, which contains profiles of those arrested of crimes pursuant to the laws of the particular state; and the forensic index, which contains profiles collected from a crime scene. Additional indexes, such as the unidentified human remain index, the missing persons index, and the biological relatives of missing persons index, are used to assist in identifying missing persons. Specialty indexes also exist for other specimens that do not fall into the other categories. These indexes include the staff index, for profiles of employees who work with the samples, and the multi-allelic offender index, for single-source samples that have three or more alleles at two or more loci.


title: Combined DNA Index System

text: While CODIS is generally used for linking crimes to other crimes and potentially to suspects there are non-criminal portions of the database such as the missing person indexes. The National Missing Person DNA Database, also known as CODIS(mp), is maintained by the FBI at the NDIS level of CODIS allowing all states to share information with one another. Created in 2000 using the existing CODIS infrastructure, this section of the database is designed to help identify human remains by collecting and storing DNA information on the missing or the relatives of missing individuals. Unidentified remains are processed for DNA by the University of North Texas Center for Human Identification which is funded by the National Institute of Justice. Nuclear, Y-STR (for males only), and mitochondrial analysis can be performed on both unknown remains and on known relatives in order to maximize the chance of identifying remains.


title: Combined DNA Index System

text: , NDIS contained more than 14 million offender profiles, more than 4 million arrestee profiles and more than one million forensic profiles. The effectiveness of CODIS is measured by the number of investigations aided through database hits. , CODIS had aided in over 520 thousand investigations and produced more than 530 thousand hits. Each state has their own SDIS database and each state can set their own inclusionary standards that can be less strict than the national level. For this reason, a number of profiles that are present in state level databases are not in the national database and are not routinely searched across state lines.


title: Combined DNA Index System

text: The bulk of identifications using CODIS rely on short tandem repeats (STRs) that are scattered throughout the human genome and on statistics that are used to calculate the rarity of that specific profile in the population. STRs are a type of copy-number variation and comprise a sequence of nucleotide base pairs that is repeated over and over again. At each location tested during DNA analysis, also known as a locus (plural loci), a person has two sets of repeats, one from the father and one from the mother. Each set is measured and the number of repeat copies is recorded. If both strands, inherited from the parents, contain the same number of repeats at that locus the person is said to be homozygous at that locus. If the repeat numbers differ they are said to be heterozygous. Every possible difference at a locus is an allele. This repeat determination is performed across a number of loci and the repeat values is the DNA profile that is uploaded to CODIS. As of January 1, 2017, requirements for upload to national level for known offender profiles is 20 loci.


title: Combined DNA Index System

text: Alternatively, CODIS allows for the upload of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) information into the missing persons indexes. Since mtDNA is passed down from mother to offspring it can be used to link remains to still living relatives who have the same mtDNA.


title: Combined DNA Index System

text: Prior to January 1, 2017, the national level of CODIS required that known offender profiles have a set of 13 loci called the "CODIS core". Since then, the requirement has expanded to include seven additional loci. Partial profiles are also allowed in CODIS in separate indexes and are common in crime scene samples that are degraded or are mixtures of multiple individuals. Upload of these profiles to the national level of CODIS requires at least eight of the core loci to be present as well as a profile rarity of 1 in 10 million (calculated using population statistics).


title: Combined DNA Index System

text: Loci that fall within a gene are named after the gene. For example, TPOX, is named after the human thyroid peroxidase gene. Loci that do not fall within genes are given a standard naming scheme for uniformity. These loci are named D + the chromosome the locus is on + S + the order in which the location on that chromosome was described. For example, D3S1358 is on the third chromosome and is the 1358th location described. The CODIS core are listed below; loci with asterisks are the new core and were added to the list in January 2017.


title: Combined DNA Index System

text: The loci used in CODIS were chosen because they are in regions of noncoding DNA, sections that do not code for proteins. These sections should not be able to tell investigators any additional information about the person such as their hair or eye color, or their race. However, new advancements in the understanding of genetic markers and ancestry have indicated that the CODIS loci may contain phenotypic information.


title: Combined DNA Index System

text: While the U.S. database is not directly connected to any other country, the underlying CODIS software is used by other agencies around the world. , the CODIS software is used by 90 international laboratories in 50 countries. International police agencies that want to search the U.S. database can submit a request to the FBI for review. If the request is reasonable and the profile being searched would meet inclusionary standards for a U.S. profile, such as number of loci, the request can be searched at the national level or forwarded to any states where reasonable suspicion exists that they may be present in that level of the database.


title: Combined DNA Index System

text: The original purpose of the CODIS database was to build upon the sex offender registry through the DNA collection of convicted sex offenders. Over time, that has expanded. Currently, all 50 states collect DNA from those convicted of felonies. A number of states also collect samples from juveniles as well as those who are arrested, but not yet convicted, of a crime. Note that even in states which limit collection of DNA retained in the state database only to those convicted of a crime, local databases, such as the forensic laboratory operated by New York City's Office of Chief Medical Examiner, may collect DNA samples of arrestees who have not been convicted. The collection of arrestee samples raised constitutional issues, specifically the Fourth Amendment prohibiting unreasonable search and seizure. It was argued that the collection of DNA from those that were not convicted of a crime, without an explicit order to collect, was considered a warrantless search and therefore unlawful. In 2013, the United States Supreme Court ruled in Maryland v. King that the collection of DNA from those arrested for a crime, but not yet convicted, is part of the police booking procedure and is reasonable when that collection is used for identification purposes.


title: Combined DNA Index System

text: The inheritance pattern of some DNA means that close relatives share a higher percentage of alleles between each other than with other, random, members of society. This allows for the searching of close matches within CODIS when an exact match is not found. By focusing on close matches, investigators can potentially find a close relative whose profile is in CODIS narrowing their search to one specific family. Familial searching has led to several convictions after the exhaustion of all other leads including the Grim Sleeper serial killer. This practice also raised Fourth Amendment challenges as the individual who ends up being charged with a crime was only implicated because someone else's DNA was in the CODIS database. , twelve states have approved the use of familial searching in CODIS.


