title: Buick Roadmaster

text: The "Roadmaster" name returned to the Buick line for the 1991 model year after a 33-year absence, with the third generation Buick Estate wagon becoming the Roadmaster Estate. A four-door sedan was added to the Roadmaster line for the 1992 model year, the first rear-wheel drive Buick sedan since 1985. Combined sales showed an over tenfold increase over 1991 thanks in part to an extended production run which had 1992 models going on sale in March 1991.


title: Buick Roadmaster

text: As with its precursor, the new Roadmaster Estate wagon was based on GM's full-size rear-wheel drive B platform, which was closely related to the GM C-body and D-body chassis reserved for top of the line Buicks and Cadillacs. It rode on the same 115.9-inch wheelbase in use since the wagon series was downsized from the C-body in 1977, yet was three inches shorter than the 1990 model.


title: Buick Roadmaster

text: The Roadmaster sedan, a C-body vehicle over its eight previous generations, shared the B-body for the first time in its history. Nonetheless, it stood not only as the largest Buick, a full 10 inches longer with a 5 inch greater wheelbase than the apparent top-of-the-line C-bodied Buick Park Avenue, but larger both in wheelbase (2 inches) and overall length (6 inches) than the K-body Cadillac Sedan de Ville.


title: Buick Roadmaster

text: The standard engine for the 1991 wagon was a 5.0 L Chevrolet small-block V8. It was replaced a year later with a 5.7 L Chevrolet small-block V8 shared by both wagon and sedan. In 1994 both received a modified version of the advanced 5.7 L sequential point fuel-injection LT1 V8, increasing output to and improved performance.


title: Buick Roadmaster

text: Derived from the 300 hp LT1 debuted in the 1992 Chevrolet Corvette, the Roadmaster version was shared both with other B-and D platform luxury and performance cars such as the Chevrolet Caprice Police Package and Cadillac Fleetwood and GM's specialty F-bodied Chevrolet Camaro Z28 and Pontiac Firebird Trans Am. It differed in the use of iron heads for durability, camshafts tuned for increased low-end torque, and intake silencers to decrease drive-by noise (only in engines used in luxury-brand cars).


title: Buick Roadmaster

text: While installed in part to better comply with emissions and fuel-economy standards, the LT1 V8 not only offered an 80 hp power increase but raised rated fuel economy by 1 mpg, to 17 mpg city/25 mpg highway. As a result of this significantly boosted engine output General Motors limited the softer-riding Roadmaster (which ran on lower speed-rated tires than used on the Corvette) to a top speed of . For 1996, the LT1 became OBD-II compliant.


title: Buick Roadmaster

text: All three V-8s were paired to a four-speed automatic transmission. In 1994, the hydraulically-controlled 4L60 (700R4) transmission was replaced by the electronically controlled 4L60E.


title: Buick Roadmaster

text: When ordered with the factory towing package, the 1994-1996 Roadmaster was rated to tow up to . For the station wagon, this could be raised to 7,000 pounds with the use of a weight-distributing hitch, dual sway controls, setting rear tire pressure to 35 PSI, and disabling the Electronic Level Control. The towing package added 2.93 rear-axle gears and a limited-slip differential, heavy-duty cooling system including oil and transmission coolers, and a factory-installed self-leveling rear suspension called Dynaride, which consisting of air shocks, a height sensor between the rear axle and body and an on-board air compressor. Most visibly, a pair of electric fans offset to the left under the hood was replaced by the combination of one conventional fan-driven mechanically from the engine alongside one electric fan.


title: Buick Roadmaster

text: The Roadmaster Estate wagon shared its body with the Caprice Estate and Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser; common styling features included the Caprice's headlights and the Custom Cruiser's 2nd-row "Vista Roof" with a sunroof. Simulated woodgrain sides were standard, though the treatment could be removed for credit. All three wagons offered an optional rear-facing third-row seat, bringing seating capacity to eight. The Roadmaster sedan had a distinct fascia, featuring its own grille and headlights stacked above running lights and turn signals. It shared a formal sedan roofline with the Cadillac Fleetwood, but rode on a wheelbase nearly six inches shorter.


title: Buick Roadmaster

text: The interior received a redesign for the 1994 model year which included new dual airbags, moving some instrument panel gauges closer to the steering wheel, and revisions to the radio and climate controls. The side-view mirrors were changed in 1995, changing from a "Lolipop" style mirror mounted on the door skin, to a new folding design mounted on the sail panel. The 1995 Roadmaster retained its skirted rear wheels (removed from the Caprice/Impala SS), while the sedan was updated with new bodyside moldings. Station wagons saw a shade for the Vista Roof along with a cargo cover. In 1996 automatic climate control became standard, and the rear seatbelts were redesigned with a "cinching" feature.


title: Buick Roadmaster

text: A combination of overcrowding among Buick's high-end sedans and pressure from full-size SUVs on the Estate wagon led to both Roadmasters being discontinued after the 1996 model year; the final vehicle was produced on December 13, 1996. All 1996 Roadmaster Estates were installed with a "Collector's Edition" hood ornament, a round medallion in place of the traditional tri-shield Buick badge.


title: Buick Roadmaster

text: With Ford stopping production of its Country Squire and Colony Park station wagons in 1991, the discontinuation of the Roadmaster Estate and Chevrolet Caprice Estate marked the end of the full-size station wagon in North America until the introduction of the Dodge Magnum in 2005.


title: Buick Roadmaster

text: Another factor behind the discontinuation of the GM B-body line was the growth of the full-size SUV segment, which impacted both sedan and wagon sales. Additionally, demand was increasing for the Chevrolet/GMC Suburban models that also had higher profit margins. In 1996, the Arlington Assembly facility in Texas was converted to assemble SUVs and pickup trucks, leaving the B-platform without an assembly line.


title: Bellwether

text: In politics, the term often applies in a metaphorical sense to characterize a geographic region where political tendencies match in microcosm those of a wider area, such that the result of an election in the former region might predict the eventual result in the latter. In economics, a 'bellwether' is a leading indicator of an economic trend.


title: Bellwether

text: Sociologists apply the term in the active sense to a person or group of people who tend to create, influence, or set trends.


title: Bellwether

text: The term derives from the Middle English "bellewether", which referred to the practice of placing a bell around the neck of a castrated ram (a "wether") leading a flock of sheep. A shepherd could then note the movements of the animals by hearing the bell, even when the flock was not in sight.


title: Bellwether

text: In the stock market, a 'bellwether' is a company or stock taken to be a leading indicator of the direction in a sector, in an industry or in the market as a whole. Bellwether stocks therefore serve as short-term guides. JPMorgan Chase is a U.S. example of a bellwether. As one of the major banks in the United States, its stock sets the tone for the rest of the banking industry. JPMorgan Chase also has contracts with companies in other industries, so its performance is reflected in other sectors of the market. Tata Consultancy Services is similarly a bellwether for technology stocks in the Indian markets, BSE and NSE.


title: Bellwether

text: Similarly, a bellwether bond is "a government bond whose changes in interest rate are believed to show the future direction of the rest of the bond market."


title: Bellwether

text: The quarterly "Bellwether Report", published by the Institute of Practitioners in Advertising (IPA), monitors trends in expenditure in the UK advertising and marketing industry.


title: Bellwether

text: In politics, the term "bellwether" often applies in a metaphorical sense to characterize a geographic region where political tendencies match in microcosm those of a wider area, such that the result of an election in the former region might predict the eventual result in the latter. In a Westminster-style election, for example, a constituency, the control of which tends frequently to change, can have a popular vote that mirrors the result on a national scale.


title: Bellwether

text: An electoral bellwether can be a ward, precinct, town, county, or other district that accurately reflects how a geographic region (state, province, etc.) will vote during elections. Bellwethers in the United States typically change every election cycle due to shifts in the electorate. Bellwethers also differ by the type of elections: a midterm bellwether differs from a presidential bellwether or a party primary bellwether.


title: Bellwether

text: American statistician and political scientist Edward Tufte and his student Richard Sun defined electoral bellwethers (in the US) into the following categories:


title: Bellwether

text: In Australian federal elections, the Division of Robertson in New South Wales became the nation's new longest-running bellwether seat, continuously won by the party that also won government since the 1983 federal election.


title: Bellwether

text: Previously, the electoral division of Eden-Monaro elected its Member of Parliament from the party which won government at every federal election from 1972 until 2016, when the record was broken after Labor won the seat, while the Coalition won government. The Division of Lindsay in NSW, has elected its Member of Parliament from the party which won government in every Federal election since its creation in 1984 until 2016. Both Lindsay and Eden-Monaro lost their bellwether status at the 2016 federal election, both electing Labor MPs, despite a narrow Coalition win nationwide.


title: Bellwether

text: The Division of Makin in South Australia was a bellwether division from 1984 to 2010, although ceased its bellwether record in 2013, when Makin stayed Labor as the Coalition regained power nationwide. Also, in terms of nationwide two party preferred vote, Eden-Monaro, Lindsay, Robertson and Makin have bucked the bellwether trend in the past by voting Liberal at the 1998 federal election. In purely statistical terms, the state of New South Wales, which has the largest population of any Australian state or territory, could also be considered a "bellwether", as, until the 2016 federal election the party which wins government has won the majority of House of Representatives seats in that state at every election since 1963. Unlike many bellwethers, these are cited by analysts solely for their record and are not usually attributed to demographic factors that reflect the median of Australia.


title: Bellwether

text: In the Canadian province of Ontario, Sarnia—Lambton (and its predecessor ridings) voted for the winning party in every federal election from 1963 until 2011. This streak was broken in 2015, when the Conservative Party held the district while the Liberal Party won government, and the riding has become reliably Conservative since. Toronto—St. Paul's has only elected three opposition MPs since it contested its first election, as St. Paul's, in 1935, although it has become reliably Liberal in recent years. Burlington and St. Catharines currently share the longest active streak, having elected a member from the winning party since 1984. Also in Ontario, Peterborough—Kawartha (called Peterborough until 2015) has consistently elected the party which has won the provincial election since 1977. In federal politics, Peterborough—Kawartha (also called Peterborough until 2015) elected a member of the winning party from 1965 to 1979 and 1984 until 2021, inclusive.


title: Bellwether

text: In Alberta, the provincial electoral district Peace River has elected only three opposition MLAs since the province was founded in 1905.


