title: Jugular vein

text: The left and right external jugular veins drain into the subclavian veins. The internal jugular veins join with the subclavian veins more medially to form the brachiocephalic veins. Finally, the left and right brachiocephalic veins join to form the superior vena cava, which delivers deoxygenated blood to the right atrium of the heart. The Jugular veins help carry blood from the heart to and from the brain. An average human brain weighs about 3 pounds, and gets about 15%-20% of the blood that the heart pumps out. It is important for the brain to get enough blood for many reasons. The jugular vein has tributaries consisting of petrosal sinus, facial, lingual, pharylingual, the thyroid, and sometimes the occipital vein.


title: Jugular vein

text: The internal jugular vein is formed by the anastomosis of blood from the sigmoid sinus of the dura mater and the inferior petrosal sinus. The internal jugular runs with the common carotid artery and vagus nerve inside the carotid sheath. It provides venous drainage for the contents of the skull.


title: Jugular vein

text: There is also another minor jugular vein, the anterior jugular vein, draining the submaxillary region.


title: Jugular vein

text: The jugular venous pressure is an indirectly observed pressure over the venous system. It can be useful in the differentiation of different forms of heart and lung disease.


title: Jugular vein

text: In the jugular veins pressure waveform, upward deflections correspond with (A) atrial contraction, (C) ventricular contraction (and resulting bulging of perspicuous into the right atrium during isovolumic systole), and (V) atrial venous filling. The downward deflections correspond with (X) the atrium relaxing (and the perspicuous valve moving downward) and (y) the filling of ventricle after the tricuspid opens.


title: Jugular vein

text: The jugular vein is prominent in heart failure. They can look at the veins pulses to tell if the heart is keeping up with what the body needs, by looking at how the vein is pumping blood to estimate the central venous pressure. Even if the vein appears to be bulging that is visible which is called, distension, this is another sign of heart failure. This can also show cardiac tamponade, and coronary artery disease


title: Jugular vein

text: To examine the neck veins is to evaluate the atrial pressure and to estimate the intravascular volume. If venous pressure is high, the patient most likely has left or right ventricular failure or heart disease.


title: Jugular vein

text: Common symptoms of conditions that can affect the jugular vein are, ear problems, such as hearing loss and dizziness, eye problems, can cause blurry vision and swollen eyes, pain in the neck or headaches and even problems with sleeping due to the change of blood flow to the brain.


title: Jugular vein

text: The jugular vein is the subject of an idiom in the English language: "to go for the jugular" means to attack decisively at the weakest point in other words, to attack at the opportune juncture for a definitive resolution, or coup de grace.


title: Jugular vein

text: An alternate explanation for the phrase suggests "to go for the jugular" merely means to attack without restraint. The jugular vein system is essential but not particularly weak or vulnerable, because this venous system is generally found fairly deep in the body.


title: Donald Maclean (spy)

text: Donald Duart Maclean (; 25 May 1913 – 6 March 1983) was a British diplomat who conveyed government secrets to the Soviet Union.


title: Donald Maclean (spy)

text: As an undergraduate, Maclean openly proclaimed his left-wing views, and was recruited into the Soviet intelligence service, then known as the NKVD. He entered the Civil Service and in 1938, he was made Third Secretary at the Paris embassy. He then served in London and was sent to Washington, D.C. from 1944 to 1948, achieving promotion to First Secretary. He was posted to Egypt and then was appointed head of the American Department in the Foreign Office. The Soviets helped Maclean to defect to Moscow in 1951. In Moscow, Maclean worked as a specialist on British policy and relations between the Soviet Union and NATO. He died there on 6 March 1983.


title: Donald Maclean (spy)

text: Born in Marylebone, London, Donald Duart Maclean was the son of Sir Donald Maclean and Gwendolen Margaret Devitt. His father was chosen as chairman of the rump of the 23 independent MPs who backed H. H. Asquith in the Liberal Party in the House of Commons. As the Labour Party had no leader and Sinn Féin did not attend, he became titular Leader of the Opposition. Maclean's parents had houses in London (later in Buckinghamshire) as well as in the Scottish Borders, where his father represented Peebles and Southern Midlothian, but the family lived mostly in and around London. He grew up in a very political household, in which world affairs were constantly discussed. In 1931 his father entered the Coalition Cabinet as President of the Board of Education.


title: Donald Maclean (spy)

text: Maclean's education began as a boarder at St Ronan's School, Worthing. At the age of 13, he was sent to Gresham's School in Norfolk, where he remained from 1926 until 1931, when he was 18. At Gresham's, some of his contemporaries were Jack Simon (later Baron Simon, a Law Lord), James Klugmann (1912–1977), Roger Simon (1913–2002), Benjamin Britten (1913–1976) and the scientist and Nobel laureate Sir Alan Lloyd Hodgkin.


title: Donald Maclean (spy)

text: Gresham's was then looked on as both liberal and progressive. It had already produced Tom Wintringham (1898–1949) a Marxist military historian, journalist, and author. James Klugmann and Roger Simon both went with Maclean to Cambridge and joined the Communist Party at around the same time. Klugmann became the official historian of the British Communist Party, while Simon was later a left-wing Labour peer.


title: Donald Maclean (spy)

text: When Maclean was 16, his father was elected for the North Cornwall constituency, and he spent some time in Cornwall during vacations.


title: Donald Maclean (spy)

text: From Gresham's, Maclean won a place at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, arriving in 1931 to read modern languages. He also played rugby for his college through the winter of 1932–33. In Maclean's second year at Cambridge his father died. Maclean's political views grew much more apparent in the following years in light of "his admiring, if sometimes puzzled, mother". In his final years in college Maclean had become a campus figure with many knowing he was a communist. In the winter of 1933–34, he wrote a book review for "Cambridge Left", to which other leading communists contributed, such as John Cornford, Charles Madge and the Irish scientist, J. D. Bernal. Donald reviewed "Contemporary Literature and Social Revolution" by J. D. Charques, praising the book for its readiness "to hint at a Marxist conception of literature". In 1934, he became the editor of the "Silver Crescent", the Trinity Hall students' magazine. His editorials stressed the decline in world trade, rearmament and arms trafficking. In one article, he insisted: "England is in the throes of a capitalist crisis...If the analysis in the "Editorial: A Personal" is correct, there is an excellent reason why everyone of military age should start thinking about politics." In a letter to "Granta" he ascribed the demand for a democratically elected student council, equality for female students and rights to use college premises for political meetings.


title: Donald Maclean (spy)

text: In his last year, 1934, Donald Maclean became an agent of the Soviet Union's People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs, abbreviated from the Russian as NKVD. Maclean was then instructed to give up political activity and enter the Diplomatic Service. He graduated with a First in Modern Languages. After spending a year preparing for the Civil Service examinations, Maclean passed with first-class honours. At the Final Board, Maclean was asked by one of the panel interviewing him, whether he had favoured communism while a university student, ostensibly because the panel knew of a trip he had taken to Moscow in his second year at Cambridge. Maclean said: "At Cambridge, I was initially favourable to it but I am little by little getting disenchanted with it." His apparent sincerity satisfied members of the panel, which included a family friend, Lady Violet Bonham Carter.


title: Donald Maclean (spy)

text: In August 1935, Maclean was duly admitted to the diplomatic service. In October, he started work at the Foreign Office, and was assigned to the Western department, which dealt with the Netherlands, Spain, Portugal, and Switzerland, as well as the League of Nations. In 1936, Maclean became closely involved in the work of the Non-Intervention Committee set up to monitor the activities of the chief powers, Germany, Italy, and the USSR and their involvement in determining the outcome of the Spanish Civil War.


title: Donald Maclean (spy)

text: In the summer of 1937, for a time, multiple occasions passed when no one showed to meet Maclean. Then Kitty Harris (wife of the Communist Party of the USA's party leader) arrived in place of his usual controller and gave the recognition phrase. "You hadn't expected to see a lady, had you?" she said. "No, but it's a pleasant surprise", he replied. Maclean would visit Harris's flat in Bayswater after work, with documents to photograph. Over the next two years, 45 boxes of documents were photographed and sent to Moscow. "She was a cut-out between Maclean and his NKVD controller", said Geoffrey Elliott, who wrote a book about her with Igor Damaskin, a former KGB officer.


title: Donald Maclean (spy)

text: On 24 September 1938, Maclean took up a post as Third Secretary at HM Embassy, Paris. In the spring of 1939, an Anglo-French attempt was made to include the Soviet Union into the "peace front" that was intended to deter German aggression. Because of the French involvement in these Moscow negotiations, the telegrams passing between embassies allowed Maclean access to much information. Maclean kept Moscow informed in regard to relations between Germany and the British Empire, on the one hand, and Britain and France on the other, as the French foreign minister Georges Bonnet worked to end French security commitments in Eastern Europe. He also kept Moscow informed about the development of Anglo-French plans for intervention in the war between Finland and the Soviet Union.


title: Donald Maclean (spy)

text: In December 1939, Maclean met Melinda Marling, the daughter of a Chicago oil executive. She was a teenager when her parents had divorced, her mother moving to Europe. In October 1929, Melinda and her sisters went to school at Vevey, near Lausanne, where their mother rented a villa, and spent their holidays at Juan-les-Pins in France. Melinda Marling's mother moved to New York, marrying Charles Dunbar, an executive in the paper industry, and brought her daughters to live with them in Manhattan, where Melinda Marling attended the Spence School. After graduation she spent some months in New York City then returned to Paris, where she enrolled at the Sorbonne in Paris to study French literature. Mark Culme-Seymour later described her as "quite pretty and vivacious, but rather reserved. I thought that she was a bit prim. She was always well-groomed, lipstick bright, hair permed, a double row of pearls around her neck. Her interests seemed limited to family, friends, clothes and Hollywood movies."


title: Donald Maclean (spy)

text: In the 1950s, Culme-Seymour tracked down the exiled Macleans in Moscow, and another Melinda emerged. She told him that she knew she would be going to Russia right from the beginning, even before Maclean defected.


