title: Pale lager

text: In the period 1820–1830, a brewer named Gabriel Sedlmayr II the Younger, whose family was running the Spaten Brewery in Bavaria, went around Europe to improve his brewing skills. When he returned, he used what he had learned to get a more stable and consistent lager beer. The Bavarian lager was still different from the widely known modern lager; due to the use of dark malts it was quite dark, representing what is now called Dunkel beer or the stronger variety, bock beer.


title: Pale lager

text: The new recipe of the improved lager beer spread quickly over Europe. In particular Sedlmayr's friend Anton Dreher adopted new kilning techniques that enabled the use of lighter malts to improve the Viennese beer in 1840–1841, creating a rich amber-red colored Vienna-style lager.


title: Pale lager

text: Pale lagers tend to be dry, lean, clean-tasting and crisp. Flavors may be subtle, with no traditional beer ingredient dominating the others. Hop character (bitterness, flavor, and aroma) ranges from negligible to a dry bitterness from noble hops. The main ingredients are water, Pilsner malt and noble hops, though some brewers use adjuncts such as rice or corn to lighten the body of the beer.


title: Pale lager

text: Pale lager was developed in the mid 19th century, when Gabriel Sedlmayr took some British pale ale brewing techniques back to the Spaten Brewery in Germany, and started to modernize continental brewing methods. In 1842 a new modern lager brewery Měšťanský pivovar was built in Pilsen, a city in western Bohemia in what is now the Czech Republic. The first known example of a golden lager "Pilsner Urquell" was brewed there by Josef Groll. This beer proved so successful that other breweries followed the trend, using the name Pilsner. Breweries now use the terms "lager" and "Pilsner" interchangeably, though pale lagers from the Czech Republic and Germany categorized as pilsner tend to have more evident noble hop aroma and dry finish than other pale lagers.


title: Pale lager

text: With the success of Pilsen's golden beer, the town of Dortmund in Germany started brewing pale lager in 1873. As Dortmund was a major brewing center, and the town breweries grouped together to export the beer beyond the town, the brand name


title: Pale lager

text: "Dortmunder Export" became known. Today, breweries in Denmark, the Netherlands, and North America brew pale lagers labelled as Dortmunder Export.


title: Pale lager

text: "" or "" is a traditional German pale lager, produced chiefly in Southern Germany, particularly Munich. The German word can be translated as "bright", "light", or "pale". In 1894, the Spaten Brewery in Munich noticed the commercial success of the pale lagers Pilsner and Dortmunder Export; Spaten utilized the methods that Sedlmayr had brought home over 50 years earlier to produce their own pale lager they named in order to distinguish it from the darker, sweeter beers from that region: or ("dark beer"). Initially other Munich breweries were reluctant to brew pale-coloured beer, though as the popularity of pale beers grew, so gradually other breweries in Munich and Bavaria began brewing pale lager either using the name or .


title: Pale lager

text: Pale lagers termed , , or gold remain popular in Munich and Bavaria, with a local inclination to use low levels of hops, and an abv in the range 4.7% to 5.4%; Munich breweries which produce such pale lagers include Löwenbräu, , Augustiner Bräu, and Hacker-Pschorr, with Spaten-Franziskaner-Bräu producing a 5.2% abv pale lager called .


title: Pale lager

text: The earliest known brewing of pale lager in the United States was in the Old City section of Philadelphia by John Wagner in 1840 using yeast from his native Bavaria. Modern American lagers are usually made by large breweries such as Anheuser-Busch. Lightness of body is a cardinal virtue, both by design and since it allows the use of a high percentage of less expensive, light-bodied rice or corn.


title: Pale lager

text: Beer from XXXX, various Tooheys' brands, Victoria Bitter (which is classified as a lager), West End, Swan are Australian lagers.


title: Pale lager

text: Though all lagers are well attenuated, a more fully fermented pale lager in Germany goes by the name "Diät-Pils" or "". "Diet" in the instance not referring to being "light" in calories or body, rather its sugars are fully fermented into alcohol, allowing the beer to be targeted to diabetics due to its lower carbohydrate content. Because the available sugars are fully fermented, dry beers often have a higher alcohol content, which may be reduced in the same manner as low-alcohol beers.


title: Pale lager

text: The first dry beer, "Gablinger's Diet Beer", was released in 1967, developed by Joseph Owades at Rheingold Breweries in Brooklyn. Owades developed an enzyme that could further break down starches, so that the finished product contained fewer residual carbohydrates and was lower in food energy.


title: Pale lager

text: Since the 2012 revisions to the "" (Ordinance on Dietetic Foodstuffs), it is no longer permitted to label beer as "Diät" in Germany, but it may be advertised as "suitable for diabetics". Prior to this change, a "Diätbier" could contain no more than 7.5 g of unfermented carbohydrates per liter (a typical lager contains 30-40 g/L), and the alcohol content could not exceed normal levels (5% ABV).


title: Pale lager

text: A marketing term for a fully attenuated pale lager, originally used in Japan by Asahi Breweries in 1987, , was taken up by the American brewer Anheuser-Busch in 1988 as "dry beer" for the Michelob brand, "Michelob Dry". This was followed by other "dry beer" brands such as Bud Dry, though the marketing concept was not considered a success. In Australia, the term "Dry" substitutes for what worldwide is considered "Light": Light beers in Australia are lower alcohol, whereas Dry beers are lower in carbohydrates.


title: Pale lager

text: Pale lagers that exceed an abv of around 5.8% are variously termed bock, malt liquor, super strength lager, Oktoberfestbier/Märzen, or European strong lager.


title: Pale lager

text: Bock is a strong lager which has origins in the Hanseatic town of Einbeck in Germany. The name is a corruption of the medieval German brewing town of Einbeck, but also means billy goat (buck) in German. The original bocks were dark beers, brewed from high-colored malts. Modern bocks can be dark, amber or pale in color. Bock was traditionally brewed for special occasions, often religious festivals such as Christmas, Easter or Lent.


title: Pale lager

text: Malt liquor is an American term referring to a strong pale lager brewed to an unnaturally high alcohol content through the addition of such high-carbohydrate adjuncts as corn, rice, and sugar. In the UK, similarly made beverages are called super-strength lager.


title: Pale lager

text: Oktoberfest is a German festival dating from 1810, and Oktoberfestbiers are the beers that have been served at the festival since 1818, and are supplied by six breweries: Spaten, Löwenbräu, Augustiner-Bräu, Hofbräu-München, Paulaner and Hacker-Pschorr. Traditionally Oktoberfestbiers were the lagers of around 5.5 to 6 abv called "Märzen", brewed in March and allowed to ferment slowly during the summer months. Originally these would have been dark lagers, but from 1872 a strong March brewed version of an amber-red Vienna lager made by Josef Sedlmayr became the favorite Oktoberfestbier. The color of Märzen and so Oktoberfestbier has become even lighter since the late 20th century, with all Oktoberfest beers brewed in Munich since 1990 being golden in color; though some Munich brewers still produce darker versions, mostly for export to the United States.


title: Pale lager

text: Oktoberfestbier is a registered trademark of the big six Munich breweries, who call themselves the Club of Munich Brewers. Oktoberfestbier is also known as Munich beer, and—along with Bavarian beer—Munich beer is protected by the European Union as a Protected Geographical Indication (PGI).


title: Subset sum problem

text: The subset sum problem (SSP) is a decision problem in computer science. In its most general formulation, there is a multiset formula_1 of integers and a target-sum formula_2, and the question is to decide whether any subset of the integers sum to precisely formula_2"." The problem is known to be NP. Moreover, some restricted variants of it are NP-complete too, for example:


title: Subset sum problem

text: SSP can also be regarded as an optimization problem: find a subset whose sum is at most "T", and subject to that, as close as possible to "T". It is NP-hard, but there are several algorithms that can solve it reasonably quickly in practice.


title: Subset sum problem

text: As both "n" and "L" grow large, SSP is NP-hard. The complexity of the best known algorithms is exponential in the smaller of the two parameters "n" and "L". The problem is NP-hard even when all input integers are positive (and the target-sum "T" is a part of the input). This can be proved by a direct reduction from 3SAT. It can also be proved by reduction from 3-dimensional matching (3DM):


title: Subset sum problem

text: The most naïve algorithm would be to cycle through all subsets of "n" numbers and, for every one of them, check if the subset sums to the right number. The running time is of order formula_8, since there are formula_9 subsets and, to check each subset, we need to sum at most "n" elements.


title: Subset sum problem

text: The algorithm can be implemented by depth-first search of a binary tree: each level in the tree corresponds to an input number; the left branch corresponds to excluding the number from the set, and the right branch corresponds to including the number (hence the name Inclusion-Exclusion). The memory required is formula_10. The run-time can be improved by several heuristics:


title: Subset sum problem

text: In 1974, Horowitz and Sahni published a faster exponential-time algorithm, which runs in time formula_11, but requires much more space - formula_12. The algorithm splits arbitrarily the "n" elements into two sets of formula_13 each. For each of these two sets, it stores a list of the sums of all formula_14 possible subsets of its elements. Each of these two lists is then sorted. Using even the fastest comparison sorting algorithm, Mergesort for this step would take time formula_15. However, given a sorted list of sums for formula_16 elements, the list can be expanded to two sorted lists with the introduction of a (formula_17)th element, and these two sorted lists can be merged in time formula_18. Thus, each list can be generated in sorted form in time formula_19. Given the two sorted lists, the algorithm can check if an element of the first array and an element of the second array sum up to "T" in time formula_19. To do that, the algorithm passes through the first array in decreasing order (starting at the largest element) and the second array in increasing order (starting at the smallest element). Whenever the sum of the current element in the first array and the current element in the second array is more than "T", the algorithm moves to the next element in the first array. If it is less than "T", the algorithm moves to the next element in the second array. If two elements that sum to "T" are found, it stops. (The sub-problem for two elements sum is known as two-sum.)


title: Subset sum problem

text: In 1981, Schroeppel and Shamir presented an algorithm based on Horowitz and Sanhi, that requires similar runtime - formula_21, much less space - formula_22. Rather than generating and storing all subsets of "n"/2 elements in advance, they partition the elements into 4 sets of "n"/4 elements each, and generate subsets of "n"/2 element pairs dynamically using a min heap, which yields the above time and space complexities since this can be done in formula_23 and space formula_24 given 4 lists of length k.


title: Subset sum problem

text: Due to space requirements, the HS algorithm is practical for up to about 50 integers, and the SS algorithm is practical for up to 100 integers.


title: Subset sum problem

text: Howgrave-Graham and Joux presented a probabilistic algorithm that runs faster than all previous ones - in time formula_25 using space formula_26. It solves only the decision problem, cannot prove there is no solution for a given sum, and does not return the subset sum closest to "T".


title: Subset sum problem

text: The techniques of Howgrave-Graham and Joux were subsequently extended bringing the time-complexity to formula_27.


