title: Valley of Flowers National Park

text: Among the reptiles, most often seen are the high altitude lizard "Agama tuberculata", Himalayan ground skink "Leiolopisma himalayana" and Himalayan pit viper "Gloydius himalayanus". Along with the flowers are wild bees and many species of butterfly which need to be more researched. A few of the more evident species are lime butterfly "Papilio demoleus demoleus", common yellow swallowtail "Papilio machaon", common Mormon "Papilio polytes romulus", spangle "Papilio protenor protenor" and common blue apollo "Parnassius hardwickei".


title: Valley of Flowers National Park

text: The area is within the West Himalayan Endemic Bird Area but there have been no surveys specific to the Valley. 114 species were seen in 1993 in Nanda Devi Park. Species frequently seen in the valley include lammergeier "Gypaetus barbatus", Himalayan vulture "Gyps himalayensis", Yellow-billed and Red-billed choughs "Pyrrhocorax graculus" and "P. pyrrhocorax", koklass pheasant "Pucrasia macrolopha", the nationally listed Himalayan monal pheasant "Lophophorus impejanus", found in rhododendron thickets, scaly-bellied and yellownape woodpeckers "Picus squamatus" and "P. flavinucha", great and blue-throated barbets "Megalaima virens" and "M. asiatica", snow pigeon "Columba leuconota" and spotted dove "Stigmatopelia chinensis".


title: Valley of Flowers National Park

text: The park is administered by the Uttarakhand State Forestry Department, the national Ministry of Environment and Forests, India. There is no settlement in the national park and grazing in the area has been banned since 1983. The park is open only for 4 to 5 months during summer from June to October.


title: Valley of Flowers National Park

text: A research nursery and seed/rhizome/tuber bank for propagating rare plants and valuable medicinal herbs has been created at Musadhar near the entrance of the site. Rare and valuable medicinal plants are the subject of special programs. These include "Aconitum heterophyllum", "A. falconeri", "Arnebia benthamii", "Dactylorhiza hatagirea", "Gymnadenia orchides", "Megacarpaea polyandra", "Picrorhiza kurrooa", "Podophyllum hexandrum" and "Taxus wallichiana". Research plots have been set up to determine the best way to control the spread of the tall Himalayan knotweed "Polygonum polystachium" without damaging other plants or the surface of the soil. A first annual survey was conducted in 2004 and will be repeated annually.


title: The Road to Wigan Pier

text: The Road to Wigan Pier is a book by the English writer George Orwell, first published in 1937. The first half of this work documents his sociological investigations of the bleak living conditions among the working class in Lancashire and Yorkshire in the industrial north of England before World War II. The second half is a long essay on his middle-class upbringing, and the development of his political conscience, questioning British attitudes towards socialism. Orwell states plainly that he himself is in favour of socialism, but feels it necessary to point out reasons why many people who would benefit from socialism, and should logically support it, are in practice likely to be strong opponents.


title: The Road to Wigan Pier

text: According to Orwell biographer Bernard Crick, publisher Victor Gollancz first tried to persuade Orwell's agent to allow the Left Book Club edition to consist solely of the descriptive first half of the book. When this was refused Gollancz wrote an introduction to the book. "Victor could not bear to reject it, even though his suggestion that the 'repugnant' second half should be omitted from the Club edition was turned down. On this occasion Victor, albeit nervously, did overrule Communist Party objections in favour of his publishing instinct. His compromise was to publish the book with [an introduction] full of good criticism, unfair criticism, and half-truths."


title: The Road to Wigan Pier

text: The book grapples "with the social and historical reality of Depression suffering in the north of England,Orwell does not wish merely to enumerate evils and injustices, but to break through what he regards as middle-class oblivion,Orwell's corrective to such falsity comes first by immersion of his own bodya supreme measure of truth for Orwelldirectly into the experience of misery."


title: The Road to Wigan Pier

text: Orwell submitted the typescript of "Keep the Aspidistra Flying" to Gollancz on 15 January 1936. At some point in the next few days Gollancz asked him to consider a new projectwriting a book about unemployment and social conditions in economically depressed northern England. In the period from 31 January to 30 March 1936, Orwell lived in Wigan, Barnsley and Sheffield researching the book.


title: The Road to Wigan Pier

text: Gollancz was not only a successful publisher but also a dedicated social reformer. "As a social reformer, a socialist, and an idealist, Gollancz had an unquestioning, perhaps overly optimistic, faith in education; if only people could be made to know the nature of poverty, he thought, they would want to eradicate it, remove from power the government that tolerated it, and transform the economic system that brought it into being." As a successful publisher however, he knew that to reach a large audience he needed something more than a collection of facts, statistics, graphs and dogmatic conclusions.


title: The Road to Wigan Pier

text: The view that this was a specific commission with a £500 advancetwo years' income for Orwell at the timeis based on a recollection by Geoffrey Gorer who was interviewed for Melvyn Bragg's TV programme "Omnibus" in 1970. He reported that Gollancz had offered Orwell £500 to underwrite the trip, and but for Gollancz's support Orwell would never have gone. Recent biographers, however, do not repeat this account. On 1 April 1936, Orwell rented a cottage in the remote village of Wallington, Hertfordshire, where he wrote "The Road to Wigan Pier". Biographer Michael Shelden points out that the rental for the cottage was less than £2 a month.


title: The Road to Wigan Pier

text: Orwell, as well as living off the land, supplemented his income by running the cottage as the village store. Yet, writing to Jack Common in April 1936 about setting up shop, "Orwell sounds hard put to find £20 in order to stock his shelves, rather than a man who had received £500 a couple of months earlier." When it came to marrying, Orwell wrote to Gorer: "I should never be economically justified in marrying, so might as well be unjustified now as later". D. J. Taylor argues that these factors, and the fact that Gollancz was not a person to part with such a sum on speculation, suggest that Gorer was confusing Orwell's eventual earnings from the book with a small contribution for out-of-pocket expenses that Gollancz might have given him.


title: The Road to Wigan Pier

text: Orwell set out on the journey on the last day of January 1936, having given up his job at "Booklovers' Corner" and his flat in Kentish Town; he would not live in London again until 1940. He made no plans, but Richard Rees promised to send him names of people in the north connected with "The Adelphi" or the Adelphi Summer School who might help himOrwell also established a network of contacts through the National Unemployed Workers' Movement. One of these NUWM contacts was Jack Hilton, a working-class author from Rochdale. Orwell wrote to Hilton seeking lodging and asking for advice on his route. Hilton was unable to provide him lodging, but suggested that he travel to Wigan rather than Rochdale, "for there are the colliers and they’re good stuff." For the next two months Orwell followed a route from Birmingham to Manchester to Leeds. He kept a diary from 31 January to 25 March, which records the unretouched material that he would develop into the first part of "The Road to Wigan Pier".


title: The Road to Wigan Pier

text: For three weeks in February 1936 he was in Wigan, the longest single stop he would make; March was allotted to YorkshireSheffield, Leeds, Barnsley. He had completed a rough first draft of the book by October and sent off the final version to Moore in December.


title: The Road to Wigan Pier

text: Gollancz published the work under the Left Book Club, which gave Orwell a far higher circulation than his previous works. However, Gollancz feared the second half would offend Left Book Club readers and inserted a mollifying preface to the book while Orwell was in Spain. The original edition included 32 illustrations that were photographs of Welsh coal miners and of slums in the East End of London. Orwell did not choose the images and their inclusion may not have been his idea.


title: The Road to Wigan Pier

text: George Orwell set out to report on working-class life in the bleak industrial heartlands of the West Midlands, Yorkshire and Lancashire. He spent his time living among the people and as such his descriptions are detailed and vivid.


title: The Road to Wigan Pier

text: In contrast to the straightforward documentary of the first part of the book, in part two Orwell discusses the relevance of socialism to improving living conditions. This section proved controversial.


title: The Road to Wigan Pier

text: The rest of the book consists of Orwell's attempt to answer this difficult question. He points out that most people who argue against socialism do not do so because of straightforward selfish motives, or because they do not believe that the system would work, but for more complex emotional reasons, which (according to Orwell) most socialists misunderstand. He identifies five main problems:


title: The Road to Wigan Pier

text: In presenting these arguments Orwell takes on the role of devil's advocate. He states very plainly that he himself is in favour of socialism but feels it necessary to point out reasons why many people, who would benefit from socialism, and should logically support it, are in practice likely to be strong opponents.


title: The Road to Wigan Pier

text: Orwell’s publisher, Victor Gollancz, was so concerned that these passages would be misinterpreted, and that the (mostly middle-class) members of the Left Book Club would be offended, that he added a foreword in which he raises some caveats about Orwell's claims in Part Two. He suggests, for instance, that Orwell may exaggerate the visceral contempt that the English middle classes hold for the working class, adding, however, that, "I may be a bad judge of the question, for I am a Jew, and passed the years of my early boyhood in a fairly close Jewish community; and, among Jews of this type, class distinctions do not exist."


title: The Road to Wigan Pier

text: Other concerns Gollancz raises are that Orwell should so instinctively dismiss movements such as pacifism or feminism as incompatible with or counter-productive to the Socialist cause, and that Orwell relies too much upon a poorly defined, emotional concept of Socialism. Gollancz claims that Orwell "does not once define what he "means" by Socialism" in "The Road to Wigan Pier". The foreword does not appear in some modern editions of the book, though it was included, for instance, in Harcourt Brace Jovanovich's first American edition in the 1950s.


title: The Road to Wigan Pier

text: At a later date Gollancz published part one on its own, against Orwell's wishes, and he refused to publish "Homage to Catalonia" at all.


title: The Road to Wigan Pier

text: Orwell was asked about Wigan Pier in a radio programme in December 1943. He replied: "Well, I am afraid I must tell you that Wigan Pier doesn't exist. I made a journey specially to see it in 1936 and I couldn't find it. It did exist once, however, and to judge from the photographs it must have been about twenty feet long." The original "pier" at Wigan was a coal loading staithe, probably a wooden jetty, where wagons of coal from a nearby colliery were unloaded into waiting barges on the canal. The original wooden pier is believed to have been demolished in 1929, with the iron from the tippler being sold as scrap.


title: The Road to Wigan Pier

text: Although a pier is a structure built out into the water from the shore, in Britain the term has the connotation of a seaside holiday. In the broadcast radio interview of 1943 Orwell elaborated on the name "Wigan Pier": "Wigan is in the middle of the mining areas. The landscape is mostly slag-heapsWigan has always been picked on as a symbol of the ugliness of the industrial areas. At one time, on one of the muddy little canals that run round the town, there used to be a tumble-down wooden jetty; and by way of a joke some nicknamed this Wigan Pier. The joke caught on locally, and then the music-hall comedians got hold of it, and they are the ones who have succeeded in keeping Wigan Pier alive as a byword."


