title: Crown Royal

text: Crown Royal is a sponsor of the Grand American Road Racing Association's Rolex Sports Car Series. In 2010, it also began sponsoring the #60 Daytona Prototype car of Michael Shank Racing in the Rolex Sports Car Series.


title: Crown Royal

text: The brand was a primary sponsor of the Washington International Horse Show for several years in the 1990s and from 1995 to 2008 sponsored the Crown Royal American Turf Stakes, a Thoroughbred horse race run at Churchill Downs on Kentucky Derby Day.


title: Clamato

text: Clamato is a commercial drink made of reconstituted tomato juice concentrate and sugar, which is flavored with spices, dried clam broth and MSG. Made by Mott's, the name is a portmanteau of "clam" and "tomato". It is also referred to colloquially as "clamato juice". It is consumed in Canada, Mexico, and the United States, to a lesser extent. It is very often mixed with alcohol to make a drink similar to a Bloody Mary.


title: Clamato

text: In 1957, McCormick & Company, Inc. applied for, and later acquired, the Clamato brand name for the seasoned blend of tomato juice and clam juice. This trademark is still valid and now owned by Keurig Dr Pepper.


title: Clamato

text: Clamato was produced in its current form beginning in 1966 by the Duffy-Mott company in Hamlin, New York, created by Francis Luskey, a chemist, and another employee working out of California who wanted to create a Manhattan clam chowder style cocktail by combining tomato juice and clam broth with spices. Its history extends further back, however, as a nearly identical drink was already present in a cookbook published a decade earlier. The employees named the new cocktail "Mott's Clamato" and secured the trademark for the new brand. The brand was owned by Cadbury-Schweppes after the company bought Mott's in 1982. As of 2008, it is owned by Keurig Dr Pepper after the business was spun off of Cadbury-Schweppes.


title: Clamato

text: In recent years, the Clamato label was updated and no longer shows the image of a clam, an attempt by the manufacturer to downplay the seafood aspect of the beverage.


title: Clamato

text: In 1998, Cadbury-Schweppes sued former contract manufacturer of Clamato FBI Foods claiming that their brand “Caesar Cocktail” was proof of breach of confidence, claiming that the product used their recipe as a base. They brought the case to the Supreme Court of British Columbia. The initial ruling was appealed. The case reached the Supreme Court of Canada and it was ruled that FBI foods would pay Cadbury-Schweppes $300,000 for revenue they lost in the first year of competition. It was reasoned that any juice maker would have been able to reverse-engineer the recipe within a year.


title: Clamato

text: Since 2018, Keurig Dr Pepper has sued several companies who have been infringing on the Clamato trademark using the "mato" suffix to describe their version of the product. This is done in order to prevent the genericization of the trademark by making sure Clamato stays a distinctive brand name, as well as to preserve the brand image and identity.


title: Clamato

text: Clamato is used primarily as a drink mix for alcoholic beverages (an estimated 60% of sales in the US in 2008), and it is popular for this in both Canada and Mexico, but less so in the United States (outside of Canadian-American and Mexican-American communities).


title: Clamato

text: In Canada, Clamato is primarily used to make a cocktail called a Caesar. It was reported by "The New York Times" in 2018, that one third of North America's supply of Clamato is consumed by Canadians, the majority of which is used to make Caesars. Since 2001, Cadbury Schweppes (now Canada Dry Motts) has been selling an alcoholic version of the beverage called the Clamato Caesar in the Canadian market.


title: Clamato

text: Clamato is also added to beer in various beer cocktails, such as the michelada; the most basic is known as a "beer 'n clam", "Clam Eye", or "Red Eye" in Western Canada, which adds Clamato to pale lagers. In 2001, Anheuser-Busch and Cadbury-Schweppes introduced a premixed version called the "Budweiser and Clamato Chelada" in the United States.


title: Clamato

text: Adding more spices (similar to those in a Caesar) results in what is called "sangre de cristo" (blood of Christ) in Mexico.


title: Clamato

text: Beefamato is a similar beverage, but made from beef broth and tomato juice, with a touch of Worcestershire sauce. Beefamato is a popular ingredient in many cocktails, such as "Gramma's Bloody Mary".


title: Private banking

text: Private banking is banking, investment and other financial services provided by banks and financial institutions primarily serving high-net-worth individuals (HNWIs)—defined as those with very high levels of income or sizable assets. A bank that specializes in private banking is called a private bank. Private banking is a more exclusive subset of wealth management, geared toward exceptionally affluent clients. The term "private" refers to customer service rendered on a more personal basis than in mass-market retail banking, usually provided via dedicated bank advisers. At least until recently, it largely consisted of banking services (deposit taking and payments), discretionary asset management, brokerage, limited tax advisory services and some basic concierge-type services, offered by a single designated relationship manager.


title: Private banking

text: Private banking is how banking originated. The first banks in Venice were focused on managing personal finance for wealthy families. Private banks came to be known as "private" to stand out from the retail banking and savings banks aimed at the new middle class. Traditionally, private banks were linked to families for several generations. They often advised and performed all financial and banking services for these families. Historically, private banking has developed in Europe (see the List of private banks). Some banks in Europe are known for managing the assets of some royal families. The assets of the Princely Family of Liechtenstein are managed by LGT Group (founded in 1920 and originally known as The Liechtenstein Global Trust). The assets of the Dutch royal family are managed by MeesPierson (founded in 1720). The assets of the British Royal Family are managed by Coutts (founded in 1692).


title: Private banking

text: Historically, private banking has been viewed as a very exclusive niche that only caters to HNWIs—specifically those with liquidity over $2 million, though it is now possible to open private banking accounts with as little as $250,000 for private investors. An institution's private banking division provides services such as wealth management, savings, inheritance, and tax planning for their clients. For private banking services, clients pay either based on the number of transactions, the annual portfolio performance or a "flat-fee", usually calculated as a yearly percentage of the total investment amount.


title: Private banking

text: "Private" also alludes to bank secrecy and minimizing taxes through careful allocation of assets, or by hiding assets from the taxing authorities. Swiss and certain offshore banks have been criticized for such cooperation with individuals practicing tax evasion. Although "tax fraud" is a criminal offense in Switzerland, "tax evasion" is only a civil offence, not requiring banks to notify taxing authorities.


title: Private banking

text: In Switzerland, there are many banks providing private banking services. Switzerland has remained neutral since the Congress of Vienna in 1815, including through two World Wars. After World War I, the former nobles of Austro-Hungarian Empire moved their assets to Switzerland for fear of confiscation by new governments. During World War II, many wealthy people, including Jewish families and institutions, moved their assets into Switzerland to protect them from Nazi Germany. However, this transfer of wealth into Switzerland had mixed and controversial results, as beneficiaries had difficulties retrieving their assets after the war. After World War II, in eastern Europe, assets were again moved into Switzerland for fear of confiscation by communist governments.


title: Private banking

text: Today, Switzerland remains the largest offshore center, with about 27 percent ($2.0 trillion) of global offshore wealth in 2009, according to Boston Consulting Group. Offshore wealth is defined as assets booked in a country where the investor has no legal residence or tax domicile.


title: Private banking

text: In England, private banks were established in the 17th century, in parallel with the development of agriculture, managing the assets of the royal family, nobility and the landed gentry.


title: Private banking

text: The United States has one of the largest private banking systems in the world, in part due to the 3.1 million HNWIs accounting for 28.6% of the global HNWIs population in 2010, according to the co-research of Capgemini and Merrill Lynch. Some American banks that specialize in private banking date back to the 19th century, such as U.S. Trust (founded in 1853) and Northern Trust (founded in 1889).


title: Private banking

text: The internationalization of the economy, technological developments such as the Internet and mobile phones ensure that banks have to innovate their value proposition and look for new markets. For example, the growth of HNWIs is low in traditional private banking markets like Europe, compared to Asia where the number of millionaires has grown to 3.6 million.


title: Private banking

text: Banks also provide a sampling of the private banking services at a lower price point than traditional private banking. These are called premium banking or priority banking services. They are meant for mass-affluent customers. The accounts do not generate as much revenue as traditional private banking, but given the number of customers, they amount to a sizeable revenue to the bank. The products offered to premium banking customers are the same as that for private banking customers with the exception that they do not include hedge funds or facilities to manage one's own business accounts. In short, it is wealth management at a much smaller scale.


title: Private banking

text: In 2016, Credit Suisse and UBS replaced the word "private banking" with wealth management; private banking has faced reputational risk as an area for tax avoidance or even tax aversion.


title: Private banking

text: In 2016, JP Morgan began requiring a minimum of $10 million in assets to qualify for their private banking, with those with less being moved into their Private Client Direct program.


title: Private banking

text: In terms of AUM, the world's 10 largest private banks (or private banking divisions/subsidiaries of large bank holding companies), as of 2019, are:


title: Private banking

text: Results from Euromoney's annual private banking and wealth management ranking in 2019, which consider, amongst other factors, assets under management (AUM), net income and net new assets. UBS Global Wealth Management took the top spot in Euromoney's 2019 survey for "Best private banking services overall 2019".


title: Private banking

text: This table displays results of one category of the private banking ranking, "Best global private banking services overall 2019".


title: Private banking

text: Most private banks define their value proposition along one or two dimensions, and meet the basic needs across others. Some of the dimensions of value proposition of a private bank are parent brand, one-bank approach, unbiased advice, strong research and advisory team and unified platform.


title: Private banking

text: Many banks leverage the "parent brand" to gain a client’s trust and confidence. These banks have a strong presence across the globe and present private bank offerings as a part of the parent group. "One Bank approach" is where private banks offer an integrated proposition to meet clients personal and business needs. Since private banking concerns understanding a client’s need and risk appetite, and tailoring the solution accordingly, few banks define their value proposition along this dimension. Most modern private banks follow an open product platform, and hence claim their advice is unbiased. They believe there is no incentive to push proprietary products, and the client gets the best of what they offer. A few banks claim to have a "strong advisory team" that reflects in the products they offer the client. A couple of banks also define their value proposition on their unified platform, their ability to comply with all regulations, yet serve the client without restrictions.


