title: Clementine (The Walking Dead)

text: Clementine interrogates a captured raider and learns that his group has set up base on a riverboat west of the school. She scouts the place and decides that in order to sneak in and rescue the captured kids undetected, a horde of walkers need to be lured in to distract the raiders. Clementine enlists the help of James to do this, and obtains a homemade bomb to destroy the boat after they rescue the others. Clementine and her group infiltrate the boat when James draws the walkers towards it. Inside, they plant the bomb in the ship's boiler and encounter Minerva, now loyal to the raiders. She imprisons them with the other children and Clementine is confronted by Lilly, who reveals that Minerva killed Sophie when she tried to escape from their group. Lilly takes AJ away, and Clementine subdues Minerva and frees the kids. She fights and defeats Lilly, and is forced to tell AJ to shoot her or spare her life, the latter choice resulting in James being furious at AJ for killing Lilly or Lilly killing James. As this happens, the bomb goes off and the boat explodes.


title: Clementine (The Walking Dead)

text: Clementine and AJ escape the ship before it sinks. Clementine, AJ, and Tenn escape from the walker horde and find either Violet or Louis, who helps them make their way back to the school. They reach a bridge, but are attacked by a dying Minerva, who wounds Clementine's left leg. Clementine and AJ cross the bridge, and are forced to leave Tenn, Violet, or Louis to die to escape the walkers. Clementine is bitten by a walker on her wounded leg, and she and AJ take shelter inside a barn. Surrounded by walkers, Clementine tells AJ to make his way out through the roof, and to kill her to prevent re-animation or leave her behind to turn. In the game's ending, it is revealed that Clementine survived the bite after AJ amputated her infected leg. She is also shown to have assumed leadership of Ericson, finally having found a home.


title: Clementine (The Walking Dead)

text: Sometime after "The Final Season", Clementine decides to leave Ericson's Boarding School. She goes into the fishing cabin and finds a map. After hearing rustling from a walker and taking it out, she begins to pack supplies until she hears creaking at the door. She goes to attack, only to discover it's AJ. He, assuming Clementine is only going on a trip, confronts her about leaving without him and demands to go with her, however she refuses to let him come with her and tells him she's not going on a trip. AJ lashes out at her for breaking her promise, Clementine tearfully tells him she feels safer with him at Ericson's with The Coalition around, but it's not home for her and she is unhappy and not even AJ can make her happy. Clementine tells AJ that she will go north and the two share a tearful departure as Clementine journeys north alone.


title: Clementine (The Walking Dead)

text: As Clementine continues northward, she is attacked by numerous walkers and while trying to escape, her prosthetic leg breaks. She then take a shelter in an abandoned barn. During her sleep, Clementine has a nightmare of Lee carrying her through the herd of walkers, but ends up dropping her, causing Clementine to wake up. Clementine continues her travels until she come across three Amish girls. She is spotted by the girls who notice her prosthetic and invite her to their town to get it replaced. Clementine arrives at their Amish community where she meets Rabby, a former dentist who makes a new prosthetic leg for Clementine. She leaves the settlement, climbs a tree and falls asleep while thinking of a name for her new leg.


title: Clementine (The Walking Dead)

text: Clementine is woken up the next morning by an Amish boy named Amos heading off on his Rumspringa. She chases after him and alerts him that walkers are behind him. After killing the walkers with his axe, Amos asks Clementine where she is headed. She tells him she is travelling north and he informs her he is also travelling north. They travel together and Amos reveals that he is going to Killington in Vermont to build a homestead on the mountain where he will be awarded with a plane ride after the job is completed. They travel together in Amos' buggy into the night where they hear people calling for help, Amos helps the family into his buggy and Clementine drives them all to safety. While Clementine is asleep, one of the people they saved tries to assault Clementine. She holds a knife to his head and then stomps on his hand with her prosthetic foot before leaving. Amos chases after Clementine on his horse and asks her to come with him to Vermont.


title: Clementine (The Walking Dead)

text: They travel together for nine days and finally arrive at the base of the mountain, where they are met with twin sisters who won't tell them their names. Clementine doesn't trust them and tells Amos she's staying with him. They ride a ski lift to the top where they meet a girl named Ricca. She informs Clem that she's been calling the twin with the ponytail Right, and the twin with her down Left. The twins tell them that they only have a cabin and shed left standing from last winter and that they want to build three new structures and a cleared road by the end of winter. They all settle down in the cabin for the night but are woken up by an avalanche hitting their cabin, putting a hole in their roof.


title: Clementine (The Walking Dead)

text: That morning Clementine and Amos start fixing the roof while Ricca and Left go hunting. Later on, Clementine, Ricca and Amos all take a snowmobile out for a joyride and are reprimanded by Right after they come back for dinner. Time goes by as the five continue to build on the mountain, until Amos becomes ill with a fever. While Amos recovers, Left asks Clementine and Ricca to take a portable generator over to another ski lift so they can have more hunting territory. They take the snow mobile and find a broken bridge across a chasm. They decide to lower the generator into the chasm using rope, climb across and pull it back up. As they're lowering the generator it begins to gets pulled down causing Ricca to fall into the chasm. Clementine jumps down after her and finds the chasm filled with walkers. The two girls fight off the walkers, while fighting Clementine breaks her prosthetic leg. After clearing all the walkers the girls sit down and rest, Ricca picks up her glasses only to find them broken and Clementine tells her she named her now broken prosthetic Kenny. Ricca gives Clem her bat and decides to try and climb out of the chasm before they freeze to death.


title: Clementine (The Walking Dead)

text: Stumbling around the dark chasm with one leg, Clem finds more walkers and tries to fight them but is overpowered. She is rescued by a man named Tim, who tells her to stay quiet and that the walkers are all frozen so they move slowly. He carries Clem into a tunnel and tells her to follow behind him. While dealing with two walkers, Tim gets bitten on his cheek. He takes Clem to his tiny camp and asks if the twins are trying to build a homestead again. He reveals their real names to be Georgia and Olivia, telling Clem they're doing it all for their mother Epsey. After having a heart to heart Tim tells Clementine to get off the mountain and gives her his flashlight and hatchet. Clem finds her way out and finds Ricca. They climb out of the chasm and head back to camp where Amos has recovered from his fever and the twins ask Clementine where she found the hatchet, she tells them Tim gave it to her. Georgia asks where he is and goes out to find him, Olivia tries to go with her but is shoved to the floor by her sister and told to stay. Olivia starts to cry and Amos comforts her, resulting in the two sleeping together. Georgia returns covered in blood.


title: Clementine (The Walking Dead)

text: Amos repairs Clem's prosthetic while Ricca and Olivia repair the broken generator. After fixing the generator, Olivia reveals to Clementine that her and Amos are leaving once they're done building the houses and that they plan to go to Amos' town where it's safe. She begs Clementine not to tell her sister, Clem promises she won't just as Georgia bursts in asking where Amos is, saying that the snowmobile and repaired generator are gone. Clem says he's trying to save their "screwed-up camp". Ricca sets off to find Amos, and Clementine who becomes worried about the pair decides to look for them as well. The pair find Clementine and tell her Amos fixed the ski lift but crashed the snowmobile, while they walk back to camp the see how real it now looks with the new structures they've built. The twins join them and Georgia decides they should all go hunting. While out, Georgia pushes Amos into a chasm, killing him. She then pulls a gun out and shoots at Clementine and Ricca while her sister tries to stop her. Clementine and Ricca run through the trees to hide and decide to rescue Olivia before getting off the mountain. Clem comes up with a plan and they wait until sundown to put it into action. Georgia heads back to the cabin and ties her sister up while she waits for Clem and Ricca. Clem cracks the ice and a walker comes out, while she and Ricca hide. Olivia thinks the walker is one of the girls and shoots it before getting struck in the shoulder with Clem's hatchet while Ricca unties Olivia but is shot in the process.


title: Clementine (The Walking Dead)

text: An avalanche comes down the mountain and traps the girls in the cabin. Georgia is trapped beneath snow and begs at her sister to help her, telling her she had to kill Amos because he was going to take Olivia away from her, she is then bitten by a walker. Clementine breaks a hole in the roof so they can escape and kills the walker but leaves Georgia to turn. The three girls leave to find Amos' hat before descending the mountain. They get the bullet out of Ricca who recovers and Clementine finds a one eyed kitten whom Olivia names Dr. Barnwell. They walk for 2 weeks to Olivia's mothers house so they can steal her plane and fly away. While in the sky, Clementine asks Olivia to fly back north to Vermont to show Amos the plane one more time.


title: Clementine (The Walking Dead)

text: In Clementine Book Two, Clementine and her new friends are rescued by an island community led by an enigmatic doctor called Miss Morro, but just as Clementine’s scars are finally beginning to heal, she discovers dark secrets that threaten to tear her new life apart.


title: Clementine (The Walking Dead)

text: The character has been acclaimed by both critics and fans. Many journalists consider Clementine to be an emotional centerpoint of "The Walking Dead" game, an accomplishment that few other video game characters have made. "Game Informer"s Kimberley Wallace describes the character of Clementine as having "broken through the barrier [of the television screen], securing a place in the hearts of many". IGN's Colin Campbell said in his article that Clementine is designed to elicit "super-protective instincts" in the player. "Without Clementine, Lee is just some dude trying to stay alive, but she (a slightly over-cooked innocent) allows him to be sympathetic to us." commented Campbell. N.D. Mackay, writing in "The Herald", described the relationship with Clementine as "the heart-breaking bedrock of the game." Kotaku's Kirk Hamilton writes that Clementine is a well-done, real-feeling character in the game. "...[she] is pretty great. She's cute and funny, smarter than she lets on, yet she still acts like a kid. She's one of the most realistically drawn kids I've encountered in a video game in some time." says Hamilton. GamesRadar's Hollander Cooper and Sterling McGarvey wrote that the hopelessness of the world would be infectious if not for her constant optimism, giving you something to fight for. "She’s slow to adapt to the fact that good and evil are now meaningless, and her innocence keeps the concept of hope alive in the survivors..." they stated. "The Sunday Herald" states that "Clementine is the real emotional heart of this game". "Polygon" included her and Lee as one of the 70 best video game characters of the 2010s with the publication's Colin Campbell writing, "Lee is an escaped convict in the midst of a zombie outbreak who finds himself caring for a frightened, vulnerable girl called Clementine. Later seasons show Clementine’s debt to Lee, and the lessons she learned from her redoubtable mentor. These are characters who are genuinely loved by their many fans." Samuel James Riley of "GamesRadar" listed Clementine along with Lee as the best video game duos, and further stated that the character's story is touching and ultimately has tragic friendships in gaming history. Kevin Wong of "Complex" included her to his "best supporting character in video games", and stated that "It's hard to think of a video game character that's made more grown men cry than Clementine."


