title: Lake Maggiore

text: Lake Maggiore is long, and wide, except at the bay opening westward between Pallanza and Stresa, where it is wide. It is the longest Italian lake, although Lake Garda has a greater area. Its mean height above the sea level is 193 metres; a deep lake, its bottom is almost everywhere below sea-level: at its deepest, 179 metres below. Its form is very sinuous so that there are few points from which any considerable part of its surface can be seen at a single glance. If this lessens the effect of the apparent size, it increases the variety of its scenery. While the upper end is completely alpine in character, the middle region lies between hills of gentler form, and the lower end advances to the verge of the plain of Lombardy. Lake Maggiore is the most westerly of the three great southern prealpine lakes, the others being Lake Como and Lake Garda.


title: Lake Maggiore

text: The lake basin has tectonic-glacial origins and its volume is . The lake has a surface area of about , a maximum length of (on a straight line) and, at its widest, is . Its main tributaries are the Ticino, the Maggia (forming a very large delta), the Toce (by which it receives the outflow of Lake Orta) and the Tresa (which is the sole emissary of Lake Lugano). The rivers Verzasca, Giona, and Cannobino also flow into the lake. Its outlet is the Ticino which, in turn, joins the river Po just south-east of Pavia.


title: Lake Maggiore

text: The lake's jagged banks are surrounded by the Pennine and Lepontine Alps, and Lugano Prealps. Prominent peaks around the lake are the Gridone, Monte Tamaro, Monte Nudo and the Mottarone. The highest mountain overlooking Lake Maggiore is Monte Rosa (), located about west of it. The western bank is in Piedmont (provinces of Novara and Province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola) and the eastern in Lombardy (province of Varese), whereas the most northerly section extends into the canton of Ticino, where it constitutes its lowest point above sea level as well as that of Switzerland. The culminating point of the lake's drainage basin is the Grenzgipfel summit of Monte Rosa at above sea level.


title: Lake Maggiore

text: Lake Maggiore weather is humid subtropical ("Cfa" in the Köppen climate classification). During winter, the lake helps to maintain a higher temperature in the surrounding region (since water releases heat energy more slowly than air). The temperatures are cooled down in summer by the breezes that blow on the water's surface, changing its colour. The area enjoys nearly 2300 hours of sunshine a year and an average annual temperature of . The water of the lake has a comfortable temperature of to in July and August. In winter snowfall is erratic and primarily affects the higher elevations. Rainfall is heaviest in May and lowest during the winter months.


title: Lake Maggiore

text: The flora is strongly influenced by the lake basin, which has allowed the proliferation of typically Mediterranean plants, and also of plants native to the Atlantic areas favoured by the composition of the soil and the abundance of siliceous rocks. Lemons, olive trees and bay olive trees grow there. The spontaneous vegetation is composed of yew, holly and chestnut trees on the surrounding hills.


title: Lake Maggiore

text: In the lake two species of whitefish live, "Coregonus" and, less widespread, "Coregonus lavaretus". Both live in deep water and come ashore only during the spawning in early December. There are also perch, pike, chub, burbot, torpedo, eels and "Alburnus arborella". The lake is home to several species of nesting waterfowl, it also represents an important corridor, a place of rest and feeding for migrations. For example: common merganser, royal swan, grebes, gulls, cormorants, ducks.


title: Lake Maggiore

text: The Sacred Mountain of Ghiffa is a Roman Catholic devotional complex in the "comune" of Ghiffa, (Piedmont, northern Italy), overlooking the Lake Maggiore. It is one of the nine Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy, included in UNESCO World Heritage list.


title: Lake Maggiore

text: The Spirit of Woodstock Festival is an annual open air festival at the end of July/beginning of August. It is organized in Armeno by the Mirapuri community.


title: Lake Maggiore

text: The first archaeological findings around the lake belong to nomadic people living in the area in prehistoric types. The first settlements discovered date from the Copper Age. The area was later under the control of the Ligures, later replaced by the Celts. The latter was in turn conquered by the Romans, who called the lake "Verbanus Lacus" or "Lacus Maximus".


title: Lake Maggiore

text: After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the lake was under different domains. Most of the current settlements originated in the Middle Ages when the lake was under the Della Torre, Visconti, the Borromeo and Habsburg families.


title: Lake Maggiore

text: Methane was first discovered and isolated by Alessandro Volta as he analysed marsh gas from Lake Maggiore, between 1776 and 1778.


title: Lake Maggiore

text: In 1936, a Bugatti Type 22 Brescia Roadster, built 1925, was sunk in the lake by employees of Zürich architect Marco Schmucklerski, when Swiss customs officials investigated whether he had paid taxes on the car. The Bugatti was attached to an iron chain making it possible to recover it once the investigation was over, yet that never happened. When the chain corroded, the car sunk to the lake bed, where it was rediscovered on 18 August 1967 by local diver Ugo Pillon and became a favourite target for divers thereafter. When one of the divers, Damiano Tamagni, was killed in a hold-up on 1 February 2008, his friends from the Ascona divers' club decided to lift and sell the car wreck to raise funds for a yet to be created foundation named after the victim. The remains of the Bugatti were recovered on 12 July 2009. The sale took place at the Retro Mobile classic car exhibition in Paris on 23 January 2010. It was sold for €260,500.


title: Lake Maggiore

text: Meina is a municipality located 77 kilometres (48 miles) northwest of Milan, on the southern shores of Lake Maggiore. The Hotel Meina was located north of the town of Meina and was owned by Alberto and Eugenia Behar, Sephardic Jews who had moved to Italy from Constantinople. In September 1943, an armistice was declared between Italy and the Allies. At that time, the Hotel Meina housed a number of Jewish guests, most of them escapees of the Nazi occupation of Greece. The area around Lake Maggiore was not under Allied control but was occupied by the German Waffen-SS, specifically the infamous "Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler". Captain Hans Krüger, who directed operations in Meina and the surrounding villages, was in charge of locating the Jews in that area and was responsible for the Lake Maggiore massacres in which approximately 54 Jews were murdered.


title: Lake Maggiore

text: On the night of 22 September 1943, most of the Jewish residents of the Hotel Meina were executed and their bodies were thrown into Lake Maggiore. The Fernandez-Diaz family, a family of Greek Sephardic Jews from Thessaloniki, barricaded themselves in one of the fourth-floor hotel rooms. It took an extra day for the Germans to reach and execute them. The family included three young children whose lives were not spared despite pleas from older family members. Among those killed were Dino Fernandez-Diaz (76 years old), Pierre Fernandez-Diaz (46), Liliane (Scialom) Fernandez-Diaz (36), Jean Fernandez-Diaz (17), Robert Fernandez-Diaz (13), Blanchette Fernandez-Diaz (12), Marco Mosseri (55), Ester Botton (52), Giacomo Renato Mosseri (22), Odette Uziel (19), Raoul Torres (48), Valerie Nahoum Torres (49), and Daniele Modiano (51). In total, sixteen Jewish residents of the hotel were executed. Its owners, the Behar family, survived due to the efforts of the Turkish consulate.


title: Lake Maggiore

text: The Italian police report on the Meina massacre was lost but resurfaced in 1994, along with hundreds of other files of war crimes committed post-armistice by Germans who still occupied or were retreating from Italian soil. These files had been hidden in a wooden cabinet, the so-called "cabinet of shame", discovered in a storeroom of the military prosecutor's headquarters.


title: Lake Maggiore

text: Germany does not extradite its citizens convicted of war crimes in other countries. Those responsible for the Meina massacre were tried at home in Germany in 1968, convicted and sentenced to life in prison. However, in 1970, the German Supreme Court declared the statute of limitations for those particular war crimes to have expired, and the prisoners were released.


title: Lake Maggiore

text: Lake Maggiore is featured in American writer Ernest Hemingway's novel "A Farewell to Arms". The protagonist (Frederic Henry) and his lover (Catherine Barkley) are forced to cross the transnational border within the lake in a row boat to escape Italian carabinieri.


title: Lake Maggiore

text: It also appeared as the location of a fictional racetrack in the racing game "Gran Turismo Sport" and "Gran Turismo 7".


title: Lake Maggiore

text: Die Flippers, a German Schlager group wrote a song called "Lago Maggiore" that appears on their 1990 album Sieben Tage Sonnenschein.


title: Dread (forum)

text: Dread is a Reddit-like dark web discussion forum featuring news and discussions around darknet markets. The site's administrators go by the alias of Paris and HugBunter.


title: Dread (forum)

text: Dread is a popular community hub which has been described as a "Reddit-style forum" and the successor of the seized DeepDotWeb for discussion around market law enforcement activity and scams. It came to prominence in 2018 after Reddit banned several darknet market discussion communities, rapidly reaching 12,000 registered users within three months of being launched, and 14,683 users by June 2018. In September 2019, HugBunter's dead man's switch was triggered, accompanied by a weeks-long absence, signifying the temporary loss of control over the site. The site would be reinstated in November, with a revamped user interface, and remains active as of September 2022. It became known that the cause of the outage was a server failure, according to HugBunter, despite rumors concerning a potential compromising from a third party or law-enforcement authority.


title: Dread (forum)

text: In May 2019 a moderator of Wall Street Market posted its hidden IP address to Dread, potentially leading to its exit scam and seizure shortly after. Stolen data is sometimes sold via Dread. The site features in-depth guides around manufacture of illegal drugs. The shutdown of Dream Market was announced on Dread in March 2019. Major denial-of-service attacks have been launched against Dread and other markets exploiting a vulnerability in the Tor protocol.


title: Monophysitism

text: Monophysitism ( or ) or monophysism () is a Christological term derived from the Greek (, "alone, solitary") and (, a word that has many meanings but in this context means "nature"). It is defined as "a doctrine that in the person of the incarnated Word (that is, in Jesus Christ) there was only one nature—the divine".


title: Monophysitism

text: The First Council of Nicaea (325) declared that Christ was divine (homoousios, consubstantial, of one being or essence, with the Father) and human (was incarnate and became man). In the fifth century a heated controversy arose between the sees and theological schools of Antioch and Alexandria about how divinity and humanity existed in Christ, the former stressing the humanity, the latter the divinity of Christ. Cyril of Alexandria succeeded in having Nestorius, a prominent exponent of the Antiochian school, condemned at the Council of Ephesus in 431, and insisted on the formula "one "physis" of the incarnate Word", claiming that any formula that spoke of two "physeis" represented Nestorianism. Some taught that in Christ the human nature was completely absorbed by the divine, leaving only a divine nature. In 451, the Council of Chalcedon, on the basis of Pope Leo the Great's 449 declaration, defined that in Christ there were two "natures" united in one "person".


title: Monophysitism

text: Those who insisted on the "one "physis"" formula, Miaphysites, were referred to as "Monophysites", while those who accepted the Chalcedonian "two natures" definition were called "Dyophysites", a term applied also to followers of Nestorianism.