title: Black-capped chickadee

text: The black-capped chickadee (Poecile atricapillus) is a small, non-migratory, North American songbird that lives in deciduous and mixed forests. It is a passerine bird in the tit family, the Paridae. It is the state bird of Massachusetts and Maine in the United States, and the provincial bird of New Brunswick in Canada. It is well known for its ability to lower its body temperature during cold winter nights, its good spatial memory to relocate the caches where it stores food, and its boldness near humans (sometimes feeding from the hand).


title: Black-capped chickadee

text: In 1760, French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson included a description of the black-capped chickadee in his "Ornithologie" based on a specimen collected in Canada. He used the French name and the Latin "Parus Canadensis Atricapillus". Although Brisson coined Latin names, these do not conform to the binomial system and are not recognised by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. When in 1766, Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his "Systema Naturae" for the 12th edition, he added 240 species that had been previously described by Brisson. One of these was the black-capped chickadee. Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the binomial name "Parus atricapillus" and cited Brisson's work. The type location was subsequently restricted to the site of Quebec in Canada. The specific epithet "atricapillus" is Latin for 'black-haired' from 'black' and 'hair of the head'.


title: Black-capped chickadee

text: Though originally placed in the genus "Parus" with most other tits, mtDNA cytochrome b sequence data and morphology suggest that separating "Poecile" more adequately expresses these birds' relationships. The genus "Poecile" had been introduced by German naturalist Johann Jakob Kaup in 1829. Molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that the black-capped chickadee is sister to the mountain chickadee ("Poecile gambeli").


title: Black-capped chickadee

text: At one time, the black-capped chickadee was considered by some to be conspecific with the willow tit of Eurasia, due to their very similar appearance. This is reflected in an older version of the "Peterson Field Guide" for the Birds of Britain and Europe, which states "N Am. Black-Capped Chickadee" as an alternate name for the willow tit. In fact, the willow tit, black-capped chickadee, marsh tit, and Carolina chickadee are all very similar to one another in appearance. Nine subspecies are recognised.


title: Black-capped chickadee

text: The black-capped chickadee has a black cap and "bib" with white sides to the face. Its underparts are white with rusty brown on the flanks. Its back is gray and the tail is normally slate gray. This bird has a short dark beak of , short, rounded wings , a tarsus of , and a long tail at . Its total body length is , wingspan is , and body mass is . Sexes look alike, but males are slightly larger and longer than females.


title: Black-capped chickadee

text: Although range can generally be used to separate them, the black-capped chickadee is very similar in appearance to the Carolina chickadee. The black-capped is larger on average, but this cannot be used reliably for identification. The most obvious difference between the two is in the wing feathers. In the black-capped chickadee, the wing feathers have white edges that are larger and more conspicuous than those of the Carolina chickadee. The latter is often mistaken for black-capped chickadees with feather dystrophy, which sometimes affects the appearance of the primary feathers making them look slimmer, a phenomenon caused by illnesses such as fatty liver disease in malnourished birds. Overall, the Carolina appears slightly paler colored, whereas the flanks of the black-capped can appear to have a trace of off-yellow or rusty coloration. Also, the black-capped generally has a more "ragged" looking black bib, whereas the bib of the Carolina has a more smooth-edged look. These subtle features are often even more vague in populations around where the black-capped and Carolina overlap in range (possibly the result of hybrids) and the two cannot always be distinguished as two species. The two species were formerly thought to be easily distinguished by call, but they often learn each other's vocalizations where their ranges overlap (their point of overlap is a narrow band that runs along the east-central United States, with the black-capped chickadee to the north). A bird located near the zone of overlap that sings both songs, or sings "odd-sounding" songs, cannot be positively identified solely by voice in the field.


title: Black-capped chickadee

text: The vocalizations of the black-capped chickadee are highly complex. Thirteen distinct types of vocalizations have been classified, many of which are complex and can communicate different types of information. Chickadees' complex vocalizations are likely an evolutionary adaptation to their habitat: they live and feed in dense vegetation, and even when the flock is close together, individual birds tend to be out of each other's visual range.


title: Black-capped chickadee

text: One of the most recognizable sounds produced, particularly by the males, is the two-note "fee-bee" song. It is a simple, clear whistle of two notes, identical in rhythm, the first roughly a whole-step above the second. The range of frequencies at which this song starts from varies; the complete frequency range spans roughly 1 kHz. Within this range, male chickadees can sing at various tones. The average starting frequency is around 4000 Hz. A decrease of roughly 200 Hz occurs when the first note ("fee") is sung, and then another decrease around 400 Hz takes place between the end of "fee" and the beginning of "bee". In spite of these multiple changes in frequency, though, anybody listening to the song only hears a pure, high-frequency tone. This is distinguished from the Carolina chickadee's four-note call "fee-bee fee-bay"; the lower notes are nearly identical but the higher "fee" notes are omitted, making the black-capped song like "bee bay". The males sing the song only in relative isolation from other chickadees (including their mates). In late summer, some young birds sing only a single note.


title: Black-capped chickadee

text: A recent study found that female "fee-bee" songs have both similarities with and differences from male "fee-bee" songs. Both sexes sometimes make a faint version of the song, and this appears to be used when feeding young. When males are out in the wild, they sing this song to defend their territory or attract a mate. It is rare, but a few accounts have been given of females singing a louder version of the "fee-bee" song when out alone in the wild, too. The black-capped chickadee is a monomorphic species, so distinguishing males and females based solely on their singing is difficult. A bioacoustic analysis performed on both male and female songs revealed that male "fee-bee" singing fluctuates more, and the absolute amplitude of both sexes is the same. The "fee" glissando varies far more in females, which makes identifying each sex easier. The purpose of the female "fee-bee" song is unknown.


