title: Intrusion detection system

text: New types of what could be called anomaly-based intrusion detection systems are being viewed by Gartner as User and Entity Behavior Analytics (UEBA) (an evolution of the user behavior analytics category) and network traffic analysis (NTA). In particular, NTA deals with malicious insiders as well as targeted external attacks that have compromised a user machine or account. Gartner has noted that some organizations have opted for NTA over more traditional IDS.


title: Intrusion detection system

text: Some systems may attempt to stop an intrusion attempt but this is neither required nor expected of a monitoring system. Intrusion detection and prevention systems (IDPS) are primarily focused on identifying possible incidents, logging information about them, and reporting attempts. In addition, organizations use IDPS for other purposes, such as identifying problems with security policies, documenting existing threats and deterring individuals from violating security policies. IDPS have become a necessary addition to the security infrastructure of nearly every organization.


title: Intrusion detection system

text: IDPS typically record information related to observed events, notify security administrators of important observed events and produce reports. Many IDPS can also respond to a detected threat by attempting to prevent it from succeeding. They use several response techniques, which involve the IDPS stopping the attack itself, changing the security environment (e.g. reconfiguring a firewall) or changing the attack's content.


title: Intrusion detection system

text: Intrusion prevention systems (IPS), also known as intrusion detection and prevention systems (IDPS), are network security appliances that monitor network or system activities for malicious activity. The main functions of intrusion prevention systems are to identify malicious activity, log information about this activity, report it and attempt to block or stop it..


title: Intrusion detection system

text: Intrusion prevention systems are considered extensions of intrusion detection systems because they both monitor network traffic and/or system activities for malicious activity. The main differences are, unlike intrusion detection systems, intrusion prevention systems are placed in-line and are able to actively prevent or block intrusions that are detected. IPS can take such actions as sending an alarm, dropping detected malicious packets, resetting a connection or blocking traffic from the offending IP address. An IPS also can correct errors, defragment packet streams, mitigate TCP sequencing issues, and clean up unwanted transport and network layer options..


title: Intrusion detection system

text: The majority of intrusion prevention systems utilize one of three detection methods: signature-based, statistical anomaly-based, and stateful protocol analysis.


title: Intrusion detection system

text: The correct placement of intrusion detection systems is critical and varies depending on the network. The most common placement is behind the firewall, on the edge of a network. This practice provides the IDS with high visibility of traffic entering your network and will not receive any traffic between users on the network. The edge of the network is the point in which a network connects to the extranet. Another practice that can be accomplished if more resources are available is a strategy where a technician will place their first IDS at the point of highest visibility and depending on resource availability will place another at the next highest point, continuing that process until all points of the network are covered.


title: Intrusion detection system

text: If an IDS is placed beyond a network's firewall, its main purpose would be to defend against noise from the internet but, more importantly, defend against common attacks, such as port scans and network mapper. An IDS in this position would monitor layers 4 through 7 of the OSI model and would be signature-based. This is a very useful practice, because rather than showing actual breaches into the network that made it through the firewall, attempted breaches will be shown which reduces the amount of false positives. The IDS in this position also assists in decreasing the amount of time it takes to discover successful attacks against a network.


title: Intrusion detection system

text: Sometimes an IDS with more advanced features will be integrated with a firewall in order to be able to intercept sophisticated attacks entering the network. Examples of advanced features would include multiple security contexts in the routing level and bridging mode. All of this in turn potentially reduces cost and operational complexity.


title: Intrusion detection system

text: Another option for IDS placement is within the actual network. These will reveal attacks or suspicious activity within the network. Ignoring the security within a network can cause many problems, it will either allow users to bring about security risks or allow an attacker who has already broken into the network to roam around freely. Intense intranet security makes it difficult for even those hackers within the network to maneuver around and escalate their privileges.


title: Intrusion detection system

text: There are a number of techniques which attackers are using, the following are considered 'simple' measures which can be taken to evade IDS:


title: Intrusion detection system

text: The earliest preliminary IDS concept was delineated in 1980 by James Anderson at the National Security Agency and consisted of a set of tools intended to help administrators review audit trails. User access logs, file access logs, and system event logs are examples of audit trails.


title: Intrusion detection system

text: Fred Cohen noted in 1987 that it is impossible to detect an intrusion in every case, and that the resources needed to detect intrusions grow with the amount of usage.


title: Intrusion detection system

text: Dorothy E. Denning, assisted by Peter G. Neumann, published a model of an IDS in 1986 that formed the basis for many systems today. Her model used statistics for anomaly detection, and resulted in an early IDS at SRI International named the Intrusion Detection Expert System (IDES), which ran on Sun workstations and could consider both user and network level data. IDES had a dual approach with a rule-based Expert System to detect known types of intrusions plus a statistical anomaly detection component based on profiles of users, host systems, and target systems. The author of "IDES: An Intelligent System for Detecting Intruders," Teresa F. Lunt, proposed adding an Artificial neural network as a third component. She said all three components could then report to a resolver. SRI followed IDES in 1993 with the Next-generation Intrusion Detection Expert System (NIDES).


title: Intrusion detection system

text: The Multics intrusion detection and alerting system (MIDAS), an expert system using P-BEST and Lisp, was developed in 1988 based on the work of Denning and Neumann. Haystack was also developed in that year using statistics to reduce audit trails.


title: Intrusion detection system

text: In 1986 the National Security Agency started an IDS research transfer program under Rebecca Bace. Bace later published the seminal text on the subject, "Intrusion Detection", in 2000.


title: Intrusion detection system

text: Wisdom & Sense (W&S) was a statistics-based anomaly detector developed in 1989 at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. W&S created rules based on statistical analysis, and then used those rules for anomaly detection.


title: Intrusion detection system

text: In 1990, the Time-based Inductive Machine (TIM) did anomaly detection using inductive learning of sequential user patterns in Common Lisp on a VAX 3500 computer. The Network Security Monitor (NSM) performed masking on access matrices for anomaly detection on a Sun-3/50 workstation. The Information Security Officer's Assistant (ISOA) was a 1990 prototype that considered a variety of strategies including statistics, a profile checker, and an expert system. ComputerWatch at AT&T Bell Labs used statistics and rules for audit data reduction and intrusion detection.


title: Intrusion detection system

text: Then, in 1991, researchers at the University of California, Davis created a prototype Distributed Intrusion Detection System (DIDS), which was also an expert system. The Network Anomaly Detection and Intrusion Reporter (NADIR), also in 1991, was a prototype IDS developed at the Los Alamos National Laboratory's Integrated Computing Network (ICN), and was heavily influenced by the work of Denning and Lunt. NADIR used a statistics-based anomaly detector and an expert system.


title: Intrusion detection system

text: The Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory announced Bro in 1998, which used its own rule language for packet analysis from libpcap data. Network Flight Recorder (NFR) in 1999 also used libpcap.


title: Intrusion detection system

text: APE was developed as a packet sniffer, also using libpcap, in November, 1998, and was renamed Snort one month later. Snort has since become the world's largest used IDS/IPS system with over 300,000 active users. It can monitor both local systems, and remote capture points using the TZSP protocol.


title: Intrusion detection system

text: The Audit Data Analysis and Mining (ADAM) IDS in 2001 used tcpdump to build profiles of rules for classifications. In 2003, Yongguang Zhang and Wenke Lee argue for the importance of IDS in networks with mobile nodes.


title: Intrusion detection system

text: In 2015, Viegas and his colleagues proposed an anomaly-based intrusion detection engine, aiming System-on-Chip (SoC) for applications in Internet of Things (IoT), for instance. The proposal applies machine learning for anomaly detection, providing energy-efficiency to a Decision Tree, Naive-Bayes, and k-Nearest Neighbors classifiers implementation in an Atom CPU and its hardware-friendly implementation in a FPGA. In the literature, this was the first work that implement each classifier equivalently in software and hardware and measures its energy consumption on both. Additionally, it was the first time that was measured the energy consumption for extracting each features used to make the network packet classification, implemented in software and hardware.


title: Air source heat pump

text: An air source heat pump (ASHP) is a type of heat pump that can absorb heat from outside a structure and release it inside using the same vapor-compression refrigeration process and much the same equipment as air conditioners but used in the opposite direction. Unlike an air conditioning unit, most ASHPs are reversible and are able to either warm or cool buildings and in some cases also provide domestic hot water.


title: Air source heat pump

text: In a typical setting, an ASHP can gain 4 kWh thermal energy from 1 kWh electric energy. They are optimized for flow temperatures between 30 and 40°C (86–104°F) suitable for well insulated buildings. With losses in efficiency, an ASHP can even offer a full central heating solution with a flow temperature up to .


title: Air source heat pump

text: Air-to-water heat pumps use radiators or underfloor heating to heat or cool a whole house and are often also used to provide domestic hot water.


title: Air source heat pump

text: Air-to-air heat pumps are simpler and slightly more efficient devices that provide hot or cold air directly to internal spaces, but do not usually provide hot water.


title: Air source heat pump

text: Air at any temperature above absolute zero contains some energy. An air source heat pump transfers some of this energy as heat from one place to another, for example between the outside and inside of a building. This can provide space heating and hot water. A single system can be designed to transfer heat in either direction, to heat or cool the interior of the building in winter and summer respectively. For simplicity, the description below focuses on use for interior heating.


title: Air source heat pump

text: The technology is similar to a refrigerator or freezer or air conditioning unit: the different effect is due to the physical location of the different system components. Just as the pipes on the back of a refrigerator become warm as the interior cools, so an ASHP warms the inside of a building whilst cooling the outside air.


title: Air source heat pump

text: Air source heat pumps can provide fairly low cost space heating. A high efficiency heat pump can provide up to four times as much heat as an electric resistance heater using the same amount of electricity. The lifetime cost of an air source heat pump will be affected by the price of electricity compared to gas (where available). Burning gas or oil will emit carbon dioxide and also nitrogen dioxide, which can be harmful to health. An air source heat pump issues no carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide or any other kind of gas. It uses a small amount of electricity to transfer a large amount of heat: the electricity may be from a renewable source, or it may be generated from power stations which burn fossil fuel or nuclear energy.