title: Monophysitism

text: Concerning verbal declarations of Monophysitism, Justo L. González stated, "in order not to give an erroneous idea of the theology of the so-called Monophysite churches, that have subsisted until the twentieth century, one should point out that all the extreme sects of Monophysism disappeared within a brief span, and that the Christology of the present so-called Monophysite churches is closer to a verbal than to a real Monophysism".


title: Monophysitism

text: Under Emperor Basiliscus, who ousted Emperor Zeno in 475, "the Monophysites reached the pinnacle of their power". In his "Encyclion", which he issued in the same year, he revoked the Council of Chalcedon and recognized the Second Council of Ephesus of 449 except for its approval of Eutyches, whom Basiliscus condemned. He required his edict to be signed by each bishop. Among the signatures he obtained were those of three of the four Eastern Patriarchs, but the Patriarch and the populace of the capital protested so resolutely that in 476, seeing that his overthrow was imminent, he issued his "Anti-Encyclion" revoking his former edict. In the same year, Zeno returned victoriously.


title: Monophysitism

text: Events had made it clear that there was a split between the population, staunchly Chalcedonian in sympathies, of Constantinople and the Balkans and the largely anti-Chalcedonian population of Egypt and Syria. In an attempt to reconcile both sides, Zeno, with the support of Acacius of Constantinople and Peter III of Alexandria, tried to enforce the compromise Henoticon (Formula of Union) decree of 482, which condemned Eutyches but ignored Chalcedon. Schisms followed on both sides. Rome excommunicated Acacius (leading to the 35-year Acacian schism), while in Egypt the Acephali broke away from Peter III. The Acacian schism continued under Zeno's successor, the Monophysite Anastasius I Dicorus and ended only with the accession of the Chalcedonian Justin I in 518.


title: Monophysitism

text: Justin I was succeeded by the Chalcedonian Justinian I (527–565), whose wife, however, the Empress Theodora, protected and assisted the Monophysites. Ghassanid patronage of the Monophysite Syrian Church during this time, under phylarch Al-Harith ibn Jabalah, was crucial for its survival and revival, and even its spread. Justinian I was followed by Justin II, who, after being, perhaps because of Theodora's influence, a Monophysite, converted to the Chalcedonian faith before obtaining the imperial throne. Some time later, he adopted a policy of persecuting the Monophysites. From Justinian I on, no emperor was a declared Monophysite, although they continued their efforts to find compromise formulas such as monoenergism and monothelitism.


title: EMD SD70 series

text: The EMD SD70 is a series of diesel-electric locomotives produced by the US company Electro-Motive Diesel in response to the GE Dash 9-44CW. Production commenced in late 1992 and since then over 5,700 units have been produced; most of these are the SD70M and SD70MAC models. While the majority of the production was ordered for use in North America, various models of the series have been used worldwide. All locomotives of this series are hood units with C-C trucks, except the SD70ACe-P4 (and presumably the SD70MACH as well) which has a B1-1B wheel configuration, and the SD70ACe-BB, which has a B-B-B-B wheel arrangement.


title: EMD SD70 series

text: Superseding the HT-C truck, a new bolsterless radial HTCR truck was fitted to all EMD SD70s built 1992–2002; in 2003 the non-radial HTSC truck (basically the HTCR made less costly by removing radial components) was made standard on the SD70ACe and SD70M-2 models; the radial HTCR truck remained available as an option.


title: EMD SD70 series

text: The EMD SD70 typically has the smaller "spartan cab", typical on preceding SD60 models, instead of the larger "comfort cab" used on later models. Notable differences between the SD70 and SD60 are the radial steering EMD HTCR truck instead of the older HTC truck, and the SD70's overall length of 72 ft 4in, the older SD60 being 71 ft 2 in. The SD70 also rides higher as its frame is approximately higher than the SD60. This model is equipped with direct current (DC) traction motors, which simplifies the locomotive's electrical system by obviating the need for computer-controlled inverters (as are required for alternating current (AC) power). It is equipped with the , 16-cylinder EMD 710 prime mover. One hundred and twenty-two examples of this model locomotive were produced for Norfolk Southern (NS), Conrail (CR), Illinois Central (IC) and Southern Peru Copper Corporation (SPCC). Conrail's assets were split between Norfolk Southern and CSX in 1999, and all 24 of Conrail's SD70 units went to NS. Other than the CR paint scheme these units were built to NS specifications and numbered (2557 - 2580) in series with Norfolk Southern's already purchased SD70s.


title: EMD SD70 series

text: Production of the standard cab at EMD's London, Ontario plant ended in 1994. The 24 Conrail SD70s were assembled from kits at Conrail's Juniata Shops in Altoona, Pennsylvania, where the IC and SPCC SD70s were assembled from kits at Super Steel Schenectady. Most SD70s are still in service with Norfolk Southern and Canadian National (CN), which merged Illinois Central in 1999. In February 2017, NS began a program to convert its SD70s from DC to AC, which will also have a new wide-nose cab, and several other upgrades. They will be designated as SD70ACC.


title: EMD SD70 series

text: The SD70M has a wide nose and a large "comfort cab" (officially known as the "North American Safety Cab"), allowing crew members to ride more comfortably inside of the locomotive than the older standard cab designs. There are two versions of this cab on SD70Ms: the Phase 1 cab, which was first introduced on the SD60M, and the Phase 2 cab, which is a boxier design similar to the original three-piece windscreen on the SD60M, which is shared with the Phase 2 SD90MAC, SD89MAC, and SD80ACe. The Phase 2 cab has a two-piece windscreen like the Phase 1 windscreen but the design of the nose is more boxy, with a taller square midsection for more headroom.


title: EMD SD70 series

text: The SD70M is equipped with D90TR DC traction motors and the 710G3B prime mover. They are capable of generating of continuous tractive effort. From mid-2000, the SD70M was produced with SD45-style flared radiators allowing for the larger radiator cores needed for split-cooling. Split-cooling is a feature that separates the coolant circuit for the prime mover and the circuit for the air pumps and turbocharger. There are two versions of this radiator: the older version has two large radiator panels on each side, and the newer version has four square panels on each side. This modification was made in response to the enactment of the United States Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Tier 1 environmental regulations. Also the truck was replaced with HTCR-4, instead of HTCR-I on former model.


title: EMD SD70 series

text: Production of the SD70M ceased in late 2004 as production of the SD70M-2 model began (the EPA's Tier 2 regulations went into effect on 1 January 2005). 1,609 examples of the SD70M model were produced. Purchasers included CSX, New York, Susquehanna & Western (NYSW; part of EMDX order no. 946531), Norfolk Southern and Southern Pacific (SP; now part of the Union Pacific Railroad), but the vast majority were purchased by Union Pacific.


title: EMD SD70 series

text: In 2000, an order of SD70Ms made history when Union Pacific ordered 1000 units of the model (UP 4000 through UP 4999, inclusive, although 4014 was renumbered 4479 to accommodate steam locomotive Big Boy 4014 in 2019). This order was later extended by nearly 500 additional units (UP 3999 and below, UP 5000 and above, except for 3985, which was left vacant for the Union Pacific Challenger 3985).


title: EMD SD70 series

text: This locomotive model is also built for export, and is still catalogued by EMD (at ). CVG Ferrominera Orinoco has 6 SD70Ms that were built as an add-on order to UPs FIRE cab equipped SD70Ms. Companhia Vale do Rio Doce (CVRD) in Brazil has ordered 55 of this model for service in Carajas pulling trainloads of iron ore. Since CVRD track is gauged at , a wider bogie, the HTSC2, was designed for these units by EMD.


title: EMD SD70 series

text: The SD70I is a version of the SD70 which has been fitted with a cab that is isolated from the frame of the locomotive with rubber gaskets (officially known as a "WhisperCab"). The isolation reduces noise and vibration from the prime mover. A seam is visible across the nose and on the long hood where the cab connects with the body. 26 examples of this model locomotive were produced, all for Canadian National. The WhisperCab feature was incorporated into some SD70MACs and was standard on both the SD80MAC and SD90/43MAC models.


title: EMD SD70 series

text: The SD70MAC uses three phase AC traction motors. Production of the model commenced in 1993, competing against the GE Dash 9-44CW. The majority of SD70MAC models were produced with the EMD 710 prime mover while later units are rated at and feature EMD SD45-style flared radiators. The Alaska Railroad ordered their locomotives with head-end power to make them suitable for both freight and passenger service; no other railroad ordered this variant. The trucks were replaced with HTCR-4, instead of HTCR-I on former model.


title: EMD SD70 series

text: The SD70MAC is no longer produced due to EPA regulations, and was replaced by the SD70ACe in 2004. In total, 1,109 SD70MACs were produced, purchased by Burlington Northern (and its successor, BNSF), Conrail, CSX, Transportación Ferroviaria Mexicana (TFM; units now owned by Kansas City Southern Railway (KCS)), and the Alaska Railroad.


title: EMD SD70 series

text: The SD70ACe is the successor to the SD70MAC with design changes to comply with emission standards. The engine fires with 15% lower internal pressure to improve emissions and features fewer internal components in the inverter. SD70ACe is equipped with EMD's 16-710-G3C-T2 prime mover, rated at ; later Tier 3 models are rated at , and have a thermal efficiency of almost 36%. They are rated at continuous tractive effort ( starting). Braking effort is rated at . Early Models featured a bad cab design which was noticed first on CSX as crews reported annoying disturbances such as prime mover noises, traction motors and more. The cab was also known for rattling, leading to the nickname "Thundercabs". As a result, these units are also not approved for leading trains.


title: EMD SD70 series

text: In 2012, EMD also built four models known as the SD70ACe-P6. These units, unlike previous SD70ACe's, have one inverter per axle on the trucks, rather than EMD's traditional one inverter per truck design. Four of those ( EMDX 1206,1208,1209 and 1210) were sold to Canadian National Railway and renumbered to CN 8100-8103.


title: EMD SD70 series

text: In 2014, BNSF Railway took delivery of 20 SD70ACe-P4 units, numbered 8500 - 8519. This model was designed with a B1-1B wheel arrangement to compete with GE's ES44C4 model, which has an A1A-A1A wheel arrangement. Both wheel arrangements mean that there are only two traction motors per truck instead of three, those being the ones next to the fuel tank. Two SD70ACe-P4 demonstrators began a 5-year lease at Tacoma Rail in late 2014.


title: EMD SD70 series

text: On January 1, 2015, the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Tier 4 locomotive emission regulations went into effect. EMD could not successfully modify the SD70ACe's 2-stroke 710 series prime mover to be Tier 4-compliant; thus, the Tier 3 SD70ACe was succeeded by the SD70ACe-T4 in late 2015. However, US production of the Tier 3-compliant SD70ACe continues with Tier 4 'credit units' (new Tier 3-compliant units EMD is entitled to build based on previously-earned emissions credits). Union Pacific and Norfolk Southern are currently the only US roads to own Tier 4 credit unit SD70ACe's. Additionally, EMD has continued building Tier 3 SD70ACe's for Ferromex (4100-4118), Ferrosur (4119-4133), and Kansas City Southern de Mexico (4200-4224) at Bombardier Ciudad Sahagun. These locomotives are restricted to Mexico-only operation and cannot cross the US border (just as Canadian National's newest Tier 3 GE ES44AC's are restricted to Canadian use only).