title: Clementine (The Walking Dead)

text: During the game's episodic release, players frequently used the Twitter hashtag "#forclementine" to reflect how much the character had influenced them. Vanaman was surprised but pleased with this response, stating that "the fact that people care about Clementine is invaluable".


title: Clementine (The Walking Dead)

text: Melissa Hutchison as Clementine was nominated for and won the award for "Best Performance By a Human Female" at the 2012 Spike TV Video Game Awards. Hutchison's performance has also been nominated in the "Performance" category for the 2013 British Academy Video Games Awards.


title: Adolph Zukor

text: Adolph Zukor (; ; January 7, 1873 – June 10, 1976) was a Hungarian-American film producer best known as one of the three founders of Paramount Pictures. He produced one of America's first feature-length films, "The Prisoner of Zenda", in 1913.


title: Adolph Zukor

text: Zukor was born to an Ashkenazi Jewish family in Ricse, in the Kingdom of Hungary in January 1873, which was then a part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. His father, Jacob, who operated a general store, died when he was a year old, while his mother, Hannah Liebermann, died when he was 7. Adolph and his brother Arthur moved in with Kalman Liebermann, their uncle. Liebermann, a rabbi, expected his nephews to become rabbis, but instead Adolph served a three-year apprenticeship in the dry goods store of family friends. When he was 16, he decided to emigrate to the U.S. He sailed from Hamburg on the s/s Rugia on March 1 and arrived in New York City under the name Adolf Zuckery on March 16, 1891. Like most immigrants, he began modestly. After landing in New York City, he started working in an upholstery shop. A friend then got him a job as an apprentice at a furrier.


title: Adolph Zukor

text: Zukor stayed in New York City for two years. When he left to become a "contract" worker, sewing fur pieces and selling them himself, he was twenty years old and an accomplished designer. He was young and adventuresome, and the 1893 Columbian Exposition in Chicago drew him to the Midwest. There he started a fur business. In the second season of operation, Zukor's Novelty Fur Company expanded to 25 men and opened a branch.


title: Adolph Zukor

text: Historian Neal Gabler wrote, "one of the stubborn fallacies of movie history is that the men who created the film industry were all impoverished young vulgarians..." Zukor clearly didn't fit this profile. By 1903, he already looked and lived like a wealthy young burgher, and he certainly earned the income of one. He had a commodious apartment at 111th Street and Seventh Avenue in New York City's wealthy German-Jewish section".


title: Adolph Zukor

text: In 1918, he moved to New City, Rockland County, New York, where he purchased 300 acres of land from Lawrence Abraham, heir to the A&S Department Stores. Abraham had already built a sizable house, a nine-hole golf course and a swimming pool on this property. Two years later, Zukor bought an additional 500 acres, built a night house, guest house, movie theater, locker room, greenhouses, garages and staff quarters, and hired golf architect A.W. Tillinghast to build an 18-hole championship golf course. Today, Zukor's estate is the private Paramount Country Club.


title: Adolph Zukor

text: In 1903, he became involved in the film industry when his cousin, Max Goldstein, approached him for a loan to invest in a chain of theaters. These theaters were started by Mitchell Mark in Buffalo, New York, and hosted Edisonia Hall. Mark needed investors to expand his chain of theaters. Zukor gave Goldstein the loan and formed a partnership with Mark and Morris Kohn, a friend of Zukor's who also invested in the theaters. Zukor, Mark, and Kohn opened a penny arcade operating as The Automatic Vaudeville Company on 14th Street in New York City. They soon opened branches in Boston, Philadelphia, and Newark, with funding by Marcus Loew.


title: Adolph Zukor

text: In 1912, Adolph Zukor established Famous Players Film Company—advertising "Famous Players in Famous Plays"—as the American distribution company for the French film production "Les Amours de la reine Élisabeth" starring Sarah Bernhardt. The following year he obtained the financial backing of the Frohman brothers, the powerful New York City theatre impresarios. Their primary goal was to bring noted stage actors to the screen and Zukor went on to produce "The Prisoner of Zenda" (1913). He purchased an armory on 26th Street in Manhattan and converted it into Chelsea Studios, a movie studio that is still used today.


title: Adolph Zukor

text: The Paramount Pictures Corporation was formed to distribute films made by Famous Players-Lasky and a dozen smaller companies which were pulled into Zukor's corporate giant. The consolidations led to the formation of a nationwide film distribution system.


title: Adolph Zukor

text: In 1917, Zukor acquired 50% of Lewis J. Selznick's Select Pictures which led Selznick's publicity to wane. Later, however, Selznick bought out Zukor's share of Select Pictures.


title: Adolph Zukor

text: In 1919, the company bought 135 theaters in the Southern states, making the producing concern the first that guaranteed exhibition of its own product in its own theaters. He revolutionized the film industry by organizing production, distribution, and exhibition within a single company.


title: Adolph Zukor

text: Zukor believed in employing stars. He signed many of the early ones, including Mary Pickford, Roscoe "Fatty" Arbuckle, Marguerite Clark, Pauline Frederick, Douglas Fairbanks, Gloria Swanson, Rudolph Valentino, and Wallace Reid. With so many important players, Zukor also pioneered "Block Booking" for Paramount Pictures, which meant that an exhibitor who wanted a particular star's films had to buy a year's worth of other Paramount productions. That system gave Paramount a leading position in the 1920s and 1930s, but led the government to pursue it on antitrust grounds for more than 20 years.


title: Adolph Zukor

text: Zukor was the driving force behind Paramount's success. Through the teens and twenties, he also built the Publix Theatres Corporation, a chain of nearly 2000 screens. He also ran two production studios, one in Astoria, New York (now the Kaufman Astoria Studios) and the other in Hollywood, California.


title: Adolph Zukor

text: In 1926, Zukor hired independent producer B. P. Schulberg, who had an unerring eye for new talent, to run the new West Coast operations. Lasky and Zukor purchased the Robert Brunton Studios, a 26-acre facility at 5451 Marathon Street, for US$1 million. In 1927, Famous Players-Lasky took the name Paramount Famous Lasky Corporation. In 1930, because of the importance of the Publix Theatres, it became the Paramount Publix Corporation.


title: Adolph Zukor

text: By then, Zukor was turning out 60 features a year. He made deals to show them all in theaters controlled by Loew's Incorporated, and also continued to add more theaters to his own chain. By 1920, he was in a position to charge what he wished for film rentals. Thus he pioneered the concept, now the accepted practice in the film industry, by which the distributor charges the exhibitor a percentage of box-office receipts.


title: Adolph Zukor

text: Zukor, ever the impresario, bought a huge plot of ground at Broadway and 43d Street, over objections of his board of directors, to build the Paramount Theater and office building, a 39-story building that had its grand opening in 1926. He managed to keep stars such as Pola Negri, Gloria Swanson, and most important of all, Mary Pickford, under contract and happy to stay at Paramount. At one point, Pickford told Zukor: "You know, for years I've dreamed of making $20,000 a year before I was 20, and I'll be 20 very soon."


title: Adolph Zukor

text: "I could take a hint," Zukor recalled wryly. "She got the $20,000, and before long I was paying her $100,000 a year. Mary was a terrific businessman."


title: Adolph Zukor

text: Zukor was, primarily, also a businessman. "He did not take the same personal, down-to-the-last-detail interest in the making of his movies that producer-executives such as Samuel Goldwyn and Louis B. Mayer did," wrote "The New York Times" in Zukor's obituary at the age of 103. He became an early investor in radio, taking a 50 percent interest in the new Columbia Broadcasting System in 1928, but selling it within a few years.


title: Adolph Zukor

text: Partner Lasky hung on until 1932, when Paramount nearly collapsed in the Great Depression years. Lasky was blamed for that and tossed out. In the following year, Paramount went into receivership. Ultimately at fault were Zukor's over-expansion and use of overvalued Paramount stock for purchases that made the company file for bankruptcy. A bank-mandated reorganization team kept the company intact, and, miraculously, Zukor was able to return as production chief. On June 4, 1935, John E. Otterson became president. When Barney Balaban was appointed president on July 2, 1936 Zukor was relegated to chairman of the board.


title: Adolph Zukor

text: He eventually spent most of his time in New York City, but passed the winter months in Hollywood to check on his studio. He retired from Paramount Pictures in 1959 and in 1964, stepped down as chairman and assumed Chairman Emeritus status, a position he held up until his death at the age of 103 in Los Angeles.


title: Adolph Zukor

text: In 1897, he married Lottie Kaufman; they had two children, Eugene J. Zukor, who became a Paramount executive in 1916, and Mildred Zukor Loew who married Arthur Loew, son of Marcus Loew.


title: Adolph Zukor

text: Zukor died from natural causes at his Los Angeles residence at age 103 in June 1976. He is buried at the Temple Israel Cemetery in Hastings-on-Hudson, New York.


title: Derek Bentley case

text: Derek William Bentley (30 June 1933 – 28 January 1953) was a British man who was hanged for the murder of a policeman during a burglary attempt. Christopher Craig, then aged 16, a friend and accomplice of Bentley, was accused of the murder. Bentley was convicted as a party to the crime, by the English law principle of common purpose, "joint enterprise", as the burglary had been committed in mutual understanding and bringing deadly weapons. The outcome of the trial, and Home Secretary David Maxwell Fyfe's failure to grant clemency to Bentley, was highly controversial.


title: Derek Bentley case

text: The jury at the trial found Bentley guilty based on the prosecution's interpretation of the ambiguous phrase "Let him have it" (Bentley's alleged exhortation to Craig) after the judge, Lord Chief Justice Goddard, had described Bentley as "mentally aiding the murder of Sidney Miles". Goddard sentenced Bentley to be hanged, despite a recommendation for mercy by the jury: Under the Judgment of Death Act 1823, no other sentence was possible (subsequently the Homicide Act 1957, which introduced stronger "diminished responsibility" safeguards, was all but certainly influenced by the Bentley trial).


title: Derek Bentley case

text: The Bentley case became a cause célèbre, and led to a 45-year-long campaign to win Derek Bentley a posthumous pardon, which was granted in 1993, and then a further campaign for the quashing of his murder conviction, which occurred in 1998. His case is thus considered a case of miscarriage of justice alongside that of Timothy Evans, and pivotal in the successful campaign to abolish capital punishment in the United Kingdom.


title: Derek Bentley case

text: Derek Bentley entered Norbury Manor Secondary Modern School in 1944, after failing the eleven-plus examination. Just before leaving, in March 1948, Bentley and another boy were arrested for theft. Six months later, he was sentenced to serve three years at Kingswood Approved School, near Bristol. Christopher Craig also attended the same Secondary Modern school.