title: The Road to Wigan Pier

text: Geographically, Wigan Pier is the name given today to the area around the canal at the bottom of the Wigan flight of locks on the Leeds and Liverpool Canal.


title: The Road to Wigan Pier

text: The book was reviewed on 14 March 1937 by Edward Shanks, for "The Sunday Times", and by Hugh Massingham, for "The Observer".


title: The Road to Wigan Pier

text: In general, early reviewers of "The Road to Wigan Pier" praised Orwell's depiction of the working class in Part I. The poet Edith Sitwell wrote: "The horror of the beginning ... is unsurpassable. He seems to be doing for the modern world what Engels did for the world of 1840–50. But with this difference, that Orwell is a born writer, whereas Engels, fiery and splendid spirit though he was, simply wasn't a writer." Responses to Part II, as the book transformed from reportage into a mix of politics, polemics, and selective autobiography, were more varied, ranging from praise to anger and indignation. Arthur Calder-Marshall's 20 March 1937 review in "Time and Tide" celebrates Orwell's achievement, and can be summarised by its first line: "Of Mr Orwell's book, there is little to say except praise."


title: The Road to Wigan Pier

text: This sentiment is shared in a review by Hamish Miles in "New Statesman and Nation" on 1 May 1937. Miles writes that "The Road to Wigan Pier" "is a living and lively book from start to finish. The honest Tory must face what he tells and implies, and the honest Socialist must face him, too." Douglas Goldring, writing in "Fortnightly" in April 1937, describes the book as "beautiful" and "disturbing", and like Miles highly recommends that both conservatives and socialists read it. In "Tribune" on 12 March 1937, Walter Greenwood calls Part I "authentic and first rate" but was more ambivalent towards Part II: "[In Part II, Orwell] has you with him one moment and provoked beyond endurance the next ... I cannot remember having been so infuriated for a long time than by some of the things he says here."


title: The Road to Wigan Pier

text: H. J. Laski, a co-founder of the Left Book Club, wrote a review in March 1937 in "Left News" which repeats the main arguments of Gollancz's preface. Laski claims that Part I is "admirable propaganda for our ideas" but that Part II falls short: "But having, very ably, depicted a disease, Mr Orwell does what so many well-meaning people do: needing a remedy (he knows it is socialism), he offers an incantation instead. He thinks that an appeal to 'liberty' and 'justice' will, on the basis of facts such as he has described, bring people tumbling over one another into the Socialist Party. ... This view is based on fallacies so elementary that I should doubt the necessity of explaining them as fallacies were it not that there are so many people who share Mr Orwell's view. Its basic error is the belief that we all mean the same things by liberty and justice. Most emphatically we do not."


title: The Road to Wigan Pier

text: In the April 1937 edition of the "Left News", Gollancz reported that the book had produced "both more, and more interesting, letters than any other Club Choice. The book has done, perhaps in a greater degree than any previous book, what the Club is meant to doit has provoked thought, and discussion of the keenest kind. While members with a training in scientific socialism have been surprised at the "naïveté" of the second part, they have found it valuable, as showing how much education they still have to do." Orwell biographers Stansky and Abrahams noted: "But Gollancz and Laski, believing in a scientific rather than an emotional socialism, believing (in 1937) that it was still possible to equip people to fight against war and Fascism, were caught in a time warp: history was leaving them behind. Orwell in Spain was continuing his educationin a real war against Fascismand it was very different from anything envisioned by the selectors of the Left Book Club. What he was learning had less to do with scientific socialism than with the morality of politics, and it would change his life."


title: The Road to Wigan Pier

text: A radio play by David Pownall, "Writing on Wigan Pier", with Adrian Scarborough as Orwell, was broadcast by BBC Radio Four in 2010.


title: The Road to Wigan Pier

text: Communist Party of Great Britain leader Harry Pollitt, who was also an acquaintance of Orwell and a native of Lancashire where the book is set, gave a strongly negative review. Although Pollitt praised Orwell's description of mining conditions and the indictment of housing in industrial centres, he believed that "Road to Wigan Pier" was a snobbish portrayal of working class life.


title: The Road to Wigan Pier

text: Pollitt also attacked Orwell for judging people on their aesthetic, rather than whether they wanted to build a better world.


title: The Road to Wigan Pier

text: According to Christopher Hitchens, the allegation of having said "the working classes smell" in "The Road to Wigan Pier" became a recurring criticism of Orwell from critics on the Left, despite it not being his personal sentiment. "As his published correspondence shows, every time Orwell wrote anything objectionable to the Left, up would come this old charge again, having attained the mythic status that placed it beyond mere factual refutation." In the book, according to Hitchens, Orwell instead refers to it being "middle-class people, such as his own immediate forebears, [that] were convinced that 'the working classes smell'."


title: Gil Hodges

text: Gilbert Ray Hodges ("né" Hodge; April 4, 1924 – April 2, 1972) was an American first baseman and manager in Major League Baseball (MLB) who played most of his 18-year career for the Brooklyn / Los Angeles Dodgers. He was widely regarded as the major leagues' outstanding first baseman in the 1950s, with teammate Duke Snider being the only player to have more home runs or runs batted in during the decade. Hodges held the National League (NL) record for career home runs by a right-handed hitter from 1960 to 1963, with his final total of 370 briefly ranking tenth in major league history; he held the NL record for career grand slams from 1957 to 1974. An eight-time All-Star, he anchored the infield on six pennant winners, and remains one of the most beloved and admired players in team history.


title: Gil Hodges

text: A sterling defensive player, Hodges won the first three Gold Glove Awards and led the NL in double plays four times and in putouts, assists and fielding percentage three times each. He ranked second in NL history with 1,281 assists and 1,614 double plays when his career ended, and was among the league's career leaders in games (6th, 1,908) and total chances (10th, 16,751) at first base. He managed the New York Mets to the 1969 World Series title, one of the greatest upsets in sports history, before his death from a sudden heart attack at age 47. He was inducted into the New York Mets Hall of Fame in 1982, and into the Baseball Hall of Fame in .


title: Gil Hodges

text: Hodges was born in Princeton, Indiana, the son of coal miner Charles and his wife Irene ("nee" Horstmeyer). He had an older brother, Robert, and a younger sister, Marjorie. The family moved to nearby Petersburg when Hodges was seven. He was a star four-sport athlete at Petersburg High School, earning a combined seven varsity letters in football, baseball, basketball and track. Hodges declined a contract offer from the Detroit Tigers, instead attending Saint Joseph's College with the hope of eventually becoming a collegiate coach. Hodges spent two years (1941–1942 and 1942–1943) at St Joseph's, competing in baseball, basketball and briefly in football.


title: Gil Hodges

text: He was signed by his agent, Gabriel Levi, of the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1943, and appeared in one game for the team as a third baseman that year. Hodges entered the United States Marine Corps during World War II after having participated in its Reserve Officers' Training Corps program at Saint Joseph's. He served in combat as an anti-aircraft gunner in the 16th Anti-Aircraft Artillery Battalion, participating in the battles of Tinian and Okinawa, and received a Bronze Star Medal with Combat "V" for heroism under fire.


title: Gil Hodges

text: Following the war, Hodges also spent time completing course work at Oakland City University, near his hometown, playing basketball for the Mighty Oaks, joining the 1947–48 team after four games (1–3 record); they finished at 9–10. One of his teammates, Bob Lochmueller, would go on to star at the University of Louisville and play in the NBA.


title: Gil Hodges

text: Hodges was discharged from the Marine Corps in 1946, and returned to the Dodgers organization as a catcher with the Newport News Dodgers of the Piedmont League, batting .278 in 129 games as they won the league championship; his teammates included first baseman and future film and television star Chuck Connors.


title: Gil Hodges

text: Hodges was called up to Brooklyn in 1947, the same year that Jackie Robinson broke baseball's color barrier. He played as a catcher, joining the team's nucleus of Robinson, Pee Wee Reese and Carl Furillo. With the emergence of Roy Campanella behind the plate, manager Leo Durocher shifted Hodges to first base. Hodges' only appearance in the 1947 World Series against the New York Yankees was as a pinch hitter for pitcher Rex Barney in Game Seven, but he struck out. As a rookie in , he batted .249 with 11 home runs and 70 runs batted in.


title: Gil Hodges

text: On June 25, , Hodges hit for the cycle on his way to his first of seven consecutive All-Star teams. For the season, his 115 runs batted in ranked fourth in the NL, and he tied Hack Wilson's club record for right-handed hitters with 23 home runs. Defensively, he led the NL in putouts (1,336), double plays (142) and fielding average (.995). Facing the Yankees again in the Series, he batted only .235 but drove in the sole run in Brooklyn's only victory, a 1–0 triumph in Game


title: Gil Hodges

text: Two. In game five, he hit a two out, three-run homer in the seventh to pull the Dodgers within 10–6, but struck out to end the game and the Series.


title: Gil Hodges

text: On August 31, against the Boston Braves, Hodges joined Lou Gehrig as only the second player since 1900 to hit four home runs in a game without the benefit of extra innings; he hit them against four different pitchers, with the first coming off Warren Spahn. He also had seventeen total bases in the game, tied for third in MLB history.


title: Gil Hodges

text: That year he also led the league in fielding (.994) and set an NL record with 159 double plays, breaking Frank McCormick's mark of 153 with the Cincinnati Reds; he broke his own record in 1951 with 171, a record which stood until Donn Clendenon had 182 for the 1966 Pittsburgh Pirates. He finished 1950 third in the league in both homers (32) and runs batted in (113), and came in eighth in the Most Valuable Player voting. In 1951 he became the first member of the Dodgers to ever hit 40 home runs, breaking Babe Herman's 1930 mark of 35; Campanella hit 41 in 1953, but Hodges recaptured the record with 42 in 1954 before Snider eclipsed him again with 43 in 1956. His last home run of 1951 came on October 2 against the New York Giants, as the Dodgers tied the three-game NL playoff series at a game each with a 10–0 win; New York won the pennant the next day on Bobby Thomson's "Shot Heard 'Round the World". Hodges also led the NL with 126 assists in 1951, and was second in home runs, third in runs (118) and total bases (307), fifth in slugging percentage (.527), and sixth in runs batted in (103).


title: Gil Hodges

text: Hodges was an eight-time All-Star, from 1949 to 1955 and in 1957. With his last home run of 1952, he tied Dolph Camilli's Dodger career record of 139, surpassing him in 1953; Snider moved ahead of Hodges in 1956. He again led the NL with 116 assists in the 1952 campaign and was third in the league in home runs (32) and fourth in runs batted in (102) and slugging (.500).