title: Subset sum problem

text: SSP can be solved in pseudo-polynomial time using dynamic programming. Suppose we have the following sequence of elements in an instance:


title: Subset sum problem

text: Starting from the initial state (0, 0), it is possible to use any graph search algorithm (e.g. BFS) to search the state ("N", "T"). If the state is found, then by backtracking we can find a subset with a sum of exactly "T".


title: Subset sum problem

text: The run-time of this algorithm is at most linear in the number of states. The number of states is at most "N" times the number of different possible sums. Let be the sum of the negative values and the sum of the positive values; the number of different possible sums is at most "B"-"A", so the total runtime is in formula_33. For example, if all input values are positive and bounded by some constant "C", then "B" is at most "N C", so the time required is formula_34.


title: Subset sum problem

text: This solution does not count as polynomial time in complexity theory because formula_35 is not polynomial in the "size" of the problem, which is the number of bits used to represent it. This algorithm is polynomial in the values of and , which are exponential in their numbers of bits. However, Subset Sum encoded in "unary" is in P, since then the size of the encoding is linear in B-A. Hence, Subset Sum is only "weakly" NP-Complete.


title: Subset sum problem

text: For the case that each formula_36 is positive and bounded by a fixed constant , Pisinger found a linear time algorithm having time complexity formula_37 (note that this is for the version of the problem where the target sum is not necessarily zero, otherwise the problem would be trivial). In 2015, Koiliaris and Xu found a deterministic formula_38 algorithm for the subset sum problem where is the sum we need to find. In 2017, Bringmann found a randomized formula_39 time algorithm.


title: Subset sum problem

text: In 2014, Curtis and Sanches found a simple recursion highly scalable in SIMD machines having formula_40 time and formula_41 space, where is the number of processing elements, formula_42 and formula_43 is the lowest integer. This is the best theoretical parallel complexity known so far.


title: Subset sum problem

text: A comparison of practical results and the solution of hard instances of the SSP is discussed by Curtis and Sanches.


title: Subset sum problem

text: Suppose all inputs are positive. An approximation algorithm to SSP aims to find a subset of "S" with a sum of at most "T" and at least "r" times the optimal sum, where "r" is a number in (0,1) called the "approximation ratio".


title: Subset sum problem

text: When this algorithm terminates, either all inputs are in the subset (which is obviously optimal), or there is an input that does not fit. The first such input is smaller than all previous inputs that are in the subset and the sum of inputs in the subset is more than "T"/2 otherwise the input also is less than T/2 and it would fit in the set. Such a sum greater than T/2 is obviously more than OPT/2.


title: Subset sum problem

text: The following algorithm attains, for every formula_44, an approximation ratio of formula_45. Its run time is polynomial in and formula_46. Recall that "n" is the number of inputs and "T" is the upper bound to the subset sum.


title: Subset sum problem

text: Note that without the trimming step (the inner "for each" loop), the list "L" would contain the sums of all formula_9 subsets of inputs. The trimming step does two things:


title: Subset sum problem

text: These properties together guarantee that the list contains no more than formula_49 elements; therefore the run-time is polynomial in formula_49.


title: Subset sum problem

text: When the algorithm ends, if the optimal sum is in , then it is returned and we are done. Otherwise, it must have been removed in a previous trimming step. Each trimming step introduces an additive error of at most formula_48, so steps together introduce an error of at most formula_52. Therefore, the returned solution is at least formula_53 which is at least formula_54 .


title: Subset sum problem

text: The above algorithm provides an "exact" solution to SSP in the case that the input numbers are small (and non-negative). If any sum of the numbers can be specified with at most bits, then solving the problem approximately with formula_55 is equivalent to solving it exactly. Then, the polynomial time algorithm for approximate subset sum becomes an exact algorithm with running time polynomial in and formula_56 (i.e., exponential in ).


title: Subset sum problem

text: Kellerer, Mansini, Pferschy and Speranza and Kellerer, Pferschy and Pisinger present other FPTAS-s for subset sum.


title: David Arnold

text: David Arnold (born 23 January 1962) is a British film composer whose credits include scoring five James Bond films, as well as "Stargate" (1994), "Independence Day" (1996), "Godzilla" (1998) and the television series "Little Britain" and "Sherlock". For "Independence Day" he received a Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television and for "Sherlock" he, and co-composer Michael Price, won a Creative Arts Emmy for the score of "His Last Vow", the final episode in the third series. Arnold scored the BBC / Amazon Prime series "Good Omens" (2019) adapted by Neil Gaiman from his book "Good Omens", written with Terry Pratchett. Arnold is a fellow of the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors.


title: David Arnold

text: While attending a Sixth Form College in Luton, Arnold became friends with director Danny Cannon. Cannon initially created short films for which Arnold was asked to write the music. The two made their respective major film debuts with "The Young Americans". "Play Dead", a song from the film with singer Björk, charted No. 12 in the UK. The following year he scored "Stargate" and "Last of the Dogmen", with excerpts from the former ranking third in the most commonly used soundtrack cues for film trailers.


title: David Arnold

text: Arnold then composed music for "Stargate" director Roland Emmerich's next two movies, "Independence Day" and "Godzilla", as well as four movies for director John Singleton. In addition, he has scored various comedies, dramas, and nineteenth-century period pieces, as well as providing music for several British television shows including the 2000 remake of "Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased)" and "Little Britain". During film production, his compositions are conducted by Nicholas Dodd. In 2010, he composed the music for "Come Fly With Me", a British television series from the producers of "Little Britain".


title: David Arnold

text: He is a member of the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors (BASCA). On Thursday 29 November 2012, Arnold received an honorary degree from University of West London. Now a university honorary, he will work closely with the University in particular London College of Music, a faculty within the institute. In 2014, he appeared as himself in "The Life of Rock with Brian Pern".


title: David Arnold

text: Arnold performed his debut orchestral concert, showcasing his film and television music, on Sunday 6 July 2014 at London's Royal Festival Hall. The line-up featured Nicholas Dodd conducting, David McAlmont as surprise guest vocalist ("My secret weapon!" said Arnold) and the Urban Voices Collective choir, plus Mark Gatiss and Amanda Abbington introducing the suite of "Sherlock" music, for which Arnold's collaborator on the project, Michael Price, replaced Dodd.


title: David Arnold

text: He performed his music in a series of orchestral concerts in 2015: Dublin) in January (with the RTÉ Concert Orchestra); Manchester (with the Manchester Camerata) in April; and London (with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra), Birmingham and Nottingham (with the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra (CBSO)) in June 2015. He was also the special guest at 'The music of David Arnold', a concert in Lucerne in October 2015, with Ludwig Wicki conducting the 21st Century Symphony Orchestra and Chorus. On 5 June 2016 Film Music Prague performed a concert of his work, with Arnold in attendance (and performing) as special guest. In February 2016 the Royal Albert Hall announced the premiere of "Independence Day" Live on 22 September 2016. This celebrated the 20th anniversary of the film's release with a live orchestral performance. David Arnold gave a pre-show talk about his work and the Royal Philharmonic Concert Orchestra and Maida Vale Singers (conducted by Gavin Greenaway) performed the original music while the film screened. The Upcoming magazine gave the event a five star review noting that "with unrivalled acoustics and a ceiling filled with floating UFO-shaped objects, the Hall set the ideal scene for the audience and the musicians alike" and that the production "kept the audience on the edge of their seats as if the film had just been released for the first time."


title: David Arnold

text: Arnold hosted another two concerts of his music in Dublin, at the Bord Gáis Energy Theatre on 19 and 20 May 2017, with the RTÉ Concert Orchestra. The first concert showcased his career in writing music for film and television, the second was "Independence Day" Live with the film screened as the orchestra played the score alongside. The first James Bond film ever to be screened with a live orchestra was "Casino Royale in Concert" which took place at the Royal Albert Hall on Saturday 30 September 2017; David Arnold held a pre-concert question and answer session.


title: David Arnold

text: Arnold was a Bond fan from an early age and also a fan of Bond composer John Barry. In 1997, Arnold produced "", an album featuring new versions of the themes from various James Bond films. The album featured a variety of contemporary artists including Jarvis Cocker, Chrissie Hynde, David McAlmont, Propellerheads and Iggy Pop; a version of "You Only Live Twice" by Björk was recorded but not included on the album. John Barry, the composer of many of the themes on the album, was complimentary about Arnold's interpretation of his work; "He was very faithful to the melodic and harmonic content, but he's added a whole other rhythmic freshness and some interesting casting in terms of the artists chosen to do the songs. I think it's a terrific album. I'm very flattered." Barry contacted Barbara Broccoli, producer of the then-upcoming "Tomorrow Never Dies", to recommend Arnold as the film's composer. Arnold was hired to score the instalment and, returning the compliment to the man he refers to as "The guvnor", included musical references to Barry's score for "From Russia with Love," as well as, of course, the "James Bond Theme" composed by Monty Norman with Barry's arrangement.


title: David Arnold

text: Arnold scored the four subsequent Bond films: "The World Is Not Enough", "Die Another Day" (in which he included references to John Barry's score for "On Her Majesty's Secret Service"), "Casino Royale" and "Quantum of Solace". Arnold did not score the 23rd James Bond film, "Skyfall", with Thomas Newman taking his place. Arnold commented that Newman had been selected by the film's director, Sam Mendes, because of their history of working together, rather than because of Arnold's commitment to working with director Danny Boyle as composer for the Opening Ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics. However, a part of Arnold's composition work on "Casino Royale" was reused, with a credit, in "Skyfall" and again in "SPECTRE".


title: David Arnold

text: Arnold also co-wrote the main theme songs for "The World Is Not Enough" ("The World Is Not Enough" by Garbage) and "Casino Royale" ("You Know My Name" by Chris Cornell), as well as "Surrender" by k.d. lang which appears during the end credits of "Tomorrow Never Dies" having been originally proposed as the opening theme. Arnold also contributed the main themes to Kevin Kiner's score for Activision's "GoldenEye 007", the remake of the 1997 game of the same name.


title: David Arnold

text: In 2017, a part of a track entitled "Vesper" from Arnold's composition work on the "Casino Royale" soundtrack was reused in a "Sherlock" episode entitled "The Final Problem", the third episode of the fourth series, in a track entitled "Pick Up" composed by Arnold himself and Michael Price.


title: David Arnold

text: Arnold has collaborated with such musical acts as Cast, Kaiser Chiefs, Massive Attack, and Pulp, and solo artists Natasha Bedingfield, Melanie C, Björk, Chris Cornell, Shirley Manson, Mark Morriss, Nina Persson and in 2009 produced Shirley Bassey's album "The Performance".


