title: William, Prince of Wales

text: In February 2021, following an investigation into racism directed at Marcus Rashford, William released a statement as president of the FA, denouncing the "racist abuse... whether on the pitch, in the stands, or on social media" as "despicable" and stating that "we all have a responsibility" to create an environment of tolerance and accountability. In April 2021, William criticised the planned breakaway competition The Super League, adding that he "share[d] the concerns of fans about the proposed Super League and the damage it risks causing to the game we love." In July 2021, he condemned racist attacks against England football players following their loss at the UEFA Euro 2020 finale.


title: William, Prince of Wales

text: In 2006, William, along with other Sandhurst officers, took part in a run to support the charity Sport Relief, as he had done in 2004 with a team from Clarence House. In May 2007, William became patron of the English Schools' Swimming Association. In 2012, together with his wife Catherine and Prince Harry, William launched Coach Core. The program was set up following the 2012 Olympics and provides apprenticeship opportunities for people who desire to pursue a career as a professional coach. In 2014, he and Catherine were awarded Honorary Life Membership of the Marylebone Cricket Club. In May 2020, he appeared in a BBC One Documentary titled "Football, Prince William and Our Mental Health" as a part of a campaign to promote men to discuss their mental issues using football as a common medium.


title: William, Prince of Wales

text: Both William and his brother are enthusiastic motorcyclists; William owns a Ducati 1198 S Corse. In May 2014, William, like his father and paternal grandfather, became president of the British Sub-Aqua Club (BSAC). He enthusiastically took part in a bandy event in Stockholm in January 2018.


title: William, Prince of Wales

text: The death of Diana, Princess of Wales, in Paris while being chased by paparazzi in 1997, influenced the Prince's attitude towards the media. The Prince and his wife have asked that, when off-duty, their privacy should be respected.


title: William, Prince of Wales

text: On 13 November 2005, an article appeared in the "News of the World" written by royal editor Clive Goodman, that claimed that Prince William was in the process of borrowing a portable editing suite from ITV royal correspondent Tom Bradby. Prince William noted that another equally improbable leak had recently taken place regarding an appointment he had made with a knee surgeon. After some discussion, the Prince and Bradby concluded it was likely that their voicemails were being accessed. An investigation under Deputy Assistant Commissioner Peter Clarke concluded that the compromised voice mail accounts belonged to Prince William's aides, including Jamie Lowther-Pinkerton, and not the Prince himself. However, Clive Goodman later stated that he had hacked William's phone on 35 occasions.


title: William, Prince of Wales

text: In September 2012, the French edition of "Closer" and Italian gossip magazine "Chi" published photographs of Catherine sun-bathing topless while on holiday at the Château d'Autet, a private château on a 260-ha estate in Provence. Analysts from "The Times" believed the photographs were taken from the D22 (Vaucluse) road half a kilometre from the pool—a distance that would require an 800-mm or a 1000-mm lens. On 17 September 2012, the Prince and Princess filed a criminal complaint with the French prosecution department and launched a claim for civil damages at the "Tribunal de Grande Instance de Nanterre". The following day the courts granted an injunction against "Closer" prohibiting further publication of the photographs and announced a criminal investigation would be initiated. Under French law, punitive damages cannot be awarded but intrusions of privacy are a criminal offence carrying a maximum jail sentence of one year and a fine of up to €45,000 for individuals and €225,000 for companies. In September 2017, "Closer" was fined €100,000 and its editor Laurence Pieau and owner Ernesto Mauri were each fined €45,000.


title: William, Prince of Wales

text: In October 2014, William and Catherine sent a legal letter to a freelance photographer who had put their son George and his nanny "under surveillance", asking the individual to stop "harassing and following" them. In August 2015, Kensington Palace published a letter detailing what it stated were the "dangerous" and invasive efforts of the media to get paparazzi pictures of Prince George and Princess Charlotte. Jason Knauf, communications secretary to the couple, wrote the letter to media standards organisations in various countries.


title: William, Prince of Wales

text: In March 2017, a video of William "dad dancing" at a nightclub in Verbier, Switzerland surfaced in tabloid media. At the time, he was on a skiing holiday, and was reportedly observed partying alongside friends and models. The incident garnered commentary and criticism as it took place on Commonwealth Day service at Westminster Abbey, which was attended by other senior members of the royal family. The following month, when asked a music-related question during a BBC One interview for the Heads Together campaign, he commented, referring to the reports: "I've got into enough trouble with my dancing recently. So it's probably best to stay away from that one."


title: William, Prince of Wales

text: In November 2018 and during a visit to the BBC studios in central London, William publicly criticised the social media firms' approach to handling "misinformation and conspiracy" and added, "Their self-image is so grounded in their positive power for good that they seem unable to engage in constructive discussion about the social problems they are creating".


title: William, Prince of Wales

text: In July 2021, ITV aired a documentary entitled "Harry and William: What Went Wrong?", centring on the princes' relationship. Before the film aired, footage of journalist Omid Scobie claiming that a senior aide from Prince William's household had briefed journalists about "concerns regarding Prince Harry's mental health" was partially cut from the documentary after Kensington Palace informed the broadcaster that the claim was "potentially defamatory".


title: William, Prince of Wales

text: In June 2022, a three-minute video of William confronting Terry Harris, a paparazzi photographer, was posted to Harris's YouTube channel. It was recorded by Harris in January 2021 and shows William arguing with Harris as he attempts to film his family on a bike ride near Anmer Hall. Kensington Palace described the video as a breach of the family's privacy and asked for it to be removed from public websites. The couple's lawyers also contacted the photographer, who claimed he was on public roads and had filmed the video after hearing about allegations that the Prince and Princess had broken the "rule of six" as they toured a public attraction at Sandringham while William's uncle and aunt, the Earl and Countess of Wessex, and their children happened to be in the same spot.


title: William, Prince of Wales

text: William has been a British prince since birth. On his wedding day, 29 April 2011, his grandmother Elizabeth II created him Duke of Cambridge, Earl of Strathearn and Baron Carrickfergus. The letters patent granting these titles were issued on 26 May that year.


title: William, Prince of Wales

text: On the accession of his father on 8 September 2022, as the eldest son of the monarch, he automatically became Duke of Cornwall, Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Carrick, Baron of Renfrew, Lord of the Isles, and Prince and Great Steward of Scotland. On 9 September 2022, the King announced the creation of William as Prince of Wales.


title: William, Prince of Wales

text: Two forms of address are in current use; in Scotland he is known by his highest Scottish title, Duke of Rothesay, and elsewhere by his highest British title, Prince of Wales.


title: William, Prince of Wales

text: He is a Royal Knight Companion of the Most Noble Order of the Garter (KG), a Knight of the Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle (KT), a member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom (PC), and a Personal Aide-de-Camp (ADC) to the sovereign.


title: William, Prince of Wales

text: The banners used by the Prince of Wales vary depending upon location. His personal standard is the Royal Standard of the United Kingdom differenced as in his arms with a label of three points Argent, and the escutcheon of the arms of the Principality of Wales in the centre. It is used outside Wales, Scotland, Cornwall, and Canada, and throughout the entire United Kingdom when the prince is acting in an official capacity associated with the UK Armed Forces.


title: William, Prince of Wales

text: The personal flag for use in Wales is based upon the Royal Badge of Wales (the historic arms of the Kingdom of Gwynedd), which consist of four quadrants, the first and fourth with a red lion on a gold field, and the second and third with a gold lion on a red field. Superimposed is an escutcheon Vert bearing the single-arched coronet of the Prince of Wales.


title: William, Prince of Wales

text: In Scotland, the personal banner used since 1974 is based upon three ancient Scottish titles: Duke of Rothesay (heir apparent to the King of Scots), High Steward of Scotland and Lord of the Isles. The flag is divided into four quadrants like the arms of the Chief of Clan Stewart of Appin; the first and fourth quadrants comprise a gold field with a blue and silver checkered band in the centre; the second and third quadrants display a black galley on a silver field. The arms are differenced from those of Appin by the addition of an inescutcheon bearing the tressured lion rampant of Scotland; defaced by a plain label of three points Azure to indicate the heir apparent.


title: William, Prince of Wales

text: In Cornwall, the banner is the arms of the Duke of Cornwall: "Sable 15 bezants Or", that is, a black field bearing 15 gold coins.


title: William, Prince of Wales

text: In Canada, a personal heraldic banner for the Prince of Wales was first issued in 2011, consisting of the shield of the Arms of Canada defaced with both a blue roundel of the Prince of Wales's feathers surrounded by a wreath of gold maple leaves, and a white label of three points.


title: William, Prince of Wales

text: Prior to the accession of his father, William used a banner derived from his arms, for use outside of Scotland and Canada. There was a variation of this used when in Scotland. In 2011, the Canadian Heraldic Authority introduced a personal heraldic flag for the Duke of Cambridge's use in Canada. It is the Royal Arms of Canada in banner form defaced with a blue roundel surrounded with a wreath of gold maple leaves and shells within which is a depiction of a ""W"" surmounted by a coronet. Above the roundel is a white label of three points, charged with a red shell.)


title: William, Prince of Wales

text: William is a member of the House of Windsor. Patrilineally, he descends from the House of Oldenburg, one of Europe's oldest royal houses; and more specifically the cadet branch known as the House of Glücksburg.


title: William, Prince of Wales

text: Through his mother, William descends from the Earls Spencer—a cadet branch of the Spencer family descended from the Earls of Sunderland; the senior branch are now also Dukes of Marlborough; the Barons Fermoy; and more anciently from Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Grafton, and Charles Lennox, 1st Duke of Richmond—two illegitimate sons of King Charles II. As king, William would be the first monarch since the death of Anne in 1714 to undisputedly descend from Charles I and the first to descend from Charles II.


title: William, Prince of Wales

text: William descends matrilineally from Eliza Kewark, a housekeeper for his eighteenth-century ancestor Theodore Forbes—a Scottish merchant who worked for the East India Company in Surat. She is variously described in contemporary documents as "a dark-skinned native woman", "an Armenian woman from Bombay", and "Mrs. Forbesian". Genealogist William Addams Reitwiesner assumed Kewark was Armenian. In June 2013, BritainsDNA announced that genealogical DNA tests on two of William's distant matrilineal cousins confirm Kewark was matrilineally of Indian descent.


title: Eight Legged Freaks

text: Eight Legged Freaks (originally titled Arach Attack, under which it was released in some parts of Europe and other countries around the world) is a 2002 monster comedy film directed by Ellory Elkayem and starring David Arquette, Kari Wuhrer, Scott Terra, and Scarlett Johansson. The plot follows a cluster of spiders that is exposed to toxic waste, causing them to mutate into gigantic, monstrous creatures and attack a small American mining town.