title: Private banking

text: Open architecture product platform is where a private bank distributes all the third party products and is not restricted to selling only its proprietary products. Closed architecture product platform is where the bank sells only its proprietary products and does not entertain any third party product. These days the needs of the clients are so diverse that it is practically impossible for a bank to cater to those needs by its proprietary products alone. Clients today demand the best of breed products and most banks have to follow an open architecture product platform where they distribute products of other banks to their clients in return for commission. Products offered to private banking clients include equities, fixed-income securities, structured products, foreign exchange, commodities, deposits and real-estate investments.


title: Private banking

text: Different banks charge their clients in different ways. There are banks that follow the transactional model where the client is not charged any advisory fee at all. The banks thrive totally on the commissions they get by distributing third party products. There are other private banks that follow a hybrid model. In this model, the bank charges a fixed fee for certain products and advisory fee for the rest. Some of the other banks are totally advisory driven and charge the clients a percentage of AUM (e.g. 0.75% of entire AUM).


title: Private banking

text: A few banks offer both a transactional model and an advisory model. The clients choose what suits them. A recent industry trend is towards the advisory fee model, because margins on commissions may go down in the future.


title: Private banking

text: Lead generation is a vital part of the private banking business. Various banks go about in different ways to acquire new clients. While some banks rely heavily on their wholesale banking referrals there are a few others that have strong tie-ups with their retail and corporate banking divisions. Most banks do have a revenue sharing mechanism in place within divisions. It is either a onetime charge to the division or an annuity that the division gets for a client referral. Many banks believe that the primary source of leads must be client referrals. A client would refer his/her friends when he/she is satisfied with the service provided by the private bank. Generating a good number of leads through client referrals shows the good health of the private bank.


title: Jeep Wagoneer (WS)

text: The Jeep Wagoneer and the Grand Wagoneer are full-size SUVs produced by the Jeep division of Stellantis North America. Both vehicles were revealed in March 2021 for the 2022 model year. Both models are marketed without the Jeep brand and not equipped with the Jeep badge, as both models are described by the company as the "premium extension" of the Jeep brand. Production of the 2022 Wagoneer and Grand Wagoneer commenced in the first half of 2021 at Warren Truck Assembly. An electric version of the Wagoneer is expected in 2025.


title: Jeep Wagoneer (WS)

text: In January 2011, Sergio Marchionne, CEO of Fiat S.p.A. and later Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (FCA), announced at his press conference at the North American International Auto Show in Detroit, that the name "Grand Wagoneer" would be relaunched with a new SUV, in which seven places which should be studied in 2013. On 2 September 2013, Chrysler announced that they would delay production until 2015 to allow the Dodge Durango to find an audience, but at the same time would use the Grand Wagoneer concept as a basis for a full-size luxury SUV that would compete against the Cadillac Escalade and Lincoln Navigator, whose redesigns went on sale in 2014.


title: Jeep Wagoneer (WS)

text: On 9 June 2015, FCA announced that it would unveil a new version of the full-sized Grand Wagoneer at its dealers' convention on 25 August 2015. In August 2015, however, FCA announced that the production of the upcoming Grand Cherokee replacement would be delayed into 2018. It is scheduled to be built at Warren Truck Assembly while the next-generation Ram 1500 is to be built at Sterling Heights Assembly. On 18 October 2016, Jeep released teaser photos of the Grand Wagoneer, which indicated that it would be based on the third generation Durango and introduced as a 2019 model. The plan was delayed again.


title: Jeep Wagoneer (WS)

text: On December 5, 2019, spy shots surfaced of FCA testing a Wagoneer using a Ram 1500 body on frame SUV; it was not known at the time if there would be a Grand Wagoneer to accompany it at this point but later confirmed that there will be a long-wheelbase companion. Due to the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, FCA delayed the start of production by at least three months, and was expected to debut this full-size version in early 2021 as a 2022 model.


title: Jeep Wagoneer (WS)

text: On September 3, 2020, Jeep presented the Grand Wagoneer concept, which foreshadows the next Grand Wagoneer marketed in 2021. The SUV is distinguished by a massive silhouette with oblong headlights and a multi-hole grille. A characteristic feature is the lack of manufacturer's markings on the body and in the passenger compartment in favor of emblems with the model name. Production models of the Wagoneer were revealed on March 11, 2021. The first models were expected to ship later in the year, with general dealership availability starting October 2021.


title: Jeep Wagoneer (WS)

text: The standard Wagoneer model is equipped with rear-wheel-drive or an optional four-wheel-drive, while the Grand Wagoneer received four-wheel-drive as standard. The Quadra-Trac full-time four-wheel-drive system is also added to the lineup.


title: Jeep Wagoneer (WS)

text: Both the Wagoneer and the Grand Wagoneer will be offered in three trim levels: Series I, Series II, and Series III. Another trim level, Obsidian, is exclusive on the Grand Wagoneer.


title: Jeep Wagoneer (WS)

text: The fifth generation UConnect 5 infotainment suite is available in either 10.1" in the Wagoneer or 12" in the Grand Wagoneer. Both have high resolution displays. Other features include Amazon Alexa, wireless Apple CarPlay and Android Auto smartphone integration, SiriusXM Satellite Radio with 360L, SiriusXM Travel Link services, and SiriusXM-powered UConnect Guardian. An integrated virtual assistant is also available as an option.


title: Jeep Wagoneer (WS)

text: There are two McIntosh premium audio systems available on the Wagoneer and Grand Wagoneer: a 19-speaker system with 950-watt amplifier and 10" subwoofer, and a larger 23-speaker McIntosh system with 1,375-watt amplifier and 12" subwoofer.


title: Jeep Wagoneer (WS)

text: Both the Wagoneer and Grand Wagoneer feature several standard screens, with several more screens being available as options. These include a standard digital instrument cluster, a central touchscreen infotainment system, and an interactive front passenger touchscreen display integrated into the woodgrain on the passenger side of the dashboard, and allowing the passenger to stream music wirelessly to the vehicle's audio system via Bluetooth, view the GPS navigation map, and send directions directly to the central touchscreen display. The display features a special coating that is only viewable to the passenger, as not to distract the driver while the vehicle is in motion. Several models also feature a touchscreen control panel for the rear seat climate controls, as well as a dual-screen rear seat entertainment system that allows rear seat passengers to connect their own external devices via HDMI or Bluetooth, connect to the Internet, view entertainment from Amazon, and play integrated games via the seatback-mounted displays.


title: Jeep Wagoneer (WS)

text: At the 2022 New York International Auto Show (NYIAS), Jeep unveiled the extended-length 2023 Wagoneer L and Grand Wagoneer L, which are a foot longer than their Wagoneer and Grand Wagoneer counterparts. Trim level and feature content are expected to be the same as the Wagoneer and Grand Wagoneer, although both vehicles will be the first Stellantis vehicles to feature the new 3.0-liter "Hurricane" twin-turbo inline-6 (I6) gasoline engine. The standard output version of this engine, which will be standard equipment on Wagoneer L models, produces , and . of torque. The high-output version of the "Hurricane" engine, which will be standard equipment on Grand Wagoneer L models, will produce , and . of torque. In addition, a new Carbide Edition for the Wagoneer and Wagoneer L will be available for the 2023 model year, featuring dark exterior accents.


title: Jeep Wagoneer (WS)

text: Stellantis' Torqueflite 8-speed automatic will be the exclusive transmission choice. It is based on the ZF 8HP transmission.


title: Vinho Verde

text: Vinho Verde () (literally 'green wine') refers to Portuguese wine that originated in the historic Minho province in the far north of the country. The modern-day 'Vinho Verde' region, originally designated in 1908, includes the old Minho province plus adjacent areas to the south. In 1976, the old province was dissolved.


title: Vinho Verde

text: Vinho Verde is not a grape variety, it is a DOC for the production of wine. The name means "green wine," but translates as "young wine", with wine being released three to six months after the grapes are harvested. They may be red, white, or rosé, and they are usually consumed soon after bottling. A Vinho Verde can also be a sparkling, a Late Harvest or even Brandy. In its early years of production, the slight effervesce of the wine came from malolactic fermentation taking place in the bottle. In winemaking this is usually considered a wine fault but Vinho Verde producers found that consumers liked the slightly fizzy nature. However, the wines had to be packaged in opaque bottles to hide the unseemly turbidity and sediment that the "in-bottle MLF" produced. Today, most Vinho Verde producers no longer follow this practice with the slight sparkle being added by artificial carbonation.


title: Vinho Verde

text: The region is characterized by its many small growers, which numbered around 19,000 as of 2014. Many of these growers used to train their vines high off the ground, up trees, fences, and even telephone poles so that they could cultivate vegetable crops below the vines that their families may use as a food source.


title: Vinho Verde

text: The majority of the wines classified as Vinho Verde are white, but the region is also known for the production of red and rose wines. The white Vinho Verde is very fresh, due to its natural acidity, with fruity and floral aromas that depend on the grape variety. The white wines are lemon- or straw-coloured, around 8.5 to 11% alcohol, and are made from local grape varieties Loureiro, Arinto, Trajadura, Avesso, and Azal. At less than one bar of CO pressure, they do not quite qualify as semi-sparkling wines but are nonetheless slightly sparkling.


title: Vinho Verde

text: The red and rose Vinho Verde wines are much less common than the white ones. That is caused mainly by the region's climatic conditions with its relatively cool temperatures and high level of rainfall that make it impossible for the red wine grapes to ripen. The Vinho Verde red wines usually have red color and a fruity flavor with the tasting notes of pepper, peony, and sour plum. Vinho Verde rose wines are also not very common, they have a slightly pink or intense color and red berries flavor.


title: Vinho Verde

text: Vinho Alvarinho is made from Alvarinho grapes, from a designated subregion of Monção and Melgaço. It has more alcohol (11.5 to 14%) and ripe tropical aromas. The reds are deep red and tannic, and are mostly made from Vinhão, Borraçal and Amaral grapes. The rosés are very fresh and fruity, usually made from Espadeiro and Padeiro grapes.


title: Vinho Verde

text: The Romans Seneca the Younger and Pliny the Elder both made reference to vines in the area between the rivers Douro and Minho.


title: Vinho Verde

text: A record exists of a winery being donated to the Alpendurada convent in Marco de Canaveses in 870 AD, and the vineyards seem to have expanded over the following centuries, planted by religious orders and encouraged by tax breaks. Wines were mostly produced for domestic consumption, although Vinho Verde may have been exported in the 12th century, to England, Germany, and Flanders. The first definite exports to England are recorded by John Croft as taking place in 1788.