title: Bellwether

text: In Manitoba, the federal district of Winnipeg South has voted for the winning party in each election since it was re-formed in 1988; a previous version of the same riding, which elected MPs from 1917 until 1974 inclusive, voted against the national winner only three times. Also in Manitoba, the provincial riding of Rossmere, which has existed since 1969, has voted for the candidate from the governing party in every election since it was first contested except for the 1977 general election and a 1993 by-election.


title: Bellwether

text: Since the creation of the Federal Republic of Germany (then West Germany) in 1949, the state where the leading party list vote ("Zweitstimmen") matched the party of the subsequently chosen Chancellor the most times is Schleswig-Holstein (with two misses: 1969 and 2005), followed by the state of Lower Saxony (with misses in 1949, 1969 and 2005). Both states lie in the North of the country, neither containing many large industrial cities (the biggest being Kiel and Hannover respectively), nor large rural Catholic populations, the traditional base of the SPD and CDU/CSU respectively. Schleswig-Holstein is also famous for having had several state elections result in a one-seat majority for the winning coalition and Lower Saxony's 1998 election (in which Gerhard Schröder was the SPD candidate) is often seen as a "trial run" for the subsequent federal election (which Schröder also won). Both the 1949 and the 1969 elections were rather narrow, the former resulting in a one-vote majority in the election for chancellor and the latter resulting in a 12-seat majority that had broken down due to defections by 1972. In 2005 SPD and CDU/CSU were only separated by one percentage point and four seats in the final tally. In the 2021 German federal election the SPD placed first in 12 out of 16 states, including Schleswig-Holstein and Lower Saxony as well as federally while being led by former First Mayor of Hamburg, Olaf Scholz, the State of Hamburg borders both Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein, but Scholz did not run in Hamburg during that election, instead representing the District Potsdam – Potsdam-Mittelmark II – Teltow-Fläming II in Brandenburg (where he incidentally ran against Annalena Baerbock candidate for chancellor of Alliance 90/The Greens, drawing additional media attention to the District).


title: Bellwether

text: Two individual seats, Valsad and West Delhi, have successfully voted for the victorious party for the last eleven general elections in India. Furthermore, the party that wins the majority of seats in Delhi has always gone on to form the national government since 1998.


title: Bellwether

text: The state of Uttar Pradesh is also seen as a bellwether, with the national government having been formed the majority of times by the party that won the most seats in the state.


title: Bellwether

text: Ireland has a proportional representation electoral system, in which politicians are elected by the single transferable vote. Bellwethers here can only be measured by the number of candidates from each side elected to Ireland's multiple-seat constituencies that elect an odd number of members. Between the 1981 general election and 2011 general election, Meath and its successors, Meath East and Meath West, have elected a majority of Fianna Fáil TDs in years when Fianna Fáil formed the government, and a majority of Fine Gael and Labour TDs when those parties formed the government.


title: Bellwether

text: In New Zealand, there are three generally accepted bellwether electorates: Hamilton East and Hamilton West, both based around the city of Hamilton, and Northcote on Auckland's North Shore. Hamilton West and Northcote missed one election each since they were first contested in 1969 and 1996 respectively — the for Hamilton West and the for Northcote. Hamilton East, first contested in 1972, has missed three elections — 1993, 1999, and 2005. They were all held by the National Party in the 2017 election although Labour formed the government after the election. Since the National Party was still returned as the largest party in Parliament, however, the two electorates did in fact retain their bellwether status, albeit to a limited extent.


title: Bellwether

text: In the Philippines, the winner of Philippine presidential election has won in Negros Oriental in all instances since 1935 except for 1961 and 2016, and in Basilan since its creation in December 1973 (first election in 1981). After Negros Oriental voted for the runner-up in 2016, Agusan del Norte and Lanao del Sur have the longest active streak, having its provincial winners be the elected president since the 1969 election.


title: Bellwether

text: For vice presidential elections, Pangasinan has voted for the winner in all elections save for 1986 and 2016.


title: Bellwether

text: In every general election to the Portuguese National Assembly since the restoration of democracy in 1975, the electoral district of Braga has voted for the party or coalition that has won the most seats in the election. (Note that following the elections of 2015, a minority government was eventually formed by the second-largest party in the Assembly.)


title: Bellwether

text: In every general, European Union, mayoral (except 2009), or presidential elections since the Carnation Revolution, the Portuguese capital of Lisbon voted for the party or coalition that won more percentage in the elections.


title: Bellwether

text: The expression "" ('As Ljungby votes, Sweden votes') was coined in the early-1970s, but more recently (in 2006) voting results in Karlstad, Kalmar, and Halmstad more closely resembled the result of the whole nation in elections to the Riksdag.


title: Bellwether

text: According to Statistics Sweden, election results in Karlstad have been closest to the national results for three consecutive elections, a fact often highlighted by media through Gallup Polls showing voting intentions in the area.


title: Bellwether

text: United Kingdom constituencies have been subject to frequent review since the late-1960s, particularly those of the House of Commons. Few constituencies are unchanged from one review to another. Therefore, true bellwethers are rare. However, it is possible to match new constituencies to old ones according to the destination of the bulk of the old electorate.


title: Bellwether

text: While not strictly a bellwether, Sunderland South was often used in election programming to predict the swing of a general election - principally because it was often the first to declare - with variable results.


title: Bellwether

text: The constituencies of Cunninghame North, Stirling and Na h-Eileanan an Iar have all elected MSPs from the party which won the plurality of seats in the election overall for every Scottish Parliament election.


title: Bellwether

text: Also, the constituencies of Almond Valley, Dundee City West, Edinburgh Eastern, Glasgow Southside, Kilmarnock and Irvine Valley and Mid Fife and Glenrothes each elected an MSP from the largest party in the 2011 and 2016 elections. This continues the trend that their predecessor constituencies (Livingston, Dundee West, Edinburgh East & Musselburgh, Glasgow Govan, Kilmarnock & Loudoun and Fife Central) achieved in the 1999, 2003 and 2007 elections.


title: Bellwether

text: The following constituencies (as of the 2016 election) have elected MSs from the party which won the plurality of seats in the election overall for every Senedd (and former Assembly) election since 1999:


title: Bellwether

text: Note that as Labour has won the most seats in every election since the Welsh Assembly was founded in 1999, this is a list of seats which have always voted Labour.


title: Bellwether

text: The American states with the current longest streak of voting for the winners in the electoral college are Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin; their streaks date back to only 2008. The American bellwether states can also be determined in different ways (with respect to presidential elections):


title: Bellwether

text: Another way to measure how much a state's results reflect the national average is how far the state deviates from the national results. The states with the least deviation from a two-party presidential vote from 1896 to 2012 include:


title: Bellwether

text: States that were considered bellwether states from the mid-to-late 20th century until the early 21st century include:


title: Bellwether

text: In addition, the Territory of Guam has had no misses from 1984 to 2012 (100.0%). Guam has no electoral college votes, but conducts a presidential straw vote on local election day. Also of note, from 1996 through 2012, Ohio was within 1.85% of the national popular vote result. Due to the Electoral College system, a bellwether of sufficient size is often also a focus of national attention and presidential campaigns as a so-called swing state that can decide the election one way or the other. As of 2016, Ohio and Florida were seen by political pundits and national campaigns as the most important swing states due to their large number of electoral votes and political volatility. No Republican has won the presidency while losing Ohio, so election results from Ohio are a good indicator of how successful that party's candidate is. However, it was generally acknowledged that the Democratic candidate tended to have a better chance of winning the presidency without Ohio and Florida. In 2000, the presidential election devolved into a controversial decision in "Bush v. Gore" which ultimately hinged the contest on a recount of Florida, that – had it gone for Gore – would have swung the Electoral College vote. After the 2020 election, it became clear that Ohio and Florida had begun to trend more Republican, and Joe Biden defeated incumbent Donald Trump without winning either state. Arizona, which no Democratic candidate had won since 1996, and Georgia, which no Democratic candidate had won since 1992, both narrowly went to Biden, possibly replacing Ohio and Florida as major swing states.


title: Konkuk University

text: Konkuk University () is a South Korean private university founded in 1946. The university was founded based on three virtues: sincerity, fidelity, and righteousness.


title: Konkuk University

text: Konkuk University gives comprehensive education in agricultural and life science research to around 30,000 students, plus 2,500 international students. It has two campuses: one in Seoul and one in Chungju. The Seoul campus is located in the southeastern part of the city, near the Han River, and is served by the Konkuk University Station.


title: Konkuk University

text: The university was founded in 1946 by Dr. Yoo Seok-chang (pen name: Sanghuh). It was originally known as the Chosun School of Politics (), and was a junior college for future political leaders. Thirteen years later, in 1959, the school became a "comprehensive university" and was renamed to Konkuk University (from ).


title: Konkuk University

text: In 2016, Konkuk University celebrated its 70th anniversary. A new emblem featuring Sanghuh Hall, the original building for the Chosun School of Politics, was released in December 2015. The university also unveiled a second ox statue and held a major academic symposium.


title: Konkuk University

text: In 2017, Konkuk University was selected for the Leaders in Industry-University Cooperation (LINC+) project by the Ministry of Education and the National Research Foundation of Korea and has been accredited by the Korean University Accreditation Institute (KUAI), of the Korean Council for University Education, for two consecutive periods.


title: Konkuk University

text: Yoo served as the first president of Konkuk University from 1959 to 1961. In September 2016, Sanggi Min became the university's 20th president. The university has four executive vice presidents: provost and executive vice president for academic affairs, executive vice president for public affairs, executive vice president for research, and executive vice president for medicine. The board of the Konkuk University Foundation, which governs the university, includes Chairperson Ja-eun Yoo and eleven other board members who each serve 4-year terms.


title: Konkuk University

text: As of 2021, the Seoul campus was composed of thirteen undergraduate colleges and thirteen graduate schools; the GLOCAL Campus in Chungju is composed of seven undergraduate colleges and four graduate schools.


title: Konkuk University

text: Konkuk University has 58 affiliated and special research institutes in the areas of humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences.


title: Konkuk University

text: Four renowned scholars held the position of distinguished professor as of the spring semester of 2018.


title: Konkuk University

text: In 1990, Konkuk University Language Institute began to provide instruction in English and other foreign languages. Courses on Chinese, English, French, Japanese, Spanish, and Vietnamese are available to Konkuk University students and the general public. In 1998, the institute introduced Korean language programs for foreigners with short-term courses lasting 1–2 weeks, as well as longer 3-month courses. The institute also provides training for Korean language teachers.