title: Black-capped chickadee

text: The most familiar call is the "chick-a-dee-dee-dee", which gave this bird its name. This simple-sounding call is astonishingly complex. Scientists have been studying it since the mid-1970s. It is produced by both males and females year-round. It has been observed to consist of up to four distinct units which can be arranged in different patterns to communicate information about threats from predators and coordination of group movement: A, B, C, and D. These four notes only ever appear in this consecutive order with each preceding note blending into the next. Not all four notes may appear in the call, though. Like other sounds the chickadee produces, it may be heard in multiple variations. The A and B notes are almost identical to one another in both frequency and duration. The black-capped chickadee possesses the ability to quickly notice the difference between these two notes. As for the C and D notes, no real similarity is seen between them. The C note fluctuates from low to high then back to low, whereas the D note has a constant frequency. While not confirmed, one study found evidence of a function behind the C and D notes. To be able to recognize the difference between a member of the same species and a potential predator, the D note is required. The C note is needed to locate food.


title: Black-capped chickadee

text: Neither individual notes nor groups of notes have an equal probability of appearing in the "chick-a-dee-dee" song. Its syntax form may take on several different structures, but the two most commonly heard are [A][D] and [B][C][D]. (The brackets are placed around each note to show that it may be repeated more than once.) Any calls that contain the D note more frequently than others are more commonly heard. A recent study of the call showed that the number of "dee"s indicates the level of threat from nearby predators. In an analysis of over 5,000 alarm calls from chickadees, alarm calls triggered by small, dangerous raptors had a shorter interval between "chick" and "dee" and tended to have extra "dee"s, typically four instead of two. In one case, a warning call about a pygmy owl – a prime threat to chickadees – contained 23 "dee"s. The Carolina chickadee makes a similar call, which is faster and higher-pitched.


title: Black-capped chickadee

text: These chickadees make a number of other calls and sounds, such as a "gargle" noise usually used by males to indicate a threat of attacking another male, often when feeding. This call is also used in sexual contexts. Black-capped chickadees develop the "gargle" noise as a result of learning that starts soon after birth and continues through to adulthood. This noise is among the most complex of the calls, containing two to 9 of 14 distinct notes in one population that was studied. It only lasts for about half a second. Social learning, in particular, is largely influential to the development of this sound. Beginning 30 to 35 days after birth, strings of low-amplitude precursor or sub-"gargles" are produced for about a minute. At this time, the young have several close interactions with their family; they learn to produce such sounds by listening to their parents and siblings. Three chickadee populations were observed at three different sites over 8 years, and all of them produced vocalizations that were very similar to one another. Strings of juvenile sub-"gargles" are almost perfectly continuous and both low and unstable in frequency, yet lacking multiple syllables. When their vocal abilities are fully developed, a stable frequency is produced and a variety of syllables is heard that vary in length.


title: Black-capped chickadee

text: Chickadees in an environment with ambient noise at the same frequencies as their songs have developed an evolutionary adaptation that enables them to adjust the frequency of their songs much quicker to effectively communicate with the surrounding population. The "fee-bee" songs of several male black-capped chickadees were monitored to identify their particular frequency. In one particular study, a series of both masking and nonmasking tones was played to multiple male chickadees at various locations to observe how they responded to interfering and noninterfering signals. When interacting with conspecifics close by, the males matched their frequencies, but when the surrounding environment was noisy with other species, the males adapted by increasing the frequency of their songs. The males responded quickly to the masking tones by raising their song frequencies. Another study, though, showed that male chickadees sometimes intentionally match the tones of competing conspecifics as a way of showing aggression. Dominant males in a population often compete with lower-ranked males; one is not at a greater or lesser advantage than the other. Singing contests are a way male chickadees decide who in a population gets to mate. When a male loses a contest, particularly a higher-ranking male in the population, he will often have difficulty finding a mate.


title: Black-capped chickadee

text: Insects (especially caterpillars) form a large part of their diet in summer. The birds hop along tree branches searching for food, sometimes hanging upside down or hovering; they may make short flights to catch insects in the air. Seeds and berries become more important in winter, though insect eggs and pupae remain on the menu. Black oil sunflower seeds are readily taken from bird feeders. The birds take a seed in their beak and commonly fly from the feeder to a tree, where they proceed to hammer the seed on a branch to open it.


title: Black-capped chickadee

text: Like many other species in the family Paridae, black-capped chickadees commonly cache food, mostly seeds, but sometimes insects, also. Items are stored singly in various sites such as bark, dead leaves, clusters of conifer needles, or knothole. Memory for the location of caches can last up to 28 days. Within the first 24 hours, the birds can even remember the relative quality of the stored items.


title: Black-capped chickadee

text: Foraging behaviour in the winter tends to decrease due to the changing weather. Such behaviour is largely influenced by wind and temperature. When wind speeds are higher, black-capped chickadees avoid exposure to such conditions by flying lower where vegetation offers a degree of protection, and when the temperature decreases, they search for food less frequently.


title: Black-capped chickadee

text: In parts of the black-capped chickadee's range with very cold winters, such as Minnesota, survival rates are affected by access to supplemental food. Chickadees with access to bird feeders are twice as likely to survive the winter than those without access to this supplemental food. This difference in survival rates occurs primarily during months with severe weather when the temperature drops below for more than five days. In Pennsylvania, with milder winters on the southern edge of their range, differences between populations with and without feeders suggest that feeders influence movements of chickadees rather than actual survival.


title: Black-capped chickadee

text: At bird feeders, black-capped chickadees tolerate human approach to a much greater degree than other species do. In fact, during the winter, many individuals accustomed to human habitation readily accept seed from a person's hand.


