title: 3D Realms

text: The other major project that 3D Realms was working on was "Duke Nukem Forever", the sequel to "Duke Nukem 3D". It was announced in 1997, and on May 6, 2009, its development was halted due to the development team being let go. According to Miller, the development was using up much of the company's funds as they struggled to bring in new 3D rendering technology for "Duke Nukem Forever", leading to the decision to cut their staff and sell the company The release date of the game was "when it's done." During the years of the development of the game, some outside developers have developed and published "Duke Nukem" spin-offs.


title: 3D Realms

text: On May 6, 2009, due to lack of funding, major staff cuts were initiated with the entire development team being laid off and other employees being given notice of their employment with the company being terminated. The company website briefly went offline on that day, but went back up soon afterwards. While there was no statement at that moment on the closure, apart from messages on the 3D Realms forum, a message appeared in the front page of the site, showing a group photo of the 3D Realms team, with the caption "Goodbye. Thanks for being fans and for all your support."


title: 3D Realms

text: It was reported on May 14, 2009 that Take-Two, holders of the publishing rights of "Duke Nukem Forever", filed a breach of contract suit against Apogee Software Ltd (3D Realms) over failing to deliver the aforementioned title. Take-Two Interactive asked for a restraining order and a preliminary injunction, to make 3D Realms keep the "Duke Nukem Forever" assets intact during proceedings.


title: 3D Realms

text: On May 18, 2009, 3D Realms key executives released the first full "press release" with their side of the developments. "3D Realms has not closed and is not closing. [...] Due to lack of funding, however, we are saddened to confirm that we let the "Duke Nukem Forever" development team go on May 6 [...] While [3D Realms] is a much smaller studio now, we will continue to operate as a company and continue to license and co-create games based upon the "Duke Nukem" franchise. [...] Take-Two's proposal was unacceptable to [3D Realms] for many reasons, including no upfront money, no guarantee minimum payment, and no guarantee to complete ["Duke Nukem Forever"]. [...] We viewed Take-Two as trying to acquire the "Duke Nukem" franchise in a "fire sale." [...] We believe Take-Two's lawsuit is without merit and merely a bully tactic to obtain ownership of the "Duke Nukem" franchise. We will vigorously defend ourselves against this publisher."


title: 3D Realms

text: On September 3, 2010, Take-Two Interactive announced that development of "Duke Nukem Forever" had been shifted over to Gearbox Software, effectively ending 3D Realms' association with the game after 12 years of stunted development. 3D Realms remained a co-developer on "Duke Nukem Forever", due to their involvement in developing most of the game. However, the rights and intellectual property were sold to Gearbox, who became the owners of the "Duke Nukem" franchise. 3D Realms retained certain rights to the "Duke Nukem" back catalogue, but transferred all rights to Gearbox Software in 2015.


title: 3D Realms

text: An external developer, Interceptor Entertainment, started work on a fan-project remake of "Duke Nukem 3D" in 2010. They received a limited authorization from Gearbox to proceed with the game, which was named "". However, after "Duke Nukem Forever"s release and negative reception in 2011, "Duke Nukem 3D: Reloaded" was put on hold indefinitely.


title: 3D Realms

text: In an interview conducted with Scott Miller in April 2011, Miller specified that 3D Realms was involved with several projects citing, "Yes, we have several projects underway, all fairly small—not any big console games. Once ["Duke Nukem Forever"] comes out we'll be definitely looking to invest into other projects, and maybe other up-n-coming ["sic"] teams who are blazing new trails on smaller platforms, like smart phones and XBLA. We have a long history of investing in young, unproven teams, going way back to Id Software, and including other notables like Parallax Software (we were the first studio to invest in "Descent"), and Remedy Entertainment ("Death Rally" and "Max Payne"). So, we like that model and will keep doing it in the future. We seem to have a good eye for unproven talent waiting for some experienced guidance and hard-to-find funding."


title: 3D Realms

text: In June 2013, 3D Realms sued Gearbox for unpaid royalties as well as unpaid money for selling the "Duke Nukem" intellectual property. The lawsuit was dropped in September 2013 with 3D Realms apologizing with an announcement that they had resolved any differences they had with Gearbox.


title: 3D Realms

text: 3D Realms has since sold the rights of some of its older titles, leading to several remakes. One of them, "Rise of the Triad", was developed by Interceptor Entertainment and published in 2013 by Apogee Software, LLC. Another remake, "Shadow Warrior", was developed by Flying Wild Hog and published by Devolver Digital in 2013.


title: 3D Realms

text: In February 2014, Gearbox sued 3D Realms, Interceptor Entertainment and Apogee Software for developing a new game called "Duke Nukem: Mass Destruction". Gearbox stated that it was still the rights holder of the "Duke Nukem" franchise, and permission had not been granted by them to develop the game. 3D Realms soon after released a statement admitting its wrongdoing. The lawsuit was settled in August 2015, with Gearbox stressing that it was still the lawful owner of the "Duke Nukem" intellectual property.


title: 3D Realms

text: On March 2, 2014, it was announced that SDN Invest, the part-owner of Interceptor Entertainment, had acquired 3D Realms for an undisclosed sum. Mike Nielsen, the founder and chairman of SDN Invest, became the new chief executive officer of 3D Realms. That December, 3D Realms relocated its headquarters to Aalborg, Denmark.


title: 3D Realms

text: In May 2014, 3D Realms revealed they were working on a new game called "Bombshell". The game was released on January 29, 2016.


title: 3D Realms

text: In 2017, 3D Realms announced a return to development with a ZOOM Platform partnership for "Shadow Stalkers", which was expected to come out in 2018 for PlayStation 4, PC, Mac, and Linux platforms. Bernie Stolar and Jordan Freeman of ZOOM Platform, Scott Miller of 3D Realms, and actor Pierce Brosnan have been linked to the project. No releases have been made, as of yet. However, voice recording footage and pictures, have been released by Freeman and ZOOM Platform. The aforementioned footage and pictures include actors and comedians Andy Dick, Bruce Dern, Christian Erickson, Rich Vos and singer Sebastian Bach. Release appears set for 2020 with no 3D Realms involvement.


title: 3D Realms

text: On February 28, 2018, 3D Realms announced the game "Ion Maiden", a prequel to "Bombshell", developed by Voidpoint and using Ken Silverman's Build Engine. In May 2019, the company was hit with a $2 million trademark infringement lawsuit by heavy metal group Iron Maiden who claimed "Ion Maiden" was "nearly identical to the Iron Maiden trademark in appearance, sound and overall commercial impression" and was "attempting to trade off on Iron Maiden’s notoriety." The company said it would "review its options once we receive official notice of the lawsuit and will make any necessary decisions at the appropriate time." In July 2019, 3D Realms and Voidpoint changed the name of "Ion Maiden" to "Ion Fury", in order to put an end to the lawsuit. "Ion Fury" was released on August 15, 2019.


title: 3D Realms

text: 3D Realms announced "Graven" as a spiritual successor to "Hexen II" in September 2020, to be released on major consoles and computers in 2021.


title: 3D Realms

text: In August 2021, Embracer Group announced that they acquired the company through Saber Interactive, which will be the parent company.


title: Lupe Ontiveros

text: Guadalupe Ontiveros ( Moreno; September 17, 1942 – July 26, 2012) was an American actress best known for portraying Rosalita in "The Goonies", and Yolanda Saldívar in the film "Selena". She acted in numerous films and television shows, often playing a maid or, near the end of her career, an all-knowing grandmother. She was nominated for an Emmy Award for her work on "Desperate Housewives" and received critical acclaim for her role in "Chuck & Buck", for which she won the National Board of Review award for Best Supporting Actress, and was also nominated for an Independent Spirit Award.


title: Lupe Ontiveros

text: Ontiveros was born in El Paso, Texas, the daughter of Luz "Lucita" Castañón and Juan Moreno, middle-class Mexican immigrants who overcame a lack of formal education to become owners of a tortilla factory and two restaurants in El Paso. She graduated from El Paso High School and went on to study at Texas Woman's University in Denton, Texas, where she received a bachelor's degree in social work. She was raised Roman Catholic.


title: Lupe Ontiveros

text: After her marriage, she and her husband moved to California to realize his dream of starting an automotive business. During a period of dissatisfaction with her career as a social worker, Ontiveros was trying to decide whether to go back to school for a nursing degree when she saw an article about a need for local film extras. With her husband's encouragement, she took the job and parlayed it into a long stage and screen career. Prior to acting, she had worked for 18 years as a social worker, and she continued as an activist with many of the same causes with which she worked in that profession, such as domestic violence prevention and AIDS awareness and prevention.


title: Lupe Ontiveros

text: Ontiveros once estimated that she had played a maid at least 150 times on stage and screen; she wanted to see more diverse roles available to Latina actors, noting "I'm proud to represent those hands that labor in this country. I've given every maid I've ever portrayed soul and heart." In part because of her history in this role, she was chosen as the narrator for the documentary "Maid in America".


title: Lupe Ontiveros

text: One of Ontiveros' most prominent early movie roles was in the 1983 Gregory Nava film "El Norte", in which she played a seamstress and maid who acts as mentor to a newly arrived immigrant girl from Guatemala. In a 2004 interview with the Dominican newspaper "Listin Diario", she called "El Norte" "the film that always will remain in me... [it] tells the immigrants' story" when asked to name her favorite film from her long career. She played the housekeeper, Rosalita, a Spanish maid hired to assist in the packing and moving of the Walsh family in the hit adventure film "The Goonies" (1985) and a housekeeper in "Dolly Dearest" (1992). She also had a cameo appearance in "Blood In Blood Out" (1993) as Carmen, a


title: Lupe Ontiveros

text: drug dealer who Paco (Benjamin Bratt) busts in an undercover cop sting while pretending to be a drug dealer.


title: Lupe Ontiveros

text: Ontiveros worked with Nava in subsequent films, including "My Family/Mi Familia" (1995) and "Selena" (1997). In the latter film she portrayed Yolanda Saldívar, the murderer of Tejano superstar Selena. Long after film was released, she would still reportedly be "hissed" at by Selena fans when she was out in public. She also appeared in the Academy Award-winning film "As Good as It Gets".