title: Air source heat pump

text: A "standard" domestic air source heat pump can extract useful heat down to about . At colder outdoor temperatures the heat pump is less efficient; it could be switched off and the premises heated using only supplemental heat (or emergency heat) if the supplemental heating system is large enough. There are specially designed heat pumps that, while giving up some performance in cooling mode, will provide useful heat extraction to even lower outdoor temperatures.


title: Air source heat pump

text: In some weather conditions condensation will form and then freeze onto the coils of the heat exchanger of the outdoor unit, reducing air flow through the coils. To clear this the unit operates a defrost cycle, switching to cooling mode for a few minutes, heating the coils until the ice melts. Air to Water heat pumps use heat from the circulating water for this purpose, which results in a small and probably undetectable drop in water temperature; For air-to-air systems heat is either taken from the air in the building or using an electrical heater. Some air-to-air systems simply stop the operation of the fans of both units and switch to cooling mode, so that the outdoor unit returns to being the condenser such that it heats up and defrosts.


title: Air source heat pump

text: An air source heat pump designed specifically for very cold climates can extract useful heat from ambient air as cold as −30 °C (−22 °F). This is made possible by the use of variable-speed compressors and manufacturers include Mitsubishi and Fujitsu. One Mitsubishi model provides heat at −35 °C, but the coefficient of performance (COP) drops to 0.9, indicating that resistance heating would be more efficient at that temperature. At −30 °C, the COP is 1.1, according to the manufacturer's data (the manufacturer's marketing literature also claims a minimum COP of 1.4 and performance to −30 °C ). Although air source heat pumps are less efficient than well-installed ground source heat pumps in cold conditions, air source heat pumps have lower initial costs and may be the most economic or practical choice.


title: Air source heat pump

text: A study by Natural Resources Canada found that cold climate air source heat pumps (CC-ASHPs) work in Canadian winters, based on testing in Ottawa (Ontario) in late December 2012 to early January 2013 using a ducted CC-ASHP. (The report does not explicitly state whether backup heat sources should be considered for temperatures below −30 °C. The record low for Ottawa is −36 °C.) The CC-ASHP provided 60% energy savings compared to natural gas (in energy units). When considering energy efficiency in electricity generation however, more energy would be used with the CC-ASHP, relative to natural gas heating, in provinces or territories (Alberta, Nova Scotia, and the Northwest Territories) where coal-fired generation was the predominant method of electricity generation. (The energy savings in Saskatchewan were marginal. Other provinces use primarily hydroelectric and/or nuclear generation.) Despite the significant energy savings relative to gas in provinces not relying primarily on coal, the higher cost of electricity relative to natural gas (using 2012 retail prices in Ottawa, Ontario) made natural gas the less expensive energy source. (The report did not calculate the cost of operation in the province of Quebec, which has lower electricity rates, nor did it show the impact of time of use electricity rates.) The study found that in Ottawa a CC-ASHP cost 124% more to operate than the natural gas system. However, in areas where natural gas is not available to homeowners, 59% energy cost savings can be realized relative to heating with fuel oil. The report noted that about 1 million residences in Canada (8%) are still heated with fuel oil. The report shows 54% energy cost savings for CC-ASHPs relative to electric baseboard resistance heating. Based on these savings, the report showed a five-year payback for converting from either fuel oil or electric baseboard resistance heating to a CC-ASHP. (The report did not specify whether that calculation considered the possible need for an electrical service upgrade in the case of converting from fuel oil. Presumably no electrical service upgrade would be needed if converting from electric resistance heat.) The report did note greater fluctuations in room temperature with the heat pump due to its defrost cycles.


title: Air source heat pump

text: Air source heat pumps are used to provide interior space heating and cooling even in colder climates, and can be used efficiently for water heating in milder climates. A major advantage of some ASHPs is that the same system may be used for heating in winter and cooling in summer. Though the cost of installation is generally high, it is less than the cost of a "ground source" heat pump, because a ground source heat pump requires excavation to install its ground loop. The advantage of a ground source heat pump is that it has access to the thermal storage capacity of the ground which allows it to produce more heat for less electricity in cold conditions.


title: Air source heat pump

text: ASHPs are sometimes paired with auxiliary or emergency heat systems to provide backup heat when outside temperatures are too low for the pump to work efficiently, or in the event the pump malfunctions. Since ASHPs have high capital costs, and efficiency drops as temperature decreases, it is generally not cost-effective to size a system for the coldest possible temperature scenario, even if an ASHP could meet the entire heat requirement at the coldest temperatures expected. Propane, natural gas, oil or pellet fuel furnaces can provide this supplementary heat.


title: Air source heat pump

text: All-electric backup systems have an electric furnace or electric resistance heat, or strip heat, which typically consists of rows of electric coils that heat up. A fan blows over the heated coils and circulates warm air throughout the home. This serves as an adequate heating source, but as temperatures go down, electricity costs rise. Electrical service outages pose the same threat as to central forced-air systems and pump-based boilers, but woodstoves and non-electric fireplace inserts can mitigate this risk. Some ASHPs can be coupled to solar panels as primary energy source, with a conventional electric grid as backup source.


title: Air source heat pump

text: Thermal storage solutions incorporating resistance heating can be used in conjunction with ASHPs. Storage may be more cost-effective if time of use electricity rates are available. Heat is stored in high density ceramic bricks contained within a thermally-insulated enclosure; storage heaters are an example. ASHPs may also be paired with passive solar heating. Thermal mass (such as concrete or rocks) heated by passive solar heat can help stabilize indoor temperatures, absorbing heat during the day and releasing heat at night, when outdoor temperatures are colder and heat pump efficiency is lower.


title: Air source heat pump

text: The outdoor section on some units may 'frost up' when there is sufficient moisture in the air and outdoor temperature is between 0 °C and 5 °C (32 °F to 41 °F). This restricts air flow across the outdoor coil. These units employ a defrost cycle where the system switches temporarily to 'cooling' mode to move heat from the home to the outdoor coil to melt the ice. The defrost cycle reduces the efficiency of the heat pump significantly, although the newer (demand) systems are more intelligent and need to defrost less. As temperatures drop below freezing the tendency for frosting of the outdoor section decreases due to reduced humidity in the air.


title: Air source heat pump

text: It is difficult to retrofit conventional heating systems that use radiators/radiant panels, hot water baseboard heaters, or even smaller diameter ducting, with ASHP-sourced heat. The lower heat pump output temperatures would mean radiators would have to be increased in size or a low temperature underfloor heating system be installed instead. Alternatively, a high temperature heat pump can be installed and existing heat emitters can be retained.


title: Air source heat pump

text: Heating and cooling is accomplished by pumping a refrigerant through the heat pump's indoor and outdoor coils. Like in a refrigerator, a compressor, condenser, expansion valve and evaporator are used to change states of the refrigerant between colder liquid and hotter gas states.


title: Air source heat pump

text: When the liquid refrigerant at a low temperature and low pressure passes through the outdoor heat exchanger coils, ambient heat causes the liquid to boil (change to gas or vapor). Heat energy from the outside air has been absorbed and stored in the refrigerant as latent heat. The gas is then compressed using an electric pump; the compression increases the temperature of the gas.


title: Air source heat pump

text: Inside the building, the gas passes through a pressure valve into heat exchanger coils. There, the hot refrigerant gas condenses back to a liquid and transfers the stored latent heat to the indoor air, water heating or hot water system. The indoor air or heating water is pumped across the heat exchanger by an electric pump or fan.


title: Air source heat pump

text: Most heat pumps can also operate in a cooling mode where the cold refrigerant is moved through the indoor coils to cool the room air.


title: Air source heat pump

text: The efficiency of air source heat pumps is measured by the coefficient of performance (COP). A COP of 4 means the heat pump produces 4 units of heat energy for every 1 unit of electricity it consumes. Within temperature ranges of to , the COP for many machines is fairly stable.


title: Air source heat pump

text: In mild weather with an outside temperature of , the COP of efficient air source heat pumps ranges from 4 to 6. However, on a cold winter day, it takes more work to move the same amount of heat indoors than on a mild day. The heat pump's performance is limited by the Carnot cycle and will approach 1.0 as the outdoor-to-indoor temperature difference increases, which for most air source heat pumps happens as outdoor temperatures approach . Heat pump construction that enables carbon dioxide as a refrigerant may have a COP of greater than 2 even down to −20 °C, pushing the break-even figure downward to . A ground source heat pump has comparatively less of a change in COP as outdoor temperatures change, because the ground from which they extract heat has a more constant temperature than outdoor air.


title: Air source heat pump

text: The design of a heat pump has a considerable impact on its efficiency. Many air source heat pumps are designed primarily as air conditioning units, mainly for use in summer temperatures. Designing a heat pump specifically for the purpose of heat exchange can attain greater COP and an extended life cycle. The principal changes are in the scale and type of compressor and evaporator.


title: Air source heat pump

text: Seasonally adjusted heating and cooling efficiencies are given by the heating seasonal performance factor (HSPF) and seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER) respectively.


title: Air source heat pump

text: An air source heat pump requires an outdoor unit containing moving mechanical components including fans which produce noise. Modern devices offer schedules for silent mode operation with reduced fan speed. This will reduce the maximum heating power but can be applied at mild outdoor temperatures without efficiency loss. Acoustic enclosures are another approach to reduce the noise in a sensitive neighbourhood. In insulated buildings, operation can be paused at night without significant temperature loss. Only at low temperatures, frost protection forces operation after a few hours.


title: Air source heat pump

text: In the United States, the allowed nighttime noise level was defined in 1974 as "an average 24-hr exposure limit of 55 A-weighted decibels (dBA) to protect the public from all adverse effects on health and welfare in residential areas (U.S. EPA 1974). This limit is a day–night 24-hr average noise level (LDN), with a 10-dBA penalty applied to nighttime levels between 2200 and 0700 hours to account for sleep disruption and no penalty applied to daytime levels. The 10-dB(A) penalty makes the permitted U.S. nighttime noise level equal to 45 dB(A), which is more than is accepted in some European countries but less than the noise produced by some heat pumps.