title: David Arnold

text: In 2001, he provided a new arrangement of Ron Grainer's "Doctor Who" theme music for the Eighth Doctor audio dramas from Big Finish Productions. His version was used as the Eighth Doctor theme starting with 2001's "Storm Warning" until 2008, when it was replaced with a new version arranged by Nicholas Briggs starting with "Dead London". Arnold's theme returned to the Eighth Doctor releases with the 2012 box set, "Dark Eyes".


title: David Arnold

text: Arnold is the second cousin of Irish singer-songwriter Damien Rice, and is an ambassador for aid agency CARE International in the UK. He has made minor appearances in two different episodes of "Little Britain" as separate characters.


title: David Arnold

text: In February 2011, it was announced that he had been appointed Musical Director for the 2012 Olympic Games and the 2012 Paralympic Games in London.


title: David Arnold

text: Arnold took part in a tribute to John Barry on 20 June 2011 at the Royal Albert Hall in London, singing a song that was composed by Barry and playing the guitar part of the James Bond theme.


title: David Arnold

text: In 2014, Arnold teamed up with Richard Thomas, to write the music and lyrics for the new West End musical "Made in Dagenham".


title: David Arnold

text: In October 2015 he collaborated with Lethal Bizzle and Sinead Harnett to create a song combining orchestral, grime and soul elements. The song, 'Come This Far', was performed live at a special event at One Mayfair, as part of Bulmers Cider's LiveColourful LIVE promotion, and made available as a free download from Bulmers' website. He and "Sherlock" co-composer Michael Price also composed the music for ITV's Jekyll and Hyde television series which premiered in October 2015.


title: David Arnold

text: In September 2016 the Royal Albert Hall hosted an orchestral performance of "Independence Day" with the score performed live to picture, David Arnold gave a pre-show talk.


title: David Arnold

text: In 2019, David Arnold provided additional production for Sophie Ellis-Bextor's orchestral album, "The Song Diaries". Later in 2020, he co-produced an orchestral cover of 'My Favourite Things' (from "The Sound of Music") along with Richard Jones (of The Feeling) for Sophie's 2020 compilation album "Songs From The Kitchen Disco".


title: Sangiovese

text: Sangiovese (, , , ) is a red Italian wine grape variety that derives its name from the Latin "sanguis Jovis", "the blood of Jupiter". Though it is the grape of most of central Italy from Romagna down to Lazio (the most widespread grape in Tuscany), Campania and Sicily, outside Italy it is most famous as the only component of Brunello di Montalcino and Rosso di Montalcino and the main component of the blends Chianti, Carmignano, Vino Nobile di Montepulciano and Morellino di Scansano, although it can also be used to make varietal wines such as Sangiovese di Romagna and the modern "Super Tuscan" wines like Tignanello.


title: Sangiovese

text: Sangiovese was already well known by the 16th century. Recent DNA profiling by José Vouillamoz of the Istituto Agrario di San Michele all’Adige suggests that Sangiovese's ancestors are Ciliegiolo and Calabrese Montenuovo. The former is well known as an ancient variety in Tuscany, the latter is an almost-extinct relic from Calabria, the toe of Italy. At least fourteen Sangiovese clones exist, of which Brunello is one of the best regarded. An attempt to classify the clones into "Sangiovese grosso" (including Brunello) and "Sangiovese piccolo" families has gained little evidential support.


title: Sangiovese

text: Young Sangiovese has fresh fruity flavours of strawberry and a little spiciness, but it readily takes on oaky, even tarry, flavours when aged in barrels. While not as aromatic as other red wine varieties such as Pinot noir, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Syrah, Sangiovese often has a flavour profile of sour red cherries with earthy aromas and tea leaf notes. Wines made from Sangiovese usually have medium-plus tannins and high acidity.


title: Sangiovese

text: Early theories on the origin of Sangiovese dated the grape to the time of Roman winemaking. It was even postulated that the grape was first cultivated in Tuscany by the Etruscans from wild "Vitis vinifera" vines. The literal translation of the grape's name, the ""blood of Jove"", refers to the Roman god Jupiter. According to legend, the name was coined by monks from the commune of Santarcangelo di Romagna in what became the province of Rimini in the Emilia-Romagna region of east-central Italy.


title: Sangiovese

text: The first documented mention of Sangiovese was in the 1590 writings of Giovanvettorio Soderini (also known under the pen name of "Ciriegiulo"). Identifying the grape as ""Sangiogheto"" Soderini notes that in Tuscany the grape makes very good wine but if the winemaker is not careful, it risks turning into vinegar. While there is no conclusive proof that "Sangiogheto" is Sangiovese, most wine historians generally consider this to be the first historical mention of the grape. Regardless, it would not be until the 18th century that Sangiovese would gain widespread attention throughout Tuscany, being with Malvasia and Trebbiano the most widely planted grapes in the region.


title: Sangiovese

text: In 1738, Cosimo Trinci described wines made from Sangiovese as excellent when blended with other varieties but hard and acidic when made as a wine by itself. In 1883, the Italian writer Giovanni Cosimo Villifranchi echoed a similar description about the quality of Sangiovese being dependent on the grapes with which it was blended. The winemaker and politician, Bettino Ricasoli formulated one of the early recipes for Chianti when he blended his Sangiovese with a sizable amount of Canaiolo. In the wines of Chianti, Brunello di Montalcino and Vino Nobile di Montepulciano, Sangiovese would experience a period of popularity in the late 19th and early 20th century. In the 1970s, Tuscan winemakers began a period of innovation by introducing modern oak treatments and blending the grape with non-Italian varietals such as Cabernet Sauvignon in the creation of wines that were given the collective marketing sobriquet "Super Tuscans".


title: Sangiovese

text: In 2004, DNA profiling done by researchers at San Michele All'Adige revealed the grape to be the product of a crossing between Ciliegiolo and Calabrese Montenuovo. While Ciliegiolo has a long history tied to the Tuscan region, Calabrese Montenuovo (which is not related to the grape commonly known as Calabrese, or Nero d'Avola) has its origins in southern Italy, where it probably originated in the Calabria region before moving its way up to Campania. This essentially means that the genetic heritage of Sangiovese is half Tuscan and half southern Italian.


title: Sangiovese

text: Where the crossing between Ciliegiolo and Calabrese Montenuovo occurred is not known, with some believing the cross happened in Tuscany while other ampelographers suggesting it may have happened in southern Italy. Evidence for this latter theory is the proliferation of seedless mutations of Sangiovese, known under various synonyms, throughout various regions of southern Italy including Campania, "Corinto nero" which is grown on the island of Lipari just north of Sicily and "Tuccanese" from the Apulia region in the heel of the Italian boot. In Campania, among the many seedless mutations of Sangiovese still growing in the region are "Nerello" from the commune of Savelli, "Nerello Campotu" from the commune of Motta San Giovanni, "Puttanella" from Mandatoriccio and "Vigna del Conte".


title: Sangiovese

text: While the parentage of Ciliegiolo and Calabrese Montenuovo for Sangiovese was established based on 50 genetic markers and is generally accepted by ampelographers, some wine texts publish contradictory information that Ciliegiolo is an offspring (rather than parent) of Sangiovese. This belief is based on a 2007 study of 38 genetic markers stating that suggested that Ciliegiolo was the product of Sangiovese crossing with an obscure Portuguese wine grape, Muscat Rouge de Madère, that was once grown on the island of Madeira as well as the Douro and Lisboa wine regions of Portugal. In addition to support of fewer genetic markers, this alternative theory is disputed by geneticists such as José Vouillamoz and Masters of Wine like Jancis Robinson because Muscat Rouge de Madère has no history of ever being cultivated in Italy (where it could have crossed with Sangiovese). Furthermore, while many grapes with lineage involving members of the Muscat family of grapes tend to have pronounced "grapey" flavours characteristic of Muscat grapes, Ciliegiolo exhibits none of those flavour profiles which makes it unlikely to be an offspring of Muscat Rouge de Madère.


title: Sangiovese

text: Early ampelographical research into Sangiovese begun in 1906 with the work of Girolamo Molon. Molon discovered that the Italian grape known as "Sangiovese" was actually several "varieties" of clones which he broadly classified as Sangiovese Grosso and Sangiovese Piccolo. The Sangiovese Grosso family included the clones growing in the Brunello region as well as the clones known as "Prugnolo Gentile" and "Sangiovese di Lamole" that was grown in the Greve in Chianti region. The Sangiovese Grosso, according to Molon, produced the highest quality wine, while the varieties in the Sangiovese Piccolo family, which included the majority of clones, produced wine of a lesser degree of quality. In the late 20th century, research by the Italian government and Chianti Classico Consorizo discovered that some of the best producing clones, from a wine quality perspective, came from the Emilia-Romagna region where they are today being propagated under the names "R24" and "T19".


title: Sangiovese

text: Another Italian study published in 2008 using DNA typing showed a close genetic relationship between Sangiovese on the one hand and ten other Italian grape varieties on the other hand: Foglia Tonda, Frappato, Gaglioppo, Mantonicone, Morellino del Casentino, Morellino del Valdarno, Nerello Mascalese, Tuccanese di Turi, Susumaniello, and Vernaccia Nera del Valdarno. It is possible, and even likely, that Sangiovese is one of the parents of each of these grape varieties. Since these grape varieties are spread over different parts of Italy (Apulia, Calabria, Sicily and Tuscany), this confirmed by genetic methods that Sangiovese is a key variety in the pedigree of red Italian grape varieties.


title: Sangiovese

text: DNA analysis in 2001 also suggests a strong genetic relationship between Sangiovese and Aleatico, a grape variety predominantly growing in Apulia, though the exact nature of this relationship has yet to be determined.


title: Sangiovese

text: Sangiovese has shown itself to be adaptable to many different types of vineyard soils but seems to thrive in soils with a high concentration of limestone, having the potential to produce elegant wines with forceful aromas. In the Chianti Classico region, Sangiovese thrives on the highly friable shale-clay soil known as "galestro". In the Montalcino region, there is a high proportion of limestone-based "alberese" soils alternating with deposits of "galestro". The lesser zones of the generic Chianti appellation are predominantly clay, which often produce as high quality of wine as "alberese" and "galestro" do.


title: Sangiovese

text: The grape requires a long growing season, as it buds early and is slow to ripen. The grape requires sufficient warmth to ripen fully, but too much warmth and its flavours can become diluted. Harvests in Italy have traditionally begun after September 29, with modern harvest often taking place in mid-late October. A longer growing season gives the grapes time to develop richness and potential body. However, in cool vintages this can result in the grapes having high levels of acidity and harsh, unripened tannins. In regions (like some areas of Tuscany) that are prone to rainfall in October, there is a risk for rot due to the Sangiovese grape's thin skin. In other areas, such as the dry conditions of the Columbia Valley AVA of Washington State, the grape has good resistance to drought conditions and often requires little irrigation.