title: Lupe Ontiveros

text: In 2000 she was featured in the film "Chuck & Buck", in which she played Beverly, a tough theater director who puts on a play written by one of the film's main characters. She said in multiple interviews that she accepted the role even before seeing the script, solely on the basis of being asked to play a character who was not defined by Hispanic ethnicity. For that role, she was nominated for Best Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture at the 2000 Independent Spirit Awards.


title: Lupe Ontiveros

text: Ontiveros, during her acting career participated in the web series "Los Americans" (2011), which is characterized by having a multigenerational focus, a middle-class family living in Los Angeles. During the series, she participated with Esai Morales, Tony Plana, Yvonne DeLaRosa, JC Gonzalez, Raymond Cruz and Ana Villafañe.


title: Lupe Ontiveros

text: She co-starred with America Ferrera in the 2002 film "Real Women Have Curves", as the overbearing mother of Ferrera's character. Her performance received excellent reviews and earned her and her co-star a Special Jury Prize at the prestigious Sundance Film Festival. She and Ferrera appeared together again in the family comedy "Our Family Wedding". She continued to work in the studio and independent films, such as "This Christmas" in 2007 and "My Uncle Rafael" in 2012.


title: Lupe Ontiveros

text: Ontiveros had a recurring role in the 2004–05 season of American prime time soap opera series "Desperate Housewives" as Juanita Solis, Gabrielle's suspicious mother-in-law. She received an Emmy nomination as Best Guest Actress in a Comedy Series for this role. In 2004 she also began a role as Abuela Elena, the grandmother of the title characters in the animated PBS children's series "Maya & Miguel". The multicultural and bilingual series later introduced a deaf character, Marco, after a sign language-themed episode was suggested by the actress, who had two deaf adult sons.


title: Lupe Ontiveros

text: She was a star of the short-lived the WB's "Greetings from Tucson", playing the grandmother in an upwardly mobile family of mixed Irish and Mexican heritage. She also had recurring guest roles in the series "Veronica's Closet", for which she won an ALMA Award in 1998, and in the short-lived soap opera "Pasadena". She was a guest star in "Hill Street Blues", "Red Shoe Diaries", "Resurrection Blvd.", "Cory in the House" and "King of the Hill", among many other series.


title: Lupe Ontiveros

text: After deciding she wanted an acting career, Ontiveros began in earnest, following up full-day sessions at her first career with evening work at Nosotros, a community theater in Los Angeles. In 1978 she was cast as Dolores in Luis Valdez's historic play "Zoot Suit" in her first major theatrical role. She went on to reprise the role on Broadway—it was the first Mexican American theatrical production ever to play there—and in the 1982 film version. She was a founding member of the Latino Theater Company.


title: Lupe Ontiveros

text: In August 2006, the Kaiser Permanente insurance company announced that Ontiveros would be the featured presenter in a new health-education DVD to be available in English and Spanish. She promoted higher education for Latinos, through advertisements for the Hispanic Scholarship Fund in 2002 and through participation in a 2003 campaign to increase access to the 2004 Hispanic Scholarships Directory across southern California.


title: Lupe Ontiveros

text: Ontiveros and her husband, Elías Ontiveros, had three sons, Alejandro, Elias, and Nicholas. They resided in Pico Rivera, California.


title: Lupe Ontiveros

text: Ontiveros died on July 26, 2012, at Presbyterian Hospital in Whittier, California at the age of 69 after a battle with liver cancer. Her memorial was on August 2, 2012, which was attended by her co-actors Eva Longoria, Edward James Olmos and Wilmer Valderrama. Her funeral was the following day, where her casket was transported and buried at Rose Hills Memorial Park in Whittier.


title: Yusuf Demir

text: Yusuf Demir (; born 2 June 2003) is an Austrian professional footballer who plays as a winger for Turkish Süper Lig club Galatasaray and the Austria national team.


title: Yusuf Demir

text: Yusuf Demir was born on 2 June 2003, in Vienna, Austria, to Turkish parents, with his family roots in Trabzon, Turkey.


title: Yusuf Demir

text: On 26 May 2019, Demir signed a professional contract with Rapid Wien. Demir made his professional debut with Rapid Wien in a 3–0 league win over Admira on 14 December 2019. On 15 September 2020, Demir scored a goal for Rapid Wien in 2–1 defeat against Gent in the UEFA Champions League third qualifying round, at 17 years, three months and 13 days old, to become the youngest Austrian scorer since Gerd Wimmer in 1994, aged 17 years, ten months and 27 days.


title: Yusuf Demir

text: In July 2021, Barcelona announced the signing of Demir on a season-long loan from Rapid Wien for €500,000, with an option to make the move permanent in the future for a further €10 million, but if the player reached ten appearances the club would be obligated to activate it.


title: Yusuf Demir

text: On 23 August, 2021, Demir made his competitive debut against Athletic Bilbao. He came on as a replacement for Martin Braithwaite after 61 minutes, becoming Barça's youngest foreign debutant since Lionel Messi (aged 17 years and 114 days) did so in 2004.


title: Yusuf Demir

text: On 31 August 2021, Demir was registered by Barcelona to play in La Liga as a first-team player after he was previously set to be registered in the reserves. He was handed the number 11 jersey that was previously held by Ousmane Dembélé.


title: Yusuf Demir

text: On 8 September 2022, he signed a 4-year contract with Galatasaray. It has been announced that a transfer fee of €6,000,000 will be paid to the player's former team, Rapid Wien.


title: Yusuf Demir

text: Demir is a youth international for Austria. He debuted for the senior Austria national team in a 3–1 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification win over the Faroe Islands on 28 March 2021.


title: AfterMASH

text: AfterMASH is an American sitcom television series produced as the first spin-off (second overall) and a continuation of "M*A*S*H" that aired on CBS from September 26, 1983 to May 31, 1985. It was developed as the sequel series as it takes place immediately following the end of the Korean War and chronicles the postwar adventures of three main characters from the original series: Colonel Sherman T. Potter (played by Harry Morgan), Sergeant Maxwell Klinger (played by Jamie Farr) and Father John Mulcahy (played by William Christopher). "M*A*S*H" supporting cast-member Kellye Nakahara joined them, albeit off-camera, as the voice of the hospital's public address system. Rosalind Chao rounded out the starring cast as Soon-Lee Klinger, a Korean refugee whom Klinger met, fell in love with, and married in the "M*A*S*H" series finale "Goodbye, Farewell and Amen".


title: AfterMASH

text: In the one-hour pilot episode "September of '53"/"Together Again", Colonel Potter returned home from Korea to his wife Mildred (Barbara Townsend) in Hannibal, Missouri. He soon found physically enforced retirement stifling, and Mildred suggested he return to work. Potter was soon hired by the bombastic and bureaucratic hospital administrator Mike D'Angelo (John Chappell) as the chief of staff at General Pershing Veterans' Hospital ("General General"), located in a fictional version of River Bend, Missouri.


title: AfterMASH

text: Max Klinger had found himself in trouble with the law in Toledo. Colonel Potter wrote to him and offered him a job as his administrative assistant. Klinger's nemesis at General General was D'Angelo's executive secretary Alma Cox (Brandis Kemp), a mean-spirited woman who was forever trying to "get the goods" on him, from rifling through his desk to giving him just one day to prepare for a civil service exam, the latter of which, despite her underhanded efforts, he still manages to pass.


title: AfterMASH

text: Father Mulcahy, whose hearing was damaged in the final episode of "M*A*S*H", was suffering from depression and drinking heavily. Potter arranged for Mulcahy to receive an operation at another VA Hospital in St. Louis. After his hearing was surgically corrected, he stopped drinking and joined Potter and Klinger at "General General" as its Catholic chaplain.


title: AfterMASH

text: Also on hand was the idealistic, talented, and often hungry young resident surgeon Gene Pfeiffer (Jay O. Sanders), attractive secretary Bonnie Hornbeck (Wendy Schaal), who had an eye for Klinger, and old-timer Bob Scannell (Patrick Cranshaw) who served under then-Sergeant Potter in World War I and was now a hospital resident of 35 years (thanks to his exposure to mustard gas). Unlike the other patients and staff who addressed Potter by his retired rank of Colonel, Scannell called him "Sarge" at Potter's request.


title: AfterMASH

text: Halfway through the first season, Dr. Mark Boyer (David Ackroyd) was introduced as a hardened veteran who lost a leg in Korea and had a hard time adjusting to civilian life. Despite only having signed on for two episodes, his character began appearing more often toward the end of the season, so often that Dr. Pfeiffer was suddenly pulled from the cast after Dr. Boyer's debut episode.


title: AfterMASH

text: The only other main character from the original series to appear on "AfterMASH" was Radar (played by Gary Burghoff), who appeared in a first season two-part episode. As Potter, Klinger, and Mulcahy prepare to head to Iowa for Radar's wedding, Radar shows up in a panic at Potter's house in Missouri, believing his intended fiancée has cheated on him in "It Had to Be You". The Radar character later appeared in a pilot called "W*A*L*T*E*R", in which Radar moved from Iowa to St. Louis, after his wife left him on his wedding night, and he became a police officer. (The series was never picked up, and the pilot was aired in July 1984 as a TV special on CBS exclusively in the Eastern and Central time zones; the show was pre-empted in Pacific and Mountain time zones by the 1984 Democratic National Convention. The pilot/special was broadcast by CBS only once.)


title: AfterMASH

text: The season included home scenes with the Potters, most notably when they were deluged with guests in "Thanksgiving of '53", and Potter tried to keep the phone occupied so Klinger could not call his relatives, who were on the way over to surprise him; this episode also marked the only onscreen appearance of Potter's oft-mentioned daughter, Evvy Ennis, and Potter's grandson, Corey. One of the season's standout episodes was the Emmy-nominated "Fall Out", where Potter and Pfeiffer considered leaving General General, but reconsidered when they linked the leukemia seen in a patient with exposure to atomic testing; writer-director Larry Gelbart received a Peabody Award for this episode. The season closed in March with Klinger being arrested for assaulting a real estate agent as pregnant Soon Lee went into labor. In May, CBS announced the show was renewed for a second season.