title: EMD SD70 series

text: In March 2016, EMD replaced the standard cast HTCR-4 trucks on NS SD70ACe 1000 with the new fabricated HTCR-6 trucks for testing. UP and BNSF plan to test the new HTCR-6 trucks on some of their SD70ACe units also.


title: EMD SD70 series

text: Union Pacific received 281 additional SD70ACe units, numbered 8824 - 9104, in 2014, 2016 and 2018. These are referred to as SD70AH (T4C), H for "heavy", because they are ballasted to rather than .


title: EMD SD70 series

text: In mid-2021, Yakutian Railways received two SD70ACes, designated 2TE3250 () and numbered 0001 and 0002. They are currently in use in Yakutia.


title: EMD SD70 series

text: The SD70M-2 is a DC traction version of the SD70ACe, and is nearly identical to the SD70ACe. Production began in 2005. SD70M-2 models are equipped with the 16-710G3C-T2 or 16-710G3C prime mover which is rated at .


title: EMD SD70 series

text: In total, 331 SD70M-2s were built, with Canadian National owning 190 units. Eight units owned by Electro-Motive Diesel and four units owned by CIT Financial were leased by Florida East Coast Railway until early 2015. Canadian National 8964 was the last SD70M-2, built in February 2011. Vermont Railway own 2 units numbered 431 and 432. Norfolk Southern ordered 130 SD70M-2s; however they were retired in April 2020.


title: EMD SD70 series

text: The SD70ACe-T4 is the Tier 4 emissions standards-compliant successor of the SD70ACe. The first locomotive, EMDX 1501, was built in summer 2015, and made its debut at the Railway Interchange Expo in Minneapolis, Minnesota during the weekend of October 3–4, 2015. It features a new 4-stroke engine called the EMD 12-1010 "J" series - a V12 with 1010 cu.in displacement for each cylinder. This new prime mover has a two-stage turbocharger system consisting of three turbos; one turbo (the primary/high pressure turbo) for low-mid RPM and two turbos (the secondary/low pressure turbos) for mid-high RPM. The results of this setup are higher power throughout a broader RPM range, better fuel efficiency, and lower emissions. An EGR system is applied as well, allowing the engine to achieve Tier 4 without the use of urea aftertreatment. Another new feature of this engine is the Double-Walled Fuel Injection System that increases safety and provides simplified maintenance works.


title: EMD SD70 series

text: The EMD 12-1010 is capable of producing , but only is used for traction. With a new computer software for the on-board computer and one inverter per axle (or "P6"; EMD named it "Individual Axle Control") - unlike most of previous EMD locomotives that use one inverter per truck, the SD70ACe-T4 is capable of generating of starting tractive effort, and of continuous tractive effort. Meanwhile, its dynamic braking effort is as much as . The amount of starting tractive effort is equal to that of the SD90MAC-H while, on the other hand, its continuous tractive effort is higher than that of the SD90MAC-H ( vs. ). The units are also equipped with "radial bogies" which offer increased adhesion and better ride quality.


title: EMD SD70 series

text: While it retains the basic SD70 designation, the locomotive has several major new features that set it apart from its successful ancestor such as a vibration-isolated powertrain, and alternator start capability. In addition, it features a newly redesigned cab reminiscent of the earlier SD70M, featuring the classic "teardrop" windshields first introduced on the FP45 in December 1967; new fabricated trucks; a longer frame at ; longer radiators with three radiator fans instead of two; an additional step on the front and rear; and a smoother long hood roofline.


title: EMD SD70 series

text: Fifteen SD70ACe-T4 demonstrators were built at Muncie, Indiana by November 2016. Union Pacific was the first customer to order SD70ACe-T4's. UP 3012–3014, the first production SD70ACe-T4's, were assigned to active service in early November 2016.


title: EMD SD70 series

text: Union Pacific will acquire 100 SD70ACe-T4's: 12 former demonstrators will be rostered as UP 3000–3011, and 88 production units (3012-3099). 3012-3056 were built at Bombardier's Sahagun, Mexico plant. 3057-3099 will be built at Muncie, IN, following completion of the Tier 4 credit SD70ACe's UP 8997–9096. All UP SD70ACe-T4's are classified as SD70AHs.


title: EMD SD70 series

text: SD70ACeP4-T4's EMDX 1603 and 1604 were built and painted as demonstrators for the BNSF. These units have a B1-1B wheel arrangement akin to the SD70ACe-P4. BNSF currently has 11 SD70ACe-T4P4's on order. Norfolk Southern also ordered 10 SD70ACe-T4's, but opted for more SD70ACe Tier-4 credit locomotives instead. The cancelled units are currently part of the Progress Rail lease fleet.


title: EMD SD70 series

text: In August 2018, CSX Transportation ordered 10 SD70ACe-T4's, of which all have now been delivered. They are classified by CSX as ST70AH.


title: EMD SD70 series

text: The SD70ACe/LCi is a low clearance, export version of the SD70ACe. The "LCi" in the model designation stands for "Low Clearance international" as these locomotives are designed to negotiate the tight clearances under the mine equipment. External differences between the SD70ACe and SD70ACe/LCi models include the addition of marker lights, number boards located lower on the nose rather than on top of the cab, windscreen protector panels (to deflect abrasive iron ore when in mid train position), fire suppression canisters, louvre style vents, different horn and subtle differences with handrails.


title: EMD SD70 series

text: In 2004, BHP Billiton ordered 14 SD70ACe/LCi locomotives for use on iron ore trains in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. The first member of the class (4300) was purchased for parts and dismantled upon arrival in Australia. This was because it was cheaper to purchase a complete locomotive than buy the components individually. They were named after sidings on the BHP system. Since they did not have the newer, isolated cab of the second and subsequent batches, 4301-4313 were traded in to Progress Rail for locomotives with newer cab assemblies and repatriated to the United States in January 2015 being taken to Muncie, Indiana for store. They were overhauled and sold to Chemin de fer Arnaud (4), Montana Rail Link (4) and Quebec North Shore & Labrador (5).


title: EMD SD70 series

text: It operated in 2015 a fleet of 23 SD70ACe/LCi locomotives beside of 142 standard SD70ACe, from which the newest locomotives are built in 2014.


title: EMD SD70 series

text: The second batch of 10 SD70ACes (4314-4323) arrived between August and November 2006. An order for a third batch of 13 SD70ACe/LCi's (4334-4346) was placed in August 2007, but such was the demand for locomotive power in the Pilbara region, a deal was done with BNSF for BHP Billiton to purchase ten standard North American SD70ACes (4324-4333) that were in build as their 9166, 9167, 9184–9191. Construction was sufficiently advanced when the deal was concluded for them to have been painted, hence they were delivered in BNSF orange livery. Some modifications have been made to bring them in line with the rest of the fleet. A fifth batch of SD70ACes (Numbers 4347–4355) was delivered in July 2009.


title: EMD SD70 series

text: An additional 18 units (numbers 4356–4373) were delivered in the second half of 2010, bringing the total of SD70ACe type locomotives in service to 72. In March 2012, BHP Billiton ordered a further 80. As at October 2020, BHP operated 10 SD70ACes (4324-4333) and 174 SD70 Ace/LCis (4314-4323, 4334-4497)


title: EMD SD70 series

text: In July 2012 fellow Pilbara operator, Fortescue Metals Group, took the delivery of the first of a fleet of 19, later extended to 21 (701-721).


title: EMD SD70 series

text: The SD70ACS is a AC variant for heavy haul freight, used in desert environments. The first 25 units were ordered for Saudi Railway Company in April 2009 and assembled in the London, Ontario, plant for delivery in the second half of 2010. Special features include a pulse filtration system, movable sand plows, EM2000 control system and FIRE display system.


title: EMD SD70 series

text: Mauritania's Société Nationale Industrielle et Minière placed a contract for six SD70ACS locomotives in October 2010.


title: EMD SD70 series

text: In July 2011 Etihad Rail ordered seven SD70ACS locomotives for delivery in 2012. Seven locomotives were delivered in 2013.


title: EMD SD70 series

text: The SD70ACe/45 is a diesel-electric locomotive built by EMD plant in Sete Lagoas, MG Brazil. Different from the SD70ACe in North America, the SD70ACe/45 has a longer frame (76 ft. 6 in.) and three radiator fans on the radiator section since it uses the same car body of the SD80ACe produced by EMD plant in London, Canada to Vale mining in Brazil. It uses gauge. 80 SD70ACe/45s had been built.


title: EMD SD70 series

text: In early 2019 with the delivery of the new SD70ACe-T4C locomotives to Norfolk Southern, a new type of the T4C (Tier 4 Credit) locomotives was rolled out of Progress Rail in Muncie, Indiana. The SD70IAC, SD standing for Special Duty, 70 standing for 70 series, and IAC standing for Individual Axle Control. They are still classified as SD70ACe's on the side of the locomotive but are designated as SD70IAC within the cab controls. The new IAC system improves the existing traction system.


title: EMD SD70 series

text: The SD70ACe/LW is designed specifically for rail networks using Russian gauge, featuring a new isolated cab similar to the flat nosed cab of the GT46-ACE GEN II. The SD70ACe/LW has a 16-710G3C-T2 prime-mover with 4,500 horsepower. It uses an AC traction system with a top speed of 74 mph (120 km/h). Although it was designed in 2007, the first orders only occurred in mid-2021, when 16 were purchased for the Mongolian Tavan Tolgoi-Gashuunsukhait Railway project.


title: EMD SD70 series

text: The SD70ACU was first built by EMD and later rebuilt by Norfolk Southern. It is originally an SD90MAC (or better known as a SD9043MAC) that has been rebuilt to renew its Mitsubishi electrical components and replace the cab with the new EMD Phase-II cab to comply with the most recent safety requirements. These locomotives are similar to the SD70ACe model, but the main body features are all reminiscent to the SD90MAC features. They also have the latest EMD cab that meets current FRA crashworthiness standards. These locomotives also have the Ultra Cab II, locomotive speed limiter (LSL), and cab signals. 100 of the 110 units Norfolk Southern purchased were originally SD9043MACs previously operated by Union Pacific. The other 10 units were acquired by a trade with Cit Group for MP15DCs. All NS-owned SD9043MACs were rebuilt by NS at its shops in Altoona, Pennsylvania. ByMay 7, 2019, all 110 SD70ACU units owned by Norfolk Southern were completed and released to active service. 46 of these were sold in November 2020.


title: EMD SD70 series

text: Canadian Pacific has also began a program to convert their SD90MAC units into SD70ACUs, but unlike Norfolk Southern, Progress Rail is performing the rebuilds. The first of these have since been released. The initial order was for 30 units and then increased to 60. Canadian Pacific originally rostered 61 SD90MACs, which spent much of the 2010-decade parked in long-term storage, with the exception of three, which were retired and scrapped in 2012. The remaining 58, along with two surplus Union Pacific SD90MACs, will be used as cores for the 60 SD70ACUs. 10 have been painted in the classic CP tuscan and grey paint scheme, and 5 as special armed forces units. The remainder will receive the standard CP red paint scheme.