title: Sangiovese

text: For the best quality, yields need to be kept in check as the vine is notably vigorous and prone to overproduction. In Chianti, most quality conscious producers limit their yields to 3 pounds (1.5 kg) of fruit per vine. Wine made from high-yielding vines tend to produce wines with light color, high acidity, and less alcohol, which are likely to oxidize ("brown") prematurely due to a lower concentration of tannins and anthocyanins (anti-oxidants). Fully developed grapes are typically 19 mm long x 17 mm wide, with an average weight of 3 grams.


title: Sangiovese

text: Soils with low fertility are ideal and help control some of the vigor of the vine. Planting vines in high densities in order to curb vigor may have the adverse effect of increasing foliage and limiting the amount of direct sunlight that can reach the ripening grapes. Advances in understanding the quality and characteristics of the different clones of Sangiovese has led to the identification and propagation of superior clones. While high-yielding clones have been favored in the past, more attention is being paid to matching the clone to the vineyard site and controlling the vine's vigor.


title: Sangiovese

text: The high acidity and light body characteristics of the Sangiovese grape can present a problem for winemaking. The grape also lacks some of the color-creating phenolic compounds known as acylated anthocyanins. Modern winemakers have devised many techniques trying to find ways to add body and texture to Sangiovese — ranging from using grapes that come from extremely low yielding vines, to adjusting the temperature and length of fermentation and employing extensive oak treatment. One historical technique is the blending of other grape varieties with Sangiovese, in order to complement its attractive qualities and fill in the gaps of some of its weaker points. The Sangiovese-based wines of Chianti have a long tradition of liberally employed blending partners—such as Canaiolo, Ciliegiolo, Mammolo, Colorino and even the white wine grapes like Trebbiano and Malvasia. Since the late 20th century, Bordeaux grapes, most notably Cabernet Sauvignon, have been a favored blending partner though in many Italian DOC/DOCG regions there is often a maximum limit on the amount of other varietals that can be blended with Sangiovese; in Chianti the limit for Cabernet is 15%.


title: Sangiovese

text: Other techniques used to improve the quality of Sangiovese include extending the maceration period from 7–12 days to 3–4 weeks to give the must more time to leach vital phenols out of the grape skins. Transferring the wine during fermentation into new oak barrels for malolactic fermentation gives greater polymerization of the tannins and contributes to a softer, rounder mouthfeel. Additionally, Sangiovese has shown itself to be a "sponge" for soaking up sweet vanilla and other oak compounds from the barrel. For aging the wine, some modern producers will utilize new French oak barrels but there is a tradition of using large, used oak "botti" barrels that hold five to six hectoliters of wine. Some traditional producers still use the old chestnut barrels in their cellars.


title: Sangiovese

text: While Sangiovese plantings are found worldwide, the grape's homeland is central Italy. From there the grape was taken to North and South America by Italian immigrants. It first achieved some popularity in Argentina where in the Mendoza region it produced wines that had few similarities to its Tuscan counterparts. In California the grape found a sudden surge of popularity in the late 1980s with the "Cal-Ital" movement of winemakers seeking red wine alternatives to the standard French varietals of Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot and Pinot noir.


title: Sangiovese

text: While there was over of Sangiovese planted in Italy in 1990, plantings of the grape began to decline. However, at the turn of the 21st century, Italy was still the leading source for Sangiovese, with planted in 2000, primarily in the Tuscany, Emilia-Romagna, Sicily, Abruzzo and Marche regions. Argentina was next with , followed by Romania with , the Corsica region in France with , California with and Australia with .


title: Sangiovese

text: In Italy, Sangiovese is the most widely planted red grape variety. It is an officially recommended variety in 53 provinces and an authorized planting in an additional 13. It accounts for approximately 10% of all vineyard plantings in Italy with more than planted to one of the many clonal variation of the grape. Throughout Italy it is known under a variety of names including "Brunello, Morellino, Nielluccio" and "Prugnolo Gentile". It is the main grape used in the popular red wines of Tuscany, where it is the solitary grape of Brunello di Montalcino and the primary component of the wines of Chianti, Vino Nobile di Montepulciano and many "Super Tuscans". Outside Tuscany, it is found throughout central Italy where it places an important role in the "Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita" (DOCG) wines of Torgiano Rosso Riserva in Umbria, Conero in Marche and the "Denominazione di Origine Controllata" (DOC) wines of Montefalco Rosso in Umbria and Rosso Piceno in Marche. Significant Sangiovese plantings can also be found outside central Italy in Lombardia, Emilia-Romagna, Valpolicella and as far south as Campania and Sicily.


title: Sangiovese

text: The intense fruit and deep color of Cabernet was shown to be well suited for blending with Sangiovese but banned in many Italian DOCs. In the 1970s, the rise of "Super Tuscans"-wines that eschew DOC regulation in favor of the lower classification of "vino da tavola"-increased the demand for more flexibility in the DOC laws. While the first DOC to be permitted to blend Cabernet Sauvignon with Sangiovese was approved for Carmignano in 1975, most of Tuscany's premier wine regions were not permitted to blend Cabernet Sauvignon with Sangiovese till the late 20th century.


title: Sangiovese

text: From the early to mid-20th century, the quality of Chianti was in low regard. DOC regulation that stipulate the relatively bland Trebbiano and Malvasia grapes needed to account for at least 10% of the finished blend, with consequent higher acidity and diluted flavours. Some wineries trucked in full bodied and jammy red wines from Sicily and Apulia to add color and alcohol to the blend—an illegal practice that did little to improve the quality of Chianti. From the 1970s through the 1980s, a revolution of sorts spread through Tuscany as the quality of the Sangiovese grape was rediscovered. Winemakers became more ambitious and willing to step outside DOC regulations to make 100% varietal Sangiovese or a "Super Tuscan" blend with Bordeaux varietals like Cabernet and Merlot.


title: Sangiovese

text: Today there is a broad range of style of Chianti reflecting the Sangiovese influence and winemaker's touch. Traditional Sangiovese emphasize herbal and bitter cherry notes, while more modern, Bordeaux-influenced wines have more plum and mulberry fruit with vanilla oak and spice. Stylistic and "terroir" based differences also emerge among the various sub-zones of the Chianti region. The ideal vineyard locations are found on south and southwest-facing slopes at altitudes between . In general, Sangiovese has a more difficult time fully ripening in the Chianti region than it does in the Montalcino and Maremma regions to the south. This is due to cooler nighttime temperatures and high propensity for rainfall in September and October that can affect harvest time.


title: Sangiovese

text: In the mid-19th century, a local farmer named Clemente Santi isolated certain plantings of Sangiovese vines in order to produce a 100% varietal wine that could be aged for a considerable period of time. In 1888, his grandson Ferruccio Biondi-Santi—a veteran soldier who fought under Giuseppe Garibaldi during the "Risorgimento"—released the first "modern version" of "Brunello di Montalcino", which was aged for over a decade in large wood barrels. By the mid-20th century, this 100% varietal Sangiovese was eagerly being sought out by critics and wine drinkers alike. The Montalcino region seems to have ideal conditions for ripening Sangiovese with the potential for full ripeness achievable even on north-facing slopes. These slopes tend to produce lighter and more elegant wines that then those made from vineyards on south and southwest facing slopes.


title: Sangiovese

text: In the late 20th and early 21st century, the Maremma region located in the southwest corner of Tuscany has seen vast expansion and a surge of investment from outside the region. The area is reliably warm with a shorter growing season. Sangiovese grown in the Maremma is capable of developing broad character but does have the potential of developing too much alcohol and not enough aroma compounds.


title: Sangiovese

text: Sangiovese is considered the "workhorse" grape of central Italy, producing everything from everyday drinking to premium wines in a variety of styles-from red still wines, to "rosato" to sweet "passito", semi-sparkling "frizzante" and the dessert wine Vin Santo. In northern Italy, the grape is a minor variety with it having difficulties ripening north of Emilia-Romagna. In the south, it is mainly used as a blending partner with the region's local grapes such as Primitivo, Montepulciano and Nero d'Avola.


title: Sangiovese

text: In the Romagna region of Emilia-Romagna, the same grape is called "Sangiovese di Romagna" and is widely planted in all the Romagna region east of Bologna. Like its neighboring Tuscan brother, Sangiovese di Romagna has shown itself to spring off a variety of clones that can produce a wide range of quality—from very poor to very fine. Viticulturists have worked with Romagna vines to produce new clonal varieties of high quality (most notably the clones R24 & T19).


title: Sangiovese

text: Sangiovese di Romagna adapts to different soil types, producing richer, more full bodied and tannic wines in the central provinces of Forlì and Ravenna and lighter, fruitier wines in the western and eastern extremes of the regions near the border with Bologna and Marche. The grape seems to produce the highest quality wine in the sandstone and clay rich hills south of the Via Emilia near the Apennines which is covered by much of the Sangiovese di Romagna DOC zone. The higher summer time temperatures of this area gives more opportunity for Sangiovese to sufficiently ripen.


title: Sangiovese

text: The Sangiovese di Romagna DOC zone includes over of Sangiovese that produces on average 3.4 million U.S. gallons (130,000 hl) of wine a year.


title: Sangiovese

text: In France, while some producers in the Languedoc are now experimenting with the variety, Sangiovese has a long history on the island of Corsica where it is known as "Nielluccio". The grape was likely brought to the island sometime between 14th and 18th century when it was ruled by the Republic of Genoa. Here it is often blended with Sciaccarello and is a permitted grape in several "Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée" (AOC)s, most notable in Patrimonio, where it is used for both red and "rosé" wine production. In 2008, there were of Sangiovese/Nielluccio on Corsica.


title: Sangiovese

text: In Greece, producers in the northeastern wine region of Drama in East Macedonia and Thrace are experimenting with oak-aged "Super Tuscan" style blends of Sangiovese and Cabernet Sauvignon. Additional plantings of Sangiovese can be found in Israel, Malta, Turkey and Switzerland.


title: Sangiovese

text: Italian immigrants brought Sangiovese to California in the late 19th century, possibly at the Seghesio Family's "Chianti Station," near Geyserville. But it was never considered very important until the success of the Super Tuscans in the 1980s spurred new interest in the grape. In 1991, there were nearly planted with Sangiovese. By 2003, that number rose to nearly with plantings across the state, most notably in Napa Valley, Sonoma county, San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara and the Sierra Foothills. However, in recent years plantings of the variety have declined to by 2010.


title: Sangiovese

text: Early results in the late 20th century, were not very promising for California winemakers. Poor site and clonal selection had the grape planted in vineyards that gave it too much exposure to the sun, producing wines that had little in common with the wines of Tuscany. The Antinori family, which once owned Atlas Peak Vineyards located in the Atlas Peak AVA in the foothills of Napa Valley found that the greater intensity of sunlight in California may have been one possible factor for the poorer quality. Today the style of these Californian Sangiovese tend to be more fruit-driven than their Tuscan counterparts with some floral notes. Recent years have focused on improving vineyard site and clonal selection as well as giving the vines time to age and develop in quality.


