title: Nigel Pearson

text: Pearson was born in Nottingham where he attended William Sharp Comprehensive School, and began his playing career with non-league Heanor Town before joining Second Division Shrewsbury Town in November 1981. He made his first-team debut in a 1–0 defeat at Oldham Athletic on the opening day of the 1982–83 season. Pearson's first Football League goal came on 12 March 1983 in a 3–1 win against Barnsley at Gay Meadow. Pearson ended the season with 39 out of a possible 42 starts as Shrewsbury finished in ninth place in the table.


title: Nigel Pearson

text: The following season, Shrewsbury finished one place higher but injuries restricted Pearson to 26 games. Injury prevented him from playing at all in 1984–85, when Shrewsbury again finished eighth in the table, but he returned in 1985–86 making 35 appearances as Shrewsbury dropped to 17th.


title: Nigel Pearson

text: In 1986–87 he was an ever-present, making 42 appearances and contributing three goals, as the Shrews finished in 18th place. He started the next season, before being signed by Sheffield Wednesday's manager Howard Wilkinson on 12 October 1987 for a fee of £250,000.


title: Nigel Pearson

text: In his six years with Shrewsbury Town, he made a total of 181 appearances in all competitions, scoring five goals.


title: Nigel Pearson

text: Pearson moved to Sheffield Wednesday in 1987. He won the League Cup as Sheffield Wednesday captain, during the 1990–91 season, being selected as "Man of the Match" in the final at Wembley. In the same season, he also helped Sheffield Wednesday win promotion to Division One. During the 1992–93 season, he helped Sheffield Wednesday reach both domestic cup finals, but broke his leg in the League Cup semi-final, and therefore could not play in either final. In all, Pearson made more than 200 appearances for the Owls, scoring 14 league goals – including the club's first in the Premier League in a 1–1 draw with Everton at Goodison Park on the opening day of the 1992–93 season.


title: Nigel Pearson

text: Middlesbrough manager Bryan Robson signed Pearson for £750,000 in 1994. Pearson captained them to promotion twice and to three domestic cup finals. Pearson retired from playing in 1998.


title: Nigel Pearson

text: As manager of Carlisle United, Pearson helped to keep the club in the Football League at the end of the 1998–99 season. He signed goalkeeper Jimmy Glass on loan, who scored an injury-time goal against Plymouth Argyle, saving the club from relegation to the Football Conference at the expense of Scarborough. The match was Pearson's last in charge of the Brunton Park outfit.


title: Nigel Pearson

text: In 1999, he was recruited as Stoke City's first team coach by Gary Megson. Although Megson was sacked later that year by the club's Icelandic consortium, Pearson was kept on for a further two years under Guðjón Þórðarson, before being sacked in 2001.


title: Nigel Pearson

text: Pearson moved to West Bromwich Albion in November 2004 as assistant manager to Bryan Robson, and took over as caretaker manager when Robson left the club in September 2006. Albion won three and drew one of his matches in charge, before stepping down from the role in preparation for the arrival of new manager Tony Mowbray.


title: Nigel Pearson

text: On 19 October 2006, he was linked with the Sheffield Wednesday manager's position but instead took over as assistant manager of Newcastle United, replacing Kevin Bond, who was dismissed following allegations he was prepared to take bungs for players whilst at Portsmouth.


title: Nigel Pearson

text: On 1 February 2007, Pearson was confirmed as assistant coach to Stuart Pearce, the England U21 team manager, until after the 2007 UEFA European Under-21 Championship. As Pearce's contract limited him to involvement in only one friendly before the Championship, Pearson led the under-21s in their 3–3 draw against Italy on 24 March 2007, the first game at the new Wembley Stadium.


title: Nigel Pearson

text: When Newcastle manager Glenn Roeder resigned on 6 May 2007, Pearson took charge of the remaining game of the season, away to Watford. Pearson stayed on at Newcastle as a coach following the arrival of Sam Allardyce as manager at the club. On 9 January, following the departure of Allardyce, he was re-appointed as caretaker manager for Newcastle's trip to Manchester United. Newcastle lost 6–0, after a Cristiano Ronaldo hat-trick, a brace from Carlos Tevez and a Rio Ferdinand goal. On 16 January 2008, after Kevin Keegan had been announced as the next permanent manager of the club, Pearson took charge of the team for the 3rd round FA Cup replay against Stoke City, which Newcastle won 4–1. On 8 February, Pearson left the club.


title: Nigel Pearson

text: On 18 February 2008, Pearson was appointed as manager of Southampton on a rolling contract. On 19 February 2008, his career at Southampton got off to a poor start, losing 2–0 at home to Plymouth Argyle in front of 17,806, the lowest recorded crowd at St Mary's Stadium. On 22 February 2008, Southampton gained their first point under his managership, drawing 1–1 away to Scunthorpe United.


title: Nigel Pearson

text: On 4 May 2008, with only one game to go, at home to Sheffield United, the Saints were in 22nd place and facing relegation to League One. After going 1–0 down, Pearson's side pulled-off a comeback to win the game 3–2, their goals scored by Marek Saganowski and two from Stern John, who was also sent-off. Southampton secured Championship status for another season, at the expense of Leicester City, who could only manage a 0–0 draw with Premier League-bound Stoke City, and were relegated to the third tier of English football for the first time in their 124-year history . On 30 May 2008, Pearson was replaced by Dutch coach Jan Poortvliet after only three months in charge.


title: Nigel Pearson

text: On 20 June 2008, Pearson was appointed as manager of Leicester City. Craig Shakespeare became the club's first team coach and co-assistant manager alongside Steve Walsh (a former Chelsea chief scout, and not the former Leicester City player of the same name). As well as having worked together on the West Bromwich Albion coaching staff, the two had also played together at Sheffield Wednesday. Shakespeare once said that Pearson was the best captain he had ever played under. Pearson was named League One Manager of the Month for August 2008 after Leicester won three of their first four games, scoring nine goals and conceding only once. After the disappointing defeat of losing 3–2 away to Brighton & Hove Albion despite being 2–0 up at half-time, Leicester bounced back with a club-record 23-match unbeaten run in the league between 1 November 2008 and 7 March 2009, before finally being beaten 2–0 by Tranmere Rovers. He was again named the League One Manager of the Month during that run in December 2008. On 18 April 2009, Leicester won 2–0 at Southend United, confirming their promotion back to the Championship as League One champions. The season finished with the club racking up their highest ever points tally of 96 points, as they lost just four of their 46 league games.


title: Nigel Pearson

text: Veteran full-back Chris Powell also joined Pearson's coaching staff as a player/coach in the summer of 2009, as Leicester continued their upsurge in form under Pearson the following season in the Championship. Leicester completed a full calendar year of being undefeated at home, before a 2–1 defeat against Preston North End on 26 September 2009 ended the longest unbeaten home run in the country. Leicester spent almost the entire season in the play-off positions and an impressive month of February saw Pearson pick up the Championship Manager of the Month award. Leicester finished in 5th place in their first season back in the Championship, earning a place in the Championship play-offs and a chance of back-to-back promotions. They were defeated by Cardiff City following a penalty shoot-out in the play-off semifinal, despite fighting back from a 2-goal aggregate deficit in the second leg to briefly lead 3–2.


title: Nigel Pearson

text: At the end of the season, Pearson took a hard line on Leicester defender Wayne Brown, who had publicly said in front of his teammates – including some of ethnic minority backgrounds – that he had voted for the far-right British National Party in the general election on 6 May. He dropped Brown from the side for the play-offs. During the close season, Brown left the club to sign for Preston North End.


title: Nigel Pearson

text: Despite his relative success in his two years at Leicester, he often had a very strained relationship with chairman Milan Mandaric and chief executive Lee Hoos. In the summer of 2010, Mandaric showed a consortium of potential club buyers round the club without Pearson's knowledge and invited Paulo Sousa to the second leg of the play-off semifinal. The club then allowed Hull City to speak to him. Pearson said: "It doesn't take a rocket scientist to work out what's happening" – suggesting the club did not want to keep him. He then left Leicester to take the job at Hull City and Paulo Sousa was later appointed as his successor.


title: Nigel Pearson

text: Despite financial difficulties following relegation from the Premier League, Pearson was still able to enter the transfer market, bringing in players such as Nolberto Solano, James Harper, Liam Rosenior, Robert Koren and Jay Simpson. The club won their first away game in over a year at Norwich City in September. Following that victory, Pearson's club broke a 66-year-old record with 14 consecutive away games without defeat. The season ended with an 11th-place finish.


title: Nigel Pearson

text: Hull started the 2011–12 season with the club sitting one point outside the play-offs, having a game in hand in the middle of November; however, on 7 November 2011 Pearson requested permission to talk to his former club Leicester.


title: Nigel Pearson

text: After Mandaric and Hoos had departed the club, Pearson was persuaded to rejoin Leicester City under their new ownership by chairman Vichai Raksriaksorn, and after days of negotiations he was finally re-appointed as manager on 15 November 2011 with Leicester sitting 12th in the Championship. Pearson started well, taking seven points from his first three games, which took Leicester into the top six for the first time since he had last been at the club, over 18 months previously, before Leicester faced the Hull City side Pearson had left just 18 days earlier. Leicester lost the game 2–1 thanks to a late Robert Koren strike, as Pearson was greeted with chants of "Judas" from the Hull fans. That result also signalled a downturn in form, beginning a run which saw Leicester fail to win for 5 consecutive games.<ref name="lcfcfic11/12"></ref> However, after the new year, Pearson rang the changes for the trip to Crystal Palace in an attempt to get back to winning ways, recalling Aleksander Tunchev to play his first match of the season and bringing in reserve team player Tom Kennedy and 18-year-old youth academy graduate Liam Moore to make his first team debut for the club. His inexperienced team selection paid off as Leicester earnt a 2–1 victory to end their winless run.


title: Nigel Pearson

text: Pearson was sent to the stands in a 2–2 draw against his former club Middlesbrough, after the referee had allegedly "barged" into Leicester's dressing room unannounced, to which Pearson reacted angrily. The referee then left it to the fourth official to tell him he had been sent off. Pearson then appealed his sending off, saying, "I was giving my players instructions and there is no chance I will tolerate anyone coming in there who has nothing to do with my team. I'm within my rights to tell him to get out – he was telling me to hurry up. I can't wait to see the fall-out and I can't wait to appeal." Pearson's appeal was successful, and he faced no disciplinary action from the Football Association (FA). After an inconsistent season, Leicester ended the season ninth in the Championship.