title: EMD SD70 series

text: The SD70ACC is the latest rebuild in Norfolk's Southern's DC to AC program. It has the new EMD safety cab, similar to the SD70ACe cab, but with the “teardrop windshield”, much like the SD70ACe-T4. The SD70ACC has been rebuilt with AC traction motors, an AAR-style control stand, an electrical cabinet with Mitsubishi electronics, a new main alternator, and additional weight to increase the maximum weight to . The SD70ACC is rated at 4,500 horsepower (3,355.649 kilowatts), has a fuel capacity of , and has dynamic braking, cab signals, and LSL (Locomotive Speed Limiter).


title: EMD SD70 series

text: Norfolk Southern is rebuilding its fleet of SD70s into SD70ACC specifications. The first two units, 1800 and 1801, were unveiled in a special yellow and grey paint scheme to promote the DC to AC program, similar to the paint schemes used on the first GE AC44C6M. As of January 2020, 52 units have been rebuilt and have since been released to service.


title: EMD SD70 series

text: The SD70MACe is a rebuilt SD70MAC locomotive with new Mitsubishi electronics and traction motors to replace the Siemens traction motors, first rebuilt for the BNSF Railway, and later rebuilt for CSX (classified as SD70AC) and KCS.


title: EMD SD70 series

text: The SD70MACH is a SD70MAC rebuilt by Progress Rail for Metra. The rebuild also includes the addition of head end power along with meeting Tier 3 emissions. Metra has approved of a purchase of 15 SD70MACHs for passenger service, with options of up to 27 more. They are the first six-axle passenger engines since the EMD F40C and the Alaska Railroad's HEP-equipped SD70MACs. The first unit was delivered in 2022 and is expected to enter service in 2023.


title: EMD SD70 series

text: On November 8, 2019, Union Pacific donated SD70ACe #4141 to the George H.W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum. The locomotive, painted in honor of George H. W. Bush, was unveiled in October 2005 and was in active service until 2009, when it was placed into storage due to the financial crisis of 2007–2010. It was brought back in 2018 to participate in Bush's funeral train on December 6, 2018. The locomotive subsequently remained in active service following the funeral until its last run between November 8 and November 9, as part of the Union Pacific 4014 Southwest Tour, in which the plans for the display were unveiled. The locomotive arrived back at College Station on March 12, 2021 and is now undergoing final preparations for the opening of the display.


title: Low-alcohol beer

text: Low-alcohol beer is beer with little or no alcohol content and aims to reproduce the taste of beer while eliminating (or at least reducing) the inebriating effects of standard alcoholic brews. Most low-alcohol beers are lagers, but there are some low-alcohol ales. Low-alcohol beer is also known as light beer, non-alcoholic beer, small beer, small ale, or near-beer.


title: Low-alcohol beer

text: Low-alcoholic brews such as small beer date back at least to medieval Europe, where they served as a less risky alternative to water (which often was polluted by feces and parasites) and were less expensive than the full strength brews used at festivals.


title: Low-alcohol beer

text: More recently, the temperance movements and the need to avoid alcohol while driving, operating machinery, taking certain medications, etc. led to the development of non-intoxicating beers.


title: Low-alcohol beer

text: In the United States, according to John Naleszkiewicz, non-alcoholic brews were promoted during Prohibition. In 1917, President Wilson proposed limiting the alcohol content of malt beverages to 2.75% to try to appease avid prohibitionists. In 1919, Congress approved the Volstead Act, which limited the alcohol content of all beverages to 0.5%. These very-low-alcohol beverages became known as "tonics", and many breweries began brewing them in order to stay in business during Prohibition. Since removing the alcohol from the beer requires just one simple extra step, many breweries saw it as an easy change. In 1933, when Prohibition was repealed, breweries simply omitted this extra step.


title: Low-alcohol beer

text: By the 1980s and 1990s, growing concerns about alcoholism led to the growing popularity of "light" beers. In the 2010s, breweries have focused on marketing low-alcohol beers to counter the popularity of homebrew. Declining consumption has also led to the introduction of mass-market non-alcoholic beverages, dubbed "near beer". Low-alcohol and alcohol-free bars and pubs have also been established to cater for drinkers of non-alcoholic beverages, such as Scottish brewer BrewDog's London bar, which opened in early 2020.


title: Low-alcohol beer

text: In the UK, the introduction of a lower rate of beer duty for low-strength beer (of 2.8% ABV or less) in October 2011 spurred many small brewers to revive old styles of small beer and create higher-hopped craft beers at the lower alcohol level to be able to lower the cost of their beer to consumers.


title: Low-alcohol beer

text: At the start of the 21st century, alcohol-free beer has seen a rise in popularity in the Middle East (which now makes up a third of the market). One reason for this is that Islamic scholars issued "fatawa" which permitted the consumption of beer as long as large quantities could be consumed without getting drunk. In the United States by 2022 craft hop water IPAs (“H2OPS”) had become a market unto itself, with one Southern California brewer regarding it as not being beer at all.


title: Low-alcohol beer

text: Positive features of non-alcoholic brews include the ability to drive after consuming several drinks, the reduction in alcohol-related illness, and less severe hangover symptoms. Low-alcohol and alcohol-free beers are usually lower in calories than equivalent full-strength beers.


title: Low-alcohol beer

text: Some common complaints about non-alcoholic brews include a loss of flavor, addition of one step in the brewing process, sugary taste, and a shorter shelf life. There are also legal implications. Some state governments, e.g. Pennsylvania, prohibit the sale of non-alcoholic brews to persons under the age of 21. A study conducted by the department of psychology at Indiana University said, "Because non-alcoholic beer provides sensory cues that simulate alcoholic beer, this beverage may be more effective than other placebos in contributing to a credible manipulation of expectancies to receive alcohol", making people feel "drunk" when physically they are not.


title: Low-alcohol beer

text: There is little to no research on consequences of drinking such products in pregnancy, but as they may contain trace amounts of alcohol, in rare cases even higher than 1% (despite labelling as 0%), most doctors advice against drinking non-alcoholic brews during pregnancy.


title: Low-alcohol beer

text: In the United States, beverages containing less than 0.5% alcohol by volume (ABV) were legally called non-alcoholic, according to the now-defunct Volstead Act. Because of its very low alcohol content, non-alcoholic beer may be legally sold to people under age 21 in many American states.


title: Low-alcohol beer

text: In the United Kingdom, Government guidance recommends the following descriptions for "alcohol substitute" drinks including alcohol-free beer. The use of these descriptions is voluntary:


title: Low-alcohol beer

text: In some parts of the European Union, beer must contain no more than 0.5% ABV if it is labelled "alcohol-free".


title: Low-alcohol beer

text: Light beers are beers with reduced caloric content compared to regular beer, and typically also have a lower alcoholic content, depending on the brand and where they are sold. The spelling "lite beer" is also commonly used. Light beers are manufactured by reducing the carbohydrate content, and secondarily by reducing the alcohol content, since both carbohydrates and alcohol contribute to the caloric content of beer.


title: Low-alcohol beer

text: Light beers are marketed primarily to drinkers who wish to manage their calorie intake. However, these beers are sometimes criticized for being less flavorful than full-strength beers, being "watered down" (whether in perception or in fact), and thus advertising campaigns for light beers generally advertise their retention of flavor.


title: Low-alcohol beer

text: In Australia, regular beers have approximately 4%-5% ABV, while reduced-alcohol beers have 2.2%–3.2%.


title: Low-alcohol beer

text: In Canada, a reduced-alcohol beer contains 2.6%–4.0% ABV, and an "extra-light" beer contains less than 2.5%.


title: Low-alcohol beer

text: In the United States, most mass-market light beer brands, including Bud Light, Coors Light, and Miller Lite, have 4.2% ABV, less than ordinary beers from the same makers which are 5% ABV.


title: Low-alcohol beer

text: In Sweden, low alcohol beer is either 2.2%, 2.8% or 3.5%, and can be purchased in an ordinary supermarket whereas normal strength beers of above 3.5% must be purchased at "Systembolaget". Beer containing 2.8-3.5% ABV (called Folköl or "Peoples' Beer") may be legally sold in any convenience store to people over 18 years of age, whereas stronger beer may only be sold in state-run liquor stores to people older than 20. In addition, businesses selling food for on-premises consumption do not need an alcohol license to serve 3.5% beer. Virtually all major Swedish brewers, and several international ones, in addition to their full-strength beer, make 3.5% folköl versions as well. Beer below or equaling 2.25% ABV ("lättöl") is not legally subject to age restrictions; however, some stores voluntarily opt out from selling it to minors anyway.


title: Low-alcohol beer

text: Low-point beer, which is often known in the United States as "three-two beer" or "3 point 2 brew", is beer that contains 3.2% alcohol by weight (equivalent to about 4% ABV).


title: Low-alcohol beer

text: The term "low-point beer" is unique to the United States, where some states limit the sale of beer, but beers of this type are also available in countries (such as Sweden and Finland) that tax or otherwise regulate beer according to its alcohol content.


title: Low-alcohol beer

text: In the United States, 3.2 beer was the highest alcohol content beer allowed to be produced legally for nine months in 1933. As part of his New Deal, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Cullen–Harrison Act that repealed the Volstead Act on March 22, 1933. In December 1933, the Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution was passed, negating the federal government's power to regulate the sale of alcoholic beverages, though states retained the power to regulate.


title: Low-alcohol beer

text: After the repeal of Prohibition, a number of state laws prohibiting the sale of intoxicating liquors remained in effect. As these were repealed, they were first replaced by laws limiting the maximum alcohol content allowed for sale as 3.2 ABW. As of 2019, the state of Minnesota permits general establishments such as supermarket chains and convenience stores to sell only low-point beer; in the 2010s, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Utah revised state laws to end this practice. In those states that maintain these laws, all alcoholic beverages containing more than 3.2% alcohol by weight (ABW) must be sold from state-licensed liquor stores.


title: Low-alcohol beer

text: Missouri also has a legal classification for low-point beer, which it calls "nonintoxicating beer". Unlike Minnesota and Utah, Missouri does not limit supermarket chains and convenience stores to selling only low-point beer. Instead, Missouri's alcohol laws permit grocery stores, drug stores, gas stations, and even "general merchandise stores" (a term that Missouri law does not define) to sell any alcoholic beverage; consequently, 3.2% beer is rarely sold in Missouri.


title: Low-alcohol beer

text: Originally, "near beer" was a term for malt beverages containing little or no alcohol (less than 0.5% ABV), which were mass-marketed during Prohibition in the United States. Near beer could not legally be labeled as "beer" and was officially classified as a "cereal beverage". The public, however, almost universally called it "near beer".


title: Low-alcohol beer

text: The most popular "near beer" was Bevo, brewed by the Anheuser-Busch company. The Pabst company brewed "Pablo", Miller brewed "Vivo", and Schlitz brewed "Famo". Many local and regional breweries stayed in business by marketing their own near-beers. By 1921, production of near beer had reached over 300 million US gallons (1 billion L) a year (36 L/s).