title: Air source heat pump

text: In 2013, the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) started work on standards for protection from noise pollution caused by heat pump outdoor units. No standards for noise barriers or other means of noise protection had been developed by January 2016.


title: Air source heat pump

text: Another feature of air source heat pumps (ASHPs) external heat exchangers is their need to stop the fan from time to time for a period of several minutes in order to get rid of frost that accumulates in the outdoor unit in the heating mode. After that, the heat pump starts to work again. This part of the work cycle results in two sudden changes of the noise made by the fan. The acoustic effect of such disruption is especially powerful in quiet environments where background nighttime noise may be as low as 0 to 10dBA. This is included in legislation in France. According to the French concept of noise nuisance, "noise emergence" is the difference between ambient noise including the disturbing noise, and ambient noise without the disturbing noise.


title: Air source heat pump

text: Devices with R-290 refrigerant (propane) are expected to play a key role in the future. The global warming potential (GWP) of propane is about 500 times less than conventional HFC refrigerants and thus extremely low. The flammability of propane requires additional security measures. This issue can be targeted with a reduced charge. By 2022, an increasing number of devices with R-290 are offered for domestic use, especially in Europe. Manufacturers include Enerblue, HKZ Lazar, Phnix, Revere, Roth, Skadec, Vaillant, Viessmann and Wolf.


title: Air source heat pump

text: At the same time, HFC refrigerants still dominate the market. Recent government mandates have seen the phase-out of R-22 refrigerant. Replacements such as R-32 and R-410A are being promoted as environmentally friendly but still have a high GWP. A heat pump typically uses 3 kg refrigerant. With R-32 this amount still has a 20 year impact equivalent to 7 tons of , which corresponds to 2 years of natural gas heating in an average household.


title: Air source heat pump

text: While heat pumps with backup systems other than electrical resistance heating are often encouraged by electric utilities, air source heat pumps are a concern for winter-peaking utilities if electrical resistance heating is used as the supplemental or replacement heat source when the temperature drops below the point that the heat pump can meet all of the home's heat requirement. Even if there is a non-electric backup system, the fact that efficiencies of ASHPs decrease with outside temperatures is a concern to electric utilities. The drop in efficiency means their electrical load increases steeply as temperatures drop.


title: Air source heat pump

text: A study in Canada's Yukon Territory, where diesel generators are used for peaking capacity, noted that widespread adoption of air source heat pumps could lead to increased diesel consumption if the increased electrical demand due to ASHP use exceeds available hydroelectric capacity. Notwithstanding those concerns, the study did conclude that ASHPs are a cost-effective heating alternative for Yukon residents. As wind farms are increasingly used to supply electricity to the grid, the increased winter load matches well with the increased winter generation from wind turbines, and calmer days result in decreased heating load for most houses even if the air temperature is low.


title: The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus

text: The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus is an American rock band that was formed in Middleburg, Florida, in 2003. The band has released five studio albums to date. The current members are Ronnie Winter (lead vocals), Joey Westwood (bass), Josh Burke (lead guitar), Randy Winter (rhythm guitar), Daniel Resnick (keys) and John Espy (drums).


title: The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus

text: The band is best known for the material from their 2006 major-label release "Don't You Fake It". The lead single "Face Down" became their biggest success, and "False Pretense" and "Your Guardian Angel" were strong follow-up hits for the band. "Don't You Fake It" is the band's only RIAA-certified record, and all of its singles have also received awards from the institution.


title: The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus

text: Originating in Florida, childhood friends Ronnie Winter and Duke Kitchens started the band while attending an AP Music Theory class in 2001. The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus was officially formed in 2003 after the addition of other members who were then in other bands. The band name was chosen by the band voting for random words they threw on a wall.


title: The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus

text: The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus worked with Vision Sound studios in Orange Park, Florida, which released a "6 song EP CD that was spread throughout different countries to promote the band in 2005". The band began to become more popular as they used certain social media, namely Myspace, to advertise their music. While popular in their local scene, the band found it difficult to secure label support. This is why the band took 18 months to write songs before going into the live scene. They built a fan base with continued live shows, which attracted the attention of Jason Flom of Virgin Records in 2005, after which they began work on their first album.


title: The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus

text: In 2006, they released their first LP, "Don't You Fake It", with the singles "Face Down," "False Pretense", "Your Guardian Angel", and "Damn Regret".


title: The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus

text: The album was certified gold on November 27, 2006 by the RIAA for sales shipments exceeding 500,000 copies.


title: The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus

text: In February 2007, The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus headlined the US Take Action Tour organized for the prevention of youth suicide, along with bands such as My Chemical Romance and Rise Against.


title: The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus

text: Their song "In Fate's Hands" is featured in the video game "Madden NFL 07"; their song "Face Down" is featured in the video games "Saints Row 2" and ""; and their song "False Pretense" is featured in the movie "Never Back Down".


title: The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus

text: From 2006 to 2008, the band performed several headliner and supporting shows with bands like Thirty Seconds to Mars, Madina Lake, The Audition, Saosin, Scary Kids Scaring Kids, Taking Back Sunday, Lorene Drive, The Used, Monty Are I, Amber Pacific, Boys Like Girls, Halifax, Emery, A Static Lullaby, and So They Say.


title: The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus

text: The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus "Don't You Fake It" Deluxe Edition (CD/DVD) was released on February 23, 2007. The CD features the album and two exclusive songs, an acoustic version of "Face Down", and a never released out of Australia bonus track, "Disconnected".


title: The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus

text: On May 3, 2007, The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus performed at Fort Rucker, Alabama, to help benefit the rebuilding of Enterprise High School after it was destroyed by a tornado on March 1, 2007.


title: The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus

text: In May 2007, the single "Face Down" was featured in the movie "Georgia Rule". The song was also used in "Madden NFL 07" as well as the 2007 EVER OSL "Starleague (Ongamenet)". Additional songs used during that OSL season were "Waiting" and "Atrophy".


title: The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus

text: In a 2007 interview with the "Florida Entertainment Scene", The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus teamed up with Virgin Records to raise funds for the National Coalition Against Domestic Violence. They also headlined the Take Action! Tour, which sponsors awareness against teen suicide, animal cruelty, and domestic violence.


title: The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus

text: In June 2007, according to Billboard.com, The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus began to work on their second album, "Lonely Road", that had a tentative release date of summer 2008. The band was then pulled out of their confirmed appearances at the Australian Soundwave festival tour 2008, after their label president promised to pay money that was owed and have the band in the studio, but instead didn't pull through.


title: The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus

text: In April 2008, the band began an acoustic tour on the east coast in various locations with the group Amaru, who is from the same home town. Ronnie said that the tour felt like they were "Getting back where we all started."


title: The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus

text: On September 30, 2008, the band announced in a Myspace blog post that on October 3 they would be premiering a demo version of a song from the upcoming album. The song was available a day earlier for members of The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus "Alliance" fan group. However, the studio of the song "Pen and Paper" was released to members of the fan group on October 9, and was released on the band's Myspace the following day. Another song, "You Better Pray", the first single from "Lonely Road", was premiered worldwide on PlanetRadio1073.com for free listening beginning on October 21 and began streaming the next day on the band's Myspace page.


title: The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus

text: Their second studio album, titled "Lonely Road", was released on February 3, debuting in the fourteenth spot on the "Billboard" 200, and was produced by Howard Benson (My Chemical Romance, Daughtry, Less Than Jake, Hoobastank, P.O.D., The All-American Rejects, Seether, and Cold).


title: The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus

text: Beginning in October 2008, Matt Carter had replaced former guitar player Elias Reidy. Carter had worked as a tech for the band in the winter and spring of 2008, and had jammed with the band a few years previously. Now, Carter was asked to take Reidy's spot, and he agreed to play with The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus. In an interview with a Jacksonville newspaper, Ronnie was asked whether Carter was officially in the band, to which he responded, "I don't know. I guess he's in the band. We're taking it slow." Carter played with the band from then on.


title: The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus

text: In support of this album, the band went on many tours in the winter of 2008 and the spring of 2009 with bands such as Shinedown, Framing Hanley, and Tickle Me Pink.


title: The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus

text: On March 20, 2009, The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus released an EP titled "Shock Session", featuring acoustic versions of "Pen & Paper", "You Better Pray", and "Face Down".


title: The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus

text: At the end of May 2009, they announced along with Hollywood Undead, Mest, and The Sleeping that they would be doing a summer tour for the months of June and July, playing mostly club and small venue shows. They rejoined Monty Are I for an August 2009 tour throughout Canada and California.


title: The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus

text: On January 29, 2010, The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus announced via their Twitter page that they would have a new EP out in late July/August.


title: The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus

text: In February 2010, the band parted ways with their label Virgin Records, citing the poor promotion of "Lonely Road". They decided to release music independently. According to lead singer Ronnie Winter, "At this point we want to stay completely 100% independent for as long as possible." The first such song was "Valentine," which was released for free on Valentine's Day, February 14, 2010.


title: The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus

text: On June 22, 2010, The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus announced via Myspace blog that their upcoming EP release would be titled "The Hell or High Water", and that the first song from it, "Choke", would be released on June 28, 2010 as a free download. The EP was recorded in the band's studio in Middleburg, Florida, and was mixed and mastered by Paul Lapinski. This was their first release following their departure from Virgin Records, and was released on August 24, 2010. The full-length album following the EP was scheduled to be out in early 2011.


title: The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus

text: The music video for the first single from the EP, "Choke", premiered at purevolume.com on August 25, 2010 in support of the EP's release. It was the first of a three-part series, followed by "Don't Hate" and "Hell or High Water". It shows characters killing record executive-type personnel, running from the police, and then dying in the final video. Its moral was "violence never solves anything".


title: The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus

text: In November 2010, The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus entered the studio to record their third full-length album, "Am I the Enemy", finishing in December 2010 with producer John Feldmann. The album's first single, "Reap", was released via YouTube on March 24, although the song itself was not released to iTunes until April 26. The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus later released two other songs from their new album on their YouTube channel, "Salvation" and "Fall from Grace". A June 7 announcement on the band's Facebook page said the new album, "Am I the Enemy", would be released on August 30, 2011. It was to contain twelve songs.