title: Eight Legged Freaks

text: On a highway outside of the quiet mining town of Prosperity, Arizona, a truck driver carrying a load of chemicals swerves to avoid a rabbit, causing a barrel of toxic waste to land in a pond. Crickets that feed from the pond are collected by an exotic spider farmer named Joshua Taft. One week later he shows Michael "Mike" Parker, a local boy, his collection, including an enormous female Orb Weaver from Brazil named Consuela. After Mike leaves, Joshua is bitten by an escaped tarantula and accidentally knocks down the spider cages. He, along with his pet parrot, is killed by the spiders and, after devouring him, the spiders grow to even larger proportions by the toxins of the crickets Joshua feeds them.


title: Eight Legged Freaks

text: Another seven days pass and Christopher "Chris" McCormick, whose father owned the mines before he died ten years ago, shows up and stands against Wade, the mayor of Prosperity, about his proposition to sell the mine as he believes that his father had discovered a gold vein in the mine. Chris also sparks a romance with Sam, the town sheriff and Mike's mother. Meanwhile, Wade is holding a town meeting in the mall about whether they should sell the mines and relocate. Wade later on insults Chris's father for being delusional for thinking that there are golds in the mine only to be punched by Chris. Mike sneaks out on foot and finds Joshua and the spiders missing, the farm covered in webbing, and the dead body of Joshua. Although he sees an enormous spider shadow in the mines and tells Chris that the spiders have grown to enormous sizes, based on a giant spider leg he found at the mine entrance, Chris doesn't believe him.


title: Eight Legged Freaks

text: Seeing as the entire town is connected in some way to the mines, spiders show up in many different places. Harlan Griffiths, an eccentric extraterrestrial enthusiast, is broadcasting his theory that various missing pets around town have been abducted by aliens. A farmer finds his ostriches missing, and it turns out that trapdoor spiders are preying on them. Ashley, Sam's daughter and Mike's older sister, breaks up with her boyfriend Bret, before he and his motorcyclist friends are chased by jumping spiders, with him being the only survivor, accidentally cutting off the telephone line and being stuck in the mine in the process. While traversing the mines, he finds Consuela feeding on victims who were trapped in spider webbing.


title: Eight Legged Freaks

text: Chris finds out that his Aunt Gladys and her dog are abducted by a male orb weaver in their basement. Sam is convinced Chris and Mike are delusional. However, they were right all along when Sam witnesses a giant male orb-weaver attempting to abduct Ashley and Chris. Sam kills the spider with a shotgun and saves them both before contacting Pete to tell him to bring all guns in the police station's possession to the mall. The group, consisting of Ashley, Chris, Sam and Mile escape to Harlan's trailer, knowing he has a radio station that he operates from within his trailer.


title: Eight Legged Freaks

text: As Sam broadcasts the threat over the radio, a giant tarantula, the "tank" of the horde, assaults his trailer but they manage to escape. As the town is besieged by vicious spider hordes, many people are eaten, Sam tells everybody to evacuate to the mall and barricade themselves, while Wade flees into the mines and locks the gate before the attack, forcing the rest to defend themselves from the arachnids. Harlan and Chris climb onto the roof and ascend the radio mast and try to get a signal to call the army as they are being attacked by the spiders, but are believed to be pranksters. Harlan jumps from the roof, after the tarantula breaks open the gates and lets the spiders enter the mall, and lands in some bushes, where he meets up with Pete.


title: Eight Legged Freaks

text: While the townsfolk are in the basement, Bret arrives on a forklift that brings down the locked gate, and they all head to through the mines straight to the front entrance, discovering the methane-filled tunnels. After freeing Wade, Chris goes to look for his Aunt Gladys in the mines and finds her and the gold vein his father had claimed to have discovered. Filled with joy to realize that his father is not delusional like Wade or many people claim, this moment of celberation is cut short and they are confronted by the gigantic Consuela. Using perfume to distract the spider and escaping on Bret's motorcycle, Chris then blows up the spiders and the mines utilizing Gladys's smoking addiction and the high concentrations of methane gas, blowing up the mall before the police arrived. Wade is distraught at the destruction of the mall and hopes that the insurance will cover the damages.


title: Eight Legged Freaks

text: As the story ends, Harlan concludes his radio report that the town has decided to cover up the whole incident, but have let Harlan continue broadcasting the incident, and Chris reopened the mine, informing that to be another story by giving a toothy smile, revealing several golden teeth.


title: Eight Legged Freaks

text: Director Ellory Elkayem got the idea from his 1997 short film, "Larger Than Life", which also handled a spider-fighting storyline.


title: Eight Legged Freaks

text: The film was originally titled "Arach Attack" (under which it was released in some parts of Europe and other countries around the world) but the similarity to "Iraq Attack" made the title seem inappropriate so near the start of the Iraq War. The title "Eight Legged Freaks" is a line that Arquette ad-libbed in the movie: "Get back, you eight-legged freaks!"


title: Eight Legged Freaks

text: The film was dedicated to the memory of several people: Lewis Arquette, father of David Arquette, who died in 2001 from heart failure, and Don Devlin and Pilar Seurat, the parents of producer Dean Devlin, who died of lung cancer in 2000 and 2001 respectively.


title: Eight Legged Freaks

text: Prosperity is a fictional town in Arizona, though the film was actually shot in various locations in the state.


title: Eight Legged Freaks

text: The teaser trailer debuted in October 2001 attached to "Thirteen Ghosts", "Scooby-Doo" and "Queen of the Damned". The film was originally going to be released on March 15 but the date was moved because of the competition of Fox’s family friendly film "Ice Age".


title: Eight Legged Freaks

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 48% based on reviews from 145 critics, with an average rating of 5.44/10. The site's consensus states: "This homage to the B-movies of the '50s has a promising first half, but runs out of ideas in the second". On Metacritic the film has a score of 53% based on reviews from 32 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film a grade "B−" on scale of A to F.


title: Eight Legged Freaks

text: Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" gave it 3 out of 4 and wrote: "Has laughs, thrills, wit and scary monsters, and is one of those goofy movies like "Critters" that kids itself and gets away with it."


title: Eight Legged Freaks

text: A video game adaptation titled "Eight Legged Freaks: Let the Squashing Begin" was also released in 2002 for PC and Mac.


title: Eight Legged Freaks

text: On January 5, 2003, the movie news website Moviehole reported that "Eight Legged Freaks 2" was in development, but no additional information has come forth since then.


title: Eight Legged Freaks

text: Eight Legged Freaks was released on VHS and on DVD in both widescreen and fullscreen edition formats in October 2002. Shout! Factory released the film on Blu-ray for the first time on July 20, 2021.


title: Daniella Deutscher

text: Daniella Maria Deutscher (born October 4, 1975), also sometimes credited as Daniella Wolters, is an American actress, best known for playing the role of Julie Connor on the American Saturday morning television series "Hang Time" (1995–2000).


title: Daniella Deutscher

text: Deutscher grew up in Olympia, Washington and was a star basketball player for Olympia High School, starting on varsity for all four years. She began her acting career portraying Julie Connor on the Saturday morning TNBC television series "Hang Time", in which her character was the only girl on a boys' basketball team. Deutscher and her castmate Megan Parlen were the only two actors who appeared in every episode of the series.


title: Daniella Deutscher

text: Deutscher played the role of Wendy in the movie "Special Forces", her character being that of an American journalist held captive by a Muldonian warlord. Deutscher has also appeared on television in the daytime drama "The Bold and the Beautiful".


title: Reconstructionist Judaism

text: Reconstructionist Judaism is a Jewish movement that views Judaism as a progressively evolving civilization rather than a religion, based on concepts developed by Mordecai Kaplan (1881–1983). The movement originated as a semi-organized stream within Conservative Judaism and developed from the late 1920s to 1940s, before it seceded in 1955 and established a rabbinical college in 1967. Reconstructionist Judaism is recognized by some scholars as one of the five streams of Judaism alongside Orthodox, Conservative, Reform, and Humanistic.


title: Reconstructionist Judaism

text: There is substantial theological diversity within the movement. "Halakha" (Jewish law) is not considered normative and binding, but is instead seen as the basis for the ongoing evolution of meaningful Jewish practice. In contrast with the Reform movement's stance during the time Kaplan was writing, he believed that "Jewish life [is] meaningless without Jewish law" and one of the planks he wrote for the proto-Reconstructionist Society for the Jewish Renaissance stated, "We accept the "halakha", which is rooted in the Talmud, as the norm of Jewish life, availing ourselves, at the same time, of the method implicit therein to interpret and develop the body of Jewish Law in accordance with the actual conditions and spiritual needs of modern life." The movement also emphasizes positive views toward modernity, and has an approach to Jewish customs which aims toward communal decision-making through a process of education and distillation of values from traditional Jewish sources.


title: Reconstructionist Judaism

text: The movement's 2011 "A Guide to Jewish Practice" describes a Reconstructionist approach to Jewish practice as "post-"halakhic"" because the modern world is one in which Jewish law cannot be enforced. Obligation and spiritual discipline exist without the enforcement of a functioning legal system. Thus, Reconstructionist Jews take Jewish law seriously as a source and resource that can shape expectations while not necessarily seeing themselves as bound by inherited claims of obligation. Therefore, the practices advocated in the guide are not monolithic, and commentators provide further insights, arguments, and alternative approaches that span the broad range of views advocated by Reconstructionist rabbis and scholars. The guide states that it "assumes that thoughtful individuals and committed communities can handle diversity and will of necessity reach their own conclusions".


title: Reconstructionist Judaism

text: Reconstructionism was developed by Rabbi Mordecai Kaplan (1881–1983) and his son-in-law, Rabbi Ira Eisenstein (1906–2001), over a period of time from the late 1920s to the 1940s. After being ridiculed by Orthodox rabbis for his focus on issues in the community and the sociopolitical environment, Kaplan and a group of followers founded the Society for the Advancement of Judaism (SAJ) in 1922. Its goal was to give rabbis the opportunity to form new outlooks on Judaism in a more progressive manner. Kaplan was the leader of the SAJ until 1945, when Eisenstein took over. In 1935, Kaplan published his book, "Judaism as a Civilization: Toward a Reconstruction of American Jewish Life". It was this book that Kaplan claimed was the beginning of the Reconstructionist movement. "Judaism as a Civilization" suggested that historical Judaism be given a "revaluation… in terms of present-day thought." Reconstructionism was able to spread with several other forms of literature, most notably the "New Haggadah" (1941) which for the first time blended Kaplan's ideologies in Jewish ceremonial literature.