title: Donald Maclean (spy)

text: Soviet archives confirm this view. As Maclean told Harris, on the evening he met Melinda Marling, he saw more to her "I was very taken by her views. She's a liberal, she's in favour of the Popular Front and doesn't mind mixing with communists even though her parents are well-off. There was a White Russian girl, one of her friends, who attacked the Soviet Union and Melinda went for her. We found we spoke the same language." Maclean had told Melinda Marling about his role as a spy. He told Harris that Marling not only reacted positively, but "actually promised to help me to the extent that she can and she is well connected in the American community".


title: Donald Maclean (spy)

text: On 10 June 1940, as the German Army approached Paris, Donald Maclean and a pregnant Melinda Marling were married at the local "Mairie". The British Embassy was evacuated and the Macleans drove south with one of Donald Maclean's colleagues. They were able to escape France on a small merchant ship and went to London.


title: Donald Maclean (spy)

text: Maclean was assigned by the British Foreign Office to work on economic warfare matters. Maclean became one of the Foreign Office's experts on economic warfare, civil air matters, military base negotiations and natural resources useful in the war, such as tungsten. Three days before Christmas 1940, Melinda Maclean went to New York to have her baby, which died shortly after its birth. Some weeks later she flew back to London and went to work in the BBC bookstore. Donald Maclean was promoted and given the prestigious assignment as Second Secretary at the British Embassy in Washington. Towards the end of April 1944, the Macleans set sail in convoy for New York, where they arrived on 6 May.


title: Donald Maclean (spy)

text: Maclean served in Washington from 1944 to 1948, achieving promotion to First Secretary. In 1944 Melinda Maclean was again pregnant, giving birth to a son in New York City. The Macleans frequently visited Melinda Maclean's mother and stepfather in Manhattan and at Dunbar's country place in the Berkshires. They vacationed on Long Island and Cape Cod with Mrs. Dunbar and Melinda Maclean's sisters.


title: Donald Maclean (spy)

text: The Macleans became part of the liberal Georgetown social set in Washington, which included Katharine Graham, as well as participating in the diplomatic life of the city.


title: Donald Maclean (spy)

text: Maclean went to New York on a weekly basis. Maclean was considered to be an exceptionally hard worker at the embassy as his fellow diplomat Robert Cecil remembered in 1989: "No task was too hard for him; no hours were too long. He gained the reputation of one who would always take over a tangled skein from a colleague who was sick, or going on leave, or simply less zealous. In this way he was able to manoeuvre himself into the hidden places that were of the most interest to the NKVD".


title: Donald Maclean (spy)

text: Towards the end of that period Donald Maclean acted as Secretary of the Combined Policy Committee on atomic energy matters. He was Moscow's main source of information about US/UK/Canada atomic energy policy development. Although Maclean did not transmit technical data on the atom bomb, he reported on its development and progress, particularly the amount of plutonium (used in the Fat Man bombs) available to the United States. As the British representative on the American-British-Canadian Council on the sharing of atomic secrets, he was able to provide the Soviet Union with information from Council meetings. This gave Soviet scientists the ability to predict the number of bombs that could be built by the Americans. In addition to atomic energy matters, Maclean's responsibilities at the Washington embassy included civil aviation, bases, post-hostilities planning, Turkey and Greece, NATO and Berlin.


title: Donald Maclean (spy)

text: In 1948 Maclean was appointed Head of Chancery at the British Embassy in Cairo. He was at that time the youngest Counsellor in the British Foreign Service. As soon as he arrived Maclean began to have problems with his KGB contact, who arranged their meetings in an unsatisfactory manner. Maclean suggested that Melinda should pass his information to the wife of the Soviet resident at the hairdresser's and Modin reported that "Melinda was quite prepared to do this."


title: Donald Maclean (spy)

text: Cairo was an important post, the key to British power in the area and a central point in Anglo-American planning for pre-emptive war with the Soviet Union. At this time Britain was the major power in the Middle East with troops in both the Canal Zone and nearby Palestine and airbases in the Canal Zone from which American atomic bombers could reach the Soviet Union. In regard to Egypt itself, British policy was one of laissez-faire or non-interference with the corruption surrounding King Farouk. Maclean disagreed strongly and felt that Britain should encourage reform which alone, in his opinion, could save the country from communism. "And, except to stress its dangers, that was all I ever heard Donald say about communism." recalls Geoffrey Hoare, the "News Chronicle" Cairo correspondent.


title: Donald Maclean (spy)

text: Maclean was considered the key official in the Cairo Embassy, specifically responsible for coordinating US/UK war planning and, under the Ambassador, relations with the Egyptian government. By now, his double life was beginning to affect Maclean. He began drinking, brawling and talking about his double life. After a drunken episode which resulted in the wrecking of an American embassy staffer's apartment, Melinda told the ambassador that Donald was ill and needed leave to see a London doctor. It is possible that this series of events was contrived to provide a way for Maclean to return to England as American intelligence was getting close to identifying Maclean as a Soviet agent by means of the Venona messages. At this time Melinda Maclean was having an affair with an Egyptian aristocrat, with whom she travelled to Spain when Donald Maclean went to England.


title: Donald Maclean (spy)

text: After a few months rest Maclean recovered from the troubles of his Egyptian period and Melinda Maclean agreed to return to the marriage, immediately becoming pregnant. Maclean's career did not seem to suffer from the events in Egypt. He was promoted and made head of the American Department in the Foreign Office, perhaps its most important assignment for an officer at Maclean's level. This allowed him to continue to keep Moscow informed about Anglo-American relations and planning. The most important report Maclean sent to Moscow concerned the emergency summit in Washington in December 1950 between the British Prime Minister Clement Attlee and U.S. President Harry S. Truman. After China entered the Korean War, there were demands both outside and inside the U.S. government, most notably by General Douglas MacArthur, that the U.S attack China with nuclear weapons. The British were strongly opposed to both the use of nuclear weapons and escalating the war by attacking China, and Attlee had gone to Washington with the aim of stopping both. Truman reassured Attlee at the Washington summit that he would not allow the use of nuclear weapons or take the war outside of Korea. Maclean provided a transcript of what was said at the Truman-Attlee summit to Yuri Modin, the "control" of the Cambridge spy ring. Meanwhile, the American and British governments were concluding that Maclean was indeed a Soviet agent, a process carefully tracked by Kim Philby in Washington.


title: Donald Maclean (spy)

text: The journalist Cyril Connolly described him vividly as he struck him in London in 1951. "He had lost his serenity, his hands would tremble, his face was usually a livid yellow ... he was miserable and in a very bad way. In conversation, a kind of shutter would fall as if he had returned to some basic and incommunicable anxiety."


title: Donald Maclean (spy)

text: Maclean's role was discovered when the VENONA decryption was carried out at Arlington Hall, Virginia and Eastcote in London between 1945 and 1951. These related to coded messages between New York, Washington and Moscow for which Soviet code clerks had re-used one-time pads. The cryptanalysts working as part of the Venona project, discovered that twelve coded cables had been sent, six from New York from June to September 1944 and six from Washington in April 1945, by an agent named Gomer. The first cable sent but not the first to be deciphered described a meeting with Sergei on 25 June and Gomer's forthcoming trip to New York where his wife was living with her mother awaiting the birth of a child. This was decoded in April 1951. A short list of nine men was identified as possible Homers (Gomer is the Russian form of Homer), one of whom was Maclean.


title: Donald Maclean (spy)

text: The second cable on 2–3 August 1944 was a description, but not a transcript, of a message from Churchill to Roosevelt, which Homer claimed to have decrypted. It suggested that Churchill was trying to persuade Roosevelt to abandon plans for Operation Anvil, the invasion of Provence, in favour of an attack through Venice and Trieste into Austria. This was typical of Churchill's strategic thinking since he was always looking for a flanking move. But it was rejected outright by both American and British generals.


title: Donald Maclean (spy)

text: Shortly after the VENONA investigation began, Kim Philby, another member of the Cambridge Five, was assigned to Washington, serving as Britain's CIA-FBI-NSA liaison. He saw the VENONA material, and recognised that Maclean was Homer, which was confirmed by his KGB control.


title: Donald Maclean (spy)

text: Believing that Maclean would confess to MI5, Philby and Guy Burgess decided that Burgess would travel to London, where Maclean was head of the Foreign Office's American desk, to warn him. Burgess contrived to receive three speeding tickets in a single day in Virginia. The Governor of Virginia complained to the British Ambassador and Burgess went back to London, as planned.


title: Donald Maclean (spy)

text: The Soviets were desperate for Maclean to get out of London, fearful that in his current state he would crack immediately under interrogation. Donald Maclean discussed the possible defection with Melinda Maclean. According to Modin, she responded: "They're quite right – go as soon as you can, don't waste a single moment."


title: Donald Maclean (spy)

text: The day eventually earmarked for Maclean to make his escape happened to be his thirty-eighth birthday: 25 May 1951. He came home by train from the Foreign Office to his home in Surrey as usual that evening, and soon afterwards Guy Burgess turned up. After eating the birthday supper that Melinda had prepared Maclean said goodbye to his wife and children, got into Burgess's car and left. They drove to Southampton, took a ferry to France, then disappeared from view, sparking a press and intelligence furore. It was five years before Khrushchev confirmed that they were in the Soviet Union.


title: Donald Maclean (spy)

text: The Monday after Maclean's departure Melinda Maclean telephoned the Foreign Office to ask if her husband was there. Her pose of total ignorance convinced them: MI5 put off interviewing her for nearly a week, and the Macleans' house was never searched. Three weeks after Maclean left she gave birth to their third child, a daughter. Francis Marling, Melinda's father, flew from New York to help. Friends in the State Department gave him Foreign Office contacts who proved unhelpful. He returned to New York with a low opinion of Foreign Office officials.


title: Donald Maclean (spy)

text: Maclean, unlike Burgess, assimilated into the Soviet Union and became a respected citizen, learning Russian, receiving a doctorate, and serving as a specialist on the economic policy of the West and British foreign affairs. In February 1956, the presence of Maclean and Burgess in Moscow was publicly revealed following an interview with Richard Hughes of "The Sunday Times" and Sydney Weiland, a Reuters correspondent, though a statement issued by the Soviet press agency TASS denied that Burgess and Maclean had ever been spies, claiming that they had gone behind the Iron Curtain to "further understanding between East and West" for the sake of world peace.