title: Derek Bentley case

text: Derek Bentley had a series of health developmental problems. His parents reported that in a childhood accident he had broken his nose and since then he had three seizure fits, including one in which they said he nearly died of choking. The family also said they were bombed out three times during World War II, and in one of these incidents, the house in which he lived collapsed around him, but a court did not find any indication that he was physically injured in the incident. However, he was later seen to have epilepsy.


title: Derek Bentley case

text: Bentley was sent to Kingswood Training School, Bristol on 27 October 1948. They administered diagnostic tests on him during the time of his detention there. In December 1948 (when he was years old), his mental age was estimated at 10 years, 4 months, when he scored 66 on an IQ test. Kingswood staff reported him to be "lazy, indifferent, voluble and of the 'wise guy' type", whilst a court described him as "indifferent, smug, self-satisfied and ready to tell tales". After his arrest in November 1952, further IQ tests were administered to him at Brixton Prison. He was described there as "borderline feeble-minded", with a verbal score of 71, a performance IQ of 87 and a full scale IQ of 77.


title: Derek Bentley case

text: He was discovered to still be "quite illiterate" at the time of his arrest in November 1952. The prison medical officer said he "cannot even recognise or write down all the letters of the alphabet".


title: Derek Bentley case

text: Bentley was examined twice by EEG: a reading on 16 November 1949 indicated he was an epileptic and a reading on 9 February 1950 was "abnormal". Both were taken at the Burden Neurological Institute in Bristol.


title: Derek Bentley case

text: Bentley was released from Kingswood school on 28 July 1950, a year early, though he remained under the care of Kingswood until 29 September 1954, by which time he was dead. He was a recluse for the rest of 1950, rarely venturing out of the house, breaking his isolation in January 1951. In March 1951, he was employed by a furniture removal firm but was forced to leave the job after injuring his back in March 1952. In May 1952, Bentley was taken on by the Croydon Corporation as a dustbin man; one month later, in June 1952 he was demoted to street sweeping for unsatisfactory performance. One month after that, he was sacked by the corporation. He was still unemployed at the time of his arrest in November 1952.


title: Derek Bentley case

text: On the night of Sunday 2 November 1952 Bentley and a 16-year-old companion, Christopher Craig, attempted to burgle the warehouse of the Barlow & Parker confectionery company at 27–29 Tamworth Road, Croydon. Craig armed himself with a Colt New Service .455 Webley calibre revolver, the barrel of which he had shortened so that it could be carried easily in his pocket. He also carried a number of undersized rounds for the revolver, some of which he had modified by hand to fit the gun. Bentley carried a knuckle-duster, which he had been given by Craig, who had been fined the previous year for possessing a firearm without a certificate.


title: Derek Bentley case

text: At around 9:15pm, neighbours called police after spotting Craig and Bentley climbing over the gate and up a drainpipe to the roof of the warehouse.


title: Derek Bentley case

text: When police arrived, Craig and Bentley hid behind the lift-housing. Craig taunted the police. One of the officers, Detective Sergeant Frederick Fairfax, climbed the drainpipe to the roof and grabbed hold of Bentley, but Bentley broke free. What happened then is uncertain: police witnesses later claimed that Fairfax ordered Craig to "Hand over the gun, lad" and Bentley shouted, "Let him have it, Chris". Craig fired, striking Fairfax in the shoulder. Fairfax was nonetheless again able to restrain Bentley, who told Fairfax that Craig had further ammunition for the gun. Bentley had not used either of the weapons in his pockets.


title: Derek Bentley case

text: A group of uniformed police officers arrived and were sent onto the roof. The first to reach the roof was Police Constable Sidney Miles, who was immediately killed by a shot to the head. After exhausting his ammunition and being cornered, Craig jumped 30 feet (10 metres) from the roof onto a greenhouse, fracturing his spine and left wrist, and had to remain in hospital.


title: Derek Bentley case

text: Both Craig and Bentley were charged with the murder of PC Miles on the following day, 3 November 1952. They were tried by jury before the Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales, Lord Goddard, at the Old Bailey in London between 9 December and 11 December 1952. Christmas Humphreys, Senior Treasury Counsel, led for the prosecution.


title: Derek Bentley case

text: At the time of the burglary attempt and Miles's death, murder was a capital offence in England and Wales. Minors under 18 were not sentenced to death: consequently, of the two defendants, despite Craig having fired the fatal shot, only Bentley faced the death penalty if convicted. The doctrine of felony murder or "constructive malice" meant that a charge of manslaughter was not an option, as the "malicious intent" of the armed robbery was transferred to the shooting. Bentley's best defence was that he was effectively under arrest when Miles was killed. There were three principal points of contention at trial:


title: Derek Bentley case

text: Firstly, the defence claimed there was ambiguity in the evidence as to how many shots were fired and by whom. A later forensic ballistics expert cast doubt on whether Craig could have hit Miles if he had shot at him deliberately: The fatal bullet was not found. Craig had used bullets of different undersized calibres, and the sawn-off barrel made it inaccurate to a degree of six feet at the range from which he fired.


title: Derek Bentley case

text: Secondly, there was controversy over the existence and meaning of Bentley's alleged instruction to Craig, "let him have it, Chris". Craig and Bentley denied that Bentley had said the words while the police officers testified that he had said them. Further, Bentley's counsel argued that even if he had said the words, it could not be proven that Bentley had intended the words to mean the informal meaning of "shoot him, Chris" instead of the literal meaning of "give him the gun, Chris".


title: Derek Bentley case

text: Thirdly, there was disagreement over whether Bentley was fit to stand trial in light of his mental capacity. The Principal Medical Officer responsible was Dr Matheson and he referred Bentley to Dr. Hill, a psychiatrist at the Maudsley Hospital. Hill's report stated that Bentley was illiterate and of low intelligence, almost borderline retarded. However, Matheson was of the opinion that whilst agreeing that Bentley was of low intelligence, he did not have epilepsy at the time of the alleged offence and he was not a "feeble-minded person" under the Mental Deficiency Acts. Matheson said that he was sane and fit to plead and stand trial. English law at the time did not recognise the concept of diminished responsibility due to retarded development, though it existed in Scottish law (it was introduced to England by the Homicide Act 1957). Criminal insanity – where the accused is unable to distinguish right from wrong – was then the only medical defence to murder. Bentley, while he had a severe debilitation, was not insane.


title: Derek Bentley case

text: The jury took 75 minutes to decide that both Craig and Bentley were guilty of Miles's murder, with a plea for mercy for Bentley. Bentley was sentenced to death whilst Craig was ordered to be detained at Her Majesty's Pleasure. He was eventually released in May 1963 after serving 10 years' imprisonment, married two years later and subsequently became a plumber.


title: Derek Bentley case

text: Bentley was originally scheduled to be hanged on 30 December 1952 but this was postponed to allow for an appeal. Bentley's lawyers filed appeals highlighting the ambiguities of the ballistic evidence, Bentley's mental age and the fact that he did not fire the fatal shot. Bentley's appeal was heard on 13 January 1953 and was unsuccessful.


title: Derek Bentley case

text: When his appeal was turned down, Bentley's life was placed in the hands of the Home Secretary, David Maxwell Fyfe, who had to decide whether to recommend that the Queen exercise the royal prerogative of mercy to commute his death sentence to life imprisonment. Lord Goddard forwarded the jury's recommendation of mercy, but added that he himself "could find no mitigating circumstances". His later statements to author David Yallop, which convinced Yallop that Goddard had wanted a reprieve, appear to have been incorrectly quoted.


title: Derek Bentley case

text: Maxwell Fyfe's autobiography, published in 1964, refers to the factors which he took into consideration: "the evidence of the trial, medical reports, family or other private circumstances ... and police reports, ... the available precedents, and ... public opinion". He went on to say that Bentley's case also involved the issue of the police force, since it was a police officer who was killed. Maxwell Fyfe then stresses that a reprieve would mean the Home Secretary is "intervening in the due process of the law". Maxwell Fyfe, in the words of the letter sent out, failed to discover any sufficient ground to justify him in advising Her Majesty to interfere in the due course of the law.


title: Derek Bentley case

text: There was much political pressure to commute Bentley's sentence, including a memorandum signed by over 200 members of Parliament. Despite several attempts, Parliament was given no opportunity to debate the issue until the sentence had been carried out. The Home Office also refused Dr Hill permission to make his report public.


title: Derek Bentley case

text: At 9am on 28 January 1953, Bentley was hanged at Wandsworth Prison, London, by Albert Pierrepoint, with Harry Allen assisting. There were protests outside the prison and two people were arrested and fined for damage to property.


title: Derek Bentley case

text: In his 1971 book "To Encourage the Others" (the title is an acknowledged allusion to Voltaire's "Candide"), David Yallop documented Bentley's psychiatric problems, as well as what he believed were inconsistencies in the police and forensic evidence and the conduct of the trial. Despite Craig's gun being the only one on the roof at the moment that Miles was shot, he proposed the theory that Miles was actually killed by a bullet from a gun other than Craig's sawn-off .455 revolver. Yallop drew this conclusion from an interview in March 1971 with David Haler, the pathologist who carried out the autopsy on Miles, who Yallop reports estimated the head wound was inflicted by a bullet of between .32 and .38 calibre fired from between six and nine feet away. Craig had been firing from a distance of just under 40 feet and had used a variety of undersized .41, and .45 calibre rounds in his revolver; Yallop asserted it would have been impossible for him to use a bullet of .38 or smaller calibre. Haler did not offer in his trial evidence any estimate of the size of the bullet that had killed Miles. In July 1970, during an interview with Yallop, Craig accepted that the bullet that killed Miles came from his gun, but maintained that all of his shots were fired over the rear garden of a house adjacent to the warehouse, approximately 20 degrees to the right of Miles's location from where Craig had been firing.


title: Derek Bentley case

text: The standard Metropolitan Police pistol at the time was the .32-calibre Webley automatic, a number of which were issued on the night. In his book "The Scientific Investigation of Crime", the prosecution's ballistics expert Lewis Nickolls stated that he recovered four bullets from the roof, two of .45, one of .41 and one of .32 calibre. The last was not entered as an exhibit in the trial, nor mentioned in Nickolls' evidence to the court.


title: Derek Bentley case

text: When Yallop telephoned Haler the day after the initial interview, he reportedly confirmed his estimate of the bullet size. Shortly before the publication of Yallop's book, Haler was provided with a transcript of the interview, and Yallop says Haler again confirmed as accurate. After the subsequent broadcast of the BBC "Play for Today" adaptation of "To Encourage the Others", directed by Alan Clarke and starring Charles Bolton, Haler sought to deny that he had given any specific estimate of the size of the bullet that killed Miles beyond being "of large calibre". The .32 ACP bullet is not considered to be of large calibre.