title: Vinho Verde

text: The arrival of maize in the 16th century left a distinctive stamp on viticulture in the region. To maximize production of maize, new regulations banished vines to the field margins, where they would be draped over trees and hedges, forcing the vignerons to pick them from tall ladders. Today, you can find some examples of vines trained by the old methods, but most of the Vinho Verde Region is now using modern methods, which give larger and better yield.


title: Vinho Verde

text: The "Vinho Verde Region" was demarcated by the law of September 18, 1908 and a decree of October 1 of the same year. The regulations controlling production were largely set in 1926, with recognition as a Denominação de Origem Controlada (DOC) in 1984. The DOC is overseen by the "Comissão de Viticultura da Região dos Vinhos Verdes" ("Wine Commission of the Vinho Verde Region").


title: Vinho Verde

text: Currently, nearly 21,000 hectares of vineyards are planted, making up 9% of the total in Portugal. There are around 19,000 producers, down from 72,590 in 1981. Around 600 bottlers in the region produce 85 million liters of wine each year. 86% of the wine from Vinho Verde is white.


title: Vinho Verde

text: The Vinho Verde DOC is divided into nine subregions, which may be indicated on the wine label together with the name of Vinho Verde, for example as Vinho Verde-Amarante. The subregions are: Amarante, Ave, Baião, Basto, Cávado, Lima, Monção e Melgaço, Paiva, and Sousa.


title: Vinho Verde

text: The two most successful white wine varieties are Alvarinho and Loureiro. Alvarinho tends to produce low yields and can reach much higher alcohol levels. The grape is widely planted in the northern Minho between the Lima Valley and Spanish border. Loureiro produces higher yields but very aromatic wines. The most successful red wine grape has been Vinhão, followed by Amaral / Azal Tinto and Espadeiro. These grapes can produce wines with deep purple coloring and peppery notes.


title: Treaty of Portsmouth

text: The Treaty of Portsmouth is a treaty that formally ended the 1904–1905 Russo-Japanese War. It was signed on September 5, 1905, after negotiations from August 6 to August 30, at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery, Maine, United States. U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt was instrumental in the negotiations and won the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts.


title: Treaty of Portsmouth

text: The war of 1904–1905 was fought between the Russian Empire, an international power with one of the largest armies in the world, and the Empire of Japan, a nation that had only recently industrialized after two-and-a-half centuries of isolation. A series of battles in the Liaodong Peninsula had resulted in Russian armies being driven from southern Manchuria, and the Battle of Tsushima had resulted in a cataclysm for the Imperial Russian Navy. The war was unpopular in Russia, whose government was under increasing threat of revolution at home. On the other hand, the Japanese economy was severely strained by the war, with rapidly mounting foreign debts, and Japanese forces in Manchuria faced the problem of ever-extending supply lines. No Russian territory had been seized, and the Russians continued to build up reinforcements via the Trans-Siberian Railway. Recognizing that a long war was not to Japan's advantage, the Japanese government as early as July 1904 had begun seeking out intermediaries to assist in bringing the war to a negotiated conclusion.


title: Treaty of Portsmouth

text: The intermediary approached by the Japanese was U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt, who had publicly expressed a pro-Japanese stance at the beginning of the war. However, as the war progressed, Roosevelt had begun to show concerns on the strengthening military power of Japan and its long-term impact on U.S. interests in Asia. In February 1905, Roosevelt sent messages to the Russian government via the U.S. ambassador in Saint Petersburg. Initially, the Russians were unresponsive, with Tsar Nicholas II still adamant that Russia would eventually prove victorious. The Japanese government was also lukewarm to a peace treaty, as Japanese armies were enjoying an unbroken string of victories. However, after the Battle of Mukden, which was extremely costly to both sides in terms of manpower and resources, Japanese Foreign Minister Komura Jutarō judged that it was now critical for Japan to push for a settlement.


title: Treaty of Portsmouth

text: On March 8, 1905, Japanese Army Minister Terauchi Masatake met with the American Minister to Japan, Lloyd Griscom, to tell Roosevelt that Japan was ready to negotiate. However, a positive response did not come from Russia until after the loss of the Russian fleet at the Battle of Tsushima. Two days later, Nicholas met with his grand dukes and military leadership and agreed to discuss peace. On June 7, 1905, Roosevelt met with Kaneko Kentarō, a Japanese diplomat, and on June 8, he received a positive reply from Russia. Roosevelt chose Portsmouth, New Hampshire, as the site for the negotiations, primarily because the talks were to begin in August, and the cooler climate in Portsmouth would avoid subjecting the parties to the sweltering Washington summer.


title: Treaty of Portsmouth

text: The Japanese delegation to the Portsmouth Peace Conference was led by Foreign Minister Komura Jutarō and assisted by Ambassador Takahira Kogorō. The Russian delegation was led by former Finance Minister Sergei Witte, who was assisted by the former Ambassador to Japan Roman Rosen and the international law and arbitration specialist Friedrich Martens. The delegations arrived in Portsmouth on August 8 and stayed in New Castle, New Hampshire, at the Hotel Wentworth, where the armistice was signed. They were ferried across the Piscataqua River every day to the naval base in Kittery, Maine, where the negotiations were held.


title: Treaty of Portsmouth

text: The negotiations took place at the General Stores Building (now Building 86). Mahogany furniture patterned after the Cabinet Room of the White House was ordered from Washington.


title: Treaty of Portsmouth

text: Before the negotiations began, Tsar Nicholas had adopted a hard line and forbidden his delegates to agree to any territorial concessions, reparations, or limitations on the deployment of Russian forces in the Far East. The Japanese initially demanded recognition of their interests in Korea, the removal of all Russian forces from Manchuria, and substantial reparations. They also wanted confirmation of their control of the island of Sakhalin, which Japanese forces had seized in July 1905, partly to use as a bargaining chip in the negotiations.


title: Treaty of Portsmouth

text: A total of twelve sessions were held between August 9 and August 30. During the first eight sessions, the delegates were able to reach an agreement on eight points. These included an immediate ceasefire, recognition of Japan's claims to Korea, and the evacuation of Russian forces from Manchuria. Russia also ceded its leases in southern Manchuria (containing Port Arthur and Talien) to Japan and turned over the South Manchuria Railway and its mining concessions to Japan. Russia was allowed to retain the Chinese Eastern Railway in northern Manchuria.


title: Treaty of Portsmouth

text: The remaining four sessions addressed the most difficult issues: reparations and territorial concessions. On August 18, Roosevelt proposed that Rosen offer to divide Sakhalin to address the territory issue. On August 23, however, Witte proposed that the Japanese keep Sakhalin and drop their claims for reparations. When Komura rejected the proposal, Witte warned that he was instructed to cease negotiations and that the war would resume. The ultimatum came as four new Russian divisions arrived in Manchuria, and the Russian delegation made an ostentatious show of packing their bags and preparing to depart. Witte was convinced that the Japanese could not afford to restart the war and so applied pressure via the American media and his American hosts to convince the Japanese that monetary compensation was not open for compromise by Russia. Outmaneuvered by Witte, Komura yielded, and in exchange for the southern half of Sakhalin, the Japanese dropped their claims for reparations.


title: Treaty of Portsmouth

text: The Treaty of Portsmouth was signed on September 5. The treaty was ratified by the Privy Council of Japan on October 10, and in Russia on October 14, 1905.


title: Treaty of Portsmouth

text: The signing of the treaty settled immediate difficulties in the Far East and created three decades of peace between the two nations. The treaty confirmed Japan's emergence as the pre-eminent power in East Asia and forced Russia to abandon its expansionist policies there, but it was not well received by the Japanese people. The Japanese public were aware of their country's unbroken string of military victories over the Russians but were less aware of the precarious overextension of military and economic power that the victories had required. News of the terms of the treaty appeared to show Japanese weakness in front of the European powers, and this frustration caused the Hibiya riots and the collapse of Katsura Tarō's cabinet on January 7, 1906.


title: Treaty of Portsmouth

text: Because of the role played by Roosevelt, the United States became a significant force in world diplomacy. Roosevelt was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906 for his backchannel efforts before and during the peace negotiations even though he never actually went to Portsmouth.


title: Treaty of Portsmouth

text: In 1994, the Portsmouth Peace Treaty Forum was created by the Japan-America Society of New Hampshire to commemorate the Portsmouth Peace Treaty with the first formal meeting between Japanese and Russian scholars and diplomats in Portsmouth since 1905. As the Treaty of Portsmouth was one of the most powerful symbols of peace in the Northern Pacific region and the most significant shared peace history of Japan, Russia, and the United States, the forum was designed to explore from the Japanese, Russian, and American perspectives, the history of the Portsmouth Treaty and its relevance to current issues involving the Northern Pacific region. The forum is intended to focus modern scholarship on international problems in the "spirit of the Portsmouth Peace Treaty."


title: Alshon Jeffery

text: Alshon Jeffery (born February 14, 1990) is an American football wide receiver who is a free agent. He played college football at South Carolina, and was drafted by the Chicago Bears in the second round of the 2012 NFL Draft. As a member of the Philadelphia Eagles, he won Super Bowl LII.


title: Alshon Jeffery

text: Jeffery attended Calhoun County High School in St. Matthews, South Carolina, where he was part of a four-time state championship winning basketball team that recorded an 84–1 record. He also played two years of football and was widely recruited, giving a verbal commitment to the University of Southern California before switching his commitment to the University of South Carolina. Jeffery's younger brother, Shamier Jeffery, committed to play football for the Gamecocks in 2011, following in the footsteps of both of Jeffery's two older brothers Charles Ben and Darren Ben; both of whom also played basketball and football for Calhoun County High School.


title: Alshon Jeffery

text: As a freshman, Jeffery caught five passes for 61 yards in his first five games before making seven catches for 138 yards and three touchdowns against the University of Kentucky. The performance was the second-best single-game performance in school history and Jeffery became the third Gamecock in 2009 to earn SEC Freshman of the Week, following defensive end Devin Taylor and running back Jarvis Giles. He was a consensus first-team Freshman All-SEC and first-team Freshman All-American in recognition of his successful freshman season.