title: Donald Maclean (spy)

text: After a brief period teaching English at a school in Kuybyshev (now Samara), Maclean joined the staff of "International Affairs" in early 1956 as a specialist on British home and foreign policy, and relations between the Soviet Union and NATO. He briefly shared a small room with his new Soviet colleagues on the second floor of the magazine's premises on Gorokhovsky Pereulok. He then worked for the Soviet Foreign Ministry and IMEMO, the Institute of World Economy and International Relations.


title: Donald Maclean (spy)

text: Maclean was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labour and the Order of Combat. His publications for IMEMO were under the name of S. Madzoevsky. It has been claimed that in the 1970s Maclean used his prestige with the KGB to protect members of the early dissident movement. He seems to have had some contact with Sakharov and Roy and Zhores Medvedev. Shortly before his death, he wrote a critique of the retrograde development of Soviet society.


title: Donald Maclean (spy)

text: The Macleans had three surviving children: Fergus, born in 1944, Donald, in 1946, and Melinda, in 1951. The Maclean marriage came under pressure in Moscow as Donald Maclean continued to drink heavily until the mid-1960s, becoming violent when drunk. Kim Philby and Melinda Maclean became lovers during a ski trip in 1964, while Eleanor Philby, Philby's American wife, was on an extended visit to the US. Maclean found out and broke with Philby. Eleanor Philby discovered the affair on her return and left Moscow, for good. Melinda moved in with Philby in 1966, but within three years tired of him and left. She left Moscow for good in 1979. Melinda Maclean returned to the West to be with her mother and sisters; her children soon followed her. She died in New York in 2010 without saying a single word to the media.


title: Donald Maclean (spy)

text: The three Maclean children all married Russians, but left Moscow to live in London and the U.S, as they still had the right to British or American passports. Fergus, the eldest son, enrolled at University College London in 1974, prompting a question in Parliament. Donald's son, Donald, married firstly Lucy, daughter of George Hanna, an English man who worked for the BBC and was a friend of the family. They had a son, Donald Duart Maclean's only grandson (born in 1970), who resides in the UK.


title: Donald Maclean (spy)

text: Maclean was reported seriously ill with pneumonia in December 1982, and was housebound after his recovery. The Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Maclean's workplace, reported his death at the age of 69 on 6 March 1983. He was cremated and his ashes were scattered on his parents' grave in the churchyard of Holy Trinity Church, Penn, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom. Twenty years previously, Guy Burgess's ashes had also been scattered on his family grave in England.


title: Donald Maclean (spy)

text: In its obituary of "Donald Donaldovich Maclean", "Izvestia" described him as "a man of high moral qualities and a convinced communist" who "devoted all his conscious life to the high ideals of social progress and humanism" and "who performed outstanding services to the Soviet state". At the time of his death, Maclean had been working at the Institute, "a government think-tank, as a foreign policy analyst" according to "The Washington Post".


title: Donald Maclean (spy)

text: In May 1970, Hodder & Stoughton published Maclean's book "British Foreign Policy since Suez" which he wrote for a British readership. Maclean told journalists that he set out to analyse the subject rather than to attack it, but criticised British diplomatic support for the United States in the Vietnam War. He stated that he would donate the British royalties to the British Committee for Medical Aid to Vietnam. He foresaw a strengthening of British influence in the 1970s and 1980s as a result of economic recovery. Interviewed live by a BBC Radio reporter who detected a nostalgia for Britain in the book, Maclean refused to be drawn on whether he would like to return to London, for further research for his next book.


title: Donald Maclean (spy)

text: Of the five spies that made up the Cambridge Spy Ring, Maclean was not the best known, but, according to some, he provided the most intelligence of value to the Soviet Union as his position as a senior diplomat in the Foreign Office gave access to more information than what could be accessed by Philby, Cairncross, Blunt or Burgess as he was able to provide the Soviets with "the most intimate details" of Anglo-American decision-making on such matters as the future of nuclear energy and the founding of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. In an official American appraisal concluded: "In the fields of US/UK/Canada planning on atomic energy, US/UK post-war planning and policy in Europe, all information up the date of Maclean's defection undoubtedly reached Soviet hands".


title: Lael Brainard

text: Lael Brainard (born January 1, 1962) is an American economist serving as the 22nd Vice Chair of the Federal Reserve since May 23, 2022. Prior to her term as vice chair, Brainard served as a member of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors since 2014. She previously served as the United States Under Secretary of the Treasury for International Affairs from 2010 to 2013.


title: Lael Brainard

text: The daughter of an American diplomat, Brainard was born in Hamburg and spent her childhood in West Germany and Poland. She graduated from Wesleyan University in 1983 and received a PhD from Harvard University in 1989 as a National Science Foundation Fellow. She was a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for six years before joining the Clinton administration as an economic advisor in 1997. She then worked as a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution from 2001 to 2009.


title: Lael Brainard

text: Brainard was nominated by Barack Obama to serve as the Under Secretary of the Treasury for International Affairs at the Department of the Treasury on March 23, 2009. She was confirmed to the position by a 78–19 vote in the U.S. Senate on April 20, 2010, and was sworn in on the same day. She tendered her resignation on November 8, 2013, amid indicators in the professional community that she would be a viable nominee to the Fed board.


title: Lael Brainard

text: Following the resignation of Elizabeth Ashburn Duke, Brainard was nominated to the Fed board on January 13, 2014, alongside Stanley Fischer and Jerome Powell. She was confirmed by a 61–31 vote in the U.S. Senate on June 12, 2014; her 14-year term began when she was sworn in four days later. She now serves as administrative governor and chair of four committees: Financial Stability; Federal Reserve Bank Affairs; Consumer and Community Affairs; and Payments, Clearing and Settlements.


title: Lael Brainard

text: During the 2020 presidential transition of Joe Biden, Brainard had been viewed by media outlets as an early frontrunner to be Secretary of the Treasury, though Janet Yellen was chosen instead.


title: Lael Brainard

text: President Biden nominated Brainard to serve as Vice Chair of the Federal Reserve on November 22, 2021, succeeding Richard Clarida in the role. On April 26, 2022, her nomination as Federal Reserve Vice Chair was confirmed by the U.S. Senate. She was sworn in on May 23, 2022.


title: Lael Brainard

text: Lael Brainard, daughter of the U.S. foreign-service officer and diplomat Alfred Brainard, grew up in West Germany and later Poland in the period before the Revolutions of 1989 and the Fall of the Berlin Wall. She graduated with university honors from Wesleyan University with a bachelor of arts degree from the College of Social Studies. Brainard received masters and doctoral degrees in economics from Harvard University, where she was a National Science Foundation Fellow.


title: Lael Brainard

text: She is the recipient of a White House Fellowship and a Council on Foreign Relations International Affairs Fellowship. She received the Alexander Hamilton Award for her service at the Department of the Treasury and was awarded the Harvard GSAS Centennial Medal and the New York Association of Business Economics William F. Butler Award in 2019.


title: Lael Brainard

text: Brainard started her career at McKinsey & Company advising corporate clients on strategic challenges.


title: Lael Brainard

text: Brainard served as Assistant and Associate Professor of Applied Economics at the MIT Sloan School of Management from 1990 to 1996 where her publications made important contributions on the relationship between offshore production, trade, and jobs; the measurement of structural and cyclical unemployment in the U.S. economy; and strategic trade policy.


title: Lael Brainard

text: Brainard was a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution from 2001 to 2009 and Vice President and Director of the Global Economy and Development Program from 2006 to 2009.


title: Lael Brainard

text: Beginning in 1997 Brainard served as deputy national economic advisor and deputy assistant to the president during the Clinton administration. In this role, she was the White House staff coordinator for the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Leaders Meeting in Vancouver and Manila; responsible for the President's three-year review of NAFTA; and for preparing the way for China’s entry into the WTO. She was also responsible for the G7/G8 Jobs Conferences in the U.K. and France, and took part in President Clinton's visits to China, Latin America, the U.K., and the Summit of the Americas held in Miami.


title: Lael Brainard

text: As deputy director of the National Economic Council, she helped build a new White House organization to address global economic challenges such as the Asian financial crisis and China's accession to the World Trade Organization. As the U.S. Sherpa to the G8, she helped shape the 2000 G8 summit that, for the first time, included leaders of the poorest nations and laid the foundations for the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria.


title: Lael Brainard

text: On March 23, 2009, President Obama nominated Brainard to serve as Under Secretary of the Treasury for International Affairs. Reuters News Service reported on December 23, 2009, that the Senate Finance Committee had approved Brainard to become the "Treasury Department's top global diplomat, a job that would give her a key role in the bid to push China toward a flexible currency". The Senate confirmed her in a 78–19 vote on April 20, 2010. Brainard managed the Office of International Affairs at the Treasury Department with responsibilities including the euro area crisis and currency relations with China. In this role, she exerted pressure on China to allow the forces of the free market to guide its currency. She also pressured Europe to follow a stronger economic rescue plan during the sovereign-debt crisis.


title: Lael Brainard

text: During this time, she was the U.S. Representative to the G-20 Finance Deputies and G-7 Deputies and was a member of the Financial Stability Board. She received the Alexander Hamilton Award for her service. She left her post in the U.S. Treasury in November 2013.


title: Lael Brainard

text: Brainard was nominated to the Federal Reserve Board of Governors by President Barack Obama in January 2014. She was confirmed by the Senate by a vote of 61–31 on June 12, 2014, and began her term on June 16, 2014. Brainard serves as Administrative Governor, Chair of the Committee on Financial Stability, the Committee on Federal Reserve Bank Affairs, the Committee on Consumer and Community Affairs, the Committee on Payments, Clearing and Settlements, and the Subcommittee on Smaller Regional and Community Banking Organizations.


title: Lael Brainard

text: On November 22, 2021, President Joe Biden nominated Brainard to be the vice-chair of the Federal Reserve. Her initial nomination was returned to President Biden on January 3, 2022, due to it expiring at the end of the year. President Biden renominated her the following day.


title: Lael Brainard

text: Hearings were held on Brainard's nomination before the Senate Banking Committee on January 13, 2022. The committee favorably reported her nomination to the Senate floor on March 16, 2022 in a 16-8 vote. On April 25, 2022, the United States Senate invoked cloture on her nomination by a 54-40 vote. On April 26, 2022, her nomination was confirmed by the Senate by a 52-43 vote, with all Democrats present and seven Republicans voting in favor of her confirmation. She became just the third woman to serve as Fed's Vice Chair, following Alice Rivlin and Janet Yellen.


