title: Ground zero

text: In relation to nuclear explosions and other large bombs, ground zero (also called surface zero) is the point on the Earth's surface closest to a detonation. In the case of an explosion above the ground, "ground zero" is the point on the ground directly below the nuclear detonation and is sometimes called the hypocenter ().


title: Ground zero

text: Generally, the terms "ground zero" and "surface zero" are also used in relation to earthquakes, epidemics, and other disasters to mark the point of the most severe damage or destruction. The term is distinguished from the term zero point in that the latter can also be located in the air, underground, or underwater.


title: Ground zero

text: The origins of the term "ground zero" began with the Trinity test in Jornada del Muerto desert near Socorro, New Mexico, and the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan. The United States Strategic Bombing Survey of the atomic attacks, released in June 1946, used the term liberally, defining it as: "For convenience, the term 'ground zero' will be used to designate the point on the ground directly beneath the point of detonation, or 'air zero.'" William Laurence, an embedded reporter with the Manhattan Project, reported that "Zero" was "the code name given to the spot chosen for the [Trinity] test" in 1945.


title: Ground zero

text: The "Oxford English Dictionary", citing the use of the term in a 1946 "New York Times" report on the destroyed city of Hiroshima, defines "ground zero" as "that part of the ground situated immediately under an exploding bomb, especially an atomic one."


title: Ground zero

text: The term was military slang, used at the Trinity site where the weapon tower for the first nuclear weapon was at "point zero", and moved into general use very shortly after the end of World War II. At Hiroshima, the hypocenter of the attack was Shima Hospital, approximately away from the intended aiming point at Aioi Bridge.


title: Ground zero

text: During the Cold War, The Pentagon, the headquarters of the United States Department of Defense in Arlington County, Virginia, was an assured target in the event of nuclear war. The open space in the center of the Pentagon became known informally as ground zero. A snack bar that used to be located at the center of this open space was nicknamed "Cafe Ground Zero".


title: Ground zero

text: During the September 11 attacks in 2001, two aircraft hijacked by 10 al-Qaeda terrorists flew into the North and South Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, causing massive damage and starting fires that caused the weakened 110-story skyscrapers to collapse. The destroyed World Trade Center site soon became known as "ground zero". Rescue workers also used the phrase "The Pile", referring to the pile of rubble that was left after the buildings collapsed.


title: Ground zero

text: Even after the site was cleaned up and construction on the new One World Trade Center and the National September 11 Memorial & Museum were well under way, the term was still frequently used to refer to the site, as when opponents of the Park51 project that was to be located two blocks away from the site labeled it the "Ground Zero mosque".


title: Ground zero

text: In advance of the 10th anniversary of the attacks, New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg urged that the "ground zero" moniker be retired, saying, "…the time has come to call those what they are: The World Trade Center and the National September 11th Memorial and Museum."


title: Chico and the Man

text: Chico and the Man is an American sitcom television series that aired on NBC for four seasons from September 13, 1974, to July 21, 1978. It stars Jack Albertson as Ed Brown (the Man), the cantankerous owner of a run-down garage in an East Los Angeles barrio, and Freddie Prinze (until Prinze's suicide in the third season) as Chico Rodriguez, an upbeat, optimistic young Mexican who comes in looking for a job. It was the first U.S. television series set in a Mexican-American neighborhood.


title: Chico and the Man

text: Comedians Cheech Marin and Tommy Chong (better known as the comedic duo Cheech & Chong) have stated that series creator James Komack followed the comedians on tour for three months; Chong wrote in his 2009 book "Cheech & Chong: The Unauthorized Autobiography" that Komack based the show on Cheech and Chong skits titled "The Old Man in the Park" and "Pedro and Man" and had acknowledged that fact to Chong after the television series' release. Cheech and Chong have both stated that Komack had originally approached them to star in the show, but they turned down the offer, preferring to stick to films.


title: Chico and the Man

text: Komack told the Associated Press that he first tried working with Cheech and Chong on a show about a Chicano and a Nisei. Komack said he decided to make the show about a young Chicano and a "seventh-generation WASP" after he and the comedy team "couldn't get it together".


title: Chico and the Man

text: The show was created by James Komack, who produced other successful TV shows such as "The Courtship of Eddie's Father" and "Welcome Back, Kotter". NBC suggested someone like Jack Albertson as Ed/"The Man", and Komack approached him. Though not impressed with the pilot script, Albertson agreed on the trust of Komack's reputation. Freddie Prinze was discovered by Komack who received a recommendation from a friend who saw Prinze's appearance on "The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson" in December 1973. Komack thought he would be perfect for the role of Chico Rodriguez. Though initially rejected by NBC executives, he stood out against two other finalists in testing.


title: Chico and the Man

text: A hard-drinking Anglo widower, Ed stubbornly refuses to fit in with the changing East L.A. neighborhood and has alienated most of the people who live around him. He uses ethnic slurs and berates Chico, a Latino, in an effort to get him to leave when Chico comes looking for a job. Yet Chico sees something in Ed, and sneaks back in at night to clean up the garage and move into an old van that Ed has parked inside. As Ed sees all the effort Chico has put in, he begins to warm up to Chico. Over the course of the show, Ed grows to see Chico as family, although Ed denies this on several occasions.


title: Chico and the Man

text: The chemistry between Jack Albertson's "Ed" and Freddie Prinze's "Chico" was a major factor in making the show a hit in its first two seasons. It debuted in the top 10 and remained in the top 30 for its second season.


title: Chico and the Man

text: As the show progressed, Chico's background was revealed as being Mexican on his father's side and Puerto Rican on his mother's side, and (in a nod to Prinze's faux-Hungarian ancestry) "... my grandmother speaks a little Hungarian!" (though Prinze's paternal ancestry was actually German, in his stage-act he would claim his father was Hungarian, thereby allowing him to comically refer to himself as "Hungarican"). Chico was revealed to have spent part of his childhood in Hungary following the death of his mother, being raised by his Aunt Connie (a character who appeared in two other episodes). Chico attempts to explain his situation to Ed by portraying it as the dilemma of his distant cousin in Hungary, torn between the farmer for whom he now works and whom he has grown to love, and another farmer who has offered him a better job. During this scene and this episode, the love between these disparate characters was made clear for the first time, which Chico's cousin Carlos (played by actor Richard Yniguez) notes when he releases Chico from his promise. By the second season, Ed begins to see that he is a part of a bigger world, although he still complains about it. By this time he has found himself a girlfriend by the name of Flora (played by Carole Cook).


title: Chico and the Man

text: After struggling with depression and drug use, Freddie Prinze shot himself on January 28, 1977. He was taken off life support and died the following day at the age of 22.


title: Chico and the Man

text: After Prinze's death, the producers considered canceling the show, but opted instead to try replacing the character. To write Chico out of the script, they had the other characters comment that he had gone to visit his father in Mexico. The third season finished out with three Chico-less episodes focusing on the other characters in the show.


title: Chico and the Man

text: In the opening episode of the fourth season, a replacement for Chico was introduced. Instead of an adult, the producers brought in 12-year-old Raul, played by Gabriel Melgar. His first appearance came when Ed and Louie go on a fishing trip to Tijuana and find the Mexican orphan hiding out in their trunk on their return. At the end of this episode, Ed is putting Raul to bed and accidentally calls him Chico. Raul corrects him and Ed remarks, "You're all Chicos to me." Ed eventually adopts Raul, only to have Raul's overprotective Aunt Charo – played by actress/singer Charo – come from Spain and try to become a part of the "family", as well.


title: Chico and the Man

text: A two-part episode ran in the final season in which Raul discovers Chico's belongings in a closet. Ed catches Raul playing Chico's guitar and Ed smashes it on the van in anger. Raul believes Ed does not love him anymore and runs away to Mexico. Ed goes after him and finally explains to Raul that Chico died, but did not say how, putting a measure of closure on the fate of Chico in the series.


title: Chico and the Man

text: In January 1978, after one further episode, NBC placed "Chico and the Man" on hiatus. The show returned in June, and the unaired episodes were broadcast through the summer of 1978, although one episode remained unaired during the final network run.


title: Chico and the Man

text: Toward the end of the show's final season, actress Julie Hill was added to the cast as Monica, Ed's attractive 18-year-old adopted niece. She had come to Los Angeles to break into show business, and lived in Chico's old van while awaiting her big break. "Chico and the Man" was cancelled at the end of the fourth season. The show's ratings declined steadily after Prinze's death and never recovered.


title: Chico and the Man

text: The show also had a veteran and talented supporting cast. Scatman Crothers portrayed Louie Wilson, Ed's friend and garbageman; Bonnie Boland played Mabel, the mail lady; Isaac Ruiz portrayed Mando, Chico's friend; and Ronny Graham played Rev. Bemis. Also, Della Reese played Della Rogers, Ed's neighbor and landlady, and Jeannie Linero appeared in several episodes as one of Chico's more constant girlfriends, nurse Liz Garcia.


title: Chico and the Man

text: The series fell short of the 100 episodes most syndicators desired for a full rollout, and Prinze's death caused a sudden shift in the series that further made the show undesirable for reruns. The series was only shown in syndication in a few markets and only for a relatively short period. NBC broadcast repeats of "Chico and the Man" briefly on weekday mornings from May 9 to December 2, 1977.


title: Chico and the Man

text: Nickelodeon’s TV Land network also aired reruns during 2001 as did ION Television in 2007. AmericanLife TV Network also aired this series previously, as well as WGN-TV in Chicago which aired first at 5 p.m., then later on moved it to 5 a.m.


title: Chico and the Man

text: From 2005 to 2009, episodes of the show were available on AOL's now-defunct video website called In2TV.