title: Sangiovese

text: In Washington State, one of the first commercial plantings of Sangiovese was at Red Willow Vineyard in the Yakima Valley AVA. Today, winemakers are seeking out locations that can highlight the varietal character of Sangiovese. These young plantings in areas such as Walla Walla, Naches Heights AVA and Yakima Valley have so far produced wines with a spicy and tart cherry flavours, anise, red currants, and tobacco leaf notes. Like in California, plantings of Sangiovese in Washington have declined in recent years to in 2011.


title: Sangiovese

text: Other areas in the United States with sizable plantings of Sangiovese include the Rogue Valley and Umpqua AVA in Oregon, the Monticello in Virginia, the Sonoita AVA with 45 acres planted in Arizona, and Texas Hill Country in Texas.


title: Sangiovese

text: In Canada, there are less than of Sangiovese planted, mostly in Ontario where some producers in Niagara-on-the-Lake are experimenting with ice wine versions of the grape. A small amount of the grape can also be found in British Columbia.


title: Sangiovese

text: Italian immigrants introduced the Sangiovese vine to Argentina in the late 19th and early 20th century. Early site and clonal selection was less than ideal and, like California and Australia, recent endeavors have focused on finding the best clones to use and the right vineyard locations. The grape is not widely planted in Argentina and the focus is mostly on the export market. In 2008 there were of Sangiovese planted, most of it in the Mendoza wine region with other isolated plantings in La Rioja and San Juan.


title: Sangiovese

text: Across the Andes range, Chilean winemakers have been experimenting with plantings with in 2008. Brazil reported of Sangiovese in 2007. The growing Mexican wine industry has also recently begun planting the vine.


title: Sangiovese

text: Sangiovese is becoming increasingly popular as a red wine grape in Australia, having been introduced by the CSIRO in the late 1960s. For many years, this single clone (H6V9) imported from the University of California-Davis was the only available clone for Australian winemakers. The first large-scale commercial planting of the grape was in the 1980s when Penfolds expanded their Kalimna vineyard in the Barossa Valley. As the availability of clones expanded (currently 10 available commercially as of 2011), so did plantings of Sangiovese with in 2008.


title: Sangiovese

text: As in California, Australian winemakers have begun seeking out the best vineyard location for the grape and being more selective in which clones are planted. Some regions that have shown promise for the grape include the Karridale and Margaret River areas of Western Australia; Langhorne Creek


title: Sangiovese

text: , Strathalbyn and Port Lincoln in South Australia; Canberra and Young in New South Wales; Stanthorpe in Queensland and the western edge of the Great Dividing Range in Victoria.


title: Sangiovese

text: In New Zealand, the first varietal version of Sangiovese was released in 1998 and today there are of the grape planted, mostly on the North Island around Auckland.


title: Sangiovese

text: A small amount of Sangiovese is grown in South Africa with reported in 2008, mostly in the Stellenbosch and Darling regions. About 10 wineries make Sangiovese


title: Sangiovese

text: Wines made from Sangiovese tend to exhibit the grape's naturally high acidity as well as moderate to high tannin content and light color. Blending can have a pronounced effect on enhancing or tempering the wine's quality. The dominant nature of Cabernet can sometimes have a disproportionate influence on the wine, even overwhelming Sangiovese character with black cherry, black currant, mulberry and plum fruit. Even percentages as low as 4 to 5% of Cabernet Sauvignon can overwhelm the Sangiovese if the fruit quality is not high. As the wine ages, some of these Cabernet dominant flavours can soften and reveal more Sangiovese character.


title: Sangiovese

text: Different regions will impart varietal character on the wine with Tuscan Sangiovese having a distinctive bitter-sweet component of cherry, violets and tea. In their youth, Tuscan Sangiovese can have tomato-savoriness to it that enhances its herbal component. Californian examples tend to have more bright, red fruit flavours with some Zinfandel-like spice or darker fruits depending on the proportion of Cabernet blended in. Argentine examples showing a hybrid between the Tuscan and California Sangiovese with juicy red fruit wines that end on a bitter cherry note.


title: Sangiovese

text: Sangiovese based wines have the potential to age but the vast majority of Sangiovese wines are intended to be consumed relatively early in their lives. The wines with the longest aging potential are the Super Tuscans and Brunello di Montalcino wines that can age for upwards of 20 years in ideal vintages. These premium examples may need 5 to 10 years to develop before they drink well. The potentially lighter Vino Nobile di Montepulciano, Carmignano and Rosso di Montalcino tend to open earlier (around 5 years of age) but have a shorter life span of 8 to 10 years. The aging potential of Chianti is highly variable, depending on the producer, vintage and sub-zone of the Chianti region it is produced in. Basic Chianti is meant to be consumed within 3 to 4 years after vintage while top examples of Chianti Classico Riserva can last for upwards of 15 years. New World Sangiovese has so far, shown a relatively short window of drinkability with most examples best consumed with 3 to 4 years after harvest with some basic examples of Argentine Sangiovese having the potential to only improve for a year after bottling.


title: Sangiovese

text: Sangiovese's high acidity and moderate alcohol makes it a very food-friendly wine when it comes to food and wine pairings. One of the classic pairings in Italian cuisine is tomato-based pasta and pizza sauces with a Sangiovese-based Chianti. Varietal Sangiovese or those with a smaller proportion of the powerful, full-bodied Cabernet blended in, can accentuate the flavours of relatively bland dishes like meatloaf and roast chicken. Herb seasoning such as basil, thyme and sage play off the herbal notes of the grapes. Sangiovese that has been subject to more aggressive oak treatment pairs well with grilled and smoked food. If Cabernet, Merlot or Syrah plays a dominant role, the food pairing option should treat the Sangiovese blend as one of those fuller-bodied reds and pair with heavier dishes such as steak and thick soups like "ribollita" and puréed bean soup.


title: Sangiovese

text: Over the years, Sangiovese has been known under a variety of synonyms, many of which have come to be associated with a particular clone of the grape variety. Among the synonyms recognized for the grape are: Brunelletto (in the Grosseto region of Tuscany), Brunello, Brunello di Montalcino, Cacchiano (in Tuscany), Calabrese (in Tuscany), Cardisco, Chiantino (in Tuscany), Cordisio, Corinto nero (on the island of Lipari in Sicily), Dolcetto Precoce, Guarnacciola (in the Benevento region of Campania), Ingannacane, Lambrusco Mendoza (in Tuscany), Maglioppa, Montepulciano, Morellino, Morellone, Negrello (in Calabria), Negretta, Nerello (in Sicily), Nerello Campotu (in Calabria), Nerino, Niella (in Corsica), Nielluccia, Nielluccio (in Corsica), Pigniuolo Rosso, Pignolo, Plant Romain, Primaticcio, Prugnolo, Prugnolo Dolce (in Tuscany), Prugnolo di Montepulciano, Prugnolo Gentile, Prugnolo Gentile di Montepulciano, Puttanella (in Calabria), Riminese, Rosso di Montalcino, San Gioveto, San Zoveto (in Tuscany), Sancivetro, Sangineto, Sangiogheto (in Tuscany), Sangiovese dal Cannello Lungo, Sangiovese di Lamole, Sangiovese di Romagna, Sangiovese Dolce, Sangiovese Gentile, Sangiovese Grosso, Sangiovese Nostrano, Sangiovese Piccolo, Sangiovese Toscano, Sangioveto (in Tuscany), Sangioveto dell'Elba, Sangioveto Dolce, Sangioveto Grosso, Sangioveto Montanino, Sanvincetro, Sanzoveto, Tabernello, Tignolo, Tipsa, Toustain (in Algeria), Tuccanese (in Apulia), Uva Abruzzi, Uva Tosca, Uvetta, Uva brunella, Uva Canina, Vigna del Conte (in Calabria) and Vigna Maggio (in Tuscany).


title: Eun Ji-won

text: Eun Ji-won Hangul: 은지원, Hanja: 殷志源, (born June 8, 1978) is a South Korean rapper and entertainer. He is the leader of the first generation idol group Sechs Kies (젝스키스).


title: Eun Ji-won

text: He is recognized as an ancestor of the K-pop world, paving the way for hip-hop in the Korean pop scene. He is also considered an entertainment icon, popularly known as "Eun Choding" (Elementary Eun) for his childish on-screen persona on "1 Night 2 Days". In addition to his music, he continues to appear in shows like "New Journey to the West."


title: Eun Ji-won

text: Eun Jiwon was born in Seoul, South Korea on June 8, 1978. His mother, Kim Seong Ah, was a singer from the female duo, the "Lily Sisters".


title: Eun Ji-won

text: Eun studied abroad in Hawaii, attending the Hawaiian Mission Academy, from Grade 9 to 12. He was schoolmates with former Sechs Kies member, Kang Sung-hun. As a teen in Hawaii, he worked part time as a cafe DJ, where he picked up an interest in music and was recruited under DSP Media.


title: Eun Ji-won

text: Eun Jiwon debuted under Sechskies on April 15, 1997 with their first single, "School Anthem" on the program KMTV Show! Music Tank. The team was met with positive reception and rose to fame with their hit songs "PomSaengPomSa" and "Couple". Eun described his time with Sechs Kies as hectic due to back-to-back schedules paired with little rest.


title: Eun Ji-won

text: In 1998, Eun made his on-screen debut, playing the lead role in the film "Seventeen", which also featured fellow Sechs Kies members.


title: Eun Ji-won

text: On May 18, 2000 Sechs Kies announced their disbandment. Despite their success, the group collectively to disband with hopes to succeed in the future. Following the disbandment, the group released a final track online, titled "Thanks".


title: Eun Ji-won

text: Eun began his solo career on October 27, 2000 with the self composed mini album "G". He continued to release dance music with the album "G Pop", which was released on March 29, 2001. After the success of his first full album, Eun began to refine his style with his second album, "Heavy G", his first full hip-hop album.


title: Eun Ji-won

text: Under Waltz Music Entertainment he released his third album, "Drunk in Hip Hop" (including title track "Drunk in Melody") in September 6, 2003. The album was Eun's breakthrough into the hip-hop scene, solidifying his status as a rap artist and shedding his idol image. "Drunk in Melody" won Eun the Hip Hop Award at the 2003 SBS Gayo Awards and the KMTV Korean Music Awards.


title: Eun Ji-won

text: Eun repackaged his third album, including an alternate version of "Mi Casa Ro" and "Never, Ever" from his first solo album.


title: Eun Ji-won

text: Eun starred in the romantic comedy "Marrying a High-School Girl (여고생 시집가기)" , which was released on December 23, 2004. The film was met with poor reviews and was criticized for its absurd plotline. Eun recounted that he was forced into the role, noting how he shaved his head in an act of rebellion against doing the film.