title: Low-alcohol beer

text: A popular illegal practice was to add alcohol to near beer. The resulting beverage was known as "spiked beer" or "needle beer", so called because a needle was used to inject alcohol through the cork of the bottle or keg.


title: Low-alcohol beer

text: Food critic and writer Waverley Root described the common American near beer as "such a wishy-washy, thin, ill-tasting, discouraging sort of slop that it might have been dreamed up by a Puritan Machiavelli with the intent of disgusting drinkers with genuine beer forever."


title: Low-alcohol beer

text: In the early 2010s, major breweries began experimenting with mass-market non-alcoholic beers to counter with declining alcohol consumption amid growing preference for craft beer, launching beverages like Anheuser-Busch's Budweiser Prohibition Brew, launched in 2016.


title: Low-alcohol beer

text: A drink similar to "near beer", "bjórlíki" was quite popular in Iceland before alcoholic beer was made legal in 1989. The Icelandic variant normally consisted of a shot of vodka added to a half-a-litre glass of light beer.


title: Low-alcohol beer

text: Small beer (also, small ale) is a beer/ale that contains very little alcohol. Sometimes unfiltered and porridge-like, it was a favored drink in Medieval Europe and colonial North America as opposed to the often polluted water and the expensive beer used for festivities. Small beer was also produced in households for consumption by children and servants.


title: Low-alcohol beer

text: However, small beer/small ale can also refer to a beer made of the "second runnings" from a very strong beer (e.g., scotch ale) mash. These beers can be as strong as a mild ale, depending on the strength of the original mash. (Drake's 24th Anniversary Imperial Small Beer was expected to reach above 9.5% abv.) This was done as an economy measure in household brewing in England up to the 18th century and is still done by some homebrewers. One commercial brewery, San Francisco's Anchor Brewing Company, also produces their "Anchor Small Beer" using the second runnings from their Old Foghorn Barleywine. The term is also used for commercially produced beers which are thought to taste too weak.


title: Low-alcohol beer

text: The Middle East accounts for almost a third of worldwide sales of nonalcoholic and alcohol-free beer.


title: Low-alcohol beer

text: The market for nonalcoholic beer in Malaysia has been slow in comparison to other Muslim-majority countries, and as of 2015, the Malaysian government has not approved any nonalcoholic beers as halal.


title: Low-alcohol beer

text: In 2008, the sale of non-alcoholic beers in Iran continued its high performance with double-digit growth rates in both value and volume and is expected to more than double its total volume sales between 2008 and 2013.


title: Low-alcohol beer

text: North America is seeing a rise in non-alcoholic beer consumption. Former President George W. Bush and former Vice President Mike Pence are known to drink non-alcoholic beer.


title: Low-alcohol beer

text: As of March 2020, sales of alcohol-free beer are up by 30% since 2016, with younger generations shunning alcoholic beverages.


title: Low-alcohol beer

text: With the global non-alcoholic beer market expected to double by 2024, there has been an increase in breweries producing the product. As more people lean towards non-alcoholic beverages for health reasons, social reasons, or just because they want to enjoy the taste of beer without the effects of alcohol, companies are producing beers that cater to these audiences.


title: Low-alcohol beer

text: Craft non-alcoholic beer began to take off in early 2018, as beer companies slowed down on trying to put as high of an ABV% in their brews as possible, and started producing more sessionable beers. Some beers that are still classified as "alcoholic" can have an ABV of as low as 2.4%, and the companies producing these are still seeing sales.


title: Low-alcohol beer

text: With an ever-growing health conscious market segment, breweries began to produce craft non-alcoholic beers with as little as 10 calories per can, so that those who crave beer can fulfil their cravings without breaking their health resolution.


title: Low-alcohol beer

text: Beers that are labeled "non-alcoholic" still contain a very small amount of alcohol. Thus, some US states require the purchaser to be of a legal drinking age. Exceptions include:


title: Low-alcohol beer

text: According to the Birmingham Beverage Company, the brewing process of traditional brews consists of eight basic steps, nine for brewing non-alcoholic brews.


title: Low-alcohol beer

text: Low- and non-alcohol beer starts out as regular alcoholic beer, which is then processed to remove the alcohol.


title: Low-alcohol beer

text: Older processes simply heat the beer to evaporate most of the alcohol. Since alcohol is more volatile than water, as the beer is heated alcohol boils off first. The alcohol is allowed to escape and the remaining liquid becomes the product, essentially the opposite of the process used to make distilled beverages. Most modern breweries utilize vacuum evaporation to reduce the boiling temperature and maintain flavor. In essence, the beer is placed under a light vacuum to facilitate the alcohol molecules going into the gaseous phase. If a sufficient vacuum is applied, it is not necessary to "cook" the beer at a temperature that destroys the flavor. Some heat must nevertheless be supplied to counter the heat lost to enthalpy of vaporization.


title: Low-alcohol beer

text: A more modern alternative process uses reverse osmosis to avoid heating the product at all. Under pressure, the beer is passed through a polymeric filter with pores small enough that only alcohol and water (and a few volatile acids) can pass through. A syrupy mixture of complex carbohydrates and most of the flavor compounds are retained by the filter. Alcohol is distilled out of the filtered alcohol-water mix using conventional distillation methods. Adding the water and remaining acids back into the syrup left behind on the filter completes the process. Sometimes beer is simply diluted with water to give the desired alcohol level. Once the alcohol is removed, one proceeds with the normal finishing process in which the beer is carbonated and bottled.


title: Low-alcohol beer

text: Newer techniques for making 0.5% non-alcoholic beer would include using special low-sugar grains, yeast which converts less sugar to alcohol or removing sugar from the wort pre-fermentation. These, in addition to limited fermentation, whereby the fermentation process is stopped early, enable craft brewers to produce a 0.5% beer without the expense of having to dealcoholize a beer.


title: Low-alcohol beer

text: Many low-alcohol beer brands incorporate the colour blue into the packaging design, including Becks Blue, Heineken 0.0%, Ožujsko Cool and Erdinger Alkoholfrei.


title: Carbon disulfide

text: Carbon disulfide (also spelled as carbon disulphide) is a neurotoxic, colorless, volatile liquid with the formula and structure . The compound is used frequently as a building block in organic chemistry as well as an industrial and chemical non-polar solvent. It has an "ether-like" odor, but commercial samples are typically contaminated with foul-smelling impurities. It is of comparable toxicity to carbon monoxide.


title: Carbon disulfide

text: In 1796, the German chemist Wilhelm August Lampadius (1772–1842) first prepared carbon disulfide by heating pyrite with moist charcoal. He called it "liquid sulfur" ("flüssig Schwefel"). The composition of carbon disulfide was finally determined in 1813 by the team of the Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius (1779–1848) and the Swiss-British chemist Alexander Marcet (1770–1822). Their analysis was consistent with an empirical formula of CS.


title: Carbon disulfide

text: Small amounts of carbon disulfide are released by volcanic eruptions and marshes. CS once was manufactured by combining carbon (or coke) and sulfur at 800–1000 °C.


title: Carbon disulfide

text: A lower-temperature reaction, requiring only 600 °C, utilizes natural gas as the carbon source in the presence of silica gel or alumina catalysts:


title: Carbon disulfide

text: Global production/consumption of carbon disulfide is approximately one million tonnes, with China consuming 49%, followed by India at 13%, mostly for the production of rayon fiber. United States production in 2007 was 56,000 tonnes.


title: Carbon disulfide

text: Carbon disulfide is a solvent for phosphorus, sulfur, selenium, bromine, iodine, fats, resins, rubber, and asphalt. It has been used in the purification of single-walled carbon nanotubes.


title: Carbon disulfide

text: Compared to the isoelectronic carbon dioxide, CS is a weaker electrophile. While, however, reactions of nucleophiles with CO are highly reversible and products are only isolated with very strong nucleophiles, the reactions with CS are thermodynamically more favored allowing the formation of products with less reactive nucleophiles. For example, amines afford dithiocarbamates:


title: Carbon disulfide

text: This reaction is the basis of the manufacture of regenerated cellulose, the main ingredient of viscose, rayon and cellophane. Both xanthates and the related thioxanthates (derived from treatment of CS with sodium thiolates) are used as flotation agents in mineral processing.


title: Carbon disulfide

text: Carbon disulfide does not hydrolyze readily, although the process is catalyzed by an enzyme carbon disulfide hydrolase.


title: Carbon disulfide

text: Reduction of carbon disulfide with sodium affords sodium 1,3-dithiole-2-thione-4,5-dithiolate together with sodium trithiocarbonate:


title: Carbon disulfide

text: CS polymerizes upon photolysis or under high pressure to give an insoluble material called car-sul or "Bridgman's black", named after the discoverer of the polymer, Percy Williams Bridgman. Trithiocarbonate (-S-C(S)-S-) linkages comprise, in part, the backbone of the polymer, which is a semiconductor.


title: Carbon disulfide

text: The principal industrial uses of carbon disulfide, consuming 75% of the annual production, are the manufacture of viscose rayon and cellophane film.


title: Carbon disulfide

text: It is also a valued intermediate in chemical synthesis of carbon tetrachloride. It is widely used in the synthesis of organosulfur compounds such as xanthates, which are used in froth flotation, a method for extracting metals from their ores. Carbon disulfide is also a precursor to dithiocarbamates, which are used as drugs (e.g. Metam sodium) and rubber chemistry.


title: Carbon disulfide

text: It can be used in fumigation of airtight storage warehouses, airtight flat storages, bins, grain elevators, railroad box cars, shipholds, barges and cereal mills. Carbon disulfide is also used as an insecticide for the fumigation of grains, nursery stock, in fresh fruit conservation and as a soil disinfectant against insects and nematodes.


title: Carbon disulfide

text: Carbon disulfide has been linked to both acute and chronic forms of poisoning, with a diverse range of symptoms.


title: Carbon disulfide

text: Concentrations of 500–3000 mg/m cause acute and subacute poisoning. These include a set of mostly neurological and psychiatric symptoms, called encephalopathia sulfocarbonica. Symptoms include acute psychosis (manic delirium, hallucinations), paranoic ideas, loss of appetite, gastrointestinal and sexual disorders, polyneuritis, myopathy, and mood changes (including irritability and anger). Effects observed at lower concentrations include neurological problems (encephalopathy, psychomotor and psychological disturbances, polyneuritis, abnormalities in nerve conduction), vision problems (burning eyes, abnormal light reactions, increased ophthalmic pressure), heart problems (increased deaths for heart disease, angina pectoris, high blood pressure), and reproductive problems (increased miscarriages, immobile or deformed sperm), and decreased immune response.


title: Carbon disulfide

text: Occupational exposure to carbon disulfide is also associated with cardiovascular disease, particularly stroke.