title: Alshon Jeffery

text: In a Week 4 game against Auburn, Jeffery had a breakout performance in the 35–27 loss. He was only a few yards shy of 200 receiving yards and added two touchdowns for the Gamecocks. Another one of his best games in 2010 came against in-state rival Clemson where he had five catches for 141 yards and a touchdown. Through 14 games, Jeffery made 88 catches totaling 1,517 yards and nine touchdowns including eight games with 100 yards or more receiving, and a 108.4 yd/game average. Jeffery was named a Biletnikoff Award finalist, the award given to the nation's top wide receiver. Because of his performances, helping lead the Gamecocks to their first SEC Championship Game appearance in school history, Jeffery was selected as an All-American.


title: Alshon Jeffery

text: At the beginning of the 2011 season, Jeffery was named by ESPN as the best overall player in the SEC. In the season opener against ECU in which he caught five passes for 92 yards, Jeffery extended his active streak to 24 consecutive games with a reception. In the 2012 Capital One Bowl, Jeffery caught four passes for 148 yards and a touchdown but was ejected in the third quarter for fighting with Nebraska player cornerback Alfonzo Dennard. Despite this, Jeffery was named the Capital One Bowl MVP.


title: Alshon Jeffery

text: Jeffery was selected in second round of the 2012 NFL Draft with the 45th overall pick by the Chicago Bears.


title: Alshon Jeffery

text: On May 2, Jeffery and the Bears agreed to a four-year contract, making him the first player in the 2012 draft class to sign, and the earliest second-rounder to sign since Dallas Cowboys receiver Kevin Williams in 1993. Jeffery made his debut against the Denver Broncos in week one of the preseason, and caught a game-high four passes for 35 yards, though the Bears lost 31–3. In the second preseason game, Jeffery was penalized for unnecessary roughness for fighting Washington Redskins cornerback DeAngelo Hall. Jeffery was later told by coaches to "play smarter". In his regular season debut against the Indianapolis Colts, Jeffery caught a Jay Cutler pass for a 42-yard touchdown. In Chicago's Week 5 away game against the Jacksonville Jaguars, Jeffery left the game after catching a touchdown thrown by Cutler. Although the injury did not appear to be significant, x-rays done on the following Monday determined Jeffery broke his right hand, which led to him missing a few games. Though the injury did not require surgery, Jeffery still had to wear a cast. Jeffery eventually practiced for the first time on November 9. Jeffery returned in Week 11 against the San Francisco 49ers, but would injure his knee, and will be sidelined for 2–4 weeks. In Week 15 against the Green Bay Packers, Jeffery was penalized three times for pass interference, nullifying a touchdown and two receptions of 36 and seven yards, as the Bears lost 21–13. Jeffery ended his rookie season catching 24 passes for 367 yards and three touchdowns.


title: Alshon Jeffery

text: In 2013's Week 4 loss to the Detroit Lions, Jeffery recorded his first career 100-yard receiving game. The following week against the New Orleans Saints, Jeffery broke the Bears single-game receiving yards record with 218 yards, along with recording a career-high 10 receptions. Jeffery broke the record on the final play of the game, a 21-yard pass from Jay Cutler, passing Harlon Hill's record set in 1952 against the 49ers. In Week 13 against the Minnesota Vikings, Jeffery became the first player in franchise history to record two 200-yard games in the same season. In that game, he surpassed his own franchise record mark set earlier in the season. Jeffery ended the 2013 season with 89 receptions for 1,421 yards and seven touchdowns. The 1,421 yards are the second-most in team history, behind Brandon Marshall's 1,508 in 2012. His 89 receptions are the sixth-highest in franchise history. After an injury to Lions receiver Calvin Johnson, Jeffery was named to the 2014 Pro Bowl. On January 17, 2014, Jeffery was named the Pro Football Writers Association's Most Improved Player. He was ranked 54th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2014.


title: Alshon Jeffery

text: On September 7, Jeffery caught five passes for 71 yards in the season opener against the Buffalo Bills. Jeffery recorded a 44-yard reception. On September 22, Jeffery caught eight passes for 105 yards against the New York Jets. On September 28, Jeffery caught his first touchdown of the season against the Green Bay Packers. On October 5, Jeffery caught six passes for 97 yards and a touchdown against the Carolina Panthers. On October 12, Jeffery caught five passes for a season-high 136 yards against the Atlanta Falcons. On October 26, Jeffery caught his third touchdown of the season against the New England Patriots. On November 16, Jeffery caught a season-high eleven passes for 135 yards against the Minnesota Vikings. On November 23, Jeffery caught his fourth touchdown of the season against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. On November 27, Jeffery caught nine passes for 71 yards and a season-high two touchdowns against the Detroit Lions. On December 4, Jeffery caught six passes for 95 yards and a touchdown against the Dallas Cowboys. On December 15, Jeffery caught his ninth touchdown of the season against the New Orleans Saints. On December 21, Jeffery caught six passes for 72 yards and a touchdown against the Detroit Lions. Jeffery caught a 20-yard touchdown.


title: Alshon Jeffery

text: In Jeffery's third season in the NFL, he recorded over 1,000 yards for the second time in his career with 1,133 yards with 85 receptions for 10 touchdowns on 145 targets.


title: Alshon Jeffery

text: On September 13, Jeffery caught five passes for 78 yards in the season opener against the Green Bay Packers. On October 18, Jeffery caught eight passes for 147 yards and a touchdown against the Detroit Lions. On November 1, Jeffery caught a season-high ten passes for 116 yards and a touchdown against the Minnesota Vikings. On November 9, Jeffery caught ten passes for a season-high 151 yards against the San Diego Chargers. On November 26, Jeffery caught seven passes for 90 yards against the Green Bay Packers. On December 13, Jeffery caught six passes for 107 yards against the Washington Redskins. On December 20, Jeffery recorded a 10-yard touchdown reception against the Minnesota Vikings. On December 30, Jeffery was placed on injured reserve with a hamstring injury, ending his season.


title: Alshon Jeffery

text: Jeffery's season ended with 54 receptions for 807 yards and four touchdowns on 93 targets. Jeffery would end up leading the Bears in receptions in the 2015 season with 54.


title: Alshon Jeffery

text: On February 26, 2016, it was announced that the Bears placed the franchise tag on Jeffery. On September 11, Jeffery caught four passes for a season-high 105 yards in the season opener against the Houston Texans. On September 19, Jeffery caught five passes for 96 yards against the Philadelphia Eagles. On October 16, Jeffery caught a season-high seven passes for 93 yards against the Jacksonville Jaguars. On October 31, Jeffery caught four passes for 63 yards and his first touchdown of the season against the Minnesota Vikings. On November 14, the NFL suspended Jeffery for four games for violating the NFL's performance-enhancing drug policy. On December 18, Jeffery caught six passes for 89 yards and a touchdown against the Green Bay Packers.


title: Alshon Jeffery

text: Jeffery amassed 4,549 receiving yards and 304 receptions during his five-year career with the Bears. He possesses the third most receiving yards in Bears franchise history.


title: Alshon Jeffery

text: On March 9, 2017, Jeffery signed a one-year, $14 million contract with the Philadelphia Eagles. Jeffery made his Eagles debut on September 10, 2017, in the season opener against the Washington Redskins. He finished the game with 38 yards on three catches. In Week 2 on September 17 at Kansas City, Jeffery had 92 yards on 7 catches and one touchdown, his first as an Eagle, in a 27–20 loss to the Chiefs. On December 2, 2017, Jeffrey signed a four-year extension worth $52 million with $27 million guaranteed.


title: Alshon Jeffery

text: The Eagles finished the season 13–3 and earned a first round bye. In the against the Atlanta Falcons, Jeffery recorded 4 catches for 61 yards in a 15–10 victory. In the against the Minnesota Vikings, Jeffery caught five passes for 85 yards and two touchdowns in 38–7 victory to advance to Super Bowl LII. In the Super Bowl, Jeffery caught 3 passes for 73 yards and scored the first touchdown of the game. The Eagles went on to defeat the New England Patriots 41–33 to give Jeffery and the franchise its first Super Bowl championship. On February 21, 2018, it was revealed that Jeffery underwent surgery for a torn rotator cuff.


title: Alshon Jeffery

text: Jeffery underwent rotator cuff surgery in the offseason. He was kept out of action going into the regular season. In Week 4 of the 2018 season, Jeffery returned from his injury and recorded eight receptions for 105 receiving yards and a touchdown against the Tennessee Titans. In Week 6, against the New York Giants, he had eight receptions for 74 receiving yards and two touchdowns. The Eagles ended up making the 2018–19 NFL playoffs with a 9–7 record. In the Wild Card round, Jeffery made six receptions for 82 receiving yards against his former team, the Chicago Bears. The Eagles won 16–15. In the Divisional Round matchup against the New Orleans Saints, Jeffery had 5 catches for 63 yards. As the Eagles were on a successful drive late in the 4th quarter, a wide open Jeffery dropped a pass from Nick Foles that fell into the hands of Saints' cornerback Marshon Lattimore. After the interception, Jeffery and the Eagles' offense never got the ball back as the Saints won 20–14.


title: Alshon Jeffery

text: In the postgame interview, Jeffery stated that “It sucks right now. Everyone in the locker room, we’re all down. Like I said, I let my teammates down, I let the city of Philadelphia down. That’s on me. We’ll be back next year for sure. One play don’t define me, it happens. It’s part of football. I just hated the way it happened in the playoffs, and it was the final moment.”


title: Alshon Jeffery

text: In Week 1 against the Washington Redskins, Jeffery caught five passes for 49 yards and the first receiving touchdown of the season as the Eagles won 32–27. In Week 2 against the Atlanta Falcons, Jeffery left early in the game due to a calf injury. He was listed as questionable to return to the game, but he did not play for the remainder of the game The Eagles lost their first game of the season 20–24. Jeffery made his return from injury in Week 4 against the Green Bay Packers. In the game, he caught three passes for 38 yards and one touchdown in the 34–27 win. Jeffery suffered a hip injury in Week 9 against the Chicago Bears and was forced to miss the next two games. He made his return in Week 13 against the Miami Dolphins. In the game, Jeffery caught nine passes for 137 yards and a touchdown in the 37–31 loss. He was placed on injured reserve with a foot injury on December 12, 2019. Overall, Jeffery finished the 2019 season with 43 receptions for 490 receiving yards and four receiving touchdowns.