title: The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus

text: On July 11, 2011, lead singer Ronnie Winter announced that guitarists Duke Kitchens and Matt Carter had left the band "to focus on their personal lives", and longtime Red Jumpsuit Apparatus fan Josh Burke joined as lead guitarist. This was followed by a YouTube video on July 17 welcoming Burke as the official lead guitarist of the band, replacing Carter. Ronnie's brother, Randy Winter, was later added as the second guitarist, filling in for Duke Kitchens.


title: The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus

text: In mid-October, drummer Jon Wilkes decided to depart from the band in order to "pursue new things and make a living" as a producer. According to Wilkes, he left the band on good terms and wished them the best in their future endeavors. He was temporarily replaced by Kristopher Comeaux while the band was touring, but Comeaux departed shortly after.


title: The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus

text: On March 15, 2013, the band released an EP titled "Et Tu, Brute?". The EP was produced by David Bendeth (producer of "Don't You Fake It"). Prior to its release, the band released two of the songs on their page.


title: The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus

text: On October 11, 2013, the band revealed their fourth studio album, titled "4", was 'coming soon' via their Facebook page. They also revealed that David Bendeth would be producing the LP. Three days later, again through Facebook, the band announced Matt Carter was returning to the band and would be playing lead guitar for "4".


title: The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus

text: On January 1, 2014, the band announced that "4", as well as the rest of their discography, would be released July 4, 2014.


title: The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus

text: This band planned to perform their first rock show in India at the 2016 edition of Saarang, the cultural fest of IIT Madras, on January 9, 2016. In a November 27 post on their official Instagram page, RJA announced their anniversary tour dates. They were one of the first official bands announced for 2017's Rock on the Range in Columbus, Ohio.


title: The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus

text: In an April 2017 interview, Winter said that after their anniversary tour, the band would head to the studio in southern California to record "The Awakening". It would be co-produced by him and his wife, and was to be released in the same year. However, according to coverage by "Alternative Press" of a post and comments on the band's Facebook page in July 2017, the new record would be released in 2018, along with a new single and tour in the fall of 2017. It was released on March 30, 2018.


title: The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus

text: In September 2018 an Australian tour was announced to be taking place in December of the same year featuring support from Australian band The Comfort. In December 2018, the band surprised dropped a new song entitled "Land Down Under" which later was confirmed to be a cover song by Men At Work.


title: The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus

text: On August 28, 2020, the band released "The Emergency EP" containing two previously released singles from 2020, "Brace Yourself" and "A Long Time Ago In A Galaxy Called LA" along with four new tracks.


title: The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus

text: The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus has generally been regarded as alternative rock, pop punk, emo, post-hardcore, screamo, and emo pop.


title: Marina Granovskaia

text: Marina Vladimirovna Granovskaia (; born 13 January 1975) is a Russian-Canadian business executive and served as the director of Chelsea F.C. She has also served as chief assistant to Roman Abramovich for over ten years.


title: Marina Granovskaia

text: Granovskaia studied at the Foreign Languages Faculty of Moscow State University and graduated in 1997. She started working as Roman Abramovich's PA at Sibneft in 1997. In 2003, she moved to London, when Abramovich bought Chelsea. She has also worked for Millhouse Capital, another company owned by Abramovich.


title: Marina Granovskaia

text: Granovskaia became involved in transfers and contractual dealings for Chelsea, becoming the representative of the owner at the club in 2010, then joining the Chelsea board in June 2013. In 2014, she was promoted to chief executive of the club. "The Times" stated that the promotion made her the "most powerful woman in football."


title: Marina Granovskaia

text: Her task of managing transfers sometimes put her at odds with managers who had their own ideas of whom to sell or buy during the transfer window. She has also been responsible for brokering the team's sponsorship deal with Nike, that will fund £60m per year to the club until 2032.


title: Marina Granovskaia

text: Granovskaia has been described as 'The Iron Lady' and "one of the best club directors in world football". In 2018, "Forbes" ranked her Number 5 in their "Most Powerful Women in International Sports" list.


title: Marina Granovskaia

text: Marina Granovskaia received the Best Club Director in European football award at the Golden Boy Awards on 13 December 2021.


title: Beverly Marsh

text: Beverly "Bev" Marsh is a fictional character created by Stephen King and one of the main characters of his 1986 horror novel "It". The character is seen as a member of "The Losers Club" and a romantic interest of fellow members Bill Denbrough and Ben Hanscom. She is portrayed in the 1990 TV mini-series adaptation by Emily Perkins as a child and Annette O'Toole as an adult. She is portrayed in the 2017 film again and its 2019 sequel by Sophia Lillis as a child and Jessica Chastain as an adult.


title: Beverly Marsh

text: Beverly Marsh was born on February 13, 1947 (novel); 1948 (TV mini-series) or 1976 (films). She is the daughter of Alvin and Elfrida Marsh. Her mother's presence in her life differs among the three continuities. In the novel, Elfrida is present, but she is mostly too preoccupied with her job to be much of a parent to Beverly; however, she does have concerns about Alvin abusing her daughter, and even asks Beverly at one time if her father has ever touched her. In the TV mini-series, she is never seen or mentioned. A flashback in "IT: Chapter Two" reveals that Elfrida died when Beverly was young; her death is implied to have been a suicide due to mental illness, possibly postpartum depression. Alvin blames Beverly for her mother's death, and abuses her physically and sexually throughout her childhood.


title: Beverly Marsh

text: Beverly is a classmate of Ben Hanscom, who harbors a secret crush on her. Ben writes her an anonymous love poem which states, "your hair is winter fire, January embers, my heart burns there too." For most of the novel and adaptations, Beverly is led to believe that the poem was written by Bill Denbrough, who grows up to be a professional writer.


title: Beverly Marsh

text: Beverly eventually joins "The Losers Club" and befriends Eddie Kaspbrak, Richie Tozier, Mike Hanlon and Stanley Uris. Beverly has her first encounter with Pennywise the Dancing Clown in her bathroom when she hears voices coming from her sink chanting "We All Float Down Here". A balloon-like construct begins growing from her sink and bursts, covering her bathroom with blood. Beverly's screams attract the attention of her father, who cannot see the blood. She confides in The Losers Club, who can all see the blood and help her clean the bathroom.


title: Beverly Marsh

text: The Losers Club each approach Neibolt Street to destroy Pennywise once and for all. After the group finishes off the clown, they find themselves lost in the sewers and begin to panic. To seal their bond, each of the boys has sex with Beverly in a controversial scene portrayed from Beverly's perspective. After they escape the sewers, the Losers make an oath that if Pennywise hasn't been defeated, they will all return to Derry to finish him.


title: Beverly Marsh

text: In her adulthood, due to the power of Pennywise and the town of Derry, Beverly forgets about The Losers Club and her childhood. She becomes a fashion designer and enters an abusive relationship with her husband, Tom Rogan. After she gets a call from Mike asking her to return to Derry, she stands up to Tom and finally leaves the relationship. She returns to Derry and reunites with The Losers Club. Beverly returns to her old home, now inhabited by an old woman named Mrs. Kersh, who informs her that her father has been deceased for five years. She apologises and begins to leave, only to be invited in by Mrs. Kersh for tea. However, Mrs. Kersh is revealed to be a form of Pennywise and Beverly escapes. She reunites with Ben, and shares a romantic encounter with him, but Ben realises that Beverly is another form of Pennywise. The Losers Club return to Neibolt Street to face Pennywise for the final time. Unfortunately, the confrontation results in Eddie's death, but the Losers are able to overcome and kill Pennywise. After the confrontation, Ben is finally able to confess his feelings for Beverly, and they begin a relationship.


title: Beverly Marsh

text: Beverly is portrayed in the 1990 TV mini-series by Emily Perkins as a child and Annette O'Toole as an adult. This interpretation remains fairly faithful to the novel. Perkins' portrayal of Beverly was met with a relatively positive reception, but O'Toole's portrayal was met with a more negative one.


title: Beverly Marsh

text: The portrayal of Beverly in the 2017 film and its 2019 sequel by Sophia Lillis as a child and Jessica Chastain as an adult were much more positively received. This interpretation shows Beverly as being the moral compass of The Losers Club and playing a key role in defeating Pennywise in both films.


title: Beverly Marsh

text: During production of the 2017 film, actress Chloë Grace Moretz was a frontrunner for the role of Beverly. However as the project remained in development hell, the actress eventually became too old to play the role of a child. Eventually, Moretz became attached to a different Stephen King adaptation in the role of Carrie White for the 2013 remake of "Carrie".


title: Beverly Marsh

text: Beverly appears in a brief cameo in King's novel "11/22/63". In the novel, she appears dancing with Richie Tozier preparing for a talent show a few months after fighting Pennywise. The two are approached by time-traveller Jake Epping, who enquires about the Dunning family. Afterwards he teaches the two how to dance properly. However, this meeting is erased by the end of the novel as Epping removes his mark on history.


title: Beverly Marsh

text: The characterization of Beverly in King's novel has received acclaim from critics. Lillis was nominated for multiple awards for her portrayal of the character, including a Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor, a MTV Movie & TV Award for Best Scared-As-Shit Performance, and a Teen Choice Award for Breakout Movie Star. Lillis was also nominated for Breakthrough Artist by the San Diego Film Critics Society and for Best Youth Performance by Seattle Film Critics Society and by the Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association. The portrayal of adult Beverly by Annette O'Toole in the 1990 miniseries received more negative reception.


title: Beverly Marsh

text: The scene in the novel where preteen Beverly has sex with the rest of the members of The Losers Club in the sewers of Derry after defeating Pennywise for the first time has become one of the more controversial in the novel. The scene was omitted from Andy Muschietti's film series as well as the 1990 miniseries. The scene was reportedly meant to take place in Cary Joji Fukunaga's original screenplay, but was removed once Muschietti became involved. O'Toole has admitted to disliking the removal of the Losers' orgy scene in the miniseries: "This was their greatest attachment to one another – she thought they were all going to die, and this was a gift she was giving to each one of them, and I thought it was the most beautiful, generous love-filled gift, and it tied them all together in such an amazing way."