title: Gil Hodges

text: A great fan favorite in Brooklyn, Hodges was perhaps the only Dodgers regular never booed at their home park Ebbets Field. Fans were supportive even when Hodges suffered through one of the most famous slumps in baseball history: after going hitless in his last four regular-season games of 1952, he also went hitless in all seven games of the 1952 World Series against the Yankees (finishing the Series 0-for-21 at the plate), with Brooklyn losing to the Yankees in the seven games. When Hodges' slump continued into the following spring, fans reacted with countless letters and good-luck gifts, and one Brooklyn priest – Father Herbert Redmond of St. Francis Roman Catholic Church – told his flock: "It's far too hot for a homily. Keep the Commandments and say a prayer for Gil Hodges." Hodges began hitting again soon afterward, and rarely struggled again in the World Series. Teammate Carl Erskine, who described himself as a good Baptist, kidded him by saying, "Gil, you just about made a believer out of me."


title: Gil Hodges

text: Hodges was involved in a blown call in the 1952 World Series. Johnny Sain was batting for the Yankees in the 10th inning of Game 5 and grounded out, as ruled by first base umpire Art Passarella. The photograph of the play, however, shows Sain stepping on first base while Hodges, also with a foot on the bag, is reaching for the ball that is about a foot shy of entering his glove. Baseball commissioner Ford Frick, an ex-newspaperman himself, refused to defend Passarella.


title: Gil Hodges

text: Hodges ended 1953 with a .302 batting average, finishing fifth in the NL in runs batted in (122) and sixth in home runs (31). Against the Yankees in the 1953 Series, Hodges hit .364; he had three hits, including a homer in the 9–5 Game 1 loss, but the Dodgers again lost in six games. Under their new manager Walter Alston in 1954, Hodges set the team home run record with 42, hitting a career-high .304 and again leading the NL in putouts (1,381) and assists (132). He also set a still-standing record with 19 sacrifice flies. He was second in the league to Ted Kluszewski in home runs and runs batted in (130), fifth in total bases (335), and sixth in slugging (.579) and runs (106), and placed tenth in the Most Valuable Player vote.


title: Gil Hodges

text: In the 1955 season, Hodges' regular-season production declined to a .289 average, 27 home runs and 102 runs batted in. Facing the Yankees in the World Series for the fifth time, he was 1-for-12 in the first three games before coming around. In Game 4, Hodges hit a two-run homer in the fourth inning to put Brooklyn ahead, 4–3, and later had a single that drove in a run as they held off the Yankees, 8–5; he also scored the first run in the Dodgers' 5–3 win in Game 5. In Game 7, he drove in Campanella with two out in the fourth inning for a 1–0 lead and added a sacrifice fly to score Reese with one out in the sixth inning. Johnny Podres scattered eight New York hits, and when Reese threw Elston Howard's grounder to Hodges for the final out, Brooklyn had a 2–0 win and their first World Series title in franchise history and their only championship in Brooklyn.


title: Gil Hodges

text: In 1956, Hodges had 32 home runs and 87 runs batted in as Brooklyn won the pennant again, and once more met the Yankees in the World Series. In the third inning of Game 1, he hit a three-run homer to put Brooklyn ahead, 5–2, as they went on to a 6–3 win; he had three hits and four runs batted in during the 13–8 slugfest in Game 2, scoring to give the Dodgers a 7–6 lead in the third and doubling in two runs each in the fourth and fifth innings for an 11–7 lead. In Don Larsen's perfect game Hodges struck out, flied to center, and lined to third base, as Brooklyn went on to lose in seven games.


title: Gil Hodges

text: In 1957 Hodges set the NL record for career grand slams, breaking the mark of 12 shared by Rogers Hornsby and Ralph Kiner; his final total of 14 was tied by Hank Aaron and Willie McCovey in 1972, and broken by Aaron in 1974. He finished seventh in the NL with a .299 batting average and fifth with 98 runs batted in, and leading the league with 1,317 putouts. He was also among the NL's top ten players in home runs (27), hits (173), runs (94), triples (7), slugging (.511) and total bases (296); in late September, he drove in the last Dodgers run ever at Ebbets Field, and the last run in Brooklyn history. Hodges was named to his last All-Star team and placed seventh in the Most Valuable Player balloting, the highest position in his career.


title: Gil Hodges

text: After the Dodgers relocated to Los Angeles, on April 23, 1958, Hodges became the seventh player to hit 300 home runs in the NL, connecting off Dick Drott of the Chicago Cubs. That year he also tied a post-1900 record by leading the league in double plays (134) for the fourth time, equaling Frank McCormick and Ted Kluszewski; Donn Clendenon eventually broke the record in 1968. Hodges' totals were 22 home runs and 64 runs batted in as the Dodgers finished in seventh place in their first season in California. He also broke Dolph Camilli's NL record of 923 career strikeouts in 1958.


title: Gil Hodges

text: In 1959, the Dodgers captured another NL title, with Hodges contributing 25 home runs, 80 runs batted in, and a batting average of .276, coming in seventh in the league with a .513 slugging mark; he also led the NL with a .992 fielding average. He batted .391 in the 1959 World Series against the Chicago White Sox (his first against a team other than the Yankees), with his solo home run in the eighth inning of Game 4 giving the Dodgers a 5–4 win, as they triumphed in six games for another Series championship.


title: Gil Hodges

text: In 1960, Hodges broke Kiner's NL record for right-handed hitters of 351 career home runs, and appeared on the TV program "Home Run Derby". In his last season with the Dodgers in 1961, he became the team's career runs batted in leader with 1,254, passing Zack Wheat; Snider moved ahead of him the following year. Hodges received the first three Rawlings Gold Glove Awards, from 1957 to 1959.


title: Gil Hodges

text: After being chosen in the 1961 MLB Expansion Draft, Hodges was one of the original 1962 Mets and despite knee problems was persuaded to continue his playing career in New York, hitting the first home run in franchise history. By the end of the year, in which he played only 54 games, he ranked tenth in MLB history with 370 home runs – second to only Jimmie Foxx among right-handed hitters. He also held the National League (NL) record for career home runs by a right-handed hitter from 1960 to 1963, and held the NL record for career grand slams from 1957 to 1974.


title: Gil Hodges

text: After 11 games with the Mets in 1963, during which he batted .227 with no homers and was plagued by injuries, he was traded to the Washington Senators in late May for outfielder Jimmy Piersall so that he could replace Mickey Vernon as Washington's manager. Hodges immediately announced his retirement from playing in order to focus on his new position. The Giants' Willie Mays had passed him weeks earlier on April 19 to become the NL's home run leader among right-handed hitters; Hodges' last game had been on May 5 in a doubleheader hosting the Giants (who had moved to San Francisco in 1958). Hodges managed the Senators through 1967, and although they improved in each season they never achieved a winning record.


title: Gil Hodges

text: In 1968 Hodges was brought back to New York to manage the perennially woeful Mets, and while the team only posted a 73–89 record it was nonetheless the best mark in their seven years of existence up to that point.


title: Gil Hodges

text: In the second game of doubleheader on July 30, 1969, the Houston Astros, after scoring 11 runs in the ninth inning of the first game, were in the midst of a 10-run third inning, hitting a number of line drives to left field. When the Mets' star left fielder Cleon Jones failed to hustle after a ball hit to the outfield, Hodges removed him from the game, but rather than simply signal from the dugout for Jones to come out, or delegate the job to one of his coaches, Hodges left the dugout and slowly, deliberately, walked all the way out to left field to remove Jones, and walked him back to the dugout, which was a resounding message to the whole team. Jones reportedly never again had to be reminded to hustle.


title: Gil Hodges

text: That year, Hodges led the "Miracle Mets" to the World Series championship, defeating the heavily favored Baltimore Orioles; after losing Game 1, the team came back for four straight victories, including two by 2–1 scores. Finishing higher than ninth place for the first time, the Mets became not only the first expansion team to win a World Series, but also the first team ever to win the Fall Classic after finishing at least 15 games under .500 the previous year. Hodges was named "The Sporting News" Manager of the Year, in skillfully platooning his players, utilizing everyone in the dugout, keeping everyone fresh. Hodges continued as manager through the 1971 season. He died before the opening of the 1972 season and was succeeded by Yogi Berra.


title: Gil Hodges

text: On the afternoon of April 2, 1972, Easter Sunday, Hodges was in West Palm Beach, Florida completing a round of golf with Mets coaches Joe Pignatano, Rube Walker, and Eddie Yost, when he collapsed en route to his motel room at the Ramada Inn across the street from Municipal Stadium, then the spring training facility of the Atlanta Braves and Montreal Expos. Hodges had suffered a sudden heart attack and was rushed to Good Samaritan Hospital where he died within 20 minutes of arrival. Pignatano later recalled Hodges falling backwards and hitting his head on the sidewalk with a "sickening knock", bleeding profusely and turning blue. Pignatano said "I put my hand under Gil's head, but before you knew it, the blood stopped. I knew he was dead. He died in my arms." A lifelong chain smoker, Hodges had suffered a minor heart attack in 1968, during a game in late September.


title: Gil Hodges

text: Jackie Robinson, himself ill with heart disease and diabetes, told the Associated Press, "He was the core of the Brooklyn Dodgers. With this, and what's happened to Campy (Roy Campanella) and lot of other guys we played with, it scares you. I've been somewhat shocked by it all. I have tremendous feelings for Gil's family and kids." Robinson died of a heart attack six months later on October 24 at age 53.


title: Gil Hodges

text: Duke Snider said "Gil was a great player, but an even greater man." "I'm sick," said Johnny Podres, "I've never known a finer man." A crushed Carl Erskine said "Gil's death is like a bolt out of the blue." Don Drysdale, who himself died in Montreal of a sudden heart attack in 1993 at age 56, wrote in his autobiography that Hodges' death "absolutely shattered me. I just flew apart. I didn't leave my apartment in Texas for three days. I didn't want to see anybody. I couldn't get myself to go to the funeral. It was like I'd lost a part of my family."


title: Gil Hodges

text: The wake was held at Torregrossa Funeral Home, on Flatbush Ave in Brooklyn. The funeral was held at Our Lady Help of Christians Church in Midwood, Brooklyn, on April 4, what would have been Hodges' 48th birthday. Approximately 10,000 mourners attended the service.


title: Gil Hodges

text: Television broadcaster Howard Cosell was one of the many attendees at the wake. According to Gil Hodges Jr., Cosell brought him into the back seat of a car, where Jackie Robinson had been crying hysterically. Robinson then held Hodges Jr. and said, "Next to my son's death, this is the worst day of my life."


title: Gil Hodges

text: Hodges was survived by his wife, the former Joan Lombardi (b. 1926 in Brooklyn d. 2022), whom he had married on December 26, 1948, and their children Gil Jr. (b. 1950), Irene, Cynthia and Barbara. He is buried at Holy Cross Cemetery in East Flatbush, Brooklyn.


title: Gil Hodges

text: Yogi Berra succeeded him as manager, having been promoted from first base coach on the day of the funeral. The American flag flew at half-staff on Opening Day at Shea Stadium, while the Mets wore black armbands on their left arms during the entire 1972 season in honor of Hodges. On June 9, 1973, the Mets again honored Hodges by retiring his uniform number 14. 49 years later, the Dodgers, his longtime team, honored Hodges by retiring his uniform number 14 on June 4, 2022.


