title: Stepanakert

text: Stepanakert is served by a number of regular minibus lines. Old Soviet-era buses have been replaced with new modern buses. Regular trips to other provinces of Nagorno-Karabakh are also operated from the city.


title: Stepanakert

text: Stepanakert is served by the nearby Stepanakert Airport, north of the city near the village of Ivanyan. In 2009, facilities reconstruction and repair work began. Though originally scheduled to launch the first commercial flights on 9 May 2011, Karabakh officials postponed a new reopening date throughout the whole of 2011. In May 2012, the director of the NKR's Civil Aviation Administration, Tigran Gabrielyan, announced that the airport will begin operations in summer 2012. However, the airport still remains closed due to political reasons. The OSCE Minsk Group, which mediates the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, stated that "operation of [Stepanakert Airport] cannot be used to support any claim of a change in the status of Nagorno-Karabakh" and "urged the sides to act in accordance with international law and consistent with current practice for flights over their territory."


title: Stepanakert

text: Stepanakert used to be connected through a railway line with the Yevlakh station on the Baku-Tbilisi railway. However, trips have been discontinued since the start of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.


title: Stepanakert

text: Stepanakert is the center of the economy of Artsakh. Prior to the First Nagorno-Karabakh War, the economy of Stepanakert was mainly based on food-processing industries, silk weaving and winemaking. Inhabitants also engaged in producing furniture and footwear. The economy was severely damaged due to the 1988 earthquake in Armenia and the First Nagorno Karabakh war. In the years following, the economy was developed further, mainly due to investments from the Armenian diaspora. However, following the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war the economy once again experienced severe damage, particularly in the tourism sector. As of 2021, Stepanakert is slowly recovering from the negative effects of the previous wars on its economy.


title: Stepanakert

text: The most developed sectors of Stepanakert and the rest of the Republic of Artsakh are tourism and services. Several hotels have been opened by diasporan Armenians from Russia, the United States and Australia. Artsakhbank is the largest banking services provider in Artsakh, while Karabakh Telecom is the leading provider of mobile telecommunications and other communication services.


title: Stepanakert

text: Stepanakert is also home to many large industrial firms, including Stepanakert Brandy Factory, Artsakh Berry food products and Artsakh Footwear Factory.


title: Stepanakert

text: Construction is also one of the leading sectors in the city. Artsakh Hek is the leading construction firm, while Base Metals is the leader in mining and production of building materials.


title: Stepanakert

text: The Vahram Papazyan Drama Theater of Stepanakert was founded in 1932. In 1967, the monumental complex of Stepanakert known as "We Are Our Mountains" was erected to the north of Stepanakert, It is widely regarded as a symbol of the Armenian heritage of the historic Artsakh. After the independence of Armenia, many cultural and youth centres were reopened. The cultural palace of the city is named after Charles Aznavour.


title: Stepanakert

text: Stepanakert is home to the Mesrop Mashtots Republican Library opened in 1924, Artsakh History Museum opened in 1939, Hovhannes Tumanyan Children's Library opened in 1947, Stepanakert National Gallery opened in 1982, and the Memorial Museum of the Martyred Liberators opened in 2002. A new cultural complex of the Armenian heritage of Artsakh is under construction.


title: Stepanakert

text: The Artsakh State Museum based in Stepanakert, has an important collection of ancient artifacts and Christian manuscripts.


title: Stepanakert

text: Stepanakert is the center of higher education in Artsakh. Five higher educational institutions operate in the city:


title: Stepanakert

text: Many new schools in Stepanakert were opened during the last decade with the help of the Armenian diaspora. Existing schools were also renovated with donations from the diaspora.


title: Stepanakert

text: The Stepanakert branch of Tumo Center for Creative Technologies was opened in September 2015, as a result of continued cooperation between the Tumo Centre and the Armenian General Benevolent Union, with the support of mobile operator Karabakh Telecom.


title: Stepanakert

text: Football is a popular sport in Nagorno-Karabakh and the city has a renovated football stadium. Since the mid-1990s, football teams from Karabakh started taking part in some domestic competitions in Armenia. Lernayin Artsakh is the football club that represents the city of Stepanakert. The Artsakh national football league was launched in 2009.


title: Stepanakert

text: The non-FIFA affiliated Artsakh national football team was formed in 2012 and played their first competitive match against the unrecognized Abkhazia national football team in Sukhumi on 17 September 2012. The match ended with a 1–1 draw. The following month, on 21 October 2012, Artsakh played the return match at the Stepanakert Republican Stadium against Abkhazia, winning it with a result of 3–0.


title: Stepanakert

text: Artsakh athletes also take part with the representing teams and athletes in the Pan-Armenian Games, organized in Armenia.


title: Stepanakert

text: As an unrecognized entity, the athletes of Artsakh compete in international sports competitions under the flag of Armenia.


title: Rocks (Aerosmith album)

text: Rocks is the fourth studio album by American rock band Aerosmith, released on 3 May 1976. AllMusic described "Rocks" as having "captured Aerosmith at their most raw and rocking." "Rocks" was ranked number 366 on the updated "Rolling Stone"s list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time in 2020. It has greatly influenced many hard rock and heavy metal artists, including Guns N' Roses, Metallica, and Nirvana. The album was a commercial success, charting three singles on the "Billboard" Hot 100, two of which reached the Top 40 ("Back in the Saddle" and "Last Child"). The album was one of the first to ship platinum when it was released, and has since gone quadruple platinum.


title: Rocks (Aerosmith album)

text: Previously, Aerosmith had recorded three albums: "Aerosmith" (1973), "Get Your Wings" (1974), and the breakthrough LP "Toys in the Attic" (1975), which produced Top Ten hit "Walk This Way" and the popular "Sweet Emotion." Although often derided by critics, the band had amassed a loyal fanbase from relentless touring and their ferocious live shows. They also began living the rock-and-roll lifestyle to the hilt, indulging their already considerable appetite for drugs. However, their hedonistic lifestyle did not appear to hamper them creatively; "Rocks" was considered by many fans, critics, and fellow musicians to be one of the highlights of their career. Guitarist Joe Perry later recalled, "There's no doubt we were doing a lot of drugs by then, but whatever we were doing, it was still working for us."


title: Rocks (Aerosmith album)

text: In the 1997 band memoir "Walk This Way", guitarist Brad Whitford states that the band began work on the album by backing the Record Plant's mobile recording truck into their rehearsal space, named the Wherehouse, and "let fly... We were living the high life and not paying attention to anything except making this record. I had the beginnings of 'Last Child' and 'Nobody's Fault.' Tom [Hamilton, bassist] had 'Uncle Tom's Cabin' that became 'Sick as a Dog.' We had 'Tit for Tat'... which turned into 'Rats in the Cellar.' We cut all the basic tracks except two there." Producer Jack Douglas later insisted:


title: Rocks (Aerosmith album)

text: The album's opening track, "Back in the Saddle", recalls the Gene Autry song "Back in the Saddle Again" (vocalist Steven Tyler yodels on the fade) and features the sound of a whip by whirling a thirty-foot cord in the middle of six Neumann mikes and adding a cap gun for the cracking sound effect. A real bullwhip was intended to be used for the whip effects and hours were spent trying to get it to crack. The band members ended up cut up and hurt without making any progress. The first verse features the sound of clinking spurs, which was actually produced using bells and tambourines strapped to Tyler's cowboy boots by Perry and New York Dolls singer David Johansen. The song is also notable for the slow buildup of the drum beat and guitar riff in the beginning of the song, as well as the sound effects of a galloping horse. In 1997, Perry explained to Alan di Perna of "Guitar World" that he was inspired by Peter Green to write the riff on a Fender Bass VI and admitted that he was "very high on heroin when I wrote 'Back in the Saddle.' That riff just floated right through me." Brad Whitford plays the lead guitar part. "Back in the Saddle" also features one of the heaviest and noticeable bass lines by Tom Hamilton. When the song is performed in concert, Steven Tyler often makes more noticeable lyrical and visible references to sex. Although the lyrics, composed by Tyler, were written with the simple idea of cowboys and sex, this song took on new meaning after Aerosmith reunited in 1984 and embarked on their Back in the Saddle tour. Today, the song remains a staple on classic rock radio and in concert. It is arguably one of the heaviest songs of Aerosmith's Top 40 singles, and is cited by rock musicians Slash and James Hetfield as among their favorite rock songs. Hamilton, who had written "Sweet Emotion" with Tyler, collaborated with the singer again on "Sick as a Dog." In 1997 the bassist explained to "Guitar World", "I think I came up with the verse part first. And then I did the parts for the intro, the B to E part, and then came up with this little, jangling arpeggio thing... I'm such a Byrds fan; it comes from that." In the same interview Perry added:


title: Rocks (Aerosmith album)

text: In his memoir, Tyler stated that he wrote "Rats in the Cellar" as a "tip of the hat, or an answer to 'Toys in the Attic'... Meanwhile, in real life, 'Rats' was more like what was actually going on. Things were coming apart, sanity was scurrying south, caution was flung to the winds, and little by little the chaos was permanently moving in." Although it was never a popular Aerosmith number, "Nobody's Fault" remains a favorite of the band's, with Tyler calling it "one of the highlights of my creative career" and Kramer insisting "it's some of the best drumming I did." Tyler claims the lyrics have to do with the band's fear of earthquakes and flying, while "Lick and a Promise" is about the band's determination to deliver a rocking live show. "Combination" features Perry sharing lead vocal duties with Tyler for the first time, and the guitarist admitted in 1997 that the song was "about heroin, cocaine, and me". In his memoir, Tyler calls the line "Walkin' on Gucci wearing Yves St. Laurent/Barely stay on 'cause I'm so goddamn gaunt" the best lyric Perry ever wrote: "It was the truth, it was clever, and it described us to a tee". Regarding his vocal on the song, Perry later commented, "This was touchy because singing was Steven's jealously guarded territory... Beyond that, anytime the spotlight shone on me I detected a bit of jealousy from the other guys. After a while, though, the band came around and supported me, as long as I sang the song as a semi-duet with Steven." "Home Tonight" features Tyler on piano, Perry on a lap steel guitar as a lead guitar and his Les Paul for the rhythm guitar, and has drummer Joey Kramer, Tom Hamilton, and producer/arranger Jack Douglas performing backing vocals. Of the song Perry recalled, "Steven could always be counted on to come up with some little piano riff that would be our ballad for the record. And that was it."