title: Konkuk University

text: Konkuk University has entered into partnership agreements with 645 institutions in 68 countries. In 2019, a total of 690 students studied abroad through dual degree programs, exchange programs, language courses, and short-term programs, and 730 foreign students were registered at the university.


title: Konkuk University

text: Foreign students enrolled in Konkuk University's partner universities—such as UC Berkeley in the United States, University of Edinburgh in the United Kingdom, Erasmus University Rotterdam in the Netherlands, and Osaka University in Japan—can pursue their studies at the main Seoul campus for one or two semesters. Students are selected in accordance with the terms and conditions specified in the partnership agreements and only pay tuition to their home institutions.


title: Konkuk University

text: The International Summer Program and International Winter Program are two-week long programs that provide opportunities for foreign students wishing to learn about Korea and experience its culture. Students can take classes on Korean history, culture, and business practices, and participate in field trips and cultural events.


title: Konkuk University

text: Established in 1963, Konkuk University Museum features 4,532 historical artifacts, including Dongguk Jeongun, one of the National Treasures of South Korea. The museum originated in Nagwon-dong, Jongno-gu, and in 1985 moved to the Sanghuh Memorial Hall, the building in which the Chosun School of Politics was founded. The museum is open to the public, and special lectures on Korean history and culture are given throughout the year.


title: Konkuk University

text: Sanghuh Memorial Library serves as Konkuk University's main library. Opened in 1989, it was the largest library in Asia at the time. As of February 2014, the library had more than 900,000 Korean books and 200,000 foreign language books. Six reading rooms with about 2,200 seats are available, and a reading room on the third floor of the library is open 24 hours a day. The library has interlibrary loan agreements with Korea University, Dongguk University, Sungkyunkwan University, Hanyang University, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, and Chung-Ang University.


title: Konkuk University

text: Ilgam Lake is located at the center of Konkuk University's Seoul campus. This swamp was converted to an artificial lake when the university moved the campus from Nagwon-dong to the current location in 1954. In the 1950s and 1960s, indoor ice-skating rinks were uncommon, and the lake was used for national competitions. Occupying , the lake accounts for approximately one-ninth of the campus area. To maintain water quality, 650 tons of underground water is added daily, and a motorboat is used to prevent algal blooms.


title: Konkuk University

text: Konkuk University has more than 70 student clubs based on social and professional interests. At the beginning of the academic year in March, the Student Club Association holds a fair on campus to recruit new members.


title: Konkuk University

text: Foundation Day is an annual ceremony that commemorates Yoo Seok-chang's founding of Konkuk University on May 15, 1946. It is held for students, faculty, staff, alumni, parents, and guests. Awards are presented to the faculty and staff who have contributed to the university. Around the same time, Konkuk University's student association organizes the Ilgam Lake Festival. This three-day long event features performances and exhibitions by college departments and student clubs. Famous K-pop celebrities are also invited to perform in a concert.


title: Konkuk University

text: In late October, colleges and student clubs stage the Fall Art Festival to showcase their academic achievements and artistic talent. This three-day long event is organized by the Student Club Association.


title: Konkuk University

text: On May 3, Konkuk University announced that it was selected by the Korean government to participate in the Program for Industrial Needs-Matched Education (PRIME). Higher education institutions receive incentives for restructuring and training students to meet the society's needs under the project. Of the 75 universities that applied, Konkuk University, Ewha Womans University, Hanyang University's ERICA campus, and 18 other universities were chosen. As a result, Konkuk University is expected to receive up to 450 billion won in government funding over three years until 2018. More than 15% will be allocated for scholarships, and a significant portion will be used to improve educational programs and build infrastructure.


title: Konkuk University

text: In 2017, Konkuk University introduced the "Konkuk Institute of Technology" to train and prepare students for industries with significant growth potential. The institute includes eight departments in energy engineering, smart vehicle engineering, smart ICT engineering, cosmetics engineering, stem cell and regenerative biology, systems biotechnology, integrative bioscience and biotechnology, and biomedical science and engineering with 333 students. Konkuk University plans to offer a 5-year BS/MS program, through which all students will receive a scholarship for their graduate education as well as a stipend of 300,000 won per month for book purchases and research, at the institute. The registration fee for all incoming students will be waived.


title: Konkuk University

text: As an alternative to the prevalent 2-semester, 4-year undergraduate programs, Konkuk University introduced the Plus Semester System which will allow students to take initiative in designing their own curriculum. The innovative system is part of an effort to make university education more student-focused and tailored to meet changing industry demands. Konkuk students will be able to choose from a variety of options, including the 2+One-Semester On-The-Job Training program, 3+1 Employment program, 7+1 Self-Designed Semester program, and 4+1 Bachelor's and master's degree program. The 2+One-Semester program allows students to gain work experience during the semester and take classes to fulfill course requirements for their majors during the vacation. For the 7+1 program, students will design their plans for external activities prior to the beginning of the semester. The activities are to develop expertise in areas of interest rather than being limited to opening a new business or finding employment. Once the plans are approved, students receive up to 15 credits once they submit completion reports. The Center for Integrated Science and Technology, which will include four departments in biotechnology and another four in engineering, will offer the 4+1 Bachelor's and master's degree program.


title: Konkuk University

text: The Seoul campus is adjacent to the Konkuk University Station, which is serviced by Seoul Subway Line 2 and Line 7. The circular Line 2 offers easy access to downtown Seoul within one hour. Line 7 links the northern part of the city to the popular Gangnam District.


title: Konkuk University

text: Seoul buses #240, #302, #721, #2222, #2223, #2224, #3216, #3220, and #4212 can be taken nearby the campus to different places in the city. From Incheon International Airport, Limousine Bus #6013 is available every 30–40 minutes from 6:15 a.m. to 10:55 p.m for ₩10,000.


title: Konkuk University

text: Konkuk University has been a popular film location for Korean dramas. "Twenty Again", a 2015 Korean television series starring Choi Ji-woo and Lee Sang-yoon was filmed at the main campus in Seoul.


title: Konkuk University

text: "Cheese in the Trap", a popular "webtoon" published on Naver since 2010 with more than 1 million viewers, was written by Konkuk University alumnus . Many illustrations were based on Konkuk University buildings, including the museum and library.


title: Supernatural (season 14)

text: The fourteenth season of "Supernatural", an American dark fantasy television series created by Eric Kripke, premiered on October 11, 2018, on The CW, and concluded on April 25, 2019. The season consists of 20 episodes and aired on Thursdays at 8:00 pm (ET). This is the third season with Andrew Dabb and Robert Singer as showrunners.


title: Supernatural (season 14)

text: The thirteenth episode of the season marks the 300th episode of the series. The season follows Sam and Dean who, along with Jack and Castiel, try to take down the archangel Michael from another world, and learn something bigger is at hand.


title: Supernatural (season 14)

text: On April 2, 2018, The CW renewed the series for a fourteenth season. In June, it was revealed that the fourteenth season would contain only 20 episodes, the series' shortest season since the third season which was only 16 episodes due to the 2007–08 Writers Guild of America strike. Filming for the season began on July 10, 2018, and concluded on March 26, 2019. With Lucifer having been killed at the end of the thirteenth season, actor Mark Pellegrino instead portrayed the role of Nick, Lucifer's former vessel.


title: Supernatural (season 14)

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports an 82% approval rating for "Supernatural"'s fourteenth season, with an average rating of 7.5/10 based on 11 reviews. The site's critics consensus reads, "Supernatural remains engrossing despite its almost spooky longevity, patiently doling out new paranormal challenges in a season that takes the time to reflect on a seismic shift amongst the ensemble's dynamics."


title: Flood (producer)

text: Mark Ellis (born 16 August 1960), known by his professional pseudonym Flood, is a British rock and synthpop record producer and audio engineer. Flood's list of work includes projects with New Order, U2, Nine Inch Nails, Marc and the Mambas, Depeche Mode, Gary Numan, Sneaker Pimps, King, Ministry, The Charlatans, Thirty Seconds to Mars, Erasure, Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds, PJ Harvey, Foals, a-ha, Orbital, Sigur Rós, The Jesus and Mary Chain, The Smashing Pumpkins, The Killers, White Lies, Pop Will Eat Itself, Warpaint, EOB, and Interpol. His co-production collaborations have included projects with Brian Eno, Daniel Lanois, Steve Lillywhite, and longtime collaborator Alan Moulder, with whom he co-founded the Assault & Battery studio complex. In 2006, his work with U2 led to his sharing of the Grammy Award for Album of the Year for "How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb".


title: Flood (producer)

text: Ellis is not to be confused with Mark Ellis, the bassist from the British mod revival band The Lambrettas from the late 1970s and early 1980s.


title: Flood (producer)

text: Mark Ellis was born in London. As a child Ellis attended St Olave's Grammar School in Orpington, England. He began his music career as the vocalist for the band Seven Hertz. In 1978 he began his professional studio career as a runner at Morgan Studios in London and was the tape operator on Rick Wakeman's album 1984. Ellis was also a runner at Battery Studios in London and held apprenticeships at Marcus Studios and Trident Studios.


title: Flood (producer)

text: Flood moved up to house engineer before becoming a freelance engineer in 1981, the same year he worked as assistant engineer on New Order's debut album "Movement". The following year he engineered Ministry's debut album, "With Sympathy". He became associated with Stevo's "Some Bizzare Records" label, leading to him working with Cabaret Voltaire, Psychic TV, and Marc Almond's side project, Marc and the Mambas among others.


title: Flood (producer)

text: Following his work with Some Bizzare Records, Flood began working with Mute Records as one of their preferred producers, heralding his first production project with Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds on "From Her to Eternity" (1983–1984) and the follow-up album "The Firstborn Is Dead" (1984). His work at Mute was as a producer, co-producer, or engineer with each of the label's major acts including Depeche Mode, Vince Clarke, and Erasure, whose debut album "Wonderland" (1986) and its follow-up "The Circus" (1987) he engineered.


title: Flood (producer)

text: Flood's first mainstream commercial break came in 1987 when he engineered U2's "The Joshua Tree", alongside producers Brian Eno and Daniel Lanois. In that same year, he gave up mixing U2's album to produce Erasure's "The Circus", the duo's second album and the first one to have great commercial success. Shortly thereafter, he co-produced Nine Inch Nails on debut "Pretty Hate Machine", along with John Fryer, Adrian Sherwood, and Keith LeBlanc. He also worked with Depeche Mode on their 1990 album, "Violator". In 1991, he returned to work again with U2 on "Achtung Baby", along with Eno, Lanois, and Steve Lillywhite. The following year he returned to work with Depeche Mode to record the album "Songs of Faith and Devotion" and co-produced three tracks of Nine Inch Nails' "Broken" EP.