title: Alshon Jeffery

text: On July 28, 2020, the Eagles placed Jeffery on the active/physically unable to perform list to begin training camp. He was activated on September 5, 2020. He made his season debut against the New York Giants in week 10. He was targeted once with no catches. He made his first reception in week 12 from Jalen Hurts against the Seattle Seahawks. He had his first touchdown of the season against the New Orleans Saints in Week 14.


title: Saudia Flight 163

text: Saudia Flight 163 was a scheduled Saudia passenger flight departing from Quaid-E-Azam Airport in Karachi, Pakistan bound for Kandara Airport in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia via Riyadh International Airport in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia that caught fire after takeoff from Riyadh International Airport (now the Riyadh Air Base) en route to Jeddah, Saudi Arabia on 19 August 1980. All 287 passengers and 14 crew on board the Lockheed L-1011-200 TriStar died from smoke inhalation after the aircraft made a successful emergency landing at Riyadh.


title: Saudia Flight 163

text: The accident is the deadliest involving a Lockheed L-1011 TriStar, as well as the deadliest aviation disaster to occur in Saudi Arabia. At the time, this was the second deadliest aircraft accident in the history of aviation involving a single airplane after Turkish Airlines Flight 981.


title: Saudia Flight 163

text: The aircraft involved in the accident was a Lockheed L-1011-200 TriStar (registered in Saudi Arabia as HZ-AHK). It made its first flight on 13 July 1979, and was delivered to Saudia on 21 August 1979.


title: Saudia Flight 163

text: The captain of the flight was 38-year-old Mohammed Ali Khowyter, a Saudi who was hired by Saudia in 1965. He had flown numerous aircraft such as Douglas DC-3, DC-4, McDonnell Douglas DC-9, Boeing 707 and 737. Khowyter's records described him as a slow learner and needing more proper training. Khowyter had 7,674 flying hours, including 388 hours in the TriStar. The first officer was 26-year-old Sami Abdullah M. Hasanain, also a Saudi who joined the airline in 1977 and had previously worked as a trainee. He received his type rating on the TriStar eleven days before the accident. At one point during his training, however, due to his poor performance, Hasanain was removed from flying school. Hasanain had 1,615 flying hours, including 125 hours in the TriStar. The flight engineer was 42-year-old Bradley Curtis, an American who was hired by the airline in 1974. He had been qualified as a captain of the Douglas DC-3, and was then assigned to train in either the Boeing 707 or 737, but failed to qualify either as a captain or as a first officer because he did not meet the requirements. He had needed to pay for his own training as an L-1011 flight engineer in order to keep his job. Curtis had 650 flying hours, including 157 hours in the TriStar.


title: Saudia Flight 163

text: Flight 163 departed Qu'aid-e-Azam International Airport (now Jinnah International Airport) in Karachi, Pakistan at 18:32 Pakistan time (13:32 UTC) bound for Jeddah International Airport in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, with a scheduled intermediate stop at Riyadh Airport. The flight arrived in Riyadh at 19:06 Saudi time (16:06 UTC). There was a two-hour layover for refueling. During the layover, several of the passengers disembarked. After refueling, the flight took off at 21:08 (18:08 UTC) bound for Jeddah.


title: Saudia Flight 163

text: Almost seven minutes into the flight, the crew received warnings of smoke from the cargo compartment. The crew spent the next four minutes trying to confirm the warnings, after which Flight Engineer Curtis went back into the cabin to confirm the presence of smoke. Captain Khowyter decided to return to the airport, and First Officer Hasanain radioed their intentions at 21:20 (18:20 UTC). At 21:25 (18:25 UTC), the thrust lever for the number two engine (the center engine) became jammed as the fire burned through the operating cable. Then, at 21:29 (18:29 UTC), the engine was shut down during final approach.


title: Saudia Flight 163

text: At 21:35 (18:35 UTC), Khowyter declared an emergency and landed back at Riyadh. After touchdown at 21:36 (18:36 UTC), the airplane continued to a taxiway at the end of the runway where it exited the runway, stopping two minutes and 40 seconds after touchdown at 21:39 (18:39 UTC). The airport fire rescue equipment was stationed back on the landing section of the runway, with emergency personnel expecting an emergency stop and evacuation. This meant they had to rush after the aircraft, which had used the entire length of a runway to slow and then exit onto the taxiway. The airplane stopped facing in the opposite direction from landing.


title: Saudia Flight 163

text: Once the aircraft had stopped, the crew reported that they were shutting down the engines and about to evacuate. On arrival at the aircraft soon after, however, the rescue personnel found that the two wing-mounted engines were still running, preventing them from opening the doors. These were finally shut down at 21:42 (18:42 UTC), three minutes and 15 seconds after the aircraft came to a stop, at which point communication with the crew was lost. No external fire was visible at this time, but flames were observed through the windows at the rear of the aircraft. Twenty-three minutes after engine shutdown, at 22:05 (19:05 UTC), the R2 door (second door on the right side) was opened by ground personnel. Three minutes later, the aircraft burst into flames, and was consumed by fire.


title: Saudia Flight 163

text: Why Captain Khowyter failed to evacuate the aircraft promptly is not known. Saudi reports stated that the crew could not get the plug-type doors to open in time. It is assumed that most passengers and flight attendants were incapacitated during the landing roll, or they did not attempt to open a door on a moving aircraft. It is known that the aircraft remained pressurized during the landing roll as the cabin pressurization system was on standby, and the aircraft was found with both pressurization hatches almost completely closed. The pressurization hatches should have opened completely on touchdown to depressurize the aircraft. The crew were found still in their seats, and all the victims were found in the forward half of the fuselage. Autopsies were conducted on some of the non-Saudi nationals, including the American flight engineer. All of them perished from smoke inhalation and not burns, which indicated that they had died long before the R2 door was opened. The source of the fire in compartment C3 could not be determined.


title: Saudia Flight 163

text: Eighty-two of the passengers boarded in Karachi while the remaining 205 passengers boarded in Riyadh. The majority of the passengers were Saudis and Pakistani religious pilgrims on their way to Mecca for a traditional Ramadan holiday. In addition to the Saudis and Pakistanis, there were 32 religious pilgrims from Iran. There were also a small number of passengers from various countries, who were heading to Jeddah for diplomatic missions.


title: Saudia Flight 163

text: The investigation revealed the fire had started in the aft C3 cargo compartment. The fire was intense enough to burn through the cabin floor, causing passengers seated in that area of the cabin to move forward prior to the landing. Saudi officials found two butane stoves in the burned-out remains of the airliner, and a used fire extinguisher near one of them. One early theory was that the fire began in the passenger cabin when a passenger used his own butane stove to heat water for tea. The investigation found no evidence to support this theory.


title: Saudia Flight 163

text: After the event, the airline revised its training and emergency procedures. Lockheed also removed the insulation from above the rear cargo area, and added glass laminate structural reinforcement. The National Transportation Safety Board recommended that aircraft use halomethane extinguishers instead of traditional hand-held fire extinguishers.


title: Saudia Flight 163

text: Flight 163 encapsulated the further need for the advent of crew resource management. This is evident from the primary lapses in effective communication that prevented the crew from carrying out a final successful evacuation from the aircraft. These lapses are enabled in part by so-called power distances between juniors and superiors in workplace settings, relationships found in all societies but emphasized more in some than in others. "In high power distance cultures, juniors do not question superiors and leaders may be autocratic", leading to situations where a first officer finds it difficult to question decisions made by the captain, conditions that may have been present on Saudia Flight 163. This phenomenon has the capability of affecting flight safety globally, but as the work performed in the cockpit is markedly dependent upon the ability of one worker to crosscheck the work of another and vice versa, the danger is most apparent in individuals brought up in cultures that traditionally revere high-power distances between those in positions of power and their subordinates. In 1982, the British current-affairs program "World in Action" aired an episode entitled "The Mystery of Flight 163". This documented the accident, and was subsequently used to train pilots in the value of crew resource management.


title: Missing in action

text: Missing in action (MIA) is a casualty classification assigned to combatants, military chaplains, combat medics, and prisoners of war who are reported missing during wartime or ceasefire. They may have been killed, wounded, captured, executed, or deserted. If deceased, neither their remains nor grave have been positively identified. Becoming MIA has been an occupational risk for as long as there has been warfare.


title: Missing in action

text: Until around 1912, service personnel in most countries were not routinely issued with ID tags. As a result, if someone was killed in action and their body was not recovered until much later, there was often little or no chance of identifying the remains unless the person in question was carrying items that would identify them, or had marked their clothing or possessions with identifying information. Starting around the time of the First World War, nations began to issue their service personnel with purpose-made identification tags. These were usually made of some form of lightweight metal such as aluminium. However, in the case of the British Army the material chosen was compressed fiber, which was not very durable. Although wearing identification tags proved to be highly beneficial, the problem remained that bodies could be completely destroyed (ranging from total body disruption to outright vaporization), burned or buried by the type of high-explosive munitions routinely used in modern warfare or in destructions of vehicles. Additionally, the combat environment itself could increase the likelihood of missing combatants such as jungle warfare, or submarine warfare, or aircraft crashes in remote mountainous terrain, or at sea. Alternatively, there could be administrative errors; the actual location of a temporary battlefield grave could be misidentified or forgotten due to the "fog of war". Finally, since military forces had no strong incentive to keep detailed records of enemy dead, bodies were frequently buried (sometimes with their identification tags) in temporary graves, the locations of which were often lost or obliterated e.g. the forgotten mass grave at Fromelles. As a result, the remains of missing combatants might not be found for many years, if ever. When missing combatants are recovered and cannot be identified after a thorough forensic examination (including such methods as DNA testing and comparison of dental records) the remains are interred with a tombstone which indicates their unknown status.


title: Missing in action

text: The development of genetic fingerprinting in the late 20th century means that if cell samples from a cheek swab are collected from service personnel prior to deployment to a combat zone, identity can be established using even a small fragment of human remains. Although it is possible to take genetic samples from a close relative of the missing person, it is preferable to collect such samples directly from the subjects themselves. It is a fact of warfare that some combatants are likely to go missing in action and never be found. However, by wearing identification tags and using modern technology the numbers involved can be considerably reduced. In addition to the obvious military advantages, conclusively identifying the remains of missing service personnel is highly beneficial to the surviving relatives. Having positive identification makes it somewhat easier to come to terms with their loss and move on with their lives. Otherwise, some relatives may suspect that the missing person is still alive somewhere and may return someday. However, many of these identifying procedures are not typically used for combatants who are members of militias, mercenary armies, insurrections, and other irregular forces.