title: Derek Bentley case

text: Contrary to Yallop's claims, none of the police officers present was armed at the moment when PC Miles was shot. Det Con (later Det Sgt) Fairfax, after Miles was shot and after taking Bentley to street level and putting him into a police car, returned to the roof armed with a Webley & Scott .32 and fired two shots at Craig, both of which missed. Since a .32 round could not be loaded into Craig's revolver and Craig was the only armed person in the vicinity at the time of the murder, the spent .32 round could only be one of Fairfax's, fired some time subsequently. As the Court of Appeal found, 'Once the appellant [Bentley] had been taken down, D.C. Fairfax returned with a firearm, with which he had been issued, and went back up to the roof. He fired twice at Craig but missed, Craig having fired at him. Craig's revolver was by now empty and he jumped or dived off the roof, suffering a fractured spine, breast bone and left forearm. Notwithstanding this, he was able to tell the first police officer who reached him that he wished he had "killed the fucking lot". He later made a number of statements to police officers sitting with him in hospital, displaying a hatred of the police and a total lack of remorse at what he had done.'


title: Derek Bentley case

text: Following the execution there was a public sense of unease about the decision, resulting in a long campaign to secure a posthumous pardon. The campaign was initially led by Bentley's parents until their deaths in the 1970s, after which the drive to clear Bentley's name was led by his sister Iris. In March 1966 his remains were removed from Wandsworth Prison and reburied in a family grave. In August 1970, Lord Goddard told Yallop that he thought Bentley was going to be reprieved, said he should have been, and attacked David Maxwell Fyfe for allowing the execution to go ahead.


title: Derek Bentley case

text: On 29 July 1993, Bentley was granted a royal pardon in respect of the sentence of death passed upon him and carried out. However, in English law this did not quash his conviction for murder.


title: Derek Bentley case

text: Eventually, on 30 July 1998, the Court of Appeal quashed Bentley's conviction for murder. However, Bentley's sister Iris had died of cancer the year before. Her daughter, Maria Bentley-Dingwall, who was born 10 years after Derek Bentley's execution, continued the campaign after her mother's death.


title: Derek Bentley case

text: Christopher Craig, by then aged 62 (born May 1936), issued a statement welcoming the pardon for Bentley, stating that "his innocence has now been proved". He also apologised to the families of both PC Miles and Bentley for his actions, as well as his own family for the press intrusion they had suffered over the years.


title: Derek Bentley case

text: Though Bentley had never been accused of attacking any of the police officers, who were shot at by Craig, for him to be convicted of murder as an accessory in a joint enterprise it was necessary for the prosecution to prove that he knew that Craig had a deadly weapon when they began the break-in. The Lord Chief Justice, Lord Bingham of Cornhill, ruled that Lord Goddard had not made it clear to the jury that the prosecution was required to have proved Bentley had known that Craig was armed. He further ruled that Lord Goddard had failed to raise the question of Bentley's withdrawal from their joint enterprise. This would require the prosecution to prove the absence of any attempt by Bentley to signal to Craig that he wanted Craig to surrender his weapons to the police. Lord Bingham ruled that Bentley's trial had been unfair because the judge had misdirected the jury and, in his summing-up, had put unfair pressure on the jury to convict. It is possible that Lord Goddard may have been under pressure while summing up since much of the evidence was not directly relevant to Bentley's defence. Lord Bingham did not rule that Bentley was innocent, merely that there had been fundamental defects in the trial process.


title: Derek Bentley case

text: Another factor in the posthumous defence was that a "confession" recorded by Bentley, which was claimed by the prosecution to be a "verbatim record of dictated monologue", was shown by forensic linguistics methods to have been largely edited by policemen. Linguist Malcolm Coulthard showed that certain patterns, such as the frequency of the word "then" and the grammatical use of "then" after the grammatical subject ("I then" rather than "then I"), were not consistent with Bentley's use of language (his idiolect), as evidenced in court testimony. These patterns fit better the recorded testimony of the policemen involved. This is one of the earliest uses of forensic linguistics on record.


title: Derek Bentley case

text: In a case with similarities to the Bentley case, a House of Lords judgment of 17 July 1997 cleared Philip English of murdering Sergeant Bill Forth in March 1993, the reasons being given by Lord Hutton. English had been handcuffed before his companion Paul Weddle killed Sgt Forth with a concealed knife. The existing joint enterprise law allowed the conviction of English for murder because they had both been attacking Sgt Forth with wooden staves, making English an accessory to any murder committed by Weddle as part of that assault. Lord Hutton made the 'fine distinction' that a concealed knife was a far more deadly weapon than a wooden stave, so that proof of English's knowledge of it was necessary for conviction. The appeal may have influenced the allowing of a posthumous referral of the Bentley case.


title: Derek Bentley case

text: Lord Mustill had asked for new laws on homicide when setting out his reasons at the time of Lord Hutton's ruling on English's appeal. However, Lord Bingham's ruling blamed Lord Goddard for a miscarriage of justice without making further alteration to the law on joint enterprise. The English judgement, delivered just over two months after the Labour government took office, remained the most recent precedent in joint enterprise law, though the Bentley verdict attracted far more media attention.


title: Derek Bentley case

text: A play "Example", starring Harry Miller as Bentley, was devised by the Coventry Belgrade TIE Team for fifth and sixth form students and toured from 1975. The play, with an introduction by Miller, was included in a 1980 book "Theatre in Education – Four Secondary School Programmes".


title: Derek Bentley case

text: The 1990 book "Let Him Have It, Chris" written by M J Trow explores the inconsistencies in the police version of events.


title: Derek Bentley case

text: The 1991 feature film "Let Him Have It", starring Christopher Eccleston as Bentley and Paul Reynolds as Craig, relates the story, as do the songs "Derek Bentley" by Karl Dallas (in which the lyrics imply that Bentley was guilty but sympathise with him), "Let Him Dangle" by Elvis Costello, "Let Him Have It" by The Bureau, and "Bentley and Craig" by Ralph McTell, whose mother was a friend of the Bentley family, also covered by June Tabor (on Aleyn, TSCD490, 1997).


title: Derek Bentley case

text: In the 2013 novel "The Late Scholar" by Jill Paton Walsh, the character Peter Wimsey notes that the Bentley case has reduced the support for capital punishment.


title: Josh Norman

text: Joshua Ricardo Norman (born December 15, 1987) is an American football cornerback who is a free agent. He played college football at Coastal Carolina and was drafted by the Carolina Panthers in the fifth round of the 2012 NFL Draft, later playing for the Washington Redskins, Buffalo Bills and San Francisco 49ers. He also participated in the celebrity dancing competition show "Dancing with the Stars", finishing as the runner-up of its 26th season in 2018.


title: Josh Norman

text: Norman attended Greenwood High School, where he was a teammate of other future NFL players in Armanti Edwards and D. J. Swearinger. In 2006, Norman was the only two-way player on his high school team that won the South Carolina State Championship. He was named an All-State football player and was selected to participate in the North-South All-Star Game. He was also named to the All-Lakeland Region 4A on offense and also participated in basketball, baseball, and track throughout high school. Despite all that, Norman received no scholarship offers from any Division I schools.


title: Josh Norman

text: Norman began college by taking courses at Horry Georgetown Tech while living with his brother, Marrio Norman, who earned a full scholarship in football to Coastal Carolina. The following year in 2008, Norman was offered a spot on the Chanticleers as a walk-on. He eventually graduated with a communications major and dramatic arts minor.


title: Josh Norman

text: During his true freshman year at Coastal Carolina in 2008, Norman played in all 12 games with 7 starts. During his first start against North Carolina A&T, Norman recorded his first interception. He recorded 26 solo tackles and 35 total tackles, tying for ninth most tackles on the team. He ranked fifth in the Big South with nine pass defenses and two interceptions. He earned Big South Freshman of the Week honors after his seven tackle and one interception performance in a win over Presbyterian. After his freshman year, Coastal Carolina awarded Norman a scholarship.


title: Josh Norman

text: During his sophomore season, Norman was named a third-team All-American by the Associated Press and made the College Sporting News' "Fabulous Fifty" All-American team. He also earned first-team All-Big South. During the season, he broke the league record and tied for second in the nation with eight interceptions. He ranked third in interceptions per game with 0.73 and led the league with 15 pass breakups, tying eighth nationally with 1.36 per game. He also ranked sixth on the team with 35 tackles and led the team with two blocked kicks. He earned Big South Defensive Player of the Week and National Defensive Player of the Week after tying a Big South record with three interceptions in a game in a win over Gardner-Webb.


title: Josh Norman

text: During his junior season, Norman again earned 1st team All-Big South. He ranked fifth on the team with 56 tackles and 3rd in the Big South with 9 pass defenses. He also recorded another blocked field goal, bringing him one shy of the Coastal Carolina record. In 2011, Norman was a preseason All-American and All-Big South conference as well as being listed as one of the top 10 defensive backs for 2011 by The Sporting Network. Additionally, he was voted onto the 2011 AFCA Football Championship Subdivision Coaches' All-America Team. For his college career, Norman tied for second in Coastal Carolina history with 11 career interceptions and pass breakups with 23.


title: Josh Norman

text: On January 12, 2012, it was announced that Norman had accepted his invitation to play in the East-West Shrine Game. Norman was projected to be a late round pick at the end of his senior season, but began to climb draft boards after impressing scouts during East-West Shrine Game practices. On January 21, 2012, Norman played in the 2012 East-West Shrine Game and was part of the East team that lost 24–17 to the West. On January 26, 2012, Norman accepted an invitation to play in the 2012 Senior Bowl as a late-replacement after Alfonzo Dennard sustained an injury. Norman continued to impress coaches and scouts by intercepting six passes during Senior Bowl practices, although he was a late-replacement and had minimal time to practice with his team. On January 28, 2012, he played in the 2012 Senior Bowl as part of Minnesota Vikings’ head coach Leslie Frazier's North team that defeated the South 23–13.


title: Josh Norman

text: He attended the NFL Scouting Combine in Indianapolis and completed all of the combine drills. His mediocre performance in the 40-yard dash (4.66s) possibly resulted in a fall in his draft stock. On March 27, 2012, Norman participated at Coastal Carolina's pro day and chose to perform combine and positional drills. He improved his time in the 40-yard dash (4.57s), 20-yard dash (2.63s), and three-cone drill (6.92s). Norman attended a pre-draft visit with the Detroit Lions. It was reported that team representatives and scouts from 27 NFL teams attended Coastal Carolina's pro day. At the conclusion of the pre-draft process, Norman's draft projections varied from as early as the third round to as late as the seventh round by NFL draft experts and scouts. The majority of NFL draft experts projected Norman to be a third or fourth round pick. He was ranked the eighth best cornerback prospect in the draft by NFL analyst Mike Mayock, 10th best by Scouts Inc., 28th best CBS Sports, and 29th best by DraftScout.com.