title: Chico and the Man

text: On September 27, 2005, six episodes of "Chico and the Man" were released on DVD as part of Warner Bros.' "Television Favorites" compilation series and the episodes are as follows:


title: Final Fantasy Tactics: The War of the Lions

text: "The War of the Lions" is the second announced game in Square Enix's "Ivalice Alliance" series of video games set in the Ivalice fictional world. The first is "" (a sequel to "Final Fantasy XII") and the third is "" (both of which were released on Nintendo DS). Ivalice (during the setting of the game) has technology in line with the late medieval era of human history along with the typical magic and supernatural abilities found in most "Final Fantasy" games. Players control a mercenary named Ramza who finds himself embroiled in a civil war and an ancient demonic evil that has begun to take hold over the world. A noble by birth, he is forced to re-evaluate his opinion of commoners when his lowborn best friend starts a revolution against the ruling powers of Ivalice.


text: The game was overhauled during development to take advantage of the PSP's screen ratio and technical abilities which resulted in new cutscenes, the capacity for multiplayer, and other features. "War of the Lions" also includes new playable characters from other "Final Fantasy" titles, such as Balthier from "Final Fantasy XII" and Luso Clemens from "", as well as returning favorite Cloud Strife from "Final Fantasy VII", who was playable in the original release of the game. "The War of the Lions" received strong reviews upon its release and has since been adapted for mobile phones and tablet devices.


text: "Final Fantasy Tactics: The War of the Lions" is a turn-based tactical role-playing game. Set within the fictional world of Ivalice, the game follows a war between the Kingdom of Ivalice and its neighbor Ordalia, told as a historical document relating the deeds of an extensive cast drawn from both sides of the conflict. While preserving the main narrative of "Final Fantasy Tactics" with updated localization, "War of the Lions" also features tie-in references to other games set within Ivalice, including Balthier from "Final Fantasy XII", and Luso Clemens from "".


text: The combat of "War of the Lions" can be compared with board games such as chess, with each piece corresponding to a party member in Ramza's current roster of fighters. Each fighter may move about the grid-like board in accordance with their move allotment as well as attack enemy fighters or activate more complex abilities. The terrain of each map dictates the range and mobility of the warriors. Ramza's soldiers can each equip a job in the "Final Fantasy" tradition, from standard swordsmen and archers to magic specialists to even more exotic positions, like the dragoon and dancer. Fulfilling actions during a battle grants experience and job points to each character, the latter of which can be used to purchase new abilities. There are 22 jobs available in "The War of the Lions". Once a character has learned a skill from a job, they have permanent access to it, although only one primary group of skills is available at a time and is job-dependent. Many abilities, such as those related to movement or being struck by an enemy, can still be equipped if the character later changes jobs. The game also features permadeath — if a character is incapacitated from excessive damage and is not healed within several turns, they are permanently dead and cannot be used again in battle.


text: Outside of battles, players can move around on an overworld map. This is not free movement like other "Final Fantasy" games; instead, Ramza can only go from point to point on the map. Crossing a wilderness location may lead to a random battle. In cities and towns, the players can buy new equipment, recruit fresh soldiers, and send party members out on automated missions to earn cash and other rewards. Later in the game, the player can earn additional rewards by poaching creatures during battles.


text: Another addition to the game is a wireless multiplayer mode, both for cooperative and competitive play. In competitive play, opposing teams may place traps onto the battlefield, and these traps are hidden from the opponent. To ease identification, teams are assigned colors. The battle ends after a set number of rounds, and the team with the most remaining HP is declared the winner. The winner may then receive an item randomly generated from treasure chests. Multiplayer is not included in the iOS version, however.


text: "Final Fantasy Tactics: The War of the Lions" was revealed on December 13, 2006, in the "Weekly Shonen Jump" magazine as a PlayStation Portable port of "Final Fantasy Tactics". The magazine stated additions of cel-shaded full motion videos, and extra job classes among other new features. The title was originally made for the PlayStation console in 1997. Takamasa Shiba, the remakes game's producer, said that Square Enix decided to "re-envision the game a decade later". Because of the extensive gameplay and deep storyline, the PlayStation version would "compel players to spend hours playing it". Shiba cited this, as well as the system's portability, as the main reasons why Square chose to develop for the PlayStation Portable. The subtitle of "The War of the Lions" was chosen as it describes "the backdrop for the story of the two main characters Ramza and Delita", as well as illustrating the multiplayer gameplay.


text: Following the trend of "Final Fantasy" video games on PlayStation systems, "The War of the Lions" features full motion video during certain scenes. These videos are rendered using cel-shading, a technique giving the illusion of hand drawn animation. These cutscenes were collaboratively animated by Japanese animation studios Kamikaze Douga and Studio Anima. Because of the PlayStation Portable's screen size, the game features a 16:9 aspect ratio, as opposed to the previous 4:3. The developers added sequences with visual arts illustrated by Akihiko Yoshida, and the game is complete with new episodes and cutscenes that were not in the original title. Developers wanted the game to suit both new players and players that have experienced the original title. The cut scenes were also added to help players become immersed in the culture and history of Ivalice and "War of the Lions". The Zodiac battle system was used in an international release of "Final Fantasy XII" due to both games taking place in the world of Ivalice and that the "War of the Lions" battle director is also the director of "Final Fantasy XII"'s international release and liked the combat system. Luso from "" was added to connect the game to the Ivalice Alliance game series.


text: New character classes were chosen at the beginning of development, with a staff member who loved the original Tactics title assigned to balance the new jobs within the game. The new classes are the Onion Knight, taken from "Final Fantasy III", and the Dark Knight, which was previously only available to one character, Gaffgarion. The Dark Knight in the remake has additional abilities and thus the original Dark Knight class was renamed to "Fell Knight". The Fell Knight class is still unique to Gaffgarion.


text: The North American localization of "The War of the Lions" has full audio voice acting for the video sequences in the game. The slowdown and sound downgrade, though acknowledged by the localizers, was not a priority for them to fix, being stated as "out of their hands." Various reviewers have differing opinions about how the slowdown issue has been addressed; one of the previews of the North American version claims that the slowdown has been reduced, stating that "now the technical issues are about on par with the minor slowdown exhibited in the PS1 release and are no longer distracting", while others stated that the slowdowns still "occur when performing attacks or spells in battle".


text: Because of vocal criticism of the original English language translation, a whole new translation was commissioned for the remake. The PlayStation Portable producer Akitoshi Kawazu described the game as having "an incredible amount of text" versus an ordinary RPG. Translating the game's script was assigned to Joe Reeder, who pulled in fellow translator Tom Slattery after becoming impressed with some of his internal work at Square Enix. Both worked on the game, alternating between each other translating scenes until Reeder had to leave the project to work on "" and Slattery became head translator. The translation work took six to seven days a week at twelve to thirteen hour stretches. To incorporate the game deeper into the world of Ivalice, the new English translation changed words to standard "Final Fantasy" terms and spellings such as "magick", "Dragoon", and "Mystic". To help address any controversy that the game's plot was a criticism of Christianity, Slattery retained the game's opening prayer that is directed toward the "gods", separating the church of Galbados from the monotheistic Christian faith.


text: A PlayStation Network version was released on March 9, 2011, in Japan, and in North America on July 18, 2011. In response to players requests that Square Enix release more of their catalogue on mobile phones, a project to port "War of the Lions" commenced. Rebuilding the game for a touch interface and not having the PlayStation Portables shoulder buttons took much time and "trial and error", relying on the work done to adapt previous "Final Fantasy" titles. Certain iOS features were not supported including Game Center since the game is not "inherently competitive".


text: "The War of the Lions" for iOS was announced at E3 2010 and released for in 2011, with the iPhone version released on August 4, 2011. An iPad version was released on February 23, 2012. An Android port was released through the Square Enix Market on February 14, 2013, in Japan, featuring enhanced graphics, a higher draw speed, and controls optimized for a touchscreen. An iOS update was promised, and when released also included multiple iCloud save slot support. The Android version was globally launched on Google Play on June 4, 2015 without cloud saving.


text: "The War of the Lions" reached the top of Japanese gaming charts, and sold 100,000 copies in the first month of release in the United States. The game was the 53rd best-selling game of 2007 in Japan at 301,796 copies according to "Famitsu". The Ultimate Hits edition sold an additional 19,488 copies in Japan.


text: As of December 18, 2007, "The War of the Lions" on the PSP has a score of 88/100 at the aggregate review site Metacritic based on 41 reviews, 88% at GameRankings based on 47 reviews. In comparison, the original "Final Fantasy Tactics" scored 83 from 12 reviews at Metacritic. Critics in general were pleased that the game had been remade, as it was considered a cult hit in its original incarnation but copies had become difficult to find. "The War of the Lion's" tactical gameplay was widely praised as deep and engaging, as battles could proceed along any number of lines depending on party composition and player strategy. Reviewers liked the focus on player choice on the battlefield, such as approaching an engagement with defense in mind, or alternatively hitting enemies hard and fast in a kind of blitzkrieg. The Job system, especially its complexity, customization, and ability to influence battles, was commended. GameTrailers wrote: "Even up to now, "Final Fantasy Tactics"’ job classing structure is still one of the best the genre has seen; a feature-rich and flexible system matched only by its equally complex battle engine." The new jobs were also appreciated.


text: "The War of the Lions"' new translation was frequently commented upon. Reviewers felt that while its narrative was florid, even Shakespearean, it was an improvement over the original, which was described as confusing and convoluted. The story itself was also lauded for its depth and maturity, although commentators did note that its large cast of characters was occasionally difficult to follow. The new cel-shaded cutscenes were very popular and described as "magical", "beautiful", and "outstanding". There were some comments that the sprites, textures, and environmental visuals in general had not been improved, with the exception of new spell animations. The sound was both praised and criticized, with observations about beautiful music but grating camera sound effects.


text: The negative comments about "The War of the Lions" focused on the game's slowdown during battles and its difficulty. Some party actions slow down the game's framerate and decrease the audio quality, becoming most apparent when casting spells or using special abilities that require different lighting effects. Despite the move from disc-only to the option of playing via PlayStation Network download, the slowdown remains, as confirmed by PlayStation LifeStyle's review. The difficulty was widely considered punishing and perhaps discouraging to new players. "Eurogamer" Rob Fahey said: "[The game's] difficulty curve is somewhat peculiar - to put it charitably...We certainly encountered some battles that were ludicrously easy, and a couple (especially early on) so hard that we had to re-equip and fight a few random battles before trying again."


text: The iOS version was less well received than the PSP edition. While reviewers echoed positive comments about the storyline and gameplay, they were displeased with the removal of multiplayer, graphical issues that still had not been fixed, and most importantly, the price point at initial release. At the time, it was the most expensive game ever released on the operating system. "USgamer" on the other hand listed the remake as one of the best ever made.