title: Lael Brainard

text: Brainard is co‑editor of Climate Change and Global Poverty: A Billion Lives in the Balance (2009); co-editor of "Too Poor For Peace?" (2007); co-editor of "Offshoring White Collar Work" (2006); editor of "Transforming the Development Landscape: the Role of the Private Sector" (2006) and "Security by Other Means: Foreign Assistance, Global Poverty and American Leadership" (2006); and co-author of "The Other War: Global Poverty and the Millennium Challenge Corporation" (2004).


title: Coonhound

text: A coonhound, colloquially a coon dog, is a type of scenthound, a member of the hound group. They are an American type of hunting dog developed for the hunting of raccoons, hence their name, and also for feral pigs, bobcats, cougars, and bears. There are six distinct breeds of coonhound.


title: Coonhound

text: In the colonial period, hounds were imported into the United States for the popular sport of fox hunting. Various breeds of foxhounds and other hunting hounds were imported from England, Ireland, and France.


title: Coonhound

text: Foxhounds were found to be inadequate for hunting American animals that did not hide near the ground, but instead climbed trees, such as raccoons, opossums, bobcats, and even larger prey like cougars and bears. The dogs were often confused or unable to hold the scent when this occurred, and would mill about.


title: Coonhound

text: This led to the development of treeing hounds by hunters and dog breeders. Foundation dogs were chosen for a keen sense of smell, the ability to track an animal independent of human commands and, most importantly, to follow an animal both on the ground and when it took to a tree. Bloodhounds specifically were added to many coonhound lines to enhance the ability to track.


title: Coonhound

text: Coonhounds can hunt individually or as a pack. Often, hunters do not chase their quarry along with the hounds, unlike organized foxhunting, but wait and listen to the distinctive baying to determine if the prey has been treed. Coonhounds are excellent at hunting all manner of prey if trained properly.


title: Coonhound

text: Established in 1937, the Key Underwood Coon Dog Memorial Graveyard is located in Colbert County, Alabama. It is used specifically for the burial of certified coonhounds.


title: Coonhound

text: The Black and Tan Coonhound was the first to be recognized by the American Kennel Club, in 1946. The other coonhound breeds were not able to be AKC-registered until the 2000s; the Redbone and Bluetick Coonhounds were both recognized in 2009, the English in 2011 (as the American English), and the Treeing Walker in 2012.


title: Coonhound

text: In 2008, the UKC recognized the American Leopard Hound as a scenthound breed. It is used for hunting raccoons, as well as other game animals.


title: Cape Town International Airport

text: Cape Town International Airport is the primary international airport serving the city of Cape Town, and is the second-busiest airport in South Africa and fourth-busiest in Africa. Located approximately from the city center, the airport was opened in 1954 to replace Cape Town's previous airport, Wingfield Aerodrome. Cape Town International Airport is the only airport in the Cape Town metropolitan area that offers scheduled passenger services. The airport has domestic and international terminals, linked by a common central terminal.


title: Cape Town International Airport

text: The airport has direct flights from South Africa's other two main urban areas, Johannesburg and Durban, as well as flights to smaller centers in South Africa. Internationally, it has direct flights to several destinations in Africa, the Middle East, Asia, Europe and the United States. The air route between Cape Town and Johannesburg was the world's ninth-busiest air route in 2011 with an estimated 4.5 million passengers.


title: Cape Town International Airport

text: D.F. Malan Airport was opened in 1954, a year after Jan Smuts Airport (now OR Tambo International Airport) on the Witwatersrand, near Johannesburg, opened. The airport replaced Cape Town's previous airport, Wingfield Aerodrome. Originally named after the then South African prime minister, it initially offered two international flights: a direct flight to Britain and a second flight to Britain via Johannesburg. By 1977, the airport had acquired nonstop connectivity with South America, with Varig operating flights to Rio de Janeiro.


title: Cape Town International Airport

text: With the fall of apartheid in the early 1990s, ownership of the airport was transferred from the state to the newly formed Airports Company South Africa, and the airport was renamed to the politically neutral Cape Town International Airport. Additionally, South African Airways launched a route to North America in 1992, linking Cape Town to Miami. The destination of this flight later changed to Fort Lauderdale and finally to Atlanta.


title: Cape Town International Airport

text: The first years of the twenty-first century saw tremendous growth at the airport; from handling 6.2 million passengers per annum in 2004–05, the airport peaked at 8.4 million passengers per annum in 2007–08 before falling back to 7.8 million in 2008–09. On the other hand, South African Airways had terminated the flight to Atlanta by 2006. In 2011, Malaysia Airlines withdrew its service to Buenos Aires, which had begun in the 1990s.


title: Cape Town International Airport

text: In 2016, the airport saw a 29% increase in international arrivals; 2016 also saw the airport handle 10 million passengers per annum. Three years later, a new connection to North America commenced upon United Airlines' arrival from Newark.


title: Cape Town International Airport

text: On 16 April 2018, it was reported in the Cape Times that the Minister of Transport, Bonginkosi Nzimande, had directed ACSA on 22 March 2018 to change the name of Cape Town International Airport to Nelson Mandela International Airport. The name change was discussed and as yet no name change had been published in the Government Gazette.


title: Cape Town International Airport

text: On 5 March 2019, the EFF filed a motion in Parliament calling for the renaming of Cape Town International Airport after anti-apartheid icon Winnie Madikizela-Mandela. While members of the Khoi community pushed for the airport to be named after the! Uriǁ'aeǀona translator and cultural icon Krotoa. One of the arguments of the opposition was that Parliament is not constitutionally empowered to resolve any name change and that it was the responsibility of the South African Geographical Names Council (SAGNC) to deal with name changes. The motion was not successful.


title: Cape Town International Airport

text: Until a name change has been published in the Government Gazette, it remains Cape Town International Airport. In February 2021, the Cape Times reported that the proposed name change of the airport had been "quietly ditched".


title: Cape Town International Airport

text: In preparation for the 2010 FIFA World Cup, Cape Town International Airport was extensively expanded and renovated. The main focus was the development of a Central Terminal Building at a cost of R1.6 billion, which linked the formerly separate domestic and international terminals and provided a common check-in area. The departures level of the Central Terminal opened in November 2009, with the entire building opened in April 2010.


title: Cape Town International Airport

text: Apart from the now-completed 2010 expansion project, it had been proposed that a second runway for large aircraft be constructed at the airport, to be completed by 2015. However, this second runway has not been constructed. In May 2015, Airports Company South Africa announced a R7.7 billion expansion for the airport. The expansion includes the upgrades of the Domestic & International terminals. The expansion has been postponed indefinitely due to the drop in passenger numbers due to the global COVID-19 pandemic from 2020.


title: Cape Town International Airport

text: The terminal building has a split-level design, with departures located on the upper floors and arrivals in the lower floors; an elevated roadway system provides vehicular access to both departures and arrivals levels. All check-in takes place within the Central Terminal Building, which contains 120 check-in desks and 20 self-service kiosks. Passengers then pass through a consolidated security screening area before dividing. Passengers flying internationally head to the northern part of the airport which is the international terminal, and passengers flying to other parts of South Africa head to the southern part of the airport to the domestic terminal.


title: Cape Town International Airport

text: The terminal has 10 air bridges, evenly split between domestic and international usage. Sections of lower levels of the domestic and international terminals are used for transporting passengers via bus to and from remotely parked aircraft.


title: Cape Town International Airport

text: Arriving passengers collect luggage in the old sections of their respective terminals, before proceeding through new passageways to the new Central Terminal Building. The terminal contains an automated baggage handling system, capable of handling 30,000 bags per hour.


title: Cape Town International Airport

text: Retail outlets are located on the lower (arrivals) level of the terminal at landside, as well as airside at the departure gates. Retail outlets are diverse, including foreign exchange services, bookstores, clothing retailers, grocery stores, souvenir outlets and duty-free in international departures. Restaurants within the terminal building are located on the upper (3rd) level above the departures level, which includes what is purported to be the largest Spur restaurant on the African continent, at . The restaurant level overlooks the airside of the terminal, where a glass curtain wall separates the patrons from the planes three stories below. On the 4th floor is where the airport's lounges are situated. The Bidvest, as well as South African Airways lounges, can be found here.


title: Cape Town International Airport

text: The international terminal is located on the northern side of the airport. Customs and Immigration facilities, lounges, duty-free shops, restaurants, prayer rooms, conference rooms, airline offices, and chapels are located in the terminal.


title: Cape Town International Airport

text: Located on the southern side of the airport, it has the same facilities as the international terminal, with the exception of Immigration facilities.


title: Cape Town International Airport

text: There are two hotels located within the airport precinct: Hotel Verde, a four-star hotel owned by Bon Hotels and ranked as "Africa's greenest hotel", and the other being Road Lodge, a budget hotel owned by the City Lodge hotel chain group. An ExecuJet facility is located near the southern end of the main runway and caters for business jets. The airport also has a MyCiti BRT station which connects across the whole of Cape Town, including east of Khayelitsha.


title: Cape Town International Airport

text: Cape Town International Airport is approximately from the city centre and is accessible from the N2 freeway, with Airport Approach Road providing a direct link between the N2 (at exit 16) and the airport. The airport can also be indirectly accessed from the R300 freeway via the M12, M10 and M22.


title: Cape Town International Airport

text: The airport provides approximately 1,424 parking spaces in the general parking area, and 1,748 parking bays in the multi-storey car park located near the domestic terminal. A new car park opened in 2010, which is located near the international terminal and provides an additional 4,000 parking spaces. The airport also offers a valet parking service.


title: Cape Town International Airport

text: The MyCiTi bus rapid transit system provides a shuttle service connecting the airport with the Civic Centre bus station in the city centre. Buses depart every twenty minutes from 04:20-22:00. Transport to and from the airport is also provided by metered taxis and various private shuttle companies.


title: Cape Town International Airport

text: There is no direct rail access to Cape Town International Airport. The Passenger Rail Agency of South Africa has proposed a rail link between the airport and Cape Town's existing suburban rail network.