title: Black-capped chickadee

text: On cold winter nights, these birds can reduce their body temperature by as much as 12 °C (from their normal temperature of about 42 °C) to conserve energy. Such a capacity for torpor is not very common in birds. Other bird species capable of torpor include the common swift ("Apus apus"), the common poor-will ("Phalaenoptilus nuttallii"), the lesser nighthawk ("Chordeiles acutipennis"), and various species of hummingbirds.


title: Black-capped chickadee

text: These birds are permanent residents, but sometimes they move south within their range, and even outside of it, in the fall or winter.


title: Black-capped chickadee

text: During the winter, chickadees often flock together. Many other species of birds – including titmice, nuthatches, and warblers – can often be found foraging in these flocks. Mixed flocks stay together because the chickadees call out whenever they find a good source of food. This calling-out forms cohesion for the group, allowing the other birds to find food more efficiently. When flocking, black-capped chickadees soon establish a rigid social hierarchy. In such hierarchies, males usually rank over females, and older birds over juveniles.


title: Black-capped chickadee

text: Black-capped chickadees sleep in thick vegetation or in cavities, usually singly, though they may occasionally roost clumped together. Their sleeping posture is with the beak tucked under the scapular (shoulder) feathers.


title: Black-capped chickadee

text: Chickadees molt once a year; no prenuptial molt occurs in the spring. The postjuvenal molt at the end of the first summer of life is partial, involving only the body feathers and wing coverts. Thereafter, the postnuptial molts at the end of each reproductive season are always complete, involving all feathers.


title: Black-capped chickadee

text: The black-capped chickadee nests in a hole in a tree, above ground. The pair either excavates the hole together, or uses a natural cavity, or sometimes an old woodpecker nest. This species will also nest in a nesting box. The nesting season is from late April through June. The nest is built by the female only. It consists of a base of coarse material such as moss or bark strips, and lining of finer material such as mammal hair. Eggs are white with fine dots of reddish brown concentrated at the larger end. On average, eggs are . Clutch size is six to eight eggs. Incubation lasts 11–14 days and is by the female only, which is fed by the male. If an unusual disturbance occurs at the nest entrance, the incubating female may utter an explosive hiss, like that of a snake, a probable adaptation to discourage nest predators.


title: Black-capped chickadee

text: Hatchlings are altricial, naked with their eyes closed. Nestlings are fed by both sexes, but are brooded by the female only (when the male brings food to her, which she passes on to the young). Young leave the nest 12–16 days after hatching, in great part because the parents start presenting food only outside the nest hole. The young are still fed by the parents for several weeks, but are capable of catching food on their own within a week after leaving the nest.


title: Black-capped chickadee

text: Black-capped chickadees usually breed only once a year, but second broods are possible if the first one is lost. First breeding is at one year of age. Maximum recorded lifespan is 12 years, but most individuals live only half that long.


title: Black-capped chickadee

text: Black-capped chickadees are socially monogamous, and males contribute greatly to reproduction. During the laying and incubation periods, males feed their partners extensively. When the nestlings hatch, males are the primary providers, but as the nestlings grow, females become the main caretakers. Females prefer dominant males, and greater reproductive success is closely related to the higher ranking of the male.


title: Black-capped chickadee

text: Black-capped chickadees may interbreed with Carolina chickadees or mountain chickadees where their ranges overlap. It appears to be more rare, but interbreeding with boreal chickadees has also been documented.


title: Black-capped chickadee

text: During the winter, the species forms flocks through which dominance hierarchies can be easily observed. Dominance hierarchies play an important role in determining the social behaviors among the birds in these flocks. Positive correlates to higher social rankings include territory size, body condition, singing rate, and reproductive success. The hierarchies are linear and stable; once a relationship is established between two birds, it stays the same for many years. In general, older and more experienced birds are dominant over younger ones, and males are dominant over females. Dominant and subordinate members differ in their foraging strategies and risk-taking behaviors. Dominant individuals control access to preferred resources and restrict subordinates to foraging in novel, riskier, or suboptimal environments. Subordinate individuals are often observed foraging in the outermost tree parts that are more prone to predators, while dominant individuals forage low and close to the tree trunk. In experiments, subordinate individuals display less neophobia when approaching novel foods and objects, compared to their dominant counterparts. Subordinate individuals are also more likely to enter novel environments than their dominant counterparts. This is similar to subordinate primates, which feed on novel food more readily than the dominant individuals because they are more used to eating suboptimal and unfamiliar food. No difference is observed in ability to learn novel foraging tasks between dominant and subordinate individuals.


title: Black-capped chickadee

text: The black-capped chickadee is the state bird of Maine and Massachusetts and the provincial bird of New Brunswick. In 2014, the black-capped chickadee was named the official bird of Vancouver for 2015. In 2022 the black-capped chickadee was named the official bird of Calgary, Alberta. The bird is prominently featured on the standard Maine license plate, as well as welcome signs on major roadways in Massachusetts.


title: Black-capped chickadee

text: The IUCN classifies the black-capped chickadee as least concern due to its wide distribution and large populations. In Alaska and Washington, and parts of western Canada, black-capped chickadees are among a number of bird species affected by an unknown agent that is causing beak deformities, which may cause stress for affected species by inhibiting feeding ability, mating, and grooming. Black-capped chickadees were the first affected bird species, with reports of the deformity beginning in Alaska in the late 1990s, but more recently the deformity has been observed in close to 30 bird species in the affected areas.


title: Anisotropy

text: Anisotropy () is the property of a material which allows it to change or assume different properties in different directions, as opposed to isotropy. It can be defined as a difference, when measured along different axes, in a material's physical or mechanical properties (absorbance, refractive index, conductivity, tensile strength, etc.).


title: Anisotropy

text: An example of anisotropy is light coming through a polarizer. Another is wood, which is easier to split along its grain than across it.


title: Anisotropy

text: In the field of computer graphics, an anisotropic surface changes in appearance as it rotates about its geometric normal, as is the case with velvet.