title: Gil Hodges

text: Hodges batted .273 in his career with a .487 slugging percentage, 1,921 hits, 1,274 runs batted in, 1,105 runs, 370 home runs, 295 doubles and 63 stolen bases in 2,071 games. His 361 home runs with the Dodgers remain second in team history to Snider's 389. His 1,614 career double plays placed him behind only Charlie Grimm (1733) in NL history, and were a major league record for a right-handed fielding first baseman until Chris Chambliss surpassed him in 1984. His 1,281 career assists ranked second in league history to Fred Tenney's 1,363, and trailed only Ed Konetchy's 1,292 among all right-handed first basemen. Snider broke his NL record of 1,137 career strikeouts in 1964. When he retired after the 1963 season, he had hit the most home runs (370) ever by a right-handed batter up to that point in time (surpassed by Willie Mays) and the most career grand slams (14) by a National League player (eclipsed by Willie McCovey). He shares the major league record of having hit four home runs in a single game (only 18 players have ever done so in MLB history).


title: Gil Hodges

text: Hodges received New York City's highest civilian honor, the Bronze Medallion, in 1969. On April 4, 1978 (what would have been Hodges' 54th birthday), the Marine Parkway Bridge, connecting Marine Park, Brooklyn with Rockaway, Queens, was renamed the Marine Parkway–Gil Hodges Memorial Bridge in his memory. Other Brooklyn locations named for him are a park on Carroll Street, a Little League field on Shell Road in Brooklyn, a section of Avenue L and P.S. 193. In addition, part of Bedford Avenue in Midwood, Brooklyn, is named Gil Hodges Way. A bowling alley in Mill Basin, Brooklyn, was formerly named Gil Hodges Lanes in his honor.


title: Gil Hodges

text: In Indiana, the high school baseball stadium in his birthplace of Princeton and a bridge spanning the East Fork of the White River in northern Pike County on State Road 57 bear his name. In addition, a Petersburg Little League baseball team is named in his honor, the Hodges Dodgers. In 2009, a mural was dedicated in Petersburg featuring pictures of Hodges as a Brooklyn Dodger, as manager of the New York Mets, and batting at Ebbets Field.


title: Gil Hodges

text: Hodges became an inaugural member of the Indiana Baseball Hall of Fame in 1979. He was inducted into the New York Mets Hall of Fame in 1982. In 2007, Hodges was inducted into the Marine Corps Sports Hall of Fame. In 2021, he was inducted in the New York State Sports Hall of Fame.


title: Gil Hodges

text: In 2000, Hodges was featured in the documentary "Gil Hodges: The Quiet Man", based on the book of the same name by author Marino Amoruso. In November 2021, a 30-minute documentary—"The Gil Hodges Story: Soul Of A Champion"—was released and features interviews with Vin Scully, Tommy Lasorda, Carl Erskine, Gil Hodges Jr., and members of the 1969 New York Mets.


title: Gil Hodges

text: For decades, there was controversy over Hodges not being selected for induction to the Baseball Hall of Fame. He was considered to be one of the finest players of the 1950s, and graduated to managerial success with the Mets. However, critics of his candidacy pointed out that despite his offensive prowess, he never led the National League in any offensive category such as home runs, runs batted in, or slugging percentage, and never came close to winning a Most Valuable Player award. Additionally, until the election of Tony Pérez in 2000, every first baseman in the Hall had either 500 career home runs or a batting average over .295; at the time of Hodges' death, the BBWAA had only elected two position players (Rabbit Maranville and Roy Campanella) with batting averages below .285. Hodges' not having been voted an MVP may have resulted in part from his having had some of his best seasons (1950, 1954 and 1957) in years when the Dodgers did "not" win the pennant.


title: Gil Hodges

text: After last playing in the major leagues during the 1963 season, Hodges first appeared on the 1969 ballot, receiving 24.1% of ballots cast by BBWAA electors, with 75% the threshold for election. He was considered annually through the 1983 ballot, his 15th and final ballot appearance under BBWAA rules at the time. He appeared on 63.4% of ballots in 1983 voting, the highest percentage of his candidacy. Hodges collected 3,010 votes cast by the BBWAA from 1969 to 1983, the most votes for an unselected player until surpassed by Jim Rice in 2008, prior to Rice's election the following year.


title: Gil Hodges

text: Hodges was considered for selection by the Hall of Fame's Veterans Committee starting in 1987. Voting by the committee was held in closed sessions for many years, but results are known for Hodges in voting (61%), (65%), (61%), and (43.8%). Each time, Hodges fell short of the 75% minimum required for election.


title: Gil Hodges

text: In 2011, Hodges became a Golden Era candidate (1947–1972 era) for consideration to be elected to the Hall of Fame by the Golden Era Committee, which replaced the Veterans Committee in 2010. In December 2011, voting by the committee took place during the Hall of Fame's two-day winter meeting in Dallas, Texas. Induction to the Hall requires at least 12 votes (75%) from the 16-member committee. Of 10 candidates, Ron Santo was the only one elected, having received 15 votes; Jim Kaat had 10 votes, and Hodges and Minnie Miñoso were tied with nine votes.


title: Gil Hodges

text: Hodges' next opportunity under the Golden Era Committee was in December 2014, when the committee voted at the MLB winter meeting. Hodges received only three votes, and none of the other eight player candidates on the ballot were elected to the Hall of Fame, including Dick Allen and Tony Oliva, who each fell one vote shy of the 12-vote threshold. In July 2016, the Golden Era committee was succeeded by the Golden Days committee (1950–1969 era).


title: Gil Hodges

text: Hodges was one of 10 nominees named on November 5, 2021 to the Golden Days Era ballot for Hall of Fame consideration. On December 5, the Hall of Fame announced Hodges' election, having received 12 of 16 votes to meet the 75% threshold. Hodges was formally inducted on July 24, 2022, with his daughter Irene delivering a speech on his behalf.


Gil Hodges


title: BMW Motorrad

text: BMW Motorrad is the motorcycle brand of BMW, part of its Corporate and Brand Development division. It has produced motorcycles since 1923, and achieved record sales for the fifth year in succession in 2015. With a total of 136,963 vehicles sold in 2015, BMW registered a growth of 10.9% in sales in comparison with 2014.


title: BMW Motorrad

text: The company began as an aircraft engine manufacturer in the early 20th century and through World War I. BMW manufactured its first motorcycle in 1923, the R32, which featured a flat-twin boxer engine. BMW Motorrad still uses the flat-twin boxer configuration, but now manufactures motorcycles with a variety of engine configurations.


title: BMW Motorrad

text: With the exception of the G310 series (which is produced at TVS's Tamil Nadu, India plant), all BMW Motorrad's motorcycle production takes place at its plant in Berlin, Germany. Some engines are manufactured in Austria, China, and Taiwan. Most of the current motorcycles in BMW Motorrad's range were designed by David Robb, who was the company's chief designer from 1993 to 2012 when he was replaced by Edgar Heinrich.


title: BMW Motorrad

text: The most popular model is the R1200GS and its sibling R1200GS Adventure, which sold 24,467 units – accounting for 28% of BMW's annual production.


title: BMW Motorrad

text: Current production includes a variety of shaft and chain driven models, with engines from 310 cc to 1,802 cc; and models designed for off-road, dual-purpose, sport, and touring activities.


title: BMW Motorrad

text: and entered the serious off-road competition motorcycle market with the release of the BMW G450X motorcycle.


title: BMW Motorrad

text: BMW Motorrad motorcycles are categorized into product families, and each family is assigned a different letter prefix. The current families are:


title: BMW Motorrad

text: BMW Motorrad achieved record sales for the fifth time in succession in 2015. With a total of 136,963 vehicles sold in 2015, BMW registered a 10.9% increase in sales in comparison with 2014. The biggest single market in 2015 was once again Germany (23,823 units), followed by the United States (16,501 units), France (12,550 units), Italy (11,150 units), United Kingdom (8,200 units) and Spain (7,976 units).


title: BMW Motorrad

text: With an aim for 2020 to supply 200,000 vehicles to customers, BMW Motorrad is targeting an increase of its dealership from around 1,100 to 1,500 in the future. As it was the case until now, BMW's most successful motorcycle is still the R 1200 GS with 23,681 units sold in 2015.


title: BMW Motorrad

text: BMW Motorrad regularly enters its motorcycles in the Dakar Rally, an annual car, truck, and motorcycle race held traditionally on European and African land and recently, in South America, has featured riders such as Simon Pavey and motorcycling celebrity Charley Boorman. BMW Motorrad motorcycles have won the Dakar Rally six times.


title: BMW Motorrad

text: In 2007, BMW Motorrad announced their entry to the 2009 Superbike World Championship season, running their S1000RR bike. The 2009 season factory team was known as Team Alpha BMW and includes Spanish rider Ruben Xaus and Australian rider Troy Corser. In the 2010 season, Xaus and Corser were joined on the track by Team Reitwagen BMW riders Andrew Pitt and Roland Resch, also riding the S1000RR.


title: BMW Motorrad

text: In recent years BMW Motorrad have enjoyed renewed success at the Isle of Man TT Races. Prior to 2014, the last success in the solo categories at the event was in 1939, when Georg Meier won the Senior TT. After 75 years BMW again took top spot on the rostrum at the 2014 Isle of Man TT when Michael Dunlop piloted a BMW S1000RR to first place in the opening Superbike race. Michael Dunlop then rounded off the week with victory in the Senior TT.


title: BMW Motorrad

text: At the 2016 Isle of Man TT, Dunlop again took the honours in the opening Superbike TT for BMW. Dunlop led the race from start to finish from another BMW rider, Ian Hutchinson. Dunlop also established a new outright lap record, at and set a new race record of 1 h 44 min 14.259 s, after of racing.


title: BMW Motorrad

text: BMW sidecars also had numerous successes at the TT Races, primarily during the 1960s and early 1970s.


title: BMW Motorrad

text: The F Series of single-cylinder BMW motorcycles was first launched in 1994, as the F650, and was built by Aprilia around a carbureted 650 cc four-stroke, four-valve, single-piston engine, and chain drive. The mission for the F 650 was to provide an entry level BMW motorcycle. In 2000, the F650 was redesigned, now with fuel injection, and labeled the F650GS. An off-road focused F650 Dakar model was also launched that year. 2002 saw the addition of the F650CS 'Scarver' motorcycle to the line up. The Scarver was different from the F650GS variants in that it utilized a belt drive system opposed to a chain, had a much lower seat height, and was intended for on-road use. All F650 motorcycles produced from 2000 to 2007 used a 652 cc engine built in Austria by Rotax and were built by BMW in Berlin.