title: Kanchana (2011 film)

text: Kanchana (also known as Muni 2: Kanchana) is a 2011 Indian Tamil-language horror comedy film written, produced and directed by Raghava Lawrence. It is a sequel to his previous venture, "Muni" (2007) and the second installment in the "Muni (film series)". The film stars Lawrence alongside Sarathkumar, Kovai Sarala and Lakshmi Rai while Devadarshini and Sriman play supporting roles.


title: Kanchana (2011 film)

text: The film revolves around Raghava, who is scared to venture outside gets possessed by a ghost and starts behaving weirdly. The film's cinematography and editing was handled by Vetri and Kishore Te, respectively. The film's soundtrack was composed by Sai Thaman. The film's distribution rights were bought by Sri Thenandal Films.The Central Board Of Film Certification (CBFC) gave the film an "A" Certificate for "Violence" and "Horror".


title: Kanchana (2011 film)

text: "Kanchana"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Tamil version was released on 22 July 2011 while a same-titled Telugu dubbed version was released a week earlier on 15 July 2011. Despite receiving mixed reviews from critics, the film became a commercial success in both languages. The film has been remade several times including – in Kannada as "Kalpana," in Sinhala Sri Lanka as "Maya", in Bengali Bangladesh as Mayabini, and in Hindi as "Laxmii"; Lawrence acted as screenwriter on "Kalpana", while directing and co-writing "Laxmii".


title: Kanchana (2011 film)

text: Raghava is an unemployed lovable person, who spends his days playing cricket with his friends. He suffers from an irrational fear of ghosts and retreats to his home after sunset. His fear is so great that he prefers to sleep beside his mother and has her accompany him to the restroom at night. This creates a major annoyance in the household, including Raghava's brother, sister-in-law and their children.


title: Kanchana (2011 film)

text: One day, Raghava and his friends are forced to abandon their usual cricket ground and find a new one; they unwittingly select an abandoned ground which is rumoured to be haunted. A bizarre weather change scares them away. Raghava brings home his cricket stumps, which have been stained with blood from a buried corpse in the ground. He focuses on wooing Priya, his sister-in-law's sister. In the following days, his mother and sister-in-law witnesses several paranormal activities at night because of a ghost. On consulting a priest, they perform three rituals to ascertain if the house is haunted and their suspicion turns to be true.


title: Kanchana (2011 film)

text: Raghava's mother and sister-in-law hire two priests to get rid of the ghost from their house. However, the priests are actually con men and escape after seeing the real ghost. That night, the ghost possesses Raghava, who begins acting increasingly effeminate, alienating himself from Priya and wearing women's clothes and jewellery. His family angrily confronts him and it is revealed that there are actually three ghosts who have possessed him: a violent woman, an Urdu-speaking Muslim, and a mentally disabled boy. Raghava's family hires an exorcist, who drives the spirits away from Raghava's body. However, the woman's ghost being trapped, reveals her past.


title: Kanchana (2011 film)

text: Past: Karthik alias Kanchana is a transgender woman, who was disowned by her parents, and was later adopted by a kind Muslim named Akbar Bhai, who has an intellectually disabled son. Regretting that she could not become a doctor as she intended, she adopts another young transgender girl named Krishna alias Geetha and works hard to support her financially.


title: Kanchana (2011 film)

text: When Geetha leaves to study medicine abroad, Kanchana buys a plot of land where Geetha intended to construct a hospital for the poor. However, the ground is unlawfully taken by the corrupt MLA Shankar. Kanchana angrily confronts Shankar, but Shankar kills her, and also kills Akbar Bhai and his son. Before Kanchana died, she vowed to kill Shankar, his wife and his henchmen. The bodies are then buried in Kanchana's own ground.


title: Kanchana (2011 film)

text: Present: The exorcist sympathizes with her but remains duty-bound and traps her. After hearing her story, Raghava decides to help Kanchana, and allows her to possess him once again. Raghava/Kanchana confronts Shankar and disposes of his henchmen gruesomely. Shankar seeks refuge in a Narasimha temple, which Kanchana is forbidden from, but she asks the deity for justice and manages to chase him inside the temple. The three spirits combine and kill Shankar.


title: Kanchana (2011 film)

text: A few years later, Raghava has constructed the hospital for Geetha as per Kanchana's wishes. He also unites with Priya. A few local goons, who came there to demand money, becomes scared when Raghava is possessed again by Kanchana, implying he will be possessed every now and then when needed help.


title: Kanchana (2011 film)

text: The film received mixed reviews from critics. Rediff wrote "It is torturous and tedious to watch, the chills and thrills are not spine-chilling and a soundtrack that is supposed to be eerie is anything but. There's quite a bit of unintended comedy too". Great Andhra wrote "As for Lawrence, his intention was to target the mass audience and he has been fairly successful in his attempt as compared to his prequel by infusing good depth and emotional intensity". Sify wrote:"On the whole, Kanchana is an entertaining affair and can be watched once".


title: Kanchana (2011 film)

text: According to "Sify", "Kanchana" emerged 2011's most successful Tamil film based on return on investment. The film, made on a budget of and marketed for , had its Telugu dubbing rights sold to Bellamkonda Suresh for . The film grossed around share from Tamil Nadu alone at the end of its run.


title: Kanchana (2011 film)

text: In early 2012, sources claimed that Raghava Lawrence was planning to make a third part of "Muni". Furthermore, it was suggested that Lawrence's brother might play the lead role in the sequel. Instead, he danced with his brother in a cameo for the film. Eventually the third installment "Kanchana 2" was released on 17 April 2015 and fourth installment "Kanchana 3" was released on 19 April 2019 both were commercial success at the box office.


title: Kanchana (2011 film)

text: Rama Narayanan, who distributed the Tamil version directed the Kannada remake of the film titled "Kalpana" with Upendra playing lead role and Sai Kumar playing the transgender role and Lakshmi Rai reprising her role from the original film. It was released in September 2012.


title: Kanchana (2011 film)

text: In the 2016 Sri Lankan remake, "Maya," directed by Donald Jayantha, Ranjan Ramanayake played the role initially portrayed by Sarath Kumar as Kanchana. It was unofficially remade as "Tar Tay Gyi" (2017) in Myanmar. In 2017, the Bangladeshi remake of the film released titled "Mayabini" starring Symon Sadik and Airin Sultana.


title: Kanchana (2011 film)

text: Lawrence himself directed the Hindi remake titled "Laxmii" starring Akshay Kumar and Kiara Advani. It released on the online streaming service Disney+ Hotstar on 9 November 2020.


title: Kanchana (2011 film)

text: The song "Sangili Bungili Kadhava Thora" inspired a 2017 film of same name starring Jiiva which was also based on the genre of horror-comedy.


title: Anna Ben

text: Anna Ben is an Indian actress who works in Malayalam cinema. The daughter of screenwriter Benny P. Nayarambalam, she made her acting debut with "Kumbalangi Nights" in 2019. Anna has since starred in the dramas "Helen" (2019) and "Kappela" (2020). For the former, she won the Kerala State Film Award – Special Mention and for the latter, she won the Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress.


title: Anna Ben

text: Anna is the daughter of screenwriter Benny P. Nayarambalam and Fulja. She completed schooling from Chinmaya Vidyalaya, Vaduthala. She is a fashion and apparel design graduate from St. Teresa's College, Kochi.


title: Anna Ben

text: Anna made her feature movie debut in 2019 through commercially and critically successful "Kumbalangi Nights" in which she played the female lead Baby. She was selected through four rounds of auditions. She described her character as "modern and traditional simultaneously, rooted, with her own point-of-view". "The Hindu" wrote, "She stood out even in the presence of seasoned performers". The success of that film paved the way for "Helen", a survival drama in which she played the titular character of Helen, and "Kappela", both appreciated by audience and critics. Director Sathyan Anthikad praised her acting in the former, and Manorama Online reported, "Anna Ben makes "Kappela" a delightful journey" about the latter. Anna has also appeared in music videos.


title: Kaplan–Meier estimator

text: The Kaplan–Meier estimator, also known as the product limit estimator, is a non-parametric statistic used to estimate the survival function from lifetime data. In medical research, it is often used to measure the fraction of patients living for a certain amount of time after treatment. In other fields, Kaplan–Meier estimators may be used to measure the length of time people remain unemployed after a job loss, the time-to-failure of machine parts, or how long fleshy fruits remain on plants before they are removed by frugivores. The estimator is named after Edward L. Kaplan and Paul Meier, who each submitted similar manuscripts to the "Journal of the American Statistical Association". The journal editor, John Tukey, convinced them to combine their work into one paper, which has been cited almost 61,000 times since its publication in 1958.


title: Kaplan–Meier estimator

text: The estimator of the survival function formula_1 (the probability that life is longer than formula_2) is given by:


title: Kaplan–Meier estimator

text: with formula_4 a time when at least one event happened, "d" the "number of events" (e.g., deaths) that happened at time formula_4, and formula_6 the "individuals known to have survived" (have not yet had an event or been censored) up to time formula_4.


title: Kaplan–Meier estimator

text: A plot of the Kaplan–Meier estimator is a series of declining horizontal steps which, with a large enough sample size, approaches the true survival function for that population. The value of the survival function between successive distinct sampled observations ("clicks") is assumed to be constant.


title: Kaplan–Meier estimator

text: An important advantage of the Kaplan–Meier curve is that the method can take into account some types of censored data, particularly "right-censoring", which occurs if a patient withdraws from a study, is lost to follow-up, or is alive without event occurrence at last follow-up. On the plot, small vertical tick-marks state individual patients whose survival times have been right-censored. When no truncation or censoring occurs, the Kaplan–Meier curve is the complement of the empirical distribution function.


title: Kaplan–Meier estimator

text: In medical statistics, a typical application might involve grouping patients into categories, for instance, those with Gene A profile and those with Gene B profile. In the graph, patients with Gene B die much quicker than those with Gene A. After two years, about 80% of the Gene A patients survive, but less than half of patients with Gene B.


title: Kaplan–Meier estimator

text: To generate a Kaplan–Meier estimator, at least two pieces of data are required for each patient (or each subject): the status at last observation (event occurrence or right-censored), and the time to event (or time to censoring). If the survival functions between two or more groups are to be compared, then a third piece of data is required: the group assignment of each subject.