title: Anisotropy

text: Anisotropic filtering (AF) is a method of enhancing the image quality of textures on surfaces that are far away and steeply angled with respect to the point of view. Older techniques, such as bilinear and trilinear filtering, do not take into account the angle a surface is viewed from, which can result in aliasing or blurring of textures. By reducing detail in one direction more than another, these effects can be reduced easily.


title: Anisotropy

text: A chemical anisotropic filter, as used to filter particles, is a filter with increasingly smaller interstitial spaces in the direction of filtration so that the proximal regions filter out larger particles and distal regions increasingly remove smaller particles, resulting in greater flow-through and more efficient filtration.


title: Anisotropy

text: In NMR spectroscopy, the orientation of nuclei with respect to the applied magnetic field determines their chemical shift. In this context, anisotropic systems refer to the electron distribution of molecules with abnormally high electron density, like the pi system of benzene. This abnormal electron density affects the applied magnetic field and causes the observed chemical shift to change.


title: Anisotropy

text: In fluorescence spectroscopy, the fluorescence anisotropy, calculated from the polarization properties of fluorescence from samples excited with plane-polarized light, is used, e.g., to determine the shape of a macromolecule. Anisotropy measurements reveal the average angular displacement of the fluorophore that occurs between absorption and subsequent emission of a photon.


title: Anisotropy

text: Images of a gravity-bound or man-made environment are particularly anisotropic in the orientation domain, with more image structure located at orientations parallel with or orthogonal to the direction of gravity (vertical and horizontal).


title: Anisotropy

text: Physicists from University of California, Berkeley reported about their detection of the cosine anisotropy in cosmic microwave background radiation in 1977. Their experiment demonstrated the Doppler shift caused by the movement of the earth with respect to the early Universe matter, the source of the radiation. Cosmic anisotropy has also been seen in the alignment of galaxies' rotation axes and polarization angles of quasars.


title: Anisotropy

text: Physicists use the term anisotropy to describe direction-dependent properties of materials. Magnetic anisotropy, for example, may occur in a plasma, so that its magnetic field is oriented in a preferred direction. Plasmas may also show "filamentation" (such as that seen in lightning or a plasma globe) that is directional.


title: Anisotropy

text: An "anisotropic liquid" has the fluidity of a normal liquid, but has an average structural order relative to each other along the molecular axis, unlike water or chloroform, which contain no structural ordering of the molecules. Liquid crystals are examples of anisotropic liquids.


title: Anisotropy

text: Some materials conduct heat in a way that is isotropic, that is independent of spatial orientation around the heat source. Heat conduction is more commonly anisotropic, which implies that detailed geometric modeling of typically diverse materials being thermally managed is required. The materials used to transfer and reject heat from the heat source in electronics are often anisotropic.


title: Anisotropy

text: Many crystals are anisotropic to light ("optical anisotropy"), and exhibit properties such as birefringence. Crystal optics describes light propagation in these media. An "axis of anisotropy" is defined as the axis along which isotropy is broken (or an axis of symmetry, such as normal to crystalline layers). Some materials can have multiple such optical axes.


title: Anisotropy

text: Seismic anisotropy is the variation of seismic wavespeed with direction. Seismic anisotropy is an indicator of long range order in a material, where features smaller than the seismic wavelength (e.g., crystals, cracks, pores, layers, or inclusions) have a dominant alignment. This alignment leads to a directional variation of elasticity wavespeed. Measuring the effects of anisotropy in seismic data can provide important information about processes and mineralogy in the Earth; significant seismic anisotropy has been detected in the Earth's crust, mantle, and inner core.


title: Anisotropy

text: Geological formations with distinct layers of sedimentary material can exhibit electrical anisotropy; electrical conductivity in one direction (e.g. parallel to a layer), is different from that in another (e.g. perpendicular to a layer). This property is used in the gas and oil exploration industry to identify hydrocarbon-bearing sands in sequences of sand and shale. Sand-bearing hydrocarbon assets have high resistivity (low conductivity), whereas shales have lower resistivity. Formation evaluation instruments measure this conductivity or resistivity, and the results are used to help find oil and gas in wells. The mechanical anisotropy measured for some of the sedimentary rocks like coal and shale can change with corresponding changes in their surface properties like sorption when gases are produced from the coal and shale reservoirs.


title: Anisotropy

text: The hydraulic conductivity of aquifers is often anisotropic for the same reason. When calculating groundwater flow to drains or to wells, the difference between horizontal and vertical permeability must be taken into account; otherwise the results may be subject to error.


title: Anisotropy

text: Most common rock-forming minerals are anisotropic, including quartz and feldspar. Anisotropy in minerals is most reliably seen in their optical properties. An example of an isotropic mineral is garnet.


title: Anisotropy

text: Anisotropy is also a well-known property in medical ultrasound imaging describing a different resulting echogenicity of soft tissues, such as tendons, when the angle of the transducer is changed. Tendon fibers appear hyperechoic (bright) when the transducer is perpendicular to the tendon, but can appear hypoechoic (darker) when the transducer is angled obliquely. This can be a source of interpretation error for inexperienced practitioners.


title: Anisotropy

text: Anisotropy, in materials science, is a material's directional dependence of a physical property. This is a critical consideration for materials selection in engineering applications. A material with physical properties that are symmetric about an axis that is normal to a plane of isotropy is called a transversely isotropic material. Tensor descriptions of material properties can be used to determine the directional dependence of that property. For a monocrystalline material, anisotropy is associated with the crystal symmetry in the sense that more symmetric crystal types have fewer independent coefficients in the tensor description of a given property. When a material is polycrystalline, the directional dependence on properties is often related to the processing techniques it has undergone. A material with randomly oriented grains will be isotropic, whereas materials with texture will be often be anisotropic. Textured materials are often the result of processing techniques like hot rolling, wire drawing, and heat treatment.