title: Beverly Marsh

text: Throughout the novel, Beverly is consistently abused by the men in her life. As a child, she is physically abused by her father Alvin. As an adult, due to the repressed memories of Derry, she marries Tom Rogan, who is physically and emotionally abusive towards her. The abuse Beverly faced at the hands of her father has been described as one of the more disturbing elements of the novel due to the realistic undertones. Beverly has also been seen as a positive example of overcoming trauma and abuse.


title: Beverly Marsh

text: As with Bill Denbrough, Beverly reflects the novel's themes of maturity and loss of innocence. While this is most blatantly noticeable in the controversial sexual encounters in the sewers, Beverly also faces maturity in different ways throughout the novel. Beverly is struggling with her budding womanhood, and is beginning to deal with different problems. This is more explicitly shown in the 2017 film adaptation, where Beverly attempts to purchase tampons from the local pharmacy. In this scene, Beverly first encounters Bill, Eddie and Stan. Beverly comes across the boys in an attempt to avoid Greta Bowie (re-named Greta Keene in this adaptation), to avoid further humiliation from her, as Keene had earlier dumped a bag of trash on Beverly and "slut-shamed" her. Beverly attempts to hide the products from the boys to save her from embarrassment, and later attempts to hide them from her abusive father, to no avail. After being asked by her father if she's "still his little girl", Beverly cuts her hair in her bathroom in an act of defiance. Beverly has to face more of the ideas of maturity than the other members of The Losers Club due to the abuse she faces at home, and the rumors of promiscuity that follow her at school. Beverly has to find her own way of maturing into womanhood, which has helped the character to stand out for many readers.


title: Disappearance of Bobby Dunbar

text: Bobby Dunbar was an American boy whose disappearance at the age of four and apparent return was widely reported in newspapers across the United States in 1912 and 1913. After eight months of nationwide searching, investigators believed that they had found the child in Mississippi, in the hands of William Cantwell Walters of Barnesville, North Carolina. Dunbar's parents claimed the boy as their missing son. However, both Walters and a woman named Julia Anderson insisted that the boy with him was Anderson's son Bruce. Julia Anderson could not afford a lawyer, and the court eventually ruled in favor of the Dunbars. Percy and Lessie Dunbar retained custody of the child, who proceeded to live out the remainder of his life as Bobby Dunbar.


title: Disappearance of Bobby Dunbar

text: In 2004, DNA profiling established in retrospect that the boy found with Walters and "returned" to the Dunbars as Bobby had not been a blood relative of the Dunbar family. This makes most believe that the boy was in fact Bruce Anderson and had been wrongly identified by Dunbar's parents. Julia Anderson had no means to contest the Dunbars' decision but always maintained the child was her son. However, this does not solve what happened to the true Bobby Dunbar. Bobby Dunbar is presumed dead in absentia.


title: Disappearance of Bobby Dunbar

text: Robert Clarence "Bobby" Dunbar was the first son born to Lessie and Percy Dunbar of Opelousas, Louisiana. He was born on May 23, 1908. In August 1912, the Dunbars took a fishing trip to nearby Swayze Lake in St. Landry Parish, Louisiana. On August 23, while on that trip, Bobby disappeared.


title: Disappearance of Bobby Dunbar

text: After an eight-month search, authorities located William Cantwell Walters, who worked as an itinerant handyman, specializing in the tuning and repairing of pianos and organs. Walters had been traveling through Mississippi with a boy who appeared to match the description of Bobby Dunbar. Walters claimed that the boy was actually Charles Bruce Anderson, generally referred to as Bruce, the son of a woman who worked for his family. He said that the boy's mother was named Julia Anderson, and that she had willingly granted him custody. Julia Anderson would later confirm this. Nonetheless, Walters was arrested and authorities sent for the Dunbars to come to Mississippi and attempt to identify the boy.


title: Disappearance of Bobby Dunbar

text: Newspaper accounts differ with regard to the initial reaction between the boy and Lessie Dunbar. While one account indicated that the boy immediately shouted "Mother" upon seeing her and the two then embraced, another said only that the boy cried and quoted Lessie Dunbar as saying she was unsure whether he was her son. Other newspaper accounts quote both the Dunbars as initially stating doubts as to the boy's identity. There were similar contradictions in newspaper accounts of the boy's first sighting of the Dunbars' younger son, Alonzo, with one newspaper claiming that the boy recognized Alonzo instantly, called him by name and kissed him, with another saying the boy showed no sign of recognizing Alonzo. The next day, after bathing the boy, Lessie Dunbar said she positively identified his moles and scars and was then certain that he was her son. The boy returned to Opelousas with the Dunbars to a parade, with much fanfare celebrating the "homecoming."


title: Disappearance of Bobby Dunbar

text: Shortly thereafter, Julia Anderson of North Carolina arrived to support Walters' contention that the boy was, in fact, her son, Bruce. Anderson was unmarried and worked as a field hand for Walters' family. She said that she had allowed Walters to take her son only for what was supposed to be a two-day trip to visit one of Walters' relatives. She further asserted that she had not consented for Walters to take her son for more than a few days.


title: Disappearance of Bobby Dunbar

text: According to newspaper accounts, Anderson was presented with five different boys who were of the same approximate age as her son, including the boy who had been claimed by the Dunbars. When the boy in question was presented, he reportedly gave no indication that he recognized her. She asked whether he was the boy recovered, but was not given an answer and finally declared that she was unsure.


title: Disappearance of Bobby Dunbar

text: Upon seeing the boy again the next day, when she was allowed to undress him, she indicated a stronger certainty that the boy was indeed her son Bruce. However, word had already spread about her failure to positively identify him on the first attempt. This, combined with the fact that newspapers questioned her moral character in having had three children (the other two deceased by that point) out of wedlock, led to Anderson's claims being dismissed.


title: Disappearance of Bobby Dunbar

text: With no money to sustain a long court battle, Anderson returned home to North Carolina. She later returned to Louisiana for Walters' kidnapping trial to attest to his innocence and push for the court to determine that the boy was her son. At the trial, she became acquainted with the residents of the town of Poplarville, Mississippi, many of whom had also come to proclaim Walters' innocence. William Walters and the boy had spent quite a bit of time in Poplarville during their travels and the community there had come to know them well, with a number of them asserting that they had seen Walters with the boy prior to the disappearance of Bobby Dunbar. Despite their testimony, the court reached the determination that the boy was in fact Bobby Dunbar. Walters was convicted of kidnapping, while the boy remained in the custody of the Dunbar family and lived out the remainder of his life as Bobby Dunbar.


title: Disappearance of Bobby Dunbar

text: After the trial, the people of Poplarville welcomed Anderson and she began a new life there, eventually marrying and having seven children. According to her descendants, she became a devout Christian, helped found a church and served as nurse and midwife to the small community. Although her children indicated that her life was a happy one after settling in Poplarville, they said that she nonetheless spoke often of her lost son and that their family always regarded him as having been kidnapped by the Dunbars. She died on February 1, 1940, and is buried in Fords Creek Cemetery in Poplarville.


title: Disappearance of Bobby Dunbar

text: In 2008, one of Anderson's sons, Hollis, recounted the story for "This American Life" that in 1944 Bobby Dunbar/Bruce Anderson visited him at his place of business, where they talked. Hollis' sister Jules has recounted a similar experience wherein a man, who she believes to have been Dunbar, came to the service station where she worked and talked to her for an extended period. The Dunbar family also has a similar story, as told by Bobby Dunbar's son Gerald. The family was returning home from a trip and passed through Poplarville when Bobby Dunbar said, "Those are the people they came to pick me up from." The Anderson family then had a brief visit with Dunbar.


title: Disappearance of Bobby Dunbar

text: After Walters had served two years of his prison term for kidnapping, his attorney was successful in appealing the conviction and it was overturned by the Louisiana Supreme Court. Walters was then granted the right to a new trial. Citing the excessive costs of the first trial, prosecutors in Opelousas declined to try him again and instead released him. After his release from custody, Walters resumed an itinerant lifestyle. Walters died on April 7, 1945, and was buried in Pueblo, Colorado, beside his wife. The grandchildren of Walters' brother reported that during their childhood, he typically visited their grandfather a few times per year and that during these visits, Walters always maintained his innocence regarding the kidnapping charge.


title: Disappearance of Bobby Dunbar

text: The boy raised as Bobby Dunbar married, had four children of his own and died on March 8, 1966. He was buried in Bellevue Memorial Park in Opelousas, Louisiana. His widow died in 1994 and was interred next to her husband.


title: Disappearance of Bobby Dunbar

text: Years after Bobby Dunbar's death, one of his granddaughters, Margaret Dunbar Cutright, began her own investigation of the events, poring through newspaper accounts, interviewing the children of Julia Anderson and examining the notes and evidence presented by Walters' defense attorney for his kidnapping trial and appeal. Although Cutright had initially hoped to prove that her grandfather was a Dunbar, her research ultimately led her to doubt her belief.


title: Disappearance of Bobby Dunbar

text: In 2004, after an Associated Press reporter approached the family about the story, Bob Dunbar Jr. consented to undergoing DNA tests to resolve the issue. The results showed that Dunbar Jr. was not related by blood to his supposed cousin, the son of Alonzo Dunbar, who was the younger brother of Bobby Dunbar Sr. (the original Bobby Dunbar, who went missing in 1912). Since the DNA testing is conclusive, the fate of the real Bobby Dunbar remains unknown.


title: Disappearance of Bobby Dunbar

text: In March 2008, Public Radio International's "This American Life" featured "The Ghost of Bobby Dunbar", a radio documentary about the investigation of the case by Margaret Dunbar Cutright. She expressed her own opinion that the real Bobby Dunbar most likely fell into Swayze Lake during the fishing trip and was eaten by an alligator. She revealed that the results of her investigation had brought joy to Julia Anderson's family as vindication of her claims, as well as to William Walters' family as an exoneration of the kidnapping accusation against him. She also said that her findings had sown discord within her own family, as the majority of her grandfather's children and grandchildren considered themselves to be members of the Dunbar family, cherished their existing familial relationships, and were resentful of Cutright, both for having delved into the matter, and for having helped renew the topic in terms of public attention.