title: Missing in action

text: The numerous wars which have occurred over the centuries have created many MIAs. The list is long and includes most battles which have ever been fought by any nation. The usual problems of identification caused by rapid decomposition were exacerbated by the fact that it was common practice to loot the remains of the dead for any valuables e.g. personal items and clothing. This made the already difficult task of identification even harder. Thereafter the dead were routinely buried in mass graves and scant official records were retained. Notable examples include such medieval battles as Towton, the Hundred Years' War, The Battle of Alcácer Quibir where King Sebastian of Portugal disappeared, the later English Civil Wars, and Napoleonic Wars together with any battle taking place until around the middle of the 19th century. Starting around the time of the Crimean War, American Civil War, and Franco-Prussian War, it became more common to make formal efforts to identify individual soldiers. However, since there was no formal system of ID tags at the time, this could be difficult during the process of battlefield clearance. Even so, there had been a notable shift in perceptions e.g. where the remains of a soldier in Confederate uniform were recovered from, say, the Gettysburg battlefield, he would be interred in a single grave with a headstone which stated that he was an unknown Confederate soldier. This change in attitudes coincided with the Geneva Conventions, the first of which was signed in 1864. Although the First Geneva Convention did not specifically address the issue of MIAs, the reasoning behind it (which specified the humane treatment of wounded enemy soldiers) was influential.


title: Missing in action

text: The phenomenon of MIAs became particularly notable during World War I, where the mechanized nature of modern warfare meant that a single battle could cause astounding numbers of casualties. For example, in 1916 over 300,000 Allied and German combatants were killed in the Battle of the Somme. A total of 19,240 British and Commonwealth combatants were killed in action or died of wounds on the first day of that battle alone. It is therefore not surprising that the Thiepval Memorial to the Missing of the Somme in France bears the names of 72,090 British and Commonwealth combatants, all of whom went missing in action during the Battle of the Somme, were never found and who have no known grave. Similarly, the Menin Gate memorial in Belgium commemorates 54,896 missing Allied combatants who are known to have been killed in the Ypres Salient. The Douaumont ossuary, meanwhile, contains 130,000 unidentifiable sets of French and German remains from the Battle of Verdun.


title: Missing in action

text: Even in the 21st century, the remains of missing combatants are recovered from the former battlefields of the Western Front every year. These discoveries happen regularly, often during the course of agricultural work or construction projects. Typically, the remains of one or several men are found at a time. However, occasionally the numbers recovered are much larger e.g. the mass grave at Fromelles (excavated in 2009) which contained the skeletal remains of no less than 250 Allied soldiers. Another example is the excavation which took place at Carspach (Alsace region of France) in early 2012, which uncovered the remains of 21 German soldiers, lost in an underground shelter since 1918, after being buried by a large-calibre British artillery shell. Regardless, efforts are made to identify any remains found via a thorough forensic examination. If this is achieved, attempts are made to trace any living relatives. However, it is frequently impossible to identify the remains, other than to establish some basic details of the unit they served with. In the case of British and Commonwealth MIAs, the headstone is inscribed with the maximum amount of information that is known about the person. Typically, such information is deduced from metallic objects such as brass buttons and shoulder flashes bearing regimental/unit insignia found on the body. As a result, headstones are inscribed with such information as "A Soldier of The Cameronians" or "An Australian Corporal" etc. Where nothing is known other than the soldier's national allegiance, the headstone is inscribed "A Soldier of The Great War". The term "Sailor" or "Airman" can be substituted, as appropriate.


title: Missing in action

text: In the United States Armed Forces, 78,750 personnel missing in action had been reported by the end of the war, representing over 19 percent of the total of 405,399 killed during the conflict.


title: Missing in action

text: As with MIAs from the First World War, it is a routine occurrence for the remains of missing personnel killed during the Second World War to be periodically discovered. Usually they are found purely by chance (e.g. during construction or demolition work) though on some occasions they are recovered following deliberate, targeted searches. As with the First World War, in western Europe MIAs are generally found as individuals, or in twos or threes. However, sometimes the numbers in a group are considerably larger e.g. the mass grave at Villeneuve-Loubet, which contained the remains of 14 German soldiers killed in August 1944. Others are located at remote aircraft crash sites in various countries.


title: Missing in action

text: But in eastern Europe and Russia, World War II casualties include approximately two million missing Germans, and many mass graves remain to be found. Almost a half million German MIAs have been buried in new graves since the end of the Cold War. Most of them will stay unknown. The German War Graves Commission is spearheading the effort. Similarly, there are approximately 4 million missing Russian service personnel scattered across the former Eastern Front, from Leningrad down to Stalingrad, though around 300 volunteer groups make periodic searches of old battlefields to recover human remains for identification and reburial.


title: Missing in action

text: During the 2000s, there was renewed attention within and without the U.S. military to finding remains of the missing, especially in the European Theatre and especially since aging witnesses and local historians were dying off. The group World War II Families for the Return of the Missing was founded in 2005 to work with the Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command and other governmental entities towards locating and repatriating the remains of Americans lost in the conflict. The president of the group said in reference to the far more publicised efforts to find remains of U.S. dead from the Vietnam War, “Vietnam had advocates. This was an older generation, and they didn’t know who to turn to.”


title: Missing in action

text: In 2008, investigators began to conduct searches on Tarawa atoll in the Pacific Ocean, trying to locate the remains of 139 American Marines, missing since the Battle of Tarawa in 1943. Between 2013 and 2016 the remains of 37 US Marines were recovered from Tarawa. Among those recovered was Medal of Honor recipient Alexander Bonnyman.


title: Missing in action

text: As of December 30, 2021, according to the U.S. Department of Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency, there were still 72,550 U.S. servicemen and civilians still unaccounted for from World War II.


title: Missing in action

text: According to official US Department of Army and Department of Navy casualty records, submitted to Congress in 1946 and updated in 1953, the combined possible total of missing service personnel worldwide is closer to approximately 6600 and probably considerably fewer. Significantly, DPAA continues to list as "unaccounted for" the five Sullivan brothers—arguably the single most accounted-for group of WWII casualties ever recorded. Since DPAA alone designates such WWII personnel as the entire crew of the and most of the crew of the as both "missing" and "unaccounted for" it is likely that DPAA records keeping is irregular and prone to opinion rather than fact.


title: Missing in action

text: The US Department of Defense DPAA gives dates for the Korean War from June 27, 1950, to January 31, 1955. Between June to October 1950, an estimated 700 civilian and US military POWs had been captured by the North Koreans. By August 1953 only 262 were still alive; one of the survivors was Private First Class Wayne A. "Johnnie" Johnson, who secretly documented the deaths of 496 US military and Korean/European civilian POWs. Johnson would later be awarded the Silver Star medal for valor in 1996.


title: Missing in action

text: In August 1953, General James Van Fleet, who had led US and UN forces in Korea, estimated that "a large percentage" of those service members listed as missing in action were alive. (Coincidentally, General Van Fleet's own son Captain James Alward Van Fleet Jr was MIA from a United States Air Force mission over North Korea April 4, 1952.)


title: Missing in action

text: The total number of Korean War MIAS/remains not recovered was 8,154. In 1954 during Operation Glory, the remains of 4,023 UN personnel were received from North Korea, of which 1,868 were Americans; of the recovered US remains, 848 could not be identified.


title: Missing in action

text: Between 1982 and 2016, 781 unknown remains were recovered from North Korea, South Korea, China, Japan, and Punchbowl Cemetery in Hawaii, of which a total of 459 have been identified 950 sets of remains were uncovered in South Korea; of 20 sets of remains 11 were identified.


title: Missing in action

text:
The U.S. Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command (now the Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency) and the equivalent South Korean command are actively involved in trying to locate and identify remains of both countries' personnel. Remains of missing combatants from the Korean War are periodically recovered and identified in both North and South Korea. It is thought that 13,000 South Korean and 2,000 U.S. combatants are buried in the Korean Demilitarized Zone alone and never found. In the summer of 2018 President Moon Jae-in of South Korea expressed his hopes to recover the remains of Korean soldiers from the DMZ. South Korea MIAs are believed to number 120,000.
 In 2018 the remains of 1 North Korean were repatriated to North Korea from the U.S.
 On Sept 27, 2018, the remains of 64 South Korean soldier MIAs were repatriated to South Korea from the United States.
On June 25, 2020, the remains of 147 South Korean soldier MIAs were repatriated to South Korea from the United States.
In July 2020 it is reported that 50,000 South Korean POWS were never repatriated from North Korea in 1953.


title: Missing in action

text: The 1991–1993 United States Senate Select Committee on POW/MIA Affairs investigated some outstanding issues and reports related to the fate of U.S. service personnel still missing from the Korean War. In 1996, the Defense Department stated that there was no clear evidence any of the U.S. prisoners were still alive.


title: Missing in action

text: , at least 500 South Korean prisoners of war were believed to be still detained by the North Korean regime. That same year the U.S. suspended talks with North Korea over the recovery of MIAs; the George W. Bush administration had broken off relations between the US and North Korea-claiming it couldn't guarantee Americans safety.


title: Missing in action

text: In 2007 New Mexico Governor Bill Richardson traveled to Pyongong and returned with six sets of remains.


title: Missing in action

text: In 2010, it was reported that the Obama administration was reversing the Bush administration's suspended talks in regard to North Korea MIAs.


title: Missing in action

text: In 2011 the Veterans of Foreign Wars (VFW) adopted Resolution # 423 calling for renewed discussions with North Korea to recover Americans missing in action. On July 27, 2011, Congressman Charles Rangel introduced a Congressional Resolution calling on North Korea to repatriate POW/MIAS and abductees from North Korea.


title: Missing in action

text: In January 2012 it was announced that members of JPAC would go to North Korea in the spring to search for an estimated 5,000 MIAs in the Unsan & the Chosin Reservoir areas.


title: Missing in action

text: In February 2012 talks were going ahead between the US and North Korea to resume discussions to recover US MIAs after seven years. <br>On March 8, 2012, the US announced it would search for MIAs in North Korea, however on March 21, 2012, US President Obama's administration suspended talks with North Korea over the recovery of US servicemen killed and missing in North Korea.


title: Missing in action

text: In 2013 Korea War/Cold War Families Inc started an online petition to Obama to resolve Cold/Korean War mysteries.