title: Kaplan–Meier estimator

text: Let formula_8 be a random variable, which we think of as the time until an event of interest takes place. As indicated above, the goal is to estimate the survival function formula_9 underlying formula_10. Recall that this function is defined as


title: Kaplan–Meier estimator

text: Let formula_13 be independent, identically distributed random variables, whose common distribution is that of formula_10: formula_15 is the random time when some event formula_16 happened. The data available for estimating formula_9 is not formula_18, but the list of pairs formula_19 where for formula_20, formula_21 is a fixed, deterministic integer, the censoring time of event formula_16 and formula_23. In particular, the information available about the timing of event formula_16 is whether the event happened before the fixed time formula_25 and if so, then the actual time of the event is also available. The challenge is to estimate formula_1 given this data.


title: Kaplan–Meier estimator

text: Here, we show two derivations of the Kaplan–Meier estimator. Both are based on rewriting the survival function in terms of what is sometimes called hazard, or mortality rates. However, before doing this it is worthwhile to consider a naive estimator.


title: Kaplan–Meier estimator

text: To understand the power of the Kaplan–Meier estimator, it is worthwhile to first describe a naive estimator of the survival function.


title: Kaplan–Meier estimator

text: Let formula_38 and consider only those formula_39, i.e. the events for which the outcome was not censored before time formula_2. Let formula_41 be the number of elements in formula_42. Note that the set formula_43 is not random and so neither is formula_44. Furthermore, formula_45 is a sequence of independent, identically distributed Bernoulli random variables with common parameter formula_46. Assuming that formula_47, this suggests to estimate formula_1 using


title: Kaplan–Meier estimator

text: where the second equality follows because formula_50 implies formula_51, while the last equality is simply a change of notation.


title: Kaplan–Meier estimator

text: The quality of this estimate is governed by the size of formula_52. This can be problematic when formula_52 is small, which happens, by definition, when a lot of the events are censored. A particularly unpleasant property of this estimator, that suggests that perhaps it is not the "best" estimator, is that it ignores all the observations whose censoring time precedes formula_2. Intuitively, these observations still contain information about formula_1: For example, when for many events with formula_56, formula_57 also holds, we can infer that events often happen early, which implies that formula_58 is large, which, through formula_59 means that formula_1 must be small. However, this information is ignored by this naive estimator. The question is then whether there exists an estimator that makes a better use of all the data. This is what the Kaplan–Meier estimator accomplishes. Note that the naive estimator cannot be improved when censoring does not take place; so whether an improvement is possible critically hinges upon whether censoring is in place.


title: Kaplan–Meier estimator

text: where the one but last equality used that formula_10 is integer valued and for the last line we introduced


title: Kaplan–Meier estimator

text: The Kaplan–Meier estimator can be seen as a "plug-in estimator" where each formula_67 is estimated based on the data and the estimator of formula_68 is obtained as a product of these estimates.


title: Kaplan–Meier estimator

text: It remains to specify how formula_69 is to be estimated. By Proposition 1, for any formula_70 such that formula_71, formula_72 and formula_73 both hold. Hence, for any formula_74 such that formula_75,


title: Kaplan–Meier estimator

text: By a similar reasoning that lead to the construction of the naive estimator above, we arrive at the estimator


title: Kaplan–Meier estimator

text: (think of estimating the numerator and denominator separately in the definition of the "hazard rate" formula_78). The Kaplan–Meier estimator is then given by


title: Kaplan–Meier estimator

text: The form of the estimator stated at the beginning of the article can be obtained by some further algebra. For this, write formula_80 where, using the actuarial science terminology, formula_81 is the number of known deaths at time formula_82, while formula_83 is the number of those persons who are alive (and not being censored) at time formula_84.


title: Kaplan–Meier estimator

text: Note that if formula_85, formula_86. This implies that we can leave out from the product defining formula_87 all those terms where formula_85. Then, letting formula_89 be the times formula_82 when formula_91, formula_92 and formula_93, we arrive at the form of the Kaplan–Meier estimator given at the beginning of the article:


title: Kaplan–Meier estimator

text: As opposed to the naive estimator, this estimator can be seen to use the available information more effectively: In the special case mentioned beforehand, when there are many early events recorded, the estimator will multiply many terms with a value below one and will thus take into account that the survival probability cannot be large.


title: Kaplan–Meier estimator

text: Kaplan–Meier estimator can be derived from maximum likelihood estimation of hazard function. More specifically given formula_95 as the number of events and formula_6 the total individuals at risk at time formula_97, discrete hazard rate formula_98 can be defined as the probability of an individual with an event at time formula_97. Then survival rate can be defined as:


title: Kaplan–Meier estimator

text: The Kaplan–Meier estimator is one of the most frequently used methods of survival analysis. The estimate may be useful to examine recovery rates, the probability of death, and the effectiveness of treatment. It is limited in its ability to estimate survival adjusted for covariates; parametric survival models and the Cox proportional hazards model may be useful to estimate covariate-adjusted survival.


title: Kaplan–Meier estimator

text: The Kaplan–Meier estimator is a statistic, and several estimators are used to approximate its variance. One of the most common estimators is Greenwood's formula:


title: Kaplan–Meier estimator

text: where formula_108 is the number of cases and formula_109 is the total number of observations, for formula_110.


title: Ralf Moeller

text: Ralf Rudolf Moeller (born Möller; ; 12 January 1959) is a German actor and former competitive bodybuilder. He is known for his roles of Brick Bardo in "Cyborg", Kjartan in "The Viking Sagas", the title character in the television show "Conan the Adventurer", Hagen in "Gladiator", Thorak in "The Scorpion King", and Ulfar in "Pathfinder".


title: Ralf Moeller

text: Moeller began bodybuilding at age 17 and was the German national champion by 1984. He is one of the tallest bodybuilding champions to date, standing at and weighing 131 kilos (288 lbs) in 1988.


title: Ralf Moeller

text: He entered his movie career in 1989 with the film "Cyborg". In 1992, he appeared in "Universal Soldier" with Dolph Lundgren and Jean-Claude Van Damme. In 1993, he played the villain Brakus opposite Phillip Rhee and Eric Roberts in "Best of the Best 2".


title: Ralf Moeller

text: Around this time he took a major neck injury in Las Vegas and had to undergo months of physiotherapy and was lucky to survive. The injury came as a result of engaging in martial arts competitions where he held his title for many years until his defeat and neck injury. After this, the competitions ceased and Moeller moved from the area retiring from all martial arts as he felt lucky to have survived.


title: Ralf Moeller

text: His two biggest mainstream film roles to date are Ridley Scott's "Gladiator", and 2002's "The Scorpion King". Besides these two movies, he has played the leading character in "The Viking Sagas", and Conan the Barbarian in the TV series "Conan". The show aired in 1997–1998 with the premise that Conan, and his three sidekicks, were chosen by the god Crom to fight and vanquish the evil Hissah Zul and become king.


title: Ralf Moeller

text: In both "The Bad Pack" (1997) and "Gladiator" (2000), Moeller appeared alongside fellow bodybuilder Sven-Ole Thorsen.


title: Ralf Moeller

text: In 2003, he had a cameo appearance in the music video of "Maria (I Like it Loud)", by Scooter, a German techno music band.


title: Ralf Moeller

text: Moeller went on to appear in "El padrino" (2004), sequel to "The Bad Pack", once again playing Special Agent Kurt Mayers. He played Hammacher in the 2006 film "Beerfest".


title: Maggie May

text: "Maggie May" is a song co-written by singer Rod Stewart and Martin Quittenton, and performed by Rod Stewart on his album "Every Picture Tells a Story", released in 1971.


title: Maggie May

text: In 2004, "Rolling Stone" ranked the song number 130 on its list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.


title: Maggie May

text: "Maggie May" expresses the ambivalence and contradictory emotions of a boy involved in a relationship with an older woman and was written from Stewart's own experience. In the January 2007 issue of "Q" magazine, Stewart recalled: "Maggie May was more or less a true story, about the first woman I had sex with, at the 1961 Beaulieu Jazz Festival." The woman's name was not "Maggie May"; Stewart has stated that the name was taken from "an old Liverpudlian song about a prostitute."


title: Maggie May

text: The song was recorded in just two takes in one session. Drummer Micky Waller often arrived at recording sessions with the expectation that a drum kit would be provided and, for "Maggie May", it was – except that no cymbals could be found. The cymbal crashes had to be overdubbed separately some days later.


title: Maggie May

text: The song was released as the B-side of the single "Reason to Believe", but soon radio stations began playing the B-side and "Maggie May" became the more popular side. The song was Stewart's first substantial hit as a solo performer and launched his solo career. It remains one of his best-known songs. A 1971 performance of the song on "Top of the Pops" saw the Faces joined onstage by DJ John Peel, who pretended to play the mandolin. The mandolin player on the actual recording was Ray Jackson of Lindisfarne.


title: Maggie May

text: The album version of "Maggie May" incorporates a 30-second solo guitar intro, "Henry", composed by Martin Quittenton.


title: Maggie May

text: The original recording has appeared on almost all of Rod Stewart's compilations, and even appeared on the Ronnie Wood retrospective "". A version by the Faces recorded for BBC Radio appeared on the four-disc box set "Five Guys Walk into a Bar...". A live version recorded in 1993 by Stewart joined by Wood for a session of "MTV Unplugged" is included on the album "Unplugged...and Seated".


title: Maggie May

text: In October 1971, the song went to number one on the UK Singles Chart (for five weeks), and simultaneously topped the charts in Australia (four weeks), Canada (one week), and the United States (six weeks). It was the No. 2 record for 1971 on both the US "Billboard" Hot 100 and UK singles charts.


title: 2001–02 NBA season

text: The 2001–02 NBA season was the 56th season of the National Basketball Association. The season ended with the Los Angeles Lakers winning their third straight championship, beating the New Jersey Nets 4–0 in the 2002 NBA Finals.


title: 2001–02 NBA season

text: Teams in bold advanced to the next round. The numbers to the left of each team indicate the team's seeding in its conference, and the numbers to the right indicate the number of games the team won in that round. The division champions are marked by an asterisk. Home court advantage does not necessarily belong to the higher-seeded team, but instead the team with the better regular season record; teams enjoying the home advantage are shown in italics.