title: Traditional pop

text: Traditional pop (also known as classic pop and pre-rock and roll pop) is Western pop music that generally pre-dates the advent of rock and roll in the mid-1950s. The most popular and enduring songs from this era of music are known as pop standards or American standards. The works of these songwriters and composers are usually considered part of the canon known as the "Great American Songbook". More generally, the term "standard" can be applied to any popular song that has become very widely known within mainstream culture.


title: Traditional pop

text: Classic pop includes the song output of the Broadway, Tin Pan Alley, and Hollywood show tune writers from approximately World War I to the 1950s, such as Irving Berlin, Frederick Loewe, Victor Herbert, Harry Warren, Harold Arlen, Jerome Kern, George Gershwin and Ira Gershwin, Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart, Oscar Hammerstein, Johnny Mercer, Dorothy Fields, Hoagy Carmichael, and Cole Porter.


title: Traditional pop

text: The swing era made stars of many popular singers including the young Frank Sinatra, Dinah Shore, Jo Stafford, Perry Como, Peggy Lee, Patti Page, and David Whitfield, and Bing Crosby. Two notable innovations were the addition of string sections and orchestral arrangements and more emphasis on the vocal performance. The addition of lush strings can be heard in much of the popular music throughout the 1940s and 1950s. In the early 1950s, as the dominance of swing gave way to the traditional pop music era, many of the vocalists associated with swing bands became even more popular, and were central figures in popular music.


title: Traditional pop

text: In the late 1950s, rock became a popular and prominent musical style. However, some pop singers who had been popular during the swing era or traditional pop music period were still big stars (e.g., Frank Sinatra, Doris Day, Ella Fitzgerald, Dinah Shore, Dean Martin, and Bing Crosby).


title: Traditional pop

text: Some of these vocalists faded with traditional pop music, while many vocalists became involved in 1960s vocal jazz and the rebirth of "swing music"; the swing music of the 1960s is sometimes referred to as easy listening and was, in essence, a revival of popularity of the "sweet" bands that had been popular during the swing era, but with more emphasis on the vocalist. Like the swing era, it too featured many songs of the Great American Songbook. Much of this music was made popular by Nelson Riddle and television-friendly singers like Rosemary Clooney, Dean Martin, and the cast of "Your Hit Parade".


title: Traditional pop

text: Many artists made their mark with pop standards, particularly vocal jazz and pop singers like Bing Crosby, Ella Fitzgerald, Billie Holiday, Frank Sinatra, Doris Day, Dean Martin, Frankie Laine, Nat King Cole (originally known as a jazz pianist), Lena Horne, Tony Bennett, Vic Damone, Johnny Mathis, Bobby Darin, Barbra Streisand, Peggy Lee, Sammy Davis Jr., Andy Williams, Nancy Wilson, Jack Jones, Rita Reys, Steve Lawrence, Liza Minnelli and Cleo Laine. Traditional pop had not completely faded from the music scene, even as late as the mid-’60s songs like "The Days of Wine and Roses" and "Moon River" topping the charts and being popular with both teenagers and adults, and in 1959–1960 the hit songs "The Battle of New Orleans (in 1814)" and "North to Alaska" by Johnny Horton were far more popular with teenagers than with adults.


title: Traditional pop

text: In addition to the vocal jazz and/or 1960s swing music, many of these singers were involved in "less swinging", more traditional, vocal pop music during this period as well, especially Sinatra and Cole.


title: Traditional pop

text: The diverging tastes between the baby boomers and older Americans of the 1960s led to one of the earliest schisms in music radio. Whereas rock dominated contemporary hit radio (top 40), traditional pop formed the basis of middle of the road (MOR). In terms of 21st century radio formats, the top-40 hits of the 1950s and 1960s are played on oldies stations while the traditional pop hits are the province of adult standards (with some exceptions); due to aging demographics, both formats are fading in popularity in favor of classic hits and gold-based adult contemporary, respectively.


title: Traditional pop

text: With the growing popularity of rock and roll in the 1950s, much of what baby boomers considered to be their parents' music, traditional pop, was pushed aside. Popular music sung by such performers as Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Ella Fitzgerald, Peggy Lee and their contemporaries was relegated in the 1960s and 1970s to television, where they remained very popular, Las Vegas club acts and elevator music. Dean Martin and Frank Sinatra continued to have many hit singles and albums until the late 60s, however. Nashville country music borrowed heavily from traditional pop sounds in the late 1950s as Music Row sought to limit the growing influence of rock and roll on the genre; it remained popular until both the British Invasion, the deaths of two of Nashville's biggest country stars (Patsy Cline and Jim Reeves) in separate airplane crashes, and the growing influence of West Coast country music pushed it aside beginning in 1964.


title: Traditional pop

text: In 1983, Linda Ronstadt, a popular female vocalist of the rock era, elected to change direction. She collaborated with legendary arranger-conductor Nelson Riddle and released a successful album of standards from the 1940s and 1950s, "What's New". It reached No. 3 on the "Billboard" pop chart, won a Grammy, and inspired Ronstadt to team up with Riddle for two more albums: 1984's "Lush Life" and 1986's "For Sentimental Reasons". The gamble paid off, as all three albums became hits, the international concert tours were a success and Riddle picked up a few more Grammys in the process. Ronstadt's determination to produce these albums exposed a new generation to the sounds of the pre-swing and swing eras.


title: Traditional pop

text: Since then, other rock/pop stars have occasionally found success recording traditional pop music. Notable albums include Rod Stewart's "", Willie Nelson's "Stardust", Chaka Khan's "Echoes of an Era" and Carly Simon's "Torch".


title: Traditional pop

text: The appearance of the lounge subculture in the mid-1990s in the United States helped to enhance the revival and interest in the music, style, and performers of popular music before rock and roll. Many contemporary performers have worked in the style of classic pop and/or easy listening swing.


title: Late Orchestration

text: Late Orchestration is a live album by American hip hop artist Kanye West, released on April 24, 2006, on Mercury Records. The album features recordings of live renditions of songs derived from his first two studio albums, "The College Dropout" (2004) and "Late Registration" (2005). It was recorded at Abbey Road Studios in London, England, before an audience of 300 invited guests in September 21, 2005. West was backed by a seventeen-piece all-female string orchestra and featured guest appearances by John Legend, Lupe Fiasco, GLC and Consequence. The CD release features the full performance (12 tracks) along with an additional bonus track, "Gold Digger" (Live at AOL), and came with a DVD containing footage of the concert as well as interviews and bonus music videos for the first four singles of "Late Registration".


title: Late Orchestration

text: The cover photograph (taken by photographer Andrew Meredith) is a reference to the Beatles' cover of their 1969 album "Abbey Road", which features the four band members walking across a crosswalk on the well known street. The album has been cited as the most well-known instance of hip hop and classical music coming together.


title: Mother of the Goddess' Dormitory

text: Koshi Nagumo, a first year middle school student, finds himself homeless, penniless, and without relatives to care for him after the house fire. As he lies on the street, he gets picked up to become the "dorm mother" of a dormitory full of troubled women's university students.


title: Mother of the Goddess' Dormitory

text: Written and illustrated by Ikumi Hino, "Mother of the Goddess' Dormitory" was serialized in Kadokawa Shoten's "shōnen" manga magazine "Monthly Shōnen Ace" from December 26, 2017, to June 24, 2022. The series was collected in nine "tankōbon" volumes as of August 26, 2022.


title: Mother of the Goddess' Dormitory

text: An anime adaptation was announced in the fifth volume of the manga on May 25, 2020. It was later revealed to be a television series animated by Asread and directed by Shunsuke Nakashige, with Masashi Suzuki handling the series' scripts, and Maiko Okada designing the characters. Tomoki Kikuya is composing the series' music. The series aired from July 14 to September 15, 2021 on AT-X and other channels. The five-member unit Megami Ryōsei performed the opening theme song "Naughty Love", while Megami Ryōsei+α performe the ending theme song "Zettai! Kimi Sengen." Muse Communication licensed the series in South and Southeast Asia. The series is licensed in territories outside of Asia by Sentai Filmworks and the English dub of the series debuted on the HIDIVE platform on August 25, 2021.


title: Yu Shuxin

text: Yu Shuxin (Chinese: 虞书欣; pinyin: "Yú Shūxīn", born December 18, 1995), also known as Esther Yu, is a Chinese actress and singer. She is a former member of THE9, the project girl group from iQIYI's survival show "Youth With You 2." Yu has also gained recognition for her roles in the hit television series "Find Yourself" (2020), "Moonlight" (2021) and "Love Between Fairy and Devil" (2022)


title: Yu Shuxin

text: Yu was born in Shanghai, China and is the only child in her family. Her parents are real estate moguls and own several companies; Yu herself is also a shareholder and owner of many businesses. For post-secondary education, she attended LASALLE College of the Arts in Singapore and graduated with a degree in Fashion Media and Industries.


title: Yu Shuxin

text: In 2015, Yu made her acting debut in the wuxia drama "Border Town Prodigal," which premiered in 2016. She then subsequently gained recognition for her appearance in the variety program "Grade One Freshman". In 2017, Yu continued to play supporting roles in the historical drama "The Advisors Alliance", and romance family drama "Ordinary Years".


title: Yu Shuxin

text: In 2018, Yu played her first leading role in the coming-of-age drama "Youth," adapted from the 2016 South Korean drama "Hello, My Twenties." In 2019, she starred as a happy-go-lucky actress in the romantic comedy drama "My Amazing Boyfriend 2."


title: Yu Shuxin

text: In 2020, Yu participated in the variety program "Youth With You 2" and became one of the most popular trainees on the show. She successfully debuted as a member of temporary girl group THE9 on May 30, 2020.


title: Yu Shuxin

text: That same year, Yu also gained popularity and recognition with her role as a lovable university student in the hit romance drama "Find Yourself", and was nominated for the Audience's Choice award at the 30th China TV Golden Eagle Award. She later portrayed a quirky female investigator in the well-received historical romance "I've Fallen For You," and appeared as a recurring guest role in the drama "A Love So Romantic." In the 2020 Forbes China Under 30 Elite list, she was included as a notable actress for the Entertainment and Sports industry.