title: Josh Norman

text: The Carolina Panthers selected Norman in the fifth round, 143rd overall, of the 2012 NFL Draft. Norman was the 14th cornerback drafted in 2012 and became only the third player to be drafted from Coastal Carolina, after Tyler Thigpen (2007) and Jerome Simpson (2008).


title: Josh Norman

text: On May 10, 2012, Norman signed his four-year rookie contract with the Panthers, worth 2.3 million. Throughout training camp, Norman competed to be a starting cornerback against Captain Munnerlyn and Brandon Hogan. Head coach Ron Rivera named Norman and Chris Gamble the starting cornerbacks to begin the regular season.


title: Josh Norman

text: He made his professional regular season debut and first career start in the Panthers' at the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and recorded four combined tackles during their 16–10 loss. In Week 3, he collected a season-high 11 combined tackles (eight solo) and a pass deflection during a 36–7 loss to the New York Giants. Norman became a focal point of the secondary after the Carolina Panthers placed Chris Gamble on injured reserve due to a shoulder injury on October 22, 2012. On October 28, 2012, Norman recorded five combined tackles, deflected a pass, and made his first career interception in the Panthers’ 23–22 loss at the Chicago Bears in Week 8. Norman intercepted a pass by Bears’ quarterback Jay Cutler, that was originally intended for wide receiver Brandon Marshall, during the first quarter. Norman began to struggle


title: Josh Norman

text: towards the end of his rookie season and was eventually surpassed on the depth chart by Josh Thomas and was relegated to a backup cornerback beginning in Week 14. In Week 15, Norman was surpassed on the depth chart by James Dockery and became the fourth cornerback on the depth chart. He finished his rookie season in 2012 with 73 combined tackles (52 solo), seven pass deflections, and one interception in 16 games and 12 starts.


title: Josh Norman

text: During training camp, Norman competed against Drayton Florence and Josh Thomas for a job as a starting cornerback. Head coach Ron Rivera named Norman the third cornerback on the depth chart to begin the regular season, behind Captain Munnerlyn and Josh Thomas.


title: Josh Norman

text: On September 15, 2013, Norman collected a season-high four combined tackles during the Panthers’ 24–23 loss at the Buffalo Bills. During the fourth quarter, Buffalo Bills’ quarterback E. J. Manuel threw a two-yard touchdown pass to a wide open Stevie Johnson after a miscommunication between Josh Norman and cornerback D. J. Moore. Moore stated he called for Norman to switch and cover Johnson as Moore covered wide receiver Chris Hogan. Norman stated he didn't hear Moore call for a switch. As a result of the mistake, Norman was effectively benched for the majority of the season. Head coach Ron Rivera benched Norman for three games (Weeks 5–7) as a healthy scratch. He was demoted to being the fifth cornerback on the depth chart behind Captain Munnerlyn, Josh Thomas, Melvin White, and Drayton Florence. Norman was inactive for six of the next nine games (Weeks 9–10, 14–17) as a healthy scratch. Norman finished the 2013 NFL season with four combined tackles (three solo) in seven games and zero starts.


title: Josh Norman

text: Despite losing Captain Munnerlyn in free agency to the Minnesota Vikings as well as Drayton Florence, Norman was not considered the team's first option to start opposite Melvin White to begin the year. Throughout training camp, Norman competed for a roster spot as a backup cornerback against Josh Thomas and James Dockery. He maintained a roster spot after a strong preseason, but was named the fifth cornerback on the depth chart behind Melvin White, Antoine Cason, Bené Benwikere, and Charles Godfrey.


title: Josh Norman

text: In Week 5, Norman earned his first start of the season, over Melvin White, and recorded three combined tackles in the Panthers’ 31–24 win against the Chicago Bears. Norman suffered a concussion during the game and was sidelined for the next two games (Weeks 6–7). In Week 8, Norman became a starting cornerback after surpassing Melvin White and Antoine Cason on the depth chart. On November 16, 2014, Norman collected a season-high seven combined tackles and deflected a pass during a 19–17 loss to the Atlanta Falcons in Week 11. His success facilitated the Panthers to release Cason on December 2, 2014. Norman began to show his potential as a shutdown corner in the second half of the 2014 season while continually covering the opposing team's top receiver. In Week 10, Norman held Philadelphia Eagles’ wide receiver Jeremy Maclin to three catches for 38-yards and no touchdowns. The following week, he held Atlanta Falcons’ wide receiver Julio Jones to six receptions for 59-yards and no touchdowns. In Week 15, Norman held rookie Tampa Bay Buccaneers’ wide receiver Mike Evans to two catches for 13-yards and no touchdowns. On December 21, 2014, Norman recorded five combined tackles, deflected a pass, and made an interception during a 17–13 win against the Cleveland Browns in Week 16. He held Browns’ wide receiver Josh Gordon to four catches for 45-yards. Over the final eight weeks of the season, Norman was rated as the 27th best cornerback by Pro Football Focus and gave up only 13 receptions on 33 targets. He finished the season with 48 combined tackles (36 solo), 11 pass deflections, two interceptions, and a forced fumble in 14 games and ten starts. For the season, Norman was targeted 58 times, but only allowed 27 catches for 291 yards and just 74 yards after the catch. The 46.6% catch rate was second best in the NFL among starters behind only Vontae Davis.


title: Josh Norman

text: The Carolina Panthers finished first in the NFC South with a 7–8–1 record and earned a playoff berth. On January 3, 2015, Norman started his first career playoff game and recorded four combined tackles as the Panthers defeated the Arizona Cardinals 27–16 in the NFC Wildcard Game. Norman gave up only one reception for nine-yards during the game. The following week, the Panthers were eliminated from the playoffs after a 31–17 loss at the Seattle Seahawks in the NFC Divisional Round.


title: Josh Norman

text: In 2015, Norman picked up where he left off from the 2014 season. During the season opening victory against the Jacksonville Jaguars, Norman was thrown at nine times, allowed just three completions for five yards, and managed to force a fumble and collect a pick-six against quarterback Blake Bortles. Norman followed this up during the Panthers week 2 victory over the Houston Texans where he allowed just 40 yards in coverage on 12 attempts, no first down receptions, while helping to limit DeAndre Hopkins to five receptions and 53 yards for the game. The following week, Norman sealed a 27–22 win against the New Orleans Saints after an interception in the end zone on a pass by Luke McCown intended for Brandin Cooks with a minute remaining in the game. Through the first three weeks of the season, the only two cornerbacks who were targeted 20 or more times and had not allowed a pass for more than 16 yards were Norman and teammate Bené Benwikere. Further, through that span, Norman did not allow 50 yards receiving in a game and quarterbacks generated a 38.8 passer rating when throwing in his direction. For his efforts, Norman was named the NFC's defensive player of the month for September. The following week, in a 37–24 victory over the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Norman became the first cornerback since Charles Woodson in 2008 with 2 INT-TDs in the first 4 weeks of a season. Against the Buccaneers, Norman was targeted 8 times and allowed only two receptions for 31 yards, while recording 2 interceptions and 2 pass defenses. Further, Jameis Winston had a 3.6 quarterback passer rating when targeting Norman. He was named the NFC Defensive Player of the Week for his performance.


title: Josh Norman

text: Through the first four weeks of the season, Norman had been targeted 35 times and allowed a 42.9% completion percentage for 129 yards to go along with 4 interceptions. During this time, opposing quarterbacks recorded a 23.1 quarterback passer rating when targeting Norman, which ranked first in the NFL above Darrelle Revis, who allowed a 23.9 quarterback passer rating when targeted during this same time. During a Week 6 victory over the Seattle Seahawks Norman was only targeted twice for –2 yards both on screen passes. After the game Norman said of Russell Wilson, "He was the smartest quarterback we've played so far this year because of that."


title: Josh Norman

text: Through the first six weeks of the season, Norman allowed just 46 percent of those 37 passes to be caught and opposing passers throwing his way had a passer rating of just 24.1, the best mark in the NFL. Additionally, he allowed just 17 receptions for 127 yards (7.5 per catch). During the Panthers Week 7 victory over the Philadelphia Eagles, Norman recorded 3 tackles, 2 pass deflections and gave up 1 catch for 3 yards in coverage. Through the first 7 weeks, Norman graded as Pro Football Focus's best cornerback in the NFL. Norman went up against T. Y. Hilton during a rainy Monday night victory over the Indianapolis Colts. He gave up only one catch on three targets for 15 yards. After the game Norman said "I was the Dark Knight today -- I was Batman. ... Had to come in and save a couple people." During the Panthers' 44–16 victory over the Washington Redskins to move them to 10–0, Norman had 4 solo tackles and forced a key fumble. During the Panthers' 33–14 victory over the Dallas Cowboys on Thanksgiving, Norman shadowed Dez Bryant on Bryant's 43 snaps on the perimeter and limited him to one catch for 6 yards. During the Panthers Week 14 victory over the Atlanta Falcons, when matched up with Julio Jones, Norman limited him to four catches on six targets for 33 yards. Over the first 14 weeks of the season, Norman held DeAndre Hopkins, Mike Evans, T. Y. Hilton, Dez Bryant, and Julio Jones to a combined 9 receptions for 89 yards.


title: Josh Norman

text: During the Panthers' Week 15 game, which resulted in a 38–35 victory over the New York Giants, Norman had a high-profile contest with receiver Odell Beckham Jr. During the game, Norman was targeted 6 times when matched up with Beckham and gave up 4 receptions for 30 yards and a touchdown. Tempers flared between the two players with Norman committing 2 personal fouls and Beckham committing 3 personal fouls, which included a hit to the head of a defenseless Norman that later resulted in a 1-game suspension for Beckham. Norman was selected for his first career Pro Bowl during the season. On December 23, 2015, Norman was fined a combined $26,044 for a face mask penalty, and for striking an opponent in the head against the Giants. During the final game of the regular season, Norman held Mike Evans to 15 yards from 1 catch on 5 targets.


title: Josh Norman

text: For the season, opposing quarterbacks had a passer rating of 54.0 when throwing at Norman, the lowest rating allowed by all NFL corners. Norman recorded 56 tackles, 18 passes defended, 4 interceptions, 3 forced fumbles, 2 fumble recoveries and helped the Panthers win a team-record 15 games for the 2015 season. In the Divisional round against the Seattle Seahawks, Norman recorded 5 tackles and 1 sack. He helped the Panthers defeat the Seahawks 31–24. In the NFC Championship game against the Arizona Cardinals, Norman recorded 2 tackles and 2 passes defended as the Panthers defeated the Cardinals 49–15 to advance to Super Bowl 50. In the Super Bowl, Norman recorded 2 tackles and 2 passes defensed. However, the Panthers fell to the Denver Broncos by a score of 24–10.


title: Josh Norman

text: Norman was named First-team All-Pro for the 2015 season and was ranked 11th on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2016.