The Left in the European Parliament – GUE/NGL is a left-wing political group of the European Parliament, established in 1995. Before January 2021, it was named the European United Left/Nordic Green Left (, GUE/NGL).


title: The Left in the European Parliament – GUE/NGL

text: The group comprises political parties of democratic socialist, communist, and eurosceptic orientation.


text: In 1995, the enlargement of the European Union led to the creation of the Nordic Green Left group of parties. The Nordic Green Left (NGL) merged with the Confederal Group of the European United Left (GUE) on 6 January 1995, forming the Confederal Group of the European United Left/Nordic Green Left. The NGL suffix was added to the name of the expanded group on insistence of Swedish and Finnish MEPs. The group initially consisted of MEPs from the Finnish Left Alliance, the Swedish Left Party, the Danish Socialist People's Party, the United Left of Spain (including the Spanish Communist Party), the Synaspismos of Greece, the French Communist Party, the Portuguese Communist Party, the Communist Party of Greece, and the Communist Refoundation Party of Italy.


text: In 1998, Ken Coates, an expelled MEP from the British Labour Party who co-founded the Independent Labour Network, joined the group.


text: In 1999, the German Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS) and the Greek Democratic Social Movement (DIKKI) joined as full members, while the five MEPs elected from the list of the French Trotskyist alliance LO–LCR and the one MEP for the Dutch Socialist Party joined as associate members.


text: In 2002, four MEPs from the French Citizen and Republican Movement and one from the Danish People's Movement against the EU also joined the group.


text: In 2004, no MEPs were elected from LO–LCR and DIKKI — which was undergoing a dispute with its leader over the party constitution — , as well as the French Citizen and Republican Movement, did not put forward candidates. MEPs from the Portuguese Portugal, the Irish Sinn Féin, the Progressive Party of Working People of Cyprus, and the Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia joined the group. The Danish Socialist People's Party, a member of the Nordic Green Left, left the group to instead sit in the Greens–European Free Alliance group.


text: In 2009, no MEPs were elected from the Italian Communist Refoundation Party and the Finnish Left Alliance. MEPs from the Irish Socialist Party, the Socialist Party of Latvia, and the French Left Party joined the group.


text: In 2014, no MEPs were elected from the Irish Socialist Party, the Socialist Party of Latvia, and the Croatian Labourists – Labour Party. MEPs from the Spanish Podemos as well as EH Bildu and the Dutch Party for the Animals joined the group, while MEPs from the Italian Communist Refoundation Party and the Finnish Left Alliance re-entered parliament and rejoined. The Communist Party of Greece, a founding member of the group, decided to leave and instead sit as Non-Inscrits.


text: In 2019, no MEPs were elected from the French Communist Party, the Danish People's Movement against the EU, the Dutch Socialist Party, and from the Italian parties The Left and the Communist Refoundation Party. MEPs from the French La France insoumise, the Belgian Workers' Party of Belgium, the German Human Environment Animal Protection, the Irish Independents 4 Change, and the Danish Red-Green Alliance joined the group.


text: According to its 1994 constituent declaration, the group is opposed to the present European Union political structure, but it is committed to integration. That declaration sets out three aims for the construction of another European Union, the total change of institutions to make them fully democratic, breaking with neoliberal monetarist policies, and a policy of co-development and equitable cooperation. The group wants to disband the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and strengthen the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).


text: The group is ambiguous between reformism and revolution, leaving it up to each party to decide on the manner they deem best suited to achieve these aims. As such, it has simultaneously positioned itself as insiders within the European institutions, enabling it to influence the decisions made by co-decision; and as outsiders by its willingness to seek another Europe, which would abolish the Maastricht Treaty.


text: The GUE/NGL is a confederal group that is composed of MEPs from national parties. Those national parties must share common political objectives with the group, as specified in the group's constituent declaration. Nevertheless, those national parties, and not the group, retain control of their MEPs; therefore, the group may be divided on certain issues.


text: Members of the group meet regularly to prepare for meetings, debate on policies, and vote on resolutions. The group also publishes reports on various topics.


text: The initial member parties for the 9th European Parliament was determined at the first meeting on 29 May 2019.


title: Yakovlev Yak-3

text: The Yakovlev Yak-3 (Russian: Яковлев Як-3) was a single-engine, single-seat World War II Soviet fighter. Robust and easy to maintain, it was much liked by both pilots and ground crew. One of the smallest and lightest combat fighters fielded by any combatant during the war, its high power-to-weight ratio gave it excellent performance and it proved to be a formidable dogfighter.


title: Yakovlev Yak-3

text: The origins of the Yak-3 went back to 1941 when the I-30 prototype was offered along with the I-26 (Yak-1) as an alternative design. The I-30, powered by a Klimov M-105P engine, was of all-metal construction, using a wing with dihedral on the outer panels. Like the early Yak-1, it had a ShVAK cannon firing through the hollow-driveshaft nose spinner as a "motornaya pushka" (моторная пушка - Literally: 'Motor Cannon'), twin synchronized ShKAS machine guns in cowling mounts and a ShVAK cannon in each wing.


title: Yakovlev Yak-3

text: During the Battle of Stalingrad, Luftwaffe fighters exhibited significant speed, climb rate, and armament advantages over those of the VVS. The Yak-1 then in service was understood to be in urgent need of a modernization were it to fight on equal footing against the latest models of German fighters, as well as better energy retention and higher firepower.


title: Yakovlev Yak-3

text: Then, in 1943, a group of designers headed by Alexander Sergeyevich Yakovlev designed the Yak-3, a further development of the proven Yak-1 aimed at improving survivability, flight characteristics and firepower, which required a lower weight, a higher-power engine and therefore, faster speed.


title: Yakovlev Yak-3

text: The first of two prototypes had a slatted wing to improve handling and short-field performance while the second prototype had a wooden wing without slats in order to simplify production and save aluminium. The second prototype crashed during flight tests and was written off. Although there were plans to put the Yak-3 into production, the scarcity of aviation aluminium and the pressure of the Nazi invasion led to work on the first Yak-3 being abandoned in late 1941.


title: Yakovlev Yak-3

text: In between 1942 and 1943, Yakovlev built the Yak-1M, a prototype that would ultimately lead to the Yak-3, coupled with the VK-105PF2, the latest iteration of the VK-105 engine family, where "P" indicated support for a "motornaya pushka" - an autocannon that fires between the engine banks, through the hollow propeller shaft - mounting. It incorporated a wing of similar design but with smaller surface area (), and had further aerodynamic refinements, like the new placement of the oil radiator, from the chin to the wing roots (one of the visual differences with the Yak-1, -7, -9). A second Yak-1M (originally meant as a "backup") prototype was constructed later that year, differing from the first aircraft in that it had plywood instead of fabric covering of the rear fuselage, mastless radio antenna, reflector gunsight and improved armour and engine cooling.


title: Yakovlev Yak-3

text: After the VK-105PF2 engine received a boost from a manifold pressure of 1050 mmHg to 1100 mmHg, additional tests were needed to determine how it impacted the flight characteristics of the Yak-3. State trials revealed that this boost reduced the time needed to reach by 0.1 seconds, the takeoff run by , altitude gain in a combat loop by , and speed below by .


title: Yakovlev Yak-3

text: The chief test pilot for the project Petr Mikhailovich Stefanovskiy was so impressed with the new aircraft that he recommended that it should completely replace the Yak-1 and Yak-7 with only the Yak-9 retained in production for further work with the Klimov VK-107 engine. The new fighter, designated the Yak-3, entered service in 1944, later than the Yak-9 despite the lower designation number, and by mid-1946 4,848 had been built.


title: Yakovlev Yak-3

text: The designation Yak-3 was also used for other Yakovlev projects – a proposed but never built, heavy twin-engine fighter and the Yakovlev Yak-7A.


title: Yakovlev Yak-3

text: The first 197 Yak-3 were lightly armed with a single "motornaya pushka"-mount ShVAK cannon and one UBS synchronized machine gun, with subsequent aircraft receiving a second UBS for a weight of fire of per second using high-explosive ammunition. All armament was installed close to the axis of the aircraft with a cannon mounted in the engine "vee" firing through the propeller boss, synchronised machine guns in the fuselage, helping accuracy and leaving wings unloaded.


title: Yakovlev Yak-3

text: Lighter and smaller than the Yak-9 but powered by the same engine, the Yak-3 was a forgiving, easy-to-handle aircraft loved by both novice and experienced pilots. It was robust, easy to maintain and a highly successful dog-fighter. It was used mostly as a tactical fighter, flying low over battlefields and engaging in dogfights below .


title: Yakovlev Yak-3

text: The new aircraft began to reach frontline units during summer 1944. Yak-3 service tests were conducted by 91st IAP of the 2nd Air Army, commanded by Lt Colonel Kovalyov, in June–July 1944. The regiment had the task of gaining air superiority. During 431 sorties, 20 "Luftwaffe" fighters and three Junkers Ju 87s were shot down while Soviet losses amounted to two Yak-3s shot down. A large dogfight developed on 16 June 1944, when 18 Yak-3s clashed with 24 German aircraft. Soviet Yak-3 fighters shot down 15 German aircraft for the loss of one Yak destroyed and one damaged. The following day, "Luftwaffe" activity over that section of the front had virtually ceased.


title: Yakovlev Yak-3

text: On 17 July 1944, eight Yaks attacked a formation of 60 German aircraft, including escorting fighters. In the ensuing dogfight, the Luftwaffe lost three Ju 87s and four Bf 109Gs, for no loss. The "Luftwaffe" issued an order to "avoid combat below five thousand metres with Yakovlev fighters lacking an oil cooler intake beneath the nose!" "Luftwaffe" fighters in combat with the Yak-3 tried to use surprise tactics, attacking from above.