title: Yu Shuxin

text: In 2021, Yu starred as a newcomer editor in the romantic comedy drama "Moonlight." On December 5, 2021, THE9 officially disbanded.


title: Yu Shuxin

text: In 2022, she is also confirmed to star as a lively and innocent immortal in the fantasy romance drama "Love Between Fairy and Devil," and a fashion blogger with an Ornithology PhD in environmental romance drama "A Romance of the Little Forest".


title: Yu Shuxin

text: Yu is also confirmed as the female lead for fantasy drama "Sword and Fairy", adapted from the popular Chinese RPG game of the same name, and historical drama "My Journey to You".


title: Latent Dirichlet allocation

text: In natural language processing, Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) is a generative statistical model that explains a set of observations through unobserved groups, and each group explains why some parts of the data are similar. The LDA is an example of a topic model. In this, observations (e.g., words) are collected into documents, and each word's presence is attributable to one of the document's topics. Each document will contain a small number of topics.


title: Latent Dirichlet allocation

text: In the context of population genetics, LDA was proposed by J. K. Pritchard, M. Stephens and P. Donnelly in 2000.


title: Latent Dirichlet allocation

text: In evolutionary biology and bio-medicine, the model is used to detect the presence of structured genetic variation in a group of individuals. The model assumes that alleles carried by individuals under study have origin in various extant or past populations. The model and various inference algorithms allow scientists to estimate the allele frequencies in those source populations and the origin of alleles carried by individuals under study. The source populations can be interpreted ex-post in terms of various evolutionary scenarios.


title: Latent Dirichlet allocation

text: In association studies, detecting the presence of genetic structure is considered a necessary preliminary step to avoid confounding.


title: Latent Dirichlet allocation

text: In clinical psychology research, LDA is used to identify common themes of self-images experienced by young people in social situations.


title: Latent Dirichlet allocation

text: In the context of computational musicology, LDA has been used to discover tonal structures in different corpora.


title: Latent Dirichlet allocation

text: One application of LDA in machine learning - specifically, topic discovery, a subproblem in natural language processing - is to discover topics in a collection of documents, and then automatically classify any individual document within the collection in terms of how "relevant" it is to each of the discovered topics. A "topic" is considered to be a set of terms (i.e., individual words or phrases) that, taken together, suggest a shared theme.


title: Latent Dirichlet allocation

text: For example, in a document collection related to pet animals, the terms "dog", "spaniel", "beagle", "golden retriever", "puppy", "bark", and "woof" would suggest a DOG_related theme, while the terms "cat", "siamese", "Maine coon", "tabby", "manx", "meow", "purr", and "kitten" would suggest a CAT_related theme. There may be many more topics in the collection - e.g., related to diet, grooming, healthcare, behavior, etc. that we do not discuss for simplicity's sake. (Very common, so called stop words in a language - e.g., "the", "an", "that", "are", "is", etc., - would not discriminate between topics and are usually filtered out by pre-processing before LDA is performed. Pre-processing also converts terms to their "root" lexical forms - e.g., "barks", "barking", and "barked" would be converted to "bark".)


title: Latent Dirichlet allocation

text: If the document collection is sufficiently large, LDA will discover such sets of terms (i.e., topics) based upon the co-occurrence of individual terms, though the task of assigning a meaningful label to an individual topic (i.e., that all the terms are DOG_related) is up to the user, and often requires specialized knowledge (e.g., for collection of technical documents). The LDA approach assumes that:


title: Latent Dirichlet allocation

text: When LDA machine learning is employed, both sets of probabilities are computed during the training phase, using Bayesian methods and an Expectation Maximization algorithm.


title: Latent Dirichlet allocation

text: LDA is a generalization of older approach of probabilistic latent semantic analysis (pLSA), The pLSA model is equivalent to LDA under a uniform Dirichlet prior distribution.


title: Latent Dirichlet allocation

text: While both methods are similar in principle and require the user to specify the number of topics to be discovered before the start of training (as with K-means clustering) LDA has the following advantages over pLSA:


title: Latent Dirichlet allocation

text: With plate notation, which is often used to represent probabilistic graphical models (PGMs), the dependencies among the many variables can be captured concisely. The boxes are "plates" representing replicates, which are repeated entities. The outer plate represents documents, while the inner plate represents the repeated word positions in a given document; each position is associated with a choice of topic and word. The variable names are defined as follows:


title: Latent Dirichlet allocation

text: The fact that W is grayed out means that words formula_5 are the only observable variables, and the other variables are latent variables.


title: Latent Dirichlet allocation

text: As proposed in the original paper, a sparse Dirichlet prior can be used to model the topic-word distribution, following the intuition that the probability distribution over words in a topic is skewed, so that only a small set of words have high probability. The resulting model is the most widely applied variant of LDA today. The plate notation for this model is shown on the right, where formula_7 denotes the number of topics and formula_8 "are" formula_9-dimensional vectors storing the parameters of the Dirichlet-distributed topic-word distributions (formula_9 is the number of words in the vocabulary).


title: Latent Dirichlet allocation

text: It is helpful to think of the entities represented by formula_11 and formula_12 as matrices created by decomposing the original document-word matrix that represents the corpus of documents being modeled. In this view, formula_11 consists of rows defined by documents and columns defined by topics, while formula_12 consists of rows defined by topics and columns defined by words. Thus, formula_8 refers to a set of rows, or vectors, each of which is a distribution over words, and formula_16refers to a set of rows, each of which is a distribution over topics.


title: Latent Dirichlet allocation

text: To actually infer the topics in a corpus, we imagine a generative process whereby the documents are created, so that we may infer, or reverse engineer, it. We imagine the generative process as follows. Documents are represented as random mixtures over latent topics, where each topic is characterized by a distribution over all the words. LDA assumes the following generative process for a corpus formula_17 consisting of formula_18 documents each of length formula_1:


title: Latent Dirichlet allocation

text: formula_22 is a Dirichlet distribution with a symmetric parameter formula_23 which typically is sparse (formula_24)


title: Latent Dirichlet allocation

text: The lengths formula_1 are treated as independent of all the other data generating variables (formula_34 and formula_35). The subscript is often dropped, as in the plate diagrams shown here.


title: Latent Dirichlet allocation

text: Learning the various distributions (the set of topics, their associated word probabilities, the topic of each word, and the particular topic mixture of each document) is a problem of statistical inference.


title: Latent Dirichlet allocation

text: The original paper by Pritchard et al. used approximation of the posterior distribution by Monte Carlo simulation.


title: Latent Dirichlet allocation

text: A direct optimization of the likelihood with a block relaxation algorithm proves to be a fast alternative to MCMC.


title: Latent Dirichlet allocation

text: In practice, the optimal number of populations or topics is not known beforehand. It can be estimated by approximation of the posterior distribution with reversible-jump Markov chain Monte Carlo.


title: Latent Dirichlet allocation

text: Recent research has been focused on speeding up the inference of latent Dirichlet allocation to support the capture of a massive number of topics in a large number of documents. The update equation of the collapsed Gibbs sampler mentioned in the earlier section has a natural sparsity within it that can be taken advantage of. Intuitively, since each document only contains a subset of topics formula_37, and a word also only appears in a subset of topics formula_38, the above update equation could be rewritten to take advantage of this sparsity.


title: Latent Dirichlet allocation

text: In this equation, we have three terms, out of which two are sparse, and the other is small. We call these terms formula_40 and formula_41 respectively. Now, if we normalize each term by summing over all the topics, we get:


title: Latent Dirichlet allocation

text: Here, we can see that formula_45 is a summation of the topics that appear in document formula_46, and formula_47 is also a sparse summation of the topics that a word formula_34 is assigned to across the whole corpus. formula_49 on the other hand, is dense but because of the small values of formula_23 & formula_27, the value is very small compared to the two other terms.


title: Latent Dirichlet allocation

text: Now, while sampling a topic, if we sample a random variable uniformly from formula_52, we can check which bucket our sample lands in. Since formula_49 is small, we are very unlikely to fall into this bucket; however, if we do fall into this bucket, sampling a topic takes formula_54 time (same as the original Collapsed Gibbs Sampler). However, if we fall into the other two buckets, we only need to check a subset of topics if we keep a record of the sparse topics. A topic can be sampled from the formula_45 bucket in formula_56 time, and a topic can be sampled from the formula_47 bucket in formula_58 time where formula_37 and formula_38 denotes the number of topics assigned to the current document and current word type respectively.


title: Latent Dirichlet allocation

text: Notice that after sampling each topic, updating these buckets is all basic formula_61 arithmetic operations.


title: Latent Dirichlet allocation

text: Following is the derivation of the equations for collapsed Gibbs sampling, which means formula_12s and formula_11s will be integrated out. For simplicity, in this derivation the documents are all assumed to have the same length formula_64. The derivation is equally valid if the document lengths vary.


title: Latent Dirichlet allocation

text: where the bold-font variables denote the vector version of the variables. First, formula_66 and formula_67 need to be integrated out.


title: Latent Dirichlet allocation

text: All the formula_11s are independent to each other and the same to all the formula_12s. So we can treat each formula_11 and each formula_12 separately. We now focus only on the formula_11 part.


title: Latent Dirichlet allocation

text: Actually, it is the hidden part of the model for the formula_77 document. Now we replace the probabilities in the above equation by the true distribution expression to write out the explicit equation.