title: Nigel Pearson

text: Leicester made a slow start to the 2012–13 season, losing three of their first five league games and suffering a surprising defeat in the second round of the League Cup at the hands of League Two side Burton Albion; however, a run of five straight victories saw Leicester sitting top of the table after 12 games and also earnt Pearson a nomination for Championship Manager of the Month in September. However, a drop in form in mid-season saw Leicester fall to fifth. The signing of Chris Wood, though, saw a rejuvenated Leicester go on another run of five consecutive wins, with Leicester reprising 2nd place in the Championship table, behind leaders Cardiff City, and Pearson this time won the Championship Manager of the Month award for January 2013. Again, a drop in form followed Leicester City's rise to second spot, and they only made the Championship play-offs on goal difference following their last gasp 3–2 win against neighbours Nottingham Forest on the last day of the season. After winning the first leg against third-placed Watford 1–0, Pearson's Leicester City narrowly lost the second leg of the play-offs 3–1, after Anthony Knockaert missed a last-minute penalty which would have sent them to Wembley.


title: Nigel Pearson

text: The 2013–14 season saw Leicester recover from their play-off defeat of the previous season, starting well and sitting in first place at Christmas. It was during this time that the club started a club-record run of consecutive league victories, winning nine games from 21 December 2013 – 1 February 2014, which saw the club pull 10 points clear at the top of the Championship and earnt Pearson the Championship Manager of the Month award for January 2014. Continuing good results, which saw Leicester play 20 league games unbeaten until the end of March, also earned Pearson the award again in March 2014. Leicester ended the season as champions, winning promotion to the Premier League.


title: Nigel Pearson

text: In February 2015, following a home defeat by Crystal Palace in a game in which, at one point, Pearson put his hands around Palace's James McArthur's neck, while on the ground, the press reported that Pearson had been sacked. In a "night of confusion," it was reported by "The Guardian" that club staff, and even Pearson himself, had been told that he was sacked. However, the same evening, the club issued a statement stating that such claims were "inaccurate and without foundation." Following victories against West Ham United, West Brom, Swansea City and Burnley, with just one defeat, against Chelsea, during the month of April 2015, Pearson won the Premier League Manager of the Month for the first time. On 29 April 2015, following a 3–1 defeat to Chelsea, Pearson was again embroiled in controversy, when he called a journalist an "ostrich", "stupid" and "daft" during a post-match news conference. He apologised for his comments the following day.


title: Nigel Pearson

text: On 16 May 2015, Leicester City confirmed their Premier League status following a goalless draw with Sunderland, becoming only the third team to escape relegation having been bottom at Christmas. Leicester finished the season in 14th place.


title: Nigel Pearson

text: On 30 June 2015, however, Pearson was sacked, with the club stating that "the working relationship between Nigel and the Board was no longer viable." The sacking was linked to his son James's role in an alleged racist sex tape made by three Leicester City reserve players in Thailand during a post-season tour. He was replaced at Leicester City by Claudio Ranieri, who took Leicester to the Premier League title the following year as 5000–1 outsiders. Sports journalists gave Pearson credit for building the team that won the title, as did player Riyad Mahrez.


title: Nigel Pearson

text: After a year out of football, Pearson was appointed manager of Championship team Derby County on a three-year contract on 27 May 2016. On 27 September 2016, Pearson was suspended by the club pending an internal investigation following a row with owner Mel Morris. It was later claimed that the row began with Pearson's objection to Morris's use of drones to observe training sessions. Pearson left the club by mutual consent on 8 October 2016, with Derby 20th in the Championship.


title: Nigel Pearson

text: After losing out on the managerial role at his former club Middlesbrough to Garry Monk, Pearson was appointed as the manager of Belgian First Division B side Oud-Heverlee Leuven on 22 September 2017. He was sacked on 3 February 2019.


title: Nigel Pearson

text: Pearson was appointed Watford manager on 6 December 2019 on a contract until the end of the season. He was their third manager of the season after Javi Gracia and Quique Sánchez Flores. On 29 February 2020, with Pearson as manager, Watford defeated league leaders Liverpool 3–0. This was the first time in 45 games that Liverpool had lost in the Premier League.


title: Nigel Pearson

text: On 19 July 2020, Pearson was sacked with two games remaining in the 2019–20 season. Watford were seven points adrift at the bottom of the league when Pearson took charge, and three points above the relegation zone when he was sacked. Following Pearson's sacking, Watford went on to lose their remaining two games and were relegated.


title: Nigel Pearson

text: On 22 February 2021, Pearson was appointed manager of Bristol City on a contract until the end of the season. On 29 April 2021, Pearson signed a three year contract.


title: Nigel Pearson

text: Pearson and his wife, Nicky, have a daughter, Hannah, and a son, former professional footballer James. Pearson's grandfather Percy Mills also played football for Notts County. Pearson's mother died on 3 January 2020 at the age of 84, but he took charge of Watford's FA Cup game against Tranmere Rovers the following day.


title: Nigel Pearson

text: In March 2020, Pearson fell ill and isolated for ten days under COVID-19 protocols. In June 2020, a blood test confirmed he had previously contracted the disease. While still at Watford he suffered from secondary symptoms, including an irregular heartbeat, high resting pulse and swollen lips that saw him miss a press conference, although he only informed a small number of staff at the club of his condition. In August and September 2020, after his departure from Watford, Pearson endured a bout of rheumatoid arthritis that saw him suffer with swollen joints. He struggled to move during this period, slept heavily and had a shortness of breath. In September 2021, Pearson caught COVID-19 again and self-isolated for ten days.


title: Nigel Pearson

text: Outside football, Pearson is a keen hiker and outdoorsman, in which he once encountered a pack of wild dogs while hiking alone in the Carpathian mountains. Had he not been a professional footballer, he would have considered a career as a navigator in the Royal Air Force.


title: Tar-Baby

text: The Tar-Baby is the second of the Uncle Remus stories published in 1881; it is about a doll made of tar and turpentine used by the villainous Br'er Fox to entrap Br'er Rabbit. The more that Br'er Rabbit fights the Tar-Baby, the more entangled he becomes.


title: Tar-Baby

text: In modern usage, "tar-baby" refers to a problematic situation that is only aggravated by additional involvement with it.


title: Tar-Baby

text: A story originally published in "Harper's Weekly" by Robert Roosevelt, features Br'er Fox, who constructs a doll out of a lump of tar and dresses it with some clothes. When Br'er Rabbit comes along, he addresses the tar "baby" amiably, but receives no response. Br'er Rabbit becomes offended by what he perceives as the tar baby's lack of manners, punches it and, in doing so, becomes stuck. The more Br'er Rabbit punches and kicks the tar baby out of rage, the worse he gets stuck.


title: Tar-Baby

text: Now that Br'er Rabbit is stuck, Br'er Fox ponders how to dispose of him. The helpless but cunning Br'er Rabbit pleads, "Do anything you want with me – roas' me, hang me, skin me, drown me – but please, Br'er Fox, don't fling me in dat brier-patch", prompting the sadistic Br'er Fox to do exactly that because he gullibly believes it will inflict the maximum pain on Br'er Rabbit. However, as rabbits are at home in thickets like the brier-patch, the resourceful Br'er Rabbit escapes.


title: Tar-Baby

text: Variations on the tar-baby legend are found in the folklore of more than one culture. In the "Journal of American Folklore", Aurelio M. Espinosa discussed various different motifs within 267 versions of the tar-baby story that were ostensibly 'in his possession'. Espinosa used the existence of similar motifs to argue that the tar baby story and hundreds of other myths throughout the world, despite the significant variations between them, originate from a single ancient Indian myth. The next year, Archer Taylor added a list of tar baby stories from more sources around the world, citing scholarly claims of its earliest origins in India and Iran. Espinosa later published documentation on tar baby stories from a variety of language communities around the world.


title: Tar-Baby

text: Anthropologist Elsie Clews Parsons compiled an extensive list of references of the "Tar Baby" stories, from North American, Latin American and African publications on folklore.


title: Tar-Baby

text: A very similar West African tale is told of the mythical hero Anansi the Spider. In this version, Anansi creates a wooden doll and covers it over with gum, then puts a plate of yams in its lap, in order to capture the she-fairy Mmoatia (sometimes described as an "elf" or "dwarf"). Mmoatia takes the bait and eats the yams, but grows angry when the doll does not respond and strikes it, becoming stuck in the process.


title: Tar-Baby

text: From The Bahamas, the Tar-Baby story was published by "The Journal of American Folklore" in the year 1891 in "Some Tales from Bahama Folk-Lore" by Charles Lincoln Edwards. Edwards had collected the stories from Green Turtle Cay, Abaco in the summer of 1888. In the tale, B' Rabby refused to dig for water, and didn't help grow the field. He tricks B' Lizard and B' Bouki while they were standing watch by the water and the field. The other animals got tired of his tricks, got together and created a Tar Baby. B' Rabby was caught by Tar Baby and the other animals who wanted to throw him into the sea but he talked them into throwing him into a bush. They threw B' Rabby into the bush and he got away.


title: Tar-Baby

text: In a variant recorded in Jamaica, Anansi himself was once similarly trapped with a tar-baby made by the eldest son of Mrs. Anansi, after Anansi pretended to be dead in order to steal her peas. In a Spanish language version told in the mountainous parts of Colombia, an unnamed rabbit is trapped by the "Muñeco de Brea" (tar doll). A Buddhist myth tells of Prince Five-weapons (the Future Buddha) who encounters the ogre Sticky-Hair in a forest.


title: Tar-Baby

text: The tar-baby theme is present in the folklore of various tribes of Meso-America and of South America: it is found in such stories as the Nahuatl (of Mexico) "Lazy Boy and Little Rabbit" (González Casanova 1946, pp. 55–67), Pipil (of El Salvador) "Rabbit and Little Fox" (Schultes 1977, pp. 113–116), and Palenquero (of Colombia) "Rabbit, Toad, and Tiger" (Patiño Rosselli 1983, pp. 224–229). In Mexico, the tar baby story is also found among Mixtec, Zapotec, and Popoluca. In North America, the tale appears in White Mountain Apache lore as "Coyote Fights a Lump of Pitch". In this story, white men are said to have erected the pitch-man that ensnares Coyote.