title: Letters patent

text: Letters patent () (always in the plural) are a type of legal instrument in the form of a published written order issued by a monarch, president or other head of state, generally granting an office, right, monopoly, title or status to a person or corporation. Letters patent can be used for the creation of corporations or government offices, or for granting city status or a coat of arms. Letters patent are issued for the appointment of representatives of the Crown, such as governors and governors-general of Commonwealth realms, as well as appointing a Royal Commission. In the United Kingdom, they are also issued for the creation of peers of the realm.


title: Letters patent

text: A particular form of letters patent has evolved into the modern intellectual property patent (referred to as a utility patent or design patent in United States patent law) granting exclusive rights in an invention or design. In this case it is essential that the written grant should be in the form of a public document so other inventors can consult it both to avoid infringement (while the patent remains in force) and to understand how to put it into practical use (once the patent rights expire). In the Holy Roman Empire, Austrian Empire, and Austria-Hungary, imperial patent was also the highest form of generally binding legal regulations, e.g. Patent of Toleration, Serfdom Patent etc.


title: Letters patent

text: The opposite of letters patent are "letters close" (), which are personal in nature and sealed so that only the recipient can read their contents. Letters patent are thus comparable to other kinds of open letter in that their audience is wide. It is not clear how the contents of letters patent became widely published before collection by the addressee, for example whether they were left after sealing by the king for inspection during a certain period by courtiers in a royal palace, who would disseminate the contents back to the gentry in the shires through normal conversation and social intercourse. Today, for example, it is a convention for the British prime minister to announce that they have left a document they wish to enter the public domain "in the library of the House of Commons", where it may be freely perused by all members of parliament.


title: Letters patent

text: Letters patent are so named from the Latin verb "", to lie open, exposed, accessible. The originator's seal was attached "pendent" from the document, so that it did not have to be broken in order for the document to be read.


title: Letters patent

text: They are called "letters" (plural) from their Latin name "", used by medieval and later scribes when the documents were written in Latin. This loanword preserves the collective plural "letters" ("litterae") that the Latin language uses to denote a message as opposed to a single alphabet letter ("littera").


title: Letters patent

text: Letters patent are a form of open or public proclamation and a vestigial exercise of extra-parliamentary power by a monarch or president. Prior to the establishment of Parliament, the monarch ruled absolutely by the issuing of his personal written orders, open or closed.


title: Letters patent

text: They can thus be contrasted with the Act of Parliament, which is in effect a written order by Parliament involving assent by the monarch in conjunction with its members. No explicit government approval is contained within letters patent, only the seal or signature of the monarch.


title: Letters patent

text: Parliament today tolerates only a very narrow exercise of the royal prerogative by issuance of letters patent, and such documents are issued with prior informal government approval, or indeed are now generated by government itself with the monarch's seal affixed as a mere formality. In their original form they were simply written instructions or orders from the sovereign, whose order was law, which were made public to reinforce their effect.


title: Letters patent

text: For the sake of good governance, it is of little use if the sovereign appoints a person to a position of authority but does not at the same time inform those over whom such authority is to be exercised of the validity of the appointment.


title: Letters patent

text: According to the United Kingdom Ministry of Justice, there are 92 different types of letters patent. The Patent Rolls are made up of office copies of English (and later United Kingdom) royal letters patent, which run in an almost unbroken series from 1201 to the present day, with most of those to 1625 having been published.


title: Letters patent

text: In the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms, letters patent are royal proclamations granting an office, right, title, or status to a person (and sometimes in regards to corporations and cities). Letters patent take the form of an open letter from the monarch to a subject, although this is a legal fiction and they are in fact a royal decree made under the Royal Prerogative, and are treated as statute law. Letters patent do not require the consent of parliament.


title: Letters patent

text: The primary source of letters patent in the United States are intellectual property patents and land patents, though letters patent are issued for a variety of other purposes. They function dually as public records and personal certificates.


title: Letters patent

text: In the United States, the forgery of letters patent granted by the President is a crime subject to fine, imprisonment up to ten years or both (). Without letters patent, a person is unable to assume an appointed office. Such an issue prompted the "Marbury v. Madison" suit, where William Marbury and three others petitioned the United States Supreme Court to order James Madison to deliver their letters for appointments made under the previous administration.


title: Letters patent

text: United States letters patent generally do not fit a specific form, except for the eschatocol, or formal ending:


title: Café au lait

text: Café au lait (; ; French for "coffee with milk") is coffee with hot milk added. It differs from white coffee, which is coffee with cold milk or other whiteners added.


title: Café au lait

text: In Europe, "café au lait" stems from the same continental tradition as "caffè latte" in Italy, "café con leche" in Spain, ("white coffee") in Poland, ("milk coffee") in Germany, in Hungary, ' ("incorrect coffee") in the Netherlands and Flanders, and ' (“coffee with milk") in Portugal and Brazil. The Portuguese language has many more terms for slightly different forms and served either in a large cup or in a glass, such as ' or '. In Italy, numerous variations go from a simple "caffè latte" to "latte macchiato" to "cappuccino". In both Italian and Portuguese languages, there is a lot of further elaborate terminology for clarifying the desired strength of the coffee, its roasting, the temperature at which the final product is to be served, ... In the French-speaking areas of Switzerland, a popular variation is the "café renversé" (“reverse coffee"), or commonly just "renversé", which is made by using the milk as a base and adding espresso, in reversal of the normal method of making a "café au lait". In Andalusia, Southern Spain, a similar variation is called "manchado" (“stained"). In northern Europe, "café au lait" is the name most often used in coffee shops.


title: Café au lait

text: At home, "café au lait" can be prepared from dark coffee and "heated" milk; in cafés, it has been prepared on espresso machines from espresso and "steamed" milk ever since these machines became available in the 1940s—thus it merely refers to a "coffee and milk" combination, depending on the location, not to a specific drink.


title: Café au lait

text: "Café au lait" and "caffè latte" are used as contrasting terms, to indicate whether the beverage is served in the "French" or the "Italian" way, the former being in a white porcelain cup or bowl, the latter in a kitchen glass and always made from an espresso machine, whereas "café au lait" might be espresso- or dark coffee-based.


title: Café au lait

text: In many American coffeehouses, a "café au lait" is a drink of strong drip brewed or French pressed coffee, to which steamed milk is added; this contrasts with a "caffè latte", which uses espresso as a base. American "café au lait" is generally served in a cup, as with brewed coffee, being served in a bowl only at shops which wish to emphasize French tradition.


title: Café au lait

text: "Café au lait" is a popular drink in New Orleans, available at coffee shops like Café du Monde and Morning Call Coffee Stand, where it is made with milk and coffee mixed with chicory. Unlike the European café style, a New Orleans-style "café au lait" is made with scalded milk (milk warmed over heat to just below boiling), rather than with steamed milk. The use of roasted chicory root as an extender in coffee became common in Louisiana during the American Civil War, when Union naval blockades cut off the Port of New Orleans, forcing citizens to stretch out the coffee supply. In New Orleans, café au lait is traditionally drunk while eating beignets dusted with powdered sugar, which offsets the bitterness of the chicory. The taste for coffee and chicory was developed by the French during their civil war. Coffee was scarce during those times, and they found that chicory added body and flavor to the brew. The Acadians from Maritime Canada brought this taste and many other French customs (heritage) to Louisiana.


title: Nissan SR20DET

text: The SR20DET is a straight-four four-stroke gasoline engine that is part of the SR family of engines from Nissan, produced from 1989 to 2002. It is a turbocharged version of the SR20DE engine and is a replacement of the CA18DET engine.


title: Nissan SR20DET

text: The SR20DET, like with the outgoing CA18DET, was a turbocharged intercooled engine in top form. It was Nissan's popular four-cylinder engine fitted into a wide variety of cars, most notably the S13-chassis Nissan Silvia and 180SX. It also came in the Pulsar GTI-R, Nissan NX Coupe and the Nissan Bluebird. It replaced the CA18DE and CA18DET engines that originally powered the Silvia and 180SX from the S12-chassis and prior. The previous CA18DET was deemed too expensive to produce (due to its cast-iron block) and no longer met Japanese emission standards, and so was replaced with the SR20DET.


title: Nissan SR20DET

text: The SR20DET is a popular choice as an engine swap in North America (more specifically the United States and Canada), as USDM and Canadian 240SXs instead use the SOHC KA24E for earlier models, or the DOHC KA24DE for later models. Both are naturally aspirated engines and are much less-powerful than the CA18DET and SR20DET engines, producing and respectively. SR20DET engine swaps are becoming more commonplace due to the forced induction aftermarket additions available for the SR20DET. There are many tuning shops out there that specialize only in SR20DET swaps.


title: Nissan SR20DET

text: The SR20DET was first introduced in the U12 Nissan Bluebird 2000SSS ATTESA Limited in a transverse-mounted front-wheel drive/four-wheel drive form in October 1989. The first revisions of the rear-wheel drive S13 Nissan Silvia and Nissan 180SX produced in 1991 were built with a longitudinally-mounted SR20DET. Others had the naturally aspirated SR20DE. The engine then went on to be used in a number of Nissan vehicles, including the Nissan Avenir in 1995, the Nissan R'nessa in 1997, Nissan Presage in 1998 and the Nissan Liberty in 1999.


title: Nissan SR20DET

text: Out of all the Nissan models produced with the SR20DET engine, the Silvia was the longest-running model to use it, starting with the S13 series in 1991 and ending with the S15 series in 2002. The S14 and S15 series used a bigger turbocharger than the S13 series.


title: Nissan SR20DET

text: While all factory manufactured SR20DET's featured only a single turbo unit, some aftermarket tuners have engineered working twin-turbo configurations. One such kit produced by ENDLESS Japan in 2008 featured two GReddy TD05-16G turbines in parallel. These were mounted on a custom exhaust manifold and downpipe, and required heavy modifications to the engine bay to fit correctly. This twin-turbo setup achieved its peak power at 2.2 bar between 5,500–6,000 RPM, and costs ¥300,000.


title: Nissan SR20DET

text: The SR20DET is used in a number of Nissan vehicles produced from 1989 to 2002, including the Nissan Silvia line of compact sports cars. Below is a list of these.


title: The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin

text: The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin is a British sitcom starring Leonard Rossiter in the title role. It is based on a series of novels written by David Nobbs and produced from 1976 to 1979. Nobbs adapted the screenplay for the first series from the novel. Some of its subplots were considered too dark or risqué for television and were toned down or omitted.