title: AfterMASH

text: Season Two opened with Klinger escaping from the River Bend County Jail to attend the birth of his child and remaining a fugitive until a judge sent him to the psychiatric unit at General General, where Klinger feigned insanity to avoid prison and the Potters took in Soon Lee and the (as yet unnamed) baby. Mike D'Angelo was transferred to Montana and was replaced by smarmy new administrator Wally Wainwright (Peter Michael Goetz). Anne Pitoniak was brought in to replace Barbara Townsend as Mildred Potter. David Ackroyd was promoted to a regular cast member after multiple guest appearances in the second half of the first season. An attractive new psychiatrist, Dr. Lenore Dudziak (Wendy Girard), arrived to begin the daunting task of evaluating Klinger, while Potter was horrified that Wainwright assigned Alma Cox as his new secretary.


title: AfterMASH

text: Only a few of the characters both main and recurring from the original series were ever mentioned in the sequel series. Hawkeye was mentioned in a voice-over narration by Father John Mulcahy in the one-hour pilot episode. Major Frank Burns was mentioned both times by Colonel Sherman Potter, one in the first season episode "Chief of Staff" and another one in the second season episode. In a season 1 episode titled "Chief of Staff", Colonel Sherman Potter's office was redecorated with all of the items from the 4077th MASH unit including a portrait from the Season 10, Episode 21 of M*A*S*H titled "Picture This" and it would remain that way throughout the sequel series. In a season 2 episode called "Madness to His Method", Colonel Sherman Potter writes to Major Sidney Freedman who had accepted a post at the University of Chicago after leaving Korea and the army talking about the episode's situation to an unseen character. Edward Winter who played Colonel Samuel Flagg in the original series had resurfaced and reprised his role in a season 2 episode titled "Trials".


title: AfterMASH

text: While the AfterMASH was being produced and renewed for a second season, plans were made for Alan Alda and other actors from the original series to appear in the show as guest stars but it was canceled before the plans were finalized.<ref>


title: Horology

text: Horology (; related to Latin ""; ; , interfix "-o-", and suffix "-logy") is the study of the measurement of time. Clocks, watches, clockwork, sundials, hourglasses, clepsydras, timers, time recorders, marine chronometers, and atomic clocks are all examples of instruments used to measure time. In current usage, horology refers mainly to the study of mechanical time-keeping devices, while chronometry more broadly includes electronic devices that have largely supplanted mechanical clocks for the best accuracy and precision in time-keeping.


title: Horology

text: People interested in horology are called "horologists". That term is used both by people who deal professionally with timekeeping apparatuses (watchmakers, clockmakers), as well as aficionados and scholars of horology. Horology and horologists have numerous organizations, both professional associations and more scholarly societies. The largest horological membership organisation globally is the NAWCC, the National Association of Watch and Clock Collectors, which is USA based, but also has local chapters elsewhere.


title: Horology

text: There are many horology museums and several specialized libraries devoted to the subject. One example is the Royal Greenwich Observatory, which is also the source of the Prime Meridian (longitude 0° 0' 0"), and the home of the first marine timekeepers accurate enough to determine longitude (made by John Harrison). Other horological museums in the London area include the Clockmakers' Museum, which re-opened at the Science Museum in October 2015, the horological collections at the British Museum, the Science Museum (London), and the Wallace Collection. The Guildhall Library in London contains an extensive public collection on horology. In Upton, also in the United Kingdom, at the headquarters of the British Horological Institute, there is the Museum of Timekeeping. A more specialised museum of horology in the United Kingdom is the Cuckooland Museum in Cheshire, which hosts the world's largest collection of antique cuckoo clocks.


title: Horology

text: One of the more comprehensive museums dedicated to horology is the Musée international d'horlogerie, in La Chaux-de-Fonds in Switzerland, which contains a public library of horology. The Musée d'Horlogerie du Locle is smaller but located nearby. Other good horological libraries providing public access are at the Musée international d'horlogerie in Switzerland, at La Chaux-de-Fonds, and at Le Locle.


title: Horology

text: In France, Besançon has the Musée du Temps (Museum of Time) in the historic Palais Grenvelle. In Serpa and Évora, in Portugal, there is the Museu do Relógio. In Germany, there is the Deutsches Uhrenmuseum in Furtwangen im Schwarzwald, in the Black Forest, which contains a public library of horology.


title: Horology

text: The two leading specialised horological museums in North America are the National Watch and Clock Museum in Columbia, Pennsylvania, and the American Clock and Watch Museum in Bristol, Connecticut. Another museum dedicated to clocks is the Willard House and Clock Museum in Grafton, Massachusetts. One of the most comprehensive horological libraries open to the public is the National Watch and Clock Library in Columbia, Pennsylvania.


title: Whitaker family

text: The Whitaker family is an US-American family notable for its involvement in the life of Sicily. Benjamin Ingham set up a wine business in Marsala and his relative Joseph Whitaker expanded and diversified the business. Their story is told in Raleigh Trevelyan's 1972 "Princes Under the Volcano: Two Hundred Years of a British Dynasty in Sicily".


title: Whitaker family

text: Benjamin Ingham is considered the main source of the Whitaker family wealth and had sailed and arrived in Sicily in 1809, where he focused on manufacturing and exporting wool and wine. Considering that he had no children of his own, there was some speculation as to whom he would leave his fortune -it was not left to his eldest nephew, but to William and Joseph Whitaker. Luke Biondino, his youngest nephew would seek revenge.


title: Whitaker family

text: The family can be traced back in Palermo, Italy, to the 1820s when Benjamin Ingham (1784–1861) invited his Whitaker nephews to go into business with him. Joseph Whitaker (1850–1936) was the son of Joseph Whitaker senior (1802–1884). The younger Joseph was an archeologist, ornithologist, and a sportsman. Upon inheriting the Ingham Marsala wine business, Whitaker went on to inherit huge vineyards in addition to the Ingham's banking empire owned by his grandfather.


title: Whitaker family

text: Joseph Whitaker has been associated with a significant number of properties in Italy. The family is highly known for a fortune made in Sicily courtesy of producing and exporting Marsala wine.


title: Whitaker family

text: The Agave cultivation was another key initiative that generated great fortunes for Whitaker family in Italy. Joseph Whitaker introduced farming of unyielding Agave var. The plant is believed to have originated in Mexico and thus requires warm climate for maximum yield. This enabled the family to partner with various textile industries.


title: Whitaker family

text: Joseph Whitaker married Tina Scalia and the couple built Villa Malfitano in Palermo. His wife was General Scalia Alfonso's daughter who had traveled to Palermo few years before Risorgimento. One of their two daughters married General Antonino Di Giorgio who was a War minister in Italy and is remembered for fighting the First and Second Wars in Abyssinia. This indicates the family's deep roots in the upper ranks of Italian culture.


title: Whitaker family

text: The other great fortune owned by the family was the Villa Malfitano. Joseph and his wife were residents of Palermo where they erected Villa Malfitano, Art Nouveau designed. Despite being a 19th-century structure, Villa Malfitano currently preserves undamaged its priceless furnishings and valuable collections.


title: Whitaker family

text: The family members were equally aristocrats, signifying their difference from other people in Palermo.


title: Whitaker family

text: In the year 1871, both Benjamin Ingham and Joseph Whitaker declared their plan of building, jointly, a place of worship which reflected the type of worship that was being done in the Church of England for the purposes of serving the spiritual purposes for their fellow countrymen of Protestant denomination residing or touring Palermo. Both Benjamin Ingham's and Whitaker's families met all the church construction expenses. Following Joseph Whitaker's death, Joshua Whitaker, his son, inherited the patronage and interest of the church. Upon Joshua Whitaker's death, the mantle of leadership was given to his brother, eventually the patronage and interest of the church was passed to the Gibraltar Diocesan Trust.


title: Harold James Nicholson

text: Harold James Nicholson (born November 17, 1950) is a former Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) officer who was twice convicted of spying for Russia's Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR).


title: Harold James Nicholson

text: Nicholson's recruitment to the SVR appears to have occurred in the wake of a much-publicized arrest of the senior CIA officer and Moscow mole Aldrich Ames in February 1994 which, in the words of CIA veteran and author Tennent Bagley, had "exposed extraordinary slackness of CIA security procedures."


title: Harold James Nicholson

text: Harold James "Jim" Nicholson was born on November 17, 1950, in Woodburn, Oregon. The son of a career Air Force officer, Nicholson found it difficult to make friends, due to his innate shyness and the constant relocation of his father's change in duty station. He attended Desert High School at Edwards Air Force Base in California, from grades nine through eleven. His family moved again, and he attended grade twelve at Novato High School in Marin County, California, graduating in 1969. That was the same year the high school had been known for a massive sit-in protest against the Vietnam War, but Nicholson refused to participate, partly because few friends had invited him to participate to begin with but also out of respect for his father.


title: Harold James Nicholson

text: While attending Oregon State University, he met fellow student Laura Sue Cooper (born April 1, 1955) in a fencing class. While they both were shy people who formed an attachment, they had different outlooks on life. She later admitted she was a half-hippie who had some countercultural leanings and concerns against US involvement overseas, whereas he was taking Reserve Officers Training Corps classes in an attempt to go into his father's line of work. When Nicholson graduated OSU in 1973, he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Army. Cooper, who was younger, abandoned a possible return to school, in order to marry Nicholson and thus become an Army wife.


title: Harold James Nicholson

text: Nicholson was comfortable with Army life and performed well, as a captain and company commander in a US Army intelligence unit. He served in the "Screaming Eagles", the Army's 101st Airborne Division. His training in cryptography enabled him to acquire a staff position in Army intelligence.


title: Harold James Nicholson

text: His wife was unhappy with military life, and moving from post to post. After the birth of their first child, in 1978, Nicholson quit the Army and moved his family to Kansas City, Kansas, to work for Hallmark Cards. A year later, Nicholson was bored with this unchallenging new career.


title: Harold James Nicholson

text: Nicholson joined the CIA in October 1980, and entered a top-secret training program at Camp Peary, Virginia, and soon began to accept overseas postings and espionage assignments.


title: Harold James Nicholson

text: In his career with the CIA, Nicholson was assigned duties throughout the world. He worked for the CIA as an operations officer specializing in intelligence operations against foreign intelligence services, including the intelligence services of the USSR and later, the Russian Federation. From 1982 to 1985, he worked for the CIA in Manila, where he had direct contacts with targeted Soviet officials; from 1985 to 1987 he worked for the CIA in Bangkok, from 1987 to 1989 in Tokyo.