title: Eun Ji-won

text: Eun was a member of The Movement Crew (무브먼트), a hip-hop crew founded by Tiger JK, and performed at the group concert on May 13, 2006. Eun credits Tiger JK as a major influence in his musical style. His songs often feature fellow members including Drunken Tiger, Tasha (Yoon Mi Rae), Dynamic Duo and Bobby Kim.


title: Eun Ji-won

text: Eun returned with a single, "Adios," marking the beginning to his connection to Latin inspired music. His album "Love, Death, Introspection" (사랑 死랑 思랑) was released on October 30, 2007 with four new tracks and an instrumental version of "Adios". At this time, Eun joined the 13 Creative Unit, a subsidiary of Eyagi Entertainment.


title: Eun Ji-won

text: After appearing steadily in small entertainment television roles, Eun joined the KBS reality-variety show"1 Night 2 Days" as a founding member. The show was met with nation-wide recognition and Eun became a staple household name. He was praised for his comedic personality as "Eun Choding" and continued to explore his career as a variety entertainer.


title: Eun Ji-won

text: Eun released his fifth full-length studio album, "Platonic", an electronic dance album. The title track, "Siren", was a homage to his fans as his "last" dance song ever. However, he would continue to release the single "While Buzzed", another electronic dance song.


title: Eun Ji-won

text: On March 31, 2011, Eun Jiwon led a new group called Clover, including members Gilme and Mr. Tyfoon. Their debut song "La Vida Loca" was well-received, topping the Cyworld Music Chart just two weeks after the release. On September 29, 2011, Clover released another digital single, "A Guy Who I Know (아는 오빠)". In January 2012, Clover received Hip-Hop/Rap Award at the 21st Seoul Music Awards. On August 14, 2012, Clover released its second digital single, "Pork Soup (돼지국밥)".


title: Eun Ji-won

text: In 2013, Eun, Chun Myung-hoon, Tony An, Moon Hee-joon and Danny Ahn appeared on a new show on QTV called "Handsome Boys of the 20th Century". The show was a performance project, forming the group HotSechGodRG — a portmanteau of each member's previous idol group names. The show received much attention and HotSechGodRG and the group continued to work together outside of the main show. They performed on various entertainment programs, such as "", "Happy Together" and "Hwasin – Controller of the Heart" (화신).


title: Eun Ji-won

text: In May 2014, it was announced that HotSechGodRG would return for a new show in July. Moon Hee-joon, Eun Ji-won, Danny Ahn, and Chun Myung Hoon starred in a new show called "W.I.S.H. (Where is My Super Hero?)", which was aired on OnStyle from July 19, 2014 to August 9, 2014.


title: Eun Ji-won

text: On the Saturday, Saturday's, I Am A Singer segment of the show Infinite Challenge, Sechs Kies held a reunion concert on September 10 and 11 at the Olympic Gymnastics Arena. The group re-banded and signed a contract under YG Entertainment. The group's reunion went viral, sparking an influx of old and new fans to gather, resulting in their comeback concert tickets to sell out in only five minutes.


title: Eun Ji-won

text: On October 7, SechsKies released a new digital single "Three Words (세 단어)" which topped all 8 major music charts shortly after release, achieving all-kill status. It also ranked high in Asian music charts and global iTunes in Taiwan and is among top tracks on iTunes charts in Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand and more.


title: Eun Ji-won

text: On November 23, YG announced that Sechs Kies' new album will be released on December 1, 2016. The new album "2016 Re-ALBUM" contains 10 past hit songs of SechsKies that were rearranged and remastered by YG producers, and is prepared a special gift for fans.


title: Eun Ji-won

text: At the end of the year, Sechs Kies won several awards including Click! Star Wars Awards Hall of Fame, the 6th Gaon Chart Music Awards The Kpop Contribution of The Year, the 8th Melon Music Awards Hall of Fame, the 31st Golden Disc Awards Best Male Group Performance and the 26th Seoul Music Awards Bonsang.


title: Eun Ji-won

text: On March 18, Eun Jiwon announced the re-opening of his official fan club '1KYNE'. On March 28, he launched the official fanclub at 12 KST and over 30,000 fans logged onto the website, causing the site to crashed before they were able to register.


title: Eun Ji-won

text: On April 19, YG announced that Sechs Kies' album "The 20th Anniversary" would be released on April 28, 2017. Along with the release of the album, the album topped multiple charts around the world, a new mark in their status as hallyu stars. Sechs Kies continued to hold consecutive wins for the title track "Be Well" on MBC Music Core and won #1 on KBS Music Bank.


title: Eun Ji-won

text: On August 16, YG announced Eun Ji Won has officially signed individual contract with YG Entertainment.


title: Eun Ji-won

text: On June 6, 2019, it was revealed the Eun would make a solo return to the music scene with his sixth album "G1" on June 27. The lead single "I'm On Fire", featuring female vocalist Blue.D, was produced by YG producer Future Bounce and label-mate Winner's Mino, with lyrics written by Mino and Eun Ji-won himself.


title: Eun Ji-won

text: On January 28, 2020, Sechs Kies returned with their first mini album "All For You" following Kang Sung-hoon's withdrawal from the group. The group began to take a slower approach to music, leaning into ballads and old school R&B. The song won first place on Mnet M Countdown.


title: Eun Ji-won

text: With their appearance on the variety program "Three Meals for Four" and with the help of Yoo Hee-yeol, the four starred in the project, "Don't Look Back", documenting the making of the digital single "Don't Look Back," which was released on on February 5, 2021. The song topped major music charts in Korea, including Bugs, Genie, and Vibe.


title: Eun Ji-won

text: As of 2022, Eun continues to work as an entertainer on variety television, currently a fixed member on shows including "Master in the House", "Things That Make Me Groove" Season 2, and "Naked World History".


title: Eun Ji-won

text: In February 2010 Eun announced that he would marry his first love, a woman two years his senior. The two knew each other since 1994 and reunited 13 years later, eventually getting married on April 20, 2010. By marriage, Eun Jiwon and soccer player Lee Dong-Gook became brother-in-laws.


title: Eun Ji-won

text: On February 28, 2013, Eun announced that he and his wife divorced in August 2012 due to differences in personality.


title: Eun Ji-won

text: Eun is the only member of Sechs Kies to face criticism since the disbandment for changing his musical genre from pop music to hip hop.


title: The Last Sharknado: It's About Time

text: The Last Sharknado: It's About Time is a 2018 American made-for-television science fiction comedy disaster film and the sixth and final installment in the "Sharknado" film series. The film was directed by Anthony C. Ferrante with Ian Ziering, Tara Reid and Cassie Scerbo reprising their roles from the previous installments. In the film, Fin and the gang use time travel in order to stop sharknados from ever happening in history. The film received generally negative reviews.


title: The Last Sharknado: It's About Time

text: Immediately following the events of , with the Earth completely devastated from the global sharknado swarm, Fin and his now-adult son Gil travel back 66 million years to the Cretaceous in order to prevent the first sharknado and destroy the phenomenon once and for all. Shortly after arriving, Gil vanishes; Fin learns from a message recorded by Gil earlier that due to the instability of the energy needed to time travel, any individual person can only travel back in time once, with any subsequent trips resulting in their disappearance. Fin retrieves the bag containing April's cybernetic head from a dinosaur with aid from Nova, and they are joined by April and , all three of whom were saved by Gil removing them from the times of their original deaths. As they begin to lay out their plan, the very first sharknado appears in conjunction with a meteor shower. Fin then plans to use the meteorites' heat to blow up the sharknado. The gang then approaches the sharknado on a pterodactylus and Fin jumps down onto a shark and tries to navigate it to consume meteorite fragments. As they execute the plan, they see the past version of Gil riding a dinosaur inside the sharknado before he disappears into the future. Eventually, Fin knocks the shark into the sharknado before it explodes and dissipates the storm. Believing they have changed history to erase the sharknado phenomenon, the group use a capacitor built into Gil's flight insignia to try to travel back to the present day.


title: The Last Sharknado: It's About Time

text: However, Fin and company instead arrive in medieval Camelot, with Bryan turned into a woman due to a temporal alteration. They encounter Morgana le Fay and are brought before Merlin, discovering Gil's research on the Einstein-Rosen bridge to create a method of time travel. Furthermore, Gil's time traveling has altered space-time, unleashing the sharknados throughout history as he searches for his parents. April also learns of her future when Fin accidentally drops the bag with Robot April's head and the others discover its contents, apologizing for keeping April in the dark to spare her from knowing her fate. She accepts Fin’s apology, but just as they reconnect, another sharknado forms and heads straight to the castle. The Gil of the past uses the sharknado to travel into the future, and Fin decides to use Excalibur to defeat the sharknado, with Morgana killed by one of the sharks. The group then travel to the Revolutionary War where they meet Benjamin Franklin and George Washington, with Bryan (who returned to original form) convincing them to let them use their cannons to destroy the sharknado that threatens the Revolutionary Army's fleet. They succeed, with Bryan remaining behind as the others continue.


title: The Last Sharknado: It's About Time

text: Ending up in the Wild West, the group unwittingly allows Billy the Kid to escape capture when they arrive, resulting in Fin's arrest by the local sheriff while April and Nova hide. However, as Billy was Gil's escape route to the next sharknado, this threatens to severely alter the timeline. Nova and April are rescued by Skye, who was also saved by Gil before being sent back to the Wild West. Skye helps April and Nova save Fin and Gil, with Skye establishing a bootstrap paradox by telling Gil to save her future self. Realizing that they can do nothing that would interfere with Gil's journey through time in search of his parents, the group allow him to make a time leap using the sharknado before destroying it with Robot April's eye lasers. The group then use a train to create the next time portal, ending up at a beach in the 1950s as a sharknado is forming. Fin encounters younger versions of his parents Gilbert and Raye, who have been enlisted by Gil to help create the time capacitor. After Gil makes his time leap by entering the sharknado on a surfboard, the group nullifies it using a ray gun created by him and his grandparents. The group tries to follow Gil to July 11, 2013 to stop the sharknado from the first film, but Nova sabotages the capacitor to travel to 1997 instead, where she attempts to save her grandfather from being killed in the shark attack that traumatized her as a child. Despite Fin's warnings against altering her personal timeline to such a degree, Nova rescues her grandfather only to be eaten in the shark attack herself. April is killed as well, while Robot April's head is lost in the ocean.