title: Flood (producer)

text: In 1993, Flood shifted from engineering U2's albums to being a producer along with Brian Eno and The Edge on "Zooropa". In 1994, he worked again with Nine Inch Nails this time on "The Downward Spiral". In 1995, Flood co-produced The Smashing Pumpkins' album "Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness" with longtime collaborator Alan Moulder, and PJ Harvey's album "To Bring You My Love". Shortly thereafter, he assisted producer Nellee Hooper on Sneaker Pimps' "Becoming X". He also collaborated with Dave Bessell, Gary Stout, and Ed Buller to create Node; an analogue synth heavy project that produced the album "Node".


title: Flood (producer)

text: In 1996 Flood teamed with U2 once again to produce "Pop", released the next year. The following year he assisted Billy Corgan and Brad Wood in producing The Smashing Pumpkins's 1998 album "Adore" and co-produced PJ Harvey's album "Is This Desire?".


title: Flood (producer)

text: In 2000, he co-produced "Machina/The Machines of God" by The Smashing Pumpkins with Corgan. He co-produced Erasure's "Loveboat" with Vince Clarke and Andy Bell of Erasure. The following year Flood worked again with Depeche Mode, remixing the single version of "Freelove", and in 2002 he produced Richard Warren's Echoboy album "Giraffe". He also co-produced "I To Sky", by JJ72.


title: Flood (producer)

text: In 2003, Flood re-worked Gary Numan's "Cars" for his album "Hybrid". The following year, Flood produced London-based The Duke Spirit's debut album "Cuts Across The Land". In the same year he co-produced U2's "How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb". In 2004 he produced Soulwax's album "Any Minute Now", and in mid-2005 he mixed a-ha's eighth album, "Analogue", and produced 's debut album "Ignoto". Later that year, Flood also mixed Placebo's album "Meds".


title: Flood (producer)

text: Flood co-produced The Killers' album "Sam's Town" in 2006 with fellow English producer and engineer Alan Moulder. Later that year he remixed the debut single by Dark Room Notes, "Love Like Nicotine". At the beginning of 2007, he co-produced PJ Harvey's album "White Chalk" with John Parish and PJ Harvey. He also co-produced a couple of songs on the Goldfrapp album "Seventh Tree", which was released in February 2008. In late 2007 and early 2008, he produced Sigur Rós's "Með suð í eyrum við spilum endalaust" in Iceland.


title: Flood (producer)

text: Flood and Paul Hartnoll of Orbital co-produced the 2008 album by The Music, "Strength in Numbers". He produced the 2009 album by The Hours, "See the Light". He joined Steve Lillywhite again in 2008 to work with Thirty Seconds to Mars, on "This Is War". And then worked with Editors on "In This Light and on This Evening". He also collaborated with Nitzer Ebb again to finish up their first new release in over a decade, "Industrial Complex". In 2010, he produced "Belong" by The Pains of Being Pure at Heart and "Let England Shake" by PJ Harvey.


title: Flood (producer)

text: In 2013, Flood worked again with Depeche Mode, being responsible for the mixing process of their album "Delta Machine" which was produced by Ben Hillier.


title: Flood (producer)

text: Flood had a studio in Kilburn called The Bedroom. He opened the Assault & Battery studio complex with longtime recording partner Alan Moulder. In 2008, Miloco Studios opened Assault & Battery 2, a tracking and mix studio in Willesden Green. Assault & Battery 1 came under the Miloco umbrella in Summer 2009, and both Flood and Moulder remain involved with the studios.


title: Flood (producer)

text: According to producer Mark Freegard Ellis' pseudonym, "Flood," was given to him by producer Chris Tsangarides during Ellis' early days at Morgan Studios and while The Cure was there recording. As a young studio runner Ellis was responsible for responding to numerous requests from the recording artists and staff for tea and bacon sandwiches. Ellis kept up with the numerous requests for tea while the other runner remained largely unavailable, leading to Tsangarides nicknaming them "Flood" and "Drought," respectively.


title: Total harmonic distortion

text: The total harmonic distortion (THD or THDi) is a measurement of the harmonic distortion present in a signal and is defined as the ratio of the sum of the powers of all harmonic components to the power of the fundamental frequency. Distortion factor, a closely related term, is sometimes used as a synonym.


title: Total harmonic distortion

text: In audio systems, lower distortion means the components in a loudspeaker, amplifier or microphone or other equipment produce a more accurate reproduction of an audio recording.


title: Total harmonic distortion

text: In radio communications, devices with lower THD tend to produce less unintentional interference with other electronic devices. Since harmonic distortion tends to widen the frequency spectrum of the output emissions from a device by adding signals at multiples of the input frequency, devices with high THD are less suitable in applications such as spectrum sharing and spectrum sensing.


title: Total harmonic distortion

text: In power systems, lower THD implies lower peak currents, less heating, lower electromagnetic emissions, and less core loss in motors. IEEE std 519-2014 covers the recommended practice and requirements for harmonic control in electric power systems.


title: Total harmonic distortion

text: To understand a system with an input and an output, such as an audio amplifier, we start with an ideal system where the transfer function is linear and time-invariant. When a sinusoidal signal of frequency ω passes through a non-ideal, non-linear device, additional content is added at multiples nω (harmonics) of the original frequency. THD is a measure of that additional signal content not present in the input signal.


title: Total harmonic distortion

text: When the main performance criterion is the ″purity″ of the original sine wave (in other words, the contribution of the original frequency with respect to its harmonics), the measurement is most commonly defined as the ratio of the RMS amplitude of a set of higher harmonic frequencies to the RMS amplitude of the first harmonic, or fundamental, frequency


title: Total harmonic distortion

text: where "V" is the RMS value of the "n"th harmonic voltage and "V" is the RMS value of the fundamental component.


title: Total harmonic distortion

text: In practice, the THD is commonly used in audio distortion specifications (percentage THD); however, THD is a non-standardized specification and the results between manufacturers are not easily comparable. Since individual harmonic amplitudes are measured, it is required that the manufacturer disclose the test signal frequency range, level and gain conditions, and number of measurements taken. It is possible to measure the full 20–20 kHz range using a sweep (though distortion for a fundamental above 10 kHz is inaudible).


title: Total harmonic distortion

text: Measurements for calculating the THD are made at the output of a device under specified conditions. The THD is usually expressed in percent or in dB relative to the fundamental as distortion attenuation.


title: Total harmonic distortion

text: A variant definition uses the fundamental plus harmonics as the reference, though usage is discouraged:


title: Total harmonic distortion

text: These can be distinguished as THD (for "fundamental"), and THD (for "root mean square"). THD cannot exceed 100%. At low distortion levels, the difference between the two calculation methods is negligible. For instance, a signal with THD of 10% has a very similar THD of 9.95%. However, at higher distortion levels the discrepancy becomes large. For instance, a signal with THD 266% has a THD of 94%. A pure square wave with infinite harmonics has THD of 48.3%, or THD of 43.5%.


title: Total harmonic distortion

text: Some use the term "distortion factor" as a synonym for THD, while others use it as a synonym for THD.


title: Total harmonic distortion

text: The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) also defines another term "total harmonic factor" for the "ratio of the RMS value of the harmonic content of an alternating quantity to the RMS value of the quantity" using a different equation.


title: Total harmonic distortion

text: THD+N means total harmonic distortion plus noise. This measurement is much more common and more comparable between devices. It is usually measured by inputting a sine wave, notch filtering the output, and comparing the ratio between the output signal with and without the sine wave:


title: Total harmonic distortion

text: Like the THD measurement, this is a ratio of RMS amplitudes, and can be measured as THD (bandpassed or calculated fundamental as the denominator) or, more commonly, as THD (total distorted signal as the denominator).


title: Total harmonic distortion

text: A meaningful measurement must include the bandwidth of measurement. This measurement includes effects from ground loop power line hum, high-frequency interference, intermodulation distortion between these tones and the fundamental, and so on, in addition to harmonic distortion. For psychoacoustic measurements, a weighting curve is applied such as A-weighting or ITU-R BS.468, which is intended to accentuate what is most audible to the human ear, contributing to a more accurate measurement. A-weighting is a rough way to estimate the frequency sensitivity of every persons ears, as it doesn't take into account the non-linear behavior of the ear. The loudness model proposed by Zwicker includes these complexities. The model is described in the German standard DIN45631


title: Total harmonic distortion

text: For a given input frequency and amplitude, THD+N is reciprocal to SINAD, provided that both measurements are made over the same bandwidth.


title: Total harmonic distortion

text: The distortion of a waveform relative to a pure sinewave can be measured either by using a THD analyzer to analyse the output wave into its constituent harmonics and noting the amplitude of each relative to the fundamental; or by cancelling out the fundamental with a notch filter and measuring the remaining signal, which will be total aggregate harmonic distortion plus noise.


title: Total harmonic distortion

text: Given a sinewave generator of very low inherent distortion, it can be used as input to amplification equipment, whose distortion at different frequencies and signal levels can be measured by examining the output waveform.


title: Total harmonic distortion

text: There is electronic equipment both to generate sinewaves and to measure distortion; but a general-purpose digital computer equipped with a sound card can carry out harmonic analysis with suitable software. Different software can be used to generate sinewaves, but the inherent distortion may be too high for measurement of very low-distortion amplifiers.


title: Total harmonic distortion

text: For many purposes different types of harmonics are not equivalent. For instance, crossover distortion at a given THD is much more audible than clipping distortion at the same THD, since the harmonics produced by crossover distortion are nearly as strong at higher frequency harmonics, such as 10x to 20x the fundamental, as they are at lower-frequency harmonics like 3x or 5x the fundamental. Those harmonics appearing far away in frequency from a fundamental (desired signal) are not as easily masked by that fundamental. In contrast, at the onset of clipping, harmonics first appear at low order frequencies and gradually start to occupy higher frequency harmonics. A single THD number is therefore inadequate to specify audibility, and must be interpreted with care. Taking THD measurements at different output levels would expose whether the distortion is clipping (which decreases with an decreasing level) or crossover (which stays constant with varying output level, and thus is a "greater percentage" of the sound produced at low volumes).


title: Total harmonic distortion

text: THD is an summation of a number of harmonics equally weighted, even though research performed decades ago identifies that lower order harmonics are harder to hear at the same level, compared with higher order ones. In addition, even order harmonics are said to be generally harder to hear than odd order. A number of formulas that attempt to correlate THD with actual audibility have been published, but none have gained mainstream use.