title: Reconstructionist Judaism

text: Although Kaplan did not want Reconstructionism to branch into another Jewish denomination, it was on the inevitable track of becoming one. At the Montreal conference in 1967, Reconstructionist leaders called for a rabbinical school in which rabbis could be ordained under the Reconstructionist ideology and lead Reconstructionist congregations. By the fall of 1968, the Reconstructionist Rabbinical College was opened in Philadelphia. Along with the establishment of the college, the Reconstructionist Rabbinical Association formed, which gave rabbis a strong network in the religious leadership of Reconstructionism. The founding of these institutions were great strides in its becoming the fourth movement in North American Judaism (Orthodox, Conservative and Reform being the other three).


title: Reconstructionist Judaism

text: Reconstructionist Judaism is the first major movement of Judaism to originate in North America; the second is the Humanistic Judaism movement founded in 1963 by Rabbi Sherwin Wine.


title: Reconstructionist Judaism

text: Kaplan believed that, in light of advances in philosophy, science and history, it would be impossible for modern Jews to continue to adhere to many of Judaism's traditional theological claims. In agreement with Orthodox theology (articulated by prominent medieval Jewish thinkers including Maimonides), Kaplan affirmed that God is not anthropomorphic in any way. All anthropomorphic descriptions of God are understood to be metaphorical. Kaplan's theology went further to claim that God is neither a personal nor conscious being; God cannot relate to or communicate with humanity in any way. Kaplan's theology defines God as the sum of all natural processes that allow people to become self-fulfilled.


title: Reconstructionist Judaism

text: To believe in God means to accept life on the assumption that it harbors conditions in the outer world and drives in the human spirit which together impel man to transcend himself. To believe in God means to take for granted that it is man's destiny to rise above the brute and to eliminate all forms of violence and exploitation from human society. In brief, God is the Power in the cosmos that gives human life the direction that enables the human being to reflect the image of God.


title: Reconstructionist Judaism

text: Most "classical" Reconstructionist Jews (those agreeing with Kaplan) reject traditional forms of theism, though this is by no means universal. Many Reconstructionist Jews are deists, but the movement also includes Jews who hold Kabbalistic, pantheistic (or panentheistic) views of God, and some Jews who believe in the concept of a personal God.


title: Reconstructionist Judaism

text: Kaplan's theology, as he explicitly stated, does not represent the only Reconstructionist understanding of theology and theology is not the cornerstone of the Reconstructionist movement. Much more central is the idea that Judaism is a civilization, and that the Jewish people must take an active role in ensuring its future by participating in its ongoing evolution.


title: Reconstructionist Judaism

text: Consequently, a strain of Reconstructionism exists which is distinctly non-Kaplanian. In this view, Kaplan's assertions concerning belief and practice are largely rejected, while the tenets of an "evolving religious civilization" are supported. The basis for this approach is that Kaplan spoke for his generation; he also wrote that every generation would need to define itself and its civilization for itself. In the thinking of these Reconstructionists, what Kaplan said concerning belief and practice is not applicable today. This approach may include a belief in a personal God, acceptance of the concept of "chosenness", a belief in some form of resurrection or continued existence of the dead, and the existence of an obligatory form of "halakha". In the latter, in particular, there has developed a broader concept of "halakhah" wherein concepts such as "Eco-Kashrut" are incorporated.


title: Reconstructionist Judaism

text: Reconstructionist Judaism holds that the traditional halakhic system is incapable of producing a code of conduct that is meaningful for, and acceptable to, the vast majority of contemporary Jews, and thus must be reinterpreted in each new time period. Unlike classical Reform Judaism, Reconstructionism holds that a person's default position should be to incorporate Jewish laws and tradition into their lives, unless they have a specific reason to do otherwise. However some Reconstructionists believe that halakha is neither normative, nor binding, but are general guidelines.


title: Reconstructionist Judaism

text: Reconstructionism promotes many traditional Jewish practices. Thus, the commandments have been replaced with "folkways", non-binding customs that can be democratically accepted or rejected by the congregations. Folkways that are promoted include keeping Hebrew in the prayer service, studying Torah, daily prayer, wearing "kippot" ("yarmulkes"), "tallitot" and "tefillin" during prayer, and observance of the Jewish holidays.


title: Reconstructionist Judaism

text: Reconstructionists may use distinct prayer books, such as the "Kol haneshamah" Hebrew/English Reconstructionist prayer book. Marc Shapiro called attention to the Reconstructionist "Kol haneshamah" taking liberties with the text, sometimes with an English translation "so blatantly inaccurate that we have no choice but to regard it as a conscious alteration."


title: Reconstructionist Judaism

text: In practice, Kaplan's books, especially "The Meaning of God in Modern Jewish Religion" and "Judaism as a Civilization" are "de facto" statements of principles. In 1986, the Reconstructionist Rabbinical Association (RRA) and the Federation of Reconstructionist Congregations and Havurot (FRCH) passed the official "Platform on Reconstructionism". It is not a mandatory statement of principles, but rather a consensus of current beliefs. Major points of the platform state that:


title: Reconstructionist Judaism

text: Most Reconstructionists do not believe in revelation (the idea that God reveals his will to human beings). This is dismissed as supernaturalism. Kaplan posits that revelation "consists in disengaging from the traditional context those elements in it which answer permanent postulates of human nature, and in integrating them into our own ideology…the rest may be relegated to archaeology".


title: Reconstructionist Judaism

text: Many writers have criticized the movement's most widely held theology, religious naturalism. David Ray Griffin and Louis Jacobs have objected to the redefinitions of the terms "revelation" and "God" as being intellectually dishonest, and as being a form of "conversion by definition"; in their critique, these redefinitions take non-theistic beliefs and attach theistic terms to them. Similar critiques have been put forth by Rabbis Neil Gillman, Milton Steinberg, and Michael Samuels.


title: Reconstructionist Judaism

text: Reconstructionist Judaism is egalitarian with respect to gender roles. All positions are open to all genders; they are open to lesbians, gay men, and transgender individuals as well.


title: Reconstructionist Judaism

text: Reconstructionist Judaism allows its rabbis to determine their own policy regarding officiating at intermarriages. Some congregations accept patrilineal as well as matrilineal descent, and children of one Jewish parent, of any gender, are considered Jewish by birth if raised as Jews. This contrasts with the traditional interpretations of Jewish law of both Rabbinical Judaism, in which a child is Jewish by birth if its mother was Jewish; and of Karaite Judaism, in which a child is Jewish by birth if its "father" was Jewish.


title: Reconstructionist Judaism

text: The role of non-Jews in Reconstructionist congregations is a matter of ongoing debate. Practices vary between synagogues. Most congregations strive to strike a balance between inclusivity and integrity of boundaries. The Jewish Reconstructionist Federation (JRF) has issued a non-binding statement attempting to delineate the process by which congregations set policy on these issues, and sets forth sample recommendations. These issues are ultimately decided by local lay leadership.


title: Reconstructionist Judaism

text: In 2015 the Reconstructionist Rabbinical College voted to accept rabbinical students in interfaith relationships, making Reconstructionist Judaism the first type of Judaism to officially allow rabbis in relationships with non-Jewish partners. In making the decision, the movement considered that “many younger progressive Jews, including many rabbis and rabbinical students, now perceive restrictions placed on those who are intermarried as reinforcing a tribalism that feels personally alienating and morally troubling in the 21st century.” In April 2016 nineteen Reconstructionist rabbis announced they will form an offshoot group in part to protest the decision to allow rabbis to have non-Jewish partners.


title: Reconstructionist Judaism

text: Over 100 synagogues and "havurot", mostly in the United States and Canada, were affiliated with the Jewish Reconstructionist Federation. As of June 3, 2012, the Reconstructionist movement has been restructured. A joint institution consisting of the Reconstructionist Rabbinical College and the congregational organization is now the primary organization of the movement.


title: Reconstructionist Judaism

text: The movement's new designation was first "Jewish Reconstructionist Communities," and in 2018 became Reconstructing Judaism. Rabbi Deborah Waxman was inaugurated as the president of the Reconstructionist Rabbinical College and Jewish Reconstructionist Communities on October 26, 2014. As the president of the Reconstructionist Rabbinical College, she is believed to be the first woman and first lesbian to lead a Jewish congregational union, and the first lesbian to lead a Jewish seminary; the Reconstructionist Rabbinical College is both a congregational union and a seminary. Waxman is a 1999 graduate of RRC.


title: Reconstructionist Judaism

text: The Reconstructionist Rabbinical College educates rabbis. The Reconstructionist Rabbinical Association is the professional organization of Reconstructionist rabbis. The Jewish Reconstructionist youth organization is named No'ar Hadash. Camp Havaya (formerly Camp JRF) in South Sterling, Pennsylvania is the Reconstructionist movement's summer sleep away camp.


title: Reconstructionist Judaism

text: As of 2020, the Pew Research Center estimated that Reconstructionist Judaism, along with Humanist Judaism and other smaller denominations, constituted 4% of the United States's 7.5 million Jews.


title: Reconstructionist Judaism

text: Originally an offshoot of Conservative Judaism, Reconstructionism retains warm relations with Reform Judaism; however, Orthodox Judaism considers Reconstructionism, and every other non-Orthodox denomination, to be in violation of proper observance of interpretation of Jewish law. The Jewish Reconstructionist Federation is a member of the World Union for Progressive Judaism, in which it gained an observer status in 1990.


title: The Delfonics

text: The Delfonics were an American R&B/soul vocal group from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The Delfonics were most popular in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Their most notable hits include "La-La (Means I Love You)", "Didn't I (Blow Your Mind This Time)", "Break Your Promise", "I'm Sorry", and "Ready or Not Here I Come (Can't Hide from Love)". Their hit songs were primarily written by lead vocalist and founding member William "Poogie" Hart, and arranger and producer Thom Bell. Wilbert Hart is the last surviving member.


title: The Delfonics

text: Their songs have been used in film soundtracks, including Quentin Tarantino's 1997 movie "Jackie Brown", in which "La-La (Means I Love You)" and "Didn't I (Blow Your Mind This Time)" underscore the pivotal relationship between the characters played by Pam Grier and Robert Forster. Their songs "Ready or Not Here I Come (Can't Hide from Love)" and "Funny Feeling" were used in the video game "Grand Theft Auto V" on the fictional radio station The Lowdown 91.1.