title: Josh Norman

text: On April 20, 2016, the Panthers rescinded their franchise tag that they placed on Norman, after he and the team failed to come to an agreement on a new contract, making him an unrestricted free agent.


title: Josh Norman

text: On April 22, 2016, Norman signed a five-year, $75 million deal with the Washington Redskins. The contract made him the highest paid cornerback in NFL history at the time, surpassing the contract Darrelle Revis signed with the New York Jets in 2015. During the team's training camp, Norman announced that he would appear regularly during that season's "Fox NFL" broadcast. In Week 3, Norman faced off against Odell Beckham Jr. and the New York Giants, which generated media attention due to their previous controversial matchup in 2015. He recorded his first interception as a Redskin against quarterback Cody Kessler in the Week 4 win over the Cleveland Browns. In a Week 16 win against the Chicago Bears, he recorded two interceptions on quarterback Matt Barkley. He started in every game during the season, finishing with 67 tackles, 19 passes defended, two forced fumbles, and three interceptions. After the season, he was ranked as the 59th best player by his peers in the NFL Top 100 Players of 2017.


title: Josh Norman

text: In the Week 2 game against the Los Angeles Rams, Norman forced a fumble off of running back Todd Gurley. The fumble set up the Redskins' offense on an eventual field goal scoring drive in the 27–20 victory. During a Week 4 game against the Kansas City Chiefs, Norman suffered injuries to his lung lining and a fractured rib after tackling wide receiver Chris Conley in the second quarter. Norman did not return to the game, and was ruled out for a few weeks following further examination after the game.


title: Josh Norman

text: In Week 5 against the New Orleans Saints, Norman was benched after allowing a 62-yard touchdown reception to Tre'Quan Smith, but eventually came back in the second half as the Redskins lost the game 43–19. In Week 6 against the Carolina Panthers, his former team, Norman intercepted quarterback Cam Newton and forced a fumble off of rookie wide receiver D. J. Moore. In Week 10 against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, he intercepted quarterback Ryan Fitzpatrick in a 16–3 win. Three weeks later, Norman recorded an interception against quarterback Carson Wentz in a 28–13 loss to the Philadelphia Eagles, his third interception of the season.


title: Josh Norman

text: In Week 3 against the Chicago Bears, Norman sacked Mitchell Trubisky once and recorded his first interception of the season off a pass from Trubisky intended for Allen Robinson in the endzone as the Redskins lost 31–15. Due to poor performance, interim head coach Bill Callahan made the decision to replace Norman as a starter with Fabian Moreau for the Week 12 game against the Detroit Lions. Norman would play a reserve role taking snaps on special teams.


title: Josh Norman

text: On February 14, 2020, Norman was released by the Redskins after they fired head coach Jay Gruden and hired former Carolina Panthers' head coach Ron Rivera the new general manager/head coach.


title: Josh Norman

text: In March 2020, the Buffalo Bills signed Norman to a one-year, $6 million contract that includes $3 million guaranteed and a signing bonus of $1.50 million. He was placed on injured reserve on September 12, 2020, and was activated on October 3, 2020. In his debut with the Bills against the Las Vegas Raiders, Norman entered in place of injured starter Levi Wallace. Norman forced a fumble on Raiders tight end Darren Waller in the fourth quarter and recovered the football himself, setting up a touchdown drive to seal the game as Buffalo won 30–23. Norman was placed on the reserve/COVID-19 list by the team after testing positive for the virus on November 14, and activated on November 24.


title: Josh Norman

text: In Week 17 against the Miami Dolphins, Norman recorded his first interception as a Bill off a pass thrown by Tua Tagovailoa and returned it for a 16-yard touchdown during the 56–26 win.


title: Josh Norman

text: On September 6, 2021, Norman was signed by the San Francisco 49ers. He had 7 forced fumbles on the year, a career high.


title: Josh Norman

text: Norman is part Native American through both his father and mother. During his time with the Redskins, Norman appeared in several local car dealership commercials alongside Kirk Cousins and Ryan Kerrigan. In September 2017, Norman donated $100,000 to the recovery efforts following the devastation Puerto Rico received after Hurricane Maria impacted the country earlier that month.


title: Josh Norman

text: In 2018, Norman appeared on season 26 of the American television show "Dancing with the Stars". He was partnered with professional dancer Sharna Burgess, where he eventually progressed to the finals, finishing as the runner-up behind figure skater Adam Rippon. Norman also participated in a televised celebrity softball game during the 2018 Major League Baseball All-Star Game event week. Norman is a keen soccer fan and he supports Manchester United and Paris Saint-Germain.


title: Josh Norman

text: During the George Floyd protests in 2020, Norman and New Orleans Saints linebacker Demario Davis attended Buffalo mayor Byron Brown's press conference announcing changes to the Buffalo Police Department following an incident between protesters and police in downtown Buffalo.


title: Thrust

text: Thrust is a reaction force described quantitatively by Newton's third law. When a system expels or accelerates mass in one direction, the accelerated mass will cause a force of equal magnitude but opposite direction to be applied to that system.


title: Thrust

text: The force applied on a surface in a direction perpendicular or normal to the surface is also called thrust. Force, and thus thrust, is measured using the International System of Units (SI) in newtons (symbol: N), and represents the amount needed to accelerate 1 kilogram of mass at the rate of 1 meter per second per second. In mechanical engineering, force orthogonal to the main load (such as in parallel helical gears) is referred to as static thrust.


title: Thrust

text: A fixed-wing aircraft propulsion system generates forward thrust when air is pushed in the direction opposite to flight. This can be done by different means such as the spinning blades of a propeller, the propelling jet of a jet engine, or by ejecting hot gases from a rocket engine. Reverse thrust can be generated to aid braking after landing by reversing the pitch of variable-pitch propeller blades, or using a thrust reverser on a jet engine. Rotary wing aircraft use rotors and thrust vectoring V/STOL aircraft use propellers or engine thrust to support the weight of the aircraft and to provide forward propulsion.


title: Thrust

text: A rocket is propelled forward by a thrust equal in magnitude, but opposite in direction, to the time-rate of momentum change of the exhaust gas accelerated from the combustion chamber through the rocket engine nozzle. This is the exhaust velocity with respect to the rocket, times the time-rate at which the mass is expelled, or in mathematical terms:


title: Thrust

text: Where T is the thrust generated (force), formula_2 is the rate of change of mass with respect to time (mass flow rate of exhaust), and v is the velocity of the exhaust gases measured relative to the rocket.


title: Thrust

text: Each of the three Space Shuttle Main Engines could produce a thrust of 1.8 meganewton, and each of the Space Shuttle's two Solid Rocket Boosters , together 29.4 MN.


title: Thrust

text: In the air-breathing category, the AMT-USA AT-180 jet engine developed for radio-controlled aircraft produce 90 N (20 lbf) of thrust. The GE90-115B engine fitted on the Boeing 777-300ER, recognized by the Guinness Book of World Records as the "World's Most Powerful Commercial Jet Engine," has a thrust of 569 kN (127,900 lbf) until it was surpassed by the GE9X, fitted on the upcoming Boeing 777X, at 609 kN (134,300 lbf).


title: Thrust

text: The power needed to generate thrust and the force of the thrust can be related in a non-linear way. In general, formula_3. The proportionality constant varies, and can be solved for a uniform flow, where formula_4 is the incoming air velocity, formula_5 is the velocity at the actuator disc, and formula_6 is the final exit velocity:


title: Thrust

text: When incoming air is accelerated from a standstill – for example when hovering – then formula_12, and we can find:


title: Thrust

text: The inverse of the proportionality constant, the "efficiency" of an otherwise-perfect thruster, is proportional to the area of the cross section of the propelled volume of fluid (formula_16) and the density of the fluid (formula_17). This helps to explain why moving through water is easier and why aircraft have much larger propellers than watercraft.


title: Thrust

text: A very common question is how to compare the thrust rating of a jet engine with the power rating of a piston engine. Such comparison is difficult, as these quantities are not equivalent. A piston engine does not move the aircraft by itself (the propeller does that), so piston engines are usually rated by how much power they deliver to the propeller. Except for changes in temperature and air pressure, this quantity depends basically on the throttle setting.


title: Thrust

text: A jet engine has no propeller, so the propulsive power of a jet engine is determined from its thrust as follows. Power is the force (F) it takes to move something over some distance (d) divided by the time (t) it takes to move that distance:


title: Thrust

text: In case of a rocket or a jet aircraft, the force is exactly the thrust (T) produced by the engine. If the rocket or aircraft is moving at about a constant speed, then distance divided by time is just speed, so power is thrust times speed:


title: Thrust

text: This formula looks very surprising, but it is correct: the "propulsive power" (or "power available" ) of a jet engine increases with its speed. If the speed is zero, then the propulsive power is zero. If a jet aircraft is at full throttle but attached to a static test stand, then the jet engine produces no propulsive power, however thrust is still produced. The combination piston engine–propeller also has a propulsive power with exactly the same formula, and it will also be zero at zero speed – but that is for the engine–propeller set. The engine alone will continue to produce its rated power at a constant rate, whether the aircraft is moving or not.


title: Thrust

text: Now, imagine the strong chain is broken, and the jet and the piston aircraft start to move. At low speeds:


title: Thrust

text: If a powered aircraft is generating thrust T and experiencing drag D, the difference between the two, T − D, is termed the excess thrust. The instantaneous performance of the aircraft is mostly dependent on the excess thrust.


title: Thrust

text: Excess thrust is a vector and is determined as the vector difference between the thrust vector and the drag vector.


title: Thrust

text: The thrust axis for an airplane is the line of action of the total thrust at any instant. It depends on the location, number, and characteristics of the jet engines or propellers. It usually differs from the drag axis. If so, the distance between the thrust axis and the drag axis will cause a moment that must be resisted by a change in the aerodynamic force on the horizontal stabiliser. Notably, the Boeing 737 MAX, with larger, lower-slung engines than previous 737 models, had a greater distance between the thrust axis and the drag axis, causing the nose to rise up in some flight regimes, necessitating a pitch-control system, MCAS. Early versions of MCAS malfunctioned in flight with catastrophic consequences, leading to the deaths of over 300 people in 2018 and 2019.


title: Tap dance

text: Tap dance is a form of dance characterized by using the sounds of tap shoes striking the floor as a form of percussion. Two major variations on tap dance exist: rhythm (jazz) tap and Broadway tap. Broadway tap focuses on dance; it is widely performed in musical theater. Rhythm tap focuses on musicality, and practitioners consider themselves to be a part of the jazz tradition.


title: Tap dance

text: The sound is made by shoes that have a metal "tap" on the heel and toe. There are different brands of shoes which sometimes differ in the way they sound.


title: Tap dance

text: The fusion of several ethnic percussive dances, such as West African step dances and Scottish, Irish, and English clog dancing, hornpipes, and jigs, tap dance is believed to have begun in the mid-1800s during the rise of minstrel shows.