title: Rocks (Aerosmith album)

text: Contemporary reviews were mixed. John Milward of "Rolling Stone" wrote that "the material is "Rocks"’ major flaw, mostly pale remakes of their earlier hits"; concluding that the return to the "ear-boxing sound" of "Get Your Wings" and Tyler's vocal performance cannot save the album from mediocrity. In "The Village Voice", Robert Christgau wrote that Aerosmith were doing a good job of imitating Led Zeppelin, and that after this album the band began to lose steam.


title: Rocks (Aerosmith album)

text: Modern reviews are very positive. Greg Prato of AllMusic describes "Rocks" as "a superb follow-up to their masterwork "Toys in the Attic"" that captures "Aerosmith at their most raw and rocking". He writes that "Back in the Saddle" and "Last Child" are among their most renowned songs, but all the "tracks prove essential to the makeup of the album". Ben Mitchell of "Blender" said that the members' drug use actually helped "Rocks". He also called the album "raw." In a November 1994 "Los Angeles Times" review of "Rocks", Jon Matsumoto opined that the record "arguably is the best heavy metal opus ever concocted". Canadian journalist Martin Popoff described the album as "a screamin' mercury-shattering rock festival, live, overblown, decadent, and very American", concluding that "on "Rocks" the band's talent is anything but wasted."


title: Rocks (Aerosmith album)

text: In his autobiography "Rocks", Joe Perry states the driving purpose of "Rocks" "was to reidentify us as America's ultimate garage band, with blistering guitars, blistering vocals, balls-to-the-wall smash-your-eardrums production... The cover showed five diamonds, one for each of us. We saw that record as a jewel, the culmination of all our angst and anger and excitement and joy as go-for-broke rock and rollers."


title: Mapogo lion coalition

text: The Mapogo lion coalition was a band of male South African lions that controlled the Sabi Sand region in Kruger National Park. The coalition became infamous for their sheer power and strength in taking over and dominating an area of approximately . It is believed the Mapogos killed in excess of 100 lions and cubs in a little over a year. The statistics may be higher given their coverage of such large territories. At its peak, the coalition consisted of six males - the leader Makulu (also spelled as Makhulu), Rasta, Scar, Pretty Boy, Kinky Tail and Mr. T.


title: Mapogo lion coalition

text: The Mapogo coalition originated from Mala Mala from what was called the “Eyrefield Pride” (Sparta Pride) and moved into the Western Sector in 2006. The Mapogo lions followed a recent trend in the Sabi Sand Reserve of mega pride male lion coalitions. The five related brothers were sired by a similar mega pride coalition of five male lions. In their quest to dominate the area, the six lions killed approximately 40 other lions which included many cubs, females, and rival adult males.


title: Mapogo lion coalition

text: The oldest Mapogo male, Makulu, is believed to be unrelated to the other five lions. The story is that the original Sparta pride lost a male sub-adult of 20 to 21 months of age in May/June 2000 and in July 2000, this male of about the same age latched on to the original pride. As a result, Makulu was naturally bigger in size than his fellow brothers. Though not readily accepted by the lionesses, the West Street Males tolerated him and didn't kill him, even though typically, intruding males of his age would be chased off or killed. Field experts believe a likely reason for his acceptance into the pride was because he may have been the offspring of one of the West Street Males and a lioness from another pride (therefore making him the Mapogos' half brother).


title: Mapogo lion coalition

text: In the first months of 2006, the five subadult lions and Makulu left their pride. They now had to fight for themselves, but by sticking together they increased their survival chances. Whilst living among themselves, the lions learned to be successful hunters. As they grew in size and experience, they were able to take down large prey such as hippos, young rhinos, and even giraffes. According to Dave Salmoni, successfully taking down cape buffalo was their "key to success". During the buffalo hunts, Kinky Tail (also called Shaka) and Mr. T (also called Satan) were often observed being more aggressive in bringing down the buffalo.


title: Mapogo lion coalition

text: The Mapogos first pride clash was in 2006. The Mapogo lions entered the northern Sabi Sand, which was ruled by four dominant males. Immediately upon arrival, the Mapogos managed to kill one of the males, and the remaining three were driven off. With the Ottawa pride's male lion driven off, three lionesses and 11 cubs remained. Due to the male lion's natural instincts, the six Mapogos quickly found and killed all 11 Ottawa cubs, with reports of Mr. T even eating some of the cubs, despite cannibalistic behavior in lions being uncommon.


title: Mapogo lion coalition

text: With all competition eliminated, the Mapogos had successfully controlled eight prides. They were the dominant male coalition of Sabi Sand and killed more than 100 lions from the neighbouring prides during their rule.


title: Mapogo lion coalition

text: Mr. T and Kinky Tail were then seen patrolling and guarding their territory for two years, managing to fight off other rival lions. However, in June 2010, a coalition of five male lions named the Majingilanes entered in Mapogo territory to take over. The five males were witnessed scent-marking and roaring loudly near the Mapogo's territory. In a buffalo hunt, Kinky Tail and Mr. T were able to isolate the youngest of Majingilane males who was on lookout and began chasing him. Soon they caught the intruder and Mr. T bit down on the male's neck, Kinky Tail ripped apart the male's groin area inflicting tears and bleeding. The Majingilane male tried to fight back. Eventually Kinky Tail and Mr. T managed to break the 5th Majingilane lion's spine and he was left immobilized and left to die a few hours later.


title: Mapogo lion coalition

text: Later that same night, a filming crew witnessed the four remaining younger Majingilane lions on the move. Two of them were exposed to Kinky Tail, who immediately charged on them all by himself. They ran with KT on their tail, and the remaining two Majingilane lions came up behind KT. Without the experience of being afraid of anything, Kinky Tail attacked all four of them by himself. Eventually on a dirt road, under a cloud of dust, the four Majingilanes had pinned down Kinky Tail. The four males immediately started to bite and rip apart Kinky Tail. One lion was biting at his neck, another at his back; the third bit off Kinky Tail's testicles and genitalia. The Majingilanes managed to successfully snap Kinky Tail's spine, thus immobilizing him and leaving him with zero chance of survival. Mr. T eventually arrived and attempted to rescue and fight off the Majingilanes, but was outnumbered and outmaneuvered and forced to flee. Two Majingilanes attempted to track Mr. T, but were unsuccessful and returned to kill Kinky Tail. The four lions had started eating most of Kinky Tail's hind legs and his entire tail. He was seen taking his last breath while being eaten alive. During the altercation, Mr. T attempted again to save his brother.


title: Mapogo lion coalition

text: The last remaining Mapogos, Makulu and Pretty Boy had to leave their territory to Selatis, fought a coalition of two Kruger males(Freddy and Limper) to occupy their territory and were driven off their territory. One of the Kruger males (Limper) later died due to injuries from Makulu. They were sighted in 2012 side by side, entering the Kruger National Park through the gate attributed to Paul Kruger. The remaining two were once again seen feeding on a buffalo in October–November 2012. In January 2013, Makulu was seen for the last time alone at Mala Mala, neighboring his old haunt, the Sabi Sand Reserve. At this point, he was almost 15 years old and largely exceeded the average male lion life expectancy.


title: Mapogo lion coalition

text: Daniel Huertas directed the documentary "", which was released in 2015 in the UK. The documentary summarized the 16-year span of the rise and eventual fall of the Mapogo coalition. The documentary aired as an eight-episode series in the United States on Animal Planet.


title: Romano Floriani Mussolini

text: Romano Benito Floriani Mussolini (born 27 January 2003), also referred to as Mussolini Jr. by Italian media, is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a right-back or right midfielder for club Lazio.


title: Romano Floriani Mussolini

text: He is the son of politician Alessandra Mussolini, the grandson of pianist Romano Mussolini and the great-grandson of the Italian fascist dictator Benito Mussolini.


title: Romano Floriani Mussolini

text: Floriani Mussolini was born in 2003 as the third child of Mauro Floriani and former politician Alessandra Mussolini. His mother's father, Romano Mussolini, was a pianist, and her grandfather was Italian fascist dictator Benito Mussolini.


title: Romano Floriani Mussolini

text: He has a double surname as a result. This was done as an exception to Italian name customs with Italian civil authorities and the Roman Catholic Church agreeing to it at his baptism as double surnames were not usually allowed under Italian law at the time of his birth.


title: Romano Floriani Mussolini

text: Floriani Mussolini started his football career by playing in the youth teams at Roma, before moving to play for Lazio when he was 13. Whilst at Lazio, he was loaned out in 2018 to amateur club Vigor Perconti. This came after he did not get any game time at Lazio for two years before he made his debut for the under-17s.


title: Romano Floriani Mussolini

text: In 2021, Floriani Mussolini gained worldwide attention for playing for Lazio, due to the club's supporters' traditional association with neo-fascism. When asked if the player's name would limit his playing time, Lazio's youth coach Mauro Bianchessi stated: "The burdensome surname? I’ve never spoken to his parents, and the only thing that matters is whether a player deserves to play. Nothing else." In March 2021, Floriani Mussolini signed a professional senior contract with Lazio until 2024.


title: Romano Floriani Mussolini

text: He was first called-up to Lazio's first team on 24 October 2021, in a Serie A game against Hellas Verona as an unused substitute.


title: Romano Floriani Mussolini

text: Floriani Mussolini gained attention after appearing on television with his mother on "Ballando con le Stelle". In spite of his surname and lineage, Floriani Mussolini stated he has no interest in politics. He was educated at St. George's British International School in Rome, and signed for Lazio whilst still studying.


title: TinyURL

text: TinyURL is a URL shortening web service, which provides short aliases for redirection of long URLs. Kevin Gilbertson, a web developer, launched the service in January 2002 as a way to post links in newsgroup postings which frequently had long, cumbersome addresses. TinyURL was the first notable URL shortening service and is one of the oldest still currently operating.


title: TinyURL

text: The TinyURL homepage includes a form which is used to submit a long URL for shortening. For each URL entered, the server adds a new alias in its hashed database and returns a short URL. According to the website, the shortened URLs will never expire.


title: TinyURL

text: Short URL aliases are seen as useful because they are easier to write down, remember or distribute. They also fit in text boxes with a limited number of characters allowed. Some examples of limited text boxes are IRC channel topics, email signatures, microblogs (such as Twitter, which notably limits all posts to first 140 and later 280 characters), certain printed newspapers (such as ".net" magazine or even "Nature"), and email clients that impose line breaks on messages at a certain length.