title: The Delfonics

text: Prior to forming the Delfonics, William "Poogie" Hart sang in a variety of groups including Little Hart and The Everglows, the Veltones, the Four Guys, and the Four Gents. Members of some of these early groups included brothers William and Wilbert Hart, Ritchie Daniels, Randy Cain, Stan Lathan, and Donald Cannon, friends who met at Overbrook High School in the 1960s.


title: The Delfonics

text: Circa 1964, William "Poogie" Hart and his brother, Wilbert Hart, formed a group called The Orphonics, consisting of themselves plus Randy Cain and Richie Daniels. After Daniels joined the armed services, they used Ricky Johnson. Randy Cain later rejoined, and the original trio of William Hart, Wilbert Hart, and Randy Cain became The Orphonics. The name came from a stereophonic machine the Harts had in their basement.


title: The Delfonics

text: In 1965, William Hart was working in a barbershop in Philadelphia. A man named Stan Watson came into the barbershop one day, where William Hart, who had written quite a few songs by this point, would sing while playing his guitar. Watson told William Hart that he knew a young arranger/producer for Cameo-Parkway Records named Thom Bell, who was at the time working with Chubby Checker. Watson thereafter introduced the group to Bell. William Hart recalls that the first song he presented to Bell was an original composition of his entitled "He Don't Really Love You". Bell immediately produced the music arrangement to that song and it was released on Moon Shot, which later became Cameo-Parkway Records.


title: The Delfonics

text: The Orphonics were soon renamed "The Delfonics," and their first recording, "He Don't Really Love You" b/w "Without You", which had been arranged and produced by Thom Bell, was released on the small Moon Shot Records label in around August 1966. (The artist on first pressings of the 45 RPM record was actually listed as "The Del Fonics" and Thom Bell was credited as "Tommy Bell." Following the increased popularity of the group, the Moon Shot record was reissued in April 1968, and on this later release it was distributed by Calla Records.) The second Delfonics' recording, "You've Been Untrue" b/w "I Was There," once again arranged/produced by Bell (now credited as "Thom Bell") was released in April 1967 on Cameo Records.


title: The Delfonics

text: By the end of 1967, Cameo-Parkway Records announced that it would soon no longer exist as a record company. In December of that year, Thom Bell took the Delfonics into Cameo-Parkway's recording studio to record a William Hart composition, entitled "La-La (Means I Love You)", which featured Hart on falsetto lead. With Cameo-Parkway about to be defunct, Stan Watson started up his own label entitled Philly Groove Records and, in December 1967, "La-La (Means I Love You)" was first released to the local Philadelphia music market. After gaining national distribution/promotion with New York's Amy-Mala-Bell, the single became a hit in 1968, selling over one million copies. It reached No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100, and was awarded a gold disc.


title: The Delfonics

text: The group's debut album "La La Means I Love You", released on Philly Groove Records in 1968, featured the hit original compositions "La-La (Means I Love You)", "Break Your Promise", "I'm Sorry", and "Can You Remember"; along with covers of the Hal David/Burt Bacharach compositions "Alfie" and "The Look of Love".


title: The Delfonics

text: Four more Bell-produced albums appeared in the next few years: "The Sound of Sexy Soul", "The Delfonics Super Hits", "The Delfonics" and "Tell Me This Is a Dream". Among the Delfonics' popular hits were the Grammy Award-winning "Didn't I (Blow Your Mind This Time)", "(For The Love) I Gave To You", "Ready or Not Here I Come (Can't Hide from Love)", and "Hey Love". The Delfonics and Bell had to work with a basic budget on the first creation as Thom explained "When I took them into the studio we didn't have any money to pay for string players and an orchestra so I played most of the instruments myself!"—a far cry from the full classical productions from 1968 to the beginning of the 1970s. "Didn't I (Blow Your Mind This Time)" also sold a million copies and by March 1970 received a gold disc from the R.I.A.A.


title: The Delfonics

text: Randy Cain left the group in 1971 after completing their fourth album, and in 1973 had a hand in forming Blue Magic. Cain was replaced by Major Harris; by then, however, Thom Bell had moved on to produce The Stylistics and later, The Spinners. The Delfonics swiftly produced another album, "Alive & Kicking" (1974), produced by Stan Watson. However, in the absence of Bell, the Delfonics' career declined sharply, and with the exception of the aforementioned "Hey Love" and the minor hits "When You Get Right Down to It", "I Don't Want to Make You Wait" and "I Told You So", success eluded them after 1975. ("(For the Love) I Gave to You", although popular, was never released as a single.) Most of their songs at this point were written by lead singer William Hart.


title: The Delfonics

text: Late 1974, Major Harris started his solo career by signing with Atlantic Records, and releasing his 1975 No. 1 R&B hit single, "Love Won't Let Me Wait", which peaked at No. 5 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 chart and was awarded a gold disc by the R.I.A.A. on June 25, 1975.


title: The Delfonics

text: The group split around 1975; one group featured Major Harris and Wilbert Hart, with new member Frank Washington, formerly of the Futures. The other group featured William Hart with new members. Line-ups would become confusing as members shifted between groups and multiple groups toured. Major Harris moved to Hart's group around 1980, with their third member being the returning Randy Cain. Frank Washington also switched from Wilbert Hart's group, joining in 1985. While the main recording line-up of the group was William Hart, Major Harris, and Frank Washington, they would tour as two separate trios with additional members added. One group featured William Hart, Randy Cain, and Garfield Fleming, and the other consisted of Frank Washington, Major Harris, and Freddy Ingleton. William Hart also toured with another line-up consisting of himself, Johnny ("JJ") Johnson and Pat Palmer, and toured in Japan at least one time with Ingleton and Dr. Salaam Love. In 1989, Wilbert Hart, Major Harris and Frank Washington appeared on "The Arsenio Hall Show".


title: The Delfonics

text: Through the 1990s, the Delfonics groups continued to perform. The William Hart's with Major Harris and Frank Washington made several recordings, including backing vocals on the track "After the Smoke is Clear", on the 1996 hip hop album, "Ironman" by Ghostface Killah.


title: The Delfonics

text: The groups reorganized again in the 1990s. William Hart began touring with Johnnie Johnson and Garfield Fleming; this group recorded as the Delfonics. Major Harris toured with Frank Washington and Pat Palmer. Wilbert Hart's group included Salaam Love (formerly in William's group) and Eban Brown who formerly performed with Ray, Goodman & Brown and a short stay with The Manhattans as lead tenor. Brown was lead tenor with Wilbert Hart's group for five years, from 1993 until his departure to take a two-year break from the industry in 1998. Brown and Love were replaced by first tenor Van Fields and New York native Greg Hill around 1999. After a very short stay with Wilbert Hart's group, Fields left and joined The Stylistics in 2000 and Hill left in 2005 and was replaced by Dr. Salaam Love.


title: The Delfonics

text: William Hart's group with Johnson and Fleming were featured in concert on the DVDs "The Big Show" and "'70s Soul Jam", whereas Wilbert Hart's group is featured on the DVD "Old School Soul Party Live!", which was part of the PBS My Music series. Harris is also featured on the re-released DVD "Blue Magic/Margie Joseph/Major Harris Live!", which was recorded in 1975. Wilbert Hart released a CD in 2005 entitled "Fonic Zone", which he wrote and produced. Rick Ross was featured on the single entitled "Here For U".


title: The Delfonics

text: William "Poogie" Hart continued touring with his group, Johnson and Fleming while Wilbert Hart continued touring with his group, Branch and Salaam. Randy Cain reunited with the brothers at the Rhythm and Blues Foundation Awards in Philadelphia to perform for the first time together in years, and were honored with the Pioneer Award. Soon after, Cain joined William Hart on his tour and stayed with that unit until his death in 2009. William Hart, along with Russell Thompkins Jr., the original lead singer of The Stylistics and Ted Mills the original lead singer of Blue Magic came together to record a CD entitled, "The Three Tenors of Soul", which was produced by songwriter and producer, Bobby Eli and released in 2007.


title: The Delfonics

text: The Delfonics songs are covered and sampled by multiple artists and they are used in TV shows and in films. Below is a list of some of them.


title: The Delfonics

text: Formed in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1965 and originally known as the Four Gents, the Delfonics classic lineup featured:


title: Guy Madison

text: Guy Madison (born Robert Ozell Moseley; January 19, 1922 – February 6, 1996) was an American film, television, and radio actor. He is best known for playing Wild Bill Hickok in the Western television series "The Adventures of Wild Bill Hickok" from 1951 to 1958.


title: Guy Madison

text: During his career, Madison was given a special Golden Globe Award in 1954 and two stars (radio, television) on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1960.


title: Guy Madison

text: Madison was born in Pumpkin Center, California. He attended Bakersfield College, a junior college, for two years and then worked briefly as a telephone lineman before joining the United States Navy in 1942, during World War II. He had three brothers, Wayne, Harold and David, and a sister, Rosemary. Wayne Moseley was an actor, using the stage name Wayne Mallory.


title: Guy Madison

text: In 1944, Madison was visiting Hollywood on leave when his boyish good looks and physique caught the eye of Henry Willson, the head of talent at David O. Selznick's newly formed Vanguard Pictures. Willson was widely known for his stable of good-looking young actors with unusual names that he had bestowed upon them, and he immediately rechristened Moseley as Madison and cast him in a bit part as a sailor in Selznick's "Since You Went Away" (1944).


title: Guy Madison

text: Although on the screen for only three minutes, the studio received thousands of letters from fans wanting to know more about him. He received extensive coverage in the influential fan magazines of the time, including Photoplay where his agent Henry Willson had once worked.


title: Guy Madison

text: Madison returned to military service. When he got out, Selznick assigned his contract to RKO Pictures. RKO gave him a starring role in "Till the End of Time", a drama about veterans returning after World War II (1946). The film was a big hit, even though it was overshadowed by "The Best Years of Our Lives" (1946), another film on a similar theme. However, Madison's acting was criticized as wooden.


title: Guy Madison

text: Madison's second starring role paired him with fellow Selznick contract player Shirley Temple in "Honeymoon" (1947), which was a huge flop. His career began to suffer, in part because of his limited acting ability.


title: Guy Madison

text: Madison was borrowed by William Castle for "Texas, Brooklyn & Heaven" (1948). He also appeared in "Massacre River" (1949) and "Drums in the Deep South" (1951).