title: Tap dance

text: As minstrel shows began to decline in popularity, tap dance moved to the increasingly popular Vaudeville stage. Due to Vaudeville's unspoken "two-colored rule", which forbade blacks to perform solo, many Vaudeville tap acts were duets. One such duo was "Buck and Bubbles," which consisted of John "Bubbles" Sublett tap dancing and Ford "Buck" Washington playing a piano. The duo performed "Class Act", a routine in which the performers wore tuxedos, effectively distinguishing them from the older minstrel show concept of tap dancers as "grinning-and-dancing clowns."


title: Tap dance

text: Another notable figure during this period is Bill "Bojangles" Robinson, a protégé of Alice Whitman of The Whitman Sisters around 1904 (then known as "Willie Robinson"). Well versed in both Buck and Wing dancing and Irish Step dancing, Robinson joined the Vaudeville circuit in 1902 in a duo with George W. Cooper. The act quickly became famous, headlining events across the country, and touring England as well. In 1908, the partnership ended and Robinson began dancing solo, which was extremely rare for a black man at that time. Despite this, he had tremendous success and soon became a world-famous celebrity. He went on to have a leading role in many films, notably in the Shirley Temple franchise.


title: Tap dance

text: Shortly thereafter, the Nicholas Brothers came on the scene. Consisting of real life brothers Fayard and Harold, this team wowed audiences with their acrobatic feats incorporated into their classy style of dancing. A notable scene in the movie "Stormy Weather" features the pair dancing up a staircase and then descending the staircase in a series of leapfrogs over each other into a full split from which they rise with no hands.


title: Tap dance

text: During the 1930s tap dance mixed with Lindy Hop. "Flying swing outs" and "flying circles" are Lindy Hop moves with tap footwork. In the mid- to late 1950s, the style of entertainment changed. Jazz music and tap dance declined, while rock and roll and the new jazz dance emerged. What is now called "jazz dance" evolved out of "tap dance", so both dances have many moves in common. But jazz evolved separately from tap dance to become a new form in its own right. Well-known dancers during the 1960s and 1970s included Arthur Duncan and Tommy Tune.


title: Tap dance

text: "No Maps on My Taps", the Emmy award winning PBS documentary of 1979, helped begin the recent revival of tap dance. The outstanding success of the animated film, "Happy Feet", has further reinforced the popular appeal. National Tap Dance Day in the United States, now celebrated May 25, was signed into law by President George Bush on November 7, 1989. (May 25 was chosen because it is the birthday of famous tapper Bill "Bojangles" Robinson.) Prominent modern tap dancers have included Sarah Reich, Brenda Bufalino, Melinda Sullivan, The Clark Brothers, Savion Glover, Gregory and Maurice Hines, LaVaughn Robinson, Jason Samuels Smith, Chloe Arnold, Michelle Dorrance, Dormeshia Sumbry-Edwards, and Dianne "Lady Di" Walker. Indie-pop band Tilly and the Wall also features a tap dancer, Jamie Pressnall, tapping as percussion.


title: Tap dance

text: During the 1930s and the 1940s, the nation was able to watch tap dancers perform on film. However, Black tap dancers found it extremely difficult to be a part of these White films because segregation was extremely prominent in America. This led to the creation of two different styles of tap dance: White tap dancers formed a Broadway style and Black dancers continued to evolve with the traditional rhythm based style. Broadway tap dance was performed in mainly Broadway musicals and film, and it did not emphasize classic jazz rhythms. Rhythm tap integrated more of the classic African roots of tap dance, and it emphasized jazz rhythms, musicality, and improvisation. Musicality is the dancer's understanding of the music they are performing to. Improvisation is where a dancer makes up the movement as they perform, and the choreography is not prepared beforehand.


title: Tap dance

text: There was also the "two-color rule," which made sure that Black tap dancers were not able to perform solos onstage. This led to some tap dancers performing comedic tap duets. There were stereotypes placed on Black Americans such as the "Uncle Tom" stereotype, and many tap dancers were forced to wear "black-face" onstage in order to perform. One of the first Black tap dancers to be acknowledged by America was Bill "Bojangles" Robinson, who performed duets with Shirley Temple. However, Bill Robinson's career was reduced to "minstrelsy," which can be defined as White performers using makeup to mock Black culture or using Black stereotypes in a performance. Black Americans joined these minstrel performances where they would be forced to act on Black stereotypes in their performances. Overall, White Americans never denied African American culture, but they would showcase African American culture to White audiences unethically.


title: Tap dance

text: Tap dancers make frequent use of syncopation. Choreography typically starts on the eighth or first beat count. Another aspect of tap dancing is improvisation. Tap dancing can either be done with music following the beats provided, or without musical accompaniment; the latter is known as ""a cappella"" tap dancing.


title: Tap dance

text: Hoofers are tap dancers who dance primarily "closer to the floor", using mostly footwork and not showing very much arm or body movement. This kind of tap dancing, also called "rhythm tap", was employed by slaves in America.


title: Tap dance

text: Steve Condos developed an innovative rhythmic tap style that influenced the work of later tap dancers such as Gregory Hines and Savion Glover. The majority of early hoofers, such as Sammy Davis Jr., Glover, Hines, and LaVaughn Robinson were African American men. Savion Glover helped bring tap dance into mainstream media by choreographing "Happy Feet", a film about a tap dancing penguin. Another well-known tap film is 1989's "Tap", starring Gregory Hines and many old-time hoofers.


title: Tap dance

text: Early tappers like Fred Astaire provided a more ballroom look to tap dancing, while Gene Kelly introduced ballet elements and style into tap. This style of tap led to what is today known as "Broadway style", which is popular in American culture. It often involves high heeled tap shoes and show music, and is usually the type of tap first taught to beginners. Examples of this style are found in Broadway musicals such as "Anything Goes" and "42nd Street".


title: Tap dance

text: Common tap steps include the shuffle, shuffle ball change, double shuffle, leap shuffle, hop shuffle, flap, flap ball change, running flaps, flap heel, cramproll, buffalo, Maxi Ford, Maxi Ford with a pullback, pullbacks, wings, Cincinnati, the shim sham shimmy (also called the Lindy), Irish, Waltz Clog, the paddle roll, the paradiddle, stomp, brushes, scuffs, spanks, riffs, and single and double toe punches, hot steps, heel clicks, time steps, over-the-tops, military time step, New Yorkers, Shiggy Bops, drawbacks, and chugs. In advanced tap dancing, basic steps are often combined together to create new steps. Many steps also have single, double, and triple versions, including pullbacks, timesteps, and drawbacks. In tap, various types of turns can be done, including step heel turns, Maxi Ford turns, cramproll turns, and drag turns. Timesteps are widely used in tap and can vary in different areas. These consist of a rhythm that is changed to make new timesteps by adding or removing steps.


title: Tap dance

text: Tap dancing can also be done using an a cappella method, in which no musical accompaniment is provided and dancers create their own "music" through the sounds of their taps.


title: Tap dance

text: In group tap dances, the steps are typically kept simple and easy to control. The group of dancers must keep their steps at the correct speed to be in sync.


title: Tap dance

text: "Soft-Shoe" is a rhythm form of tap dancing that does not require special shoes, and though rhythm is generated by tapping of the feet, it also uses sliding of the feet (even sometimes using scattered sand on the stage to enhance the sound of sliding feet) more often than modern rhythm tap. It preceded what is currently considered to be modern tap, but has since declined in popularity.


title: Tap dance

text: In the earliest years of tap dancing, tap shoes often had wooden soles, but most tap shoes since have had leather soles. There are a variety of styles of shoe, the Oxford shoe being very common in jazz dance, and Mary Jane (shoe) is common for younger girls in tap classes.


title: Tap dance

text: Depending on manufacturer and model, tap characteristics can vary considerably. For example, some taps have relatively low weight and small footprint whereas others may be thicker and fill out the edge of the shoe more, making them heavier as a result. A tap's "tone" is influenced by its weight as well as its surface shape, which may be concave or convex. The tonal quality of a tap can also be influenced by the material it is made from, and the presence of a soundboard though there is some debate whether this affects the sound.


title: Tap dance

text: Taps are mounted to the sole of the shoe with screws, and sometimes adhesive as well. The screws are driven into a "soundboard" – a thin fiberboard integrated into the sole that can be firmly "gripped" by the screws – to reliably attach the tap to the shoe. When no adhesive is used, the screws can be loosened or tightened to produce different sounds, whereas tonal quality is fixed when adhesive is used.


title: Opinion polling for the next Finnish parliamentary election

text: In the run-up to the next Finnish parliamentary election, various organisations will carry out opinion polling to gauge voting intentions in Finland. Results of such polls are displayed in this list.


text: The date range for these opinion polls are from the 2019 Finnish parliamentary election, held on 14 April, to the present day. The next election will be held in or by April 2023, depending on whether a snap election is called.


title: Royal Malaysian Navy

text: The Royal Malaysian Navy (RMN, ; Jawi: ) is the naval arm of the Malaysian Armed Forces. RMN is the main agency responsible for the country's maritime surveillance and defense operations. RMN's area of operation consists of 603,210 square kilometers covering the country's coastal areas and Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ). RMN also bears the responsibility of controlling the country's main Sea Lines of Communications (SLOC) such as the Straits of Malacca and the Straits of Singapore and also monitors national interests in areas with overlapping claims such as in Spratly.


title: Royal Malaysian Navy

text: The Royal Malaysian Navy can trace its roots to the formation of the Straits Settlement Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve (SSRNVR) in Singapore on 27 April 1934 by the British colonial government in Singapore. The SSRNVR was formed to assist the Royal Navy in the defence of Singapore, upon which the defence of the Malay Peninsula was based. Also behind its formation were political developments in Asia, particularly the rise of a Japan that was increasingly assertive in Asia. In 1938, the SSRNVR was expanded with a branch in Penang. On 18 January 1935, the British Admiralty presented Singapore with an , , to serve as the Reserve's Headquarters and drill ship. It was berthed at the Telok Ayer Basin. HMS "Laburnum" was sunk in February 1942, prior to the capitulation of Singapore at the beginning of Second World War activities in the Pacific.


title: Royal Malaysian Navy

text: With the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe, the SSRNVR increased the recruitment of mainly indigenous personnel into the force, to beef up local defences as Royal Navy resources were required in Europe. Members of the SSRNVR were called up to active duty, and the force was augmented by members of the Royal Navy Malay Section. This formed the basis of the navy in Malaya, called the Malay Navy, manned by indigenous Malay personnel. (Similarly, the Malays were recruited into the fledgling Malay Regiment formed in 1936). The Malay Navy had a strength of 400 men who received their training at HMS Pelandok, the Royal Navy training establishment in Malaya. Recruitment was increased and in 1941 at the outbreak of the war in Asia, the Malay Navy had a strength of 1,450 men. Throughout the Second World War, the Malay Navy served with the Allied Forces in the Indian and Pacific theatre of operations. When the war ended with the Japanese Surrender in 1945, only 600 personnel of the Malay Navy reported for muster. Post war economic constraints saw the disbandment of the Malay Navy in 1947.