title: TinyURL

text: Starting in 2008, TinyURL allowed users to create custom, more meaningful aliases. This means that a user can create descriptive URLs rather than a randomly generated address. For example, codice_1 leads to the Wikipedia article about the website.


title: TinyURL

text: To preview the full URL from the short TinyURL, the user can visit TinyURL first and enable previews as a default browser cookie setting or copy and paste the short URL into the browser address bar, and prepend the short codice_2 with codice_3. Another preview feature is not well documented at the TinyURL site, but the alternative shortened URL with preview capability is also offered to shortcut creators as an option at the time of the creation of the link.


title: TinyURL

text: The popularity of TinyURLs influenced the creation of at least 100 similar websites. Most are simply domain alternatives while some offer additional features.


title: TinyURL

text: People posting on Twitter often made extensive use of shortened URLs to keep their tweets within the service-imposed 140-character limit. Twitter used TinyURL until 2009, before switching to Bit.ly. Currently, Twitter uses its own codice_4 domain for this purpose. Though Twitter has extended its limit to 280 characters, it automatically shortens links longer than 31 characters using its codice_4 domain.


title: TinyURL

text: The TinyURL method of allocating shorter web addresses has inspired an exploration activity known as TinyURL-whacking. Random letters and numbers can be appended after the first forward slash codice_6, in an attempt to find and reveal interesting sites without finding and copying a previously known referrer's link.


title: 9lokkNine

text: Jacquavius Dennard Smith (born May 1, 2000), professionally known as 9lokkNine (pronounced and formerly typeset GlokkNine), is an American rapper. He is best known for his songs "10 Percent", which has received over 30 million views on YouTube, and "223's" (with YNW Melly), which peaked at number 34 on the "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: 9lokkNine

text: 9lokkNine released his first mixtape, "Kold Face Kold Case" with nine tracks on January 2, 2018. He released his second mixtape, "Bloodshells Revenge" with 18 tracks on April 17, 2018. On May 8, 2018, 9lokkNine released a music video for his single "I Don't Need No Help". On July 23, 2018, he released his 17-track mixtape, "Loyalty Kill Love". On August 3, 2018, he signed to Cash Money Records and Republic Records. According to a press release, the contract was worth $2 million. On December 19, 2018, he released the 11-track mixtape, "Lil Glokk That Stole Khristmas". In April 2019, 9lokkNine released his single "Party Pooper". 9lokkNine was featured on a YNW Melly track named "223's", though he was the one to originally release it as a part of his December 2018 mixtape, "Lil Glokk That Stole Khristmas". The song became a sensation when it was popularized by the mobile app TikTok where numerous popular creators took to dancing to the song.


title: 9lokkNine

text: On October 25, 2019, 9lokkNine released his 16-track mixtape "Mind of Destruction", which served as his first official mixtape release on Cash Money and Republic. On February 5, 2020, he released his single "Moods".


title: 9lokkNine

text: In September 2015, 9lokkNine, who was 15 years old at the time, was arrested in connection to a shooting that left a 17-year-old hospitalized. 9lokkNine was charged with aggravated battery with a firearm and unlawful discharge of a firearm and also had a violation of probation for trespassing. He was then escorted to the Orange Regional Juvenile Detention Center.


title: 9lokkNine

text: On October 3, 2018, 9lokkNine was arrested on multiple charges, including possession of a concealed weapon by a convicted delinquent, grand theft in the third degree, and possession of less than 20 grams of marijuana.


title: 9lokkNine

text: On May 31, 2019, 9lokkNine was arrested in Orlando, Florida, and charged with multiple counts including possession of marijuana and illegal firearm possession.


title: 9lokkNine

text: On January 3, 2020, 9lokkNine was arrested in Miami, Florida, and charged with carrying a concealed weapon.


title: 9lokkNine

text: On October 8, 2020, he was arrested in Orlando on an outstanding warrant related to charges for possession of a firearm by a convicted felon and possession of a short-barreled rifle.


title: 9lokkNine

text: On June 21, 2021, he was arrested on charges including racketeering and conspiracy to commit racketeering.


title: 9lokkNine

text: On December 15, 2021, 9lokkNine was sentenced to seven years in federal prison after pleading guilty to identity theft and possession of unregistered firearms charges. He had fraudulently applied for and received benefits through the Paycheck Protection Act under another person's name.


title: An American Werewolf in Paris

text: An American Werewolf in Paris (the "An" does not appear in the title scene) is a 1997 dark fantasy comedy horror film directed by Anthony Waller, screenplay by Tim Burns, Tom Stern, and Waller, and starring Tom Everett Scott and Julie Delpy. It follows the general concept of, and is a sequel to, John Landis's 1981 film "An American Werewolf in London". The film is an international co-production between companies from the United States, France, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg.


title: An American Werewolf in Paris

text: Unlike its predecessor, "An American Werewolf in London", which was distributed by Universal Pictures, this film was distributed by Buena Vista Pictures under its Hollywood Pictures division. Upon theatrical release, the film was met with unfavorable reviews.


title: An American Werewolf in Paris

text: Andy McDermott is a tourist seeing the sights of Paris with his friends Brad and Chris. When Serafine Pigot (presumably the daughter of the werewolf from the first film) leaps off the Eiffel Tower just before Andy is about to bungee jump, he executes a mid-air rescue. She vanishes into the night, leaving Andy intrigued. That night, Andy, Chris, and Brad attend a nightclub called Club de la Lune hosted by Serafine's friend Claude. Serafine is not present, so Chris volunteers to go back to her house. He frees her from a cell in the basement and is locked in it. He escapes when he finds a legless werewolf confined to a bed. The club's owner, Claude, is actually the leader of a werewolf society that uses the club as a way to lure in people (preferably tourists) to be killed. Serafine arrives, tells Andy to run away, and transforms into a werewolf. The club owners transform into werewolves as well, and butcher all the guests, including Brad and Andy.


title: An American Werewolf in Paris

text: The next day, Andy wakes up at Serafine's house. She tells him he is transforming into a werewolf. This revelation is interrupted by the ghost of Serafine's mother. Andy jumps out the window in panic and runs away. Chris tries to get his attention, but Claude kidnaps him. Brad's ghost appears to Andy and explains his werewolf condition. For Andy to become normal again, he must eat the heart of the werewolf that bit him, and for Brad's ghost to be at rest, the werewolf that killed him must be killed. After developing an appetite for raw meat, Andy hooks up with an American tourist named Amy Finch at a cemetery. He transforms and kills her and a cop who tailed him, suspecting Andy was involved in the Club de la Lune massacre. Andy is arrested, but escapes. He begins to see Amy's ghost, and she tries to find ways to get him killed.


title: An American Werewolf in Paris

text: Claude and his henchmen capture Andy and pressure him to join their society, but Andy must kill Chris to prove his loyalty. Serafine again saves him, and they return to her home to find her basement ransacked and her stepfather, the confined werewolf, dead. Serafine explains that her stepfather prepared a drug to control werewolf transformations, but the drug had the opposite effect: forced transformation. As a result of testing on Serafine, she killed her mother and savaged her stepfather. Claude had stolen these drugs during the ransacking.


title: An American Werewolf in Paris

text: Andy and Serafine learn of a Fourth of July party Claude has planned and infiltrate it. They try to help the people escape, but flee once they see that police have entered. Claude and his men inject themselves with the transforming-inducing drug and slaughter almost all the guests. Andy and Serafine flee after killing a werewolf and setting Brad's spirit free. Serafine takes the drug to fight another werewolf when they become separated. Andy encounters them but, not knowing who is who, he accidentally shoots her and leaves her to be found by the police. A werewolf then attacks him, chasing him down to an underground train track. The train stops due to it hitting the werewolf. It gets on the train where it attacks the driver and several passengers. The drug wears off, revealing Claude as the werewolf. Claude tries to inject himself with the last vial, but he is interrupted by Andy and the two fight. When Andy finds that Claude is the culprit behind his infection, the two struggle to obtain the last vial of the drug, and Andy is accidentally injected. After transforming, Andy kills and eats Claude's heart, thus ending his own werewolf curse and presumably Serafine's (this point is not clarified since earlier in the movie Serafine implied that Claude had stolen "her" blood to become a werewolf. In an alternate ending, after Andy eats Claude's heart, Serafine has a vision of her stepfather in the back of an ambulance, explaining how he found a cure before his death). An ambulance transports her to the hospital.


title: An American Werewolf in Paris

text: Serafine and Andy celebrate their wedding atop the Statue of Liberty with Andy's pal Chris, who survived. They bungee jump off when Chris accidentally drops the wedding ring from the statue.


title: An American Werewolf in Paris

text: The film's title has its roots in the production of its predecessor; when production of the original "London" film ran into trouble with British Equity, director John Landis, having scouted locations in Paris, considered moving the production to France and changing the title of his film to "An American Werewolf in Paris".


title: An American Werewolf in Paris

text: Landis was approached by PolyGram Pictures to develop a sequel to the first movie, as Landis explained in the book "Beware the Moon: The Story of An American Werewolf in London":I was asked to do a sequel by PolyGram in 1991. The company, under Jon Peters and Peter Guber, made something like 10 or 12 movies, and the only one that made money was American Werewolf. They then left the company and were replaced by a guy called Michael Kuhn. He called me and said that they were interested in making a sequel. I entertained the idea for a little bit and then came up with something that I liked and wrote a first draft of the script.


title: An American Werewolf in Paris

text: Landis's draft focused on Debbie Klein (a character mentioned but never seen or heard in the original film) getting a job in London, and her subsequent investigation into the deaths of David and Jack. Several characters from the original film, including Alex Price, Dr. Hirsch, and Sgt. McManus returned, but the studio turned down the script. Polygram Pictures still wanted to do a sequel, but Landis, unwilling to write a second treatment, told them to just make the sequel without him.


title: An American Werewolf in Paris

text: By 1993, writer/director John Lafia had written and submitted his own draft to the studio. The storyline for Lafia's draft focused on a schoolteacher in Paris who holds forth on good and evil in a class he teaches. The teacher is bitten by a lycanthrope and goes through the expected changes, while on his trail is the doctor from the first film, who has been working on a werewolf serum. In an interview with "Fangoria", Lafia stated that the studio was not interested in his script.