title: Total harmonic distortion

text: For many standard signals, the above criterion may be calculated analytically in a closed form. For example, a pure square wave has THD equal to


title: Total harmonic distortion

text: and logically, reaches the minimum (≈0.483) when the signal becomes symmetrical "μ"=0.5, "i.e." the pure square wave. Appropriate filtering of these signals may drastically reduce the resulting THD. For instance, the pure square wave filtered by the Butterworth low-pass filter of the second-order (with the cutoff frequency set equal to the fundamental frequency) has THD of 5.3%, while the same signal filtered by the fourth-order filter has THD of 0.6%. However, analytic computation of the THD for complicated waveforms and filters often represents a difficult task, and the resulting expressions may be quite laborious to obtain. For example, the closed-form expression for the THD of the sawtooth wave filtered by the first-order Butterworth low-pass filter is simply


title: Total harmonic distortion

text: Yet, the closed-form expression for the THD of the pulse train filtered by the "p"th-order Butterworth low-pass filter is even more complicated and has the following form


title: Andrea Elson

text: Andrea Hope Elson (born March 6, 1969) is an American former actress. Beginning her professional career as a child actress and model, Elson is perhaps best known for her television roles as Alice Tyler on the CBS science-fiction adventure series "Whiz Kids" and as Lynn Tanner on the NBC comedy series "ALF", which garnered the teenage actress two Youth in Film Award nominations in 1986 and 1989.


title: Andrea Elson

text: Elson was born in New York City on March 6, 1969. She grew up in New York City with her parents and an older sister named Samantha (born circa 1966). While Elson was still a child, the family moved to San Diego, California for a period of four years before returning to Westchester County, New York.


title: Andrea Elson

text: Elson began her professional career as a child actress and model, appearing in a number of commercials and print advertisements. She also appeared in several community theatre productions as a child while living in San Diego.


title: Andrea Elson

text: In 1983, after relocating with her family to Los Angeles, Elson made her television debut at the age of 14 with a co-starring role on the CBS mystery-adventure series, "Whiz Kids". On the series, Elson portrayed Alice Tyler, co-starring with Matthew Laborteaux, Todd Porter, and Jeffrey Jacquet as a group of teenage detectives who solve crimes and bring perpetrators to justice with the help of a talking computer.


title: Andrea Elson

text: Although "Whiz Kids" lasted only one season, Elson's role as Alice established the 14-year-old and her teenage co-stars as prominent fixtures in the various teen magazines of the era, including "16 magazine", "Bop" and "Teen Beat", among others. The role also led to Elson and the rest of the teenage "Whiz Kids" cast to make a crossover appearance on the 1983 episode of "Simon & Simon" titled "Fly the Alibi Skies".


title: Andrea Elson

text: In 1986, Elson landed a co-starring role on the NBC science-fiction situation comedy "ALF". On the series, Elson portrayed Lynn Tanner, the teenage daughter in a typical middle-class suburban family who adopt a friendly extraterrestrial, performed by puppeteer Paul Fusco. The series lasted four seasons and Elson's portrayal earned the teenage actress two Youth in Film Award nominations before the series' cancellation in 1990.


title: Andrea Elson

text: After the cancellation of "ALF", Elson continued to appear in a variety of television roles, guest starring on numerous popular television series of the time, including "Who's the Boss?", "Parker Lewis Can't Lose", "ABC Afterschool Special", "Married... with Children", "Mad About You", "Step by Step", and "The Young and the Restless", as well as appearing in the television films "Class Cruise" and "Frankenstein: The College Years".


title: Vanillaware

text: The company is noted for their use of two-dimensional artwork, with character models having jointed hand-scripted movements similar to Flash animation. Later titles have experimented with layered levels and 2.5D graphics. Kamitani based many of his games on the classic beat 'em up game titles he worked on while at Capcom, which had similarly influenced "Princess Crown". Vanillaware debuted with two games in 2007; "Odin Sphere", which was delayed by publisher Atlus; and "GrimGrimoire", a real-time strategy game for Nippon Ichi Software. They have worked with many different publishers, though most frequently with Atlus for games such as "Dragon's Crown" and "".


title: Vanillaware

text: Company founder George Kamitani had an extensive career in video games reaching back to the 1980s, working on pixel art for an unnamed company and for Capcom as an artist and designer on "Saturday Night Slam Masters" and "" before leaving to become a freelancer. His first effort as a director was at the Kansai branch of Atlus on "Princess Crown" for the Sega Saturn, released in 1997. Originally planned as a life simulation game similar to "Princess Maker 2", he changed it into a role-playing game (RPG) to appeal to Sega. The game was a commercial failure, resulting in Atlus Kansai being closed, Kamitani's team being blacklisted in the industry, and an intended Dreamcast sequel being cancelled. While it was developed prior to Vanillaware's official founding, "Princess Crown" remains strongly associated with Kamitani and the company.


title: Vanillaware

text: Between 1998 and 2004, Kamitani continued as a freelance designer for Racjin and then Sony Computer Entertainment, during which time he moved to Tokyo. During his time freelancing, he met with artist Shigetake and struck up a friendship. While living in straitened circumstances, he still wanted to create his own games. After Sony, he was hired by Enix as one of the core staff on "Fantasy Earth: The Ring of Dominion" (later retitled "Fantasy Earth Zero"). Originally a very small project, it ballooned in scale. To help facilitate its development, Kamitani formed a new company to manage its logistics. At that time, it was known under the name Puraguru. The company consisted of only three employees; Kamitani, Shigetake, and programmer Kentaro Ohnishi. Puraguru was officially founded on February 8, 2002.


title: Vanillaware

text: Under Puraguru and Kamitani's influence as director, "Fantasy Earth" moved away from its premise of a human-vampire war to a traditional fantasy RPG setting involving princesses. Art designs and 3D models for the cancelled "Princess Crown" sequel were recycled into "Fantasy Earth". The production of the game was stressful for all staff, with problems ranging from technical ones to marketing pressure to the merger of Enix with Square to become Square Enix which happened during its development. Ultimately, Kamitani and Square Enix parted on poor terms, with Kamitani saying Square Enix took the project away from him. Puraguru left production in 2004, resulting in Square Enix giving it to developer Multiterm.


title: Vanillaware

text: Kamitani moved the company down into offices in the Iwatani No.2 Building in Osaka, Kansai. There, it changed its name to Vanillaware; Kamitani chose the new name to evoke the enduring and timeless popularity of vanilla flavoring in ice cream. Kamitani wanted to create a sequel or successor to "Princess Crown", and his team began development on "Odin Sphere" for PlayStation 2 (PS2) with funding and publishing by Atlus. Kamitani was able to gain support from Atlus thanks to contacts there, overcoming the negative stigma attached to him from the failure of "Princess Crown".


title: Vanillaware

text: Production was completed in 2006, but Atlus delayed its release into the following year so as not to cannibalize the market for their other titles. They also refused to take any more titles from Vanillaware until they saw the sales of "Odin Sphere". To keep the company afloat during the delay, Vanillaware took on more projects for other publishers. Kamitani had been approached during production of "Odin Sphere" by Nippon Ichi Software president Sohei Shinkawa, who was a fan of "Princess Crown". As the team were lovers of "StarCraft" and were given complete creative freedom by Shinkawa, they created a fantasy-themed real-time strategy title for PS2 called "GrimGrimoire". "GrimGrimoire" was completed in a very short time, estimated at around six months. The production of "GrimGrimoire" entirely drained Vanillaware's funds, and to tide over the period to release Kamitani took out a personal loan of 20 million yen.


title: Vanillaware

text: "Odin Sphere" was a critical and commercial success, with its sales allowing Kamitani to pay off his loan, distribute staff bonuses, and help finance future projects. "GrimGrimoire" met with less commercial success, leading to Kamitani's plans for sequels being scrapped. Following "Odin Sphere", the team began a second project which would evolve the gameplay of "Princess Crown" as "Odin Sphere" had evolved its narrative. This title was "" for the Wii. The concept originated during production of "Odin Sphere" and was sold to Marvelous Entertainment in 2006, who co-funded production.


title: Vanillaware

text: During this period, Vanillaware made an attempt at "two-line development", with Shigetake leading development on a second project. Titled "Kumatanchi", the game was a life simulation title based on Shigetake's Habanero-tan mascot character, and co-developed with Shigetake's dojinshi group Ashinaga Oji-san. Production was hard, as there were few staff for the project and Shigetake was both director and lead artist and animator. "Kumatanchi" was published in 2008 for the Nintendo DS by Dimple Entertainment. After its release, Shigetake voiced his wish to step away from directing further projects, and Vanillaware reverted to producing one game at a time.


title: Vanillaware

text: Following the completion of "Muramasa" in 2009, Vanillaware began work on two different projects; "Grand Knights History" for the PlayStation Portable (PSP), and "Dragon's Crown" for PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Vita. Born from a wish for Vanillaware and Marvelous Entertainment to work on a PSP title, "Grand Knights History" changed from previous action-based gameplay to a turn-based structure incorporating multiplayer while preserving the company's signature art style. Its two-year production was led by director Tomohiko Deguchi, with art direction by Kouichi Maenou.


title: Vanillaware

text: "Dragon's Crown" was a resurrected version of Kamitani's proposed "Princess Crown" sequel. After "Muramasa", Kamitani pitched the project to different publishers, eventually being accepted by UTV Ignition Entertainment. The title drew inspiration from Capcom's early beat 'em up titles. It was Vanillaware's most expensive project at the time, with a budget of over ¥100 million (over US$1,000,000). The team put a large amount of effort into the game, indirectly leading to the localization of "Grand Knights Kingdom" being cancelled. When UTV Ignition Entertainment was suffering financial troubles, the game was in danger of being cancelled. Kamitani went to Atlus, who agreed to co-produce and fund the project. As part of the agreement, Atlus had right of first refusal for Vanillaware's next project. Ultimately, "Dragon's Crown" was a great success for Vanillaware.


title: Vanillaware

text: Alongside and following "Dragon's Crown", four different projects emerged; an original game titled "", and high-definition remakes or re-releases of "Muramasa", "Odin Sphere" and "Dragon's Crown". "Muramasa Rebirth" for the Vita was an expanded port of the original with gameplay tweaks and additional downloadable content (DLC) released under the banner "Genroku Legends". "Odin Sphere: Leifthrasir" for PS3, Vita and PlayStation 4 (PS4) was a remake of "Odin Sphere". The team sought to preserve the original narrative while updating the gameplay to be more in line with "Muramasa" and "Dragon's Crown". "Dragon's Crown Pro" was a port of the original game for PS4 which included support for the console's Pro model.