title: BMW Motorrad

text: In late 2006, the G series of offroad biased bikes motorcycles was launched using the same 652 cc engine fitted to the F650GS, although that engine is no longer manufactured by Rotax. The latest version of the 652cc single engine fitted in the new G650GS is now produced in Berlin after 2 years production in Loncin, China.


title: BMW Motorrad

text: In November 2007, the G450X sport enduro motorcycle was launched using a 450 cc single-cylinder engine. The G450X contained several technological improvements over the Japanese off-road racing motorcycles but the most unusual and significant was the use of a single pivot point for the drive sprocket and the swing arm. This unusual configuration allowed for a very tense drive chain with no slop and eliminated acceleration squat. The former benefit saves on chain and sprocket wear and the latter allows for a more consistent drive geometry and fully available rear suspension travel during heavy acceleration.


title: BMW Motorrad

text: In mid-2006, The F Series added two new motorcycles to the lineup, the F800S sports bike and F800ST sports tourer, both which use a 798 cc parallel-twin engine built by Rotax. Both motorcycles also feature a belt drive system similar to what was in use on the F650CS. In 2007 the single-cylinder F650GS was replaced with the twin-cylinder F800GS and F650GS models. The latter uses a de-tuned version of the 798 cc engine fitted to the F800GS, marking a departure from BMW's naming convention.


title: BMW Motorrad

text: The R series are built around a horizontally opposed flat-twin (boxer) engine. As the engine is mounted with a longitudinal crankshaft, the cylinder heads protrude well beyond the sides of the frame. Originally, R series bikes had air-cooled heads but are now produced only with partial oil cooling or water cooling. The type of internal combustion engine cooling used across the various R series engines leads to the use of the distinguishing names airhead and oilhead.


title: BMW Motorrad

text: Airheads are BMW motorcycles with an air-cooled vertical-single or horozintally-opposed twin engine that were built from 1923 to 1995. Most airheads made from 1969 to 1995 used the BMW 247 engine, although 248/1 engines were used on mid-sized R-series motorcycles from 1978 to 1993. Even high-performance motorcycles, such as the R90S used the 247 engine; and its successor, the R100RS, was fitted with an oil cooler.


title: BMW Motorrad

text: An "Oilhead" is a name to describe BMW flat-twin motorcycle engines with partial oil-cooling, and to distinguish these engines from the earlier air-cooled "Airhead" models. The Oilhead's finned cylinders have conventional air-cooling, but the four-valve cylinder-heads are oil-cooled. Unlike earlier BMW boxers which had a single camshaft in the crankcase (variously above or below the crankshaft), the Oilhead has a camshaft in each head. (It is still technically an overhead valve engine rather than a true overhead camshaft unit, as the camshaft bears onto very short pushrods which operate valve rockers). In 2013, BMW introduced water-cooling to its boxer range. The engine is still used in the BMW R nineT line of motorcycles.


title: BMW Motorrad

text: From 2013 (R1200GS), some BMW bikes have water-cooled heads, but (like the oilheads), the new engines still use air-cooling for the cylinders. Approximately 34% of the cooling is attributed to the water-cooling which is concentrated in the highest heat-generating areas such as around the exhaust-valve seats, etc.


title: BMW Motorrad

text: The inlets are now on top of the cylinder (not behind as before) and the exhausts are below (no longer in front).


title: BMW Motorrad

text: Between the introduction of the R39 in 1925 and the discontinuation of the R27 in 1967, BMW made motorcycles with single-cylinder engines. These were similar in design to their larger flat-twin motorcycles, including the use of shaft drive, but the engine was mounted vertically within the frame.


title: BMW Motorrad

text: The K series BMWs have water-cooled engines of three (K75), or four (K100, K1100, K1200, K1300), or six (K1600) cylinders. Up until 2004, all K series engines, whether three or four cylinders were that of the original "flying brick" layout, so called due to the external appearance of the engine. The layout of these original K engines is unique within motorcycling in that the engine is mounted lying on its side, with the crank on the right side of the bike and the cylinder heads and valve gear on the left. This format had the advantage of allowing the drive system to have only one 90-degree translation within the final drive housing, potentially reducing drive train losses. All of the original format K engines were also mated to a dry automotive-type clutch. The uniform use of the traditional K engine ceased with the K1200 models in 2005, with a new 1200 series engine that was radically different from the flying brick in that it was a conventional transversely 55-degree slant-mounted four-cylinder engine coupled to a wet clutch and a unitary construction gearbox. It was at this time also that the K bike shaft drive moved from the right side to the left. Despite this new engine, the traditional flying brick K engine continued in service with the giant K1200LT luxury touring bike until 2009, at which point the flying brick bowed out along with the K1200LT. This was the event that presaged the development of the ultimate K engine in terms of size and complexity, the six-cylinder K1600 series fitted to the K1600GT and GTL models.


title: BMW Motorrad

text: The first K-series production bike was the K100, which was introduced in 1983. In 1988, BMW introduced the K1 which had the Bosch Motronic fuel injection system.


title: BMW Motorrad

text: In 1991, BMW increased the displacement of the K100 from 987 cc to 1,097 cc and the model designation became the K1100. The K1100LT was the first with the new engine displacement. In 1998 BMW increased the size again to 1,170 cc. This upgraded flat-four engine appeared in the K1200RS. This engine continued in production for the K1200LT range, with a power-boosting update in 2004, until the end of the LT production run.


title: BMW Motorrad

text: The later K1200 engine is a 1,157 cc transverse inline-four, announced in 2003 and first seen in the 2005 K1200S. The new engine generates and is tilted forwards 55 degrees. It is 43 cm (17 in) wide, giving the bikes a very low center of mass without reducing maximum lean angles.


title: BMW Motorrad

text: In October 2008, BMW announced the new K1300GT, K1300S and K1300R models, all of which feature a larger capacity 1293 cc engine producing up to . The new engine produces maximum power output 1,000 RPM lower than the previous engine, producing more torque due in part from a butterfly flap fitted in the exhaust.


title: BMW Motorrad

text: In 2011, BMW launched the K1600 range—the K1600GT and K1600GTL—featuring a new straight-six engine, which is mounted transversely across the chassis. The engine is angled forward by 50°.


title: BMW Motorrad

text: The engine was originally used on the Concept 6, a concept bike that was shown at the 2009 EICMA Milan Motor Show.


title: BMW Motorrad

text: BMW claims that the engine at wide, just wider than the K1300 engine, is the narrowest six-cylinder engine ever produced. Cylinder bore is and the distance between cylinder centres .


title: BMW Motorrad

text: The engine has electronic throttle control and multiple drive modes which can be set according to road conditions.


title: BMW Motorrad

text: BMW uses a three-segment nomenclature for motorcycles. The first segment indicates the engine type, the second indicates the approximate engine displacement in cubic centimeters (with one notable exception: the F 650 GS, which has an engine displacement of 798cc), while the third indicates the class of motorcycle (e.g., sport, sport touring, dual-sport, etc.). The three segments are separated by blanks.


title: BMW Motorrad

text: A similar 3-segment nomenclature is used for BMW automobiles. However, there is significantly less consistency across the range with respect to the second segment (engine displacement/100).


title: BMW Motorrad

text: Examples: K 1200 S, R 1200 RT, F 650 GS, R 1150 RSL, K 1200 LT, K 1200 LT-C, R 1200 RT-P, R 1200 RSA, S 1000 RR.


title: BMW Motorrad

text: Prior to the introduction of the K 100 series and the R 1100 series motorcycles, the letter prefix was always the same, and the numbers were either based on displacement, as mentioned above, or were just model numbers.


title: BMW Motorrad

text: The first BMW monolever suspensions appeared in 1980 on the then-new R80G/S range. It had a single universal joint immediately behind the engine/gear-box unit. This system was later included on updated versions of the K & R Series.


title: BMW Motorrad

text: Paralever is a further advance in BMW's single-sided rear suspension technology (photo right). It decouples torque reaction as the suspension compresses and extends, avoiding the tendency to squat or rise under acceleration and reducing tyre chatter on the road surface. It was introduced in 1988 R 80 GS and R 100 GS motorcycles.


title: BMW Motorrad

text: In 2005, along with the introduction of the "hexhead", BMW inverted the Paralever and moved the torque arm from the bottom to the top of the drive shaft housing (photo right). This reduces underhang of components and tends to increase ground clearance in right lean.


title: BMW Motorrad

text: The term "Paralever" is a portmanteau word from "Parallelogram" and "Lever". The "lever is the swinging arm; and the "parallelogram" is the shape between the four elements of the rear suspension (rear drive, drive shaft, transmission, and lower or upper brace). Other motorcycle manufacturers have patented similar designs, including Arturo Magni for MV Agusta and Magni-Moto Guzzi machines, and Moto Guzzi's Compact Reactive Shaft Drive.


title: BMW Motorrad

text: In 1935, BMW fitted the first mass-produced hydraulically damped telescopic fork to its R12 and R17 motorcycles. BMW still uses telescopic forks today on its F-series, G-series, HP, and S1000RR motorcycles.


title: BMW Motorrad

text: The R-series, which had used only the Telelever and the Duolever front suspensions for several years, has partly returned to telescopic forks in the 2015 model year with the introduction of the R 1200 R and R 1200 RS.


title: BMW Motorrad

text: Englishman Ernest Earles designed a unique triangulated fork that, unlike telescopic forks, resists the side-forces introduced by sidecars.


title: BMW Motorrad

text: BMW fitted the Earles fork to all its models for 14 years from 1955. In the event, this was the year that use of sidecars peaked and quickly fell off in most European markets (e.g. the UK) but the Earles fork system was well liked by solo riders too. It causes the front end of the motorcycle to rise under braking — the reverse of the action of a telescopic fork. The mechanical strength of this design sometimes proved to be a weakness to the rest of the motorcycle, since it transfers impact pressure to the frame where damage is more difficult and expensive to correct.


title: BMW Motorrad

text: Developed by Saxon-Motodd in Britain in the early 1980s, the Telelever fork aims to improve handling stability during cornering and braking. The Telelever uses conventional telescopic forks, but the stanchions contain only lubricating oil. Springing and damping functions are dealt with by a monoshock attached to a "Telelever" wishbone. The wishbone pivots on the front of the engine block, and the wishbone's forward end is attached via a rose-joint to a brace connecting the fork sliders. As there is no lower triple clamp, the fork sliders are longer and lighter than on a conventional telescopic fork, and the greater slider/tube overlap reduces both torsional flex and unsprung weight.


title: BMW Motorrad

text: The Telelever system's main benefit is that it separates the steering function from the braking and suspension functions Braking forces are taken back via the wishbone, thereby eliminating brake dive. During braking, the trail and castor angle (rake) increases instead of decreasing as with traditional telescopic forks. Some riders used to conventional forks reported that the Telelever can initially lack "feel", and that the absence of dive is initially disconcerting; but the R1100S BoxerCup Replika (a model with its own race series) shows that the Telelever fork provides responsive and predictable handling.