title: Yakovlev Yak-3

text: Unresolved wartime problems with the Yak-3 included plywood surfaces delaminating when the aircraft pulled out of a high-speed dive, short-range and poor engine reliability. The pneumatic system for actuating landing gear, flaps and brakes, typical for all Yakovlev fighters of the time, was troublesome. Though less reliable than hydraulic or electrical alternatives, the pneumatic system was preferred owing to the weight saving.


title: Yakovlev Yak-3

text: In 1944, the Normandie-Niemen Group re-equipped with the Yak-3, scoring the last 99 of their 273 air victories against the "Luftwaffe".


title: Yakovlev Yak-3

text: From 1991 to 2002 there were 21 Yakovlev Yak-3, Yak-7 and Yak-9 aircraft produced in the former Soviet Union using the original plans and dies. These aircraft are powered by the American Allison V-1710 or the Pratt & Whitney R-1830 Twin Wasp engine in place of the Klimov V-12s used during the war. Several of these aircraft are airworthy, mostly based in the United States with others in Germany, Australia and New Zealand. Others have been converted to "Yak-3U" status from original Yak-11 trainers for private owners and museums.


title: Yakovlev Yak-3

text: Flying a modified modern production Yak-3UPW powered by a Pratt & Whitney R-2000 engine, William Whiteside set an official international speed record for piston-engined aircraft in the under- category on 10 October 2011, reaching over a course at the Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah in the United States, greatly exceeding the previous record of set in 2002 by Jim Wright. The following day, Whiteside used the same aircraft to set an unofficial speed record for aircraft in the category of over the same 3-km (1.863-mile) course.


title: Andrew Dismukes

text: Andrew Vincent Dismukes (; born June 21, 1995) is an American comedian. He has been a writer on "Saturday Night Live" since 2017, a featured player since 2020, beginning with its 46th season, and a repertory player since its 48th season.


title: Andrew Dismukes

text: Andrew Vincent Dismukes was born on June 21, 1995 in Houston, Texas. He grew up in Port Neches, Texas, a small Gulf Coast city located near the Texas-Louisiana border. Dismukes graduated from Port Neches-Groves High School in 2013. He attended the University of Texas at Austin, graduating in 2017 with a Bachelor of Science degree in Radio-Television-Film. He is of Cajun descent.


title: Andrew Dismukes

text: Dismukes began performing stand-up in 2013, while a freshman in college, and was active in the Austin comedy scene. He was the runner-up "Funniest Person in Austin" in 2016, a contest run by the Cap City Comedy Club.


title: Andrew Dismukes

text: Following his graduation in 2017, he performed as part of the "New Faces" showcase at the Just for Laughs Comedy Festival and was subsequently offered an audition for "Saturday Night Live." Dismukes was offered a writer's position and officially joined the writing staff at the beginning of season 43. As part of the writing staff, he received an Emmy nomination for the Outstanding Writing For A Variety Series in 2018 and 2019. After serving as a writer for three seasons with "Saturday Night Live", Dismukes joined the cast as a featured player for its forty-sixth season. He was promoted to repertory status at the start of the show's 48th season.


title: Demographics of Sri Lanka

text: This is a demography of the population of Sri Lanka including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.


title: Demographics of Sri Lanka

text: Sri Lanka is an island in the Indian Ocean, also called Ceylon and many other names. It is about the size of Ireland. It is about 28 kilometres (18 mi.) off the south-eastern coast of India with a population of about 20 million. Density is highest in the south west where Colombo, the country's main port and industrial center, is located. The net population growth is about 0.7%. Sri Lanka is ethnically, linguistically, and religiously diverse.


title: Demographics of Sri Lanka

text: According to the 2012 census the population of Sri Lanka was 20,359,439, giving a population density of 325/km2. The population had grown by 5,512,689 (37.1%) since the 1981 census (the last full census), equivalent to an annual growth rate of 1.1%. 3,704,470 (18.2%) lived in urban sectors - areas governed by municipal and urban councils.


title: Demographics of Sri Lanka

text: 5,131,666 (25.2%) of the population were aged 14 or under whilst 2,525,573 (12.4%) were aged 60 or over, leaving a working age (15-59) population of 12,702,700. The dependency ratio was 60.2%. The mean age was 32 years and the median age was 31 years. The sex ratio was 94 males per 100 females. The fertility rate for married females aged 15 or over was 2.65 live births. There were 5,264,282 households, of which 3,986,236 (75.7%) were headed by males and 1,278,046 (24.3%) were headed by females.


title: Demographics of Sri Lanka

text: Of the 15,227,773 aged 15 or over, 10,322,105 (67.8%) were married, 3,927,602 (25.8%) were never married, 792,947 (5.2%) were widowed and 185,119 (1.2%) were divorced or separated.


title: Demographics of Sri Lanka

text: Of those aged 15 or over, 7,857,370 (51.6%) were economically active, 4,199,558 (27.6%) did housework, 1,431,105 (9.4%) were students, 914,934 (6.0%) were unable to work and 346,084 (2.3%) were pensioners. 521,938 (6.6%) of the economically active were unemployed. 604,540 Sri Lankans were living aboard for more than six months but were intending to return to Sri Lanka, mostly in the Gulf states (373,050 61.7%).


title: Demographics of Sri Lanka

text: The overall literacy rate for those aged 10 and over was 95.7% but amongst those living in the estate sector it was only 86.1%. Of the 18,615,577 aged 5 or over, 499,563 (2.7%) had received a higher education qualification, 2,293,841 (12.3%) had passed G.C.E. A/L, 3,159,402 (17.0%) had passed G.C.E. O/L and 700,419 (3.8%) had no formal schooling. The remaining 11,962,352 (64.3%) had left school with no qualifications or were currently at school.


title: Demographics of Sri Lanka

text: Sri Lanka's population is aging faster than any other nation in South Asia and has the fifth highest rapidly growing population of older people in Asia after China, Thailand, South Korea and Japan. In 2015, Sri Lanka's population aged over 60 was 13.9%, by 2030 this will increase to 21% and by 2050 this number will reach 27.4%. Sri Lanka's rapidly growing older population has ignited concerns of the socio-economic challenges that the country will face because of this.


title: Demographics of Sri Lanka

text: The Sinhalese make up 74.9% of the population (according to 2012 census) and are concentrated in the densely populated south-west and central parts of the island. The Sri Lanka Tamils, who live predominantly in the north and east of the island, form the largest minority group at 11.1% (according to the 2012 census) of the population.


title: Demographics of Sri Lanka

text: The Moors, descendants of Arab traders that settled in Sri Lanka and married local women, form the third largest ethnic group at 9.3% of the population. They are mostly concentrated in urban areas in the southern parts of the island with substantial populations in the Central and Eastern provinces. During times of Portuguese colonization, Moors were persecuted, and many forced to retreat to the central highlands and the eastern coast.


title: Demographics of Sri Lanka

text: There are also Indian Tamils who form a distinct ethnic group comprising 4.1% of the population. The British brought them to Sri Lanka in the 19th century as tea and rubber plantation workers, and they remain concentrated in the "tea country" of south-central Sri Lanka. The Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka were considered to be "stateless" and over 300,000 Indian Tamils were deported back to India, due to the agreement between Sri Lanka and India in 1964. Under the pact, India granted citizenship to the remainder, some 200,000 of whom now live in India. Another 75,000 Indian Tamils, who themselves or whose parents once applied for Indian citizenship, now wish to remain in Sri Lanka. The government has stated these Tamils will not be forced to return to India, although they are not technically citizens of Sri Lanka. By the 1990s most Indian Tamils had received Sri Lankan citizenship, and some even were not granted Sri Lankan citizenship until 2003.


title: Demographics of Sri Lanka

text: Smaller minorities include the Veddas, the indigenous people of Sri Lanka; Malays who descend from Austronesian settlers; the Burghers, who are descendants of European colonists, principally from Portugal, the Netherlands and, the UK; the ethnic Chinese migrants who came to the island in the 18th and 19th centuries; and the Kaffirs, a small population who are descended from Africans.


title: Demographics of Sri Lanka

text: According to the 2012 census Buddhists make up 70.2% of the population, Hindus 12.6%, Muslims 9.7% and Christians 7.6%. Most Sinhalese are Buddhist; most Tamils are Hindu; and the Moors and Malays are mostly Muslim. Sizeable minorities of both Sinhalese and Tamils are Christians, most of whom are Roman Catholic. The Burgher population is mostly Roman Catholic or Presbyterian. The Veddas have Animist and Buddhist practices. The 1978 constitution, while assuring freedom of religion, gives "the foremost place" to Buddhism.


title: Demographics of Sri Lanka

text: Tamil, a Dravidian language, is the first language of native Sri Lankan Tamils. Tamil is also the first language of the majority of Sri Lankan Moors and the Indian Tamils - according to the 2012 census 98% of Sri Lankan Moors could speak Tamil but only 59% could speak Sinhala.


title: Demographics of Sri Lanka

text: English is fluently spoken by approximately 23.8% of the Sri Lanka's population, and widely used for official and commercial purposes.


title: Demographics of Sri Lanka

text: Malays speak Sri Lanka Malay, a Creole language mixing Sinhala, Tamil and Malay. Many of the Burghers speak Sri Lankan Indo-Portuguese although its use has declined and the majority now speak Sinhala. The Veddas speak Vedda, a Creole language closely based on Sinhala. Use of English has declined since independence, but it continues to be spoken by many in the middle and upper middle classes, particularly in Colombo. According to the 2012 census 24% of the population could speak English. The government is seeking to reverse the decline in the use of English, mainly for economic but also for political reasons. According to the constitution Sinhala and Tamil are official languages whilst English is the link language.


title: Ajay Banga

text: Ajaypal Singh Banga (born November 10, 1959) is an Indian-American business executive. He is currently Vice Chairman at General Atlantic. He was executive chairman of Mastercard, after having previously served as president and chief executive officer (CEO) of the company from July 2010 until December 31, 2020. He retired from this position on December 31, 2021 to join General Atlantic. His pay package in 2020, was $27.77 million.