title: An American Werewolf in Paris

text: After Lafia left the project, Tom Stern and Tim Burns, who had previously worked on the short-lived MTV series "The Idiot Box" and the 1993 comedy film "Freaked", were hired to write a new script, with Stern set as director. Stern and Burns's script followed a young American named Andy McDermott, who is vacationing in Spain when he is called to Paris after hearing that his uncle was savaged by a mysterious beast there. In keeping with the tradition of "An American Werewolf in London", Stern and Burns loaded the script with as many songs referring to the moon as they could find. As part of the preproduction process, Stern had makeup effects (FX) artists Steve Johnson and Tony Gardner work on preliminary designs for the monster, and Phil Tippett, who had worked on Jurassic Park, was going to use computer graphics to bring the beast to life for full-body shots, while the closeups would be handled by the makeup FX crew using animatronic heads. Once they turned in their script to the studio, the studio informed Stern that while they liked the script, he was no longer going to be directing the film. Stern said in an interview: "They were planning to do it on, a medium-low budget, around $10-12 million, and they felt comfortable with me directing it at that level. Then when I handed it in, they liked it so much that they wanted to do it on a higher budget, and they needed a big-name director they could use the foreign presales, since Polygram, which owns Propaganda, is a foreign company."


title: An American Werewolf in Paris

text: Marco Brambilla, whose film "Demolition Man" was a major international hit, was brought on to take over directing. According to Stern, Brambilla's approach was going to involve the traditional half-man, half-wolf look, with FX to be created by Amalgamated Dynamics.


title: An American Werewolf in Paris

text: After a meeting with Brambilla, both Stern and Burns left and moved on to other projects, with Burns stating: "There wasn’t any shouting or anything... but it was such a strange feeling. We’d been working on this for a year and a half, and put all this thought into it. He'd been on it for a week and was saying 'I don't think the ending works' and 'this scene's got to go'." Stern added, "We took pride in writing a villain that was somewhat charming and had a compelling argument because the great villains are the ones that have a great pitch and make you think 'wow, I can see the logic to this.' He just wanted a cartoon villain that was twirling his moustache and being all 'ultimate evil'."


title: An American Werewolf in Paris

text: The project fell into limbo for about two years. During that time, 12 screenwriters, including Larry Brothers, Neal Purvis, and Robert Wade did rewrites on Stern and Burn's script, with Purvis and Wade contributing the danger tour and the bungee jump off the Eiffel Tower. During the hiatus, Brambilla left, and was replaced by Anthony Waller, who had gained a cult following for his low-budget thriller "Mute Witness". Upon joining the project, Waller rewrote the script. After the arbitration process, the final screenplay credit went to Stern, Burns, and Waller.


title: An American Werewolf in Paris

text: In an alternate ending, after Andy eats Claude's heart, Serafine has a vision of her stepfather in the back of an ambulance, explaining how he found a cure before his death. The closing scene shows Andy and Chris visiting Serafine at a hospital, where she has given birth to a child, whose eyes shift to look like the werewolves'; another version of the alternate ending features Inspector LeDuc (in Chris's place) at the hospital.


title: An American Werewolf in Paris

text: "An American Werewolf in Paris" opened theatrically in the United Kingdom on October 31, 1997, in the United States on December 25, and in France on May 6, 1998.


title: An American Werewolf in Paris

text: In its opening weekend, the film ranked seventh in the United States and Canada box office and third among new releases, earning $7.6 million. By the end of its run, "Paris" grossed $26.6 million from a $25 million budget.


title: An American Werewolf in Paris

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 7% based on reviews from 30 critics, with an average rating of 3.72/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Markedly inferior to its cult classic predecessor in every way, "An American Werewolf in Paris" is felled by the silver bullets of clumsy storytelling and chintzy special effects." On Metacritic, it has a score of 31 out of 100 based on reviews from 13 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".


title: An American Werewolf in Paris

text: "USA Today" gave the film two out of four stars, citing unfunny gags, a "charmless" performance by lead actor Tom Everett Scott, and a failure to tap into the Parisian setting, though they praised Anthony Waller's direction. Russell Smith of "The Austin Chronicle" called "An American Werewolf in Paris" "a fast-paced, entertaining homage that recaptures a fair amount of the old lunatic energy and subversive humor [of the original]." While he criticized that the characters often seem clueless in the face of obvious danger, he found the film offered a great deal of fun and that the transformation effects, while not enhanced by the usage of CGI, are "repulsively convincing". He gave it two and a half out of five stars. Writing for "ReelViews", James Berardinelli derided the film's sitcom-level comedy, unintentionally humorous scares, and gratuitous nudity, but said the emotionally compelling performance by Julie Delpy and the occasional strong directorial strokes prevent it from succeeding as campy, "so bad it's good" entertainment. He gave it one and a half out of four stars.


title: An American Werewolf in Paris

text: Unlike its predecessor, which had Oscar-winning special make-up effects by Rick Baker, "Paris" relied heavily on CGI for its transformation effects and chase sequences, a common point of derision from most critics.


title: An American Werewolf in Paris

text: John Landis, the director of "An American Werewolf in London", said, "I was really disappointed when I saw that film, I thought it was lousy".


title: An American Werewolf in Paris

text: A soundtrack for "An American Werewolf in Paris" was released on CD and cassette tape through Hollywood Records on September 23, 1997. It featured music from artists such as Bush, Better Than Ezra, and Cake. The film's soundtrack is largely responsible for the Bush song "Mouth" releasing as a single in October 1997, as it was featured prominently in the film and trailer. The single, marked as a release from the soundtrack, charted on several "Billboard" charts, including the Mainstream Rock Tracks and Modern Rock Tracks charts.


title: An American Werewolf in Paris

text: The soundtrack was on "Billboard's "Top Album Sales chart for 5 weeks and at its peak placed at number 80.


title: El Internado

text: El Internado ("The Boarding School"), also known as El Internado: Laguna Negra ("The Black Lagoon Boarding School") is a Spanish teen drama thriller television series produced by Globomedia for the Spanish network Antena 3. The series was originally broadcast in Spain from 24 May 2007 to 13 October 2010. The series began airing on Netflix on 15 July 2015, and stopped airing on 20 December 2017. The series was then reaired on 16 October 2018.


title: El Internado

text: Marcos Novoa Pazos (Martiño Rivas) and Paula Novoa Pazos (Carlota García), two Galician siblings whose parents have disappeared on the high seas, go to El Internado: Laguna Negra under the custody and guardianship of the director, Héctor de la Vega (Luis Merlo).


title: El Internado

text: María Almagro (Marta Torné) is also new, entering as a cleaner. Alfonso Ceballos Parra (Francisco Merino) trusts Victoria Martínez González (Elena Furiase) and Carolina Leal de Solis (Ana de Armas) to tell them a secret: boarding school is dangerous and they have to get out of there. To do this, he meets them at night in the cemetery near the building. The girls tell Iván Noiret León (Yon González), Roque Sánchez Navas (Daniel Retuerta), Cayetano Montero Ruiz (Fernando Tielve) and Marcos, who go to meet Alfonso, but he ends up not being there. This is because he got kidnapped and put in the underground tunnels to die.


title: El Internado

text: The death of Cayetano has further awakened the interest of the boys to know who is behind all the strange murders committed in the boarding school, especially for Roque, a faithful friend of the deceased and supposedly the last person he spoke with. Mateo Tabuenca (Alejandro Botto) a new math teacher, arrives. At the same time, a new, somewhat troubled student, Julia Medina Jiménez (Blanca Suárez), comes to El Internado after having had a romantic relationship with her stepfather. Vicky has other matters to attend to since Cristina Palacios, a girl from her neighborhood, disappeared without a trace and thinks that the new teacher is the culprit. Elsa Fernández Campos (Natalia Millán) is pregnant with twins and discovers that she has a twin brother who is lost in the forest, but through the memories of Jacinta García Aparicio (Amparo Baró) It Is shown that a young Jacinta (Carolina Lapausa), hid him in the past to protect her life and he is the "Gnome," a friend of Paula. Elsa goes to meet her brother, but gets scared when she sees him and loses the twins. Her brother takes her to the boarding school, but before arriving, the police officers shoot and kill him. Elsa reveals that Pedro was the father of the twins and that profe kandel es el mejor.


title: El Internado

text: Iván killed Fermín's contact when he pointed a pistol at María. Fermín's boss thinks that Fermín de Pablo (Raúl Fernández de Pablo) has betrayed him by taking the Epiphany Triptych and has sent Nora Díez (Mariona Ribas) to El Internado, as a history teacher, to watch over him. The boys think that Hector is the culprit of everything, but they realize that this is not true when they find out that he belonged to the group of orphans who, like them, investigated what was happening there. Irene Espí (Yolanda Arestegui) tries to escape through the corridors with her baby with the help of Nora, who dies at the scene. Nora, dying, calls Fermín and tells him where Irene Espí is to be rescued. Julia sees Cayetano in the form of a ghost, he wants to tell his friends who killed him.


title: El Internado

text: Fermín is eager to find out who his father's murderer was, since he knows that he is at boarding school. Throughout the season he realizes that his father killed three of the founders of the Gemini Project.


title: El Internado

text: Iván and Julia start a romance. On the one hand, Martín Moreno (Ismael Martínez) and his son Lucas Moreno Yerena (Javier Cidoncha) arrive at the boarding school, who are fleeing since Martín escaped with his son behind the back of his wife Silvana Yerena (Lara Ruiz). And on the other hand, Toni Fernández (Alejandro Casaseca), Iván's biological father, who comes to clean the kitchen chimney and stays as a technical repairman.


title: El Internado

text: At El Internado arrives Rebeca Benarroch (Irene Montalà), as a new history teacher, Lucía García Miranda (Lola Baldrich), as a doctor and Hugo Alonso (Javier Ríos), as a new physical education teacher. Rebeca will feel an attraction towards Martín, who looks embarrassed since she sees the darker side of someone just by touching him, and she saw him kill Don Joaquín. On the other hand, together with Fermín, he investigates the Nazism at the boarding school. In the penultimate chapter, Hugo makes himself known as one of the shareholders of the Ottox company, joining Noiret and Camilo. Two other new characters are Nacho García Vallejo (Jonás Berami), Vicky's boyfriend, and Fernando Ugarte Roldán (Adam Quintero), Amelia's brother, and according to him, "currency" of the Gemini Project, since They injected him with the virus to provide the cure only if his sister helped the project. Both Fermín and Rebeca and the boys discover a meeting room with a swastika under the hermitage. That's where the eight Nazi founders met, and where Camilo burns.