title: BMW Motorrad

text: The term "Telelever" is a portmanteau word from "Telescopic fork" and "Lever"; the "lever" being the wishbone arm.


title: BMW Motorrad

text: In 2004, BMW announced the K1200S, incorporating a new front suspension based upon a design by Norman Hossack. BMW recognised this fact but paid Hossack no royalties. BMW named its new front suspension the Duolever. As of 2018, the Duolever has been used on all K1300 and K1600 models.


title: BMW Motorrad

text: The advantage of this front wheel suspension on the motorcycle market at present is its torsional rigidity. The BMW Motorrad Duolever front wheel suspension is not influenced by negative forces in the same manner as a conventional telefork whose fixed and take-off tubes twist laterally as well as longitudinally during jounce/rebound and steering. Its two trailing links absorb the forces resulting from the jounce/rebound and keep the wheel carrier stable. Thus, any torsioning is excluded and the front wheel suspension is very precise. The steering commands of the rider are converted directly and the feedback from the front wheel is transparent in all driving conditions.


title: BMW Motorrad

text: A kinematical anti-dive effect is additionally achieved, just as for the Telelever, due to the arrangement of the trailing link bearings. While a conventional telefork during strong braking manoeuvres jounces heavily or locks, the Duolever still has sufficient spring travel remaining in this situation and therefore the rider can still brake into the corner extremely late yet directionally stable.


title: Lucas and Marcus

text: Lucas and Marcus Dobre-Mofid (born January 28, 1999), collectively known as the Dobre Twins, are an American dancing duo and YouTube personalities who rose to prominence on the now-defunct video application Vine. They are part of the Dobre Brothers, where they are joined by their older brothers, Cyrus and Darius.


title: Lucas and Marcus

text: The Dobre Brothers produce video content. Their content includes challenge videos, experiments, vlogs, dance videos, pranks and lots of other content.


title: Lucas and Marcus

text: The twins run their eponymous YouTube channel Lucas and Marcus while the brothers feature collectively on "Dobre Brothers" and "Dobre Cars".


title: Lucas and Marcus

text: The twins were born in Maryland to retired Olympic gymnast Aurelia Dobre and Boz Mofid, the owners of Dobre Gymnastics Academy in Gaithersburg, Maryland. They have two older brothers, Cyrus Dobre (born 1993) and Darius Dobre (born 1995).


title: Lucas and Marcus

text: Lucas and Marcus were known as "TwinBotz", they first gained fame on the six-second video application Vine, where they had more than 1.8 million followers before it shut down. The twins used the app to showcase their talent, including breakdancing and gymnastics stunts, such as backflips. Their popularity helped them earn a spot at AT&T's Later Haters expo.


title: Lucas and Marcus

text: In March 2018, it was announced that the Dobre Brothers have signed a joint venture deal with Creative Artists Agency (CAA).


title: Lucas and Marcus

text: In August of 2022, a video on their channel titled "Revenge" surpassed as the most-disliked YouTube video, at 51 million dislikes.


title: Big Brother 16 (American season)

text: Big Brother 16 is the sixteenth season of the American reality television series "Big Brother". The season premiered on June 25, 2014 with a two-night premiere with the following episode airing on June 26, 2014, broadcast on CBS in the United States and Slice in Canada, and ended with a 90-minute season finale on September 24, 2014, after 97 days of competition. Julie Chen returned as host. On September 24, 2014, Derrick Levasseur was crowned the winner defeating Cody Calafiore in a 7-2 jury vote. Donny Thompson was voted as the season's America's Favorite HouseGuest.


title: Big Brother 16 (American season)

text: The format has changed slightly from previous seasons. The contestants, who are referred to as "HouseGuests," are sequestered in the Big Brother House with no contact to or from the outside world. Each week, the HouseGuests take part in several compulsory challenges that determine who will win food, luxuries and power in the House. The winner of the weekly Head of Household (HoH) competition, who was formerly guaranteed safety, can now be overthrown due to a new competition called the "Battle of the Block." The two winners of the HoH competition each week will pick two nominees, who then go head-to-head in this competition. The winning team is guaranteed a week of safety and overthrows the HoH who nominated them. The HouseGuests nominated for eviction by the other HoH then become the official nominees for the week. The Battle of the Block twist was retired after Week 8, with only one HouseGuest being awarded HoH and two nominees at all times. The reigning HoH also earns the right to name the "Have-Nots" for the week, forcing the chosen HouseGuests to eat solely "Big Brother slop" along with a weekly food restriction (chosen by the viewing public), take cold showers and sleep on cold beds in a freezer-like bedroom.


title: Big Brother 16 (American season)

text: Each week, six HouseGuests are selected to compete in the Power of Veto competition: the reigning HoH, their two nominees, and three HouseGuests selected by random draw. The winner of the POV competition wins the right to either revoke the nomination of one of the nominated HouseGuests or leave them as is; if the Veto winner uses this power, the HoH must immediately nominate another HouseGuest for eviction.


title: Big Brother 16 (American season)

text: On eviction night, all HouseGuests except for the HoH (who is only allowed to vote in the event of a tie and must announce it in front of the other HouseGuests) and the nominees vote to evict one of the two nominees. This compulsory vote is conducted in the privacy of the Diary Room by the host Julie Chen. Unlike most other versions of "Big Brother," the HouseGuests may discuss the nomination and eviction process openly and freely. The nominee with the greatest number of votes will be evicted from the House on the weekly live broadcast, exiting to an adjacent studio to be interviewed, after which the cycle begins again.


title: Big Brother 16 (American season)

text: HouseGuests may voluntarily leave the House at any time and those who break the rules may be expelled from the house, with the most recent case in "Big Brother 14." The last nine evicted HouseGuests will vote for the winner on the season finale. These "Jury Members" will be sequestered in a separate house and will not be allowed to watch the show except for competitions and ceremonies that include all of the remaining HouseGuests. The jury members will not be shown any Diary Room interviews or any footage that may include strategy or details regarding nominations.


title: Big Brother 16 (American season)

text: Caleb Reynolds made an appearance on "Big Brother 17" to host the final Power of Veto competition. Nicole Franzel returned to "Big Brother 18", then also hosted the first HoH competition on "Big Brother 19". Nicole Franzel appeared on "Big Brother 20" to celebrate her engagement to Victor Arroyo, along with Derrick Levasseur and other "Big Brother" alumni. Frankie Grande went on to become a housemate on "Celebrity Big Brother 18" in the UK. Derrick Levasseur made an appearance on "Big Brother 19" to host an HoH competition, and on "Big Brother 20" to share his thoughts on the season. In 2020, both Nicole and Cody Calafiore returned to compete on "Big Brother: All-Stars".


title: Big Brother 16 (American season)

text: Outside Big Brother, Caleb Reynolds also competed on "" and "". On July 31, 2018, three contestants from this season of "Big Brother" appeared on MTV's "Fear Factor": "Survivor" vs. "Big Brother" episode. Calafiore and Zach Rance represented "Big Brother 16", while Reynolds represented "Survivor". Nicole Franzel competed on "The Amazing Race 31" with her then-fiancé, Victor Arroyo. Amber Borzotra competed on the , and season of "The Challenge".


title: Big Brother 16 (American season)

text: Day 1, Julie introduced eight of the sixteen HouseGuests who moved into the house first. These were Paola, Donny, Cody, Frankie, Amber, Nicole, Devin and Joey. Upon entering the house, Paola and Devin made an eight-person alliance called "The Crazy 8's" against the others who would enter soon. Paola flirted with Cody to get him as an ally. Devin made a side alliance with Donny, calling themselves the "Double-Ds." The four girls formed an "El Cuatro" alliance after Amber and Paola were adamant about a female winning this season. Later, the eight HouseGuests competed in the first HoH competition: "Go Fly a Kite." The goal was to balance on a rotating log while trying to keep a kite from crushing a sand castle. Frankie won and became the first HoH. Julie told the first eight HouseGuests that when the other eight arrived, another HoH would also reign and that neither HoH would be safe yet. Following this announcement, Julie informed the viewing public that three HouseGuests ("Team America") would be chosen by poll and given tasks by the American public. Upon the successful completion of each task, the Team America members would receive $5,000 apiece.


title: Big Brother 16 (American season)

text: Later on Day 1, the remaining eight HouseGuests moved in. These were Victoria, Caleb, Brittany, Christine, Derrick, Zach, Jocasta and Hayden. Julie called everyone into the backyard for the second group's HoH competition: "Over the Coals." The goal was to be the last one to hold on to a large rotating stiff. The girls quickly fell, with Zach and Derrick soon following. Caleb won and became the second HoH. Julie informed the HouseGuests of how the dual-HoH twist would work: Frankie and Caleb would make separate nominations, meaning a total of four nominees on the block. Following the nominations, those four would compete as duos in the "Battle of the Block" competition. The duo that won the competition would be removed from the block and immune from being named the replacement nominee if the veto was used that week, whereas the HoH who nominated them would be dethroned and eligible to be the replacement nominee; meaning that the outgoing HOH could go from being HOH to being evicted within a week for the first time ever.


title: Big Brother 16 (American season)

text: After the HoH rooms were revealed, Caleb and Frankie strategized. They decided to form an all-guy alliance with Devin, Derrick, Cody and Zach called the "Bomb Squad." Elsewhere, Christine and Nicole hit it off and formed an alliance of their own. Wanting to balance out the all-male alliance and have the numbers on their side, Devin told Amber and Christine about the Bomb Squad and, without the alliance's supervision, made them members of the alliance, making his allies skeptical of his gameplay. They were also concerned with Devin's paranoia, after Devin suggested that Donny was an intimidating force to be reckoned with. Frankie thought it would be best to nominate the people who fell off first during the HoH competitions. Caleb and Frankie agreed to each nominate two people from the group they did not enter with to avoid bringing attention to themselves. During the nomination ceremony, Caleb made his nominations first: Donny and Paola. Despite having formed a bond with Victoria, Frankie nominated her along with Brittany for being the first two who fell during their HoH competition.


title: Big Brother 16 (American season)

text: After the nomination ceremony, the four nominees participated in the first-ever "Battle of the Block" competition, called "The Pouring 20s." The objective was for one person to swing and get water in a glass cup, then throw the water into another glass cup held by the other person; that person would swing backward to dump the water into a glass vase full of berries. The first duo to fill the vase and spill a berry would win immunity, come off the block and dethrone the HoH who nominated them. Following Brittany and Victoria's win, Caleb became the first official HoH of the summer while Donny and Paola were still on the chopping block. Fearing that the guys already made an all guy alliance, Joey decided to make an all girls alliance, which failed miserably. And unbelievably, she decided to tell everyone about the all girls alliance, including the members of the "Bomb Squad". On Day 7, the first veto competition of the season, "Miami Lice," took place. Cody, Victoria and Zach were picked to play. Only Donny and Zach spelled valid words and Donny won the Power of Veto for spelling the longest word. After the veto competition, Caleb talked to Joey about the all girls alliance she tried to form, and Joey tried to apologize to Caleb about that and she hopes that she won't be the replacement nominee for eviction. At the veto meeting, Donny removed himself from the block and Caleb named Joey as the replacement nominee. On Day 14, Joey became the first HouseGuest to be evicted from the house by a unanimous 13–0 vote.