title: Tar-Baby

text: According to James Mooney in "Myths of the Cherokee", the tar-baby story may have been influenced in America by the Cherokee "Tar Wolf" story, considered unlikely to have been derived from similar African stories: "Some of these animal stories are common to widely separated [Native American] tribes among whom there can be no suspicion of [African] influences. Thus the famous "tar baby" story has variants, not only among the Cherokee, but also in New Mexico, Washington [State], and southern Alaska—wherever, in fact, the pine supplies enough gum to be molded into a ball for [Native American] uses".


title: Tar-Baby

text: In the Tar Wolf story, the animals were thirsty during a dry spell, and agreed to dig a well. The lazy rabbit refused to help dig, and so had no right to drink from the well. But she was thirsty, and stole from the well at night. The other animals fashioned a wolf out of tar and placed it near the well to scare the thief. The rabbit was scared at first, but when the tar wolf did not respond to her questions, she struck it and was held fast. Then she struggled with it and became so ensnared that she could not move. The next morning, the animals discovered the rabbit and proposed various ways of killing her, such as cutting her head off, and the rabbit responded to each idea saying that it would not harm her. Then an animal suggested throwing the rabbit into the thicket to die. At this, the rabbit protested vigorously and pleaded for her life. The animals threw the rabbit into the thicket. The rabbit then gave a whoop and bounded away, calling out to the other animals "This is where I live!"


title: Tar-Baby

text: The story has given rise to two American English idioms. References to Br'er Rabbit's feigned protestations such as "please don't fling me in dat brier-patch" refer to guilefully seeking something by pretending to protest, with a "briar patch" often meaning a more advantageous situation or environment for one of the parties.


title: Tar-Baby

text: The term "tar baby" has come to refer to a problem that is exacerbated by attempts to struggle with it, or by extension to a situation in which mere contact can lead to becoming inextricably involved.


title: Tar-Baby

text: Although the term "tar baby" is documented as coming from a folktale of African origin, its modern meaning in America is different. Many consider "tar baby" to be a pejorative term for African Americans. The Oxford English Dictionary mentions "tar baby" as "a contemptuous term for a black person", and the subscription version also mentions "a derogatory term for a Black (U.S.) or a Maori (N.Z.)".


title: Tar-Baby

text: Several United States politicians—including presidential party nominees John Kerry, John McCain, Mitt Romney—have been criticized by civil rights leaders, the media, and fellow politicians for using the "tar baby" metaphor. An article in "The New Republic" argued that people are "unaware that some consider it to have a second meaning as a slur" and it "is an obscure slur, not even known to be so by a substantial proportion of the population". It continued that, "those who feel that "tar baby" status as a slur is patently obvious are judging from the fact that it "sounds like" a racial slur".


title: Lord Infamous

text: Ricky T. Dunigan (November 17, 1973 – December 20, 2013), better known by his stage name Lord Infamous, was an American rapper from Memphis, Tennessee. He was the nephew of DJ Paul and one of the co-founders of Three 6 Mafia. His lyrics touched on macabre subjects such as Satanism, mass murder, and torture, along with more traditional themes such as sex and drug use.


title: Lord Infamous

text: Lord Infamous started his music career in the late 1980s with his half brother DJ Paul. They were fairly popular in the south Memphis area and released self-recorded tapes in their neighborhood, school, and local shops. Their first known tape entitled "Portrait of a Serial Killa", was released in 1992.


title: Lord Infamous

text: In 1991 Lord Infamous and DJ Paul met up with fellow north Memphis rapper and producer Juicy J. These three along with a few other local rappers formed a group initially called "The Backyard Posse", which later went on to be known as "Triple 6 Mafia". The first record deal for the group was with Nick Scarfo and Prophet Posse. Under the label they released their first underground album, "Smoked Out, Loced Out" in 1994. At the same time, Lord Infamous released his first underground solo album, "Lord of Terror". Shortly after in 1995, the group changed its name to Three 6 Mafia and released its debut album, "Mystic Stylez". At this time Three 6 Mafia members DJ Paul and Juicy J were creating their own record company, Hypnotize Minds, which Lord Infamous became a part of. The group went on to release four more mainstream albums and numerous solo projects through the mid-2000s, though during this time the group became smaller because of the departure of several members for various reasons.


title: Lord Infamous

text: In 2006, following jail time which led to a breach of contract with Sony, Lord Infamous was forced to end work with Three 6 Mafia, leaving the group on good terms. Lord Infamous later reunited with DJ Paul for Paul's 2009 solo album, "Scale-A-Ton". This marked the first time they had worked together since Three 6 Mafia's 2005 album "".


title: Lord Infamous

text: Soon after his departure from Three 6 Mafia, Lord Infamous and long time friend and Memphis rapper II Tone formed a new record company, "Black Rain Entertainment". Shortly thereafter Memphis rapper Mac Montese and Atlanta rapper T-Rock became involved with the company, forming what is now known as "The Club House Click". They went on to release several group albums, solo albums and EPs, including several solo albums from Lord Infamous - "The Man, The Myth, The Legacy" in 2007, "Futuristic Rowdy Bounty Hunter" in 2010, "Scarecrow Tha Terrible" in 2011, "Legendary Hits", "King Of Horrorcore" and "Back From Tha Dead (Deadly Proverbs)" in 2012. A group album with The Club House Click entitled" Land Of Da Lost" was released on November 27, 2012. On February 11, 2013, Lord Infamous released his eighth solo effort entitled "Scarecrow Tha Terrible, Pt. Two". He released "Voodoo, "his final solo effort prior to his death, on October 11, 2013.


title: Lord Infamous

text: In 2013, Lord Infamous rejoined four of the original Three 6 Mafia members to form the group Da Mafia 6ix. The group released their debut mixtape "6ix Commandments" on November 12, 2013, with plans to release a studio album in 2014.


title: Lord Infamous

text: Lord Infamous was also featured in three songs after his death on Da Mafia 6ix Hear Sum Evil mix tape (2014).


title: Lord Infamous

text: On December 20, 2013, Lord Infamous died of a heart attack in his sleep at his mother's home in Memphis, Tennessee. DJ Paul confirmed his death to online hip hop magazine "HipHopDX", stating: "He had a heart attack in his sleep. His mother found him dead this morning. He had been dead, the doctors say, for about five hours."


title: Keith Ferguson (voice actor)

text: Keith Ferguson (born February 26, 1972) is an American voice actor. He is known for his voice work as Bloo from "Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends", Basch fon Ronsenburg from "Final Fantasy XII", Marluxia from "Kingdom Hearts", Lord Hater from "Wander Over Yonder", Lord Saladin from "Destiny" and "Destiny 2" and Reaper from "Overwatch". He also provides a number of sound-alike portrayals, including Harrison Ford as Han Solo and Indiana Jones on "Robot Chicken" and Owen Wilson as Lightning McQueen in the "Cars" franchise.


title: Keith Ferguson (voice actor)

text: After studying theatrical performance and creative writing at the University of the Pacific and University of Southern California, Ferguson worked behind the scenes in daytime television production while occasionally finding time to perform in local theatre productions and improvisation groups.


title: Keith Ferguson (voice actor)

text: Towards the end of his production career, he actively began his pursuit of a career in voice-over. In 1999, while working on what would turn out to be his last full-time position in television production, a voice-over agent named Pat Brady, after discovering Ferguson the week prior in a voice-over workshop in Toluca Lake, California, and before even officially signing with him for representation, sent him out on what would be his first professional voice-over audition (a sound-alike for Keanu Reeves in a 60-second radio spot satirizing "The Matrix" for the former Hollywood Video movie-rental franchise). He ended up booking the role from this first VO audition, after which he officially signed with Pat Brady who, through two talent agencies, would continue to represent him to this day.


title: Keith Ferguson (voice actor)

text: In 2000, he gained his first experience in animation voice-over alongside Rob Paulsen and David Sobolov having booked the role of Ray on a former, somewhat obscure CGI-animated web-series entitled "Li'l Green Men" featured on Warner Bros. former website "Entertaindom." After the next 3 years while building up his voice-over repertoire with various roles in commercial spots, video games, animation and sound-alike voice-matching for various films, he would be cast in one of the first of his more notable roles being that of Bloo in "Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends" created by "The Powerpuff Girls" animator Craig McCracken. This was accompanied by other notable performances such as General "Thunderbolt" Ross in the animated series "", Friend Owl in the feature "Bambi II", as well as his recurring portrayal as Harrison Ford's Han Solo and Indiana Jones in "Robot Chicken" along with the . He reprised his voice role as Han Solo in the 2014 film "The Lego Movie".


title: Keith Ferguson (voice actor)

text: Amidst further various vocal appearances in animation, a few of which include credits on "Family Guy", "Adventure Time", "Phineas and Ferb", "", "The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy", "Legion of Super Heroes", and "Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law", Ferguson also found a role in "Cars Toons: Mater's Tall Tales" subbing for Owen Wilson as Lightning McQueen.


title: Keith Ferguson (voice actor)

text: Ferguson has also done voice work in video games; notable roles include Basch fon Ronsenburg in "Final Fantasy XII", Gabranth in "Dissidia Final Fantasy" and "Dissidia 012 Final Fantasy" and Number XI Organization XIII member Marluxia in "".


title: Keith Ferguson (voice actor)

text: Ferguson was also vocally featured as two differently styled race-announcers in two TV commercials for the sports beverage, Vitamin Water; one featuring race-car driver Carl Edwards with Ralph Macchio paying homage to his role in "The Karate Kid", and the other a Super Bowl ad featuring Shaquille O'Neal as an unlikely victorious horse-race jockey.


title: Keith Ferguson (voice actor)

text: Ferguson's mother is a retired probate estate specialist whilst his father was a concert pianist who was one of Southern California's most popular piano men until his death in 1999.


title: Kyle Brandt

text: Kyle Robert Brandt (born January 24, 1979) is an American television host, media personality, and actor. He is one of the co-hosts of "Good Morning Football" on NFL Network. Previously, he served as executive producer of "The Jim Rome Show" from 2009 until 2016. He is also known for portraying Philip Kiriakis on the NBC soap opera "Days of Our Lives", and starring on MTV's reality television series "".