title: Anisotropy

text: Mechanical properties of materials such as Young's modulus, ductility, yield strength, and high temperature creep rate, are often dependent on the direction of measurement. Fourth rank tensor properties, like the elastic constants, are anisotropic, even for materials with cubic symmetry. The Young's modulus relates stress and strain when an isotropic material is elastically deformed; to describe elasticity in an anisotropic material, stiffness (or compliance) tensors are used instead.


title: Anisotropy

text: In metals, anisotropic elasticity behavior is present in all single crystals with three independent coefficients for cubic crystals, for example. For face-centered cubic materials such as Nickel and Copper, the stiffness is highest along the <111> direction, normal to the close packed planes, and smallest parallel to <100>. Tungsten is so nearly isotropic at room temperature that it can be considered to have only two stiffness coefficients; aluminium is another metal that is nearly isotropic.


title: Anisotropy

text: For an isotropic material, formula_1 where formula_2 is the shear modulus, formula_3 is the Young's modulus, and formula_4 is the material's Poisson's ratio. Therefore, for cubic materials, we can think of anisotropy, formula_5, as the ratio between the empirically determined shear modulus for the cubic material and its (isotropic) equivalent:


title: Anisotropy

text: The latter expression is known as the Zener ratio, formula_5, where formula_8 refers to elastic constants in Voigt (vector-matrix) notation. For an isotropic material, the ratio is one.


title: Anisotropy

text: Limitation of the Zener ratio to cubic materials is waived in the Tensorial anisotropy index A that takes into consideration all the 27 components of the fully anisotropic stiffness tensor. It is composed of two major parts formula_9and formula_10, the former referring to components existing in cubic tensor and the latter in anisotropic tensor so that formula_11 This first component includes the modified Zener ratio and additionally accounts for directional differences in the material, which exist in orthotropic material, for instance. The second component of this index formula_10 covers the influence of stiffness coefficients that are nonzero only for non-cubic materials and remains zero otherwise.


title: Anisotropy

text: Fiber-reinforced or layered composite materials exhibit anisotropic mechanical properties, due to orientation of the reinforcement material. In many fiber-reinforced composites like carbon fiber or glass fiber based composites, the weave of the material (e.g. unidirectional or plain weave) can determine the extent of the anisotropy of the bulk material. The tunability of orientation of the fibers, allows for application-based designs of composite materials, depending on the direction of stresses applied onto the material.


title: Anisotropy

text: Amorphous materials such as glass and polymers are typically isotropic. Due to the highly randomized orientation of macromolecules in polymeric materials, polymers are in general described as isotropic. However, mechanically gradient polymers can be engineered to have directionally dependent properties through processing techniques or introduction of anisotropy-inducing elements. Researchers have built composite materials with aligned fibers and voids to generate anisotropic hydrogels, in order to mimic hierarchically ordered biological soft matter. 3D printing, especially Fused Deposition Modeling, can introduce anisotropy into printed parts. This is due to the fact that FDM is designed to extrude and print layers of thermoplastic materials. This creates materials that are strong when tensile stress is applied in parallel to the layers and weak when the material is perpendicular to the layers.


title: Anisotropy

text: Anisotropic etching techniques (such as deep reactive-ion etching) are used in microfabrication processes to create well defined microscopic features with a high aspect ratio. These features are commonly used in MEMS and microfluidic devices, where the anisotropy of the features is needed to impart desired optical, electrical, or physical properties to the device. Anisotropic etching can also refer to certain chemical etchants used to etch a certain material preferentially over certain crystallographic planes (e.g., KOH etching of silicon [100] produces pyramid-like structures)


title: Anisotropy

text: Diffusion tensor imaging is an MRI technique that involves measuring the fractional anisotropy of the random motion (Brownian motion) of water molecules in the brain. Water molecules located in fiber tracts are more likely to be anisotropic, since they are restricted in their movement (they move more in the dimension parallel to the fiber tract rather than in the two dimensions orthogonal to it), whereas water molecules dispersed in the rest of the brain have less restricted movement and therefore display more isotropy. This difference in fractional anisotropy is exploited to create a map of the fiber tracts in the brains of the individual.


title: Anisotropy

text: Radiance fields (see Bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF)) from a reflective surface are often not isotropic in nature. This makes calculations of the total energy being reflected from any scene a difficult quantity to calculate. In remote sensing applications, anisotropy functions can be derived for specific scenes, immensely simplifying the calculation of the net reflectance or (thereby) the net irradiance of a scene.


title: Anisotropy

text: For example, let the BRDF be formula_13 where 'i' denotes incident direction and 'v' denotes viewing direction (as if from a satellite or other instrument). And let P be the Planar Albedo, which represents the total reflectance from the scene.


title: Anisotropy

text: It is of interest because, with knowledge of the anisotropy function as defined, a measurement of the BRDF from a single viewing direction (say, formula_16) yields a measure of the total scene reflectance (Planar Albedo) for that specific incident geometry (say, formula_17).


title: Gangkhar Puensum

text: Gangkhar Puensum (, alternatively, Gangkar Punsum or Gankar Punzum) is the highest mountain in Bhutan and the highest unclimbed mountain in the world, with an elevation of and a prominence of . Its name means "White Peak of the Three Spiritual Brothers" in Dzongkha.


title: Gangkhar Puensum

text: Gangkhar Puensum lies on the border between Bhutan and Tibet, China. After Bhutan was opened for mountaineering in 1983 there were four expeditions that resulted in failed summit attempts in 1985 and 1986. In 1999, a Japanese expedition successfully climbed Liankang Kangri, a subsidiary peak (not an independent mountain), separated from the main peak by a long ridge to the north-northwest.


title: Gangkhar Puensum

text: The elevation of Gangkhar Puensum was first measured in 1922 but, until recent years, maps of the region were not at all accurate and the mountain was shown in different locations and with markedly different heights. Indeed, because of inadequate mapping, the first team to attempt the summit was unable to find the mountain at all.