title: Missing in action

text: In October 2014, North Korea announced it was going to move the remains of about 5,000 U.S. combatants en masse in an apparent attempt to force the U.S. to restart MIA recovery. North Korea also gave a warning that "... North Korea blamed the United States 'hostile policy' for causing the remains recovery missions to end. The statement warned that "remains of American soldiers would soon be lost", as they were being "carried away en masse due to construction projects of hydro-power stations, land rezoning and other gigantic natureremaking projects, flood damage, etc…"


title: Missing in action

text: On June 24, 2016, Congressmen Rangel, John Conyers, Sam Johnson introduced House Resolution No. 799 calling on the U.S. Government to resume talks in regard to the US MIAs. On September 27, 2016, House Resolution No. 799 was referred to the House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific. It was not enacted.


title: Missing in action

text: In the wake of the June 2018 meeting between U.S. President Trump and North Korean leader Kim, the U.S. received 55 boxes of MIA remains on July 27, 2018—the 65th anniversary of the Korean War truce. As of September 28, 2021, 77 Korean War MIAs have been identified from these 55 boxes. As of April 1, 2022 82 remains have been identified from 55 boxes; the total of remains recovered from 1996 to 2005 are 612 of whom 16 are yet unknown.


title: Missing in action

text: On September 22, 2021, the first US-South Korean Joint repatriation service was held: U.S. received the remains of 1 of 6 U.S. soldiers to be repatriated; South Korea received remains of two of 68 ROK Soldiers to be repatriated.


title: Missing in action

text: As of June 23, 2022, according to the US Department of Defense the total of working number of MIA U.S. service members is 7,541. The total of unaccounted remains is also given as 7,544.


title: Missing in action

text: Remains of nine sets of remains of Korean War MIA servicemen have also been discovered at Arrowhead Hill, aka Hill 281 Battle of White Horse, which is located in the Korean Demilitarized Zone, during minesweeping operations between October and November 2018. Arrowhead Hill had previously been selected for both Koreas to jointly conduct a pilot remains recovery project.


title: Missing in action

text: A number of Australian combatants and POWs have also never been recovered from Korea. Of 340 Australian servicemen killed in the Korean War, 43 are listed as MIA.


title: Missing in action

text: Since 1996, the remains of Korean People's Army combatants recovered from battlefield exhumations across South Korea have been buried in the Cemetery for North Korean and Chinese Soldiers, the majority of the over 770 burials are unknowns.


title: Missing in action

text: Following the Paris Peace Accords of 1973, 591 U.S. prisoners of war were returned during Operation Homecoming. The U.S. listed about 1,350 Americans as prisoners of war or missing in action and roughly 1,200 Americans reported killed in action and body not recovered. By the early 1990s, this had been reduced to a total of 2,255 unaccounted for from the war, which constituted less than 4 percent of the total 58,152 U.S. service members killed. This was by far the smallest proportion in the nation's history to that point.


title: Missing in action

text: About 80 percent of those missing were airmen who were shot down over North Vietnam or Laos, usually over remote mountains, tropical rain forest, or water; the rest typically disappeared in confused fighting in dense jungles. Investigations of these incidents have involved determining whether the men involved survived their shootdown and, if not, efforts to recover their remains. POW/MIA activists played a role in pushing the U.S. government to improve its efforts in resolving the fates of the missing. Progress in doing so was slow until the mid-1980s, when relations between the U.S. and Vietnam began to improve and more cooperative efforts were undertaken. Normalization of U.S. relations with Vietnam in the mid-1990s was a culmination of this process.


title: Missing in action

text: Considerable speculation and investigation has gone to a theory that a significant number of these men were captured as prisoners of war by Communist forces in the two countries and kept as live prisoners after the war's conclusion for the United States in 1973. A vocal group of POW/MIA activists maintains that there has been a concerted conspiracy by the Vietnamese government and every American government since then to hide the existence of these prisoners. The U.S. government has steadfastly denied that prisoners were left behind or that any effort has been made to cover up their existence. Popular culture has reflected the "live prisoners" theory, most notably in the 1985 film "". Several congressional investigations have looked into the issue, culminating with the largest and most thorough, the United States Senate Select Committee on POW/MIA Affairs of 1991–1993 led by Senators John Kerry, Bob Smith, and John McCain. Its unanimous conclusion found "no compelling evidence that proves that any American remains alive in captivity in Southeast Asia."


title: Missing in action

text: This missing in action issue has been a highly emotional one to those involved, and is often considered the last depressing, divisive aftereffect of the Vietnam War. To skeptics, "live prisoners" is a conspiracy theory unsupported by motivation or evidence, and the foundation for a cottage industry of charlatans who have preyed upon the hopes of the families of the missing. As two skeptics wrote in 1995, "The conspiracy myth surrounding the Americans who remained missing after Operation Homecoming in 1973 had evolved to baroque intricacy. By 1992, there were thousands of zealots—who believed with cultlike fervor that hundreds of American POWs had been deliberately and callously abandoned in Indochina after the war, that there was a vast conspiracy within the armed forces and the executive branch—spanning five administrations—to cover up all evidence of this betrayal, and that the governments of Communist Vietnam and Laos continued to hold an unspecified number of living American POWs, despite their adamant denials of this charge." Believers reject such notions; as Pulitzer Prize winning journalist Sydney Schanberg wrote in 1994, "It is not conspiracy theory, not paranoid myth, not Rambo fantasy. It is only hard evidence of a national disgrace: American prisoners were left behind at the end of the Vietnam War. They were abandoned because six presidents and official Washington could not admit their guilty secret. They were forgotten because the press and most Americans turned away from all things that reminded them of Vietnam."


title: Missing in action

text: There are also a large number of North Vietnamese and Viet Cong MIAs from the Vietnam war whose remains have yet to be recovered. In 1974, General Võ Nguyên Giáp stated that they had 330,000 missing in action. As of 1999, estimates of those missing were usually around 300,000. This figure does not include those missing from former South Vietnamese armed forces, who are given little consideration under the Vietnamese regime. The Vietnamese government did not have any organized program to search for its own missing, in comparison to what it had established to search for American missing. The discrepancy angered some Vietnamese; as one said, "It's crazy for the Americans to keep asking us to find their men. We lost several times more than the Americans did. In any war there are many people who disappear. They just disappear." In the 2000s, thousands of Vietnamese were hiring psychics in an effort to find the remains of missing family members. The Vietnamese Army organizes what it considers to be the best of the psychics, as part of its parapsychology force trying to find remains. Additionally, remains dating from the earlier French colonial era are sometimes discovered: in January 2009, the remains of at least 50 anti-French resistance fighters dating from circa 1946 to 1947 were discovered in graves located under a former market in central Hanoi.


title: Missing in action

text: As of December 30, 2021, according to the U.S. Department of Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency, US Military and Civilian personnel still unaccounted for number 1,584.


title: Missing in action

text: According to the Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency, as of December 30, 2021, there were still 126 U.S. servicemen unaccounted for from the Cold War.


title: Missing in action

text: The 1991–1993 United States Senate Select Committee on POW/MIA Affairs investigated some outstanding issues and reports related to the fate of U.S. service personnel still missing from the Cold War. In 1992, Russian President Boris Yeltsin told the committee that the Soviet Union had held survivors of spy planes shot down in the early 1950s in prisons or psychiatric facilities. Russian Colonel General Dmitri Volkogonov, co-leader of the U.S.–Russia Joint Commission on POW/MIAs, said that to his knowledge no Americans were currently being held against their will within the borders of the former Soviet Union. The Select Committee concluded that it "found evidence that some U.S. POWs were held in the former Soviet Union after WW II, the Korean War and Cold War incidents," and that it "cannot, based on its investigation to date, rule out the possibility that one or more U.S. POWs from past wars or incidents are still being held somewhere within the borders of the former Soviet Union."


title: Missing in action

text: In the Indo-Pakistan War of 1971, two companies of the Indian Army's 15th Punjab (formerly First Patiala) were attacked by four brigades of the Pakistan Army on 3 December 1971 at 1835 hours. Nearly 4,000 Pakistani men attacked the Indian side with 15 tanks and heavy artillery support. The Indian commanders included Major Waraich, Major Singh's and Major Kanwaljit Sandhu, who was badly injured. Major SPS Waraich was reported captured, as were many JCOs and men as the squadrons were taken by surprise and had little time to get to their bunkers. A Pakistani radio news telecast reported (in Urdu) that "Maj Waraich hamari hiraasat mein hain" (Maj Waraich is in our custody). There was a subsequent report that Maj Waraich was in a North West Frontier jail. Their current status is unknown. They are listed as missing by the Indian Government along with 52 others including a Maj Ashok Suri who wrote a letter to his father in 1975 from Karachi stating that he was alive and well. Pakistan denies holding any of the soldiers Missing in Action.


title: Missing in action

text: The Iran–Iraq War of 1980–1988 left tens of thousands of Iranian and Iraqi combatants and prisoners of war still unaccounted for. Some counts include civilians who disappeared during the conflict. One estimate is that more than 52,000 Iraqis went missing in the war. Officially, the government of Iran lists 8,000 as missing.


title: Missing in action

text: Following up on these cases is often difficult because no accurate or surviving documentation exists. The situation in Iraq is additionally difficult because unknown hundreds of thousands persons are missing due to Iraq's later conflicts, both internal and external, and in Iran due to its being a largely closed society. In addition, relations between the countries remained quite poor for a long time; the last POWs from the war were not exchanged until 2003 and relations did not begin to improve until after the regime change brought on by the 2003 onset of the Iraq War. Some cases are brought forward when mass graves are discovered in Iraq, holding the bodies of Iranians once held prisoner. Websites have been started to attempt to track the fates of members of the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force shot down and captured over Iraq.


title: Missing in action

text: The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) has been active in trying to resolve MIA issues from the war; in October 2008, twenty years after the end of the war, the ICRC forged a memorandum of understanding with the two countries to share information collected in pursuit of resolving cases. Families are still desperate for knowledge about the fate of their loved ones.


title: Missing in action

text: In Iran, efforts at answering families' questions and identifying remains are led by the POWs and Missing Commission of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army, the Red Crescent Society of the Islamic Republic of Iran, and the Foundation of Martyrs and Veterans Affairs.