title: El Internado

text: Lucas tells Evelyn and Paula that a wild animal usually enters the kitchen and devours all the food it catches. This is no other person than Camilo, who survived the burns and lives in the forest training wolves, to take revenge on Ottox. Jaques Noiret (Carlos Leal) discovers that his biological son that he maintains with Lucía is locked up in a place protected from the sun's rays, since he suffers from Gunther disease, he will die if the sun hits him. Furthermore, Marcos and Paula's grandfather takes advantage of the amnesia of Andrés Novoa Setien (Luis Mottola), Marcos and Paula's father, to make him believe that he was helping him with the experiments before the accident. But he does not believe and insists on removing Samuel, Marcos and Paula's little brother, and his wife Sandra Pazos (Yolanda Arestegui) from the place where they are kept. Hugo's twin brother, Apolo with whom Andrés and Sandra went to meet in Nysiros, Greece, is at El Internado and Hugo will have no choice but to confront him. On the other hand, the boys continue to ponder the subject of that one of them is a traitor, especially Carolina, who is killed by the traitor just after finding out who he is: Roque. Julia sees a ghost just like Paula, who is none other than Eva Wulf (Carlota García), Wulf's biological daughter, whom she cryogenized to cure him of the disease he contracted years ago. Buck throws a grenade into the room where Wulf prepares to heal his daughter, killing them both and destroying much of the underground. In addition, a capsule of a deadly virus has spread for the boarding school, because of Javier Holgado (Sergio Murillo).


title: El Internado

text: The army has surrounded the boarding school with the CBRN protocol, and does not let anyone out as it is a quarantine. All end up infected and without medicines, when they discover that everything is in the hands of Ottox and that Colonel Araujo is in command of the quarantine, he is actually Karl Fleischer, one of the Nazis and founder of the Gemini project. The colonel has the help of Lieutenant Nicolás Garrido, who is infiltrating the boarding school. Four new people enter at El Internado, they are infected: Clara Sáez de Tejada (Natalia Lóz) the old dance teacher who works for Ottox, Curro Bermúdez Pereira (Eduardo Mayo) he was looking for Amaia González (Nani Jiménez) when she was infected, Javier Holgado's mother and another boy who has not yet been known. Knows nothing. Meanwhile, Hector has survived the explosion of the underground tunnels and finds himself trapped in a room. Sandra is kidnapped again by Camilo. The boys discover that the traitor is Roque, who dies at the hands of Lieutenant Garrido when he discovers that the lieutenant had murdered Lucía. Amelia finds the medicines in the tunnels, but Hugo discovers her and kills her. By not taking the medicines Elsa dies from the virus. It is discovered that Amaia is the granddaughter of Theodora Raüber, the last of the Nazi founders of the Gemini Project who was yet to appear.


title: El Internado

text: In the final chapter of the series, everyone is cured of the virus with the machine that Max Levov (Santi Pons) builds, who is killed by Amaia, who dies when she tries to take Paula and Vicky hits her head with a shovel and when she falls she throws a syringe with some deadly material, he actually only had air the same way he killed Max. Iván has an intense Shotokan fight with Hugo, in the fight Hugo catches fire and burns to death. Fermín dies in the arms of María, assassinated by Lieutenant Garrido, but his death has not been in vain since everyone leaves the boarding school thanks to his escape strategy. After he dies, his spirit appears to Julia and tells her to take good care of María and Iván. Finally, the military realizes that Lieutenant Garrido is with the Nazis and allows the students to cross the fence and leave the boarding school. Samuel Espí and his sister Irene Espí are finally reunited with Marcos, Paula and little Samuel. The Nazi founders who were left alive; Colonel Araujo, Theodora Raüber and Lieutenant Garrido are arrested by Rebeca and the military. Vicky shows that in the future she will end up with a military man who helps them escape. The love of Iván and Julia continues. Martín and Rebeca also stay together.


title: El Internado

text: This reboot also works as a direct sequel since in the first chapter we are shown a sequence from a newscast where Julia Medina Jiménez (Blanca Suárez) and Iván Noiret León (Yon González) are in an interview with Sandra Sabatés talking about the book they wrote together where they tell everything that happened to them and their friends in the “Laguna Negra” and the book is dedicated to their daughter Carolina Noiret Medina who was named in honor of their old friend Carolina Leal de Solis (Ana de Armas).


title: El Internado

text: On 11 April 2011, the Russian version was introduced on the Russian channel CTC. The Russian adaptation of the series is called "Private School" (, Transliteration: "Zakrytaya shkola"). The pilot names are "Интернат" ("Boarding School") and "Лес" ("Forest"). The original series was broadcast on AXN Sci Fi.


title: El Internado

text: On 25 May 2009, the series was introduced on the Mexican channel Azteca 7. As of now, Azteca 7 has broadcast the series through the fourth season. Currently, it only airs on Antena 3 Internacional.


title: El Internado

text: The Spanish production company had been in contact with American channels and producers to adapt or co-produce an American version. In July 2015, the original series became available on Netflix.


title: El Internado

text: A French version of El Internado called L'Internat was made for channel M6. The story took place in a college situated in a forest of the Department of l'Essonne. The series began its first season (with 10 episodes each 50 minutes long) in November 2009 and ended in December of the same year due to results beneath what was expected. It is not expected to return.


title: El Internado

text: The series is broadcast on B92. First, in 2012, it was aired on weekends at 14:30. It was cancelled after 50 episodes. From 7 January 2013, this series is airing from Monday to Friday at 13:00 and midnight. Currently, B92 is transmitting the 7th season.


title: Do Revenge

text: Do Revenge is a 2022 American teen black comedy film directed by Jennifer Kaytin Robinson, who co-wrote the screenplay alongside Celeste Ballard. It stars Camila Mendes, Maya Hawke, Austin Abrams, Rish Shah, and Sarah Michelle Gellar, and is loosely inspired by Alfred Hitchcock's "Strangers on a Train" (1951). It was released on Netflix on September 16, 2022, and received generally positive reviews from critics.


title: Do Revenge

text: Drea is a popular student attending Rosehill Country Day High School in Miami on scholarship, but becomes a social outcast after an intimate video she sent to her equally popular boyfriend Max is leaked online. Despite his denial, Drea blames Max for the video's release, and they break up. Over the summer, Drea works at a tennis camp where she meets Eleanor, who is transferring to Rosehill as a senior. After Drea's car fails to start, Eleanor offers her a ride and tells her about also becoming an outcast when a false rumor spread that she forcibly kissed Carissa, another Rosehill student, at a summer camp years earlier.


title: Do Revenge

text: When Drea and Eleanor realize they will not get justice on their own, they devise a plan to exact revenge on the other's rival: Drea on Carissa and Eleanor on Max. Following a makeover, Eleanor slowly infiltrates Drea's old clique while Drea tries to get close to Carissa by working at the school farm, also befriending Russ, a fellow student and Carissa's friend. Eleanor is invited to a pool party thrown by Max, where she discovers he is cheating on his new girlfriend, Tara. Drea runs into Carissa at the beach with Russ, and steals her keys, granting access to the farm's locked greenhouse full of marijuana and magic mushrooms.


title: Do Revenge

text: At the school's Senior Ring Ceremony, Drea places the drugs found at the secret greenhouse in their classmates' dinner with the intention of stealing Max's phone to obtain evidence of his wrongdoings. She also anonymously tips off the school's headmaster about the greenhouse, getting Carissa expelled. While searching through Max's messages, Drea and Eleanor find photos and messages from other girls at school stretching back years.


title: Do Revenge

text: At the Valentine's Day assembly, Eleanor sends Max's texts to the entire student body, but the plan fails when Max and Tara pretend to be a polyamorous couple. Drea spirals after getting rejected from her dream school, Yale University, and concocts a new plan to destroy Max and her popular former friends at the upcoming Admissions Party, which can only be attended by those accepted by Ivy League schools. Eleanor begins to accept her new popularity and Drea's old friends, beginning a relationship with Max's younger sister Gabbi. When Max and his friends surprise Eleanor for her birthday, Drea crashes the party and nearly jeopardizes their revenge scheme. The two fight and go their separate ways after Eleanor asserts that there is no evidence that Max leaked Drea's video. Gabbi overhears this and breaks up with Eleanor for taking Max's side.


title: Do Revenge

text: Drea seeks dirt on Eleanor and visits Carissa at a rehab facility for information. Carissa reveals Eleanor is actually "Nosey" Nora Cutler, a girl Carissa and Drea went to summer camp with. It was Drea who outed Nora and spread the rumor, an event Drea had forgotten, which prompted Eleanor to change her name and undergo a rhinoplasty. Drea confronts Eleanor, who reveals she had been playing Drea all along, aiming to cause Drea the same pain she endured from the rumor. Eleanor threatens to frame Drea's mother for drug possession if she refuses to expose her old friends at the Admissions Party. Later, Eleanor purposefully T-bones Drea's car, sending Drea to the hospital to create an elaborate sob story that permits access to the party.


title: Do Revenge

text: During the Admissions Party, Drea reveals Eleanor's past as "Nosey Nora" to Max and friends, but immediately regrets it and apologizes to Eleanor for her past actions. Their emotional reconciliation is interrupted when Max reveals he discovered their plot against him. He plans to expose them and confesses to releasing Drea's video, unaware Eleanor is carrying a recording device. Eleanor and Drea project Max's confession to the entire party, turning everyone against him. Max is expelled from Rosehill and his spot at Yale is offered to Drea, who rejects it. She and Eleanor skip graduation and drive off into the sunset.


title: Do Revenge

text: In a mid-credits scene, Drea apologizes to Russ, Eleanor reconciles with Gabbi, and Max joins a toxic masculinity support group.


title: Do Revenge

text: On October 14, 2020, it was reported that Netflix was developing the film, then titled "Strangers". Jennifer Kaytin Robinson co-wrote and directed the film, inspired by Alfred Hitchcock's "Strangers on a Train" (1951). In November 2020, Camila Mendes and Maya Hawke were reported to star. Additional cast members were announced in early 2021.


title: Do Revenge

text: Principal photography was scheduled to take place in Los Angeles in early 2021, but was changed to Atlanta, Georgia, and Miami, Florida, with the story taking place in Miami following a rewrite. Filming initially wrapped in August 2021 with later stages of production occurring in August 2022. Much of the filming took place at Oglethorpe University in Atlanta, Georgia.


title: Do Revenge

text: On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 66 out of 100 based on 16 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews."