title: Guy Madison

text: Madison was eventually dropped by Selznick, along with most of Selznick's contract-players. In 1951 he was cast as the title character in the television series "The Adventures of Wild Bill Hickok" (1951–58), co-starring Andy Devine as his pal, Pete "Jingles" Jones. The series ran for seven years. During the run of the show, between 1952 and 1955, sixteen feature films were released by Monogram Pictures consisting of episodes combined into a continuous story.


title: Guy Madison

text: During the series' run, Madison also continued to make features: "Red Snow" (1952), a war movie for Columbia; "The Charge at Feather River" (1953), a Western for Fox in 3-D and a huge hit; "The Command" (1954), a popular Western for Warners; "5 Against the House" (1955), for Columbia; "The Last Frontier" (1955), supporting Victor Mature; "On the Threshold of Space" (1955), a science fiction film for Fox; "Hilda Crane" (1956), a melodrama for Fox; "The Beast of Hollow Mountain" (1957), shot in Mexico; "The Hard Man" (1957), a Western; and "Bullwhip" (1958), another Western.


title: Guy Madison

text: Madison went to Britain for "Jet Over the Atlantic" (1959) then went to Europe, where he found greater success in sword-and-sandal, spaghetti Western and macaroni combat films. He went to Italy for "Slave of Rome" (1961), "Sword of the Conqueror" (1961), "Women of Devil's Island" (1962), and "The Executioner of Venice" (1963).


title: Guy Madison

text: Madison went to Germany for "Old Shatterhand" (1964) then made a spaghetti Western, "Desafío en Río Bravo" (1964). He did "Kidnapped to Mystery Island" (1964), "Gentlemen of the Night" (1964), "The Adventurer of Tortuga" (1964), "Legacy of the Incas" (1965), "Renegade Riders" (1967), and "Son of Django" (1967).


title: Guy Madison

text: He made "Bang Bang Kid" (1967), "The Devil's Man" (1967), "Superargo and the Faceless Giants" (1968), "Long Days of Hate" (1968), "Hell in Normandy" (1968), "Battle of the Last Panzer" (1969), and "Reverend's Colt" (1970).


title: Guy Madison

text: Madison married the actress Gail Russell in 1949. They separated in 1953 and divorced in October 1954.


title: Guy Madison

text: Later that month, Madison married actress Sheila Connolly in Juarez, Mexico. They had three daughters: Bridget, Erin, and Dolly. They separated in November 1960 and divorced in April 1963. He had an affair with Gia Scala and, before her death, she made him the beneficiary to her portion of the Screen Actors Pension Fund. He had a son, Robert Madison, who also became an actor.


title: Guy Madison

text: Following his retirement, Madison built a large ranch home in Morongo Valley, California. He died of emphysema at the Desert Hospital Hospice in Palm Springs, California, on February 6, 1996, at the age of 74. He is buried at Forest Lawn Cemetery in Cathedral City, California. His friend, actor turned stockbroker Don Burnett, spoke at his funeral.


title: Guy Madison

text: For his contribution to the radio and television industries, Madison has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. The star for his contributions to radio is located at 6933 Hollywood Boulevard; the star for his television contributions is located at 6333 Hollywood Boulevard


title: Guy Madison

text: In 1996, a Golden Palm Star was dedicated to Madison on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars, in Palm Springs, California.


title: Chernin Entertainment

text: Chernin Entertainment is an American film and television production company founded and owned by former News Corporation president and chief operating officer Peter Chernin, also CEO and chairman of the company. Jenno Topping is the current Head of Film and Television, with David Ready serving as EVP of Film and Television. Kristen Campo is the EVP of television. Twenty-four films have been produced by them, most of them with 20th Century Fox.


title: Chernin Entertainment

text: Chernin Entertainment was founded by Peter Chernin after he stepped down as president of Fox's then-parent company News Corp. in 2009. The firm's first film was "Rise of the Planet of the Apes" in 2011. Chernin Entertainment's five-year first-look deal for the film and television was signed with 20th Century Fox and 20th Century Fox Television in 2009.


title: Chernin Entertainment

text: In March 2011, after leaving Maguire Entertainment, Jenno Topping joined the company as executive Vice President (EVP) of film division, and then in February 2013 she was promoted to President of films, vacated by Dylan Clark. David Ready was hired as Senior VP to report to Topping. In June 2015, the company's TV division's president Katherine Pope left the company, while Topping was promoted to President of Film and Television. In August 2015, Dante Di Loreto was hired and appointed as President of Television at the company, reporting to Topping. Kristen Campo joined the company in 2016 to run television after Di Loreto's departure.


title: Chernin Entertainment

text: In November 2014, the company signed an extension of the first-look deal with 20th Century Fox for film at a less lucrative terms. With only one hit TV show, New Girl, the TV pact was being shopped around. In June 2015, Chernin signed its television production deal for two years with NBCUniversal, in which Chernin would develop and produce projects for NBC though Universal Television. That deal was followed with one with Endeavor Content for a scripted drama pact in 2017.


title: Chernin Entertainment

text: On January 17, 2020, 20th Century Studios, now under the operation of Walt Disney Studios, ended its production deal with Chernin Entertainment, which had about four years remaining. The move was cited to Disney's preference of self-financing its films, and the studio's mandate of having 20th Century refocus on its franchises. Chernin will continue to work with Disney and 20th Century on the "Planet of the Apes" franchise and about 9 other films with the studio, while taking 70 out of 80 films in development in the split. On April 7, Chernin made a multi-year first-look deal with Netflix to make films.


title: Chernin Entertainment

text: In September 2020, Chernin Entertainment inked a multi-year partnership agreement with Spotify to allow the former to adapt films and TV shows from Spotify's original podcast catalog. On October 27, 2021, Nancy Utley, former vetaran of Searchlight Pictures had started Lake Ellyn Entertainment, with a first-look affiliate deal at the studio, and Netflix.


title: Chernin Entertainment

text: The company's first feature film "Rise of the Planet of the Apes", was released in August 2011 and has grossed more than $480 million at the worldwide box office. It has also produced "Parental Guidance", a comedy starring Billy Crystal and Bette Midler, which was released in December 2012, the sci-fi thriller from Joseph Kosinski, "Oblivion", starring Tom Cruise, and "The Heat", starring Melissa McCarthy and Sandra Bullock.


title: Frieren

text: As of September 2022, the manga had over 7.2 million copies in circulation. In 2021, "Frieren: Beyond Journey's End" won the 14th Manga Taishō and the New Creator Prize of the 25th annual Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize.


title: Frieren

text: The story follows elven mage Frieren, a former member of the party of adventurers who defeated the Demon King and restored harmony to the world after a ten-years-quest. In the past, the heroic group included Frieren, human hero Himmel, dwarven warrior Eisen and human priest Heiter. Before they part, they observe the Era Meteors together, a meteor shower that occurs once in fifty years. Frieren agrees to see them again and offer them a better view the next time the celestial event occurs. Frieren then departs and travels the world in pursuit of magical knowledge.


title: Frieren

text: Frieren returns to the capital fifty years later; however, humanity has changed, and her former companions have distinctly aged. After one last adventure to see the meteor shower, Himmel dies of old age. During the funeral, Frieren expressed guilt for not attempting to learn more about him. Frieren then pays a visit to her other former comrades. She accepts an offer to teach and care for Fern, an orphaned child adopted by Heiter. She also receives an invitation to travel far north, to the resting place of souls, and see Himmel again to bid the hero a fitting farewell and express her feelings. To fulfill those requests, Frieren embarks on a journey together with Fern while still pursuing her passion for learning magic.


title: Frieren

text: Frieren's elven nature grants her an extremely long lifespan, causing her to view periods of years or decades as ephemeral (this perception of time makes her consider the ten-year adventure with Himmel's party a fleeting experience). The story thus takes place across a long time, with periodic flashbacks accompanied by the physical and mental development of characters apart from Frieren herself.


title: Frieren

text: "Frieren: Beyond Journey's End" is written by and illustrated by . The series began in Shogakukan's "shōnen" manga magazine "Weekly Shōnen Sunday" on April 28, 2020. An official Twitter account for the series was opened on September 13, 2021. Shogakukan has collected its chapters into individual "tankōbon" volumes. The first volume was published on August 18, 2020. The first promotional video of the series was posted on October 16, 2020, for the release of the second volume. As of September 15, 2022, nine volumes have been released.


title: Frieren

text: In February 2021, Viz Media announced that they licensed the series for English release in North America, and the first volume was published on November 9, 2021.


title: Frieren

text: In September 2022, it was announced on the cover of the 9th volume of the manga that the series will receive an anime adaptation. It was later revealed to be a television series that is set to premiere in 2023.


title: Frieren

text: As of March 2021, the manga had over 2 million copies in circulation; over 5.6 million copies in circulation as of February 2022; over 6 million copies in circulation as of June 2022; and over 7.2 million copies in circulation as of September 2022. The manga ranked 2nd on Takarajimasha's "Kono Manga ga Sugoi!" list of best manga of 2021 for male readers; it ranked 6th on the 2022 list. The series ranked 2nd on the "Nationwide Bookstore Employees' Recommended Comics of 2021" by the Honya Club website. The series ranked 17th on the 2021 "Book of the Year" list by "Da Vinci" magazine; it ranked 10th on the 2022 list.


title: Frieren

text: Rebecca Silverman of "Anime News Network" gave the first volume an A−. Silverman praised the concept of Frieren outliving her companions and being forced to live with an understanding of the human world and her own emotions, calling it an "interesting take on the fantasy genre". Silverman, however, commented that the art is not "quite up to the emotional tasks of the story" and that Frieren's apprentice, Fern, "lacks personality".


title: Frieren

text: Wolfen Moondaughter of Sequential Tart gave the first volume a 9 out of 10. Moondaughter highlighted the slice of life nature of the story, despite its premise which involves a "D&D-style adventuring party", also praising the interaction between the characters and the art work, concluding: "If you want a break from fight scenes, and want something more serene and contemplative, this book should serve you well! It's also a lovely story of honouring the memory of lost loved ones, and dealing with grief." Sheena McNeil of the same website gave the first volume a 7. McNeil called the concept of "what happens to the party when the quest is over?" interesting, praising as well Frieren's struggling with "becoming less detached" and seeing her experiencing the "lovely poignant moments, bittersweet ones, and happy ones". McNeil also compared the series' pace and feel to "Haibane Renmei". "The Fandom Post" named it the 6th best manga of 2021. They wrote: "Time waits for no man and that line may be overused but that line strikes a chord in this manga. There is always more to discover and Frieren has to learn that lesson as time marches on. It’s a sweet but harsh reminder to enjoy the moment for all its worth."