title: Big Brother 16 (American season)

text: Following Joey's eviction, the HoH competition called "BB Rager" was played. The object was to walk across a balance beam and carry six kegs to the other side. Amber was crowned the first HoH with seven girls competing, and Cody was originally crowned the second HoH with seven guys competing. However, after a review of the tape, it was determined that Cody had stepped off the beam and was disqualified. Devin was subsequently crowned the second HoH. That night, Devin and Amber received their HoH room and read their letters. Seeing his daughter's picture, Devin felt bad about his gameplay and apologized to Donny. He then held a house meeting telling everyone how he had falsely accused Donny and had forced Caleb to nominate him. Brittany realized that what Caleb had said about nominating those who fell first was a lie and said so. During a Bomb Squad chat, Frankie and Caleb told Devin that what he said had "thrown Caleb under the bus." They also informed him about what Brittany had said, which made her his prime target. At the nomination ceremony, Devin nominated Paola and Brittany. Then Amber nominated Hayden and Nicole. Before the Battle of the Block, Devin secretly asked Paola to throw the competition, vowing she would be safe if he wins the power of veto. On Day 14, Hayden and Nicole competed against Paola and Brittany in the "We Did What?!" Battle of the Block competition. The nominees were asked a question, then shown a slideshow. Next they had to search for the answer in the slides. If a HouseGuest buzzed in with the correct answer, they scored a point for their team. After each round, the team who scored the point gave a distraction, such as beer goggles or a leaky beer helmet, to the other team. An incorrect answer resulted in the other team gaining a point, and their team receiving the distraction. The first team to four points won. Hayden and Nicole won the Battle of the Block, resulting in Amber being dethroned, Devin being the HoH for the week and Brittany and Paola remaining on the block. Later in the week, Caleb revealed to Devin that the members of the Bomb Squad were planning on keeping Brittany over Paola, which caused Devin to have another house meeting where Zach admitted to wanting Devin out of the house. At the veto competition, called "Big Brother Galaxy", Zach, Derrick and Amber were chosen to compete, with Donny as the host. Devin won and Brittany pleaded for him to use the veto on her, noting their similarities as being single parents. At the veto meeting, Devin granted Brittany another week in the "Big Brother" house and used the POV on her, breaking the deal with Paola, and nominating Zach in her place. On Day 21, Paola was evicted from the house by a 10–2 vote, with only Donny and Jocasta voting for Zach.


title: Big Brother 16 (American season)

text: Following Paola's eviction, HouseGuests played the HoH competition "Underwater Polo," in which the goal was to knock a ball into the highest number slot, numbered 1–29, on the end of the field. Nicole and Derrick became the new HOHs with Nicole scoring a perfect 29 and Derrick scoring a 28. The main goal for the HouseGuests this week is to backdoor Devin. So Nicole nominated Amber and Donny for eviction, and Derrick selected Caleb and Jocasta. When the nomination ceremony was finished, it became clear to Devin that the HouseGuests want to backdoor him at the end of the week. Amber and Donny took on Caleb and Jocasta in the "Abraca-BOB-ra" Battle of the Block competition. In the competition, one HouseGuest ran across the yard to a bin containing puzzle pieces. Meanwhile, their partner was raised in the air next to their puzzle board. The first duo to complete their puzzle correctly and hit the button won the Battle of the Block, became immune from this week's eviction, made their HOH wear a frog costume for the rest of the week, and dethroned them. Donny and Amber prevailed, saved themselves for the week, made Nicole wear the frog costume and left Caleb and Jocasta on the block with Derrick as the sole HoH for the week. At the "Tumblin' Dice" POV competition, Donny, Devin and Christine were chosen to compete. Jocasta, feeling ill from the Battle of the Block competition, sat out of the POV. Donny won and used the veto on Jocasta. Devin was named as the replacement nominee. On Day 28, Devin was evicted by a unanimous 11–0 vote.


title: Big Brother 16 (American season)

text: Following Devin's eviction, on Day 28, the HouseGuests were paired (Amber and Zach, Victoria and Christine, Caleb and Nicole, Cody and Frankie, Donny and Hayden and Brittany and Jocasta) for the "Deviled Eggs" HoH competition. The goal was for the duos to maneuver an egg through chicken wire while passing it back and forth between partners. The first pair to collect 12 eggs was the winner. After a close race, Cody and Frankie edged out Brittany and Jocasta to win Head of Household. After the HOH competition, it became clear to Derrick, Cody, Christine, Frankie, and Zach that the Bomb Squad is about to blow up, and with the tension between Caleb and Amber, they decided to start a new alliance called "The Detonators." The main goal for this week was to get Brittany evicted. On Day 29, Frankie nominated Amber and Jocasta and Cody nominated Brittany and Victoria for eviction. Before the BOTB, Amber talked to Christine about working with her and Nicole to get the guys out of the house, but little does Amber know is that Christine's true loyalty is the Detonators and then a few days later, Christine ratted Amber out about her plan and it was official that next week, they were going to backdoor Amber if one of the Detonators win HOH. The nominees then played in the "Knight Moves" Battle of the Block competition. All four women started in a different corner of a giant chess board. They then alternated moving like a knight in chess. When a space was landed on, the space was out of play and could not be landed on again. After Jocasta was eliminated, Amber beat Brittany and Victoria and won the Battle of the Block for her and Jocasta, took themselves off the block, guaranteed themselves safety for the week, dethroned Frankie, and left Brittany and Victoria on the block with Cody as the sole HoH for the week. On Day 30, Cody, Brittany and Victoria, along with Caleb, Nicole and Zach, competed in the "BB Cup" POV competition. Each round, every player controlled a robotic leg in order to kick a soccer ball into a sectioned, numbered soccer net. After everyone had kicked, the person with the lowest score was eliminated and claimed a prize. People eliminated in later rounds could either keep their prize or trade for an already revealed prize. In the end, Cody got penalty kicks to the butt, Brittany had to score 2,400 soccer goals in 24 hours, Caleb won $5,000, Zach claimed a Germany vacation, Nicole was forced to wear a Germitard for a week and Victoria won the POV. When Caleb took the $5,000 over the Veto, Cody seriously considered putting him up as a replacement nominee. But after Frankie told Derrick about this, he talked to Cody that it was a very bad game move and Derrick told Cody that his best option is to put up Donny as a pawn. On Day 33, Victoria used the Veto on herself and Cody named Donny as the replacement nominee. On Day 35, Brittany was evicted by a unanimous 10–0 vote.


title: Big Brother 16 (American season)

text: Following Brittany's eviction, HouseGuests participated in the HoH competition called "Country Hits," where each person faced one another in pairs; the winner of each face-off picked the next pair to compete, and the loser was eliminated. The last two HouseGuests standing would both become the HOH. The object was to determine whether the subject of each song was either a previous HoH, Battle of the Block or Power of Veto competition. Frankie became the first HoH after Derrick threw the competition out of respect for Frankie's grandfather passing away. After Zach and Christine (the last two HouseGuests standing) faced off against one another, Zach became the second HoH. On Day 36, Zach nominated Nicole and Christine for eviction, and Frankie nominated Jocasta and Victoria for eviction. Following the Nomination Ceremony, everyone went to the backyard for the "Wedding Cake Take" Battle of the Block competition, where Jocasta and Victoria and Nicole and Christine competed for safety. Nicole and Christine won the competition, dethroning Zach as Head of Household and left Jocasta and Victoria on the block with Frankie as the official HoH for the week. A few days before the veto, Hayden struck a deal with Victoria that if he wins the veto, then he'll use it on her. In the "Sheriff Deputy" Power of Veto competition, the HouseGuests had to rock their hips to make the horse they were seated on gallop. Once the horse galloped back and forth sixty times, they would dismount and have 30 seconds to stack gold bars on top of a giant inverted horseshoe. If the 30 seconds of allotted time ran out, they would be eliminated, but they could re-enter by agreeing to eat slop. Jocasta was the only player who ran out of time, but she took the slop and still lost. Hayden won the POV and, with a plan to backdoor Amber in motion, used the veto on Victoria and Frankie put Amber up against Jocasta. Just before the Veto meeting ended, Zach expressed his opinions on Amber; mostly on Caleb's crush on Amber such as him giving his blankets to Amber when she didn't get any from anyone else and him eating a pickle (the food that Caleb hates in the world) just to go on a date with her. But Amber didn't even say a word; thus making Team America fail their mission for this week. On Day 42, Amber was evicted by a unanimous 9–0 vote.


title: Big Brother 16 (American season)

text: After Amber's eviction, the HouseGuests competed in the "Getting Loopy" competition. The HouseGuests saw clips of events that had occurred in the house. Julie asked questions based on those clips and they answered with either true or false. Anyone giving an incorrect answer was eliminated. Donny and Nicole became the new HoHs after a tie-breaker with Caleb, Derrick and Zach. Nicole planned on getting revenge for Amber's eviction by making a big game move by backdooring Frankie while Team America decided to carry out their missions without Donny. When talking to Donny, Caleb said he didn't want to be up next to Victoria. Zach tried to use reverse psychology on Nicole, but she nominated him alongside Jocasta. Donny nominated Caleb and Victoria. The nominated HouseGuests competed in the "Domino Effect" Battle of the Block competition. The objective was to build a trail of dominoes leading to a red buzzer and include three punishment dominoes of their choice which also had to be knocked down in order to win. If the last domino pushed the red buzzer, the winning duo would be safe and dethrone the HoH who nominated them. When Zach and Jocasta's falling dominoes did not hit the buzzer, Caleb and Victoria won, dethroning Donny from his HoH reign. In winning the competition, they chose to be on slop for the next two weeks, wear Adam and Eve costumes while being chained together for 48 hours and shave their hair (only Caleb had to shave). Christine, feeling like the third wheel between Nicole and Hayden, decided to tell Nicole a few fibs about Hayden which backfired, making Nicole not trust her anymore. Caleb, Victoria and Christine were picked to compete for veto. Each of the six played individually in "BB Comics", a test where they "zip lined" past a comic studio wall to look at 16 new superhero comics based on the HouseGuests. The players then recreated the wall using a multitude of possible comic covers. The player who correctly arranged the comics in the shortest amount of time won the Veto. Everyone struggled with the multiple comics and the subtle differences between seemingly identical covers. Christine won the veto and, wanting to ensure that Zach would go home and not to rock the boat, decided to leave Nicole's nominations as they were, making Nicole's plan to backdoor Frankie blowing up in her face. The Hitmen and Caleb convinced the Detonators that Zach was a valuable "number", and they also told Frankie and Christine that if the veto was used, then Nicole was going to backdoor Frankie, leaving them surprised and in complete disbelief. So they decided to keep him and target Nicole and Hayden for future elimination. On Day 49, Jocasta was evicted by a 6–2 vote, with only Donny and Hayden voting for Zach, making her the first member of the Jury. The HouseGuests competed in the "Mathcathlon" HoH competition. Julie asked math questions based on events that took place in the house. The answer was either be more, less or exactly. A wrong answer meant elimination. In round 3, Caleb and Christine were the last remaining two. After the next round, Caleb was crowned the second HoH of the week. He nominated Hayden and Donny for eviction. Victoria, Zach and Christine were picked to play in the live veto competition. The HouseGuests competed in the "Best of Duck" Power of Veto competition. The HouseGuests raced down their lane to the ball pit to search for a rubber ducky, bringing back one at a time for a total of 3 and hitting the buzzer. Donny won the POV and took himself off the block. Caleb nominated Nicole in his place. In a blindside, Hayden was evicted by a 5–2 vote, with only Cody and Donny voting for Nicole, making him the second member of the Jury.