title: Do Revenge

text: Coleman Spilde of "The Daily Beast" called the film a "generation defining masterpiece", saying that "Once a decade, there comes a high school comedy so stylish, so witty, and so instantly influential that it cannot be topped. Netflix's colorful new romp is that movie." Amy Nicholson of "The New York Times" gave the film a B and described it as "a playful, sharp-fanged satire that feels like the '90s teen comedy hammered into modern emojis: crown, knife, fire, winky face." Matt Zoller Seitz of "RogerEbert.com" gave the film 3 out of 4 stars and said, "The film manages to blend all of its influences into a distinctive movie that is fully committed to its vision of high school as a handsomely costumed, art-directed snake pit filled with sadists who get off on other people's pain and embarrassment."


title: John Robert Hoffman

text: John Robert Hoffman, most often known simply as John Hoffman, is an American actor, screenwriter, director and producer. He wrote and co-starred in the Disney Channel original film "Northern Lights" (1997) and has written many unproduced screenplays, including "Queen Bess", "Indianapolis", "In Harm's Way" and "Queen of the Jews".


title: John Robert Hoffman

text: Hoffman made his theatrical film debut (as both writer and director) with the MGM/Jim Henson Pictures comedy "Good Boy!" (2003), which opened at No. 3 at the U.S. box office and grossed $45.3 million worldwide on an $18 million budget. He was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award as part of the writing team for the 81st Academy Awards (2009). Hoffman has also contributed, as both a writer and producer, to the HBO series "Looking" (2014–2015) and the Netflix series "Grace and Frankie" (2016–2022). In 2021, Hoffman co-created the hit Hulu original series "Only Murders in the Building", alongside Steve Martin.


title: Tribalism

text: Tribalism is the state of being organized by, or advocating for, tribes or tribal lifestyles. Human evolution has primarily occurred in small hunter-gatherer groups, as opposed to in larger and more recently settled agricultural societies or civilizations. With a negative connotation and in a political context, tribalism can also mean discriminatory behavior or attitudes towards out-groups, based on in-group loyalty.


title: Tribalism

text: The word "tribe" can be defined to mean an extended kin group or clan with a common ancestor, or can also be described as a group who share the common interest of mutual survival and preservation of a common culture. The proverb "birds of a feather flock together" describes homophily, the human tendency to form friendship networks with people of similar occupations, interests, and habits. Some tribes can be located in geographically proximate areas, like villages or bands, and although telecommunications in theory could enable groups of people to form tribe-like communities, digital tribes and social networking websites are not quite tribes in that they do not inherently provide the mutual survival of both the individual members of the tribe and for the tribe itself, as tribes do.


title: Tribalism

text: the word "tribalism" has been co-opted and stripped of its original meaning, and has been defined as a "subjectivity" or "way of being" social frame in which communities are bound socially beyond immediate birth ties by the dominance of various modalities of face-to-face and object integration. Ontologically, tribalism is oriented around the valences of analogy, genealogy and mythology. That means that customary tribes have their social foundations in some variation of these tribal orientations, while often taking on traditional practices (e.g. Abrahamic religions such as Christianity, Judaism, and Islam), and modern practices, including monetary exchange, mobile communications, and modern education.


title: Tribalism

text: The social structure of a tribe can vary greatly from case to case, the relatively small size of customary tribes results in a social life which usually involve a relatively few significant political or economic distinctions between individuals. As a result, social hierarchy is uncommon, and deep bonds are made between individual members.


title: Tribalism

text: A tribe often refers to itself using its own language's word for "people", and refers to other, neighboring tribes with various words to distinguish them as other. For example, the term "Inuit" translates to "people".


title: Tribalism

text: Tribalism implies the possession of a strong cultural or ethnic identity that separates one member of a group from the members of another group. Based on strong relations of proximity and kinship, as well as a relations based on the mutual survival of both the individual members of the tribe and for the tribe itself, members of a tribe tend to possess a strong feeling of identity. Objectively, for a customary tribal society to form there needs to be ongoing customary organization, enquiry and exchange. However, intense feelings of common identity can lead people to feel tribally connected.


title: Tribalism

text: The distinction between these two definitions for "tribalism", objective and subjective, is an important one because while "tribal societies" have been pushed to the edges of the Western world, "tribalism", by the second definition, is arguably undiminished. A few writers have postulated that the human brain is hard-wired towards tribalism by its evolutionary advantages, but that claim is usually linked to equating original questions of sociality with tribalism.


title: Tribalism

text: Tribalism has a very adaptive effect in human evolution. Humans are social animals and ill-equipped to live on their own. Tribalism and social bonding help to keep individuals committed to the group, even when personal relations may fray. That keeps individuals from wandering off or joining other groups. It also leads to bullying when a tribal member is unwilling to conform to the politics of the collective.


title: Tribalism

text: Some scholars argue that inclusive fitness in humans involves kin selection and kin altruism, in which groups of an extended family with shared genes help others with similar genes, based on their coefficient of relationship (the amount of genes they have in common). Other scholars argue that fictive kinship is common in human organizations, allowing non-kin members to collaborate in groups like fraternities.


title: Tribalism

text: Socially, divisions between groups fosters specialized interactions with others, based on association: altruism (positive interactions with unrelated members), kin-selectivity (positive interactions with related members) and violence (negative interactions). Thus, groups with a strong sense of unity and identity can benefit from kin selection behaviour such as common property and shared resources. The tendencies of members to unite against an outside tribe and the ability to act violently and prejudicially against that outside tribe likely boosted the chances of survival in genocidal conflicts.


title: Tribalism

text: Modern examples of tribal genocide rarely reflect the defining characteristics of tribes existing prior to the Neolithic Revolution; for example, small population and close-relatedness.


title: Tribalism

text: According to a study by Robin Dunbar at the University of Liverpool, social group size is determined by primate brain size. Dunbar's conclusion was that most human brains can really understand only an average of 150 individuals as fully developed, complex people. That is known as Dunbar's number. In contrast, anthropologist H. Russell Bernard and Peter Killworth have done a variety of field studies in the United States that came up with an estimated mean number of ties, 290, roughly double Dunbar's estimate. The Bernard–Killworth median of 231 is lower because of upward straggle in the distribution, but it is still appreciably larger than Dunbar's estimate.


title: Tribalism

text: Malcolm Gladwell expanded on this conclusion sociologically in his book, "The Tipping Point", where members of one of his types, "Connectors", were successful by their larger-than-average number of close friendships and capacity for maintaining them, which tie together otherwise-unconnected social groups. According to such studies, then, "tribalism" is a hard-to-escape fact of human neurology simply because many human brains are not adapted to working with large populations. Once a person's limit for connection is reached, the human brain resorts to some combination of hierarchical schemes, stereotypes and other simplified models to understand so many people.


title: Tribalism

text: Anthropologists engage in ongoing debate on the phenomenon of warfare among tribes. While fighting typically and certainly occurs among horticultural tribes, an open question remains whether such warfare is a typical feature of hunter-gatherer life or is an anomaly found only in certain circumstances, such as scarce resources (as with the Inuit or Arabs) or only among food-producing societies.


title: Tribalism

text: Tribes use forms of subsistence such as horticulture and foraging that cannot yield the same number of absolute calories as agriculture. That limits tribal populations significantly, especially when compared to agricultural populations. Jesse Mathis writes in "War Before Civilization" that examples exist with low percentage rates of casualties in tribal battle, and some tribal battles were much more lethal as a percentage of population than, for example, the Battle of Gettysburg. He concludes that no evidence consistently indicates that primitive battles are proportionately less lethal than civilized ones.


title: Tribalism

text: The realistic conflict theory is a model of intergroup conflict, arguing that in a real or perceived zero-sum system, conflicts arise over shared interests for finite resources. The 1954 Robbers Cave Experiment involved researchers putting 12-year old boys into groups, where they formed their own ingroups, before then developing hostility and negativity towards the other group during simulated conflict over finite resources in a zero-sum game.


title: Tribalism

text: Various authors, such as Aidan Southall, have attacked the notion of tribe as a tool of colonial ideology, and identified modern tribalism as a product of colonial governance in Africa. The Africa Policy Information Center describes the term, and "tribalism" in particular as a byword for ethnic strife, as invoking negative stereotypes of Africa as a land of primitive and territorial peoples.


title: Tribalism

text: An April, 2021 article published in The Journal of Hospital Medicine titled "Tribalism: The Good, The Bad, and The Future" by Zahir Kanjee and Leslie Bilello of Harvard Medical School was retracted due to protest from readers over the use of the terms "tribe" and "tribalism". The article was then republished with the title "Leadership and Professional Development: Specialty Silos in Medicine" along with an apology from the editor-in-chief. The revised version of the article substituted the terms "groups" and "medical specialties" for "tribes", and "siloed" and "factional" for "tribalism".


title: Captain America (1990 film)

text: Captain America (released in the Philippines as Bloodmatch) is a 1990 American superhero film directed by Albert Pyun and written by Stephen Tolkin and Lawrence J. Block (aka Larry Block). The film is based on the Marvel Comics superhero of the same name. While the film takes several liberties with the comic's storyline, it features Steve Rogers becoming Captain America during World War II to battle the Red Skull, being frozen in ice, and subsequently being revived to save the President of the United States from a crime family that dislikes his environmentalist policies.


title: Captain America (1990 film)

text: In 1936 in Porto Venere, Italy, the Fascist government kidnaps a child prodigy, Tadzio De Santis, and kills his family, to use him for an experimental project to create a Fascist supersoldier. The procedure's inventor, Dr. Maria Vaselli, objects to this cruelty and defects to the United States to offer her services to the Americans.


title: Captain America (1990 film)

text: Seven years later, the American government finds a volunteer in Steve Rogers, a frail man who is exempted from the draft due to being partly crippled by polio. The formula successfully cures Rogers' ailments and gives him superior strength and endurance; but before any more supersoldiers can be created, Vaselli is murdered by a Nazi spy secretly working with Lieutenant Fleming before Rogers manages to kill him. Meanwhile, the now adult de Santis—whose skin was burnt to a scarred red texture by the earlier version of Vaselli's procedure, but has physical prowess equal to Rogers—has become the Red Skull, and is planning to launch a prototype intercontinental ballistic missile at the White House. Rogers, now code-named Captain America, is sent in to neutralize the Red Skull and the missile. He penetrates the Nazi launch compound, but the Red Skull defeats Captain America and ties him to the missile. As it is about to launch, Captain America grabs the Red Skull's arm and forces him to cut off his own hand to avoid being taken along. While the missile is over Washington, D.C., a young boy named Tom Kimball takes a photograph as Captain America kicks one of the missile's fins, changing its course mere yards from the White House and ultimately crashing somewhere in Alaska, burying itself and Rogers under the ice.