title: Kyle Brandt

text: Brandt attended Stevenson High School in Lincolnshire, Illinois and graduated in 1997 as the school's all-time leading rusher for football. He attended Princeton University, where he was a three-year starter at running back and kick returner. While serving as president of his fraternity, Beta Theta Pi, Brandt became increasingly interested in acting and entertainment. He participated in local theater and acted in numerous plays on campus, and wrote his senior thesis on the creative process of adapting books into films. He graduated in 2001 with a degree in English.


title: Kyle Brandt

text: In Spring of 2001, Brandt was selected from more than 50,000 applicants to be a cast member on MTV's "", the 11th season of "The Real World". During the show, he and his fellow cast mates worked as lifeguards on North Avenue Beach. After the show, Brandt moved to Los Angeles, California to pursue acting.


title: Kyle Brandt

text: From 2003 to 2006, Brandt portrayed the character of Philip Kiriakis on the American soap opera, "Days of Our Lives". As a U.S. Marine, Kiriakis' storylines included saving his girlfriend from mercenaries, being tortured as a POW, losing his leg at war.


title: Kyle Brandt

text: In 2007, Brandt became a producer and writer on the nationally syndicated radio show, "The Jim Rome Show", hosted by Jim Rome. In 2009, he became executive producer of the show, and in 2011, he began regularly hosting as a fill-in host. He has interviewed Peyton Manning, Troy Polamalu, Dana White, Vince Vaughn, Adam Carolla, and Rob Riggle, among others. Brandt's final day was on July 22, 2016, after which he joined NFL Network's revamped morning show.


title: Kyle Brandt

text: From 2013 to 2015, Brandt regularly appeared on Jim Rome's daily television show on CBS Sports Network, "Rome". He hosted a segment every Friday called "The Sixer", where he would preview the upcoming weekend in sports, entertainment, and lifestyle. On Halloween of 2014, Brandt guest hosted a special edition of "Rome", doing the entire show from the perspective of Han Solo. From 2012 to 2015, Brandt also served as a producer and writer for "Jim Rome on Showtime" until its cancellation in 2015.


title: Kyle Brandt

text: On July 19, 2016, it was announced that Brandt would be one of the hosts of "Good Morning Football", a daily morning show on NFL Network beginning August 1.


title: Kyle Brandt

text: During his time on "Good Morning Football", Brandt became known for his hype videos, particularly in favor of the Buffalo Bills and Cleveland Browns.


title: Kyle Brandt

text: In August 2020, Brandt began hosting the interview podcast "10 Questions With Kyle Brandt" for The Ringer Podcast Network exclusively on Spotify. The show is billed as a hybrid trivia and interview show where athletes and celebrities compete to answer questions related to their lives and careers. The first episode was released on August 12 and featured Aaron Rodgers as the guest.


title: Combat stress reaction

text: Combat stress reaction (CSR) is acute behavioral disorganization as a direct result of the trauma of war. Also known as "combat fatigue", "battle fatigue", or "battle neurosis", it has some overlap with the diagnosis of acute stress reaction used in civilian psychiatry. It is historically linked to shell shock and can sometimes precurse post-traumatic stress disorder.


title: Combat stress reaction

text: Combat stress reaction is an acute reaction that includes a range of behaviors resulting from the stress of battle that decrease the combatant's fighting efficiency. The most common symptoms are fatigue, slower reaction times, indecision, disconnection from one's surroundings, and the inability to prioritize. Combat stress reaction is generally short-term and should not be confused with acute stress disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, or other long-term disorders attributable to combat stress, although any of these may commence as a combat stress reaction. The US Army uses the term/acronym COSR (Combat Stress Reaction) in official medical reports. This term can be applied to any stress reaction in the military unit environment. Many reactions look like symptoms of mental illness (such as panic, extreme anxiety, depression, and hallucinations), but they are only transient reactions to the traumatic stress of combat and the cumulative stresses of military operations.


title: Combat stress reaction

text: In World War I, shell shock was considered a psychiatric illness resulting from injury to the nerves during combat. The nature of trench warfare meant that about 10% of the fighting soldiers were killed (compared to 4.5% during World War II) and the total proportion of troops who became casualties (killed or wounded) was about 57%. Whether a person with shell-shock was considered "wounded" or "sick" depended on the circumstances. When faced with the phenomenon of a minority of soldiers mentally breaking down, there was an expectation that the root of this problem lay in character of the individual soldier, not because of what they experienced on the front lines during the war. The large proportion of World War I veterans in the European population meant that the symptoms were common to the culture.


title: Combat stress reaction

text: Combat stress reaction symptoms align with the symptoms also found in psychological trauma, which is closely related to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). CSR differs from PTSD (among other things) in that a PTSD diagnosis requires a duration of symptoms over one month, which CSR does not.


title: Combat stress reaction

text: The ratio of stress casualties to battle casualties varies with the intensity of the fighting. With intense fighting, it can be as high as 1:1. In low-level conflicts, it can drop to 1:10 (or less).


title: Combat stress reaction

text: Modern warfare embodies the principles of continuous operations with an expectation of higher combat stress casualties.


title: Combat stress reaction

text: The World War II European Army rate of stress casualties of 1 in 10 (101:1,000) troops per annum is skewed downward from both its norm and peak by data by low rates during the last years of the war.


title: Combat stress reaction

text: United States medical officer Thomas W. Salmon is often quoted as the originator of these PIE principles. However, his real strength came from going to Europe and learning from the Allies and then instituting the lessons. By the end of the war, Salmon had set up a complete system of units and procedures that was then the "world's best practice". After the war, he maintained his efforts in educating society and the military. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal for his contributions.


title: Combat stress reaction

text: Effectiveness of the PIE approach has not been confirmed by studies of CSR, and there is some evidence that it is not effective in preventing PTSD.


title: Combat stress reaction

text: The British government produced a "Report of the War Office Committee of Inquiry into "Shell-Shock"", which was published in 1922. Recommendations from this included:


title: Combat stress reaction

text: Part of the concern was that many British veterans were receiving pensions and had long-term disabilities.


title: Combat stress reaction

text: By 1939, some 120,000 British ex-servicemen had received final awards for primary psychiatric disability or were still drawing pensions – about 15% of all pensioned disabilities – and another 44,000 or so were getting pensions for 'soldier's heart' or Effort Syndrome. There is, though, much that statistics do not show, because in terms of psychiatric effects, pensioners were just the tip of a huge iceberg."


title: Combat stress reaction

text: At the outbreak of World War II, most in the United States military had forgotten the treatment lessons of World War I. Screening of applicants was initially rigorous, but experience eventually showed it to lack great predictive power.


title: Combat stress reaction

text: The US entered the war in December 1941. Only in November 1943 was a psychiatrist added to the table of organization of each division, and this policy was not implemented in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations until March 1944. By 1943, the US Army was using the term "exhaustion" as the initial diagnosis of psychiatric cases, and the general principles of military psychiatry were being used. General Patton's slapping incident was in part the spur to institute forward treatment for the Italian invasion of September 1943. The importance of unit cohesion and membership of a group as a protective factor emerged.


title: Combat stress reaction

text: John Appel found that the average American infantryman in Italy was "worn out" in 200 to 240 days and concluded that the American soldier "fights for his buddies or because his self respect won't let him quit". After several months in combat, the soldier lacked reasons to continue to fight because he had proven his bravery in battle and was no longer with most of the fellow soldiers he trained with. Appel helped implement a 180-day limit for soldiers in active combat and suggested that the war be made more meaningful, emphasizing their enemies' plans to conquer the United States, encouraging soldiers to fight to prevent what they had seen happen in other countries happen to their families. Other psychiatrists believed that letters from home discouraged soldiers by increasing nostalgia and needlessly mentioning problems soldiers could not solve. William Menninger said after the war, "It might have been wise to have had a nation-wide educational course in letter writing to soldiers", and Edward Strecker criticized "moms" (as opposed to mothers) who, after failing to "wean" their sons, damaged morale through letters.


title: Combat stress reaction

text: Airmen flew far more often in the Southwest Pacific than in Europe, and although rest time in Australia was scheduled, there was no fixed number of missions that would produce transfer out of combat, as was the case in Europe. Coupled with the monotonous, hot, sickly environment, the result was bad morale that jaded veterans quickly passed along to newcomers. After a few months, epidemics of combat fatigue would drastically reduce the efficiency of units. Flight surgeons reported that the men who had been at jungle airfields longest were in bad shape:


title: Combat stress reaction

text: Unlike the Americans, the British leaders firmly held the lessons of World War I. It was estimated that aerial bombardment would kill up to 35,000 a day, but the Blitz killed only 40,000 in total. The expected torrent of civilian mental breakdown did not occur. The Government turned to World War I doctors for advice on those who did have problems. The PIE principles were generally used. However, in the British Army, since most of the World War I doctors were too old for the job, young, analytically trained psychiatrists were employed. Army doctors "appeared to have no conception of breakdown in war and its treatment, though many of them had served in the 1914–1918 war." The first Middle East Force psychiatric hospital was set up in 1942. With D-Day for the first month there was a policy of holding casualties for only 48 hours before they were sent back over the Channel. This went firmly against the expectancy principle of PIE.


title: Combat stress reaction

text: Appel believed that British soldiers were able to continue to fight almost twice as long as their American counterparts because the British had better rotation schedules and because they, unlike the Americans, "fight for survival" – for the British soldiers, the threat from the Axis powers was much more real, given Britain's proximity to mainland Europe, and the fact that Germany was concurrently conducting air raids and bombarding British industrial cities. Like the Americans, British doctors believed that letters from home often needlessly damaged soldiers' morale.


title: Combat stress reaction

text: The Canadian Army recognized combat stress reaction as "Battle Exhaustion" during the Second World War and classified it as a separate type of combat wound. Historian Terry Copp has written extensively on the subject. In Normandy, "The infantry units engaged in the battle also experienced a rapid rise in the number of battle exhaustion cases with several hundred men evacuated due to the stress of combat. Regimental Medical Officers were learning that neither elaborate selection methods nor extensive training could prevent a considerable number of combat soldiers from breaking down."


title: Combat stress reaction

text: In his history of the pre-Nazi Freikorps paramilitary organizations, "Vanguard of Nazism", historian Robert G. L. Waite describes some of the emotional effects of World War I on German troops, and refers to a phrase he attributes to Göring: men who could not become "de-brutalized".


title: Combat stress reaction

text: However, as World War II progressed there was a profound rise in stress casualties from 1% of hospitalizations in 1935 to 6% in 1942. Another German psychiatrist reported after the war that during the last two years, about a third of all hospitalizations at Ensen were due to war neurosis. It is probable that there was both less of a true problem and less perception of a problem.