title: Ajay Banga

text: Banga is the former chairman of the U.S.-India Business Council (USIBC) representing more than 300 of the largest international companies investing in India, and chairman of the International Chamber of Commerce. He is also a member of the board of directors of the Dow Chemical Company; member of the Council on Foreign Relations; and member of International Business Council of the World Economic Forum.


title: Ajay Banga

text: Banga was born on November 10, 1959 in Khadki cantonment of Pune, Bombay State, India (now in Maharashtra) into a Sikh family, where his father, an army officer, was posted. His family is originally from Jalandhar, Punjab. His father, Harbhajan Singh Banga is a retired lieutenant-general who served in the Indian Army. He is the younger brother of businessman M. S. Banga.


title: Ajay Banga

text: Banga grew up and attended schools across India, successively in Secunderabad, Jalandhar, Delhi, Ahmedabad, before finishing his schooling in Shimla.


title: Ajay Banga

text: Banga primary education was completed at the Hyderabad Public School in Begumpet. Banga went on to graduate with a Bachelor of Arts (Honours) degree in Economics from St. Stephen's College, Delhi University followed by PGP in Management (equivalent to MBA) from the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad.


title: Ajay Banga

text: Beginning his business career with Nestlé in 1981, Banga spent the next 13 years working in jobs spanning sales, marketing, and general management. He later joined PepsiCo and was involved in the launch of its international fast food franchises in India as the economy liberalized.


title: Ajay Banga

text: Banga has a keen interest in social development issues, and over the period from 2005 to mid-2009, he spearheaded Citi's strategy in the microfinance sector across the world. In 2020 he was elected chairman of the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) succeeding Paul Polman. He previously served as ICC’s First Vice-Chair since June 2018.


title: Ajay Banga

text: Mastercard announced in April 2010 that Banga, previously its chief operating officer (COO), would become president and chief executive officer, effective July 1, 2010, and a member of the board of directors. Banga succeeded Robert W. Selander, who had been CEO since March 1997.


title: Ajay Banga

text: In February 2015, President Barack Obama appointed Banga to serve as a member of the President's Advisory Committee for Trade Policy and Negotiations.


title: Ajay Banga

text: Banga, was the keynote speaker at the NYU Stern 2014 Graduate Convocation on May 22, 2014, where he spoke about the importance of diversity in driving innovation and leadership. He also was a keynote speaker for his alma mater, the Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad, during the Class of 2015's convocation. Banga is a regular speaker at various FinTech conferences and various leadership conferences. He also appeared on the Mad Money show hosted by Jim Cramer on Thursday, 6 Nov 2014


title: Ajay Banga

text: Banga was vice chairman of the board of trustees of the New York Hall of Science and a board member of the National Urban League. He was formerly a business sponsor of Citi's African heritage network – NYC. Banga joined the advisory board of General Atlantic's climate change fund, BeyondNetZero, in July 2021.


title: Dragon Quest V

text: Dragon Quest V: Hand of the Heavenly Bride is a role-playing video game and the fifth installment in the "Dragon Quest" video game series, second of the Zenithian Trilogy. Originally developed by Chunsoft and published by Enix Corporation, "Dragon Quest V" was the first title in the series to be released for the Super Famicom video game console in Japan in September 1992. "Dragon Quest V" was the first game in the series to not be released outside Japan due to programming issues at the time.


title: Dragon Quest V

text: It later had an enhanced remake only in Japan for the PlayStation 2 in 2004; which was developed by ArtePiazza and Matrix Software. Another remake was made for the Nintendo DS, which was released in Japan in July 2008 and worldwide in February 2009, marking the first time the game had officially released in English. In addition, ports for Android and iOS were released in Japan in December 2014, and worldwide the following month.


title: Dragon Quest V

text: The game takes place over roughly thirty years of the main character's life, from when he is born through to when he gets married and has a family. The title introduced a gameplay dynamic in which monsters from random encounters may offer to join the player's party. This concept was used in later "Dragon Quest" games, as well as in the "Dragon Quest Monsters" series as the primary way to form a party. The game's monster-collecting concept had been used before in the "Megami Tensei" series and appeared in many later franchises such as "Pokémon", "Digimon" and "Dokapon". In turn, the concept of collecting everything in a game, in the form of achievements or similar rewards, has since become a common trend in video games. "Dragon Quest V" has also been credited as the first known video game to feature a playable pregnancy, a concept that has since appeared in later games such as "Story of Seasons", "The Sims 2" and "Fable II". In 2019, an animated film adaptation, "", was released in Japan. The film was later released digitally for other regions through Netflix.


title: Dragon Quest V

text: "Dragon Quest V" uses basic role-playing video game mechanics seen in the rest of the series, which includes leveling up by gaining experience points through battle, first person turn-based battles, and equipping weapons and armor. Something new to the "Dragon Quest" series is the ability to tame monsters into the player's party. The monsters can be used in battle and level-up like the human characters. Monsters sometimes request to join the Hero after battles if the party is strong enough. There are a total of 40 monsters that are capable of joining the Hero's party in the Super Famicom version, with 71 in the PlayStation 2 remake.


title: Dragon Quest V

text: Several party management features from "Dragon Quest IV" are carried forward. Like "IV", this game has a wagon where members of the Hero's party can rest while exploring the world. The tactics system also returns, but with the added option of controlling allies manually for the entire game. It also expanded the tactics system by allowing the artificial intelligence routines to be set individually for each ally rather than for the party as a whole. Unlike "IV", the original Super Famicom version of "V" has a maximum of three active party members; this was changed in the remakes on the PlayStation 2 and Nintendo DS to include up to four members in an active party.


title: Dragon Quest V

text: After beating the game, players can gain access to the bonus dungeon. "Dragon Quest V" was the first "Dragon Quest" game to have a bonus dungeon (although the remakes of "Dragon Quest III" and "IV" added bonus dungeons later).


title: Dragon Quest V

text: "Dragon Quest V" begins with a brief scene of the Hero's birth in which the player gives the Hero a name. Afterwards, the Hero, as a child, and his father, Pankraz travel to meet Sancho, an old friend. The Hero meets Bianca and the two explore the haunted , where they obtain a mysterious Golden Orb. The next day, the Hero notices a man in the town who looks similar to him, albeit much older. That man asks the Hero to show him the Golden Orb and, after returning it, asks him to take care of his father Pankraz. The first section of the story ends with Pankraz being killed by , a mysterious member of the Order of Zugzwang, when he tries to protect his son and Prince Harry. The two children are then taken into slavery.


title: Dragon Quest V

text: The story continues ten years later, and the Hero and Harry have grown up working on a giant temple, but escape as the scene opens. The Hero travels to the west to the town of Mostroferrato, where the wealthy nobleman Rodrigo Briscoletti and his daughter Nera live. Rodrigo sends the Hero on a quest to retrieve two magic rings, called the Circle of Fire and the Circle of Water, as a test of his worthiness as a suitor for Nera. The Hero accomplishes this and Rodrigo offers the Hero the chance to marry Nera, but it is also possible for him to marry Bianca or Debora (DS). After the marriage, the Hero travels to his homeland of Gotha, where they make him king. His wife has two children, but is kidnapped by monsters. When the Hero comes to rescue her, both are turned to stone by the monsters.


title: Dragon Quest V

text: The Hero is found by his two children eight years later and is revived. Travelling the world to collect the legendary Zenithian armaments for the Legendary Hero, it is discovered that the Hero's son is indeed the Legendary Hero sought by Pankraz almost twenty years ago. During this stage of the journey, the Hero avenges Pankraz by killing Ladja, and restores the Dragon God, as well as Zenithia castle, to their proper homes in the sky. To accomplish this, the Hero has to enter a time warp to retrieve the Golden Orb from his child self.


title: Dragon Quest V

text: After returning to the temple the Hero helped build as a slave, the Zenithian armor is found, as well as the statue of his wife. After the king of the Order of Zugzwang, , is defeated, the party is informed by him that the Hero's mother, remains in the dark world of Nadiria, and that the god of darkness, , is lying in wait for the Legendary Hero there. The Hero, his wife, and their children agree not to leave Madalena in the Nadiria, so together they travel there via a portal near Lofty Peak, soon reaching Mt. Zugzwang. Madalena is found within, but is killed by Nimzo shortly after meeting the Hero and his family. The party continues on to confront and destroy Nimzo. They return to Gotha, and have a joyful party. As the family celebrates, Pankraz and Mada watch their son and his family from the heavens, happy and content with their progeny.


title: Dragon Quest V

text: Like the first Dragon Quest trilogy, where Alefgard appeared in games I, II, and III with roughly similar geography in each game, the worlds of IV, V, and VI are connected in that the sky castle Zenithia appears in each game, although the base geography is largely different between the three games. Like all other Dragon Quest games, this one takes place in a medieval world with scarce modern technology. Characters fight with swords, clubs, and magic instead of guns or other modern weapons.


title: Dragon Quest V

text: The quest takes the Hero and his party to many exotic locations, such as a fairy village, a mansion made of ice, several caves, and a volcano. The party eventually makes its way to Zenithia, which is a castle in each game of the Zenithian Trilogy. Similar to the previous two entries in the series, the final enemies reside in a dark world, separate from the main map.


title: Dragon Quest V

text: As with the other main games in the "Dragon Quest" series, "Dragon Quest V's" scenario was designed by Yuji Horii, whereas the artwork was done by Akira Toriyama, of Dragon Ball fame. As with every previous "Dragon Quest" game, Koichi Sugiyama composed the music and directed all the associated spinoffs. A compilation of the game's music was put on the album "Dragon Quest V ~Bride of the Heavens~ Symphonic Suite", which was released in Japan in October 1992, and included both the original SFC soundtrack as well as an symphonic arrangement.