title: Big Brother 16 (American season)

text: Following Jocasta and Hayden's eviction, it became clear to Frankie that he was losing support in the house. Nicole and Christine won the "BB Tourn-eye-ment" HOH competition. At the Nomination Ceremony, Nicole nominated Caleb and Frankie, with Frankie being her target. Caleb asked to be nominated so he could throw the Battle of the Block in an attempt to backdoor Frankie. Christine nominated Zach and Donny for eviction. At the Battle of the Block competition "Moving the Chain," Caleb, saying he would not help Frankie, sat down along the sidelines, as he, along with Nicole, believed Frankie was responsible for Amber's eviction. In this competition, the duos had to work together ten times to maneuver a ball sitting on a ledge to roll into designated holes by moving chains. The winners got to go on a tailgating trip, the "Dallas Cowboys Experience" with the official HoH of the week. Zach and Donny started out well, but in the end, Frankie single-handedly won the BOB, with no help from Caleb, dethroning Nicole and making Christine the official HoH for the week all in one fell swoop, leaving Zach and Donny on the block, with Zach the new official target of the week. After Frankie fought against Zach, he decided to tell his secret about his famous sister, Ariana Grande to buy himself more time to mend the bridges that he broke. The veto competition, "OTEV the Pissed-Off Penguin" featured a waterfall and a giant penguin (voiced by Gilbert Gottfried). In a musical-chairs type set-up, participants had to retrieve drink cards named after the HouseGuest that the penguin called out. Zach won and took himself off the block. Rather than face the anger of the Detonators, Christine put up Nicole as a replacement nominee after Caleb, Cody, and Derrick told her that in another scenario, if Frankie won the veto, then Nicole was going to backdoor her. On Day 56, Nicole was evicted by a unanimous 6–0 vote, becoming the third member of the Jury.


title: Big Brother 16 (American season)

text: Following Nicole's eviction, Derrick and Frankie won the next HoH competition, "Dead of Household". With the Battle of the Block upcoming and the fact that the Bomb Squad members had decided to leave Victoria safe (as she remains the only HouseGuest who has yet to become HoH at least once), they needed three volunteers to go on the block. With nobody willing to volunteer, they drew Skittles out of a hat to determine the nominations. Christine was drawn to go on the block with Donny as Derrick's nominations, with Caleb and Cody going up as Frankie's. On Day 57, in the Battle of the Block competition, the players entered the "Big Black Box" and searched for five bones that were then placed in a scoreboard on the wall. Christine's plan to throw the competition, similar to Caleb's in a failed attempt to backdoor Frankie the previous week, failed when Donny located all five bones on his own, winning the competition and ensuring safety for the week for himself and Christine, dethroning Derrick, making Frankie the official HoH for the week and leaving Caleb and Cody on the block. Zingbot 3000 made a return and brought Kathy Griffin with him. That same day, Frankie won the POV in the "Zingbot Reboot" competition. Frankie used the Veto on Caleb in an attempt to mend fences with him after Amber's eviction. The Detonators' plan to backdoor Zach and bring "Team Zankie" to an end was put into motion after Frankie nominated Zach as Caleb's replacement. On Day 63, Zach was evicted by a unanimous 5–0 vote, becoming the fourth member of the Jury. Julie revealed to the HouseGuests that as of Week 9, there would no longer be a dual HoH and, accordingly, no Battle of the Block.


title: Big Brother 16 (American season)

text: Following Zach's eviction, Nicole, Hayden, Jocasta and Zach, who was evicted moments earlier, returned to the house and competed in "Comeback Fight," a competition where one of them would win the right to come back into the game. By a single disk, Nicole won and was given a second chance to win $500,000. The remaining eight HouseGuests competed in the "Punching for Days" HoH competition, where they had to identify the dates of various BB occurrences. After six rounds of competition, Cody was declared the first sole HoH of the season. On Day 64, Donny and Nicole were nominated for eviction. That same day, HouseGuests competed in the "BBB Scorpion" Power of Veto competition. HouseGuests were asked to guess how many of a certain item there were in a set and were rewarded with a security clearance ticket if they stayed rather than fold. The first HouseGuest to obtain three movie tickets was the winner, which was Cody. A plan was discussed to backdoor Frankie, but Derrick convinced Cody that it would be a poor game move to do so, so Cody chose to take Derrick's advice and decided not to use the POV. On Day 70, Donny was evicted in a unanimous 5–0 vote, becoming the fourth member of the Jury after Nicole returned to the game.


title: Big Brother 16 (American season)

text: Following Donny's eviction, Caleb won his third HoH competition of the season in an ice-themed endurance competition, "Sloppy the Snowman", while Derrick chose to go for a $5,000 cash option. Caleb decided to be in agreement with the house and focus on getting Nicole evicted. Therefore, he nominated Nicole and Christine for eviction. But Derrick had another target in mind, which is Christine. So Derrick told Nicole that she must win the veto, and they were going to vote Christine out. But if things go south, then they were going to backdoor Frankie. However, Christine won the POV in a memory competition called "BB Blast, Inc". But the night before the veto meeting, Nicole compared Derrick to "Big Brother" legend Dan Gheesling, which made Derrick realize that backdooring Frankie isn't the best option and if Nicole stays and tells everyone about him and Dan Gheesling, then it's certain that Derrick is the next one out the Big Brother House. At the veto meeting, she removed herself from the block and Caleb selected Victoria as her replacement. In a 4–0 vote, Nicole was evicted for the second time and became the fifth jury member. Almost immediately, a Head of Household true-or-false competition was held which Derrick won with the only correct answer to the first question. He placed Christine and Victoria on the block, Frankie won the POV triple-maze competition, "Mazed and Confused", did not use the veto, and Christine was evicted in a 3–0 vote, becoming the sixth juror.


title: Big Brother 16 (American season)

text: Soon after Nicole and Christine's Eviction, Julie announced a new twist to the game, the "Big Brother Rewind", a large button in the middle of the former have-not room. The HouseGuests argued about the pros and cons of pushing the button. Frankie won the following HOH competition called "Seed Saw". In spite of only having guesses as to the consequences of pushing the rewind button, all the HouseGuests pushed it at the same time which started a countdown clock. In a surprise, Jeff Schroeder and Jordan Lloyd returned to the Big Brother house and Jeff proposed to Jordan with both their families present. After the festivities, Frankie nominated Cody and Victoria for eviction. The HouseGuests then competed in the "BB Freakshow" face morph POV competition, which Frankie won. He chose to keep the nominations the same. On Day 84, due to the pressing of the golden button, the eviction was cancelled and the Big Brother game rewound one week, right before the last HOH competition. All of the HouseGuests except Derrick (who was the outgoing HOH at the time) competed in the "Seed Saw" competition for a second time. This time, Caleb won HOH, and a plan to send Frankie home was put in motion by the other guys. After a 'luxury competition" where the Jury members destroyed the house in the "Jury Fury" competition, where the jury members had to find knock out pucks and momentarily returning juror Hayden and Victoria each won $5000, Caleb nominated Frankie and Victoria. In a redo of the "BB Freakshow" competition, Cody won the Power of Veto, and chose to keep the nominations the same. Frankie, in a last ditch effort to stay, threatened the other guys, claiming that if he were to go to jury he would be able to sway everyone's votes, however this fell on deaf ears and on Day 88, Frankie was evicted by a 2–0 vote and became the seventh member of the jury.


title: Big Brother 16 (American season)

text: Shortly after Frankie's eviction, Derrick won the "Foggy Memory" "Before or After" HOH competition, securing himself a spot in the final three. He nominated Caleb and Victoria for eviction. Cody won the Power of Veto in the "Stalking the Veto" competition, sponsored by CBS' new show "Stalker". On Day 90, Cody cast the sole vote to evict Caleb, making Caleb the eighth member of the jury.


title: Big Brother 16 (American season)

text: Following Caleb's eviction, the final three competed in the first part of the final HOH competition, "Fly High or Bye-Bye". The HouseGuests had to stand on a ledge while holding on to a hangglider. The last HouseGuest holding on to their glider will win Part One of the Final HOH and advance to Part Three. Cody hung on the longest and won. On Day 92, Derrick and Victoria competed in the second part of the final HOH, "BBgypt". While competing individually, Derrick and Victoria had to scale the wall of a giant pyramid, searching for the names of the evicted HouseGuests. They then had to place the final nominees in each corresponding week. The HouseGuest who finishes faster will face off against Cody on finale night. Derrick was the winner. On Day 97, Cody and Derrick faced off in the part three of the final Head of Household, "The Scales of Just-Us". They were asked questions based on how the jury members completed various statements. After 7 questions that ended in a 4–4 tie, Cody and Derrick answered a tiebreaker question to decide who would win part three, and therefore the final, HOH. Cody was closer to the correct number and became the final Head of Household. Cody evicted Victoria, making her the ninth member of the jury, and bringing Derrick to the final two. By a 7–2 vote, Derrick won the half million dollar prize, plus an additional $50,000 due to being a member of Team America. Donny, Nicole and Zach were the top three votegetters for America's Favorite HouseGuest but, in the end, Donny claimed the $25,000 with over 5 million out of the 10 million votes cast.


title: Big Brother 16 (American season)

text: In comparison to previous seasons of "Big Brother" which featured a single Head of Household, this season would involve two Heads of Household throughout part of the season. Each HoH would nominate two other HouseGuests for eviction, totaling four nominees. The two pairs of nominees would then compete in a new competition titled "Battle of the Block". The winning pair would be removed from the block, with the HoH who nominated them dethroned. The dethroned HoH would later be eligible to be nominated after the Power of Veto has been used, however the Battle of the Block winners are safe for the rest of the week. The rest of the cycle would continue as per usual, with the remaining HoH retaining immunity for the week, and the two nominees being eligible for safety through the Power of Veto.