title: Combat stress reaction

text: The Finnish attitudes to "war neurosis" were especially tough. Psychiatrist Harry Federley, who was the head of the Military Medicine, considered shell shock as a sign of weak character and lack of moral fibre. His treatment for war neurosis was simple: the patients were to be bullied and harassed until they returned to front line service.


title: Combat stress reaction

text: Earlier, during the Winter War, several Finnish machine gun operators on the Karelian Isthmus theatre became mentally unstable after repelling several unsuccessful Soviet human wave assaults on fortified Finnish positions.


title: Combat stress reaction

text: Simplicity was added to the PIE principles by the Israelis: in their view, treatment should be brief, supportive, and could be provided by those without sophisticated training.


title: Combat stress reaction

text: Peacekeeping provides its own stresses because its emphasis on rules of engagement contains the roles for which soldiers are trained. Causes include witnessing or experiencing the following:


title: Combat stress reaction

text: Many of the symptoms initially experienced by people with CSR are effects of an extended activation of the human body's fight-or-flight response. The fight-or-flight response involves a general sympathetic nervous system discharge in reaction to a perceived stressor and prepares the body to fight or run from the threat causing the stress. Catecholamine hormones, such as adrenaline or noradrenaline, facilitate immediate physical reactions associated with a preparation for violent muscular action. Although the flight-or-fight-response normally ends with the removal of the threat, the constant mortal danger in combat zones likewise constantly and acutely stresses soldiers.


title: Combat stress reaction

text: The process whereby the human body responds to extended stress is known as general adaptation syndrome (GAS). After the initial fight-or-flight response, the body becomes more resistant to stress in an attempt to dampen the sympathetic nervous response and return to homeostasis. During this period of resistance, physical and mental symptoms of CSR may be drastically reduced as the body attempts to cope with the stress. Long combat involvement, however, may keep the body from homeostasis and thereby deplete its resources and render it unable to normally function, sending it into the third stage of GAS: exhaustion. Sympathetic nervous activation remains in the exhaustion phase and reactions to stress are markedly sensitized as fight-or-flight symptoms return. If the body remains in a state of stress, then such more severe symptoms of CSR as cardiovascular and digestive involvement may present themselves. Extended exhaustion can permanently damage the body.


title: Combat stress reaction

text: Modern front-line combat stress treatment techniques are designed to mimic the historically used PIE techniques with some modification. BICEPS is the current treatment route employed by the U.S. military and stresses differential treatment by the severity of CSR symptoms present in the service member. BICEPS is employed as a means to treat CSR symptoms and return soldiers quickly to combat.


title: Combat stress reaction

text: Critical Event Debriefing should take 2 to 3 hours. Initial rest and replenishment at medical CSC (Combat Stress Control) facilities should last no more than 3 or 4 days. Those requiring further treatment are moved to the next level of care. Since many require no further treatment, military commanders expect their service members to return to duty rapidly.


title: Combat stress reaction

text: CSC should be done as soon as possible when operations permit. Intervention is provided as soon as symptoms appear.


title: Combat stress reaction

text: Service members requiring observation or care beyond the unit level are evacuated to facilities in close proximity to, but separate from the medical or surgical patients at the BAS, surgical support company in a central location (Marines) or forward support/division support or area support medical companies (Army) nearest the service members' unit. It is best to send service members who cannot continue their mission and require more extensive respite to a central facility other than a hospital, unless no other alternative is possible. The service member must be encouraged to continue to think of themselves as a war fighter, rather than a patient or a sick person. The chain of command remains directly involved in the service member's recovery and return to duty. The CSC team coordinates with the unit's leaders to learn whether the over-stressed individual was a good performer prior to the combat stress reaction, or whether they were always a marginal or problem performer whom the team would rather see replaced than returned. Whenever possible, representatives of the unit, or messages from the unit, tell the casualty that they are needed and wanted back. The CSC team coordinates with the unit leaders, through unit medical personnel or chaplains, any special advice on how to assure quick reintegration when the service member returns to their unit.


title: Combat stress reaction

text: The individual is explicitly told that he is reacting normally to extreme stress and is expected to recover and return to full duty in a few hours or days. A military leader is extremely effective in this area of treatment. Of all the things said to a service member experiencing combat stress, the words of his small-unit leader have the greatest impact due to the positive bonding process that occurs during combat. Simple statements from the small-unit leader to the service member that he is reacting normally to combat stress and is expected back soon have positive impact. Small-unit leaders should tell service members that their comrades need and expect them to return. When they do return, the unit treats them as every other service member and expects them to perform well. Service members experiencing and recovering from combat stress disorder are no more likely to become overloaded again than are those who have not yet been overloaded. In fact, they are less likely to become overloaded than inexperienced replacements.


title: Combat stress reaction

text: In mobile war requiring rapid and frequent movement, treatment of many combat stress cases takes place at various battalion or regimental headquarters or logistical


title: Combat stress reaction

text: units, on light duty, rather than in medical units, whenever possible. This is a key factor and another area where the small-unit leader helps in the treatment. CSC and follow-up care for combat stress casualties are held as close as possible to and maintain close association with the member's unit, and are an integral part of the entire healing process. A visit from a member of the individual's unit during restoration is effective in keeping a bond with the organization. A service member experiencing combat stress reaction is having a crisis, and there are two basic elements to that crisis working in opposite directions. On the one hand, the service member is driven by a strong desire to seek safety and to get out of an intolerable environment. On the other hand, the service member does not want to let their comrades down. They want to return to their unit. If a service member starts to lose contact with their unit when he enters treatment, the impulse to get out of the war and return to safety takes over. They feel that they've failed their comrades who have already rejected them as unworthy. The potential is for the service member to become more and more emotionally invested in keeping their symptoms so they can stay in a safe environment. Much of this is done outside the service member's conscious awareness, but the result is the same. The more out of touch the service member is with their unit, the less likely they will recover. They are more likely to develop a chronic psychiatric illness and get evacuated from the war.


title: Combat stress reaction

text: Treatment is kept simple. CSC is not therapy. Psychotherapy is not done. The goal is to rapidly restore the service member's coping skills so that he functions and returns to duty again. Sleep, food, water, hygiene, encouragement, work details, and confidence-restoring talk are often all that is needed to restore a service member to full operational readiness. This can be done in units in reserve positions, logistical units or at medical companies. Every effort is made to reinforce service members' identity. They are required to wear their uniforms and to keep their helmets, equipment, chemical protective gear, and flak jackets with them. When possible, they are allowed to keep their weapons after the weapons have been cleared. They may serve on guard duty or as members of a standby quick reaction force.


title: Combat stress reaction

text: Historically, screening programs that have attempted to preclude soldiers exhibiting personality traits thought to predispose them to CSR have been a total failure. Part of this failure stems from the inability to base CSR morbidity on one or two personality traits. Full psychological work-ups are expensive and inconclusive, while pen and paper tests are ineffective and easily faked. In addition, studies conducted following WWII screening programs showed that psychological disorders present during military training did not accurately predict stress disorders during combat.


title: Combat stress reaction

text: While it is difficult to measure the effectiveness of such a subjective term, soldiers who reported in a WWII study that they had a "higher than average" sense of camaraderie and pride in their unit were more likely to report themselves ready for combat and less likely to develop CSR or other stress disorders. Soldiers with a "lower than average" sense of cohesion with their unit were more susceptible to stress illness.


title: Combat stress reaction

text: Stress exposure training or SET is a common component of most modern military training. There are three steps to an effective stress exposure program.


title: Combat stress reaction

text: Soldiers with a knowledge of both the emotional and physical signs and symptoms of CSR are much less likely to have a critical event that reduces them below fighting capability. Instrumental information, such as breathing exercises that can reduce stress and suggestions not to look at the faces of enemy dead, is also effective at reducing the chance of a breakdown.


title: Combat stress reaction

text: Cognitive control strategies can be taught to soldiers to help them recognize stressful and situationally detrimental thoughts and repress those thoughts in combat situations. Such skills have been shown to reduce anxiety and improve task performance.


title: Combat stress reaction

text: Soldiers who feel confident in their own abilities and those of their squad are far less likely to develop combat stress reaction. Training in stressful conditions that mimic those of an actual combat situation builds confidence in the abilities of themselves and the squad. As this training can actually induce some of the stress symptoms it seeks to prevent, stress levels should be increased incrementally as to allow the soldiers time to adapt.


title: Combat stress reaction

text: Figures from the 1982 Lebanon war showed that with proximal treatment, 90% of CSR casualties returned to their unit, usually within 72 hours. With rearward treatment, only 40% returned to their unit. It was also found that treatment efficacy went up with the application of a variety of front line treatment principles versus just one treatment. In Korea, similar statistics were seen, with 85% of US battle fatigue casualties returned to duty within three days and 10% returned to limited duties after several weeks.


title: Combat stress reaction

text: Though these numbers seem to promote the claims that proximal PIE or BICEPS treatment is generally effective at reducing the effects of combat stress reaction, other data suggests that long term PTSD effects may result from the hasty return of affected individuals to combat. Both PIE and BICEPS are meant to return as many soldiers as possible to combat, and may actually have adverse effects on the long-term health of service members who are rapidly returned to the front-line after combat stress control treatment. Although the PIE principles were used extensively in the Vietnam War, the post traumatic stress disorder lifetime rate for Vietnam veterans was 30% in a 1989 US study and 21% in a 1996 Australian study. In a study of Israeli Veterans of the 1973 Yom Kippur War, 37% of veterans diagnosed with CSR during combat were later diagnosed with PTSD, compared with 14% of control veterans.


title: Combat stress reaction

text: There is significant controversy with the PIE and BICEPS principles. Throughout a number of wars, but notably during the Vietnam War, there has been a conflict among doctors about sending distressed soldiers back to combat. During the Vietnam War this reached a peak with much discussion about the ethics of this process. Proponents of the PIE and BICEPS principles argue that it leads to a reduction of long-term disability but opponents argue that combat stress reactions lead to long-term problems such as post-traumatic stress disorder.


title: Combat stress reaction

text: The use of psychiatric drugs to treat people with CSR has also attracted criticism, as some military psychiatrists have come to question the efficacy of such drugs on the long-term health of veterans. Concerns have been expressed as to the effect of pharmaceutical treatment on an already elevated substance abuse rate among former people with CSR.