title: The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin

text: The story concerns a middle-aged middle manager, Reginald "Reggie" Perrin, who reveals himself in the first series to be aged 46, who is driven to bizarre behaviour by the pointlessness of his job at Sunshine Desserts. The sitcom proved to be a subversion of others of the era, which were often based on bland, middle-class suburban family life.


title: The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin

text: The first novel in the series, "The Death of Reginald Perrin", was published in 1975. Later editions were retitled to match the title of the television series. "The Return of Reginald Perrin" (1977) and "The Better World of Reginald Perrin" (1978) were written by Nobbs to be adapted for the second and third television series; Rossiter did not want to take the series forward unless it continued to be grounded in novels.


title: The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin

text: The original three television series, all of the same name, were broadcast between 1976 and 1979; a fourth, "The Legacy of Reginald Perrin", also written by Nobbs, followed in 1996. A new dramatisation of the original novels by John Canter, without the complications introduced in the TV series, was broadcast on BBC Radio Four in November, 2020.


title: The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin

text: The first series was based on Nobbs' novel "The Death of Reginald Perrin", retitled "The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin" to tie in with the television series; it retains the replacement title.


title: The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin

text: Reginald Iolanthe Perrin is suffering a midlife crisis and tries to escape his dreary life. He lives at 12 Coleridge Close, part of the 'Poets Estate' in a south London suburb called Climthorpe, a development differing from those around it only by having its streets named after famous poets. From references, it would have approximately coincided with Teddington (although in episode 1, he is seen entering Norbiton railway station). He commutes to Sunshine Desserts, where he works as a sales executive. Each morning he is 11 minutes late (this increased to 17 then 22 minutes with subsequent series), yet each morning he gives a different excuse. These become increasingly bizarre ("defective junction box, New Malden" being one of the more plausible ones), reflecting the decline of British Rail and his own mental health. He enters the office building under the Sunshine Desserts sign which, as the series progresses, loses more and more of its letters.


title: The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin

text: "Reggie", as he is known, daydreams in Walter Mitty style. Part of the narrative demonstrates what voices in his head are saying. Although he appears to love his wife, he fantasises about his secretary, Joan Greengross. As his behaviour becomes more erratic, Reggie is unable to dictate letters without uttering words like "breast". Far from being offended, Joan welcomes the attention, adjusting her posture to show off her figure.


title: The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin

text: The endless marketing campaigns for bizarre products, satirised in reports from the product research department, combine with Reggie's relations with his oppressive boss 'CJ' and his yes-man subordinates to drive him over the edge. Ceasing to care about the consequences, he dictates offensive and condescending replies to customers.


title: The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin

text: At home, things are no better. Despite his warm relationship with his wife Elizabeth, he suffers from impotence. As pressures at work build, relations with his dysfunctional relatives deteriorate. His brother-in-law Jimmy and son-in-law Tom are both presented as incompetent. Tom's political correctness emphasises his pomposity. After Reggie commits a few reckless acts, including getting out of his car in the lion enclosure at a safari park, he fakes suicide by leaving clothes and personal effects on a beach.


title: The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin

text: Before this he sends CJ an anonymous threat containing the words "blood will flow" and dumps loganberry essence into a stream while CJ is angling. CJ collapses and the incompetent company doctor, Doc Morrisey, pronounces him dead. CJ opens one eye and says, "You're fired!"


title: The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin

text: Assuming disguises, Reggie encounters more of the banal and pompous side of life. Only as a buck-toothed farm labourer does he find fulfilment working in a sewage works and looking after pigs. Missing his wife, he assumes the identity of Martin Wellbourne, returned from South America, and visits her. He realises he still loves her. Elizabeth, seeing through his disguise, is happy to have him back.


title: The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin

text: In the second series (novelised as "The Return of Reginald Perrin"), Reggie is tired of being Martin Wellbourne and wants to be Reggie again. He reveals his true identity to his family (though his wife and daughter already know). When CJ learns from Doc Morrisey that he is Reggie, he sacks them both. Elizabeth goes out to work at Sunshine Desserts and Reggie returns to the pig farm, but they are both sacked after Reggie's employer learns of his faked suicide and Elizabeth sends a rude letter telling the truth about Sunshine's products.


title: The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin

text: Reggie then opens a shop called Grot, where he sells useless products – like square hoops, round dice and Tom's wine (made from sprouts, nettles and the like) – hoping it will be an interesting failure. However, the products are snapped up as novelties and Grot becomes a huge success. Reggie relapses into alienation and tries to destroy Grot from within by hiring incompetents, but this backfires as they all display unsuspected talents. Reggie finally resolves to disappear again, this time accompanied by Elizabeth.


title: The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin

text: In the third series (novelised as "The Better World of Reginald Perrin"), after seeing two men arguing pointlessly in a queue at the bank, Reggie and his wife open a community called Perrins for the middle-aged, middle class, designed to help them become "better, happier people". The project is a success until a group of people who have fallen afoul of the "Perrins Peace Keeping Force" trash the place.


title: The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin

text: Reggie is then hired by CJ's brother FJ at Amalgamated Aerosols, working directly under CJ. Reggie instantly returns to his eccentric ways and the final scene shows him contemplating another trip to the Dorset coast.


title: The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin

text: In the third series, the role of Reggie's son-in-law Tom is played by Leslie Schofield, replacing Tim Preece, who had played the role in the first two series. Preece returned to the role for "The Legacy of Reginald Perrin" (see below). Despite only being mentioned (rather than seen) in the previous series, Theresa Watson also became a regular cast member playing Pru, the wife of David Harris-Jones (Bruce Bould).


title: The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin

text: In 1982, as part of a BBC1 Christmas special called "The Funny Side of Christmas", a short sketch featured the regular cast visiting Reggie's house on Christmas Day. Despite being annoyed at the continual interruption of his colleagues' arrival, he dispenses presents from beneath his own Christmas tree. In a final scene, Reggie's living room is shown empty, even of furniture. The sketch is unrelated to the regular series, which had finished three years earlier in 1979.


title: The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin

text: This follow-up series, made more than a decade after Leonard Rossiter's death, shows Reggie's legacy – a fortune left to friends and family, but with strange conditions. It failed with most viewers, as the loss of Leonard Rossiter removed some affection for the series. Despite a leading man in Geoffrey Palmer, it had no central character. Both book and series were titled "The Legacy of Reginald Perrin".


title: The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin

text: In the series, Reggie's family and friends are told by lawyer Geraldine Hackstraw that each will inherit one million pounds, on the one condition that they do something totally absurd. The nature of their absurd task is left to the individuals, but it is to be judged by Ms Hackstraw. Most of them have fallen on hard times, having in the main been forced to retire or been made redundant due to their age.


title: The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin

text: After several pathetic solo attempts at being absurd (including both CJ and Doc asking out Geraldine), the potential legatees decide to pool forces, and, with Jimmy as leader, decide to mount a bloodless coup. They intend to reverse age roles, with such policies as pensions for the young. The policies are a success, but with the unexpected outcome of their losing the money in the bequest. As Geraldine points out, the idea has turned out not to be absurd after all.


title: The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin

text: The series' characters and actors comprised all of the central characters of the earlier series, except Reginald Perrin and Tony Webster (Trevor Adams). It also included Patricia Hodge as Geraldine Hackstraw and Michael Fenton Stevens as Hank.


title: The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin

text: At the end of the first series, Reggie fakes suicide by leaving his clothes on a beach in West Bay, Dorset and running into the sea. Coincidentally, MP John Stonehouse faked his own death in this manner shortly before the book was published, although neither was inspired by the other; the novel was written before Stonehouse's faked suicide in November 1974, but not published until 1975. The phrase "do a Reggie Perrin" did enter the vernacular, however, assisted by the Stonehouse affair.


title: The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin

text: The series introduced catchphrases that entered popular culture in the UK, including Perrin's reflexive apology for a late arrival at the office; his boss CJ's "I didn't get where I am today ..."; the fawning junior executives Tony Webster and David Harris-Jones with their alternating "great/super"; and Perrin's brother-in-law Major Jimmy Anderson, an army officer with no grasp of organisation or leadership, coming to eat because of a "bit of a cock-up on the catering front" (caused in the original novel by his wife's alcoholism).


title: The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin

text: The first series included the character of Mark Perrin, Reggie's son, played by David Warwick. However, David Nobbs felt he diverted the comedy from Reggie, so he was written out by going on tour with a theatre group in Africa.


title: The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin

text: Although mainly produced on video and shot on studio sets, the series also incorporated innovative surreal escapism through film inserts, notably during scenes in which, whenever his mother-in-law is mentioned, Reggie visualises a hippopotamus trotting along.


title: The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin

text: Writer David Nobbs went on to create the Channel 4 comedy series "Fairly Secret Army", whose lead character, Harry, was inspired by, if not directly related to, the Perrin character of Jimmy, and also played by Geoffrey Palmer.


title: The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin

text: Exterior views of the Perrin residence – 12 Coleridge Close, in the fictional suburb Climthorpe – were shot at 6 Beaufort Close, Ealing, W5. Reggie's walk to work was shot on the corner of Audley Road and The Ridings and on the corner of Ashbourne Close. All three roads are within about 100 yards of one another.


title: The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin

text: Many exterior scenes were filmed at sites in Cheltenham including Eldorado Road and the Beehive public house.


title: The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin

text: Reggie's faked suicide, which formed part of the title sequence, occurred at West Bay, Dorset, with the East Cliff visible in the very opening shot.


title: The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin

text: The first episode begins with commuters making their way to Norbiton railway station in the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames. The morning trains' constant lateness in the earlier series is usually blamed on incidents at actual stations along the railway from Norbiton and Kingston to Waterloo.


title: The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin

text: A short-lived U.S. version was produced and broadcast on ABC in 1983 as "Reggie", with Richard Mulligan in the title role.


title: The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin

text: Martin Clunes starred in a BBC revival of the series, titled simply "Reggie Perrin". The supporting cast members were Fay Ripley, Wendy Craig, Geoffrey Whitehead, Neil Stuke, and Lucy Liemann. The series was written by Simon Nye and original series creator David Nobbs. It ran for two series from April 2009 to November 2010.