title: Captain America (1990 film)

text: In 1992, Tom Kimball is elected President of the United States. A year into his first term, he pushes for aggressive new pro-environmentalist legislation that angers the military-industrial complex headed by Fleming, who has now been promoted to General. At a secret conference in Italy, Fleming meets with the Red Skull and other leaders of a global shadow organization. Following the war, the Red Skull had extensive plastic surgery to partially alter his disfigured features, raised a hitwoman daughter, Valentina, and became the leader of a powerful crime family. In the 1960s, the shadow organization hired the Red Skull and his thugs to murder various Americans who were against militarism and fascism, such as Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., President John F. Kennedy, and Robert Kennedy. This time, the Red Skull disapproves murder and instead organizes Kimball's kidnapping and subsequent brainwashing.


title: Captain America (1990 film)

text: In Alaska, a team of researchers accidentally find Rogers' body frozen in a block of ice, and he awakens still thinking that it is the 1940s. His mysterious reappearance makes international headlines, alerting both Kimball and the Red Skull. After escaping from some of the Red Skull's thugs, Rogers brushes off Sam Kolawetz, a reporter and childhood friend of Kimball who has long hounded the Skull, and hitchhikes his way back to his wartime girlfriend, Bernice, in Redondo Beach, California. While Bernice still lives at her old residence, she has long since married and raised her own daughter, Sharon, who gives Rogers a series of history videos to help him catch up. Red Skull's thugs, led by Valentina, break into Bernice's house and kill her during their efforts to find Rogers. While visiting Sharon's father in the hospital, Rogers and Sharon learn from the news that Kimball has been kidnapped, and vow to rescue him from the Red Skull. Rogers and Sharon visit the secret underground base where he gained his superpowers to recover Vaselli's diary and learn the original name of Red Skull. They are ambushed by Red Skull's thugs, who are defeated by Rogers. They travel to Italy and, in the Red Skull's childhood home, locate an old tape recording of the murder of his parents. Sharon gets kidnapped as a distraction to allow Rogers, who dons his costume, to enter the Red Skull's castle.


title: Captain America (1990 film)

text: Kimball escapes from his cell, is rescued by Captain America and teams up with him in laying siege to the castle. In the midst of their battle, the Red Skull pulls out a remote trigger for a nuclear bomb, but Rogers uses the recording of the De Santis family's murder to distract him. Just as Red Skull recovers, Captain America uses his shield to send him off a cliff, killing him, and as Valentina prepares to kill Rogers, she is hit from behind by his returning shield. The United States Marines arrive to save the President and arrest the conspirators involved in the kidnapping. Rogers and Sharon embrace, and a news voiceover announces the passing of Kimball's new environmental pact as agreed upon by dozens of other countries around the world.


title: Captain America (1990 film)

text: The first feature-length production of Captain America for theatrical release had a long and tumultuous production history. The film rights were originally purchased by Universal Pictures, who planned a theatrical feature-length film starring Jeff Bridges as Captain America, and Peter Fonda as the Red Skull. The writer, Jeffery Sprouse, later revealed a script and pieces of concept art that also included Falcon, Baron Zemo (unknown, though possibly Helmut), and Bucky Barnes as characters, when he was interviewed about the project. The film ultimately never got made.


title: Captain America (1990 film)

text: The rights were then sold to The Cannon Group founders Menahem Golan and Yoram Globus in 1984. Initially Cannon regular Michael Winner ("Death Wish" 1-3) was attached to direct a script by James Silke. However, in 1986 Winner scrapped the Silke script and recruited British television writer Stan Hey ("Auf Wiedersehen, Pet", "Dalziel and Pascoe"). According to Hey, the film involved a stolen Statue of Liberty plot by an elderly Red Skull aided by a female death cult and Steve Rogers working as an artist. Later, after some negative feedback for the Winner & Hey version, Winner started over, working alongside Stan Lee and Lawrence J. Block (aka Larry Block), with an advertisement released with their names listed. By 1987 Winner was off the project and actor-director John Stockwell came aboard with a script by Stephen Tolkin.


title: Captain America (1990 film)

text: Golan left Cannon in 1989 and as part of a severance package he was given control of 21st Century Film Corporation and allowed to carry over the film rights to the Captain America character. Director Albert Pyun, who had previously worked at Cannon, was brought on board and worked with the Tolkin script that originally started at Cannon. In an interview with Cinefantastique, Tolkin explained some of the changes that he made from the original comic, including changing the appearance and character of the Red Skull: "I didn't think people wanted to keep looking at this horrible skull face forever".


title: Captain America (1990 film)

text: Principal photography began in 1989 and was completed in 1990. "Entertainment Tonight" also visited the set during making of the film, airing a segment in August 1989.


title: Captain America (1990 film)

text: The film was intended for release in August 1990, to coincide with the fiftieth anniversary of Captain America. Several release dates were announced between Fall 1990 and Winter 1991, but the film went unreleased for two years before debuting direct-to-video and on cable television in the United States in the summer of 1992. In UK, 20/20 vision released the VHS in 1991 prior to its release in the United States. The film was given a limited theatrical release internationally. In the Philippines, the film was released as "Bloodmatch" on December 11, 1991 in a double feature with a Snoopy film; posters miscredit Jean-Claude Van Damme as the "martial art instructor".


title: Captain America (1990 film)

text: Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gave the studio cut of the film an approval rating of 12% based on 17 reviews, with an average rating of 3.70/10. The consensus states: "Lacking a script, budget, direction, or star capable of doing justice to its source material, this Captain America should have been left under the ice." Some reviews and publications stated that the film is not quite as bad as some reviewers had said and that the director's cut was better than the studio version.


title: Captain America (1990 film)

text: In one of the few contemporary reviews, "Entertainment Weekly" critic Frank Lovece wrote, "The movie isn't merely wrong for kids – it opens in pre-war Italy with a sequence in Italian with subtitles, and a machine-gun slaughter – it's just all wrong", and decried the "shapeless blob of a plot" in grading the film "F". Variety called it "a strictly routine superhero outing" and "this fantasy adventure is missing the large-scale setpieces" that audiences have come to expect.


title: Captain America (1990 film)

text: IGN gave the two different reviews for each different versions, the unfavorable rating for MGM version and the average rating for the Collector's Edition version. Cinelinx's Victor Medina rated the film B−, but rated the overall DVD grade C− because of the DVD video transfer and the lack of extras.


title: Captain America (1990 film)

text: In 2016, Flickering Myth's Neil Calloway said, "It's not a great film, and is really only of interest as a pre-MCU curio for hardcore Marvel fans."


title: Captain America (1990 film)

text: The film gained some cult followings. Film Trap's Justin Decloux mentioned the film as the one of Albert Pyun films he has liked. 411MANIA's Bryan Kristopowitz rated the film 10.0/10.0 as the B cult films review.


title: Captain America (1990 film)

text: The film was first released on VHS and LaserDisc by 20/20 Vision (UK VHS) in 1991 and by Columbia TriStar Home Video (US VHS and LD) in 1992.


title: Captain America (1990 film)

text: A Blu-ray Disc of the film was released by Shout! Factory on May 21, 2013 as a Collector's Edition which features a widescreen HD presentation and brand new interviews with director Pyun and star Salinger.


title: Korean diaspora

text: The Korean diaspora (South Korea: or , North Korea: or ) consists of around 7.3 million people, both descendants of early emigrants from the Korean Peninsula, as well as more recent emigres from Korea. Around 84.5% of overseas Koreans live in just five countries: China, the United States, Japan, Canada, and Uzbekistan. Other countries with greater than 0.5% Korean minorities include Brazil, Russia, Kazakhstan, Vietnam, the Philippines, and Indonesia. All these figures include both permanent migrants and sojourners.


title: Korean diaspora

text: There are currently a number of official and unofficial appellations used by the authorities of the two Korean states as well as a number of Korean institutions for Korean nationals, expatriates and descendants living abroad. Thus, there is no single name for the Korean diaspora.


title: Korean diaspora

text: The historically used term "gyopo" (교포/僑胞, also spelled "kyopo", meaning "nationals") has come to have negative connotations as referring to people who, as a result of living as "sojourners" outside the "home country", have lost touch with their Korean roots. As a result, others prefer to use the term "dongpo" (동포/同胞, meaning "brethren" or "people of the same ancestry"). "Dongpo" has a more transnational implication, emphasising links among various overseas Korean groups, while "gyopo" has more of a purely national connotation referring to the Korean state. Another recently popularized term is "gyomin" (교민/僑民, meaning "immigrants"), although it is usually reserved for Korean-born citizens that have moved abroad in search of work, and as such is rarely used as a term to refer to the entire diaspora.


title: Korean diaspora

text: Official appellation used by North Korea for Korean citizens living outside the Korean Peninsula is "haeoe gugmin" whereas South Korea uses the term "jaeoe gungmin" to refer to entire Korean diaspora. Both terms translate as "overseas national(s)" or "overseas people".


title: Korean diaspora

text: Prior to the modern era, Korea had been a territorially stable polity for centuries; as Jaeeun Kim described it, "The congruence of territory, polity and population was taken for granted". Large-scale emigration from Korea began as early as the mid-1860s, mainly into the Russian Far East and Northeast China; these emigrants became the ancestors of the two million Koreans in China and several hundred thousand Koryo-saram.


title: Korean diaspora

text: During the Japanese colonial period of 1910–1945, Koreans were often recruited or forced into indentured servitude to work in mainland Japan, Karafuto Prefecture (Sakhalin) and Manchukuo, especially in the 1930s and early 1940s; the ones who chose to remain in Japan at the end of the war became known as Zainichi Koreans, while the roughly 40 thousand who were trapped in Karafuto after the Soviet invasion are typically referred to as Sakhalin Koreans. According to the statistics at Immigration Bureau of Japan, there were 901,284 Koreans resident in Japan , of whom 515,570 were permanent residents and another 284,840 were naturalized citizens.


title: Korean diaspora

text: Aside from migration within the Empire of Japan or its puppet state of Manchukuo, some Koreans also escaped Japanese-ruled territory entirely, heading to Shanghai, a major centre of the Korean independence movement or to the already-established Korean communities of the Russian Far East. However, the latter would find themselves deported to Central Asia in 1938.