title: Combat stress reaction

text: Recent research has caused an increasing number of scientists to believe that there may be a physical (i.e., neurocerebral damage) rather than psychological basis for blast trauma. As traumatic brain injury and combat stress reaction have very different causes yet result in similar neurologic symptoms, researchers emphasize the need for greater diagnostic care.


title: Jack Doohan (racing driver)

text: Jack Doohan (born 20 January 2003) is an Australian race car driver currently competing in the FIA Formula 2 Championship with Virtuosi Racing. He is the son of motorcycle rider Mick Doohan, who is a five-time 500cc world champion.


title: Jack Doohan (racing driver)

text: Doohan started his single-seater career at the age of 15 in the F4 British Championship with the TRS Arden Junior Racing Team, alongside fellow Red Bull junior Dennis Hauger. He scored three wins throughout the season, with his first car racing victory coming at Thruxton. The Australian finished fifth in the standings, just one point behind Hauger.


title: Jack Doohan (racing driver)

text: That year Doohan also participated in both the German and Italian Formula 4 championships for Prema Powerteam on a part-time basis. He finished 12th and 20th in the standings respectively, scoring no podiums.


title: Jack Doohan (racing driver)

text: In 2019 Doohan made his first appearance in the F3 Asian Championship. Driving for Hitech Grand Prix, the Aussie won five races and ended up second in the championship, 25 points adrift of the experienced Ukyo Sasahara.


title: Jack Doohan (racing driver)

text: The next winter he returned to the series with Pinnacle Motorsport. He once again finished in the runner-up spot, this time behind Joey Alders.


title: Jack Doohan (racing driver)

text: In 2020 Doohan progressed to the FIA Formula 3 Championship, driving for HWA Racelab. Partnering Jake Hughes and FDA-member Enzo Fittipaldi, Doohan did not score any points during the campaign, and with a best finish of eleventh place, which came at the final race in Mugello, he classified 26th in the drivers' championship. Despite describing the year as having been "very very tough", Doohan maintained that he had been able to learn more from it than he would have from a more successful season.


title: Jack Doohan (racing driver)

text: For the 2021 season Doohan made the switch to Trident to partner Clément Novalak and David Schumacher. He started his season off strong with a second place in the Barcelona feature race, and took his first F3 victory after overtaking Dennis Hauger with a few laps to go in the feature race at Le Castellet. Despite scoring another podium in the first sprint race at the Red Bull Ring, having benefited from a penalty for Logan Sargeant, Doohan would fall back in the championship compared to his title rival Hauger during that round. The Australian returned to the feature race podium in Hungary, but it was the following weekend where he achieved his biggest success of the campaign: having taken pole position on Friday, Doohan won both the second sprint race and the feature race at Spa-Francorchamps, making him the first FIA Formula 3 driver to score two victories on the same weekend. However, a mistake in the second race at Zandvoort cost him a heap of points, meaning that Hauger could clinch the title with one race to go at Sochi. Doohan capped off his own season in style, winning the final feature race from pole, having defied team orders to let through his teammate Novalak during the race. His victory made sure that Trident were able to win the teams' championship, as Doohan finished second in the standings, 26 points behind Hauger.


title: Jack Doohan (racing driver)

text: Doohan joined MP Motorsport for the final two rounds of the 2021 championship. He achieved a best finish of 5th in just his 2nd race, in Jeddah.


title: Jack Doohan (racing driver)

text: On December 13, 2021, it was announced that Doohan would join Virtuosi Racing alongside Marino Sato for the 2022 championship. His start to the season looked promising, as he would score pole position in the season opener at Bahrain. However, a collision with Théo Pourchaire at the pit exit during the feature race broke his front wing, taking the Australian out of the battle for the lead. Nevertheless, Doohan found positives in his performance, stating that he "[had been] as quick as anyone" during the race. A disappointing round in Jeddah, where he was disqualified from qualifying due to a technical infringement and was involved in a race-ending collision with Logan Sargeant, was followed up by an even more disastrous round at Imola, where a clash with Dennis Hauger at the start of the feature race put him out of the running. Nevertheless, the Australian soldiered on, taking another pole position in the fourth round in Barcelona. Setting his target towards "[getting] some points on the board" for the feature race, Doohan would score his first podium of the season on Sunday, ending up second after being overtaken by championship leader Felipe Drugovich in the latter half of the race. Points in both Monaco races were followed up by two finishes in the midfield in Baku, however at the Silverstone Circuit Doohan would take his first victory of the season, fighting his way up to first in the sprint race in wet conditions. Doohan continued this form by scoring another podium at the Red Bull Ring, and at the final round before the summer break, held in Budapest, the Australian would win once again, dominating the sprint race on Saturday.


title: Jack Doohan (racing driver)

text: After the summer break, Doohan experienced an exceptional round at Spa-Francorchamps, finishing second in the sprint race after starting in seventh and taking his first victory in a feature race the day after, which promoted him to fourth in the standings. Doohan qualified in second the next week at Zandvoort, but a collision with Richard Verschoor on a safety car restart left him unable to finish. He scored his third pole of the year at Monza, although a bad start and a subsequent collision with Jehan Daruvala brought about a premature end to his race once more. Doohan's horrid luck continued into the final round of the year at Yas Marina, where a loose wheel forced him to retire in the feature race. He ended up sixth in the drivers' standings, third-highest of the rookies.


title: Jack Doohan (racing driver)

text: Doohan partook in the 2022 post-season test, remaining with Virtuosi. Soon after, he was confirmed to continuing his relationship with the British outfit for the 2023 campaign, alongside Amaury Cordeel.


title: Jack Doohan (racing driver)

text: In September 2017 Doohan was signed to the Red Bull Junior Team. He left the academy following his 2021 season and signed to the Alpine Academy in 2022. Doohan described his switch as being a "no-brainer", stating that the F1 testing programme and the team's project within the World Endurance Championship gave him a myriad of opportunities for the future. He would get his first chance to test the Alpine A521 at the Losail International Circuit in May of that year. He then drove the car again at the Monza Circuit prior to the British Grand Prix weekend. In September, Doohan tested with the Alpine A521 at the Hungaroring, alongside Antonio Giovinazzi and Nyck de Vries. Doohan participated in his first free practice sessions (FP1) with Alpine at the and . Doohan also took part in the post-season tests with the Alpine.


title: Patsy

text: Patsy is a given name often used as a diminutive of the feminine given name Patricia or sometimes the masculine name Patrick, or occasionally other names containing the syllable "Pat" (such as Cleopatra, Patience, Patrice, or Patricia). Among Italian Americans, it is often used as a pet name for Pasquale.


title: Patsy

text: In older usage, Patsy was also a nickname for Martha or Matilda, following a common nicknaming pattern of changing an M to a P (such as in Margaret → Meg/Meggy → Peg/Peggy; and Molly → Polly) and adding a feminine suffix.


title: Patsy

text: President George Washington called his wife Martha "Patsy" in private correspondence. President Thomas Jefferson's eldest daughter Martha was known by the nickname "Patsy", while his daughter Mary was called "Polly".


title: Patsy

text: The popularity of the name has waned with the rise of its, chiefly North American, meaning as "dupe" or "scapegoat". "Fact, Fancy and Fable", published in 1889, notes that in a sketch performed in Boston "about twenty years ago" a character would repeatedly ask "Who did that?" and the answer was "Patsy Bolivar!" It may have been popularized by the vaudevillian Billy B. Van, whose 1890s character, Patsy Bolivar, was more often than not an innocent victim of unscrupulous or nefarious characters. Van's character became a broad vaudeville "type", imitated by many comedians, including Fred Allen, who later wrote, "Patsy Bolivar was a slang name applied to a bumpkin character; later, it was shortened to Patsy, and referred to any person who was the butt of a joke."


title: Patsy

text: Lee Harvey Oswald, after the assassination of John F. Kennedy, denied he was responsible for the murder, and stated: "No, they are taking me in because of the fact that I lived in the Soviet Union. I'm just a patsy!"


title: Croatian Air Force

text: The Croatian Air Force ( or HRZ) is a branch of the Croatian Armed Forces whose primary task is to ensure the sovereignty of the airspace of the Republic of Croatia and to provide aviation support to other branches in the implementation of their tasks in joint operations. It is also the carrier and the organiser of the integrated anti-aircraft defence system of the Republic of Croatia.


title: Croatian Air Force

text: The Croatian Air Force as it is known today was established on 12 December 1991, during the Croatian War of Independence. After 2003, a large portion of the fleet was modernised or completely overhauled and the rest of the outdated fleet was retired. Croatia also acquired new-build transport helicopters, fire-fighting aircraft and basic training aircraft during this time. The planned acquisitions for additional fixed and rotary-wing transports and fighter aircraft were repeatedly postponed due to a difficult economic situation.


title: Croatian Air Force

text: The primary role of the Croatian Air Force is securing the sovereignty of Croatian air space and providing air support to other services during joint operations. It operates the integrated Croatian Air Defence system. Other tasks include providing help in natural, humanitarian and technological disasters, search and rescue operations, and support to other government agencies.


title: Croatian Air Force

text: The core of the air force is a squadron of 12 modernised MiG-21 fighters. In 2003, a minor upgrade and an extensive overhaul were performed in Romania, incorporating navigation and communication elements of the "Lancer" standard to make them interoperable with NATO air forces. The aircraft received no upgrade to their weapons systems. Despite initial plans to replace the MiG-21 fleet with a multirole aircraft in 2013 (delayed from 2011 due to the financial crisis) and an official tender having been issued in 2008, ongoing budgetary constraints have resulted in an abandonment of these plans. As a cost-saving measure, a decision was made to again overhaul seven serviceable airframes already in service and supplement them with five additional airframes from Ukrspetsexport. This temporary measure will see the fleet remain in service only until 2019–2020.