title: The Last Sharknado: It's About Time

text: Devastated, Fin and Skye decide to continue on and use a shark to attempt another jump to 2013. However, they instead end up in the far future of the year 20013, where they find that Robot April has taken over the ruined world left by the global sharknado using an army of her clones and flying, robotic sharks. She explains that after her head was found by a fishing boat, she felt abandoned and spent the next 20,000 years developing a stable time machine, which she used to force Fin into her future so they could be together forever. Robot April freezes Skye in carbonite and tries to convince Fin to stay with her using her clones of their children and Nova, but Fin refuses, prompting her to torture him with electricity until the human April, who Robot April revived and preserved to act as a genetic base for the clones, wakes up and intervenes. While the two Aprils fight each other, Fin uses the time machine to reach 2013, where he lands on Captain Santiago's boat right as the true first sharknado forms. Fin finds that Santiago's crew has found Robot April's head, and intervenes to change history and prevent her from becoming evil. Fin and Santiago battle the sharks while Robot April's head recharges her eye lasers in order to destroy the sharknado. However, the Robot April of the future (disguised as Gil) arrives, and her struggle with Fin inside the sharknado damages the capacitor, tearing the fabric of reality. Time begins collapsing, creating a "timenado" in which figures from throughout history such as Cleopatra and Adolf Hitler pass through the vortex as it destroys the universe. The present-day Robot April's head helps Fin finally destroy her future self, and he triggers her nuclear reset failsafe, sacrificing themselves in order to destroy the sharknado and stitch time back together, resulting in the creation of a new timeline.


title: The Last Sharknado: It's About Time

text: In the new, sharknado-free timeline, all of the Shepard family and friends are alive. Fin and April run the bar from the first film with Nova, who now likes sharks. April is pregnant with Gil. A television commercial reveals that Skye has become a politician and is a leading presidential candidate. Fin's daughter Claudia delivers Fin a letter from his father, who is in space and has sent his flight insignia as a gift for Gil's birth. Fin, who plans to retire to Kansas with April and Gil, delivers an emotional farewell speech to his friends and family. April goes into labor, and everyone rushes out of the bar to head to the hospital. As they leave, the television plays a broadcast of "The Today Show" with Al Roker reporting that there are no clouds in the sky at all, an occurrence that will likely never happen again.


title: The Last Sharknado: It's About Time

text: In February 2018, the film was confirmed to be released that summer to follow upon "Sharknado 5"s premiere, Tara Reid, Ian Ziering and Cassie Scerbo were set to return. On March 28, 2018, Syfy confirmed the film will be the final installment of the series.


title: The Last Sharknado: It's About Time

text: On May 25, the film's title, "The Last Sharknado: It's About Time" was revealed by a teaser trailer. A 30-second trailer was released on August 2. Vivica A. Fox, who had starred in "Sharknado 2", also returned for the final installment.


title: The Last Sharknado: It's About Time

text: Several other actors reprised their roles in cameos for the final scene of the movie, including Chuck Hittinger reappearing as Matt Shepard, replacing Cody Linley who had portrayed Matt in the fourth and fifth movies. Archival footage of John Heard, who portrayed George in the original film, was also used in tribute to the actor, who had passed away in July 2017.


title: The Last Sharknado: It's About Time

text: On Metacritic, the film has a score of 22 out of 100 based on reviews from 5 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". On Rotten Tomatoes it has a score of based on reviews from critics.


title: John Franklin III

text: John Franklin III (born September 21, 1994) is a German-born American football wide receiver for the Memphis Showboats of the United States Football League (USFL). He played college football for Florida State, Auburn and Florida Atlantic. He also played junior college football for East Mississippi, where he was featured prominently in the first season of "Last Chance U". He was signed by the Chicago Bears as an undrafted free agent in 2018.


title: John Franklin III

text: Before college, Franklin attended South Plantation High School in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. Franklin redshirted the 2013 season while playing for the Florida State Seminoles. The Seminoles won the 2014 BCS National Championship Game against the Auburn Tigers. He was the scout team quarterback mostly used to mirror what the Noles would deal with in Nick Marshall. Franklin saw limited action in 2014. He was a member of ACC champion 4×100 relay team at Florida State.


title: John Franklin III

text: Franklin transferred to East Mississippi Community College after the 2014 season. At East Mississippi, Franklin served mostly as a backup quarterback to Wyatt Roberts, as the Lions won the MACJC North title. On October 22, 2015, Franklin scored six rushing touchdowns and one passing touchdown against Mississippi Delta, before the game was called off after a brawl broke out between both sides. The 2015 football season was documented in the Netflix series "Last Chance U" in 2016. On the year, Franklin went 64–110 (58.2%) while throwing for 733 yards along with a 7–2 touchdown to interception ratio. He also added 451 yards on the ground on only 43 attempts giving him an average of 10.5 yards per carry on his way to 9 rushing touchdowns.


title: John Franklin III

text: Franklin enrolled at Auburn for his junior year, where he appeared in 12 games while making 1 start. In his 12 games he went 14–26 (53.8%) while throwing for 204 yards along with 1 touchdown. On the ground he added 430 yards on only 46 carries giving him an explosive average of 9.3 yards per carry, also adding 2 touchdowns. He grew increasingly unhappy with his role on the team and on March 8, 2017, ESPN reported he was moving to wide receiver for the 2017 season.


title: John Franklin III

text: On August 15, 2017, he transferred to FAU to play for Lane Kiffin as a graduate transfer. In limited action as a gadget player he showed his pure speed and explosiveness. He had 16 rushes for 229 yards with an average of 14.3 yards per carry while rushing for 2 touchdowns. He also caught 7 balls for 95 yards and 1 touchdown while averaging 13.6 yards a catch. He also went 1–2 (50%) for 49 yards.


title: John Franklin III

text: After going undrafted in the 2018 NFL Draft, Franklin attended the Chicago Bears rookie mini camp on a tryout basis as a defensive back. On May 14, 2018, Franklin was signed by the Bears as an undrafted free agent. On September 1, 2018, he was waived by the Bears. He was re-signed to the practice squad on September 27, but was released later that day. Two months later, on November 24, he returned to Chicago's practice squad. He signed a reserve/future contract with the Bears on January 8, 2019. He was waived on August 31, 2019.


title: John Franklin III

text: In October 2019, Franklin was drafted by the Dallas Renegades in the 2020 XFL Draft, but did not sign with the league.


title: John Franklin III

text: On November 13, 2019, Franklin was signed to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers practice squad. He was promoted to the active roster on December 24, 2019, where he was listed as a wide receiver.


title: John Franklin III

text: Franklin was placed on injured reserve on August 23, 2020, after suffering a leg injury during training camp. On February 7, 2021 he won the Super Bowl with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, even though he did not play a single snap for the entire season. He was waived on August 17, 2021.


title: John Franklin III

text: On December 2, 2021, while still a free agent, he was suspended three games by the NFL for "misrepresenting [his] COVID-19 vaccination status".


title: John Franklin III

text: Franklin was drafted by the Tampa Bay Bandits in the 17th round of the 2022 USFL Draft. He was transferred to the team's practice squad on April 16, 2022, and back to the active roster two days later.


title: Clownhouse

text: Clownhouse is a 1989 American slasher film written and directed by Victor Salva in his feature-length directorial debut. It stars Nathan Forrest Winters, Brian McHugh, and Sam Rockwell as three young brothers stalked by escaped mental patients disguised as clowns, portrayed by Michael Jerome West, Bryan Weible, and David C. Reinecker. "Clownhouse" marks the second collaboration for Salva with Winters and McHugh, who previously appeared in his short film "Something in the Basement" (1986), and Rockwell's first film appearance.


title: Clownhouse

text: The film premiered at the 1989 Sundance Film Festival, where it was nominated for the Grand Jury Prize in the dramatic category. The rights to "Clownhouse" were picked up by Vision International and Triumph Releasing Corporation, who released the film to theaters on July 20, 1990. Home media releases would be distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 2003.


title: Clownhouse

text: "Clownhouse" became the subject of controversy when Salva was convicted during post-production for sexually abusing the then-12-year-old Winters between shoots. Due to the controversy, home media releases of the film were removed from distribution and are out of print.


title: Clownhouse

text: Casey is an adolescent boy whose life is constantly influenced by his intense fear of clowns. His two older brothers, Geoffrey and Randy, are mostly disobliging. One night, the three boys are left alone so they decide to visit a local circus, despite Casey's uncontrollable coulrophobia. While at the circus, Casey innocently visits a fortune teller and she reveals to him that his life line has been cut short. Meanwhile, three psychotic mental patients, who have escaped an insane asylum, murder three clowns and steal their identities of Cheezo, Bippo, and Dippo by taking their makeup and costumes.


title: Clownhouse

text: As the boys return home from the circus, the mental patients target their home. Casey and his brothers are locked inside their isolated farmhouse and the power is turned off. Casey attempts to call the police, but the police officer assumes that Casey's fear of clowns caused him to have a realistic nightmare.


title: Clownhouse

text: Randy, disbelieving that clowns are after them, plans to jump out at Geoffrey and Casey dressed as a clown but he is stabbed by one of the mental patients. Geoffrey manages to kill Bippo by hitting him with a wooden plank, knocking him down a flight of stairs and breaking his neck.


title: Clownhouse

text: Casey and Geoffrey push Dippo out a window to his death. The boys find Randy unconscious in a closet and drag him into another room. Geoffrey is then attacked by Cheezo, who chases Casey into the upstairs game room. Casey manages to hide but after the clown leaves, Casey accidentally steps on a noise-making toy, alerting Cheezo of his location. Cheezo attempts to break Casey's neck, but Geoffrey slams a hatchet into his back, finally killing him.


title: Clownhouse

text: Impressed by Victor Salva's 1986 short film "Something in the Basement", Francis Ford Coppola gave him $250,000 to make "Clownhouse". To shoot the film, Coppola gave Salva the same cameras George Lucas had used to make "American Graffiti" (1973). The film was made, in part, at Coppola's home in Napa Valley. Salva cast Nathan Forrest Winters and Brian McHugh in the film, who had previously worked with him in "Something in the Basement".


title: Clownhouse

text: The film was shown at the Sundance Film Festival in January 1989, and released theatrically on July 20, 1990.


title: Clownhouse

text: In 1988, director Victor Salva was convicted of the sexual abuse of Nathan Forrest Winters, the 12-year-old lead actor who played Casey, during production, including videotaping one of the encounters. Commercial videotapes and magazines containing child pornography were also found at his home. After serving 15 months of a three-year prison term, Salva was released on parole.


title: Clownhouse

text: Winters came forward again in 1995, when Salva's film "Powder" was released. Winters picketed a screening in Westwood.


title: Clownhouse

text: In a YouTube interview conducted by Blastzone Mike with Winters on April 5, 2017, Winters revealed that when Salva was arrested, everything but the dubbing had been completed, and that all of the dialogue was added in post-production due to the extremely loud noise of the cameras.


title: Clownhouse

text: In a YouTube interview with The Millennial Report, in 2018, Winters spoke about the work he had to do after the principal photography. He had spent eight to nine hours a day doing the dubbing for a month. This took place at Francis Ford Coppola's home. During this time, he was told he would never work in the industry again, and he never did. Coppola later tried to sue Winters for breach of contract.