title: P. Ravi Shankar

text: Pudipeddi Ravi Shankar (born 28 November 1966), also known as Sai Ravi, is an Indian actor, dubbing artist, director and writer. He predominantly appears in Kannada films, in addition to Telugu and Tamil films. He dubbed for over 3500 films with more than 1000 films each in Telugu and Tamil, and over 150 films in Kannada. He has won nine state Nandi Awards for Best Male Dubbing Artist and two Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Male Dubbing Artist.


title: P. Ravi Shankar

text: Son of actor P. J. Sarma and the brother of actor Sai Kumar, Ravi Shankar made his directorial debut with the Kannada film "Durgi" in 2004. Ravi Shankar worked as a dialogue writer and wrote dialogues for over 75 Telugu films and 150 Tamil films. He worked as a playback singer for Telugu films such as "Rakta Charitra" and "Bejawada". He gained recognition for his role in the 2011 Kannada film "Kempe Gowda," for which he won Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Kannada.


title: P. Ravi Shankar

text: P. Ravi Shankar grew up as a child in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. Ravi Shankar's mother Krishna Jyothy Pudipeddi is a Telugu actress who acted with Kannada thespian Dr. Rajkumar and others in films such as "Sri Krishna Garudi", "Makkala Rajya" and others. Ravi Shankar's father, Pudipeddi Jogeswara Sharma, was also an actor and dubbing artist who worked in many Telugu, Kannada and Tamil films. His elder brother Pudipeddi Sai Kumar entered the film industry as dubbing artist and later became an actor in Kannada Film Industry.


title: P. Ravi Shankar

text: Shankar is married to Suchil, a Punjabi woman, and the couple has a son, Adhvey. In 2018, Ravishankar announced that he will launch Adhvey as an actor in his own directorial film in Kannada.


title: P. Ravi Shankar

text: P. Ravi Shankar made his film debut as a lead actor in 1986 with R. Narayana Murthy's film Telugu film "Aalochinchandi". He later was seen in supporting roles in films such as "Madhura Nagarilo" and "Keechurallu". With no more offers, Ravi took a hiatus from acting and re-entered as a villain in 2001 with Gopi Chand's debut film "Tholi Valapu". Lack of success in his acting career forced him to pursue dubbing as a profession like his father and brother. He started dubbing professionally with the Telugu film "Rowdyism Zindabad", where he dubbed for Tamil actor Mohan Raj. He continued to dub for many character artists from other languages such as Raghuvaran, Mohan Raj, Devaraj, Charan Raj, Captain Raju, Nassar, Ashish Vidyarthi, Prakash Raj, Ashutosh Rana, Sonu Sood, Mukesh Rishi, Upendra and Pradeep Rawat etc. He dubbed for over 4000 films with more than 1000 films each in Telugu and Tamil and over 150 films in Kannada. In 2004, he directed a Kannada film titled "Durgi", starring Malashri. The film was later remade in Telugu as "Narasimhudu", starring N. T. Rama Rao Jr., Ameesha Patel and Sameera Reddy. Ravi provided the story for the film which was directed by B. Gopal. The film was heavily criticised and bombed at the box office.


title: P. Ravi Shankar

text: His dubbing work in the 2009 film "Arundhati", where he voiced for Sonu Sood, was praised in a review of "Idlebrain". He won the Nandi Award for Best Male Dubbing Artist for his performance in the film and was referred to as "Bommali Ravi Shankar" by the Telugu media.


title: P. Ravi Shankar

text: His breakthrough role was from the 2011 Kannada film "Kempe Gowda." The film became so popular that Ravishankar was hence called "Kempegowda Ravishankar" or "Arumugam Ravishankar" and he grew to become a household name in Karnataka. His performance was not only widely praised by the critics.


title: P. Ravi Shankar

text: Ravi Shankar, after "Kempe Gowda", became a busy supporting actor in the Kannada cinema. He then acted in films such as "Manikya", "Dandupalya", "Adhyaksha", "Charulatha", "Bachchan", "Edegarike", "Varadanayaka" and others. He was also seen in Telugu films such as "Kurradu" and "Happy Happy Gaa" and in Tamil films such as "Vettaikaaran" and "Kollaikaran".


title: P. Ravi Shankar

text: He won his first Nandi Award for Best Male Dubbing Artist in 1999 for Ram Gopal Varma's "Prema Katha". He dubbed for Manoj Bajpai in the film. He won his second Nandi Award in 2002 for Chiranjeevi's "Indra", in which he dubbed for Mukesh Rishi. His next Nandi Award was in 2004 for his dubbing in S. S. Rajamouli's "Sye". He dubbed for Pradeep Rawat in the film. He won four consecutive Nandi Awards from 2006 to 2009 for the films "Pokiri", "Athidhi", "Arundhati" and "Anjaneyulu" respectively. He also won Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Male Dubbing Artist for his dubbing for Ashish Vidyarthi in 2001 film "Dhill".


title: Operation Sea-Spray

text: Operation Sea-Spray was a 1950 U.S. Navy secret biological warfare experiment in which "Serratia marcescens" and "Bacillus globigii" bacteria were sprayed over the San Francisco Bay Area in California, in order to determine how vulnerable a city like San Francisco may be to a bioweapon attack.


title: Operation Sea-Spray

text: Starting on September 20, 1950 and continuing until September 27, the U.S. Navy released the two types of bacteria from a ship off the shore of San Francisco, believing them to be harmless to humans. Based on results from monitoring equipment at 43 locations around the city, the Army determined that San Francisco had received enough of a dose for nearly all of the city's 800,000 residents to inhale at least 5,000 of the particles.


title: Operation Sea-Spray

text: On October 11, 1950, eleven residents checked into Stanford Hospital in San Francisco with very rare, serious urinary tract infections. Although ten recovered, Edward J. Nevin, who had had recent prostate surgery, died three weeks later from a heart valve infection. The urinary tract outbreak was so unusual that the Stanford doctors wrote it up for a medical journal. None of the other hospitals in the city reported similar spikes in cases, and all 11 victims had urinary-tract infections following medical procedures, suggesting that the source of their infections lay inside the hospital. Cases of pneumonia in San Francisco also increased after "Serratia marcescens" was released, though a causal relation has not been conclusively established. The bacterium was also combined with phenol and an anthrax simulant and sprayed across south Dorset by US and UK military scientists as part of the DICE trials that ran from 1971 to 1975.


title: Operation Sea-Spray

text: There was no evidence that the Army had alerted health authorities before it blanketed the region with bacteria. Doctors later wondered whether the experiment might be responsible for heart valve infections around the same time as well as serious infections seen among intravenous drug users in the 1960s and 1970s.


title: Operation Sea-Spray

text: In 1977, the U.S. Senate Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research held a series of hearings at which the U.S. Army disclosed the existence of the tests. Army officials noted the pneumonia outbreak in their testimony but said any link to their experiments was totally coincidental. The Army pointed out that no other hospitals reported similar outbreaks and all 11 victims had urinary-tract infections following medical procedures, suggesting that the source of their infections lay inside the hospital.


title: Operation Sea-Spray

text: In 1981, Nevin's surviving family members filed suit against the federal government, alleging negligence and responsibility for the death of Edward J. Nevin, as well as financial and emotional harm caused to Mr. Nevin's wife from the medical costs.


title: Operation Sea-Spray

text: The lower court ruled against them primarily because the bacteria used in the test was unproven to be responsible for Mr. Nevin's death. The Nevin family appealed the suit all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court, which declined to overturn lower court judgments.


title: Battlefield 1942

text: Battlefield 1942 is a 2002 first-person shooter video game developed by DICE and published by Electronic Arts for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X. The game can be played in single-player mode against the video game AI or in multiplayer mode against players on the Internet or in a local area network. It is a popular platform for mod developers, with many released modifications that alter the gameplay and theme.


title: Battlefield 1942

text: In-game, players assume the role of one of five classes of infantry: Scout, Assault, Anti-Tank, Medic, and Engineer. Players also have the ability to fly various World War II fighter aircraft and bombers, navigate capital ships, submarines, and aircraft carriers, man coastal artillery defenses, drive tanks, APCs and jeeps, and take control of anti-aircraft guns and mounted machine guns.


title: Battlefield 1942

text: Each battle takes place on one of several maps located in a variety of places and famous battlefields in all of the major theaters of World War II: the Pacific, European, North African, Eastern, and Italian Fronts. Combat is between the Axis Powers and the Allies. The location determines which nation-specific armies are used (for example, on the Wake Island map, it is Japan versus the United States, while on the El Alamein map, it is Germany versus the United Kingdom). The maps in "Battlefield 1942" are based on real battles and are somewhat realistically portrayed.


title: Battlefield 1942

text: Upon release, "Battlefield 1942" received generally favorable reviews, with particular praise directed towards the innovative gameplay, multiplayer, and World War II theme. The game went on to perform well commercially, with over 3 million copies sold by 2004. Since its release, the game has spawned numerous sequels and spin-offs, which became part of what ultimately would become the "Battlefield" game series.


title: Battlefield 1942

text: The gameplay of "Battlefield 1942" generally has a more co-operative focus than previous games of this nature, as it is not only important to kill the opposition but to also hold certain "control points" around the map. Capturing control points allows the team to reinforce itself by enabling players and vehicles to spawn in a given area. Additionally, capturing and controlling control points also reduces enemy reinforcements. "Battlefield 1942" was one of the first mainstream games to represent a dramatic shift in FPS gameplay mentality not only favoring individualism but simultaneously encouraging teamwork and coordination.


title: Battlefield 1942

text: The default gameplay mode, Conquest, centers on the capture and control of control points; once a team captures a control point, its members can respawn from it. When a team loses control of all their control points, they cannot respawn. And if no one is alive, the team with no "spawn" points or the popular term "tickets" loses.


title: Battlefield 1942

text: Games are composed of rounds. A team wins the round when the other team runs out of tickets. A team loses tickets when its members are killed, but also when the other team holds a majority of the capture points on the map (typically when one team holds more capture points than the other). Therefore, sometimes the winning team must hunt down straggling or hiding enemy forces at the end of a round.


title: Battlefield 1942

text: Spawn tickets also play a vital role in the success of both teams. Every time a player on a team dies and respawns, their team loses one ticket. Every team starts each round with between 150 and 300 tickets, depending on the team's role (e.g., defense). Teams also gradually lose tickets depending on how many spawn points they control. As a general rule, the fewer spawn points controlled by a team, the more tickets they lose, and as they hold on these spawn points reduces, the tickets start dropping at a much quicker pace. For a team of 32 on a 64 player map, with 150 tickets, this means a little less than 5 respawns or deaths on average for every player if they hold their starting spawn points.