title: Croatian Air Force

text: Pilot training is conducted on two types of aircraft. During late 2007, five new Zlin 242L "Aerobatic" basic trainers were acquired in order to replace a fleet of seven old Utva 75s (four had already been retired previously). The deal was worth just under $2 million. An option for three additional basic trainers was considered but has not been exercised. The backbone of the training fleet, however, is built around 20 Pilatus PC-9M advanced trainers which also constitute the most numerous type of aircraft in Croatian service. These were ordered in 1997 (3 were former RAAF PC-9A examples converted to PC-9M standard immediately upon delivery) and entered full service a year later. The deal was worth around $100 million. They are also operated by the national aerobatic team called Krila Oluje / Wings of Storm. The fleet size and facilities at Zemunik airbase allow the Croatian Air Force to offer advanced pilot training to other countries but the lack of HUDs, HOTAS and weapon stations on Croatia's PC-9Ms, however, limits the usefulness of Croatia's advanced training programme. Such upgrades might be financially plausible once surplus PC-9Ms get sold. Nonetheless, on March 5, 2014, representatives of the Croatian Air Force signed an agreement with their partners from the Royal Air Force of Oman for the future training and education of 16 Omani pilots on the Croatian fleet of Pilatus PC-9Ms. The training itself started on March 10, is planned to be concluded by December 26, 2014 and will see each pilot log 150 flight hours during the ten-month period. As a cost-saving measure, the Croatian government has announced in its long-term defence plan that it plans to downsize the PC-9M fleet to a "suitable level" for the current air force fleet, substantially reduced since the mid-1990s. Consequently, six oldest units are offered for sale while the 14 remaining aircraft are due to remain active and possibly undergo an upgrade.


title: Croatian Air Force

text: The Croatian Air Force operated two Antonov An-32B tactical transports (built in 1991 and 1993) until 2013. Both aircraft underwent a two-stage modernisation in 2004 and 2007. They were fitted with NATO-standard navigational and communication equipment, additional systems for loading/unloading and flare dispensers. They had performed humanitarian and paratrooper missions as well as supporting Croatia's international military commitments such as for ISAF and KFOR. Due to budget limitations both aircraft have been offered for sale. In the draft of the strategic defence review, the Croatian government announced that no new tactical transport aircraft would be purchased before 2020 leaving Croatia reliant on its NATO partners for fixed-wing transport.


title: Croatian Air Force

text: The helicopter fleet is equipped mainly with Russian-built Mi-17s and its derivates. The fleet includes three Mi-8 and 11 Mi-8MTV-1 (also known as Mi-17-1V) cargo helicopters, which underwent overhauls between 2003 and 2005. A batch of 6 Mi-8MTV-1 underwent an overhaul again in 2013 and 2014, while the remaining 8 units are to follow in 2014 and 2015. The Croatian Ministry of Defence is considering the option of selling all Mi-8 helicopters upon overhaul and replacing them with up to 15 UH-60L after 2017.


title: Croatian Air Force

text: In 2006, a deal to deliver 10 new Mi-171Sh transport-attack helicopters was signed with Russia, itself a partial payment for an old Russian debt. The order itself was worth $66 million. The new type differs from the ones already in service in having a cargo ramp instead of clamshell doors, larger side doors, flare dispensers, additional armour around the cockpit and cargo compartment, night vision device equipment, door gunner posts, rocket launchers etc. The entire squadron of 10 helicopters entered service by July 2008. Two additional VIP helicopters were planned for 2009 but their acquisition was cancelled.


title: Croatian Air Force

text: After more than 10 years in the Croatian service and great success in Operation Storm, the government finally decided to retire a squadron of seven Mi-24V helicopters in 2005 due to a costly modernisation. Six are offered for sale at a price of $83,000 per aircraft, while one was sent to a museum. The role of an armed support helicopter was taken over by new Mi-171s but the entire attack helicopter squadron is to be revived in 2015 with the acquisition of up to 16 OH-58D.


title: Croatian Air Force

text: While visiting Israel in November 2006, Croatian delegation agreed to buy two mid-size, state-of-the-art Hermes 450 and four small Skylark UAVs. Additional cameras, computer systems, spare parts and a ground station were also obtained. Two additional Skylark UAVs entered service in 2009. As of December 2012, additional Skylarks has been reported in service though no public records or images of Croatian Hermes 450 are available. This suggests that the order was cancelled due to funding issues.


title: Croatian Air Force

text: After a horrible fire season during the summer of 2007 (12 firefighters lost their lives on a small island of Kornati), Croatia agreed to buy two new Canadair CL-415 and five Air Tractor AT-802 water bombers. These joined a fleet of four relatively new amphibians already in service. The entire deal was projected at $70 million. By making such an acquisition, Croatia became the leading power in aerial firefighting on the Mediterranean in respect to its population and surface. The Croatian Air Force holds a world record of 160 water drops by a single crew on a single day, representing an average of one drop every three minutes for the duration of eight hours.


title: Croatian Air Force

text: Although the MiG-21 was perceived as an outdated fighter by the Croatian Air Force even in the late 1990s, budget constraints have been continuously deferring any final decision on the acquisition of a new fighter type. As Croatia was no longer facing any military threat, serious talks were started with Israeli firms to extensively upgrade the fleet of 24 MiG-21bis/UM fighters to a "Lancer 3" standard instead of buying a completely new combat aircraft.


title: Croatian Air Force

text: Although the initial information suggested that such a decision was practically final, no agreement was reached. By late 2002 all 24 MiG-21's were reaching the end of their service lives and it was decided that the fleet be overhauled and lightly upgraded in Romania. A first squadron of 12 aircraft was therefore sent for 10-year life prolongation repair to Aerostar after which the second squadron was to follow. But after the first squadron arrived to Croatia, no further moves were made in order to revamp the second squadron.


title: Croatian Air Force

text: As the fleet of 12 overhauled MiG-21s was originally planned to remain active only until late 2011, Croatia was eyeing a replacement aircraft already by late 2008. It was projected that a new type be selected by late 2009 and that the first aircraft start entering service by 2011. Such plans were put into question by the global economic crisis which severely affected the Croatian economy and in late 2010 it was officially unveiled that no new aircraft were envisaged to enter service.


title: Croatian Air Force

text: The Defence Ministry finally announced in June 2013 that the Ukrainian firm Ukrspetsexport will provide Croatia with 8 single-seat and 4 twin-seat upgraded MiG-21 aircraft. Due to their condition only 7 of these will be refurbished Croatian air frames and the remaining 5 will be used aircraft which are owned by Ukrspetsexport. These are to remain in service until the end of 2022 and the decision on the replacement fighter type is to be made by the end of 2019.


title: Croatian Air Force

text: In July 2017, the Croatian Ministry of Defence announced it had restarted the MiG-21 replacement procurement program, and issued a request for proposals for up to 12 aircraft to five countries: Greece, Israel and the United States for the General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon, Sweden for the Saab JAS 39 Gripen, and South Korea for the KAI T-50 Golden Eagle.


title: Croatian Air Force

text: In October 2017, the Ministry announced it had received four letters of intent for up to 18 aircraft from the United States, Israel and Greece offering various F-16 variants, as well as Sweden offering an unknown Saab JAS 39 Gripen variant. South Korea did not place a bid in the tender.


title: Croatian Air Force

text: In November 2017, Croatian media announced the offers from Sweden for the Saab JAS 39 Gripen and Israel for a mixed-fleet of A/B and C/D General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon variants had been downselect from the four received letters of intent. According to reports, the US bid was dismissed for being too expensive, and the F-16 Block 30 offered by Greece was dismissed for being too outdated. Further reports insinuate the Israeli offer is leading for being most price-competitive, as well as opening up additional opportunities for defence cooperation.


title: Croatian Air Force

text: On 29 March 2018, the Croatian Government unanimously adopted a decision on the procurement of 12 F-16 C/D Barak Block 30 aircraft from Israel for 2.9 billion kunas (around 420 million euros). Besides 12 jets, Croatia will get two flight simulators, training for its pilots and maintenance staff in Israel, aircraft weapons, a package of spare parts and equipment for ground support, infrastructure construction and adaptation, and three years of support, including the presence of Israeli instructors in Croatia. The first two jets are expected to be delivered in 2020, and the rest by 2022.


title: Croatian Air Force

text: On 6 December 2018, Israeli media reported that the Trump administration halted the arms deal citing Israel's refusal to comply with the U.S. arms transfer guidelines. According to the guidelines, all modifications done to the planes need to be removed before the transfer of ownership is completed (i.e., return the jets to factory conditions). Croatian government officials stated that Croatia will only accept planes that were agreed upon in the tender.


title: Croatian Air Force

text: On 27 December 2018, the United States Congress gave the go ahead to complete the arms deal under the condition that the planes are returned to factory conditions.


title: Croatian Air Force

text: On 29 December 2018, Večernji list reported that the Croatian government unofficially bailed out of the tender leaving Israel and the United States to work out their dispute.


title: Croatian Air Force

text: On 10 January 2019, it was officially confirmed that the procurement had fallen through. The Croatian government announced that it will officially abolish the tender of 14 January 2019.


title: Croatian Air Force

text: On 2 April 2020, the revised program to replace MiG-21s was delayed indefinitely due to COVID pandemic.


title: Croatian Air Force

text: In the aftermath of Croatian parliamentary election of 2020 new-old Plenković led government continued the program. In September of same year the commission dealing with the acquisition had announced that they have received four official offers of acquisition; used Israeli F-16, used French Dassault Rafale, new F-16V and new Swedish JAS Gripen C/D. Croatian Defence Minister Mario Banožić announced that the final decision will be made by the end of 2020. In late May 2021 Prime Minister Andrej Plenković announced the purchase of 12 used French Dassault Rafale aircraft to replace its Mig-21 fighters.


title: Croatian Air Force

text: Previous notable aircraft operated by the Air Force were the UTVA-75, Antonov An-2, Antonov An-32, Canadair CL-215, MD 500, and Mi-24D/V


title: Womb (film)

text: Womb (retitled Clone for its UK DVD release) is a 2010 science fiction drama film written and directed by Benedek Fliegauf, and starring Eva Green and Matt Smith.


title: Womb (film)

text: The film begins on a beach during a foggy day. A woman (Eva Green) is meditating while she is having tea on the porch of her house. She is in an advanced state of pregnancy. She knows that the father of her child will not return, but she thinks that perhaps her unborn child was the only thing she needed from him. She smiles ominously and begins to reminisce about the events leading up to that moment.


title: Womb (film)

text: A love story is then told between two children, Rebecca and Tommy, who swear each other eternal love. When Rebecca departs suddenly for Japan with her mother, the two are separated. Twelve years later, Rebecca returns as a young woman to find that Tommy (Matt Smith) not only remembers her, but still cares deeply for her. The two begin a new relationship.