title: Harold James Nicholson

text: From 1990 to 1992, he was the CIA Chief of Station in Bucharest, Romania. At this point, Nicholson's personal family problems and his workaholic lifestyle raised red flags, and ensuring security concerns. John R. Davis Jr., who was U.S. Ambassador to Romania during the last three months of Nicholson's tenure remembers that he "wasn't keen" on having Nicholson remain at the embassy. A few years later, after Nicholson had committed espionage and been discovered, Davis said: "He must have had severe psychological problems to do what he did, having spent all those years on the side of the angels, then suddenly to flip like that." Although senior Embassy officials say they reported warnings to the CIA, the cautionary warnings, if received, were not heeded, because Nicholson was moved to another important overseas position, in Malaysia.


title: Harold James Nicholson

text: Despite Nicholson's career success, his personal life had suffered, as his constant reassignments weighed heavily on his wife and three children, eventually leading to a difficult divorce and a custody battle. Over a 23-year period, his family had moved 21 times. His workaholic habits meant that he skipped family vacations and was often away due to travel. The children were unhappy with the constant moves, from one foreign country to another, and their father's frequent absences. His wife was unhappy and embittered. Nicholson and Laura filed for a divorce in 1992, which was finalized in 1994. He was awarded custody of his three children, as the court-appointed guardian judged that their mother's continued anger at her husband negatively affected the children.


title: Harold James Nicholson

text: The CIA was aware that such personal problems were typical, given that senior CIA officers often put careers first and family second. Divorces were common amongst officers in their mid-forties. Because of his troubled personal life, officials feared he might be a candidate for recruitment by foreign intelligence agencies. During two years of great personal distress, from 1992 to 1994, Nicholson was the Deputy Chief of Station/Operations Officer in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The post may have appeared as a sort of promotion, as this was a larger station than Bucharest, and a position where he met with and targeted recruitment of Russian intelligence officers. As his wife was no longer present, any personal turmoil was less apparent to his superiors, and he was free to continue his relationship with a Thai girlfriend, whom he wished to marry. He began his espionage activities in June 1994.


title: Harold James Nicholson

text: From 1994 to July 1996, Nicholson worked as an instructor at the classified CIA's Special Training Center at Camp Peary, Virginia (also known as "The Farm"), teaching CIA trainees intelligence tradecraft. In July 1996, he was assigned as a branch chief in the Counterterrorism Center, Directorate of Operations, at CIA Headquarters in Langley, Virginia. That position carried a pay grade of GS-15, his salary being approximately US$73,000. It was discovered that the identities of trainees of the classes of 1994, 1995 and 1996 had been sold to the Russians, and many of these trainees were his own students.


title: Harold James Nicholson

text: An FBI affidavit submitted at Nicholson's first espionage trial suggests that, while in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia during 1992–1994, as Deputy Chief of Station/Operations Officer, Nicholson might have been recruited by the Russian intelligence service (SVR) while meeting with an officer of the Russian intelligence service in Kuala Lumpur on four occasions during his final months there; three of those meetings took place in the Russian Embassy in Kuala Lumpur. Those meetings were authorized by the CIA and reported by Nicholson. On June 30, 1994, one day after his last reported meeting with the SVR officer, financial records showed that $12,000 was wired into Nicholson's savings account at Selco Credit Union in Eugene, Oregon; the FBI was unable to trace this money to any legitimate source of income.


title: Harold James Nicholson

text: Nicholson later admitted to providing the Russian intelligence service with national defense information, including photographic negatives, between June 1994 and his arrest on November 16, 1996.


title: Harold James Nicholson

text: The FBI affidavit implies that the investigation of Nicholson's espionage for Russia was triggered following his failure of three polygraph examinations administered by CIA polygraphers as part of his routine security update in October and December 1995, when questions "Have you had unauthorized contact with a Foreign Intelligence Service?", "Since 1990, have you had contact with a Foreign Intelligence Service that you are trying to hide from the CIA?" revealed a high probability of deception or were marked as "inconclusive". The CIA examiner noted that Nicholson appeared to be trying to manipulate the test by taking deep breaths on the control questions, which he stopped after a verbal warning.


title: Harold James Nicholson

text: Another piece of information that linked Nicholson to his activities was that a US mole inside the FSB had informed the CIA that a top priority for Russian intelligence was to gather information on activities and movements of Chechen rebels. While an instructor at Langley, Nicholson had gone to CIA Headquarters and asked several CIA employees in the European section about information on Chechnya. Nicholson claimed the need to know was for an upcoming exercise with students. According to Langley leadership, there were no lessons on Chechen separatism. Requests for changes to the training program needed to be brought before a board of review, and Nicholson did not submit any proposed changes.


title: Harold James Nicholson

text: Nicholson was then placed under surveillance by the FBI. Nicholson was watched during his travels to Thailand, Malaysia and Singapore. During his time in Singapore, surveillance saw him get in a car registered to the Russian embassy. This meeting with Russian nationals was not authorized, nor did Nicholson report it to the CIA as required. Following this meeting, Nicholson returned to the United States where he was seen making a large cash deposit into his bank account, with which he both retired an outstanding car loan and transferred the remainder into three joint accounts that he held with his children. The FBI was unable to trace this cash to any legal source of income. The CIA assigned Nicholson to a management position in the counterterrorism branch at CIA Headquarters, while keeping a close eye on him. The CIA limited his access to information on Russian matters and Chechnya in particular, which were the primary subjects of interest to his Russian handlers. During his tenure at headquarters, he made a request to the office of technical services for a briefcase-type camera, which is often used to clandestinely copy documents.


title: Harold James Nicholson

text: The FBI also retrieved mail sent from Nicholson to his handlers from local public mailboxes, where he signed postcards with code words under the alias "Nevil R. Strachey." One postcard was written "I will not be in your neighborhood as expected, still the work is beneficial, I know you will find it very attractive", which was likely code words telling the SVR he had recently been rejected from a chief of station position he had applied for, instead getting a management job at CIA headquarters. Another postcard intercepted in the summer of 1996 stated "I hope you will be able to join me for a ski holiday this November. A bit early but it would fit into my schedule nicely", which was code words for meeting with the SVR in Switzerland in November ("a bit early" was likely code words that their meetings traditionally convened in December). That same month he was scheduled to travel to Europe on official CIA business to meet with European intelligence officers. Nicholson told the CIA he planned to take a personal vacation to Zurich afterwards. On November 16, 1996, the FBI arrested Nicholson at Dulles International Airport. He had a ticket to Zurich, a bundle of exposed film and a computer disk bearing classified information from CIA files. This included "information on the identities on the CIA Moscow chief and his staff, the identities and code names of CIA informants and the identities of CIA case officers." He said he planned to divulge knowledge the U.S. possessed concerning the intelligence and military capabilities of the Russian Federation."


title: Harold James Nicholson

text: Nicholson was convicted of selling US intelligence to Russia for $300,000 and was sentenced to 23 years 7 months of imprisonment on June 5, 1997. He did not get a life without parole or death sentence as prosecutors said he had cooperated fully with them after his arrest. Prosecutors believed that he had sold the identities of all US intelligence officers stationed in Russia, as well as the identities of his trainees at the CIA school. He told the court that he had intended for the money he received from the Russians to benefit his children.


title: Harold James Nicholson

text: Although his case received far less publicity than that of Aldrich Ames, and apparently caused less damage to US national security, Nicholson was said to be the highest ranking CIA official ever convicted of spying for a foreign power. In court, Nicholson stated he was inspired to commit espionage by looking at the case of Aldrich Ames, rather than being deterred by it. Nicholson noted Ames' professional sloppiness and that the investigation, while it ultimately caught him, had been laggard. Such a combination inspired Nicholson to believe his tradecraft was superior to Ames' and that he could elude detection.


title: Harold James Nicholson

text: At the end of 2008, Nicholson's youngest son Nathaniel was arrested; prosecutors said Jim Nicholson had used his son to collect more than $47,000 from Russian officials in Mexico, Peru, and Cyprus for past spy work: between December 2006 and December 2008 Nathaniel had met with representatives of the Russian Federation six times, including twice at a consulate in San Francisco. Jim Nicholson was pulled out of prison to plead in court on charges of conspiracy along with his son.


title: Harold James Nicholson

text: On January 18, 2011, Nicholson was sentenced to eight more years in prison, having pleaded guilty to charges of conspiracy to act as an agent of a foreign government and conspiracy to commit money laundering; five other charges had been dropped as part of the plea deal. Nathaniel Nicholson had been sentenced in December 2010 to five years on probation after making a deal with prosecutors to help build the case against his father.


title: Harold James Nicholson

text: Nicholson is currently incarcerated at the United States Penitentiary, Florence ADX, the federal supermax prison in Colorado, and is scheduled for release in 2023.


title: Three-card Monte

text: Three-card Monte – also known as Find the Lady and Three-card Trick – is a confidence game in which the victims, or "marks", are tricked into betting a sum of money, on the assumption that they can find the "money card" among three face-down playing cards. It is very similar to the shell game except that cards are used instead of shells.


title: Three-card Monte

text: In its full form, Three-card Monte is an example of a classic "short con" in which a shill pretends to conspire with the mark to cheat the dealer, while in fact doing the reverse. The mark has no chance whatsoever of winning, at any point in the game. In fact, anyone who is observed winning anything in the game can be presumed to be a shill.


title: Three-card Monte

text: To play Three-card Monte, a dealer places three cards face down on a table, usually on a cardboard box which provides the ability to set up and disappear quickly. The dealer shows that one of the cards is the target card, e.g., the queen of hearts, and then rearranges the cards quickly to confuse the player about which card is which. The player is then given an opportunity to select one of the three cards. If the player correctly identifies the target card, the player gets the amount bet (the "stake") back, plus the same amount again; otherwise, the stake is lost.


title: Three-card Monte

text: Since there are only three cards, the jack of spades and jack of clubs often complement the "money card", which is usually a queen. The queen is often a red card, typically the queen of hearts. Sometimes the ace of spades is used as the money card, since in some cultures the ace of spades is viewed as lucky, which might lure the mark into playing the game.


title: Three-card Monte

text: When the mark arrives at the Three-card Monte game, it is likely that a number of other players will be seen winning and losing money at the game. The people engaged in playing the game are often shills, confederates of the dealer who pretend to play so as to give the illusion of a straight gambling game.


title: Three-card Monte

text: As the mark watches the game, they are likely to notice that they can follow the queen more easily than the shills seem to be able to, which sets them up to believe that they can win the game.