title: Carbon disulfide

text: In 2000, the WHO believed that health harms were unlikely at levels below 100 μg/m, and set this as a guideline level. Carbon sulfide can be smelled at levels above 200 μg/m, and the WHO recommended a sensory guideline of below 20 μg/m. Exposure to carbon disulfide is well-established to be harmful to health in concentrations at or above 30 mg/m Changes in the function of the central nervous system have been observed at concentrations of 20–25 mg/m. There are also reports of harms to health at 10 mg/m, for exposures of 10–15 years, but the lack of good data on past exposure levels make the association of these harms with concentrations of 10 mg/m findings uncertain. The measured concentration of 10 mg/m may be equivalent to a concentration in the general environment of 1 mg/m.


title: Carbon disulfide

text: The primary source of carbon disulfide in the environment is rayon factories. Most global carbon disulfide emissions come from rayon production, as of 2008. Other sources include the production of cellophane, carbon tetrachloride, carbon black, and sulfur recovery. Carbon disulfide production also emits carbon disulfide.


title: Carbon disulfide

text: , about 250 g of carbon disufide is emitted per kilogram of rayon produced. About 30 g of carbon disufide is emitted per kilogram of carbon black produced. About 0.341 g of carbon disufide is emitted per kilogram of sulfur recovered.


title: Carbon disulfide

text: Japan has reduced carbon disulfide emissions per kilogram of rayon produced, but in other rayon-producing countries, including China, emissions are assumed to be uncontrolled (based on global modelling and large-scale free-air concentration measurements). Rayon production is steady or decreasing except in China, where it is increasing, . Carbon black production in Japan and Korea uses incinerators to destroy about 99% of the carbon disulfide that would otherwise be emitted. When used as a solvent, Japanese emissions are about 40% of the carbon disulfide used; elsewhere, the average is about 80%.


title: Carbon disulfide

text: Most rayon production uses carbon sulfide. One exception is rayon made using the lyocell process, which uses a different solvent; the lyocell process is not widely used, because it is more expensive than the viscose process. Cuprammonium rayon also does not use carbon disulfide.


title: Carbon disulfide

text: Industrial workers working with carbon disulfide are at high risk. Emissions may also harm the health of people living near rayon plants.


title: Carbon disulfide

text: Concerns about carbon disulfide exposure have a long history. Around 1900, carbon disulfide came to be widely used in the production of vulcanized rubber. The psychosis produced by high exposures was immediately apparent (it has been reported with 6 months of exposure). Sir Thomas Oliver told a story about a rubber factory that put bars on its windows so that the workers would not jump out to their deaths. Carbon disulfide's use in the US as a heavier-than-air burrow poison for Richardson's ground squirrel also lead to reports of psychosis. No systematic medical study of the issue was published, and knowledge was not transferred to the rayon industry.


title: Carbon disulfide

text: The first large epidemiological study of rayon workers was done in the US in the late 1930s, and found fairly severe effects in 30% of the workers. Data on increased risks of heart attacks and strokes came out in the 1960s. Courtaulds, a major rayon manufacturer, worked hard to prevent publication of this data in the UK. Average concentrations in sampled rayon plants were reduced from about 250 mg/m3 in 1955-1965 to about 20–30 mg/m3 in the 1980s (US figures only?). Rayon production has since largely moved to the developing world, especially China, Indonesia and India.


title: Carbon disulfide

text: Rates of disability in modern factories are unknown, . Current manufacturers using the viscose process do not provide any information on harm to their workers.


title: Liam Smith (boxer)

text: Liam Mark Smith (born 27 July 1988) is a British professional boxer. He held the WBO light-middleweight title from 2015 to 2016, and previously the British and Commonwealth light-middleweight titles between 2012 and 2015. Liam is the younger brother of Paul Smith and Stephen Smith, and the older brother of Callum Smith; all of whom are professional boxers.


title: Liam Smith (boxer)

text: Liam Smith was born and raised in Liverpool by his parents alongside his 5 siblings. Smith started boxing at Rotunda ABC during his teenage years and states boxing saved him from getting in trouble on the streets.“But I was doing other daft stuff, like getting brought home by police, smashing windows, fighting on the streets and other little silly things that lead up to going off the rails. But when I started boxing it would keep me in at night."


title: Liam Smith (boxer)

text: As an amateur, Smith fought for Rotunda ABC in Liverpool. He is a two-time winner of the ABA Championships, having won in 2007 and 2008, fighting at light welterweight. In 2007 he defeated Luke Gray (of Stevenage ABC) and in 2008 he defeated Steve Turner (of the British Army).


title: Liam Smith (boxer)

text: Liam Smith made his professional debut at light-middleweight on 10 October 2008 against Duncan Cottier at the Everton Park Sports Centre, Liverpool. In a four-round fight, Smith won on points as referee Steve Gray scored it (40-36). This was part of a stacked card by Queensberry Promotions which also had future world titlists such as Nathan Cleverly, Anthony Crolla, Tony Bellew as well as Liam's older brother Stephen. In his second pro fight, Smith defeated John Van Emmenis via first-round technical knockout (TKO). Smith only fought twice in 2009, outpointing Kevin McCauley and Darren Gethin in four round contests. Smith fought three times in 2010, first a 4-round points win over Billy Smith, a (38-38) points draw against Terry Carruthers and a second round TKO of veteran Matt Scriven. After a 9-month lay off, Smith fought twice again in 2011, a third-round knockout (KO) off Barrie Jones and a first-round KO of Gerard Healy. Healy dropped to one knee from a body shot and right uppercut and was counted out. 2012 was the most active year from Smith since his pro debut as he fought five times, an 8 rounds points win against Paul Morby, a first-round TKO win against Andrew Patterson, a six-round points win against Dee Mitchell and a 10-round points win against Gary McMillan, which was a British light-middleweight title eliminator. At the age of 24, this left Smith with a record of 12 wins, 5 by way of knockout, 1 draw and no losses.


title: Liam Smith (boxer)

text: Smith had his last fight of 2015 on 15 December at the ExCel Arena in London, for the vacant Commonwealth light-middleweight title against Steve O'Meara (16-2, 5 KOs) in his first twelve-round fight. Smith knocked O'Meara down in round 1 and went on to win the fight on all three scorecards (118-110, 116-112 twice). After a 6-month gap, Smith returned to his hometown of Liverpool to defeat journeyman Max Maxwell on points over six rounds. Smith had his next tough fight on 21 September 2015, against Kenyan born Erick Ochieng (14-1, 4 Kos) at the Olympia. Smith won via twelve round unanimous decision on all scorecards (116-113, 117-112 twice) to win the vacant British light-middleweight title. In December, Smith successfully defended the title by stopping Mark Thompson (24-3, 15 KOs) in round 4. Thompson was down twice in the third round. In July 2014, Smith defended the title again, this time winning by way of knockout against Jason Welborn (15-2, 16 KOs) in round 6.


title: Liam Smith (boxer)

text: On 25 October 2014, Smith beat Zoltan Sera (16-2, 10 KOs) at the Echo Arena in Liverpool for the vacant WBA Continental light-middleweight title. Smith was cut above the right eye in a second round head clash which required 5 stitches, and Sera was knocked down in the third round as the fight came to an end. On 6 March 2015, Smith fought again at the Echo Arena, this time against Robert Talarek. Smith won via eighth-round TKO. A month later in April, Smith fought and defeated David Ezequiel Romero via seventh-round TKO to win the vacant WBO Inter-Continental light-middleweight title. Romero was knocked down once in the third round, twice in the fifth and once in the sixth before the fight came to an end. After the win, this left Smith with a record of 20 wins with 10 by knockout, 1 draw and no losses.


title: Liam Smith (boxer)

text: It was announced in August 2015 that Smith would fight John Thompson (17-1, 6 KOs) for the WBO light-middleweight title, left vacant by Demetrius Andrade. Smith was initially supposed to fight Frenchman Michel Soro, only for an internal issue with promoters Top Rank to force him out. The fight took place on 10 October at the Manchester Arena, Manchester. Smith became the new WBO champion after seeing off Thompson with a seventh-round knockout. Smith slowly grew into the fight following a defensive first few rounds. By the time the sixth round came, Smith, was on the rise thanks to a few well-placed jabs and produced the decisive punch in the seventh, causing the referee to wave the fight in his favour.


title: Liam Smith (boxer)

text: On 19 December 2015, Smith returned to the Manchester Arena on the undercard of Andy Lee vs. Billy Joe Saunders WBO middleweight title fight. Smith dominated 'Jimmy' Kilrain Kelly (16-0, 7 KOs), making the first successful defense of his WBO title. Kelly was deducted two points in the sixth round for illegal head butting, and stopped late in the seventh round. Kelly produced a brave display against the more experienced champion. Despite Smith dominating the contest, Kelly showed his guts and potential, troubling Smith on occasions in almost every round.


title: Liam Smith (boxer)

text: On 9 May 2016, Smith announced he would defend his WBO title against Predrag Radosevic (30-1, 11 KOs) at the Echo Arena on 4 June. This was Smith's second defence of his new title in his home city of Liverpool. This was announced after Austin Trout backed out. Smith won the fight in the second round to retain his world title. This was Smith's eighth consecutive knockout victory.


title: Liam Smith (boxer)

text: On 24 June, it was announced that Smith would make the third defence of his world title against Mexican Saul 'Canelo' Álvarez (47-1-1, 33 KOs) on 17 September in the main event on an HBO PPV card. Golden Boy Promotions announced on 18 July that the bout will take place at the AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas.


title: Liam Smith (boxer)

text: The other venue looking to host the fight was the MGM Grand in Las Vegas. The fight was contested at the official light-middleweight limit of 154 lbs and not 155 lbs, a weight in which Álvarez had fought his last 5 fights.


title: Liam Smith (boxer)

text: Smith lost his first fight as a professional when he was knocked down following a vicious left hook to the body in round 9. Smith, who lost his world title, was dropped once in round 7 and once in round 8. Álvarez was in control from the opening bell. The fight broke the boxing attendance record at the stadium, with an announcement of 51,240. Álvarez landed 157 punches from 422 thrown with a connect rate of 37%, compared to Smith 115 from 403 thrown, a connect rate of 29%. Golden Boy later announced the fight drew an estimated 300,000 ppv buys.


title: Liam Smith (boxer)

text: In January 2017, negotiations began for a fight between Smith and 24 year old fellow Brit Liam Williams (16-0-1, 11 KOs), who were said to be long standing rivals, to take place on 8 April 2017. At an official press conference on 23 January, promoter Frank Warren announced the fight would take place at the Manchester Arena in Manchester on 8 April, as a co-feature with Terry Flanagan's WBO lightweight title defence against Petr Petrov. Early reports indicated it would be for the WBO world title, however Álvarez had not vacated. Instead Williams would be defending his WBO European title. Smith later said that fighting Williams, unless a world title is on the line, would be a backwards step for his career.


title: Liam Smith (boxer)

text: On 18 March 2017 Smith traveled to Spain and fought a four-round fight, winning on points. He defeated journeyman Marian Cazacu at the Club Entrena in Barcelona. This was under the radar as it was never mentioned prior to the fight.