title: Gangkhar Puensum

text: The book of the 1986 British expedition gives the mountain's height as and states that Gangkhar Puensum is completely inside Bhutan, whereas the nearby Kula Kangri is completely inside Tibet. Kula Kangri, 7,554 metres, is a separate mountain to the northeast which was first climbed in 1986. It is variously mapped and described as being in Tibet or Bhutan.


title: Gangkhar Puensum

text: Since 1994, climbing of mountains in Bhutan higher than has been prohibited out of respect for local spiritual beliefs, and since 2003 mountaineering has been forbidden completely.


title: Gangkhar Puensum

text: In 1998 a Japanese expedition secured permission from the Chinese Mountaineering Association to climb the mountain, but permission was withdrawn because of a political issue with Bhutan. Instead, in 1999, the team set off from Tibet and successfully climbed the 7,535-metre subsidiary peak Liankang Kangri (also known as Gangkhar Puensum North).


title: Gangkhar Puensum

text: Unlike most maps, the expedition's report shows this summit as being in Tibet and the China–Bhutan border is shown crossing the summit of Gangkhar Puensum, described as "the highest peak in Bhutan", at 7,570 metres.


title: Suzy Nakamura

text: Suzy Nakamura (born December 2, 1968) is an American actress and improv comedian. She is known for her many guest appearances on sitcoms such as "According to Jim", "Half and Half", "8 Simple Rules", "Curb Your Enthusiasm" and "How I Met Your Mother" and her recurring role in the early seasons of the drama "The West Wing" as assistant to the Sam Seaborn character, as well as Dr. Miura in the ABC sitcom "Modern Family". She had leading roles in the television shows "Dr. Ken" and "Avenue 5".


title: Suzy Nakamura

text: Nakamura was born and raised in Chicago, Illinois, to parents of Japanese descent. Her father was an English teacher for the Chicago Public Schools. Her parents died within a year of each other when she was in her twenties. She has one older brother. Nakamura attended Lane Technical College Prep High School. After graduation, she joined the Asian-American theatre company, MinaSama-No.


title: Suzy Nakamura

text: Nakamura studied theater at Columbia College Chicago from 1987 to 1989. She would attend every other semester as she had to finance her education herself. In 1991, Nakamura was the first Asian American woman to join The Second City improvisational comedy troupe. She remained a part of the troupe for five years.


title: Suzy Nakamura

text: Nakamura has acted in various films, television shows, commercials, web-series, and stage plays throughout her career, in addition to performing improv comedy.


title: Suzy Nakamura

text: Nakamura got her first film role as a troubled teen in Rea Tajiri's Chicago-based film, "Strawberry Fields" (1997). It was an official selection at the 54th Venice International Film Festival.


title: Suzy Nakamura

text: On May 7, 2015, ABC picked up Ken Jeong's "Dr. Ken" starring Jeong as a fictional version of himself and Nakamura as his wife for its 2015-16 Fall Season. Jeong had previously gotten Nakamura a role in Judd Apatow's "Funny People", but the scene was ultimately cut.


title: Suzy Nakamura

text: In August 2018, it was announced that Nakamura had joined HBO's television comedy "Avenue 5" as Iris Kimura, the assistant to Josh Gad's billionaire character, Herman Judd. The series premiered on January 19, 2020.


title: Suzy Nakamura

text: She had a recurring role as investigative reporter Irene Abe on FX's crime drama television series "Snowfall".


title: Bangerz

text: Bangerz is the fourth studio album by American singer Miley Cyrus. It was released on September 30, 2013, by RCA Records. It is her first studio album since 2010's "Can't Be Tamed". Opting to re-establish her musical career instead of focusing on her acting career as originally planned, Cyrus began planning the project in late 2012. Work continued into 2013 when she signed with RCA Records. Described by Cyrus as "dirty south hip-hop", "Bangerz" represents a musical departure from her previous work, which she had grown to feel "disconnected" from. As executive producers, Cyrus and Mike Will Made It collaborated with hip hop producers including Pharrell Williams, Oren Yoel, Rami Samir Afuni, Dr. Luke, and Michael McHenry. Their efforts resulted in a primarily pop and R&B record, with lyrical themes that revolve largely around romance. It features guest vocals from several new partners, including pop singer Britney Spears and rappers Big Sean, French Montana, Future, Ludacris, and Nelly. Cyrus co-wrote twelve out of sixteen tracks.


title: Bangerz

text: Upon its release, "Bangerz" received generally positive reviews from music critics, who praised its overall production and originality, as well as the evolution of Cyrus' public persona. The album debuted atop the US "Billboard" 200 with first-week sales of 270,000 copies. In doing so, it became Cyrus' fifth number-one album, including earlier soundtracks in which she performed as her character Hannah Montana. It was the third-highest opening week for a female artist in 2013 behind Beyoncé's self-titled album and Katy Perry's "Prism", and was later certified triple-platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) after moving three million album-equivalent units. The album was nominated for Best Pop Vocal Album at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards, marking Cyrus' first career Grammy nomination.


title: Bangerz

text: "We Can't Stop" was released as the lead single from "Bangerz" on June 3, 2013, and peaked at number two on the US "Billboard" Hot 100. The second single "Wrecking Ball" was released on August 25, 2013, and became Cyrus' first number-one single in the United States. Its accompanying music video was the fastest video to reach 100 million views on Vevo until being beaten by Adele's "Hello" music video in 2015. The "Wrecking Ball" music video also won Cyrus the award for "Video of the Year" at the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards. "Adore You" was released as the third single from the record on December 17, 2013, and was certified 2× Platinum in the US. Promotional efforts for "Bangerz" continued to associate Cyrus with an increasingly provocative image, an effort first begun with her third record, "Can't Be Tamed" (2010). She garnered widespread media attention through a controversial performance at the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards, and was later the host and musical guest on an episode of "Saturday Night Live". Cyrus further promoted the album with her fourth concert tour, the Bangerz Tour.