title: Three-card Monte

text: Eventually, if the mark enters the game, they will be cheated through any number of methods. An example of a simple scheme involves a dealer and two shills:


title: Three-card Monte

text: While various moves have been devised for Monte, there is one basic move which is overwhelmingly used with virtually all Monte games. It has to do with the way the cards are held and tossed to the table. The dealer will pick up one of the cards with one hand, and two with the other. This is the key: although it appears that the dealer is tossing the lowermost card to the table, in actuality they can toss either the top or the bottom card at will. Thus, having done so, and while mixing up the cards, the mark will be following the wrong card from the beginning. The move, done properly, is undetectable. Even the shills pretending to play are often unaware of where the money card actually is without the dealer employing signals of various kinds to let them know where it is.


title: Three-card Monte

text: Inevitably, once in a while the mark will manage to find the right location of the card by pure chance. This presents no problem at all for the mob; if the mark picks the right card, one of the shills will simply post a higher bid, which the dealer immediately accepts, announcing that he will accept only the highest bid. In other words, the mark puts down money on the right card, at which point a shill will immediately place a double bet on top of the card, thereby winning the "right" to play that round. Of course, if the mark picks the wrong card, the dealer takes the bid and the money. The dealer will never accept a winning bid from a mark.


title: Three-card Monte

text: The psychology of the con is to increase the mark's confidence until they believe they have a special ability to cheat the dealer and win easy money. Everything the Monte mob does is geared towards creating that mindset in the mark. To increase the mark's motivation to bet, they will also employ standard strategies such as having the dealer be slightly abrasive or rude, so there is even more reason to want to take his money.


title: Three-card Monte

text: The "bent corner ploy" is one of the classic scams in Three-card Monte, and is used if the mob thinks a mark can be had for more money, or needs more convincing to put some money down. During the course of tossing the cards, the dealer "accidentally" drops the cards, resulting in a corner of the money card having a slight bend in it. Another variation is for the dealer to look away, and while occupied, one of the shills will quickly put the crimp in the money card. Either way, the dealer pretends not to notice, this perhaps being made more plausible by having the dealer wear thick glasses. Assuming the mark bets on the card with the bent corner, the dealer will tell the mark to turn it over (so there can be no accusations of card-switching), revealing that it is not the money card after all, but one of the loser cards. The dealer has, in the course of tossing the cards, unbent the money card and bent the loser card. In this variation, the mark will be even more reluctant to complain about having lost money, as doing so would reveal that he intended to cheat the dealer.


title: Three-card Monte

text: To show that nothing dishonest is being done with the selected card, the dealer does not even touch it, using one of the other cards to turn it over.


title: Three-card Monte

text: The Three-card Monte is performed in card magic tricks with minor or major variations that manipulate the use of gimmick cards, and other sleight-of-hand techniques.


title: Three-card Monte

text: In Canada, under section 206(1) of the Criminal Code, it is illegal to do the following in relation to Three-card Monte, which is mentioned by name:


title: Three-card Monte

text: Canada Bill Jones (1820–1877) was considered a master of Three-card Monte, in the middle of the 19th century in America.


title: Three-card Monte

text: In French-speaking countries, the game is known as . In Italy it is known as . In German-speaking countries, the game is known as .


title: Three-card Monte

text: In Uganda, it is known as . In Turkish, it is known as "Bul Karayı Al Parayı" 'Find the Black, Get the Money'. In Dutch, a similar game is known as ""Balletje Balletje"" in which the con artist moves three cups to hide one small rubber ball. This variation with cups and ball is also known as bola bola.


title: Standard atmosphere (unit)

text: The standard atmosphere (symbol: atm) is a unit of pressure defined as Pa. It is sometimes used as a "reference pressure" or "standard pressure". It is approximately equal to Earth's average atmospheric pressure at sea level.


title: Standard atmosphere (unit)

text: The standard atmosphere was originally defined as the pressure exerted by 760 mm of mercury at and standard gravity ("g" = ). It was used as a reference condition for physical and chemical properties, and was implicit in the definition of the Celsius temperature scale, which defined as the boiling point of water at this pressure. In 1954, the 10th General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) adopted "standard atmosphere" for general use and affirmed its definition of being precisely equal to dynes per square centimetre (). This defined both temperature and pressure independent of the properties of particular substance. In addition, the CGPM noted that there had been some misapprehension that it "led some physicists to believe that this definition of the standard atmosphere was valid only for accurate work in thermometry."


title: Standard atmosphere (unit)

text: In chemistry and in various industries, the reference pressure referred to in "standard temperature and pressure" was commonly but standards have since diverged; in 1982, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry recommended that for the purposes of specifying the physical properties of substances, "standard pressure" should be precisely .


title: Standard atmosphere (unit)

text: The ata unit is used in place of atm to indicate the total pressure of the system, compared to a vacuum. For example, an underwater pressure of 3 ata would mean that this pressure includes 1 atm of air pressure and thus 2 atm due to the water.


title: ...But Seriously

text: ...But Seriously is the fourth solo studio album by English drummer and singer-songwriter Phil Collins. It was released on 24 November 1989 in the United States by Atlantic Records and on 20 November 1989 in the United Kingdom by Virgin Records. After Collins finished touring commitments with the rock band Genesis in 1987, the group entered a four-year hiatus, during which Collins starred in the feature film "Buster" (1988). By the spring of 1989, Collins had written material for a new solo album, which addressed more serious lyrical themes, like socio-economic and political issues, as opposed to his previous dance-oriented album, "No Jacket Required" (1985).


title: ...But Seriously

text: "...But Seriously" was a huge commercial success worldwide, reaching No. 1 in the UK and the US for 15 and 4 non-consecutive weeks, respectively. It was the best-selling album of 1990 in the UK, eventually selling 2.75 million copies there and 4 million in the US. The lead single, "Another Day in Paradise", won a Grammy Award for Record of the Year. Collins supported the album with the Seriously, Live! World Tour in 1990. In 2016, the album was remastered with additional studio, live, and demo tracks, and updated artwork.


title: ...But Seriously

text: In July 1987, Collins finished touring commitments with the band Genesis and resumed his solo career. He had scored a series of hit singles with his previous solo album "No Jacket Required" (1985) and with Genesis on "Invisible Touch" (1986), and recognised this period as "severe danger of overkill" due to the high amount of radio airplay the songs had received. To combat this, Collins took a year out solely from music and accepted a lead role in "Buster" (1988), a romantic comedy film based on the Great Train Robbery. Collins recorded "Two Hearts" and "A Groovy Kind of Love" for the soundtrack, which led to his belief that people thought his songs had become "Very, very light. That wasn't where I was coming from." When he started work on his next solo album, Collins deliberately shifted styles by addressing more serious issues in his lyrics and songs with greater depth than the dance-oriented approach for "No Jacket Required". Some bits of music originated as far back as 1978.


title: ...But Seriously

text: "...But Seriously" was recorded between April and October 1989 at The Farm in Chiddingfold, Surrey and A&M Studios in Los Angeles, California. It was produced by Collins and Hugh Padgham, who had worked on his previous solo albums and with Genesis throughout the decade. The album saw Collins use a live drum kit in contrast with "No Jacket Required" which had greater use of a drum machine. He also prominently used keyboards and electric piano and fewer synthesisers. Collins made a conscious decision not to rely on vocal effects on the album as his previous recordings, including with Genesis, involved the use of a harmoniser and echo and he looked back on this as a way of hiding the perceived drawbacks he had about his singing. In the end, a small amount of reverb and delay for a slap echo effect were used.


title: ...But Seriously

text: Collins experienced difficulty in naming the album. The initial title was "Serious Business", before Collins decided against the potential connotations of business or corporations that it may have on the public. As the title suggests, the album is a change of pace from the lighter tone of Collins's previous work. Collins expanded his focus to the exploration of socio-economic and political themes. There is emotional turmoil underneath the polished studio production and many of the songs are unambiguous and unveiled in their melancholy. While incorporating political themes, "...But Seriously" does not abandon the theme of relationships. But unlike some of his earlier work, Collins takes a more mature and reflective approach when looking at the relationships in his life.


title: ...But Seriously

text: As with his previous albums Collins wrote the sleeve notes by hand because "that's all part of the personal statement"; the exception being "No Jacket Required". He wrote the text on the "Another Day in Paradise" single on the inbound from the album's European press trip in November 1989.


title: ...But Seriously

text: The album was a departure from the dance pop of the "No Jacket Required" album. Unlike "No Jacket Required", this album was a pop-rock album, but also included various styles and influences, like R&B, dance-pop, jazz, soul and gospel.


title: ...But Seriously

text: "Hang in Long Enough" was the opening of the album. This song was a dance-pop song, with influenced soul and rock. The song talks about ambition.


title: ...But Seriously

text: "That's Just the Way It Is" is an anti-war ballad about The Troubles in Northern Ireland and features David Crosby on backing vocals. Collins had wanted Crosby to perform on his first solo album "Face Value" (1981), but he was unavailable at the time. The two met at the Atlantic Records 40th Anniversary concert in 1988, and Crosby was keen to participate on the album. When recording moved to Los Angeles, Collins prepared several mixes of the songs that he wanted Crosby to sing on and recalled that Crosby "did exactly what I expected him to do [...] He just picked a few notes out of the air that I would never have thought of". The B-side to the single was "Broadway Chorus", the demo version of "Something Happened on the Way to Heaven".


title: ...But Seriously

text: "Do You Remember?" has lyrics from the perspective of a man whose relationship is failing due to his lover's neglect. It features Stephen Bishop on backing vocals.


title: ...But Seriously

text: "Something Happened on the Way to Heaven" was written by Collins and his longtime touring guitarist Daryl Stuermer. It was the last song written for the album and was originally for the Four Tops, but it was not delivered to the group as Collins wanted to keep it for himself by the time it was finished. While the song was being arranged in the studio in England, Stuermer had devised some chords for the chorus which resulted in Nathan East playing bass on the new parts as Sklar had left for the US.


title: ...But Seriously

text: "Colours" is a politically themed song condemning apartheid in South Africa and displays a progressive rock influence. It was originally titled "Oh Mr. Botha, What Can We Do?", a reference to the English music hall song "Oh! Mr Porter".