title: Liam Smith (boxer)

text: Frank Warren successfully petitioned to the WBO to elevate the Smith vs. Williams fight to be for the WBO interim light-middleweight title. On 22 March, it was officially announced. This would also mean, should Álvarez vacate the title, the winner would become full title-holder, or if he decided to return to the 154lb division, he would be obliged to fight the winner. Smith failed to make weight, weighing in at 155.4 pounds. He was given the standard time to make weight later on, which he failed to do. Although the fight would still take place, should Smith win, the title would have remained vacant. It was the first time in eight years that Smith had failed to make weight. Smith failed to lift the vacant WBO interim title, but won the fight at the end of round 9 when Williams’ corner pulled him from the fight due to an eye injury, which was later revealed to be a double laceration on his right eyelid. At the time of stoppage, all three judges had Williams ahead on the scorecards. It was uncertain as to how the cut occurred, which many ringside observers believing it was clash of heads. Had the fight gone to scorecards, Williams would have claimed the vacant title. A rematch was talked about in the post fight.


title: Liam Smith (boxer)

text: On 25 April, Frank Warren told Boxing News that he had spoken to both boxers and they agreed to wanting to fight again. He also went on to say it would likely take place in September. He said, "That gives them plenty of time to recover from the cuts and injuries from the first fight, they both need to be 100 percent for a rematch." There was no confirmation as to whether the WBO interim title would be at stake again. On 7 May, Warren tweeted that a deal had been agreed and the rematch would be an official WBO world title eliminator. Warren announced the fight would take place on 28 October 2017 in Manchester. Due to both boxers not willing to give away home advantage, Warren confirmed the fight would take in Newcastle at the Metro Radio Arena. Due to the announcement of Anthony Joshua’s defence of his world titles against mandatory challenger Carlos Takam, Frank Warren pushed the fight back to take place on 11 November 2017. Smith weighed 154 pounds, whilst Williams came in lighter at 153 ½ pounds.


title: Liam Smith (boxer)

text: In what some considered a controversial decision, Smith defeated Williams after taking him the twelve round distance for the first time in his career. One judge scored the fight 114-114, whilst the remaining two judges scored the fight 117-111 and 116-112 in favour of Smith, giving him the majority decision. Smith started the fight slow and less aggressive than usual, making the first half of the fight close. Smith did well to cut the ring off when needed and utilised his jab. Williams seemed to land the harder shots, but had a lower output than Smith. With the win, Smith became the mandatory challenger to Miguel Cotto's WBO light middleweight title. Warren confirmed that regardless of Cotto's situation, whether he retires or vacates, Smith's next fight in 2018 would be for the WBO title. The next highest ranked contender at the time was Magomed Kurbonov. Smith said in the post-fight interviews, "It was a different fight this time -- I think I showed a different Liam Smith. I think people were surprised how I boxed him. I've just beat a very good boxer in Liam Williams. Some people think I just walk forward, but I showed I've got a very good jab." The next day, Williams stated that he would like to fight Smith for a third time. He also said that, if Smith regains the WBO title, he had agreed to give him a title opportunity.


title: Liam Smith (boxer)

text: On 2 December 2017, welterweight contender Sadam Ali defeated Miguel Cotto, winning the WBO light middleweight title in the process. Following the win, Ali stated he would stay at light-middleweight and defend the title. On 23 February, Smith's promoter Frank Warren stated that negotiations with Ali's promoters, Golden Boy Promotions, were going well and a deal would be done within weeks. There were reports suggesting the fight would take place on the Canelo Álvarez vs. Gennady Golovkin II card, however Warren made no mention of this. On 19 March, the bout was confirmed to take place at the Turning Stone Resort Casino in Verona, New York on 12 May. On 27 April, Smith was forced to withdraw due to an allergic reaction. Smith stated he had been out of training for eight days and was forced to postpone the fight to a later date. Golden Boy were looking to keep the card and find a replacement. Mexican prospect Jaime Munguia (29-0, 25 KO's) replaced Smith, stopping Ali in round 4 and winning the WBO title. On 21 May, Frank Warren stated a deal was being put together for Mungiua to make his first title defence against Smith, possibly in the U.S. A month later, the fight was confirmed to take place on 21 July 2018, at The Joint at the Hard Rock Hotel & Casino in Las Vegas. For the fight, Mungiua was promised a purse of $200,000 and Smith would receive a $75,000 purse.


title: Liam Smith (boxer)

text: In the fight, televised by HBO's "Boxing After Dark", in front of a small crowd of 2,470, Smith took advantage of Munguia's defense at first, having success with his right hand. As the fight progressed, Munguia adapted and managed to land a clean left hook to the head, dropping Smith. Smith was hurt but managed to stay active throughout the rest of the bout, lasting the twelve round distance. After the knockdown, Munguia stayed in control. In round 9, Munguia landed 44 power shots compared to 22 shots landed by Smith. Smith landed some nice shots in rounds 9 through 12, however he lacked the punching power to keep Munguia at bay. Munguia landed heavy shots to the body and head in the final four rounds. Smith took the punches and kept firing back his own. Munguia won a unanimous decision with the scorecards reading 116-111, 119-108, 117-110, with boxing critics praising Smith for his toughness in a crowd-pleasing bout. Smith had no issues complimenting Munguia after the bout, "Canelo hits harder at super welterweight. But he’s young. He’s 21 years of age. So he’s a good fighter and he’ll probably only get better and better." Munguia admitted he was looking for the knockout, but was happy to go the distance as it was a learning experience. According to CompuBox, Munguia landed 277 of 837 punches thrown (33%), which included 69 power shots to the body landed and Smith landed 198 of his 702 thrown (28%). The fight averaged 777,000 viewers and peaked at 827,000 viewers on HBO.


title: Liam Smith (boxer)

text: On 24 August 2019, Smith beat Mario Alberto Lozano (33-10, 24 KO) by seventh-round TKO on the undercard of the WBC super-flyweight title fight between Juan Francisco Estrada and Dewayne Beamon in Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico.


title: Liam Smith (boxer)

text: In his next fight, Smith fought Roberto Garcia. Smith did good body work and repeatedly hurt Garcia, for which he earned a wide unanimous decision victory on the scorecards, 99-91 twice and 98-92.


title: Liam Smith (boxer)

text: In his next fight, Smith fought Magomed Kurbanov, ranked #5 by the WBO and WBA and #15 by the IBF at super welterweight, in Russia. Smith lost on all three judges scorecards, 113-115 twice and 112-117.


title: Liam Smith (boxer)

text: After dominating Vargas in all prior rounds with constant stalking, and causing a cut above Vargas' eye, Smith defeated Vargas via TKO in the 10th round.


title: Heaven Is for Real

text: Heaven is for Real: A Little Boy's Astounding Story of His Trip to Heaven and Back is a 2010 "New York Times" best-selling Christian book written by Todd Burpo and Lynn Vincent and published by Thomas Nelson Publishers. The book documents the report of a near-death experience by Burpo's three-year-old son Colton.


title: Heaven Is for Real

text: By April 2012, more than one million ebooks had been sold, and more than 10 million copies had been sold by 2014. A feature film based on the book was released on April 16, 2014, earning $101 million at the box office.


title: Heaven Is for Real

text: Todd Burpo and Lynn Vincent co-wrote this book when Todd Burpo's three-year-old son had appendicitis. When Colton's mother Sonja first noticed he was not feeling well she took him to the emergency room and was told that Colton had influenza, as all the tests for a possible appendicitis came back negative. Colton vomited often, and his parents suspected he did not just have influenza. When Todd and Sonja went to a different emergency room with Colton, they were told that Colton had to have an emergency appendectomy or he could possibly die. Months after surviving the emergency surgery to remove his appendix, Colton shared the story of how he left his body during surgery and went to heaven. Colton began describing events and people that seemed impossible for him to have known about. Examples include knowledge of an unborn sister miscarried by his mother in 1998 and details of a great-grandfather who had died 30 years before Colton was born. Colton also explained how he met Jesus riding a rainbow-colored horse and sat in Jesus' lap while angels sang songs to him.


title: Heaven Is for Real

text: Colton Burpo is the son of Todd Burpo and Sonja Burpo. At the time of the incident, Colton was three years old, Todd Burpo was pastor at a Crossroads church in Nebraska, and Sonja Burpo was a teacher at a local school. Cassie Burpo is Colton's older sister. Pop was Todd Burpo's grandfather, and Dr. O’Holleran was the doctor who performed the emergency appendectomy on Colton.


title: Heaven Is for Real

text: Within ten weeks of its November 2010 release, the book debuted at No. 3 on the "New York Times" bestseller list; by January 2011 there were 200,000 copies in print; and it reached No. 1 in the "Times's" best-selling non-fiction paperback category in March 2011, remaining in the top 10 for some weeks.


title: Heaven Is for Real

text: A variety of Christians have expressed questions regarding the book. "The Berean Call", a Christian ministry and newsletter, cited the book for its "extra-biblical" and "problematic" claims, as well as the lack of any medical evidence that the boy was clinically dead during the surgery. Author and pastor John MacArthur has criticized the book for presenting an un-Biblical perspective on the afterlife. In an interview with "The New Yorker" magazine, "Heaven Is for Real" co-author Lynn Vincent expressed concern that Christians would find the book to be a "hoax" if she included people in heaven having wings.


title: Heaven Is for Real

text: In 2015, Alex Malarkey – a boy with a similar story to Colton Burpo's – publicly recanted his own story and book "The Boy Who Came Back from Heaven", stating that his near-death experience described in that book was fictional, and condemned Christian publishers and bookstores for selling popular "heaven tourism" books, which he said "profit from lies." Following Malarkey's statement, Colton Burpo said that while he acknowledged that some among the public had doubts about his account, he stood by " Heaven Is for Real"'s contents nonetheless.


title: Heaven Is for Real

text: In less than just one year of being released, this book surpassed the 1 million sales and was awarded the Platinum sales Award. Then in 2014 after seeing 10 million copies, the book was then awarded the Diamond Sales Award.


title: Heaven Is for Real

text: In May 2011, Sony Pictures acquired the film rights of the book. The film was released on April 16, 2014, starring Connor Corum, Margo Martindale, Greg Kinnear, Kelly Reilly, Thomas Haden Church, and Jacob Vargas. As of July 2014, Rotten Tomatoes rated it at 46%. Critics praised the script and cast, but they were critical of heavy-handed exposition.


title: Alexander Hamilton (book)

text: Alexander Hamilton is a 2004 biography of American statesman Alexander Hamilton, written by historian and biographer Ron Chernow. Hamilton, one of the Founding Fathers of the United States, was an instrumental promoter of the U.S. Constitution, founder of the nation's financial system, and its first Secretary of the Treasury.


title: Alexander Hamilton (book)

text: The book, which was met with mostly positive acclaim, went on to win the inaugural George Washington Book Prize for early American history and was a nominee for the 2005 National Book Critics Circle Award in biography. In 2015, the book was adapted into the musical "Hamilton" by playwright Lin-Manuel Miranda. The stage production went on to win numerous accolades, including 11 Tony Awards.