title: Dragon Quest V

text: Square Enix released a PlayStation 2 enhanced remake of "Dragon Quest V" on March 25, 2004, with first day sales of 722,000. As of April 2004, the game has sold over 1.5 million copies making it the top selling "Dragon Quest" remake game of all-time, and is available in Japan as an Ultimate Hits title. The remake was developed by former "Dragon Quest VII" art directors, Artepiazza. It features 3D graphics that are similar to "Dragon Quest VII", but it utilizes the extra PlayStation 2 graphical capabilities. The Hero and his companions have to fight more monsters in the PlayStation 2 remake than they did in the Super Famicom original, but the character limit on the party has been increased from three to four. Also, there were only 40 monsters available to the player's party in the Super Famicom version of "Dragon Quest V" due to ROM limitations. The PlayStation 2 remake, however, does not suffer from this restriction. The music was orchestrated and is performed by the NHK Symphony.


title: Dragon Quest V

text: Another new feature in the remake is the famous local trinkets museum where the player has to collect local specialties from all around the world, return the items back to a character named "Yuujii" (literally old man ghost), and receive rewards for them. The "Dragon Quest V" remake was the third "Dragon Quest" to be released in the Square Enix name (after "" and "Slime Morimori Dragon Quest"). Lastly, a "" preview video disc was included in the Japanese release of the "Dragon Quest V" remake.


title: Dragon Quest V

text: The "Dragon Quest V" remake for the Nintendo DS was announced in late 2007 by Square Enix, to be developed by ArtePiazza. The game uses the same engine as the DS remake of "Dragon Quest IV".


title: Dragon Quest V

text: On April 23, 2008, it was reported that Square Enix had applied for the trademark "Hand of the Heavenly Bride" at the United States Patent and Trademark Office. It was confirmed to be a reference to "Dragon Quest V" by a listing from Nintendo of third-party titles for Nintendo platforms. On May 20, 2008, Square Enix opened up the North American site featuring the three Dragon Quest DS remakes, acknowledging the game would see a release in North America. On the following day, Square Enix sent out a press release saying that the game would be released in Europe under the name "Dragon Quest: The Hand of the Heavenly Bride". It was released on July 17, 2008 in Japan., February 17, 2009 in North America, and February 20, 2009 in Europe.


title: Dragon Quest V

text: Included with the remake is the PlayStation 2 update of being able to have four members in a party at a time instead of just three. Also, there is a new third girl Debora Briscoletti (Deborah in Japan), who is available for the Hero to marry. Yuji Horii described her as a character "nobody in their right mind would pick!" and that "it was the perfect way to torment players just a little more."


title: Dragon Quest V

text: The iOS and Android versions replaced the orchestrated music with the synthesized MIDI music in the title screen, which is performed by the Tokyo Metropolitan Symphony Orchestra. However, the synthesized music is entirely remastered in the iOS and Android versions, other than the synthesized music in the DS version.


title: Dragon Quest V

text: is an eleven volume manga series based on "Dragon Quest V" by Chino Yukimiya, which ran in 1997, and again in 2001. The story follows the travels of the Hero's children Sora (空), the daughter, and Ten (天), the son, along with retainer Sancho (サンチョ) to find the Hero, who has been turned to stone. This manga fills in the 10-year gap presented between generations two and three in the game "Dragon Quest V".


title: Dragon Quest V

text: Like the other games in the series, "Dragon Quest V" was very popular in Japan. Prior to release, it reportedly had 300,000 pre-orders. Upon release, long queues formed outside stores across Japan, with "Computer and Video Games" reporting queues up to long in certain locations, along with ten reported incidents of theft on release day. The game sold out over cartridges within one day of its release in Japan, higher than the Super Famicom version of "Street Fighter II" earlier the same year. "Dragon Quest V" was Japan's top-selling game from October to November 1992. It became a multi-million seller by December 1992, and ended the year as the best-selling home video game of 1992 in Japan. The success of "Dragon Quest V" led to rising demand for the Super Famicom, which increased in price following the game's release. The game was also a commercial success overseas in South Korea, where it was the third best-selling game of 1992, below "Street Fighter II" and "Final Fantasy V". By 1993, the original Super Famicom version of "Dragon Quest V" had sold cartridges in Japan, and nearly copies worldwide, grossing several hundred million dollars (about adjusted for inflation).


title: Dragon Quest V

text: The PS2 remake sold an additional 1.64 million copies. The Nintendo DS remake of "Dragon Quest V: Hand of the Heavenly Bride" was the seventh best-selling game of Japan in 2008, selling 1,176,082 copies that year. The game went on to sell 1.35 million copies worldwide by 2009, including 1.22 million in Japan, 70,000 in Europe, and 60,000 in North America. To date, it has sold 1.36 million in Japan, adding up to 1.49 million worldwide for the DS version. All three versions of the game have combined sales of 5.8 million units in Japan, and at least 5.93 million units worldwide.


title: Dragon Quest V

text: "Dragon Quest V" was met with critical acclaim. "Famitsu"s panel of four reviewers gave the original Super Famicom version ratings of 9, 10, 9 and 8 out of 10, adding up to 36 out of 40 overall. This made it one of their three highest-rated games of 1992, along with "Shin Megami Tensei" and "World of Illusion Starring Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck". "Dragon Quest V" was also one of only eleven games to have received a "Famitsu" score of 36/40 or above up until 1992. The PS2 remake received a score of 34 out of 40 from "Famitsu", while they gave the DS remake a score of 36 out of 40, with all four reviewers giving it 9 out of 10.


title: Dragon Quest V

text: The way the story is divided by different periods of time has been praised, something that has appeared in very few video games. The game's execution of its coming of age theme has also been praised, with Gamasutra stating that "never has it been executed so magnificently as "Dragon Quest V"." "Dragon Quest V" has also been acknowledged as Yuji Horii's favourite in the series.


title: Dragon Quest V

text: The Nintendo DS remake has been called one of the best RPGs on the DS and has been said to have "some of the best story telling on the system". Although critics agreed that the game's interface feels archaic and overly simple at times, many cite that the emotional plot more than makes up for the game's flaws, stated that it is one of the "greatest classic RPGs". 1UP praised it for its mature storytelling that "gets better with age" and resonates with players with a "more mature and experienced" perspective going through similar phases in their own life. The updated 3D environments with rotable camera have also received praise.


title: Dragon Quest V

text: In 2006, the Japanese gaming magazine "Famitsu" had readers vote on the top one hundred games of all time, "Dragon Quest V" coming in at number 11 and the PS2 remake at number 40. In 2014, Sony Computer Entertainment conducted a poll with over 10,000 Japanese fans, where "Dragon Quest V" was voted the favorite PlayStation game of all time, the fourth best game that impressed "more than a movie or a novel", and the sixth most wanted remake. In a 2021 poll conducted by TV Asahi, polling over 50,000 Japanese users, "Dragon Quest V" was voted the second best console game of all time, just below "".


title: Nick Bollettieri

text: Nicholas James Bollettieri (July 31, 1931 – December 4, 2022) was an American tennis coach. He pioneered the concept of a tennis boarding school, and helped develop many leading tennis players during the past decades, including Andre Agassi, Jim Courier, Monica Seles, and Mary Pierce. He also worked with players such as Maria Sharapova, Daniela Hantuchová, Jelena Janković, Nicole Vaidišová, Sabine Lisicki, Sara Errani, Tommy Haas, Max Mirnyi, Xavier Malisse, Venus Williams, Serena Williams, Martina Hingis, Anna Kournikova, Marcelo Ríos, and Kei Nishikori. Bollettieri was also a tour traveling coach, the last time having been for and with Boris Becker for a span of two years.


title: Nick Bollettieri

text: Bollettieri was mentioned and/or profiled in several television series and documentary films, including Jason Kohn's documentary film "Love Means Zero", which was premiered at the 42nd Toronto International Film Festival on September 9, 2017.


title: Nick Bollettieri

text: Born in Pelham, New York, to immigrant Italian parents, Nick Bollettieri attended Pelham Memorial High School. He was a charter member of the Beta Lambda Chapter of the Omega Gamma Delta Fraternity and he graduated in 1949. In 1953, he graduated from Spring Hill College (Mobile, Alabama) with a degree in philosophy. After serving with the United States Army and attaining the rank of First Lieutenant in 1956, he turned to teaching tennis after dropping out of the University of Miami Law School. Bollettieri's first students included Brian Gottfried. His first formal tennis camp was at Wayland Academy in Beaver Dam, Wisconsin.


title: Nick Bollettieri

text: Though he had only dabbled in the sport in high school, Bollettieri was the tennis director at Doral Beach Hotel in Puerto Rico in the late 1960s when it was a Rockefeller resort.


title: Nick Bollettieri

text: Moving to Longboat Key, Florida, in 1978, Bollettieri served as an instructor for the Colony Beach and Tennis Resort. In the early 1980s, Bollettieri opened the Nick Bollettieri Tennis Academy (NBTA) near Bradenton, Florida, on in unincorporated Manatee County on the west coast of Florida, about fifty miles south of Tampa.


title: Nick Bollettieri

text: Seeing a template for other sports, International Management Group (IMG) bought the academy from Bollettieri in 1987, but Bollettieri continued to manage and play a pivotal role in the development of the tennis academy and ancillary programs. In his final years Bollettieri coached top-tier players at the academy, and spent most of his time in Bradenton.


title: Nick Bollettieri

text: Bollettieri continued to teach and hold public speaking engagements worldwide, including a visit to teach students at Tri-State Athletic Club in Evansville, Indiana. He was also the instruction editor of "Tennis" magazine. Over the course of his life, Bollettieri wrote two memoirs: "My Aces, My Faults" with Dick Schaap in 1996, and "Bollettieri: Changing the Game" in 2014.


title: Nick Bollettieri

text: Bollettieri also wrote a 2001 instructional book, "Bollettieri's Tennis Handbook", which covers everything from stroke techniques and strategies to skill development and physical and mental conditioning. Additionally, he was featured in the "Nick Bollettieri DVD Collection", a set of ten instructional DVDs that cover a wide range of practice methods.