title: ...But Seriously

text: "I Wish It Would Rain Down" is a gospel-influenced track that Collins said is the closest he had come to writing a blues song. It features Eric Clapton on lead guitar.


title: ...But Seriously

text: "Another Day in Paradise" addresses the issue of homelessness. Its working title was "Homeless". Among the inspirational sources for the song was Collins's stay in Washington, D.C. while on tour and encountered homeless people by Capitol Hill trying to keep warm and the contradiction of the White House being so close by.


title: ...But Seriously

text: "Heat on the Street" is a political song about the abuse and violence in the street. The song was a Pop-Rock oriented sound.


title: ...But Seriously

text: Collins wrote in his autobiography "I'm Not Dead" that "All of My Life" is about his relationship with his late father and his regrets to not have more connection with him during his life. The song was a R&B jazz ballad influenced. Steve Winwood is featured playing the Hammond organ on the song.


title: ...But Seriously

text: The album also features a sole instrumental track, "Saturday Night and Sunday Morning", which recalls the jazz-influenced instrumentals featured on his first two albums, "Face Value" and "Hello, I Must Be Going".


title: ...But Seriously

text: In Canada, "Another Day in Paradise", "I Wish It Would Rain Down", "Do You Remember?", and "Something Happened on the Way to Heaven" reached No. 1.


title: ...But Seriously

text: In support of the album, Collins' embarked on a worldwide tour, called Seriously Live!. In total, there were 113 shows over 3 continents and it led to the release of a live album and video "Serious Hits... Live!".


title: ...But Seriously

text: Atlantic Records initially placed a sticker on the CD version that read "Two bonus tracks" which Collins disagreed with and clarified that they were "extra" songs. The sticker was changed accordingly.


title: ...But Seriously

text: At the 33rd Annual Grammy Awards "Another Day in Paradise" won the award for Record of the Year. "...But Seriously" received further nominations for Album of the Year, Producer of the Year (Non-Classical) and Best Engineered Recording – Non-Classical. "Another Day in Paradise" was further nominated for Song of the Year and Best Pop Vocal Performance, Male, while the instrumental piece "Saturday Night and Sunday Morning" was nominated for Best Pop Instrumental Performance.


title: ...But Seriously

text: "...But Seriously" received two American Music Awards for Favorite Pop/Rock Album and Favorite Pop/Rock Male Artist.


title: ...But Seriously

text: At the Brit Awards in 1990 "Another Day in Paradise" received the award for British Single, while Collins was named British Male Artist, for which he was nominated again a year later.


title: ...But Seriously

text: In the UK, "...But Seriously" spent 15 non-consecutive weeks at No. 1, including the whole competitive Christmas season, and at the end of 1989 became the third best-selling album of the year in the country after only six weeks on sale. It became the best-selling album of 1990 in the UK. "...But Seriously" also peaked at No. 1 on the US "Billboard" 200 for four weeks and became the second best-selling album of 1990 in the US, according to "Billboard". It was the last number one album of the 1980s and the first of the 1990s in the UK and in the US.


title: ...But Seriously

text: In Germany, it is the second best-selling album in the chart history of certified albums, and the best-selling album within the foreign repertoire.


title: ...But Seriously

text: The vinyl release features a rearranged track listing and is missing two tracks from the CD/cassette version, "Heat on the Street" and the instrumental "Saturday Night and Sunday Morning".


title: ...But Seriously

text: This listing applies only to original 1989 releases of the album. Vinyl releases of 2016 remaster feature all tracks and the same track listing as for CD and cassette releases, split between two discs, three tracks per side.


title: Maurice Cheeks

text: Maurice Edward Cheeks (born September 8, 1956) is an American professional basketball coach and former player who serves as assistant coach for the Chicago Bulls of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He has also served as head coach of the Portland Trail Blazers, Philadelphia 76ers and Detroit Pistons. Cheeks was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame as a player in 2018.


title: Maurice Cheeks

text: Cheeks was born in Chicago, and attended DuSable High School. He attended West Texas State University from 1974 to 1978. Cheeks was an all-Missouri Valley Conference player for three straight seasons, as he averaged 16.8 points per game and shot nearly 57% for his collegiate career. He is the third leading scorer in WTSU/WTAM history.


title: Maurice Cheeks

text: After college, Cheeks was selected as the 36th pick in the second round of the 1978 NBA draft by the Philadelphia 76ers. He played 15 years as a point guard in the NBA, including 11 with the Philadelphia 76ers, He earned four trips to the NBA All-Star Game, and he helped the 76ers to three trips to the NBA Finals in a four-year span in the early 1980s (1980, 1982, and 1983), including an NBA championship in 1983. While starting at point guard for a Sixers team that at times included stars Julius Erving, Moses Malone, Andrew Toney, and Charles Barkley, Cheeks was well regarded for his team play and defensive skills. He was named to four straight NBA All-Defensive squads from 1983 to 1986, and earned a spot on the second team in 1987.


title: Maurice Cheeks

text: Cheeks was selected with the 36th pick in the second round of the 1978 NBA draft by the Philadelphia 76ers. He had his best seasons with the 76ers. At the young age of 22 he gained a notable role on the 76ers, solidifying himself as the starting point guard and earning himself valuable minutes. The 76ers were also in playoff contention for every year that he was on the team except for the 1987–88 season. By his fifth year in the league, he was selected to his first All-Star appearance and had averaged 12.5 points, 6.9 assists, and 2.3 steals for the 1982–83 season. The 76ers also had the best season in this era, having a 65–17 record which is the second-best season record in the 76ers franchise history. They would go on to win the NBA championship that year, which was Cheeks' first and only championship. He would be an integral part of the 76ers for the rest of his time in Philadelphia, however the 76ers failed to repeat the level of success that they reached in the 1982–83 season. He would be selected to three more All-Star appearances from 1986 to 1988. In the 1986 playoffs he averaged a playoff career high 20.8 points throughout the whole postseason. In the 1986–87 season he would average a career high 15.6 points in what was considered the best season of his career. However the 76ers were no longer elite title contenders and lost in the first round in the 1987 playoffs. The following year they missed the playoffs in what was Cheeks' last all star appearance. Cheeks played one more season for the 76ers; they were back in the playoffs but got swept in the first round by the New York Knicks.


title: Maurice Cheeks

text: In the 1989 off-season the Philadelphia 76ers traded Maurice Cheeks, Chris Welp, and David Wingate to the San Antonio Spurs for Johnny Dawkins and Jay Vincent. At 33 years old, Cheeks was aging and in the twilight of his career but he still played well for the Spurs and averaged 10.9 points for his time in San Antonio. He played 50 games for the club and was the starting point guard. However he wasn't able to finish the 1989–90 season for the Spurs.


title: Maurice Cheeks

text: On February 21, 1990 Cheeks was traded to the New York Knicks for Rod Strickland. Cheeks played the remainder of the season in New York, averaging 7.9 points in 31 games for the franchise. The Knicks went 45–37 that year and made the 1990 playoffs, however they lost in the second round 1–4 to the Detroit Pistons. The following year the Knicks made the playoffs and were swept by the Bulls in the first round.


title: Maurice Cheeks

text: In the 1991 off-season the New York Knicks traded Maurice Cheeks to the Atlanta Hawks for Tim McCormick and a 1994 first round draft pick (which later became Charlie Ward). Cheeks' points average dropped drastically to 4.6 and he was no longer a starting calibre player. He became an unrestricted free agent in the 1992 off-season and did not re-sign with the Hawks.


title: Maurice Cheeks

text: In the second-to-last game of the 1991–92 season, while playing for the Atlanta Hawks against the visiting New York Knicks, Cheeks picked off four steals to surpass longtime Philadelphia teammate Julius Erving for the ABA and NBA steals record of 2,272. In the same game, teammate Kevin Willis set the Atlanta Hawks season record for rebounds.


title: Maurice Cheeks

text: On January 7, 1993 the New Jersey Nets signed Cheeks as a free agent. He averaged a career-low 3.6 points for the season and he only played 35 games for the franchise. The Nets reached the playoffs but lost in the first round 2–3 to the Cleveland Cavaliers.


title: Maurice Cheeks

text: After the season ended Cheeks became a free agent but never played in the NBA again. At 36 years old he retired from the NBA.


title: Maurice Cheeks

text: In NBA history, Cheeks ranks sixth in steals and eleventh in assists. Upon his retirement from the NBA in 1993, he was the NBA all-time leader in steals and fifth in assists. He averaged 11.7 points and over 2 steals per game for his career. In his rookie year, Cheeks averaged 4.1 steals per game in the 1979 NBA Playoffs, an NBA record for one playoff run.


title: Maurice Cheeks

text: After retirement, Cheeks spent one year coaching for the Continental Basketball Association’s Quad City Thunder, before becoming the 76ers assistant head coach in 1994. He coached under head coaches John Lucas (1994–96), Johnny Davis (1996–97), and Larry Brown, and he was an instrumental part of the Philadelphia team that reached the 2001 NBA Finals. In 2001, he was hired as Portland Trail Blazers head coach. He led the team to two playoff berths in four years as coach, but could not get past the first round. He was fired after a poor start to the 2004–05 campaign.


title: Maurice Cheeks

text: On April 25, 2003, during a game between the Trail Blazers and the Dallas Mavericks, Cheeks aided 13-year-old Natalie Gilbert in singing the American national anthem. After Gilbert forgot the words at "At the twilight's last gleaming", Cheeks rushed over to help her and they finished it together, as the entire Rose Garden Arena crowd sang with them. Cheeks and Gilbert received a standing ovation after the song was over.


title: Maurice Cheeks

text: In 2005, Cheeks was named as head coach of the 76ers. Cheeks was popular among Sixers fans because of his eleven-year tenure with the Sixers, during which he helped guide the Sixers to the 1983 NBA championship. The move was also praised by Sixers star Allen Iverson, who worked with Cheeks during his run as Sixers' Assistant Head Coach.


title: Maurice Cheeks

text: However, he missed the playoffs in each of his first two seasons. Frustrations began to grow with Sixers veterans Allen Iverson and Chris Webber, who were not happy with the team's direction. During the 2006–07 season, Iverson would be traded to the Nuggets and Webber would be released, leaving Cheeks with one of the youngest teams in the NBA. On February 20, 2007, the 76ers extended Cheeks' contract one year despite his losing record as coach.