title: Latent Dirichlet allocation

text: Let formula_79 be the number of word tokens in the formula_77 document with the same word symbol (the formula_81 word in the vocabulary) assigned to the formula_82 topic. So, formula_79 is three dimensional. If any of the three dimensions is not limited to a specific value, we use a parenthesized point formula_84 to


title: Latent Dirichlet allocation

text: denote. For example, formula_85 denotes the number of word tokens in the formula_77 document assigned to the formula_82 topic. Thus, the right most part of the above equation can be rewritten as:


title: Latent Dirichlet allocation

text: The equation inside the integration has the same form as the Dirichlet distribution. According to the Dirichlet distribution,


title: Latent Dirichlet allocation

text: Now we turn our attention to the formula_66 part. Actually, the derivation of the formula_66 part is very similar to the formula_67 part. Here we only list the steps of the derivation:


title: Latent Dirichlet allocation

text: For clarity, here we write down the final equation with both formula_97 and formula_67 integrated out:


title: Latent Dirichlet allocation

text: The goal of Gibbs Sampling here is to approximate the distribution of formula_100. Since formula_101 is invariable for any of Z, Gibbs Sampling equations can be derived from formula_102 directly. The key point is to derive the following conditional probability:


title: Latent Dirichlet allocation

text: where formula_104 denotes the formula_105 hidden variable of the formula_106 word token in the formula_107 document. And further we assume that the word


title: Latent Dirichlet allocation

text: symbol of it is the formula_108 word in the vocabulary. formula_109 denotes all the formula_105s but formula_104. Note that Gibbs Sampling needs only to sample a value for formula_104, according to the above probability, we do not need the exact value of


title: Latent Dirichlet allocation

text: but the ratios among the probabilities that formula_104 can take value. So, the above equation can be simplified as:


title: Latent Dirichlet allocation

text: Finally, let formula_116 be the same meaning as formula_79 but with the formula_104 excluded. The above equation can be further simplified leveraging the property of gamma function. We first split the summation and then merge it back to obtain a formula_119-independent summation, which could be dropped:


title: Latent Dirichlet allocation

text: Note that the same formula is derived in the article on the , as part of a more general discussion of integrating Dirichlet distribution priors out of a Bayesian network.


title: Latent Dirichlet allocation

text: Topic modeling is a classic solution to the problem of information retrieval using linked data and semantic web technology. Related models and techniques are, among others, latent semantic indexing, independent component analysis, probabilistic latent semantic indexing, non-negative matrix factorization, and Gamma-Poisson distribution.


title: Latent Dirichlet allocation

text: The LDA model is highly modular and can therefore be easily extended. The main field of interest is modeling relations between topics. This is achieved by using another distribution on the simplex instead of the Dirichlet. The Correlated Topic Model follows this approach, inducing a correlation structure between topics by using the logistic normal distribution instead of the Dirichlet. Another extension is the hierarchical LDA (hLDA), where topics are joined together in a hierarchy by using the nested Chinese restaurant process, whose structure is learnt from data. LDA can also be extended to a corpus in which a document includes two types of information (e.g., words and names), as in the LDA-dual model.


title: Latent Dirichlet allocation

text: Nonparametric extensions of LDA include the hierarchical Dirichlet process mixture model, which allows the number of topics to be unbounded and learnt from data.


title: Latent Dirichlet allocation

text: As noted earlier, pLSA is similar to LDA. The LDA model is essentially the Bayesian version of pLSA model. The Bayesian formulation tends to perform better on small datasets because Bayesian methods can avoid overfitting the data. For very large datasets, the results of the two models tend to converge. One difference is that pLSA uses a variable formula_46 to represent a document in the training set. So in pLSA, when presented with a document the model has not seen before, we fix formula_122—the probability of words under topics—to be that learned from the training set and use the same EM algorithm to infer formula_123—the topic distribution under formula_46. Blei argues that this step is cheating because you are essentially refitting the model to the new data.


title: Latent Dirichlet allocation

text: In evolutionary biology, it is often natural to assume that the geographic locations of the individuals observed bring some information about their ancestry. This is the rational of various models for geo-referenced genetic data.


title: Latent Dirichlet allocation

text: Variations on LDA have been used to automatically put natural images into categories, such as "bedroom" or "forest", by treating an image as a document, and small patches of the image as words; one of the variations is called spatial latent Dirichlet allocation.


title: Manny Villar

text: Manuel "Manny" Bamba Villar Jr. (; born December 13, 1949) is a Filipino billionaire businessman and former politician. He previously served as senator from 2001 to 2013 and as the President of the Senate of the Philippines from 2006 to 2008. Before his stint in the senate, he represented the district of Las Piñas–Muntinlupa from 1992 to 1998, and Las Piñas's at-large district from 1998 to 2001. He also became the speaker of the House of Representatives from 1998 to 2000; in this term, he presided over the impeachment of President Joseph Estrada. From 2019 to 2022, Forbes magazine named Villar as the richest individual in the Philippines, with an estimated net worth of $8.3 billion.


title: Manny Villar

text: Villar was born to a poor family in Tondo, an impoverished and densely populated district of Manila. After graduating from the University of the Philippines, he worked as an accountant and financial analyst, then launched a highly successful business in real estate. Villar's companies have built over 200,000 homes, and his business career made him the wealthiest person in the Philippines.


title: Manny Villar

text: He ran for president in the 2010 presidential elections under the Nacionalista Party, but lost to Benigno Aquino III.


title: Manny Villar

text: Manuel Villar was born on December 13, 1949, in Tondo, an impoverished and densely populated district of Manila. He was the second-born of the nine children of his parents in a poor family. His father, Manuel "Maning" Montalban Villar Sr., was a government employee from Cabatuan, Iloilo who worked as an inspector for the Bureau of Fisheries. His mother, Curita "Curing" Bamba, was a seafood vendor from a poor family in Orani, Bataan. The family lived in a small rented apartment in a run down slum area. Villar's father was eventually granted a year-long scholarship for higher education in the United States, which led to a job promotion to a director position in the Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources upon his return. Due to cramped conditions in Tondo, Villar's father obtained a ₱16,000 loan from the Government Service Insurance System, payable in 20 to 25 years, to build a home in San Rafael Village, Navotas.


title: Manny Villar

text: As a child, Villar initially attended Isabelo delos Reyes Elementary School, a nearby public school in Tondo. He also assisted his mother in selling shrimp and fish at the Divisoria Public Market, as early as age six, in order to help earn the money to support his siblings and himself to school. However, accompanying his mother interfered with his education and he was forced to drop out from school during Grade 1. He was then enrolled at Tondo Parochial School (later renamed Holy Child Catholic School), a private school in Tondo run by priests, to complete his elementary education.


title: Manny Villar

text: Villar finished his high school education at the Mapúa Institute of Technology in Santa Cruz, adjacent to Tondo. He attended the University of the Philippines Diliman and earned his bachelor's degree in business administration in 1970. He returned to the same school to earn his master's degree in business administration in 1973. He later characterized himself as being impatient with formal schooling, and eager to start working and go into business.


title: Manny Villar

text: After obtaining his bachelor's degree, Villar began his professional career working as an accountant for Sycip, Gorres, Velayo & Co. (SGV & Co). He resigned from SGV & Co. to start his first business, delivering seafood in Makati. However, when his largest customer was unable to pay him, he negotiated a debt restructuring of sorts, selling discounted meal tickets to office workers in exchange for receivables. He then worked briefly as a financial analyst for the Private Development Corporation of the Philippines, where his job was to sell World Bank loans. Wanting to start a business of his own again, he quit his job and availed of one of the loans, which offered attractive rates.


title: Manny Villar

text: In 1975, with an initial capital of ₱10,000, Villar purchased two reconditioned trucks and started a business delivering sand and gravel for construction companies in Las Piñas. This eventually segued into building houses, as Villar took out a seven-year loan from a rural bank offering low interest rates. He initiated mass housing projects through economies of scale, utilizing the cost advantages of developing a large-scale project in order to bring down housing prices. The number of homes built by Villar's companies totaled to over 200,000 units.


title: Manny Villar

text: In the 1980s, Villar established Prime Water to operate and maintain water distribution systems throughout the country. It counts a 25-year partnership with the municipality of Daraga to deliver bulk water, a 25-year joint venture agreement with Lingayen Water District in Pangasinan, and a 25-year joint agreement with the Leyte Metropolitan Water District among its 30 water projects with local water districts. The Commission on Audit flagged Prime Water's operations in Guagua, Pampanga due to high levels of arsenic in the commission's 2018 annual report. The company produces over 170 million liters of treated water daily, supplied by more than 250 deep wells and surface water resources, and is directly involved in delivering water to more than 150,000 households across the Philippines. Now under the Villar Group of Companies, the water utility firm is led by their eldest son, Paolo.


title: Manny Villar

text: In 1984, he founded Golden Haven Memorial Park, a chain of cemeteries in the Philippines, started with its first branch in Las Piñas and expanded in Cebu, Cagayan de Oro, Zamboanga, Bulacan, and Iloilo. It will also expanded into the businesses of memorial chapel, crematorium and columbarium.


title: Manny Villar

text: In July 1995, Villar's flagship property, C&P Homes, was listed on the Philippine Stock Exchange and grew by more than a third in one day, ballooning Villar's 80% stake in the company to $1.5 billion.


title: Manny Villar

text: Vista Land and Lifescapes Inc, a family-owned business of Villar, is also listed in the privately owned Philippine Stock Exchange. Their shares of stocks were bought primarily by foreign funds which had given the government, as well as the PSE, good revenues.


title: Manny Villar

text: Villar has received several awards for his achievements during his professional and business career, including being one of the Ten Outstanding Young Men in 1986, the Agora Award for Marketing Management in 1989, Most Outstanding CPA by the Institute of Certified Public Accountants in 1990, and Most Outstanding UP Alumnus in 1991. In 2004, he was named the Most Distinguished Alumnus, the highest recognition given by the University of the Philippines Alumni Association.


title: Manny Villar

text: In a report of International Consortium of Investigative Journalists on offshore leaks in April 2013, Villar was listed among the businessmen with offshore accounts. It was revealed that Villar owned an account in the British Virgin Islands.


title: Manny Villar

text: In 2015, the MB Villar Group formed another company, Vitacare Healthgroup, Inc., a group that will build chain of hospitals nationwide. Its first project Vitacare Unimed Hospital & Medical Center (in partnership with Unimed) will be located in Vista City, Las Piñas will be fully operated in 2018.


title: Manny Villar

text: As of September 2018, "Forbes" magazine ranks him as the 2nd-wealthiest person in the Philippines, with his net worth of US$5 billion or ₱269 billion. However, his statements of assets and liabilities (SALN) filed for the year 2012 states his net worth at P1.453 billion.