title: Vanillaware

text: Kamitani was tired of fantasy worlds after "Dragon's Crown" and conceived "13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim" as a science fiction-themed video game set in the 1980s, combining mecha with a shōjo manga aesthetic. Originally a small domestic project with a toy line tie-in, Kamitani grew frustrated by the publisher's demands and showed it to Atlus. They agreed to take it as a new game aimed at the international market, allowing Kamitani full creative freedom. Production of "13 Sentinels" began following the release of "Odin Sphere: Leifthrasir" in 2015. The team faced numerous problems born from its ambitious thirteen-character narrative, real-time strategy gameplay building off concepts from "GrimGrimoire", and more layered artwork and area variety. Kamitani ended up writing the entire scenario by himself and handing character design duties to other staff members. Kamitani later described the game as the culmination of his work and skills up to that point.


title: Vanillaware

text: "13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim" was originally planned for PS4 and Vita. It met with several delays, and the Vita version was cancelled so production could focus on the PS4 version. "13 Sentinels" released in Japan in 2019, and later in the West in 2020. The game met with critical praise, and sold 500,000 copies worldwide. A port to the Nintendo Switch was released in 2022. Also that year in Japan, Vanillaware developed a port of "GrimGrimoire" for PS4 and Switch, incorporating gameplay enhancements and improved graphics, and a new principal voice cast.


title: Vanillaware

text: "Note: This list is for games which Vanillaware contributed substantially, being either the sole or main developer, or a major co-developer. Re-releases or remakes on other platforms are not included."


title: Vanillaware

text: Vanillaware was born because Kamitani wanted to create original games, with the designs being influenced entirely by the team's tastes. He has strong views on both changing a project's direction halfway through and outsourcing to other companies who might not be as passionate as the main developers. The only outsourcing Vanillaware engages in is its sound design and music, which had been handled since its origins by Basiscape, a company founded by Hitoshi Sakimoto. First meeting during the production of "Fantasy Earth", Kamitani and Sakimoto took a liking to each other and became drinking companions, leading the two to frequently collaborate. An important element to Kamitani as cited by Ohnishi is "company branding", with sales based on the reputation and fan demand for its kind of games.


title: Vanillaware

text: In contrast to the standard staff proportions of video game developers, the majority of Vanillaware's staff are artists. The company originally focused on the entire team making one game, as their attempt at developing two games at once with "Kumatanchi" met with mixed results. However, by 2013, Kamitani made efforts to divide Vanillaware's staff of 24 into two teams, transitioning into a situation where the teams could work on two different projects at once. The design of Kamitani's games, along with the focus on side-scrolling action, was directly inspired by his work at Capcom, particularly titles such as "Dungeons & Dragons: Tower of Doom".


title: Vanillaware

text: As the industry is dominated by 3D graphics, Kamitani saw that 2D art was "stagnating", and he wanted Vanillaware to be at the cutting edge of 2D art in gaming. The company uses proprietary programming toolsets inspired by Adobe Flash, as well as a graphic development process known as "tebineri" or "hand-shaping", which allows the artists to create characters and environments that look 3D but are rendered entirely from two-dimensional pixels. The entirely digital tools the team was using by 2008 took a while for Kamitani to get used to. This style goes back to Kamitani's days at Capcom, and was used when designing the art of "Princess Crown". Later titles incorporated sophisticated effects such as shadows and effects like sunlight and water movement more commonly associated with 3D rendering. "13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim" saw the company completely rethink their level design, seeing the incorporation of depth of field and both 2.5D presentation and incorporating 3D models into the environment. They also needed to redo their cutscene engine, as their original versions were incapable of showing character emotion with the redesigned presentation.


title: Vanillaware

text: The release of "Odin Sphere" established Vanillaware's gaming reputation, and helped bring 2D art to the attention of mainstream gaming after years of relative obscurity. "Odin Sphere" also salvaged Kamitani's career in the games industry after the prolonged impact of "Princess Crown"s failure, allowing him to pursue more projects with Vanillaware. While the company's artwork has been its main appeal, the exaggerated artwork of "Dragon's Crown" drew criticism from Western journalists, particularly the sexualized Sorceress design.


title: Vanillaware

text: "Odin Sphere" directly inspired Beijing-based indie group OTK Games to develop "The Vagrant", a 2D hack-and-slash game. The small team described it as a tribute to the games of Vanillaware. Following his departure from Vanillaware, Deguchi founded the independent studio Monochrome Corporation and developed "Grand Kingdom". He was inspired by and drew from both "Grand Knights Kingdom" and other Vanillaware titles.


title: Jay Rodriguez

text: Jay Enrique Rodriguez (born 29 July 1989) is an English professional footballer who plays as a forward for club Burnley.


title: Jay Rodriguez

text: Rodriguez began his career with his hometown club Burnley, for whom he scored 41 goals in 128 appearances across all competitions from his debut in 2007. In 2012, he joined Southampton for around £7 million, where his form earned him his only England cap, but shortly thereafter he missed over a year with injury.


title: Jay Rodriguez

text: Rodriguez, of Spanish descent through his father and paternal grandparents, was born in Burnley, Lancashire. His father Kiko was also born in Burnley, to Spanish parents, and grew up in Spain and England. Kiko was a non-league footballer.


title: Jay Rodriguez

text: Rodriguez is the older of two sons. He attended Heasandford Primary School and Barden High School in the town.


title: Jay Rodriguez

text: Rodriguez signed a contract with Burnley and was promoted to the senior squad at the end of the 2006–07 season after progressing through the youth ranks at the club and completing his two-year apprenticeship. He was the only player to be signed by Burnley manager Steve Cotterill from the seven youth players available at the time.


title: Jay Rodriguez

text: He made his first team debut for Burnley in the Championship on 29 December 2007, when he came on as a late substitute for Stephen Jordan in the 1–0 defeat to Bristol City at Turf Moor. Rodriguez finished the 2007–08 season on loan at Scottish First Division club Stirling Albion after signing in January 2008. He continued to train with the Clarets whilst reporting for Stirling on match days. He made his debut for Albion a day later in the 3–0 defeat against Celtic in the fourth round tie of the Scottish Cup at Celtic Park. He came on as a second-half substitute for David McKenna. He made his first start a week after against Livingston, but after the match he then faced a six-week absence through fatigue and lack of fitness. His first match back on 1 March saw him come off the bench to score a consolation in the last minute and his first professional goal away at Morton which ended in a 2–1 defeat. He stayed with Stirling until the end of the campaign and also scored goals against Livingston and St Johnstone, but these goals weren't enough to keep Albion up and they were relegated after finishing bottom of the table.


title: Jay Rodriguez

text: Rodriguez was given his first appearance of the 2008–09 season on 23 September 2008, when he scored his first goal for Burnley in the League Cup third round against Fulham, coming on as a late substitute securing a win in the 88th minute. He started featuring regularly in the first team as a substitute and followed this up with goals against Queens Park Rangers in the FA Cup, and scored a dramatic goal against Tottenham Hostpur in the League Cup semi-final, equalising the tie on aggregate making it 4–4 late on, and although Burnley went on to win the match 3–2 on the night, the tie finished 6–4 to Spurs on aggregate after late goals in extra time from Jermain Defoe and Roman Pavlyuchenko. His first league goal for Burnley came on 11 March 2009 in a 4–2 victory over Crystal Palace at Turf Moor. He then scored a stunning goal three days later in an emphatic 5–0 home victory over Nottingham Forest, which later on won him the accolade of Burnley goal of the season. His first start for the Clarets came a month later on 11 April 2009 in the Championship match against Queens Park Rangers in a 1–0 win. Rodriguez was also played a part in Burnley's play off campaign which saw them promoted to the Premier League after victories over Reading, and a 1–0 Championship play-off final win over Sheffield United at Wembley Stadium. He featured in this match as a substitute replacing Steven Thompson.


title: Jay Rodriguez

text: Following the club's promotion to the Premier League in 2009, Rodriguez injured an ankle while playing for the reserves and found it difficult to break into the first team. On 1 February 2010, he completed a one-month loan move to Barnsley. He scored on his debut for Barnsley against Preston North End.


title: Jay Rodriguez

text: Rodriguez enjoyed a successful 2010–11 season by becoming Burnley's top goal scorer with 14 league goals, and 15 in all competitions. At the end of the season, he won Burnley's Player of the Year and Players' Player of the Year awards.


title: Jay Rodriguez

text: On 9 August 2011, Rodriguez scored four goals in the League Cup first round against Burton Albion. His first two were from the penalty spot in normal time, with the other two from open play in extra time to make the score 6–3. His first and second league goals of the season came in a 5–1 win against Nottingham Forest, opening the scoring and adding a second goal 10 minutes later. On 26 November 2011, he scored a 93rd-minute winner in a 3–2 win away to Hull City. He scored again three days later in the following match in a 4–0 win at home to Ipswich Town. His first goal of 2012 came on 7 January in an FA Cup third round match away to Norwich City. He scored his first league goal of 2012 the following match in a 2–0 win away at Middlesbrough. On 31 January, he scored two goals as Burnley beat Nottingham Forest 2–0. He scored again the following match in a 1–1 draw at home to Peterborough United, this time rescuing a point for Burnley as he scored a terrific solo goal, dribbling the ball from near the centre circle before scoring. This was his 17th goal of the season in all competitions. Rodriguez finished the season as Burnley's top goalscorer with 21 in all competitions which helped him earn a place in the Championship PFA Team of the Year.


title: Jay Rodriguez

text: In the summer of 2012, Rodriguez was subject to a lot of interest from Premier League clubs, and on 23 May, Championship rivals Cardiff City were reported to have made an offer for Rodriguez. On 28 May, it was reported that Burnley had accepted a "substantial offer" from newly promoted Premier League side Southampton. On 10 June, Rodriguez signed for Southampton on a four-year deal reported to be in the region of £7 million.


title: Jay Rodriguez

text: Rodriguez made his Premier League debut on the opening day of the 2012–13 season, starting against Manchester City, before being substituted by Rickie Lambert in the 55th minute. He scored his first competitive goals for Southampton on 25 September, scoring twice in a 2–0 win against Sheffield Wednesday in the League Cup. Rodriguez scored his first Premier League goal for Southampton against Tottenham Hotspur on 28 October 2012. He scored his first FA Cup goal for Southampton on 5 January 2013 in a defeat to Chelsea in the third round. On 30 January, he opened the scoring in a 2–1 defeat to Manchester United at Old Trafford, before two goals from Wayne Rooney turned the match around. On 16 March, he scored the final goal in 3–1 home win against Liverpool. He continued his fine run of form with goals in a 2–1 home win over reigning European champions Chelsea and in a 2–0 away victory against Reading.