title: Maurice Cheeks

text: At the beginning of the 2007–08 season, expectations were low and the 76ers were picked to finish last in the Conference by many prognosticators. However, the Sixers clinched a playoff berth with a win over the Atlanta Hawks on April 4, 2008. It was their first postseason appearance since 2005, as well as the first in the post-Iverson era. However, they were eliminated by the Detroit Pistons, 4–2. Even with this elimination, many fans considered this to be a successful season, considering that the Sixers were 12 games under .500 in early February and went on to have a 21–7 run that led them to the playoffs.


title: Maurice Cheeks

text: The Sixers started out the 2008–09 NBA season 9–14, despite their signing of Elton Brand and re-signing of Andre Iguodala during the off-season. Due to their slow start, the 76ers fired Cheeks on December 13, 2008.


title: Maurice Cheeks

text: On June 10, 2013, Cheeks agreed to become the head coach of the Detroit Pistons. On February 9, 2014, the Detroit Pistons relieved him of his head coaching duties and replaced him with John Loyer on an interim basis for the remainder of the season. The move came after owner Tom Gores suggested that the Pistons were "better than our record" and weren't playing "at their maximum"–a veiled criticism of Cheeks.


title: Maurice Cheeks

text: On November 14, 2020, Cheeks was hired by the Chicago Bulls as an assistant coach following the team's hiring of Billy Donovan.


title: Maurice Cheeks

text: On September 7, 2018, Cheeks was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame as a player.


title: Karishma Sharma

text: Karishma Lala Sharma (born 22 December 1993) is an Indian actress and model known for portraying Ragini in "", Aaina in "Ujda Chaman", Tina in "Pyaar Ka Punchnama 2" and Isha in "Hum - I'm Because of Us".


title: Dedrick D. Gobert

text: Dedrick Dwayne Gobert (November 25, 1971 – November 19, 1994) was an American film actor best known for his supporting role as Dooky in the 1991 film "Boyz n the Hood".


title: Dedrick D. Gobert

text: Gobert made his film debut in the 1991 John Singleton film "Boyz n the Hood". In the film, he portrayed the role of "Dooky", a friend of Darrin "Doughboy" Baker (Ice Cube). Gobert's character was noted for his ever-present pacifier. The character's pacifier has been cited as the origin of the pacifier trend that was popular among teenagers and young adults in the early 1990s (Flavor Flav, who wore one around his neck in a Public Enemy video, has also been cited as the originator).


title: Dedrick D. Gobert

text: He followed with supporting roles in two other Singleton-directed films: "Poetic Justice" (1993) and "Higher Learning" (1995), which were released after his death.


title: Dedrick D. Gobert

text: On November 19, 1994 (six days before his 23rd birthday), Gobert was fatally shot during a fight with several gang members in Mira Loma, California. The shooting occurred shortly after Gobert attended an illegal drag race in Mira Loma. Gobert's friend, 19-year-old Ignacio Hernandez, who was a participant in the race, was also fatally shot when he attempted to shield Gobert during the fight. Gobert's girlfriend Jenny Hyon was shot in the right side of the neck but survived. The bullet was later removed but damaged her spinal cord and left her paralyzed from the neck down.


title: Dedrick D. Gobert

text: On December 12, 1994, police arrested 22-year-old Sonny Enraca based on information they received from a witness at the shooting scene. Enraca, a Philippine national who had lived in the United States for eight years, was a member of the Akrho Boyz Crazzy (ABC) gang, an affiliate of the Bloods. Enraca initially denied involvement in the shootings but confessed soon after being arrested. On May 5, 1999, a jury found Sonny Enraca guilty of two counts of first-degree murder with a multiple-murder special circumstance finding and assault with a deadly weapon with intent to cause great bodily injury. On May 12, Enraca was sentenced to death.


title: Dedrick D. Gobert

text: Gov. Gavin Newsom signed a sweeping order in March 2019 putting an executive moratorium on California's death penalty, thus ordering a reprieve for the 737 people on death row. Sonny Enraca is one of the inmates.


title: The Mountain

text: The Mountain () was a political group during the French Revolution. Its members, called the Montagnards (), sat on the highest benches in the National Convention.


title: The Mountain

text: They were the most radical group and opposed the Girondins. The term, first used during a session of the Legislative Assembly, came into general use in 1793. By the summer of 1793, that pair of opposed minority groups divided the National Convention. That year, the Montagnards were influential in what is commonly known as the Reign of Terror.


title: The Mountain

text: The Mountain was composed mainly of members of the middle class, but represented the constituencies of Paris. As such, the Mountain was sensitive to the motivations of the city and responded strongly to demands from the working class sans-culottes. The Mountain operated on the belief that what was best for Paris would be best for all of France. Although they attempted some rural land reform, most of it was never enacted and they generally focused on the needs of the urban poor over that of rural France.


title: The Mountain

text: The Girondins were a moderate political faction created during the Legislative Assembly period. They were the political opponents of the more radical representatives within the Mountain. The Girondins had wanted to avoid the execution of Louis XVI and supported a constitution which would have allowed a popular vote to overturn legislation. The Mountain accused the Girondins of plotting against Paris because this caveat within the proposed constitution would have allowed rural areas of France to vote against legislation that benefits Paris, the main constituency of the Mountain. However, the real discord in the Convention occurred not between the Mountain and the Gironde, but between the aggressive antics of the minority of the Mountain and the rest of the Convention.


title: The Mountain

text: The Mountain was not unified as a party and relied on leaders like Maximilien Robespierre, Georges Danton and Jacques Hébert, who themselves came to represent different factions. Hébert, a journalist, gained a following as a radical patriot Montagnard (members who identified with him became known as the Hébertists) while Danton led a more moderate faction of the Mountain (followers came to be known as Dantonists). Regardless of the divisions, the nightly sessions of the Jacobin club, which met in the rue Saint-Honoré, can be considered to be a type of caucus for the Mountain. In June 1793, the Mountain successfully ousted most of the moderate Gironde members of the Convention with the assistance of radical sans-culottes.


title: The Mountain

text: Following their coup, the Mountain, led by Hérault de Séchelles, quickly began construction on a new constitution which was completed eight days later. The Committee of Public Safety reported the constitution to the Convention on 10 June and a final draft was adopted on 24 June. The process occurred quickly because as Robespierre, a prominent member of the Mountain, announced on 10 June the "good citizens demanded a constitution" and the "Constitution will be the reply of patriotic deputies, for it is the work of the Mountain". However, this constitution was never actually enacted. The Constitution of 1793 was delayed due to the situation in the war, and due to the Thermidorian Reaction that purged much of the government, it was eventually abandoned.


title: The Mountain

text: It is difficult to pinpoint the conception of the Montagnard group because the lines which defined it were themselves quite nebulous early on. Originally, members of The Mountain were the men who sat in the highest rows of the Jacobin Clubs, loosely organized political debate clubs open to the public. Though members of the Montagnards were known for their commitment to radical political resolutions prior to 1793, the contours of political groups presented an ever-evolving reality that shifted in response to events. Would-be prominent Montagnard leaders like Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet and Jean Bon Saint-André were tempted by early Girondin proposals and soon many moderates—even anti-radicals—felt the need to push for radical endeavors in light of threats both within and without the country. It was only after the trial of Louis XVI in December 1792, which united the Montagnards on a position of regicide, that the ideals and power of the group fully consolidated.


title: The Mountain

text: The rise of Montagnards corresponds to the fall of the Girondins. The Girondins hesitated on the correct course of action to take with Louis XVI after his attempt to flee France on 20 June 1791. Some of the Girondins believed they could use the king as figurehead. While the Girondins hesitated, the Montagnards took a united stand during the trial in December 1792–January 1793 and favored the king's execution.


title: The Mountain

text: Riding on this victory, the Montagnards then sought to discredit the Girondins. They used tactics previously employed by the Girondins to denounce them as liars and enemies of the Revolution. They also formed a legislative committee in which Nicolas Hentz proposed a limitation of inheritances, gaining more support for the Montagnards. Girondin members were subsequently banned from the Jacobin club and excluded from the National Convention on 31 May2 June 1793.


title: The Mountain

text: Through attempted land redistribution policies, the Mountain showed some support for the rural poor. In August 1793, Montagnard member Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès drafted a piece of legislation which dealt with agricultural reform; in particular, he urged "relief from rent following harvest loss, compensation for improvements and fixity of tenure". This was in part to combat restlessness of share-croppers in the southwest. This draft never made it into law, but the drastic reforms suggest the Mountain's awareness of the need to please their base of support, both the rural and urban poor.


title: The Mountain

text: Other policies aimed at supporting the poor included price controls enacted by the Mountain in 1793. This law, called the General Maximum, was supported by a group of agitators within the Mountain known as the Enragés. It fixed prices and wages throughout France. At the same time, bread prices were rising as the commodity became scarce, and in an initiative spearheaded by Collot d'Herbois and Billaud-Varenne, a law was enacted in July 1793 that forbade the hoarding of "daily necessities". The hoarding of grain became a crime punishable by death.


title: The Mountain

text: Other economic policies enacted by the Mountain included an embargo on the export of French goods. As a result of this embargo, France was essentially unable to trade with foreign markets and the import of goods effectively ended. In theory, this protected French markets from foreign goods and required French people to support French goods. In addition to the embargo against foreign goods, Act 1651, passed by the Mountain in October 1793, further isolated France from the rest of Europe by forbidding any foreign vessels from trading along the French coast.


title: The Mountain

text: The Mountain also enacted policies restricting and granting religious freedom. These policies varied but began with a ban on religion, allowing only for "the worship of Reason" in 1793 and progressing to religious freedom with the separation of Church and State in 1795.


title: The Mountain

text: The fall and exclusion of the Montagnards from the National Convention began with the collapse of the Revolution's radical phase and the death of Robespierre on 10 Thermidor (28 July 1794). While the Montagnards celebrated unity, there was growing heterogeneity within the group as Robespierre and his Committee of Public Safety overextended themselves with their tight control over the military and their extreme opposition to corruption in the government. Their overextension drew the ire of other revolutionary leaders and a number of plots coalesced on 9 Thermidor (Thermidorian Reaction) when collaborators with the more moderate group the Dantonists acted in response to fears that Robespierre planned to execute them.