title: Korean diaspora

text: Korea gained its independence after the Surrender of Japan in 1945 after World War II but was divided into North and South. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, ethnic Koreans in China ("Joseonjok" or "Chaoxianzu") became officially recognised as one of the 56 ethnic groups of the country. They are considered to be one of the "major minorities". Their population grew to about 2 million; they stayed mostly in Northeastern China, where their ancestors had initially settled. Their largest population was concentrated in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture in Jilin, where they numbered 854,000 in 1997.


title: Korean diaspora

text: Korean emigration to the United States is known to have begun as early as 1903, but the Korean American community did not grow to a significant size until after the passage of the Immigration Reform Act of 1965. Between 1.5 and 2 million Koreans now live in the United States, mostly in metropolitan areas. A handful are descended from laborers who migrated to Hawaii in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. A significant number are descended from orphans of the Korean War, in which the United States was a major ally of South Korea and provided the bulk of the United Nations troops that served there. Thousands were adopted by American (mostly Caucasian) families in the years following the war, when their plight was covered on television. The vast majority, however, immigrated or are descended from those who immigrated after the Hart-Cellar Act of 1965 abolished national immigration quotas.


title: Korean diaspora

text: Europe and Latin America were also minor destinations for post-war Korean emigration. Korean immigration to Latin America was documented as early as the 1950s; North Korean prisoners of war choose to emigrate to Chile in 1953 and Argentina in 1956 under the auspices of the Red Cross. However, the majority of Korean settlement occurred in the late 1960s. As the South Korean economy continued to expand in the 1980s, investors from South Korea came to Latin America and established small businesses in the textiles industry. Korean immigrants were increasingly settling in urban centers of Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Uruguay and Venezuela, although return migration from South America back to Korea has ensued since then.


title: Korean diaspora

text: In the 1970s, however, Japan and the United States remained the top two destinations for South Korean emigrants, with each receiving more than a quarter of all emigration; the Middle East became the third most popular destination, with more than 800,000 Koreans going to Saudi Arabia between 1975 and 1985 and another 26,000 Koreans going to Iran. In contrast, aside from Germany (1.7% of all South Korean emigration in 1977) and Paraguay (1.0%), no European or Latin American destinations were even in the top ten for emigrants. The cultural and stylistic diversity of the Korean diaspora is documented and celebrated in the work of fine-art photographer CYJO, in her Kyopo Project, a photographic study of over 200 people of Korean descent.


title: Korean diaspora

text: South Korean media reports on the riots increased public awareness of the long working hours and harsh conditions faced by immigrants to the United States in the 1990s. Although immigration to the United States briefly became less attractive as a result of the 1992 Los Angeles riots, during which many Korean American immigrants saw their businesses destroyed by looters, the Los Angeles and New York City metropolitan areas still contain by far the largest populations of ethnic Koreans outside Korea and continue to attract the largest share of Korean immigrants. In fact, the per capita Korean population of Bergen County, New Jersey, in the New York Metropolitan Area, 6.3% by the 2010 United States Census (increasing to 6.9% by the 2011 American Community Survey), is the highest of any county in the United States, including all of the nation's top ten municipalities by percentage of Korean population per the 2010 U.S. Census, while the concentration of Korean Americans in Palisades Park, New Jersey, within Bergen County, is both the highest density and percentage of any municipality in the United States, at 52% of the population.


title: Korean diaspora

text: Since the early 2000s, a substantial number of affluent Korean American professionals have settled in Bergen County (버겐 카운티), which is home to North American headquarters operations of South Korean chaebols including Samsung LG Corp and Hanjin Shipping and have founded various academically and communally supportive organizations, including the Korean Parent Partnership Organization at the Bergen County Academies magnet high school and The Korean-American Association of New Jersey. Holy Name Medical Center in Teaneck, New Jersey, within Bergen County, has undertaken an ambitious effort to provide comprehensive health care services to underinsured and uninsured Korean patients from a wide area with its growing "Korean Medical Program", drawing over 1,500 ethnic Korean patients to its annual health festival. Bergen County's Broad Avenue Koreatown in Palisades Park has emerged as a dominant nexus of Korean American culture, has been referred to as a "Korean food walk of fame", with diverse offerings, incorporating the highest concentration of Korean restaurants within a one-mile radius in the United States and Broad Avenue has evolved into a Korean dessert destination as well; and its Senior Citizens Center in Palisades Park provides a popular gathering place where even Korean grandmothers were noted to follow the dance trend of the worldwide viral hit "Gangnam Style" by South Korean "K-pop" rapper Psy in September 2012; while the nearby Fort Lee Koreatown is also emerging as such. The Chusok Korean Thanksgiving harvest festival has become an annual tradition in Bergen County, attended by several tens of thousands. In January 2019, Christopher Chung was sworn in as the first Korean mayor of Palisades Park and the first mayor from the Korean diaspora in Bergen County.


title: Korean diaspora

text: Bergen County's growing Korean community was cited by county executive Kathleen Donovan in the context of Hackensack, New Jersey attorney Jae Y. Kim's appointment to Central Municipal Court judgeship in January 2011. Subsequently, in January 2012, the New Jersey Governor Chris Christie nominated attorney Phillip Kwon of Bergen County for New Jersey Supreme Court justice, although this nomination was rejected by the state's Senate Judiciary Committee, and in July 2012, Kwon was appointed instead as deputy general counsel of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. According to "The Record" of Bergen County, the U.S. Census Bureau has determined the county's Korean American population – 2010 census figures put it at 56,773 (increasing to 63,247 by the 2011 American Community Survey) – has grown enough to warrant language assistance during elections and Bergen County's Koreans have earned significant political respect. As of May 2014, Korean Americans had garnered at least four borough council seats in Bergen County. Described as a historic event, the US$6 million Korean Community Center opened in Tenafly, New Jersey in January 2015, aimed at integrating Bergen County's Korean community into the mainstream.


title: Korean diaspora

text: With the development of the South Korean economy, the focus of emigration from Korea began to shift from developed nations towards developing nations, prior to repatriation back to Korea. With the 1992 normalisation of diplomatic relations between China and South Korea, many citizens of South Korea started to settle instead in China, attracted by business opportunities generated by the reform and opening up of China and the low cost of living. Large new communities of South Koreans have formed in Beijing, Shanghai, and Qingdao; , their population is estimated to be between 300,000 and 400,000. There is also a small community of Koreans in Hong Kong, mostly migrant workers and their families; according to Hong Kong's 2001 census, they numbered roughly 5,200, making them the 12th-largest ethnic minority group. Southeast Asia has also seen an influx of South Koreans. Koreans in Vietnam have grown in number to around 30,000 since the 1992 normalisation of diplomatic relations, making them Vietnam's second-largest foreign community after the Taiwanese. Korean migration to the Philippines increased in the early 2000s due to the tropical climate and low cost of living compared to South Korea, although this diaspora has declined since 2010; 370,000 Koreans visited the country in 2004 and roughly 46,000 Korean immigrants live there permanently. Though smaller, the number of Koreans in Cambodia has also grown rapidly, almost quadrupling between 2005 and 2009. They mostly reside in Phnom Penh, with a smaller number in Siam Reap. They are largely investors involved in the construction industry, though there are also some missionaries and NGO workers. Koreatown, Manhattan in New York City has become described as the "Korean Times Square" and has emerged as the international economic outpost for the Korean "chaebol".


title: Korean diaspora

text: Koreans born or settled overseas have been migrating back to both North and South Korea ever since the restoration of Korean independence; perhaps the most famous example is Kim Jong-Il, born in Vyatskoye, Khabarovsk Krai, Russia, where his father Kim Il-sung had been serving in the Red Army. Postwar migrations of Koreans from throughout the Japanese Empire back to the Korean Peninsula were characterized both bureaucratically and popularly as "repatriation", a restoration of the congruence between the Korean population and its territory. The pre-colonial Korean state had not clearly laid out the boundaries or criteria determining who was a citizen; however, the Japanese colonial government had registered all Koreans in a separate family registry, a separation which continued even if an individual Korean migrated to Manchuria or Japan; thus North and South Korea had a clear legal definition of who was a repatriating Korean, and did not have to create any special legal categories of national membership for them, the way Germany had done for post-World War II German expellees. There has also been a return migration of Korean Brazilians back to Korea, spurred by the increasing violence in Brazil.


title: Korean diaspora

text: The largest-scale repatriation activities took place in Japan, where Chongryon sponsored the return of Zainichi Korean residents to North Korea; beginning in the late 1950s and early 1960s, with a trickle of repatriates continuing until as late as 1984, nearly 90,000 Zainichi Koreans resettled in the reclusive communist state, though their ancestral homes were in South Korea. However, word of the difficult economic and political conditions filtered back to Japan, decreasing the popularity of this option. Around one hundred such repatriates are believed to have later escaped from North Korea; the most famous is Kang Chol-Hwan, who published a book about his experience, "The Aquariums of Pyongyang". South Korea, however, was a popular destination for Koreans who had settled in Manchukuo during the colonial period; returnees from Manchukuo such as Park Chung-hee and Chun Doo-hwan had a large influence on the process of nation-building in South Korea.


title: Korean diaspora

text: Until the 1980s, Soviet Koreans did not repatriate in any large numbers and played little role in defining the boundaries of membership in the Korean nation. However, roughly 1,000 Sakhalin Koreans are also estimated to have independently repatriated to the North in the decades after the end of World War II, when returning to their ancestral homes in the South was not an option due to the lack of Soviet relations with the South and Japan's refusal to grant them transit rights. In 1985, Japan began to fund the return of Sakhalin Koreans to South Korea; however, only an additional 1,500 took this offer, with the vast majority of the population remaining on the island of Sakhalin or moving to the Russian Far East instead.


title: Korean diaspora

text: With the rise of the South Korean economy in the 1980s, economic motivations became increasingly prevalent in overseas Koreans' decisions of whether to repatriate and in which part of the peninsula to settle. 356,790 Chinese citizens have migrated to South Korea since the reform and opening up of China; almost two-thirds are estimated to be "Chaoxianzu". Similarly, some Koryo-saram from Central Asia have also moved to South Korea as guest workers, to take advantage of the high wages offered by the growing economy; remittances from South Korea to Uzbekistan, for example, were estimated to exceed USD100 million in 2005. Return migration through arranged marriage is another option, portrayed in the 2005 South Korean film "Wedding Campaign", directed by Hwang Byung-kook. However, the Koryo-saram often face the most difficulty integrating into Korean society due to their poor command of the Korean language and the fact that their dialect, Koryo-mar, differs significantly from the Seoul dialect considered standard in the South.