title: Bangerz

text: In 2012, Cyrus announced plans to focus on her film career, effectively putting her musical endeavors on a hiatus. That year, she appeared in the films "LOL" and "So Undercover". She was also confirmed as a primary voice actress in the feature film "Hotel Transylvania", but was fired from the project due to a scandal involving her licking a suggestive cake. This fallout ended up serving her well to coordinate a musical comeback. In January 2013, Cyrus signed a recording contract with RCA Records. In March, she confirmed that her fourth studio album would be released by the end of 2013. Cyrus stated that she "started over" as an artist after terminating the services of her previous professional connections, who she felt "would have [been] scared" by her evolving public image. In a later interview, she elaborated that she recognizes "Bangerz" to be her official debut record, deprecating her earlier projects released during the production of "Hannah Montana". While recording the then-untitled album, Cyrus intended to produce a "very adult and sexy and believable" final product, and was "having fun making music [for] the first time in her career." She said the album was influenced by Motown Sound. Musical acts which inspired the album included OneRepublic and Timbaland.


title: Bangerz

text: She described the music as "dirty south hip-hop" and combining the genres of hip-hop and country, which she felt was a "good hybrid". To achieve this sound, Cyrus worked with various hip hop producers including Mike Will Made It, Mac Miller, Pharrell Williams, and Tyler, the Creator in cities including Atlanta, Georgia. They helped her to incorporate hip hop music elements into the project, which Cyrus acknowledged resulted in a "really different sound". Cyrus further commented that her project would "shut everyone up", and later compared the record to "Bad" (1987) by Michael Jackson, in that "people still are listening to [it] because it's so fucking dope" and "[wants] people to listen to [her] album like that." She also expressed her desire to "set a new standard for pop music". Producer Sean Garrett called the record "fun [and] exciting", and stated that a collaboration that Cyrus recorded with Britney Spears would appear on the final track listing. Mike Will Made It explained that the title for the album was decided upon after realizing that "whole album was bangers".


title: Bangerz

text: On August 6, 2013, after reaching 13 million followers on Twitter, Cyrus tweeted that the record would be titled "Bangerz". Its cover sleeve and images were shot by British photographer Tyrone Lebon; several unused pictures from the photo shoot surfaced online on June 5, 2014. On August 24, 2013, Cyrus unveiled the album artworks for the standard and deluxe versions of the album; both depict a blonde Cyrus wearing a short black coat with the title "Bangerz" stylized in fluorescent neon lighting in front of palm trees. It was described as being reminiscent of the 1980s television series "Miami Vice" and an unexpected choice given her recent influence by hip hop culture. Later on August 25, "Bangerz" was made available for pre-order through the iTunes Store. She later confirmed that it would be released on October 8, 2013, in the United States. After her music video for the track "Wrecking Ball" broke the Vevo record for the most views in the first twenty-four hours of its release, Cyrus revealed the track listing for "Bangerz" through Twitter on September 10.


title: Bangerz

text: On September 18, 2013, Cyrus unveiled four additional covers for the physical version of the deluxe record, which were sporadically distributed across international retailers and voted on by fans to determine the official cover to be printed for future pressings. Two of the covers display Cyrus dressed in alternate outfits, one with a black jacket and another with a white bra and checkered black pants. A third depicts a close-up of Cyrus surrounded by roses, while a fourth highlights a topless Cyrus covering her chest. The topless cover is featured for an online-exclusive edition of the record and is also the primary visual for the vinyl pressings, released on November 26 through Cyrus' online store. It was compared to her music video for "Wrecking Ball", which also showcased an unclothed Cyrus, while the others were deemed conservative by comparison. A page of stickers is packaged with the deluxe version of the album. On October 15, it was announced through Cyrus' Facebook profile that the original deluxe artwork would remain the official cover. The record is additionally marked with the Parental Advisory label, affixed by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) to identify explicit content. On September 29, 30-second snippets of each track on "Bangerz" were made available through AllMusic. The following day, the full record was made available for streaming through the iTunes Store and iTunes Radio. On April 22, 2017, the album was rereleased on vinyl for Record Store Day.


title: Bangerz

text: "Bangerz" is primarily a pop and R&B record, which also integrates elements of hip hop, synth-pop and country music. During an interview on "The Ellen DeGeneres Show" on October 10, host Ellen DeGeneres asked Cyrus if the record was inspired by her relationship with Liam Hemsworth, to which she replied "the whole album is a story of that and I think it says that starting with "Adore You" and ending with "Someone Else" ... I think I knew more intuitively where my life was going than I actually thought I did at the time."


title: Bangerz

text: The record opens with "Adore You", a pop and R&B ballad, which lyrically addresses a lover through lyrics including "We were meant to be/In holy matrimony". Nick Catucci from "Entertainment Weekly" opined that the track allowed Cyrus to showcase her vocal abilities. "We Can't Stop" is a midtempo pop, and R&B with influences from EDM and hip hop song that lyrically discusses the events of a house party. Mikael Wood of the "Los Angeles Times" calling the song "the calmest, most clear-eyed rebel yell since Janet Jackson's 'Control'." Catucci described "SMS (Bangerz)" as a "merry rap-off" with pop singer Britney Spears, who appears as a guest vocalist in the second verse. "4x4" features hip hop recording artist Nelly, and lyrically discusses the story of a "female rebel" looking to find bail for her romantic partner. Subtle country music elements are present throughout the song. "My Darlin'" features Future; Cyrus' vocal abilities were complimented, though were deemed to be overpowered by a "sea of blinking synths and unthawed crooning". "Wrecking Ball" is a synthpop ballad speaking of a failed relationship.