title: Battlefield 1942

text: The player can choose to play as either the Allied team or the Axis team. The Allies consist of the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada and the Soviet Union, while the Axis consists of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan. Regardless of which nation is chosen by the player, there are five different roles of infantry that the player can assume the role: Scout, Assault, Medic, Anti-tank, and Engineer.


title: Battlefield 1942

text: Each role has its own strength and weakness. For example, the scout role has long-range surveillance, high stopping power and the ability to provide spotting for artillery shelling against an enemy position (unlike other games with a similar feature, other player characters must also supply the artillery fire); however, the sniper rifle is not designed to be used in close-quarter combat and players frequently treat this role as just a plain sniper role by not providing spotting for artillery. Assault is the standard role and provides very aggressive firepower. The Anti-tank role specializes against vehicles and tanks, but their main weapon is inaccurate against moving enemy infantry. The Medic role has the ability to heal (himself and other players), but his sub-machine gun has less stopping power than the Assault's weapons. The Engineer has the ability to repair damaged vehicles and stationary weapons, and they also have the ability to deploy explosives, which are highly effective against both enemy infantry and vehicles, and lastly, land mines, which destroy enemy vehicles on contact.


title: Battlefield 1942

text: In 2000, DICE acquired Refraction Games (developers of "Codename Eagle") and inherited the in-development "Battlefield 1942". The game was originally proposed by DICE as a GameCube exclusive. Though satisfied with the proposal, negotiations never made it further because Nintendo had no online strategy. The game was developed by a team of 14 people at Digital Illusions. "Battlefield 1942" was built on the formula of the less well-known and successful "Codename Eagle" video game, set in an alternate history World War I. It featured single and multiplayer modes. The earlier Refractor 1 engine had more arcade-style physics and a less realistic focus than its successor, Refractor 2, which was used in "Battlefield 2". A Macintosh-compatible version of "Battlefield 1942" was made and released by Aspyr Media in mid-2004. An Xbox version of the game was also announced in early 2001 but was cancelled almost two years later so Electronic Arts could more closely work on an expansion pack for the PC.


title: Battlefield 1942

text: Two expansion packs would be released for "Battlefield 1942", "" (adding the Italian Front) and "", both adding various new gameplay modes, maps, and game concepts. "The Road to Rome" focuses on the Italian battles, allowing players to play as the Free French forces or as the Royal Italian Army. "Secret Weapons of WWII" focuses on prototypical, experimental, and rarely used weapons and vehicles (such as jet packs), and added subfactions to the German and British Armies, the German Elite Troops and British Commandos. Accompany each were patches to the base game that fixed bugs, and added extra content (such as the Battle of Britain map) to the base game. "Battlefield 1942 Deluxe Edition" includes the original game and "Battlefield 1942: The Road To Rome", and the "Battlefield 1942: World War II Anthology" added "Battlefield 1942: Secret Weapons of WWII" expansion pack. "Battlefield 1942: The Complete Collection" later added "Battlefield Vietnam" and "Battlefield Vietnam WWII Mod".


title: Battlefield 1942

text: In the United States, "Battlefield 1942" sold 680,000 copies and earned $27.1 million by August 2006. At the time, this led "Edge" to rank it as the country's 18th best-selling computer game released since January 2000. Combined sales of all "Battlefield" computer games, including "Battlefield 1942", had reached 2.7 million units in the United States by August 2006. In December 2002, the game received a "Gold" sales award from the Verband der Unterhaltungssoftware Deutschland (VUD), indicating sales of at least 100,000 units across Germany, Austria and Switzerland. The game sold more than 3 million copies by July 2004.


title: Battlefield 1942

text: The game received "generally favorable reviews", just one point shy of "universal acclaim", according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. At 6th annual Interactive Achievement Awards, "Battlefield 1942" received awards for Online Gameplay, Innovation in PC Gaming, PC Game of the Year, and Game of the Year. In March 2010 "Battlefield 1942" was awarded with "Swedish game of the decade" award at the computer game gala hosted by Swedish Games Industry.


title: Battlefield 1942

text: Scott Osborne of GameSpot called it a "comic book version of WWII." The publication later named it the best computer game of September 2002. Steve Butts of IGN praised the multiplayer, but said that "the single-player game leaves much to be desired."


title: Battlefield 1942

text: "PC Gamer US" and "Computer Games Magazine" named "Battlefield 1942" the best multiplayer computer game and best overall computer game of 2002; it tied with "" for the latter award in "Computer Games Magazine". It also won "GameSpot"s annual "Best Multiplayer Action Game on PC" and "Biggest Surprise on PC" awards, and was nominated in the publication's "Best Graphics (Technical) on PC" and "Game of the Year on PC" categories. "PC Gamer US"s editors hailed it as "the realization of our 'dream PC game' — multiplayer battles in which every interesting element of combat is playable by human teammates and opponents."


title: Battlefield 1942

text: The Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences awarded "Battlefield 1942" with four honors at the 6th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards (now known as the D.I.C.E. Awards): "Game of the Year", "Computer Game of the Year", "Innovation in Computer Gaming" and "Outstanding Achievement in Online Gameplay"; it was also nominated for "Outstanding Achievement in Game Design".


title: Battlefield 1942

text: "Battlefield 1942" was the first in the "Battlefield" series and would go on to spawn many sequels and spin-offs set in different eras of war. Releases included "Battlefield Vietnam" in 2004, "Battlefield 2" in 2005, "Battlefield 2142" in 2006, "Battlefield 1943" in 2009, "" in 2008 and , "Battlefield 3" in 2011, "Battlefield 4" in 2013, "Battlefield Hardline", a cops-and-robbers spinoff, in 2015, "Battlefield 1", a World War I based title, in 2016, "Battlefield V", the first time since "Battlefield 1943" that the series saw a return to a World War II theater of operations, and the first since "Battlefield 1942" set outside the Pacific Ocean theater of World War II in 2018, and "Battlefield 2042" in 2021. All of these releases have been overseen by DICE, with "Hardline" being developed by Visceral Games, with additional developers like Criterion Games, EA Gothenburg and Ripple Effect Studios providing additional development.


title: Battlefield 1942

text: Like "Half-Life" and some other popular FPS games, "Battlefield 1942" spawned a number of mods. Most did not progress very far and were abandoned without ever producing a public release. Some are very limited and just include some gameplay changes or even a different loading screen while others are total conversions that modify content and gameplay extensively. A few mods have become popular and are nearly games in their own right. Early modifications of Battlefield 1942 were produced without a software development kit. Later a "Mod Development Kit", Battlefield Mod Development Toolkit, was produced by EA to help the development of mods. With the release of the Battlefield 1942 sequel "Battlefield Vietnam" and "Battlefield 2", some mods have released a new version or have continued development with that game. "Battlefield Vietnam" uses an updated version of the "Refractor 2" game engine. Some mods have switched to the computer games "", "Half-Life 2" while others were releasing a standalone game after completed mod development for Battlefield 1942 (Eve of Destruction - REDUX and FinnWars).


title: Modern dance

text: Modern dance is a broad genre of western concert or theatrical dance which included dance styles such as ballet, folk, ethnic, religious, and social dancing; and primarily arose out of Europe and the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It was considered to have been developed as a rejection of, or rebellion against, classical ballet, and also a way to express social concerns like socioeconomic and cultural factors.


title: Modern dance

text: In the late 19th century, modern dance artists such as Isadora Duncan, Maud Allan, and Loie Fuller were pioneering new forms and practices in what is now called aesthetic or free dance. These dancers disregarded ballet's strict movement vocabulary (the particular, limited set of movements that were considered proper to ballet) and stopped wearing corsets and pointe shoes in the search for greater freedom of movement.


title: Modern dance

text: Throughout the 20th century, sociopolitical concerns, major historical events, and the development of other art forms contributed to the continued development of modern dance in the United States and Europe. Moving into the 1960s, new ideas about dance began to emerge as a response to earlier dance forms and to social changes. Eventually, postmodern dance artists would reject the formalism of modern dance, and include elements such as performance art, contact improvisation, release technique, and improvisation.


title: Modern dance

text: American modern dance can be divided (roughly) into three periods or eras. In the Early Modern period ( 1880–1923), characterized by the work of Isadora Duncan, Loie Fuller, Ruth St. Denis, Ted Shawn, and Eleanor King, artistic practice changed radically, but clearly distinct modern dance techniques had not yet emerged. In the Central Modern period ( 1923–1946), choreographers Martha Graham, Doris Humphrey, Katherine Dunham, Charles Weidman, and Lester Horton sought to develop distinctively American movement styles and vocabularies, and developed clearly defined and recognizable dance training systems. In the Late Modern period ( 1946–1957), José Limón, Pearl Primus, Merce Cunningham, Talley Beatty, Erick Hawkins, Anna Sokolow, Anna Halprin, and Paul Taylor introduced clear abstractionism and avant-garde movements, and paved the way for postmodern dance.


title: Modern dance

text: Modern dance has evolved with each subsequent generation of participating artists. Artistic content has morphed and shifted from one choreographer to another, as have styles and techniques. Artists such as Graham and Horton developed techniques in the Central Modern Period that are still taught worldwide and numerous other types of modern dance exist today.


title: Modern dance

text: Modern dance is often considered to have emerged as a rejection of, or rebellion against, classical ballet, although historians have suggested that socioeconomic changes in both the United States and Europe helped to initiate shifts in the dance world. In America, increasing industrialization, the rise of a middle class (which had more disposable income and free time), and the decline of Victorian social strictures led to, among other changes, a new interest in health and physical fitness. "It was in this atmosphere that a 'new dance' was emerging as much from a rejection of social structures as from a dissatisfaction with ballet." During that same period, "the champions of physical education helped to prepare the way for modern dance, and gymnastic exercises served as technical starting points for young women who longed to dance." Women's colleges began offering "aesthetic dance" courses by the end of the 1880s. Emil Rath, who wrote at length about this emerging art form at the time stated, "Music and rhythmic bodily movement are twin sisters of art, as they have come into existence simultaneously...today we see in the artistic work of Isadora Duncan, Maud Allan, and others the use of a form of dancing which strives to portray in movements what the music master expresses in his compositions—interpretative dancing."


title: Modern dance

text: In Europe, Mary Wigman in Germany, Francois Delsarte, Émile Jaques-Dalcroze (Eurhythmics), and Rudolf Laban developed theories of human movement and expression, and methods of instruction that led to the development of European modern and Expressionist dance. Other pioneers included Kurt Jooss (Ausdruckstanz) and Harald Kreutzberg.