title: Clownhouse

text: Arlene Calkins of the "Daily Utah Chronicle" wrote that "This movie, for me, rivals anything I've seen done by Stephen King at his best...  Salva's direction is crisp and right on the mark."


title: Clownhouse

text: "TV Guide" gave the film two out of four stars, writing that the film "plays cleverly on the visceral dislike many people feel for clowns and the result is often truly creepy." Joan Bunke of "The Des Moines Register" noted that the film "looks like a family-and-friends project...  Salva...  has cobbled together the usual outrageously phony horror flick plot," adding: "The fright-making shadows of Mortarotti's photography and the moody music underscoring the kids' horror of what is overtaking them helps blank out the irrationality of the plot."


title: Clownhouse

text: The film was included in a 2017 list of the "creepiest clowns in movies" compiled by "Variety", in which it was noted: "The film’s claustrophobic setting and eerie atmosphere makes it one of the scariest thrillers on this list."


title: Clownhouse

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 40% approval score based on 5 reviews, with an average rating of 5.7/10.


title: Clownhouse

text: Mainly due to the controversy during its production, "Clownhouse" became a sleeper hit, but soon fell into obscurity. The film was released on VHS and Laserdisc in 1990. On August 26, 2003, the film was released on DVD by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, but was pulled from shelves due to protest surrounding the sex abuse incident that occurred during production. The DVD has long since been out of print and any copies that are actually Factory Pressed and not bootleg are near impossible to find. Scream Factory, the spin-off label of Shout Factory, declined to release this film on Blu-ray due to the controversy.


title: Pyrimidine

text: Pyrimidine (; ) is an aromatic, heterocyclic, organic compound similar to pyridine (). One of the three diazines (six-membered heterocyclics with two nitrogen atoms in the ring), it has nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3 in the ring. The other diazines are pyrazine (nitrogen atoms at the 1 and 4 positions) and pyridazine (nitrogen atoms at the 1 and 2 positions).


title: Pyrimidine

text: In nucleic acids, three types of nucleobases are pyrimidine derivatives: cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U).


title: Pyrimidine

text: as substituted and ring fused compounds and derivatives, including the nucleotides cytosine, thymine and uracil, thiamine (vitamin B1) and alloxan. It is also found in many synthetic compounds such as barbiturates and the HIV drug, zidovudine. Although pyrimidine derivatives such as alloxan were known in the early 19th century, a laboratory synthesis of a pyrimidine was not carried out until 1879, when Grimaux reported the preparation of barbituric acid from urea and malonic acid in the presence of phosphorus oxychloride.


title: Pyrimidine

text: who synthesized derivatives by condensing ethyl acetoacetate with amidines. Pinner first proposed the name “pyrimidin” in 1885. The parent compound was first prepared by Gabriel and Colman in 1900,


title: Pyrimidine

text: by conversion of barbituric acid to 2,4,6-trichloropyrimidine followed by reduction using zinc dust in hot water.


title: Pyrimidine

text: The nomenclature of pyrimidines is straightforward. However, like other heterocyclics, tautomeric hydroxyl groups yield complications since they exist primarily in the cyclic amide form. For example, 2-hydroxypyrimidine is more properly named 2-pyrimidone. A partial list of trivial names of various pyrimidines exists.


title: Pyrimidine

text: Physical properties are shown in the data box. A more extensive discussion, including spectra, can be found in Brown "et al."


title: Pyrimidine

text: Per the classification by Albert six-membered heterocycles can be described as π-deficient. Substitution by electronegative groups or additional nitrogen atoms in the ring significantly increase the π-deficiency. These effects also decrease the basicity.


title: Pyrimidine

text: Like pyridines, in pyrimidines the π-electron density is decreased to an even greater extent. Therefore, electrophilic aromatic substitution is more difficult while nucleophilic aromatic substitution is facilitated. An example of the last reaction type is the displacement of the amino group in 2-aminopyrimidine by chlorine and its reverse.


title: Pyrimidine

text: Electron lone pair availability (basicity) is decreased compared to pyridine. Compared to pyridine, "N"-alkylation and "N"-oxidation are more difficult. The p"K" value for protonated pyrimidine is 1.23 compared to 5.30 for pyridine. Protonation and other electrophilic additions will occur at only one nitrogen due to further deactivation by the second nitrogen. The 2-, 4-, and 6- positions on the pyrimidine ring are electron deficient analogous to those in pyridine and nitro- and dinitrobenzene. The 5-position is less electron deficient and substituents there are quite stable. However, electrophilic substitution is relatively facile at the 5-position, including nitration and halogenation.


title: Pyrimidine

text: Reduction in resonance stabilization of pyrimidines may lead to addition and ring cleavage reactions rather than substitutions. One such manifestation is observed in the Dimroth rearrangement.


title: Pyrimidine

text: Pyrimidine is also found in meteorites, but scientists still do not know its origin. Pyrimidine also photolytically decomposes into uracil under ultraviolet light.


title: Pyrimidine

text: As is often the case with parent heterocyclic ring systems, the synthesis of pyrimidine is not that common and is usually performed by removing functional groups from derivatives. Primary syntheses in quantity involving formamide have been reported.


title: Pyrimidine

text: As a class, pyrimidines are typically synthesized by the principal synthesis involving cyclization of β-dicarbonyl compounds with N–C–N compounds. Reaction of the former with amidines to give 2-substituted pyrimidines, with urea to give 2-pyrimidinones, and guanidines to give 2-aminopyrimidines are typical.


title: Pyrimidine

text: Pyrimidines can be prepared via the Biginelli reaction and other multicomponent reactions. Many other methods rely on condensation of carbonyls with diamines for instance the synthesis of 2-thio-6-methyluracil from thiourea and ethyl acetoacetate or the synthesis of 4-methylpyrimidine with 4,4-dimethoxy-2-butanone and formamide.


title: Pyrimidine

text: A novel method is by reaction of "N"-vinyl and "N"-aryl amides with carbonitriles under electrophilic activation of the amide with 2-chloro-pyridine and trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride:


title: Pyrimidine

text: Because of the decreased basicity compared to pyridine, electrophilic substitution of pyrimidine is less facile. Protonation or alkylation typically takes place at only one of the ring nitrogen atoms. Mono-"N"-oxidation occurs by reaction with peracids.


title: Pyrimidine

text: Electrophilic "C"-substitution of pyrimidine occurs at the 5-position, the least electron-deficient. Nitration, nitrosation, azo coupling, halogenation, sulfonation, formylation, hydroxymethylation, and aminomethylation have been observed with substituted pyrimidines.


title: Pyrimidine

text: Nucleophilic "C"-substitution should be facilitated at the 2-, 4-, and 6-positions but there are only a few examples. Amination and hydroxylation have been observed for substituted pyrimidines. Reactions with Grignard or alkyllithium reagents yield 4-alkyl- or 4-aryl pyrimidine after aromatization.


title: Pyrimidine

text: Free radical attack has been observed for pyrimidine and photochemical reactions have been observed for substituted pyrimidines. Pyrimidine can be hydrogenated to give tetrahydropyrimidine.


title: Pyrimidine

text: Three nucleobases found in nucleic acids, cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U), are pyrimidine derivatives:


title: Pyrimidine

text: In DNA and RNA, these bases form hydrogen bonds with their complementary purines. Thus, in DNA, the purines adenine (A) and guanine (G) pair up with the pyrimidines thymine (T) and cytosine (C), respectively.


title: Pyrimidine

text: In RNA, the complement of adenine (A) is uracil (U) instead of thymine (T), so the pairs that form are adenine:uracil and guanine:cytosine.


title: Pyrimidine

text: Very rarely, thymine can appear in RNA, or uracil in DNA, but when the other three major pyrimidine bases are represented, some minor pyrimidine bases can also occur in nucleic acids. These minor pyrimidines are usually methylated versions of major ones and are postulated to have regulatory functions.


title: Pyrimidine

text: These hydrogen bonding modes are for classical Watson–Crick base pairing. Other hydrogen bonding modes ("wobble pairings") are available in both DNA and RNA, although the additional 2′-hydroxyl group of RNA expands the configurations, through which RNA can form hydrogen bonds.


title: Pyrimidine

text: In March 2015, NASA Ames scientists reported that, for the first time, complex DNA and RNA organic compounds of life, including uracil, cytosine and thymine, have been formed in the laboratory under outer space conditions, using starting chemicals, such as pyrimidine, found in meteorites. Pyrimidine, like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), the most carbon-rich chemical found in the universe, may have been formed in red giants or in interstellar dust and gas clouds.


title: Pyrimidine

text: In order to understand how life arose, knowledge is required of the chemical pathways that permit formation of the key building blocks of life under plausible prebiotic conditions. The RNA world hypothesis holds that in the primordial soup there existed free-floating ribonucleotides, the fundamental molecules that combine in series to form RNA. Complex molecules such as RNA must have emerged from relatively small molecules whose reactivity was governed by physico-chemical processes. RNA is composed of pyrimidine and purine nucleotides, both of which are necessary for reliable information transfer, and thus natural selection and Darwinian evolution. Becker et al. showed how pyrimidine nucleosides can be synthesized from small molecules and ribose, driven solely by wet-dry cycles. Purine nucleosides can be synthesized by a similar pathway. 5’-mono-and diphosphates also form selectively from phosphate-containing minerals, allowing concurrent formation of polyribonucleotides with both the pyrimidine and purine bases. Thus a reaction network towards the pyrimidine and purine RNA building blocks can be established starting from simple atmospheric or volcanic molecules.


title: Jasmine Jobson

text: Jasmine Jobson (born 9 May 1995) is an English actress best known for starring as Jaq in the 2019 Netflix British television crime drama series "Top Boy", for which she was nominated for a BAFTA, and for playing Lily in feature film "Surge", which premiered at the 2020 Sundance Film Festival.


title: Jasmine Jobson

text: Jasmine Jobson was born 9 May 1995 in Hayes, West London, England. Her mum is of Irish and Greek-Cypriot heritage, her dad is Jamaican. From a very young age (around 6), Jobson showed talent singing by mimicking television stars, so her mother enrolled her to ‘Paddington Arts’, a Youth Arts organisation dedicated to developing talent andcreativity in London’s young people, where Jobson honed her talents.


title: Jasmine Jobson

text: As a child Jobson had asked to be separated from her mother by social services and placed into foster care, living in West Drayton for five years. The results prevailed In adulthood though, Jobson taught herself how to channel that aggression and emotions into her acting. When asked by the casting director for "Top Boy" to show some anger in her audition, Jobson threw a chair across the room, nearly hitting a window, securing her the role in the production.


title: Jasmine Jobson

text: Jobson joined the Big House Theatre which provides drama-based workshops and training on team building, challenges management and confidence development and focuses on helping young people who have been through the UK’s care system. Maggie Norris, chief executive of Big House, described Jobson as an extraordinary talent.