title: Missing in action

text: According to the Defense Prisoner of War/Missing Personnel Office, 47 Americans were listed as POW/MIAs at some point during Operation Desert Storm. At the conclusion of the Gulf War of 1991, U.S. forces resolved all but one of those cases : 21 Prisoners of War were repatriated, 23 bodies were recovered and 2 bodies were lost over the Gulf and therefore classified as Killed-In-Action, Body Not Recovered. That one MIA case, that of U.S. Lt. Cmdr. Michael Scott Speicher, became quite well known. He was reported as missing after his F/A-18 was shot down in northern Iraq on the first night of the war. Over the years his status was changed from missing to killed in action to missing-captured, a move that suggested he was alive and imprisoned in Iraq. In 2002, his possible situation became a more high-profile issue in the build-up to the Iraq War; "The Washington Times" ran five successive front-page articles about it in March 2002 and in September 2002, U.S. President George W. Bush mentioned Speicher in a speech to the United Nations General Assembly as part of his case for war. However, despite the 2003 invasion of Iraq and U.S. military control of the country, Speicher was not found and his status remained under debate. It was eventually resolved in August 2009 when his remains were found in the Iraq desert where, according to local civilians, he was buried following his crash in 1991.


title: Missing in action

text: How many Iraqi forces went missing as a result of the war is not readily known, as estimates of Iraqi casualties overall range considerably.


title: Missing in action

text: As of December 30, 2021, according to the US Department of Defense, the total of unaccounted for from the category of the Iraqi Theater and other conflicts is at 6. This includes Captain Paul F. Lorence (Operation El Dorado Canyon - 1986), Lt. Cmdr. Barry T. Cooke & Lt. Robert J. Dwyer (Operation Desert Storm - 1991) and civilian contractors Kirk von Ackermann, Timothy E. Bell & Adnan al-Hilawi (Operation Iraqi Freedom - 2003-2010). The US Defense POW/MIA website has the following remarks:


title: Missing in action

text: "...more than 82,000 Americans remain missing from WWII, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the Cold War, and the Gulf Wars/other conflicts. Out of the 82,000 missing, 75% of the losses are located in the Indo-Pacific, and over 41,000 of the missing are presumed lost at sea (i.e. ship losses, known aircraft water losses, etc.)


title: Ram Ranch

text: "Ram Ranch" is a 2012 song by Toronto-based outsider musician Grant MacDonald. The song features a heavy metal musical backdrop (originally an instrumental by Anubys titled "Flying Through the Sky") with explicit homoerotic spoken-word lyrics about an orgy of cowboys taking place at the titular ranch. The song became an internet meme later in the 2010s, inspiring remixes, parodies, fan-made music videos and reaction videos, and has also been used for bait-and-switch trolling. In 2022, the song gained mainstream attention for its use by counter-protesters against the Canada convoy protest. Since 2018, MacDonald has produced more than six hundred follow-up songs. Some bear the "Ram Ranch" title and all of them expand on the "gay cowboy" storyline.


title: Ram Ranch

text: Little is known about MacDonald, except that he lives in Ottawa, Canada where he records his music. In an interview with "Rolling Stone", MacDonald said he initially created "Ram Ranch" as backlash for being turned away from Nashville radio stations for producing LGBTQ-themed songs.


title: Ram Ranch

text: The song came to prominence in 2022 during the Canada convoy protest. The song was used by counter-protesters to flood Zello channels, to troll protesters attending and organizing the protests.


title: Ram Ranch

text: MacDonald said he was "totally elated that my song could be used to stand up for science" in response to the use of his song in counter-protesting. On February 14, with the occupation still in progress, MacDonald released an EP, "Ottawa Truckers", which referenced both Ottawa protests and "Ram Ranch". The EP's single 20-minute track was later featured on MacDonald's album "Truckers".


title: Templo Mayor

text: The (Spanish: Main Temple) was the main temple of the Mexica people in their capital city of Tenochtitlan, which is now Mexico City. Its architectural style belongs to the late Postclassic period of Mesoamerica. The temple was called "" in the Nahuatl language. It was dedicated simultaneously to Huitzilopochtli, god of war, and Tlaloc, god of rain and agriculture, each of which had a shrine at the top of the pyramid with separate staircases. The central spire was devoted to Quetzalcoatl in his form as the wind god, Ehecatl. The Great Temple devoted to Huitzilopochtli and Tlaloc, measuring approximately at its base, dominated the Sacred Precinct. Construction of the first temple began sometime after 1325, and it was rebuilt six times. The temple was destroyed by the Spanish in 1521, and the Mexico City cathedral was built in its place.


title: Templo Mayor

text: The Zócalo, or main plaza of Mexico City today, was developed to the southwest of Templo Mayor, which is located in the block between Seminario and Justo Sierra streets. The site is part of the Historic Center of Mexico City, which was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1987. It received 801,942 visitors in 2017.


title: Templo Mayor

text: After the destruction of Tenochtitlan, the Templo Mayor, like most of the rest of the city, was disassembled to be used as construction materials to create the Spanish colonial city. The Temple's exact location was forgotten. By the 20th century, scholars had a good idea where to look for it based on archeological work completed at the end of the 19th and first half of the 20th centuries. Leopoldo Batres did some excavation work at the end of the 19th century under the Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral because, at the time, researchers thought the cathedral had been built over the ruins of the temple.


title: Templo Mayor

text: In the first decades of the 20th century, Manuel Gamio found part of the southwest corner of the temple, and his findings were put on public display. However, the discovery did not generate great public interest in excavating further as the zone was an upper-class residential area. In 1933, Emilio Cuevas found part of a staircase and beam. In 1948, Hugo Moedano and Elma Estrada Balmori excavated a platform containing serpent heads and offerings. In 1966, Eduardo Contreras and Jorge Angula excavated a chest containing offerings, which had first been explored by Gamio.


title: Templo Mayor

text: The push to fully excavate the site did not come until late in the 20th century. On 21 February 1978, workers for the electric company were digging at a place in the city then popularly known as the "island of the dogs" as the area was slightly elevated and stray dogs would gather there during times of flooding. Just over two meters down, the diggers struck a massive pre-Hispanic stone disk of over in diameter, thick, and weighing . The relief on the stone was later determined to be Coyolxauhqui, Huitzilopochtli's sister, and was dated to the end of the 15th century.


title: Templo Mayor

text: From 1978 to 1982, specialists directed by archeologist Eduardo Matos Moctezuma worked on the project to excavate the Temple. Initial excavations found that many of the artifacts were in good enough condition to study. Efforts coalesced into the Templo Mayor Project, which was authorized by presidential decree.


title: Templo Mayor

text: To complete the excavation, 13 buildings in this area were demolished including 9 built in the 1930s and 4 dating from the 19th century that had preserved colonial elements. During excavations, more than 7,000 objects were found, mostly offerings including effigies; clay pots in the image of Tlaloc; skeletons of turtles, frogs, crocodiles, and fish; snail shells; coral; gold; alabaster; Mixtec figurines; ceramic urns from Veracruz; masks from what is now Guerrero state; copper rattles; and decorated skulls and knives of obsidian and flint. These artifacts are now housed in the Templo Mayor Museum. This museum is the result of the work done since the early 1980s to rescue, preserve, and investigate Templo Mayor, its Sacred Precinct, and all objects associated with it while making these findings available to the public.


title: Templo Mayor

text: The excavated site consists of two parts: 1) the temple itself, exposed and labeled to show its various stages of development, along with some other associated buildings, and 2) the museum, built to house the smaller and more fragile objects.


title: Templo Mayor

text: The process of expanding an Aztec temple was typically completed by new structures being built over earlier ones, using the bulk of the former as a base for the latter. The Aztecs began construction of Templo Mayor sometime after 1325, and the temple was rebuilt six times. All seven stages of the Templo Mayor, except the first, have been excavated and assigned to the reigns of the emperors who were responsible for them.


title: Templo Mayor

text: The first temple is only known through historical records because the high water table of the old lakebed prevents excavation. According to these records, the first pyramid was built with earth and perishable wood, which may not have survived to the present time.


title: Templo Mayor

text: The second temple was built during the reigns of Acamapichtli, Huitzilihuitl and Chimalpopoca between 1375 and 1427. The upper part of this temple has been excavated, exposing two stone shrines covered in stucco on the north side. A chacmool was uncovered as well. On the south side, there is a sacrificial stone called a "téchcatl" and a sculpted face.


title: Templo Mayor

text: The third temple was built between 1427 and 1440 during the reign of Itzcoatl. A staircase with eight stone standard-bearers is from this stage bearing the glyph with the year Four-Reed (1431) These standard bearers act as "divine warriors" guarding the access to the upper shrines.


title: Templo Mayor

text: The fourth temple was constructed between 1440 and 1481 during the reigns of Moctezuma I and Axayacatl. This stage is considered to have the richest of the architectural decorations as well as sculptures. Most findings from the excavations date from this period. The great platform was decorated with serpents and braziers, some of which are in the form of monkeys and some in the form of Tlaloc. During this time, the stairway to the shrine of Tlaloc was defined by a pair of undulating serpents and the middle of this shrine was a small altar featuring a pair of sculpted frogs. The circular monolith of Coyolxauhqui also dates from this time.


title: Templo Mayor

text: The fifth temple (1481–1486) is dated to the short reign of Tizoc. During these five years, the platform was recovered in stucco and the ceremonial plaza was paved.


title: Templo Mayor

text: The sixth temple was built during the reign of Ahuizotl. He finished some of the updates made by Tizoc and added his own, as shown on the carvings of the "commemoration stone of the huei teocalli", depicting the two tlatoqueh celebrating the opening of the temple during the last day of the month Panquetzaliztli dedicated to Huitzilopochtli, day 7 acatl of the year 8 acatl (19 Dec 1487). The Sacred Precinct was walled off, and this wall was decorated with serpent heads. He built three shrines and the House of the Eagle Warriors.


title: Templo Mayor

text: Very little remains of the Seventh Temple because of the destruction the Spaniards wrought after Hernán Cortés and his men arrived at, and eventually sacked, Tenochtitlan in 1519. Only a platform to the north and a section of paving in the courtyard on the south side can still be seen. Most of what is known about this temple is based on the historical record. It was at the time the largest and most important active ceremonial center. Fray Bernardino de Sahagún reported that the Sacred Precinct had 78 buildings with Templo Mayor towering above them all.