title: Nick Bollettieri

text: The earliest Bollettieri pupils to reach No. 1 were Monica Seles, Jim Courier, and Andre Agassi. Later, Marcelo Ríos climbed to the top while associated with Bollettieri. The Williams sisters had a long-standing relationship with Bollettieri, having visited the academy for years, and they have often prepared for Grand Slams there. Mary Pierce and Anna Kournikova also trained at the academy. More recent students who trained with Bollettieri include Maria Sharapova (who moved from Russia at the age of nine) and Jelena Janković (from Belgrade, Serbia, aged 12); both became no. 1. Max Mirnyi, who trained with Bollettieri for 17 years, was ranked world number 1 in men's doubles. Bollettieri's most famous coaching roles while travelling as a tour coach were with Andre Agassi from 1986 until Bollettieri ended the arrangement following the 1993 Wimbledon tournament, and with Boris Becker from December 1993 to August 1995. Before becoming a wildlife-related personality, Frank Cuesta had also attended Bollettieri's academy, and became a tennis coach himself in Thailand.


title: Nick Bollettieri

text: Bollettieri was married eight times, and had seven children. He was survived by his eighth wife, Cindi Eaton, who he had married on April 22, 2004. The same year, they founded Camp Kaizen, a nonprofit fitness camp.


title: Nick Bollettieri

text: On May 18, 2008, Bollettieri was honored at the New York College of Health Professions with an honorary doctorate in Humane Letters for his contribution to the world of sports, fitness, and wellness.


title: Nick Bollettieri

text: In 2014, he was inducted to the International Tennis Hall of Fame. The following year, Bollettieri became the first white man to be inducted into the Black Tennis Hall of Fame.


title: Ken Levine (game developer)

text: Kenneth M. Levine (born September 1, 1966) is an American game developer. He is the creative director and co-founder of Ghost Story Games (formerly known as Irrational Games). He led the creation of the "BioShock" series, and is also known for his work on "" and "System Shock 2". Levine was named one of the "Storytellers of the Decade" by "Game Informer" and was the 1UP Network's 2007 person of the year. He received the inaugural Golden Joystick "Lifetime Achievement Award" for his work.


title: Ken Levine (game developer)

text: Levine was born in Flushing, New York to a Jewish family. He studied drama at Vassar College, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in drama in 1988, in Poughkeepsie, New York before moving to Los Angeles to pursue a film career, writing two screenplays. In 1995, he was hired as a game designer by Cambridge, Massachusetts-based Looking Glass Studios after replying to a job ad in "Next Generation" magazine. At Looking Glass, Levine worked with pioneering designer Doug Church to establish the initial fiction and design of "".


title: Ken Levine (game developer)

text: In 1997, following his work on "Thief", Levine left Looking Glass along with two coworkers, Jonathan Chey and Robert Fermier, to found Irrational Games. The studio's first game was "System Shock 2", an early hybrid of a role-playing game and first-person shooter. "System Shock 2" is the sequel to Looking Glass' "System Shock" (1994). Levine served as lead writer and designer, and the game shipped in 1999 to critical acclaim.


title: Ken Levine (game developer)

text: Irrational Games developed "Freedom Force" and its sequel "Freedom Force vs The 3rd Reich", real-time tactical role-playing games that drew heavily on the love Levine and Irrational Games's artist Robb Waters had for the Silver Age of Comic Books. After the first "Freedom Force" game, Irrational developed "" and "SWAT 4", on which Levine served as writer and executive producer respectively.


title: Ken Levine (game developer)

text: Although "Tribes: Vengeance", "SWAT 4", and "Third Reich" all shipped within a year of one another in 2004 and 2005, Irrational Games had been working in preproduction on the first-person shooter "BioShock", the studio's most ambitious game at that point, since 2002. The game went through numerous revisions to its premise and gameplay, and was released in August 2007. In 2005, Levine, Chey, and Fermier sold Irrational Games to publisher Take-Two Interactive. Take-Two Interactive changed their name to 2K, just as "BioShock" was released. "BioShock" was a critical and commercial success, and is considered one of the best games of all time. The "BioShock" franchise has sold over 25 million units to date.


title: Ken Levine (game developer)

text: In 2008, Levine delivered the keynote address at the Penny Arcade Expo in Seattle, discussing his youth as a nerd in the 1970s and how it impacted the path of his career.


title: Ken Levine (game developer)

text: Since the release of "BioShock", Levine served as creative director and lead writer on "BioShock Infinite", set in 1912 in the floating city of Columbia. "BioShock Infinite" was a critical and commercial success, winning over 80 awards pre-release.


title: Ken Levine (game developer)

text: On February 18, 2014, Levine announced that Irrational Games would be closing down, with fifteen members of the staff to follow Levine to focus on digital only, narrative-driven games for Take-Two. Levine stated in a 2016 interview that the stress of managing "Infinite"s development had affected his health and personal relationships, and rather than stay on to lead an even larger "BioShock" game, opted to depart from it. Levine's current project involves a concept of "Narrative Legos" that can be used to create an endlessly-replayable story-driven video game.


title: Ken Levine (game developer)

text: On February 23, 2017, Irrational Games was rebranded as Ghost Story Games, founded by 12 of the former Irrational members with Levine remaining as president and creative director. In January 2022, the outlet's next game was reported to be in development hell, with employees blaming Levine for a lack of leadership in producing a vaguely pitched game that Levine described as a "narrative LEGO" in which every player would have a unique experience.


title: Ken Levine (game developer)

text: Ken Levine has been a consultant and co-author of three books related to the "BioShock" franchise. These are "", "" and "The Art of BioShock Infinite". Levine himself did not work on the majority of "Rapture" and "Mind in Revolt", but provided the intellectual property and quotes used by the authors in the books. The author for "Rapture" was John Shirley and the author for "Mind in Revolt" was Joe Fielder. Levine personally wrote an introduction in the Deluxe Edition of "The Art of BioShock Infinite", published by Dark Horse Comics.


title: Ken Levine (game developer)

text: In June 2013, Levine had been confirmed to be writing the script for a new film version of the dystopian science fiction novel "Logan's Run". However, he was later dropped from the project.


title: Ken Levine (game developer)

text: In April 2016, Levine stated he was working with Interlude to write and produce the pilot episode for an interactive, live-action series based on "The Twilight Zone", which will be published by CBS. However as of January 2022, nothing has come to fruition. In 2017, Levine described the project as "in flux."


title: Ken Levine (game developer)

text: Ken Levine is most notable for his conceptualization and work on the "BioShock" franchise. Levine and his team worked on "BioShock" and "BioShock Infinite", passing on the opportunity to make "BioShock 2".


title: Ken Levine (game developer)

text: "BioShock" is set in 1960, where the player controls a man named Jack who is the sole survivor of a plane crash near a mysterious lighthouse in the mid-Atlantic. Jack finds a bathysphere and takes the submersible down to an underwater city called Rapture, a city that was dedicated to the pursuit of a perfect free market economy. The city has fallen into ruin due to the city's social implosion and Jack must find a way to survive against the crazed inhabitants and escape.


title: Ken Levine (game developer)

text: "BioShock Infinite" is set in 1912, where main protagonist Booker DeWitt must travel to Columbia, a flying city that has no fixed location and rescue a girl named Elizabeth and bring her back to New York. No motivation is given as to why Booker must do this except the cryptic words "Bring us the girl, and wipe away the debt." Booker arrives at Columbia to find an American-Exceptionalist city dedicated to hailing the Founding Fathers that is led by a religious zealot known as Father Comstock.


title: Ken Levine (game developer)

text: Ken Levine is known for creating narrative-driven games that explore sociological and philosophical themes. He selects dynamic art styles for use in his games, such as art deco, steampunk and frontierism.


title: Ken Levine (game developer)

text: Levine has explored concepts ranging from racial commentary to metaphysics with his games and emphasizes the storytelling aspect of gaming. He has cited "Mad Men", the Coen brothers and Stanley Kubrick as some of his influences.


title: Ken Levine (game developer)

text: While Levine considers himself culturally Jewish, he does not follow Judaism, and considers himself an atheist.


title: Dalljiet Kaur

text: Dalljiet Kaur (born 15 November 1982) is an Indian television actress primarily known for her portrayals of Niyati in "Kulvaddhu", Anjali in "Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon?" and Manjiri in "Kaala Teeka". She participated and became the winner of "Nach Baliye" with Shalin Bhanot. In 2019, she participated in the reality show "Bigg Boss 13".


title: Dalljiet Kaur

text: Kaur was born on 15 November 1982 in Ludhiana. She comes from a family of army background. Her father is a retired Colonel and her two elder sisters are in the defence services, as Indian Army officers.


title: Dalljiet Kaur

text: Kaur met Shalin Bhanot while working together in "Kulvaddhu", whom she married on 9 December in the year 2009. They had a son born in 2014. In 2015, she filed for divorce accusing Shaleen of domestic violence.


title: Dalljiet Kaur

text: In 2004, she won the title of Miss Pune, as well as being a finalist in a number of other pageants including, Miss Navy, Miss Mumbai and Miss Maharashtra Queen. She made her television début in the Zee TV drama, "Manshaa", and this was followed by appearances in "C.I.D.", "Aahat" and "Raat Hone Ko Hai". In 2005, she appeared in the show in a cameo role in "Kaisa Ye Pyar Hai". Her first role as a protagonist in a drama was in "Kulvaddhu" as Niyati, a young girl from a royal Jodhpur family.


title: Dalljiet Kaur

text: Following the abrupt ending of "Kulvaddhu", Daljeet went on to play Shikha in "Chhoona Hai Aasmaan". She also appeared in Star Plus show "Santaan" from 2007 to 2009.


title: Dalljiet Kaur

text: In 2008, she participated in the dance reality show "Nach Baliye" in the fourth season and became the winner with ex-husband Shalin Bhanot. In 2011 she played Anjali in Star Plus' show "Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon?". She later appeared in other shows like "Saath Nibhaana Saathiya" (2012), "Sasural Simar Ka" & "Rangrasiya" (2013).


title: Dalljiet Kaur

text: Kaur made her comeback to television with Colors TV's "Swaragini - Jodein Rishton Ke Sur" where she played Janki. She later did an episodic appearance in Life OK's "Savdhaan India". From 2015 to 2017, she played one of the leads in Zee TV's "Kaala Teeka".