title: Modern dance

text: Disturbed by the Great Depression and the rising threat of fascism in Europe, the radical dancers tried to raise consciousness by dramatizing the economic, social, ethnic and political crises of their time.


title: Modern dance

text: In 1915, Ruth St. Denis founded the Denishawn school and dance company with her husband Ted Shawn. Martha Graham, Doris Humphrey, and Charles Weidman were pupils at the school and members of the dance company. Seeking a wider and more accepting audience for their work, Duncan, Fuller, and Ruth St. Denis toured Europe. Martha Graham is often regarded as the founding mother of modern 20th-century concert dance. Graham viewed ballet as too one-sided: European, imperialistic, and un-American. She became a student at the Denishawn school in 1916 and then moved to New York City in 1923, where she performed in musical comedies, music halls, and worked on her own choreography. Graham developed her own dance technique, Graham technique, that hinged on concepts of contraction and release. In Graham's teachings, she wanted her students to "Feel". To "Feel", means having a heightened sense of awareness of being grounded to the floor while, at the same time, feeling the energy throughout your entire body, extending it to the audience. Her principal contributions to dance are the focus of the ‘center’ of the body (as contrast to ballet's emphasis on limbs), coordination between breathing and movement, and a dancer's relationship with the floor.


title: Modern dance

text: In 1927, newspapers regularly began assigning dance critics, such as Walter Terry, and Edwin Denby, who approached performances from the viewpoint of a movement specialist rather than as a reviewer of music or drama. Educators accepted modern dance into college and university curricula, first as a part of physical education, then as performing art. Many college teachers were trained at the Bennington Summer School of the Dance, established at Bennington College in 1934. Of the Bennington program, Agnes de Mille wrote, "...there was a fine commingling of all kinds of artists, musicians, and designers, and secondly, because all those responsible for booking the college concert series across the continent were assembled there. ... free from the limiting strictures of the three big monopolistic managements, who pressed for preference of their European clients. As a consequence, for the first time American dancers were hired to tour America nationwide, and this marked the beginning of their solvency."


title: Modern dance

text: African American dance blended modern dance with African and Caribbean movement (flexible torso and spine, articulated pelvis, isolation of the limbs, and polyrhythmic movement). Katherine Dunham trained in ballet, founded "Ballet Negre" in 1936 and then the "Katherine Dunham Dance Company" based in Chicago. In 1945, she opened a school in New York, teaching "Katherine Dunham Technique", African and Caribbean movement integrated with ballet and modern dance. Pearl Primus drew on African and Caribbean dances to create strong dramatic works characterized by large leaps. She often based her dances on the work of black writers and on racial issues, such as Langston Hughes's 1944 "The Negro Speaks of Rivers", and Lewis Allan's 1945 "Strange Fruit" (1945). Her dance company developed into the "Pearl Primus Dance Language Institute". Alvin Ailey studied under Lester Horton, Bella Lewitzky, and later Martha Graham. He spent several years working in both concert and theater dance. In 1958, Ailey and a group of young African-American dancers performed as the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater in New York. He drew upon his "blood memories" of Texas, the blues, spirituals and gospel as inspiration. His most popular and critically acclaimed work is "Revelations" (1960).


title: Modern dance

text: The legacy of modern dance can be seen in lineage of 20th-century concert dance forms. Although often producing divergent dance forms, many seminal dance artists share a common heritage that can be traced back to free dance.


title: Modern dance

text: Postmodern dance developed in the 1960s in United States when society questioned truths and ideologies in politics and art. This period was marked by social and cultural experimentation in the arts. Choreographers no longer created specific 'schools' or 'styles'. The influences from different periods of dance became more vague and fragmented.


title: Modern dance

text: Contemporary dance emerged in the 1950s as the dance form that is combining the modern dance elements and the classical ballet elements. It can use elements from non-Western dance cultures, such as African dancing with bent knees as a characteristic trait, and Butoh, Japanese contemporary dancing that developed in the 1950s. It incorporates modern European influences, via the work of pioneers like Isadora Duncan.


title: Modern dance

text: According to Treva Bedinghaus, "Modern dancers use dancing to express their innermost emotions, often to get closer to their inner-selves. Before attempting to choreograph a routine, the modern dancer decides which emotions to try to convey to the audience. Many modern dancers choose a subject near and dear to their hearts, such as a lost love or a personal failure. The dancer will choose music that relates to the story they wish to tell, or choose to use no music at all, and then choose a costume to reflect their chosen emotions."


title: Thailand in World War II

text: Thailand officially adopted a neutral position during World War II until the five hour-long Japanese invasion of Thailand on 8 December 1941, which led to an armistice and military alliance treaty between Thailand and the Japanese Empire in mid-December 1941. At the start of the Pacific War, the Japanese Empire pressured the Thai government to allow the passage of Japanese troops to invade British-held Malaya and Burma. After the invasion, Thailand capitulated. The Thai government under Plaek Phibunsongkhram (known simply as Phibun) considered it profitable to co-operate with the Japanese war efforts, since Thailand saw Japan – who promised to help Thailand regain some of the Indochinese territories (in today's Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam) which had been lost to France – as an ally against Western imperialism. Following added pressure from the start of the Allied bombings of Bangkok due to the Japanese occupation, Axis-aligned Thailand declared war on the United Kingdom and the United States and annexed territories in neighbouring countries, expanding to the north, south, and east, gaining a border with China near Kengtung.


title: Thailand in World War II

text: After becoming an ally of the Empire of Japan, Thailand retained control of its armed forces and internal affairs. The Japanese policy on Thailand differed from their relationship with the puppet state of Manchukuo. Japan intended bilateral relationships similar to those between Nazi Germany and Finland, Bulgaria and Romania. However, Thailand at that time was labelled by both the Japanese and the Allies as the "Italy of Asia" or "Oriental Italy", a secondary power.


title: Thailand in World War II

text: Meanwhile, the Thai government had split into two factions: the Phibun regime and the Free Thai Movement, a well-organised, pro-Allied resistance movement that eventually numbered around 90,000 Thai guerrillas, supported by government officials allied to the regent Pridi Banomyong. The movement was active from 1942, resisting the Phibun regime and the Japanese. The partisans provided espionage services to the Allies, performed some sabotage activities, and helped engineer Phibun's downfall in 1944. After the war, Thailand returned the annexed territories but received little punishment for its wartime role under Phibun.


title: Thailand in World War II

text: Thailand suffered around 5,569 military deaths during the war, almost entirely due to disease. Deaths in combat included 150 in the Shan States, 180 on 8 December 1941 (the day of both the brief Japanese invasion and the failed British assault on the Ledge), and 100 during the brief Franco-Thai War.


title: Thailand in World War II

text: Thailand, formerly known as Siam, was at the time one of few independent countries in Asia. However, the country was also struggling to modernize. Under absolute monarchy, the government was plagued by incompetence. Government service was lacking, poverty was high and even government officials were plagued with glass ceilings. Thai culture was rooted in the idea that the country belonged to the monarch. Absolute monarchy was only ended by a bloodless coup carried out by the People's Party on 24 June 1932, and Thailand was still struggling to set up a modern government.


title: Thailand in World War II

text: The civilian government set up by the People's Party was embroiled in conflict with old conservative factions, and the new system of democracy was short lived. In April 1933, the first prime minister Phraya Manopakorn Nititada dissolved the parliament and suspended the judiciary in a coup. His government then began to adopt more monarchist and conservative policies. It was in this era that Thailand saw its first anti-communist legislation passed, which would later be used by various governments to silence political opponents. The generals of the People's Party launched a second coup in June to regain power. This new government headed by Phraya Phahon would attempt to carry out elections and follow the constitution. His government would also see a civil war that killed 17 members of the government force and an unknown amount of rebel forces. The end of this conflict saw the military promote themselves as the protector of democracy. Under the Phraya Phahon government, the parliament saw its first elected representatives, lasted its entire four-year term, and was succeeded by another elected parliament. Prime Minister Phraya Phahon left office on 13 December 1938, citing that the military should not be running the country and his health problems. He was succeeded by Field Marshal Plaek Phibunsongkhram. Under Phibun, Thailand saw a decline in democracy.


title: Thailand in World War II

text: Prior to Phibun's premiership, the Thai military led by Phibun as defence minister, and the civilian liberals led by Pridi Banomyong as foreign minister, worked together harmoniously for several years, but when Phibun became prime minister in December 1938 this co-operation broke down, and military domination became more overt. His regime soon developed some fascist characteristics. In early 1939 forty political opponents, both monarchists and democrats, were arrested, and after rigged trials eighteen were executed, the first political executions in Siam in over a century. Many others, among them Prince Damrong and Phraya Songsuradej, were exiled. Phibun launched a demagogic campaign against the Chinese business class. Chinese schools and newspapers were closed, and taxes on Chinese businesses increased.


title: Thailand in World War II

text: Phibun and Luang Wichitwathakan, the government's ideological spokesman, copied the propaganda techniques used by Hitler and Mussolini to build up the cult of the leader. Aware of the power of mass media, they used the government's monopoly on radio broadcasting to shape popular support for the regime. Popular government slogans were constantly aired on the radio and plastered on newspapers and billboards. Phibun's picture was also to be seen everywhere in society, while portraits of the ex-monarch King Prajadhipok, an outspoken critic of the autocratic regime, were banned. At the same time Phibun passed a number of authoritarian laws which gave the government the power of almost unlimited arrest and complete press censorship. During the Second World War, newspapers were instructed to print only good news emanating from Axis sources, while sarcastic comments about the internal situation were banned.


title: Thailand in World War II

text: On 23 June 1939, Phibun changed the country's name from Siam to Thai (Thai: ไทย), or Thailand, said to mean "land of the free". This was directed against the ethnic diversity in the country (Malay, Chinese, Lao, Shan, etc.) and is based on the idea of a "Thai race", a Pan-Thai nationalism whose policy is the integration of the Shan, the Lao and other Tai peoples, such as Vietnam, Burma and South China, into a "Great Kingdom of Thailand" ()


title: Thailand in World War II

text: Modernisation was also an important theme in Phibun's new Thai nationalism. From 1939 to 1942 he issued a set of twelve Cultural Mandates. In addition to requiring that all Thais salute the flag, sing the national anthem, and speak the national language, the mandates also encouraged Thais to work hard, stay informed on current events, and to dress in a Western fashion. The mandates caused performances of traditional Thai music, dance, theatre and culture to be abolished, and changed into Western style.