title: Womb (film)

text: Tommy is a political activist fighting against the biotech corporations, who plan to open a new natural park populated by animals artificially created by cloning. Tommy plans to spoil the inauguration ceremony by letting loose rucksacks filled with cockroaches. Rebecca, herself a computer programmer of leak detection sonar software for underground storage containers, insists on accompanying Tommy.


title: Womb (film)

text: Driving to the site of the new natural park through a lonely wilderness, Rebecca asks Tommy to stop the car so that she can relieve herself at the side of the road. Meantime, Tommy leaves the car and is struck and killed suddenly by a passing vehicle.


title: Womb (film)

text: Rebecca and Tommy's parents are stricken with grief. Rebecca wants to use new scientific advancements to have Tommy cloned and thereby bring him back to life. She offers to be impregnated using Tommy's DNA. Though Tommy's mother objects, his father agrees to give Rebecca Tommy's cell material, but urges her to think through her decision carefully before proceeding. Rebecca, however, continues and conceives Tommy's clone in her womb. She visits original Tommy's grave while pregnant with his clone before giving birth by Caesarean section.


title: Womb (film)

text: Tommy is now raised as Rebecca's son, and the two have a close relationship. Rebecca presents to him a pleo, an artificial living animal created using new biotechnology. Tommy and his playmates observe a neighbourhood girl and try to determine if she has a "copy smell" as the girl is a clone. The neighbourhood mothers display prejudice against "copies", expecting Rebecca to not let Tommy associate with them. Rebecca, though horrified, agrees in order not to isolate her son. Eventually rumours about Tommy spread, and Tommy is forced to celebrate his birthday alone with his mother, his playmates all being barred from attending by their mothers.


title: Womb (film)

text: Rebecca moves to a more remote location with Tommy. Tommy begins to ask questions about his father, wanting to know how his father died. He buries the pleo his mother gave him for his birthday while out playing with his friend. His mother finds out and gives him back the pleo, which is now no longer working.


title: Womb (film)

text: Years later, Tommy has grown as old as his original was when he died. As a result, he starts to manifest certain personality traits and interests of the original Tommy (such as his interests in biology). He is now the adult son of still-youthful Rebecca. When Tommy brings a girlfriend, Monica, home to stay with them Rebecca behaves jealously, to both Tommy's and Monica's bewilderment. Tommy struggles with what appears to be sexual tension between himself and his mother. The original Tommy's mother, now an old woman, arrives unexpectedly and stares silently at Tommy, who feels he recognizes the stranger. Frightened and frustrated by Rebecca's lack of explanation, Tommy lashes out at Rebecca, ignoring Monica, who quickly departs.


title: Womb (film)

text: An angry Tommy demands answers from his mother, Rebecca, who gives him Tommy's original old laptop with photos of him and his original mother and father (the first ones he met before). Tommy throws his mother on the bed in confusion, and asks her who he is and why she did what she did. The sexual tension rises and they both end up having sex. From the blood on Rebecca's hand, it is implied that Tommy took her virginity from her in the process. Rebecca smiles at the end; she has fulfilled the true goal of it.


title: Womb (film)

text: The next day, Tommy packs his things, then addresses Rebecca by her first name (and not "Mom") and thanks her for the life he's had. Still enjoying what happened the day before, Rebecca does nothing as Tommy leaves.


title: Womb (film)

text: The film was shot in Germany on the islands of Langeneß and Sylt and in Sankt Peter-Ording, Hamburg and Berlin.


title: Womb (film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has received a rating of 35%, based on 20 reviews, with an average rating of 4.9/10.


title: Womb (film)

text: On Metacritic, the film has a score of 48 out of 100, based on 8 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Galileo (spacecraft)

text: Galileo was an American robotic space probe that studied the planet Jupiter and its moons, as well as the asteroids Gaspra and Ida. Named after the Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei, it consisted of an orbiter and an entry probe. It was delivered into Earth orbit on October 18, 1989, by , during STS-34. "Galileo" arrived at Jupiter on December 7, 1995, after gravitational assist flybys of Venus and Earth, and became the first spacecraft to orbit an outer planet.


title: Galileo (spacecraft)

text: The Jet Propulsion Laboratory built the "Galileo" spacecraft and managed the "Galileo" program for NASA. West Germany Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm supplied the propulsion module. NASA's Ames Research Center managed the atmospheric probe, which was built by Hughes Aircraft Company. At launch, the orbiter and probe together had a mass of and stood tall.


title: Galileo (spacecraft)

text: Spacecraft are normally stabilized either by spinning around a fixed axis or by maintaining a fixed orientation with reference to the Sun and a star. "Galileo" did both. One section of the spacecraft rotated at 3 revolutions per minute, keeping "Galileo" stable and holding six instruments that gathered data from many different directions, including the fields and particles instruments.


title: Galileo (spacecraft)

text: "Galileo" was intentionally destroyed in Jupiter's atmosphere on September 21, 2003. The next orbiter to be sent to Jupiter was "Juno", which arrived on July 5, 2016.


title: Galileo (spacecraft)

text: Jupiter is the largest planet in the Solar System, with more than twice the mass of all the other planets combined. Consideration of sending a probe to Jupiter began as early as 1959. NASA's Scientific Advisory Group (SAG) for Outer Solar System Missions considered the requirements for Jupiter orbiters and atmospheric probes. It noted that the technology to build a heat shield for an atmospheric probe did not yet exist, and facilities to test one under the conditions found on Jupiter would not be available until 1980. NASA management designated the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) as the lead center for the Jupiter Orbiter Probe (JOP) project. The JOP would be the fifth spacecraft to visit Jupiter, but the first to orbit it, and the probe would be the first to enter its atmosphere.


title: Galileo (spacecraft)

text: An important decision made at this time was to use a Mariner program spacecraft like that used for Voyager for the Jupiter orbiter, rather than a Pioneer. Pioneer was stabilized by spinning the spacecraft at 60 rpm, which gave a 360-degree view of the surroundings, and did not require an attitude control system. By contrast, Mariner had an attitude control system with three gyroscopes and two sets of six nitrogen jet thrusters. Attitude was determined with reference to the Sun and Canopus, which were monitored with two primary and four secondary sensors. There was also an inertial reference unit and an accelerometer. This allowed it to take high-resolution images, but the functionality came at a cost of increased weight. A Mariner weighed compared to just for a Pioneer.


title: Galileo (spacecraft)

text: John R. Casani, who had headed the Mariner and Voyager projects, became the first project manager. He solicited suggestions for a more inspirational name for the project, and the most votes went to "Galileo" after Galileo Galilei, the first person to view Jupiter through a telescope. His 1610 discovery of what is now known as the Galilean moons orbiting Jupiter was important evidence of the Copernican model of the solar system. It was also noted that the name was that of a spacecraft in the "" television show. The new name was adopted in February 1978.


title: Galileo (spacecraft)

text: The Jet Propulsion Laboratory built the "Galileo" spacecraft and managed the "Galileo" mission for NASA. West Germany Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm supplied the propulsion module. NASA's Ames Research Center managed the atmospheric probe, which was built by Hughes Aircraft Company. At launch, the orbiter and probe together had a mass of and stood tall.


title: Galileo (spacecraft)

text: Spacecraft are normally stabilized either by spinning around a fixed axis or by maintaining a fixed orientation with reference the Sun and a star; "Galileo" did both. One section of the spacecraft rotated at 3 revolutions per minute, keeping "Galileo" stable and holding six instruments that gathered data from many different directions, including the fields and particles instruments. Back on the ground, the mission operations team used software containing 650,000 lines of code in the orbit sequence design process; 1,615,000 lines in the telemetry interpretation; and 550,000 lines of code in navigation. All of the spacecraft components and spare parts received a minimum of 2,000 hours of testing. The spacecraft was expected to last for at least five years—long enough to reach Jupiter and perform its mission.


title: Galileo (spacecraft)

text: On December 19, 1985, it departed the JPL in Pasadena, California, on the first leg of its journey, a road trip to the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Due to the Space Shuttle "Challenger" disaster, the May launch date could not be met. The mission was re-scheduled October 12, 1989. The "Galileo" spacecraft would be launched by the STS-34 mission in the . As the launch date of "Galileo" neared, anti-nuclear groups, concerned over what they perceived as an unacceptable risk to the public's safety from the plutonium in the "Galileo" radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) and General Purpose Heat Source (GPHS) modules, sought a court injunction prohibiting "Galileo" launch. RTGs were necessary for deep space probes because they had to fly distances from the Sun that made the use of solar energy impractical.


title: Galileo (spacecraft)

text: The launch was delayed twice more: by a faulty main engine controller that forced a postponement to October 17, and then by inclement weather, which necessitated a postponement to the following day, but this was not a concern since the launch window extended until November 21. "Atlantis" finally lifted off at 16:53:40 UTC on October 18, and went into a orbit. "Galileo" was successfully deployed at 00:15 UTC on October 19. Following the IUS burn, the "Galileo" spacecraft adopted its configuration for solo flight, and separated from the IUS at 01:06:53 UTC on October 19. The launch was perfect, and "Galileo" was soon headed towards Venus at over . "Atlantis" returned to Earth safely on October 23.


title: Galileo (spacecraft)

text: The CDH subsystem was actively redundant, with two parallel data system buses running at all times. Each data system bus (a.k.a. string) was composed of the same functional elements, consisting of multiplexers (MUX), high-level modules (HLM), low-level modules (LLM), power converters (PC), bulk memory (BUM), data management subsystem bulk memory (DBUM), timing chains (TC), phase locked loops (PLL), Golay coders (GC), hardware command decoders (HCD) and critical controllers (CRC).


title: Galileo (spacecraft)

text: The spacecraft was controlled by six RCA 1802 COSMAC microprocessor CPUs: four on the spun side and two on the despun side. Each CPU was clocked at about 1.6 MHz, and fabricated on sapphire (silicon on sapphire), which is a radiation-and static-hardened material ideal for spacecraft operation. This microprocessor was the first low-power CMOS processor chip, quite on a par with the 8-bit 6502 that was being built into the Apple II desktop computer at that time.


title: Galileo (spacecraft)

text: The Galileo Attitude and Articulation Control System (AACSE) was controlled by two Itek Advanced Technology Airborne Computers (ATAC), built using radiation-hardened 2901s. The AACSE could be reprogrammed in flight by sending the new program through the Command and Data Subsystem.


title: Galileo (spacecraft)

text: "Galileo" attitude control system software was written in the HAL/S programming language, also used in the Space Shuttle program.