title: Alexander Hamilton (book)

text: Before working on "Alexander Hamilton", Chernow had previously written multiple books in the topics of business and finance. In 1990, he published "The House of Morgan", which covered the life of financier J.P. Morgan and went on to win the National Book Award for Nonfiction. In 1998, he wrote a biography about John D. Rockefeller which remained on "The New York Times" Best Seller list for 16 weeks. In 1999, Chernow shifted his emphasis away from business moguls to start a biography in a new topic, American politics. He later cited his change in focus, "as a way to broaden my scope, and to stay fresh" after being inundated with requests for further biographies about Gilded Age industrialists such as Andrew Carnegie and Cornelius Vanderbilt. Therefore, Chernow called Hamilton his "exit strategy". This book would allow a foray into constitutional law and foreign policy while still including a large financial dimension.


title: Alexander Hamilton (book)

text: Chernow began the writing process in 1998 by going through more than 22,000 pages of Hamilton's papers and archival research around the world. He described Hamilton's extensive writing by calling him, "the human word machine", saying he "must have produced the maximum number of words that a human being can scratch out in 49 years". Over the course of his writing and research, Chernow also took the time to dive deeper into Hamilton's history. He held the dueling pistols used in the famous Burr–Hamilton duel, visited the jail cell on Saint Croix where Hamilton's mother was imprisoned, went to the island of Bequia in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines to which Hamilton's father disappeared after abandoning his illegitimate son, and had a lock of Alexander's hair genetically tested for his racial makeup. Chernow explained Hamilton in his book by stating, "If Washington is the father of the country and Madison the father of the Constitution, then Alexander Hamilton was surely the father of the American government."


title: Alexander Hamilton (book)

text: Following its release in 2004, "Alexander Hamilton" was nominated for the National Book Critics Circle Award in biography. In 2005, it won the inaugural $50,000 George Washington Book Prize for early American history. The book spent three months on "The New York Times" Best Seller list after its release, and then returned to the list in 2015 after the release of "Hamilton: An American Musical".


title: Alexander Hamilton (book)

text: The book received positive reviews from both David Brooks and Janet Maslin of "The New York Times". Brooks wrote, "[while] other writers...have done better jobs describing Hamilton's political philosophy, nobody has captured Hamilton himself as fully and as beautifully as Chernow." Maslin praised Chernow's biographical ability to "add a third dimension to conventional views of Hamilton while reaching beyond the limits of a personal portrait".


title: Alexander Hamilton (book)

text: However, Benjamin Schwarz, writing for "The Atlantic", criticized the book, blaming Chernow's unfamiliarity with revolutionary American politics. While he praised Chernow's earlier biographies about Morgan and Rockefeller, his review of "Hamilton" stated, "he's just as obviously not at home in the eighteenth century; his grasp of its religion, attitudes, and intellectual history is unsure, and he lacks command of the ideological, political, sectional, and social differences that divided the early republic." Justin Martin, writing for the "San Francisco Chronicle" additionally thought the book "dry and speculative," as well as slow in pace; "one can only assume that Chernow, despite his abundant talent, is in the grip of a silly literary convention, namely, that bios of major figures must be very, very long."


title: Alexander Hamilton (book)

text: Beginning in 2008, Chernow worked with Lin-Manuel Miranda as the historical consultant to Miranda's newly conceived Broadway production, "Hamilton". Miranda had picked up a copy of Chernow's book while on vacation and, after finishing the first few chapters, realized its potential as a musical. Through a mutual friend, Chernow attended a performance of "In the Heights" where he met with Miranda backstage. Miranda told Chernow that he saw "hip-hop songs rising off the page" while reading the biography, and wanted his help as an historical consultant for the musical.


title: Alexander Hamilton (book)

text: For six years, Chernow helped guide Miranda through the process of writing "Hamilton". The musical debuted on January 20, 2015, at The Public Theater in New York City. It went on to receive a record-setting 16 Tony nominations, winning 11, including Best Musical, and was also the recipient of the 2016 Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album. The musical also won the 2016 Pulitzer Prize for Drama.


title: Alexander Hamilton (book)

text: After the success of the musical, a paperback edition of "Alexander Hamilton" was released featuring the musical's logo on its cover. Sales soared from 3,300 copies in 2014 to 106,000 in 2015, and the book returned to "The New York Times" best-seller list. Likewise, it returned to the list of top 50 best sellers according to "USA Today". With its re-release, additional reviews of the biography have appeared, notably in "The Guardian", and "The Times". Following the musical's opening in Europe the book began printing for the first time in the United Kingdom.


title: Randy Edelman

text: Randy Edelman (born June 10, 1947) is an American musician, producer, and composer for film and television. He began his career as a member of Broadway's pit orchestras, and later went on to produce solo albums for songs that were picked up by leading music performers including The Carpenters, Barry Manilow, and Dionne Warwick. He is known for his work in comedy films. He has been awarded many prestigious awards along with two nominations for a Golden Globe Award, a BAFTA Award, and twelve BMI Awards. Edelman was given an honorary doctorate in fine arts by the University of Cincinnati in 2004.


title: Randy Edelman

text: Some of Edelman's best known films scores include "Twins", "Ghostbusters II", "Kindergarten Cop", "Beethoven", "The Distinguished Gentleman", "Gettysburg", "The Mask", "Dragonheart", "Daylight" and "XXX". He also wrote the theme of the popular television series "MacGyver". Many of his musical pieces have been reused in television advertising, trailers, Disney movies, and award shows.


title: Randy Edelman

text: Edelman was born on 10 June 1947 in Paterson, New Jersey, to a Jewish family. He was raised in Teaneck, New Jersey, the son of a first-grade teacher and an accountant, and graduated from Teaneck High School in 1965. He attended the Cincinnati Conservatory of Music before heading to New York where he played piano in Broadway pit orchestras. He produced several solo albums of songs, some of which were later recorded by The Carpenters ("I Can't Make Music", "Piano Picker" and "You"), Barry Manilow ("Weekend in New England"), "If Love Is Real" from Olivia Newton-John's "Making a Good Thing Better", Dionne Warwick ("The Laughter and the Tears"), Blood, Sweat & Tears ("Blue Street") and many others before moving to Los Angeles. It was there where Edelman started to work in television and film scoring, while producing his solo albums which found a cult following in the United Kingdom, Europe, and Japan.


title: Randy Edelman

text: One of his first film scores was for the 1973 film "Executive Action", which put forward a conspiracy theory concerning the assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy in 1963. In the mid-1980s, Edelman wrote the theme to, and scored many episodes of, "MacGyver", a popular television series starring Richard Dean Anderson.


title: Randy Edelman

text: During the 1980s and early 1990s, he also collaborated with Ivan Reitman, producing scores for several of his comedies, including "Ghostbusters II", "Twins" and "Kindergarten Cop". He also contributed to "Beethoven"; "The Last of the Mohicans"; "The Distinguished Gentleman"; "The Mask"; "Daylight"; "Anaconda"; "XXX"; "Gettysburg"; "My Cousin Vinny"; "While You Were Sleeping"; "Dragonheart"; "Shanghai Noon"; "Six Days, Seven Nights"; "The Indian in the Cupboard"; "Billy Madison"; "Angels in the Outfield"; and "EDtv" to name just a few.


title: Randy Edelman

text: Edelman was honored with the Richard Kirk Award at the 2003 BMI Film and TV Awards. The award is given annually to a composer who has made significant contributions to film and television music. In 2004, he received an honorary doctorate in fine arts from the University of Cincinnati. He was given the degree along with three other honorees distinguished in various other fields, including Coretta Scott King.


title: Randy Edelman

text: He produced the scores for the 2008 film "". This score was recorded at Abbey Road Studios in London, where in 2010 Edelman also recorded and composed the Irish flavored music score for Amy Adams's film "Leap Year". He was awarded the Goldspirit Award (named in honor of Jerry Goldsmith) for best comedy score of 2011 for the "Leap Year" soundtrack CD on Varèse Sarabande.


title: Randy Edelman

text: While some of the films scored by Edelman were not commercial successes, the music was often reused elsewhere. Themes he wrote for "Kindergarten Cop" (particularly "Rain Ride"), "Dragonheart", "" (particularly the film's love theme "Bruce and Linda"), "Gettysburg" and other films have been widely used in television advertising, film trailers, Disney movies including "Mulan", and during the Academy Awards. Themes from his score for "Come See the Paradise" have been used in film trailers more than cues from any other film soundtrack.


title: Randy Edelman

text: His music from "The Adventures of Brisco County, Jr." is featured during NBC's Olympic Games coverage when announcing upcoming events. In addition, it was used during NBC's coverage of the 1997 World Series. At the end of the 1996 Summer Olympics, it used the closing music of "Gettysburg". In the 1990s, Edelman composed the popular theme music for NBC's NFL telecasts which was used for the 1995–97 seasons through Super Bowl XXXII.


title: Randy Edelman

text: Edelman has been married to singer Jackie DeShannon since June 3, 1976. DeShannon is known for such 1960s hits as "When You Walk in the Room", "Put a Little Love in Your Heart" and "What the World Needs Now Is Love". DeShannon had a few months' long, annulled first marriage. She and Edelman have a son, Noah D. Edelman.


title: Osmanthus

text: Osmanthus is a genus of about 30 species of flowering plants in the family Oleaceae. Most of the species are native to eastern Asia (China, Japan, Korea, Indochina, the Himalayas, etc.),and was originally found in the middle east of the Himalayas, with a few species from the Caucasus, New Caledonia, and Sumatra. Osmanthus has been known in China since ancient times with the earliest writings coming from the Warring States period; the book "Sea and Mountain. South Mountain" states: "Zhaoyao Mountain had a lot of Osmanthus".


title: Osmanthus

text: "Osmanthus" range in size from shrubs to small trees, tall. The leaves are opposite, evergreen, and simple, with an entire, serrated or coarsely toothed margin. The flowers are produced in spring, summer or autumn, each flower being about 1 cm long, white, with a four-lobed tubular-based corolla ('petals'). The flowers grow in small panicles, and in several species have a strong fragrance. The fruit is a small (10–15 mm), hard-skinned dark blue to purple drupe containing a single seed.


title: Osmanthus

text: "Osmanthus" are popular shrubs in parks and gardens throughout the warm temperate zone. Several hybrids and cultivars have been developed. "Osmanthus" flower on old wood and produce more flowers if unpruned. A pruned shrub often produces few or no flowers for one to five or more years, before the new growth matures sufficiently to start flowering.


title: Osmanthus

text: In Japan, Osmanthus fragrans Lour. var. aurantiacus Makino (fragrant orange-colored olive) ("kin-mokusei") is a favorite garden shrub. Its small deep golden flowers appear in short-stalked clusters in late autumn. It has an intense sweet fragrance. A variant with white flowers ("gin-mokusei") is also popular.


title: Osmanthus

text: The flowers of "O. fragrans" are used throughout East Asia for their scent and flavour, which is likened to apricot and peach.


title: Osmanthus

text: In China, osmanthus tea (, "guìhuāchá") combines sweet osmanthus flowers with black or green tea leaves. In Liuzhou, it is used to flavor a locally brewed beer.