title: Royal Malaysian Navy

text: The Malay Navy was reactivated on 24 December 1948 at the outbreak of the Malayan Emergency, the communist-inspired insurgent war against the British colonial government. The Malayan Naval Force (MNF) regulation was gazetted on 4 March 1949 by the colonial authorities, and was based at an ex-Royal Air Force radio base station in Woodlands, Singapore. The base was called the 'MNF Barracks' but was later renamed HMS "Malaya". The Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve (RNVR) was reconstituted as a joint force comprising the Singapore Division and the Federation Division, by an Ordinance passed in Singapore in 1952. The main mission of the Malayan Naval Force (MNF) was coastal patrols to stop the communists receiving supplies from the sea. In addition, the Force was tasked with guarding the approaches to Singapore and other ports. The MNF was equipped with a , HMS "Test", which was used as a training ship. By 1950, the MNF fleet had expanded to include the ex-Japanese minelayer HMS "Laburnum", Landing Craft Tank (LCT) HMS "Pelandok" ("Mousedeer"), motor fishing vessel HMS "Panglima" ("Marshal"), torpedo recovery vessel HMS "Simbang" and several seaward defence motor launches (SDML). In August 1952, Queen Elizabeth II bestowed the title "Royal Malayan Navy" on the Malayan Naval Force in recognition of its sterling service in action during the Malayan Emergency.


title: Royal Malaysian Navy

text: On 12 July 1958, soon after attaining its independence on 31 August 1957, the Federation of Malaya negotiated with the British government to transfer British naval assets to the newly formed Royal Malayan Navy. With the hoisting of the Federation naval ensign – the White Ensign modified by the substituting the Union Flag with the Federation flag in the canton – the Royal Malayan Navy became responsible for Malaya's maritime self-defence. The "Royal" in Royal Malayan Navy was now in reference to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, who became the Supreme Commander of the Malaysian Armed Forces. All ships, facilities, and personnel serving in the Royal Malayan Navy were inherited by the Malayan government. The new force had an operational and training base at HMMS "Malaya", and a small coastal fleet of one LCT, one coastal minelayer, six s and seven Ton-class minesweeper (the ex-RN 200th Patrol Squadron) on transfer from the Royal Navy.


title: Royal Malaysian Navy

text: On 16 September 1963, the naval force was renamed the Royal Malaysian Navy (RMN), following the formation of Malaysia. Eighteen Keris-class were ordered from Vosper, and formed the mainstay of the navy for years to come. These boats were driven by Maybach diesels and capable of . The "Keris" patrol boats were confined to coastal patrols and had short endurance. An offensive capability was acquired with the purchase of four s also known as Perkasa-class patrol boats in RMN service. The "Perkasa" patrol boats were built for the RMN by Vosper Thorneycroft in 1967, powered by three Rolls Royce Marine Proteus gas turbines as the main power plant with two diesel auxiliary engines for cruising and manoeuvring. These were armed with four torpedoes, one Bofors 40 mm gun forward, and one 20 mm cannon aft. They had a maximum speed of and was driven by triple propellers. The Royal Navy transferred the to the RMN in 1964 and renamed KD ("Kapal Di-Raja", "His Majesty's Ship") "Hang Tuah". In 1965, during the Indonesian confrontation, "Hang Tuah" took over guardship duties off Tawau from . The ship served as the flagship of the RMN until it was decommissioned in the 1970s and scrapped. The RMN also used some of the decommissioned ship as a part of navy monument. This shop can be toured at Bandar Hilir, Melaka or at the Lumut Naval Base.


title: Royal Malaysian Navy

text: Following the end of Indonesian confrontation in 1966, Tunku Abdul Rahman and his colleagues decided to Malaysianise the top posts in the navy and air force. They offered these posts to two senior Malaysian army generals, who declined for two main reasons. First they felt that they were not professionally qualified and second because they did not want to jeopardise their own careers in the army. Tunku and his colleagues then decided that they would select two officers, one from the navy and one from the air force, and appoint them chiefs of their respective services. They were fully aware of Rear Admiral Datuk K. Thanabalasingam's age —he was 31 years old and a bachelor- but decided to appoint him and take the risk. Under Thanabalasingam and with Tunku Abdul Rahman's foresight and will, they were responsible for initiating the gradual transformation of the navy from a coastal navy (brown water force) to a sea-going navy (green water navy).


title: Royal Malaysian Navy

text: In 1977, the RMN acquired the frigate HMS "Mermaid" from the Royal Navy to replace the decommissioned "Hang Tuah". The ship was also named , but retained HMS "Mermaid"s pennant number of F76. "Hang Tuah" is a 2,300 standard ton light patrol frigate armed with twin 102 mm guns. "Hang Tuah" gradually reverted to a training role and continues in that role for the RMN. (ex-"Hang Jebat") (F24) joined the RMN in 1972. The 2,300-ton ship was a one-off Yarrow light frigate design for the RMN. The ship was originally named "Hang Jebat" but renamed after initial propulsion problems during pre-commissioning trials. It was the first Malaysian naval vessel equipped with a missile (Seacat) system. "Rahmat" was decommissioned in 2004.


title: Royal Malaysian Navy

text: The RMN purchased several types of missile boats in the 1970s and 1980s. These were four Perdana-class missile boats purchased from France and four Handalan-class missile boats purchased from Sweden. Both classes were armed with the Exocet MM38 missiles. The RMN also acquired two 1,100-ton Musytari-class offshore patrol vessels of Korean design. Sealift requirements were met by the purchases of several ex-United States Navy World War II-era LSTs. KD "Sri Langkawi" (A1500), ex-, KD "Sri Banggi" (A1501), ex-, and KD "Rajah Jarom" (A1502), ex-, were replaced by KD "Sri Indera Pura" (1505), the LST ex-. Additional sealift capability is provided by two 4,300-ton, 100-metre support ships, KD "Sri Indera Sakti" (1503) and KD "Mahawangsa" (1504). Minehunting capabilities are provided by four s. These are Italian-built ships based on the Lerici-class but displacing 610 tons. Hydrographic duties are handled by KD "Perantau" and KD "Mutiara". A Naval Air Wing was also founded with the purchase of ex-Royal Navy Westland Wasps. Some ships of the RMN that have been decommissioned was transferred to the Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency (MMEA). MMEA had received more than 20 vessels from the RMN fleet to equip its enforcement operations from 2000s onwards.


title: Royal Malaysian Navy

text: The modernisation of the RMN began in the late 1980s. Four s were purchased from Italy. These compact ships were originally built for Iraq, but were not delivered due to international sanctions put in place against Iraq. A prominent addition to the fleet were two s. Based on the Yarrow F2000 design, the two 2,300-ton frigates are armed with Exocet MM40 II SSM and the Sea Wolf VLS point defence SAM system with accommodation for one Westland Super Lynx helicopter. Malaysia had planned to add new batch of "Lekiu" frigates but this was cancelled in August 2009. Complementing the two "Lekiu" frigates are two German-built "Kasturi"-class corvettes which were delivered in the early 1980s. Two Scorpène-class submarines were ordered by the RMN on 5 June 2002 under a €1.04 billion (about RM4.78 billion) contract to form the new submarine force. RMN also purchased six s and a batch of s to boost the fleet. In addition, the construction of six new also will make the RMN as a formidable power in the region.


title: Royal Malaysian Navy

text: The Royal Malaysian Navy has been patrolling the Gulf of Aden to thwart piracy since 2009. In January 2011, the navy against the Malaysian-flagged chemical tanker MT "Bunga Laurel" carrying lubricating oil and ethylene dichloride. The navy ship KA "Bunga Mas 5" responded after receiving a distress signal from the ship. A Fennec attack helicopter was used to pin down the pirate mothership as commandos boarded the tanker. The commandos injured three pirates in the battle to re-take the ship. 23 sailors were rescued and seven Somali pirates were detained. According to an 11 February 2011 online breaking news update by CNN's Brad Lendon, the seven Somalis, including three boys under 15 years old, could face the death penalty if convicted on charges of firing on Malaysian armed forces- navy commandos- while attempting to hijack the ship. The seven was sentenced for four to seven years in prison by Malaysian High Court on 2 September 2013. The ship was rescued from the coast of Oman.


title: Royal Malaysian Navy

text: The Royal Malaysian Navy was also involved in the operation to secure the release of that was hijacked in 2015 by a group of Indonesian pirates. All of the pirates were captured with the help of Vietnam Border Guard (VNBG), Vietnam Coast Guard (VNCG), Royal Australian Air Force and the Indonesian Navy.


title: Royal Malaysian Navy

text: Following the Sulu militants' intrusion, a military standoff lasted from 11 February 2013 until 24 March 2013 after 235 militants, most of whom were armed, arrived by boats in Lahad Datu, Sabah, Malaysia from Simunul island, Tawi-Tawi in the southern Philippines on 11 February 2013. The group, calling themselves the "Royal Security Forces of the Sultanate of Sulu and North Borneo", was sent by Jamalul Kiram III, one of the claimants to the throne of the Sultanate of Sulu. Kiram stated that their objective was to assert the unresolved territorial claim of the Philippines to the eastern part of Sabah (which is the former North Borneo).


title: Royal Malaysian Navy

text: Malaysian security forces surrounded the village of Tanduo in Lahad Datu where the group had gathered and, after several weeks of negotiations and broken deadlines for the intruders to withdraw, security forces moved in and routed the militants. The Royal Malaysian Navy enforced a naval blockade during and after the standoff to ensure that no more Sulu militants would be able to reach Sabah. The assets allocated for the blockade included , KD "Perak", KD "Todak", among many others. The RMN also provided a naval special warfare unit for joint operations with army, air force and police commandos to track down and neutralise any militants left after the standoff.


title: Royal Malaysian Navy

text: Sleeve insignia were similar from those of the Royal Navy, but rarely used especially foreign visits.


title: Royal Malaysian Navy

text: The Sultan of Selangor, as Commodore-in-Chief of the RMN, holds the rank of Honorary Rear Admiral and as such wears a normal Rear Admiral's uniform.


title: Royal Malaysian Navy

text: - The fleet HQ was at Lumut Naval Base, Lumut, Perak. The chief of the fleet is Vice Admiral Datuk Abu Bakar bin Ajis.


title: Royal Malaysian Navy

text: - The fleet HQ was at Sepanggar Naval Base, Sepanggar, Sabah. The chief of the fleet is Vice Admiral Dato' Sabri bin Zali.