title: Jay Rodriguez

text: Rodriguez scored his first goal of the 2013–14 season in a 5–1 League Cup win over Barnsley on 27 August 2013. His first Premier League goal came in a 2–0 win at home to Swansea City on 6 October. On 2 December, he scored the fastest Premier League goal of the season with a strike in the 15th second of a 3–1 loss to Chelsea at Stamford Bridge. On 4 January 2014, Rodriguez scored for Southampton in a 4–3 FA Cup third round win over his former team Burnley.


title: Jay Rodriguez

text: During March 2014, Rodriguez scored five goals in four matches to reach 15 Premier League goals for the season. On 5 April, he was stretchered off during a match against Manchester City after injuring his knee. Three days later, it was revealed that Rodriguez had ruptured an anterior cruciate ligament and would be out for eleven months, ruling him out of the 2014 FIFA World Cup in the process. He did not play a single match during the 2014–15 season as a result of this injury.


title: Jay Rodriguez

text: On 12 May 2015, it was announced that Rodriguez signed a new four-year deal with Southampton. He made his first competitive appearance for 16 months on 6 August, when he replaced Graziano Pellè for the final 18 minutes of a 2–0 away victory (5–0 aggregate) against Vitesse Arnhem in the UEFA Europa League third qualifying round. Two weeks later he scored the first goal since his return, equalising with a penalty in a 1–1 home draw with FC Midtjylland in the first leg of the play-off. He registered his first Premier League goal in nearly two years on 27 August 2016 against Sunderland, at St. Mary's, coming on late to equalise and rescue a point for Southampton in a 1–1 draw. He came on as a 90th-minute substitute in Southampton's 3–2 defeat to Manchester United in the 2017 EFL Cup Final at Wembley Stadium on 26 February.


title: Jay Rodriguez

text: On 2 July 2017, Rodriguez signed for fellow Premier League club West Bromwich Albion on a four-year contract for a £12 million fee. He made his debut for the club in the opening game of the 2017–18 season, a 1–0 win over AFC Bournemouth, on 12 August 2017. His first West Brom goal came ten days later in the second round of the EFL Cup, in a 3–1 win over League Two side Accrington Stanley.


title: Jay Rodriguez

text: During the 2–0 victory over Brighton & Hove Albion on 13 January 2018, Brighton defender Gaëtan Bong accused Rodriguez of racial abuse. The charges were later found not proven by the Football Association due to lack of evidence, following which West Bromwich issued a club statement in support of Rodriguez. In December 2018, Rodriguez scored a stoppage-time equaliser against local rivals Aston Villa when the officials failed to notice that he "had clearly bundled the ball into the net with his hands". He admitted doing so, but said it had not been deliberate.


title: Jay Rodriguez

text: On 9 July 2019, Rodriguez was re-signed by Burnley on a two-year contract, for an initial fee of £5 million, with another £5 million to be paid after 12 months.


title: Jay Rodriguez

text: On 21 September 2021, Rodriguez scored all four goals in Burnley's 4–1 victory over Rochdale in the League Cup.


title: Jay Rodriguez

text: In February 2011, Rodriguez received his first call up for the England under-21 squad. On 8 February 2011, he made his international debut in a friendly against Italy under-21, coming on as a substitute in the 60th minute replacing James Vaughan.


title: Jay Rodriguez

text: Rodriguez earned his first call-up to the full England squad on 7 November 2013, along with Southampton teammates Rickie Lambert and Adam Lallana, for England's friendlies against Chile and Germany. He won his first cap for England on 15 November in a friendly match against Chile at Wembley Stadium.


title: 2G spectrum case

text: The 2G spectrum case was a political controversy in which politicians and private officials of the United Progressive Alliance coalition government India were involved in selling or allotting 122 2G spectrum licenses on conditions that provided an advantage to specific telecom operators. A. Raja, then Telecom Minister, was accused of selling 2G spectrum licenses at a very low cost which resulted in the loss of ₹1,760 billion (US$25 billion) in government revenue. Raja was also accused of not following rules and regulations as well as not recognizing any advice from the Ministries of Finance and Law and Justice of India while allotting 2G spectrum licenses to telecom operators. Series of allegations were made on allotting 2G spectrum licenses including allegations from Central Bureau of Investigation after investigating the case alleging Raja for intentionally advancing the cut-off date (from 01/10/2007 to 25/09/2007) to favour some specific firms (Unitech Wireless and Swan Telecom), which were allegedly ineligible for applying for telecom licenses, in return for bribes.


title: 2G spectrum case

text: On 21 December 2017, the special court in New Delhi after thorough examination of the case and hearing what the CBI had to say, acquitted all accused in the 2G spectrum case including prime-accused Raja and Kanimozhi. The court ruled that this case was baseless. As per the judgement, "Some people created a scam by artfully arranging a few selected facts and exaggerating things beyond recognition to astronomical levels."


title: 2G spectrum case

text: On 19 and 20 March 2018, the Enforcement Directorate and the CBI respectively filed appeals against this verdict in the Delhi High Court.


title: 2G spectrum case

text: In Feb 2019, Justice Najmi Waziri ordered the defendants to plant 3,000 trees each for seeking more time to file their responses on the appeal challenging their acquittal in the case.On 5 October 2020, the High Court will begin day-to-day hearings, which was later shifted to 14 January 2021.


title: 2G spectrum case

text: India is divided into 22 telecommunications zones, with 281 zonal licenses. In 2008, 122 new second-generation 2G Unified Access Service (UAS) licenses were granted to telecom companies on a first-come, first-served basis at the 2001 price. According to the CBI charge sheet, several laws were violated and bribes were paid to favour certain firms in granting 2G spectrum licenses. According to a CAG audit, licenses were granted to ineligible corporations, those with no experience in the telecom sector (such as Unitech and Swan Telecom) and those who had concealed relevant information. Although former Prime Minister Manmohan Singh advised Raja to allot 2G spectrum transparently and revise the license fee in a November 2007 letter, Raja rejected many of Singh's recommendations. In another letter that month, the Ministry of Finance expressed procedural concerns to the DOT; these were ignored, and the cut-off date was moved forward from 1 October to 25 September 2007.


title: 2G spectrum case

text: On 25 September 2007 the DOT announced on its website that applicants filing between 3:30 and 4:30 pm that day would be granted licenses. Although the policy for awarding licences was first-come, first-served, which was introduced during Atal Bihari Vajpayee Government, Raja changed the rules so it applied to compliance with conditions instead of the application itself. On 10 January 2008, companies were given only a few hours to supply Letters of Intent and payments; some executives were allegedly tipped off by Raja. Although the corporation was ineligible, Swan Telecom was granted a license for and sold a 45-percent share to the UAE-based Etisalat for . Unitech Wireless (a subsidiary of the Unitech Group) obtained a license for , selling a 60-percent share for to Norway-based Telenor.


title: 2G spectrum case

text: The following is a list of companies who received 2G licenses during Andimuthu Raja's term as telecom minister; the licenses were later cancelled by the Supreme Court:


title: 2G spectrum case

text: The selling of the licenses drew attention to three groups: politicians and bureaucrats, who had the authority to sell licenses; corporations buying the licenses, and professionals who mediated between the politicians and corporations.


title: 2G spectrum case

text: The following charges were filed by the CBI and the Directorate General of Income Tax Investigation in the Special CBI Court.


title: 2G spectrum case

text: "OPEN" and "Outlook" reported that journalists Barkha Dutt (editor of NDTV) and Vir Sanghvi (editorial director of the "Hindustan Times") knew that corporate lobbyist Nira Radia influenced Raja's appointment as telecom minister, publicising Radia's phone conversations with Dutt and Sanghvi when Radia's phone was tapped by the Income Tax Department. According to critics, Dutt and Sanghvi knew about the link between the government and the media industry but delayed reporting the corruption.


title: 2G spectrum case

text: The Centre for Public Interest Litigation filed the first petition against the Union of India for irregularities in awarding 2G spectrum licenses. The petition alleged that the government lost $15.53 billion by issuing spectrum in 2008 based on 2001 prices, and by not following a competitive bidding process. This led to further petitions, and an investigation began in 2010.


title: 2G spectrum case

text: On 2 February 2012 the Supreme Court ruled on petitions filed by Subramanian Swamy and the Centre for Public Interest Litigation (CPIL) represented by Prashant Bhushan, challenging the 2008 allotment of 2G licenses, cancelling all 122 spectrum licences granted during Raja's term as communications minister. and described the allocation of 2G spectrum as "unconstitutional and arbitrary". The bench of GS Singhvi and Asok Kumar Ganguly imposed a fine of on Unitech Wireless, Swan Telecom and Tata Teleservices and a fine on Loop Telecom, S Tel, Allianz Infratech and Sistema Shyam Tele Services. According to the ruling the current licences would remain in place for four months, after which time the government would reissue the licences.


title: 2G spectrum case

text: In its ruling the court said that former telecom minister A. Raja "wanted to favour some companies at the cost of the public exchequer", listing seven steps he took to ensure this:


title: 2G spectrum case

text: In addition to Batelco's exit, on 21 February 2012 Telenor (the majority shareholder in Uninor) terminated its agreement with Unitech and sued it for "indemnity and compensation". On 23 February 2012, Etisalat of Etasalat-DB Telecom sued DB Realty corporate promoters Shahid Balwa and Vinod Goenka for fraud and misrepresentation.


title: 2G spectrum case

text: After the special CBI court verdict on 21 December 2017 acquitting all the accused, the government faces compensation claims worth over Rs 170 billion from telcos like Videocon Telecom, Loop Telecom and STel who suffered loss of business after the Supreme Court scrapped 122 licences in 2012.


title: 2G spectrum case

text: On 6 June 2011 former Aircel chief C. Sivasankaran complained to the CBI about not receiving a telecom licence and being forced by telecom minister Dayanidhi Maran to sell Aircel to the Malaysia-based Maxis Communications group, owned by T. Ananda Krishnan. The licences were allegedly issued after the deal was made. Sivasankaran also alleged that brothers Dayanidhi and Kalanithi Maran received kickbacks in the form of investments by the Maxis group through the Astro network in Sun TV Network, owned by the Maran family. In the wake of the allegations, Maran resigned on 7 July.