title: The Mountain

text: The purge of Robespierre was strongly similar to previous measures employed by the Montagnards to expel factions, such as the Girondins. However, as Robespierre was widely considered the heart of the Montagnards, his death symbolized their collapse. Few desired to take on the name of Montagnards afterwards, leaving around only about 100 men. Finally, at the end of 1794 the Mountain largely devolved into a group called The Crest (), which lacked any real power.


title: The Mountain

text: The Mountain was born in 1792, with the merger of two prominent left-wing clubs: the Jacobins and Cordeliers. The Jacobins were initially moderate republicans and the Cordeliers were radical populist. In late 1792, Danton and his supporters wanted a reconciliation with the Girondins, which caused a break with Robespierre. After the trial of Girondins in 1793, Danton became strongly moderate while Robespierre continued his authoritarian policies.


title: The Mountain

text: The moderates of Danton were also rival to the followers of Jacques Hébert who wanted the persecution of all non-Montagnards and the dechristianisation of France. When Robespierre eliminated first the Hébertists (March 1794) and then the Dantonistes (April 1794), his group ruled The Mountain. This was until the Thermidorian Reaction, when several conspirators supported by The Plain instituted a coup d'état. They executed Robespierre and his supporters and split from The Mountain to form the Thermidorian Left. The Montagnards that survived were arrested, executed or deported. By 1795 the Mountain had effectively been obliterated.


title: Section modulus

text: Section modulus is a geometric property for a given cross-section used in the design of beams or flexural members. Other geometric properties used in design include area for tension and shear, radius of gyration for compression, and second moment of area and polar second moment of area for stiffness. Any relationship between these properties is highly dependent on the shape in question. Equations for the section moduli of common shapes are given below. There are two types of section moduli, the elastic section modulus and the plastic section modulus. The section moduli of different profiles can also be found as numerical values for common profiles in tables listing properties of such.


title: Section modulus

text: North American and British/Australian convention reverse the usage of "S" & "Z". Elastic modulus is "S" in North America, but "Z" in Britain/Australia, and vice versa for the plastic modulus. Eurocode 3 (EN 1993 - Steel Design) resolves this by using "W" for both, but distinguishes between them by the use of subscripts - "W" and "W".


title: Section modulus

text: For general design, the elastic section modulus is used, applicable up to the yield point for most metals and other common materials.


title: Section modulus

text: The elastic section modulus is defined as "S" = "I" / "y", where "I" is the second moment of area (or area moment of inertia, not to be confused with moment of inertia) and "y" is the distance from the neutral axis to any given fibre. It is often reported using "y" = "c", where "c" is the distance from the neutral axis to the most extreme fibre, as seen in the table below. It is also often used to determine the yield moment ("M") such that "M" = "S" ⋅ "σ", where "σ" is the yield strength of the material.


title: Section modulus

text: The plastic section modulus is used for materials where elastic yielding is acceptable and plastic behavior is assumed to be an acceptable limit. Designs generally strive to ultimately remain below the plastic limit to avoid permanent deformations, often comparing the plastic capacity against amplified forces or stresses.


title: Section modulus

text: The plastic section modulus depends on the location of the plastic neutral axis (PNA).The PNA is defined as the axis that splits the cross section such that the compression force from the area in compression equals the tension force from the area in tension. So, for sections with constant, and equal compressive and tensile yielding stress, the area above and below the PNA will be equal, but for composite sections, this is not necessarily the case.


title: Section modulus

text: The plastic section modulus is the sum of the areas of the cross section on each side of the PNA (which may or may not be equal) multiplied by the distance from the local centroids of the two areas to the PNA:


title: Section modulus

text: The Plastic Section Modulus is not the 'First moment of area'. Both relate to the calculation of the centroid, but Plastic Section Modulus is the Sum of all areas on both sides of PNA (Plastic Neutral Axis) and multiplied with the distances from the centroid of the corresponding areas to the centroid of the cross section, while the First moment of area is calculated based on either side of the "considering point" of the cross section and it is different along the cross section and depends on the point of consideration.


title: Section modulus

text: The plastic section modulus is used to calculate the plastic moment, "M", or full capacity of a cross-section. The two terms are related by the yield strength of the material in question, "F", by "M" = "F" ⋅ "Z". Plastic section modulus and elastic section modulus are related by a shape factor which can be denoted by "k", used for an indication of capacity beyond elastic limit of material. This could be shown mathematically with the formula :-


title: Section modulus

text: Though generally section modulus is calculated for the extreme tensile or compressive fibres in a bending beam, often compression is the most critical case due to onset of flexural torsional (F/T) buckling. Generally (except for brittle materials like concrete) tensile extreme fibres have a higher allowable stress or capacity than compressive fibres.


title: Section modulus

text: In the case of T-sections if there are tensile fibres at the bottom of the T they may still be more critical than the compressive fibres at the top due to a generally much larger distance from the neutral axis so despite having a higher allowable stress the elastic section modulus is also lower. In this case F/T buckling must still be assessed as the beam length and restraints may result in reduced compressive member bending allowable stress or capacity.


title: Section modulus

text: There may also be a number of different critical cases that require consideration, such as there being different values for orthogonal and principal axes and in the case of unequal angle sections in the principal axes there is a section modulus for each corner.


title: Section modulus

text: For a conservative (safe) design, civil structural engineers are often concerned with the combination of the highest load (tensile or compressive) and lowest elastic section modulus for a given section station along a beam, although if the loading is well understood one can take advantage of different section modulus for tension and compression to get more out of the design. For aeronautical and space applications where designs must be much less conservative for weight saving, structural testing is often required to ensure safety as reliance on structural analysis alone is more difficult (and expensive) to justify.


title: Mike White (quarterback)

text: Mike White (born March 25, 1995) is an American football quarterback for the New York Jets of the National Football League (NFL). He played his first two years of college football at South Florida and his last two at Western Kentucky. White was selected in the fifth round of the 2018 NFL Draft by the Dallas Cowboys, where he spent one season, before joining the Jets the following year. A backup during his first three seasons, White did not see any playing time until 2021 in relief of injured starter Zach Wilson. He later replaced Wilson as the starter near the end of the 2022 season.


title: Mike White (quarterback)

text: White attended NSU University School in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. He did not become a starter at quarterback until his senior season, passing for 2,201 yards, 22 touchdowns and two interceptions and led his team to victory in the 3A state championship. He was named Class 3A Florida Player of the Year. He committed to the University of South Florida (USF) to play college football.


title: Mike White (quarterback)

text: White was also a highly regarded baseball pitcher. He had a 9–2 win–loss record with a 0.43 earned run average and received All-Broward County honors as a junior.


title: Mike White (quarterback)

text: White started five games as a true freshman at South Florida in 2013, but struggled, only completing 93 of 175 passes for 1,083 yards with three touchdowns and 9 interceptions.


title: Mike White (quarterback)

text: Prior to his sophomore season in 2014, he was named the starting quarterback. In 10 starts, he completed 122 of 242 passes for 1,639 yards, eight touchdowns, and seven interceptions.


title: Mike White (quarterback)

text: In 2015, White transferred to Western Kentucky University after South Florida head coach Willie Taggart switched from a pro-style attack to a spread offense. He missed the entire 2015 season due to NCAA transfer rules. White was named the starting quarterback to open the 2016 season, taking over after Brandon Doughty graduated. He started all 14 games, completing 280 of 416 passes for 4,363 yards with 37 touchdowns and seven interceptions. He compiled impressive stats despite sitting out in the second halves of different games.


title: Mike White (quarterback)

text: He returned as the starter his senior year in 2017, completing 368 of 560 passes for 4,177 yards, 26 touchdowns, and eight interceptions.


title: Mike White (quarterback)

text: White accepted his invitation to play in the 2018 Senior Bowl. On January 27, 2018, White completed 8 of 11 pass attempts for 128-yards and two touchdowns as part of Houston Texans head coach Bill O'Brien's South team that defeated the North 45–16 in the 2018 Senior Bowl. White significantly helped his draft stock with his Senior Bowl performance.


title: Mike White (quarterback)

text: He attended the NFL Scouting Combine in Indianapolis and completed all of the combine and positional drills. His draft rise was hampered by his overall performance after he put up some of the lowest marks among all quarterbacks in combine drills. On March 30, 2018, White participated at Western Kentucky's pro day, but opted to stand on his combine numbers and only performed positional and passing drills. He attended a pre-draft visits with the Indianapolis Colts, Tennessee Titans, and Miami Dolphins and also performed a private workout for the New England Patriots. At the conclusion of the pre-draft process, White was projected to be a third or fourth round pick by the majority of NFL draft experts and scouts. He was ranked the eighth best quarterback prospect in the draft by DraftScout.com and was ranked the ninth best quarterback by Scouts Inc.


title: Mike White (quarterback)

text: The Dallas Cowboys selected White in the fifth round (171st overall) of the 2018 NFL Draft. White was the eighth quarterback drafted in 2018. He became the second Western Kentucky quarterback to be drafted into the NFL and surpassed Brandon Doughty (2016) as the highest drafted quarterback from Western Kentucky.


title: Mike White (quarterback)

text: On May 12, 2018, the Dallas Cowboys signed White to a four-year, $2.67 million contract that included a signing bonus of $217,553. He made the team as the third-string quarterback.


title: Mike White (quarterback)

text: In 2019, he was given the opportunity to compete during the preseason for the backup job behind Dak Prescott. On August 31, White was waived after the team decided to carry just two quarterbacks on the regular season roster. The Cowboys opted not to add him to the practice squad, choosing instead to sign rookie quarterback Clayton Thorson.


title: Mike White (quarterback)

text: On September 25, 2019, White was signed to the New York Jets practice squad. He signed a reserve/future contract with the Jets on December 30, 2019.


title: Mike White (quarterback)

text: On September 5, 2020, White was waived by the Jets and signed to the practice squad the next day. He was promoted to the active roster on September 12, 2020. He was waived on October 1, 2020, and re-signed to the practice squad four days later. He was elevated to the active roster on October 10 and October 17 for the team's weeks 5 and 6 games against the Arizona Cardinals and Miami Dolphins, and reverted to the practice squad after each game. He was promoted to the active roster on November 9. He was waived again on November 10, and re-signed to the practice squad again the next day. He was promoted to the active roster again on November 21. He was waived again on November 23, and re-signed to the practice squad again the next day. He signed a reserve/future contract with the Jets on January 4, 2021.