title: 2G spectrum case

text: On 10 October, the CBI registered a case and raided properties owned by the Marans. CBI sources said that although no evidence of coercion was found in the Aircel sale, they found substantial evidence that Maran had favoured the company's takeover by Maxis and deliberately delayed Sivasankar's files. On 8 February 2012, the Enforcement Directorate registered a money-laundering case against the Maran brothers for allegedly receiving illegal compensation of about 5.5 billion in the Aircel-Maxis deal.


title: 2G spectrum case

text: During the CBI probe Sivasankaran said that the Maran brothers had forced him to sell his 74% share in Aircel to Maxis by threatening his life, giving the CBI a list of over 10 witnesses. In September 2012, the CBI said it finished its Indian investigation and was awaiting the response to a letter rogatory sent to Malaysia and a questionnaire from T. Ananda Krishnan before filing a chargesheet. On 29 August 2014, the CBI filed a chargesheet against Dayanidhi Maran, his brother Kalanithi Maran, Malaysian businessman T Ananda Krishnan, Malaysian national Augustus Ralph Marshall, six others and four firms — Sun Direct TV Pvt Ltd, Maxis Communication Berhad, Astro All Asia Network PLC and South Asia Entertainment Holding Ltd as accused in the case. On 29 October 2014, special CBI judge OP Saini said that he found enough evidence to proceed with the prosecution and hence summoned former telecom minister Dayanidhi Maran and others as accused. Based on the CBI chargesheet, the Enforcement Directorate (ED) on 1 April 2015, attached Maran brothers' properties worth Rs 7,420 million.


title: 2G spectrum case

text: Subramanian Swamy alleged that in 2006 a company controlled by Karti Chidambaram, the son of Minister of Finance P. Chidambaram, received a five-percent share of Aircel to get part of 40 billion paid by Maxis Communications for the 74-percent share of Aircel. According to Swamy, Chidambaram withheld Foreign Investment Promotion Board clearance of the deal until his son received the five-percent share in Siva's company. The issue was raised a number of times in Parliament by the opposition, which demanded Chidambaram's resignation. Although he and the government denied the allegations, "The Pioneer" and "India Today" reported the existence of documents showing that Chidambaram delayed approval of the foreign direct investment proposal by about seven months.


title: 2G spectrum case

text: In July 2018, the CBI named P Chidambaram and Karti Chidambaram as accused in its supplementary charge sheet. The charge sheet named 16 other co-accused, including former finance secretaries Ashok Chawla, Ashok Jha, former Aircel CEO V Srinivasanand, Maxis owners T Ananda Krishnan and Ralph Marshal.


title: 2G spectrum case

text: When Indian media began citing the CAG report identifying the loss at 1.76 trillion (short scale), the Indian opposition parties unanimously demanded the formation of a joint parliamentary committee to investigate the allegations. Although the government rejected their demand, when the winter session of Parliament began on 9 November 2010 the opposition again pressed for a JPC; again, their demand was rejected. The demand for a JPC gained further momentum when the CAG report was tabled in Parliament on 16 November 2010. The opposition blocked the proceedings, again pressing for a JPC; the government again rejected their demand, creating an impasse. Speaker of the Lok Sabha Meira Kumar unsuccessfully attempted to resolve the impasse. The winter session of Parliament concluded on 13 December 2010. Although 22 new bills were planned to be introduced, 23 pending bills passed and three bills withdrawn, Parliament functioned for only nine hours. On 22 February 2011, after resisting opposition demands for over three months, the government announced that it would form a JPC. The JPC criticised the CBI for its leniency to the PM, the Attorney General, Dayanidhi Maran and Chidambaram and its reluctance to investigate their roles on 24 July 2012. After questioning former telecom minister Dayanidhi Maran, his brother Kalanithi and the head of Maxis Communications, the CBI alleged that the Maran brothers accrued an illegal 5.50 billion by the sale of Sun Direct TV shares at highly "inflated prices".


title: 2G spectrum case

text: In early November 2010 Jayalalithaa accused state chief minister M Karunanidhi of protecting Raja from corruption charges, calling for Raja's resignation. By mid-November, Raja resigned. At that time, comptroller Vinod Rai issued show-cause notices to Unitech, S Tel, Loop Mobile, Datacom (Videocon) and Etisalat to respond to his assertion that the 85 licenses granted to these companies did not have the capital required at application or were otherwise illegal. It was speculated that because these companies provide some consumer service, they would receive large fines but retain their licenses.


title: 2G spectrum case

text: In June 2011 Prime Minister Manmohan Singh criticised the CAG for commenting on policy issues, warning it "to limit the office to the role defined in the constitution." After Singh's criticism the CAG conducted a "rigorous internal appraisal" and stood by its findings, citing additional events as corroboration. The CAG reiterated that there was "an undeniable loss to the exchequer", the calculation of which was based on three estimates: the 3G auctions and the Swan and Unitech transactions. It cited the Supreme Court ruling of 2 February 2012 that the actions of Raja and officers at the Department of Telecom were "wholly arbitrary, capricious and contrary to the public interest, apart from being violative of the doctrine of equality. The material produced for the quote showed that the Minister for C&IT wanted to favour some companies at the cost of the public exchequer." It said its estimate of loss of 1.76 trillion was justified, since the May 2012 TRAI collation of reserve prices for 2G spectrum was about the same as that in the November 2010 CAG report. TRAI had recommended a reserve price for 2G spectrum of 180 billion for a pan-India 5 MHz licence, higher than the 3G value of 167.50 billion for 5 MHz used by the CAG for arriving at a loss figure of 1,760 billion. It concluded that it was only examining the "implementation of policy", and policy-making was the government's prerogative.


title: 2G spectrum case

text: The JPC consisted of half United Progressive Alliance members and half opposition members. Twelve were from the Lok Sabha, and eight from the Rajya Sabha. Of the Lok Sabha MPs, eight were from the Congress Party and four from the BJP. The following JPC members investigated the 2G allegations:


title: Mahavir Singh Phogat

text: Mahavir Singh Phogat is an Indian amateur wrestler, senior Olympics coach and politician. He is the trainer and father of the Phogat sisters. The Hindi biographical film "Dangal" is loosely based on his life.


title: Mahavir Singh Phogat

text: Phogat was awarded the Dronacharya Award by the Government of India in 2016. He is the father and coach of Geeta Phogat, who won India's first gold medal in women's wrestling in the 55 kg freestyle category at the 2010 Commonwealth Games, and the first Indian woman wrestler to have qualified for the Olympics, and Babita Kumari, who won a bronze medal at the 2012 World Wrestling Championships, and won the gold medal in 2014 Commonwealth Games. Phogat's niece, Vinesh Phogat, is also a Commonwealth Games gold medalist and won gold medal at Asian games 2018.


title: Mahavir Singh Phogat

text: Phogat was born in Bhiwani district of Haryana. and hails from Balali in Charkhi Dadri district. He is married to Daya Shobha Kaur and has four daughters, Geeta, Babita, Ritu, and Sangita respectively. He looks after his nieces Vinesh and Priyanka, children of his brother who was killed in a land dispute. All the 6 Phogats are trained in wrestling by Mahavir. While Geeta, Babita and Vinesh are international players, Ritu has won a gold medal at the national championship and Priyanka and Sangeeta have won medals in age-level international championships.


title: Mahavir Singh Phogat

text: The Indian biographical film "Dangal" is based on Singh's life and the journey of his daughters towards success. Aamir Khan plays the role of Mahavir Singh Phogat, while Fatima Sana Shaikh and Sanya Malhotra play the roles of his daughters Geeta and Babita respectively.


title: Mahavir Singh Phogat

text: "Akhada" is the authorised biography of Mahavir Singh Phogat, a former wrestler and a coach. The book is penned by sports journalist Sourabh Duggal and was released on 21 December 2016 at the Chandigarh Press Club. It traces Mahavir Phogat's journey with his daughters and nieces hailing from a small village in Haryana to winning the medals for the country.


title: Michael Manley

text: Michael Norman Manley (10 December 1924 – 6 March 1997) was a Jamaican politician who served as the fourth Prime Minister of Jamaica from 1972 to 1980 and from 1989 to 1992. Manley championed a democratic socialist program, and has been described as a populist. According to opinion polls, he remains one of Jamaica's most popular prime ministers.


title: Michael Manley

text: Michael Manley was the second son of premier Norman Washington Manley and artist Edna Manley. He studied at Jamaica College between 1935 and 1943. He attended the Antigua State College and then served in the Royal Canadian Air Force during World War II. In 1945, he enrolled at the London School of Economics. At the LSE, he was influenced by Fabian socialism and the writings of Harold Laski. He graduated in 1949, and returned to Jamaica to serve as an editor and columnist for the newspaper "Public Opinion". At about the same time, he became involved in the trade union movement, becoming a negotiator for the National Workers Union. In August 1953, he became a full-time official of that union.


title: Michael Manley

text: When his father was elected premier of Jamaica in 1955, Manley resisted entering politics, not wanting to be seen as capitalizing on his family name. However, in 1962, he accepted an appointment to the Senate of the Parliament of Jamaica. He won election to the Jamaican House of Representatives for the Central Kingston constituency in 1967.


title: Michael Manley

text: After his father's retirement in 1969, Manley was elected leader of the People's National Party, defeating Vivian Blake. He then served as leader of the Opposition, until his party won in the general elections of 1972.


title: Michael Manley

text: In the 1972 Jamaican general election, Manley defeated the unpopular incumbent Prime Minister, Hugh Shearer of the Jamaica Labour Party, as his People's National Party swept to a landslide victory with 37 of 53 seats.


title: Michael Manley

text: He instituted a series of socio-economic reforms that produced mixed results. Although he was a Jamaican from an elite family, Manley's successful trade union background helped him to maintain a close relationship with the country's poor majority, and he was a dynamic, popular leader. Unlike his father, who had a reputation for being formal and businesslike, the younger Manley moved easily among people of all strata and made Parliament accessible to the people by abolishing the requirement for men to wear jackets and ties to its sittings. In this regard he started a fashion revolution, often preferring the Kariba suit, a type of formal bush-jacket suit with trousers and worn without a shirt and tie.


title: Michael Manley

text: Under Manley, Jamaica established a minimum wage for all workers, including domestic workers. In 1974, the PNP under Manley adopted a political philosophy of Democratic Socialism.