title: Dalljiet Kaur

text: In 2017, she portrayed Aadishakti in "Maa Shakti". In 2018, she played one of the supporting leads in Star Plus show "Qayamat Ki Raat". She later appeared in "Silsila Badalte Rishton Ka" and "Vikram Betaal Ki Rahasya Gatha"


title: Dalljiet Kaur

text: In 2019, she essayed the role of antagonist Antara Rawat on the show "Guddan Tumse Na Ho Payega" which aired on Zee TV. In September 2019, Kaur was a celebrity contestant in the thirteenth season of the Indian version of the reality TV show "Big Brother", "Bigg Boss".


title: Dalljiet Kaur

text: In May 2021, Kaur appeared in the music video 'Befikar Raho' alongside Asim Riaz's brother Umar Riaz, which she produced as well.


title: Lateralization of brain function

text: The lateralization of brain function is the tendency for some neural functions or cognitive processes to be specialized to one side of the brain or the other. The median longitudinal fissure separates the human brain into two distinct cerebral hemispheres, connected by the corpus callosum. Although the macrostructure of the two hemispheres appears to be almost identical, different composition of neuronal networks allows for specialized function that is different in each hemisphere.


title: Lateralization of brain function

text: Lateralization of brain structures is based on general trends expressed in healthy patients; however, there are numerous counterexamples to each generalization. Each human's brain develops differently, leading to unique lateralization in individuals. This is different from specialization, as lateralization refers only to the function of one structure divided between two hemispheres. Specialization is much easier to observe as a trend, since it has a stronger anthropological history.


title: Lateralization of brain function

text: The best example of an established lateralization is that of Broca's and Wernicke's areas, where both are often found exclusively on the left hemisphere. Function lateralization, such as semantics, intonation, accentuation, and prosody, has since been called into question and largely been found to have a neuronal basis in both hemispheres. Another example is that each hemisphere in the brain tends to represent one side of the body. In the cerebellum, this is the same body side, but in the forebrain this is predominantly the contralateral side.


title: Lateralization of brain function

text: Language functions such as grammar, vocabulary and literal meaning are typically lateralized to the left hemisphere, especially in right-handed individuals. While language production is left-lateralized in up to 90% of right-handers, it is more bilateral, or even right-lateralized, in approximately 50% of left-handers.


title: Lateralization of brain function

text: Broca's area and Wernicke's area, associated with the production of speech and comprehension of speech, respectively, are located in the left cerebral hemisphere for about 95% of right-handers but about 70% of left-handers. Individuals who speak multiple languages demonstrate separate speech areas for each language.


title: Lateralization of brain function

text: The processing of basic sensory information is lateralized by being divided into left and right sides of the body or the space around the body.


title: Lateralization of brain function

text: In vision, about half the neurons of the optic nerve from each eye cross to project to the opposite hemisphere, and about half do not cross to project to the hemisphere on the same side. This means that the left side of the visual field is processed largely by the visual cortex of the right hemisphere and vice versa for the right side of the visual field.


title: Lateralization of brain function

text: In hearing, about 90% of the neurons of the auditory nerve from one ear cross to project to the auditory cortex of the opposite hemisphere.


title: Lateralization of brain function

text: In the sense of touch, most of the neurons from the skin cross to project to the somatosensory cortex of the opposite hemisphere.


title: Lateralization of brain function

text: Because of this functional division of the left and right sides of the body and of the space that surrounds it, the processing of information in the sensory cortices is essentially identical. That is, the processing of visual and auditory stimuli, spatial manipulation, facial perception, and artistic ability are represented bilaterally. Numerical estimation, comparison and online calculation depend on bilateral parietal regions while exact calculation and fact retrieval are associated with left parietal regions, perhaps due to their ties to linguistic processing.


title: Lateralization of brain function

text: Rather than just being a series of places where different brain modules occur, there are running similarities in the kind of function seen in each side, for instance how right-side impairment of drawing ability making patients draw the parts of the subject matter with wholly incoherent relationships, or where the kind of left-side damage seen in language impairment not damaging the patient's ability to catch the significance of intonation in speech. This has led British psychiatrist Iain McGilchrist to view the two hemispheres as having different value systems, where the left hemisphere tends to reduce complex matters such as ethics to rules and measures, and the right hemisphere is disposed to the holistic and metaphorical.


title: Lateralization of brain function

text: Depression is linked with a hyperactive right hemisphere, with evidence of selective involvement in "processing negative emotions, pessimistic thoughts and unconstructive thinking styles", as well as vigilance, arousal and self-reflection, and a relatively hypoactive left hemisphere, "specifically involved in processing pleasurable experiences" and "relatively more involved in decision-making processes". Additionally, "left hemisphere lesions result in an omissive response bias or error pattern whereas right hemisphere lesions result in a commissive response bias or error pattern." The delusional misidentification syndromes, reduplicative paramnesia and Capgras delusion are also often the result of right hemisphere lesions.


title: Lateralization of brain function

text: Damage to either the right or left hemisphere, and its resulting deficits provide insight into the function of the damaged area. Left hemisphere damage has many effects on language production and perception. Damage or lesions to the right hemisphere can result in a lack of emotional prosody or intonation when speaking. Right hemisphere damage also has grave effects on understanding discourse. People with damage to the right hemisphere have a reduced ability to generate inferences, comprehend and produce main concepts, and a reduced ability to manage alternative meanings. Furthermore, people with right hemisphere damage often exhibit discourse that is abrupt and perfunctory or verbose and excessive. They can also have pragmatic deficits in situations of turn taking, topic maintenance and shared knowledge.


title: Lateralization of brain function

text: Lateral brain damage can also affect visual perceptual spatial resolution. People with left hemisphere damage may have impaired perception of high resolution, or detailed, aspects of an image. People with right hemisphere damage may have impaired perception of low resolution, or big picture, aspects of an image.


title: Lateralization of brain function

text: If a specific region of the brain, or even an entire hemisphere, is injured or destroyed, its functions can sometimes be assumed by a neighboring region in the same hemisphere or the corresponding region in the other hemisphere, depending upon the area damaged and the patient's age. When injury interferes with pathways from one area to another, alternative (indirect) connections may develop to communicate information with detached areas, despite the inefficiencies.


title: Lateralization of brain function

text: Broca's aphasia is a specific type of expressive aphasia and is so named due to the aphasia that results from damage or lesions to the Broca's area of the brain, that exists most commonly in the left inferior frontal hemisphere. Thus, the aphasia that develops from the lack of functioning of the Broca's area is an expressive and non-fluent aphasia. It is called 'non-fluent' due to the issues that arise because Broca's area is critical for language pronunciation and production. The area controls some motor aspects of speech production and articulation of thoughts to words and as such lesions to the area result in specific non-fluent aphasia.


title: Lateralization of brain function

text: Wernicke's aphasia is the result of damage to the area of the brain that is commonly in the left hemisphere above the Sylvian fissure. Damage to this area causes primarily a deficit in language comprehension. While the ability to speak fluently with normal melodic intonation is spared, the language produced by a person with Wernicke's aphasia is riddled with semantic errors and may sound nonsensical to the listener. Wernicke's aphasia is characterized by phonemic paraphasias, neologism or jargon. Another characteristic of a person with Wernicke's aphasia is that they are unconcerned by the mistakes that they are making.


title: Lateralization of brain function

text: Terence Hines states that the research on brain lateralization is valid as a research program, though commercial promoters have applied it to promote subjects and products far outside the implications of the research. For example, the implications of the research have no bearing on psychological interventions such as eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and neurolinguistic programming, brain-training equipment, or management training.


title: Lateralization of brain function

text: Some popularizations oversimplify the science about lateralization, by presenting the functional differences between hemispheres as being more absolute than is actually the case. Interestingly, research has shown quite opposite function of brain lateralisation, i.e. left hemisphere creatively and chaotically links between concepts and right hemisphere tends to adhere to specific date and time, although generally adhering to the pattern of left-brain as linguistic interpretation and right brain as spatio-temporal.


title: Lateralization of brain function

text: In the 19th century and to a lesser extent the 20th, it was thought that each side of the brain was associated with a specific gender: the left corresponding with masculinity and the right with femininity and each half could function independently. The right side of the brain was seen as the inferior and thought to be prominent in women, savages, children, criminals, and the insane. A prime example of this in fictional literature can be seen in Robert Louis Stevenson's "Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde".


title: Lateralization of brain function

text: One of the first indications of brain function lateralization resulted from the research of French physician Pierre Paul Broca, in 1861. His research involved the male patient nicknamed "Tan", who had a speech deficit (aphasia); "tan" was one of the few words he could articulate, hence his nickname. In Tan's autopsy, Broca determined he had a syphilitic lesion in the left cerebral hemisphere. This left frontal lobe brain area (Broca's area) is an important speech production region. The motor aspects of speech production deficits caused by damage to Broca's area are known as expressive aphasia. In clinical assessment of this type of aphasia, patients have difficulty producing speech.


title: Lateralization of brain function

text: German physician Karl Wernicke continued in the vein of Broca's research by studying language deficits unlike expressive aphasia. Wernicke noted that not every deficit was in speech production; some were linguistic. He found that damage to the left posterior, superior temporal gyrus (Wernicke's area) caused language comprehension deficits rather than speech production deficits, a syndrome known as receptive aphasia.


title: Lateralization of brain function

text: These seminal works on hemispheric specialization were done on patients or postmortem brains, raising questions about the potential impact of pathology on the research findings. New methods permit the "in vivo" comparison of the hemispheres in healthy subjects. Particularly, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) are important because of their high spatial resolution and ability to image subcortical brain structures.


title: Lateralization of brain function

text: In the 1940s, neurosurgeon Wilder Penfield and his neurologist colleague Herbert Jasper developed a technique of brain mapping to help reduce side effects caused by surgery to treat epilepsy. They stimulated motor and somatosensory cortices of the brain with small electrical currents to activate discrete brain regions. They found that stimulation of one hemisphere's motor cortex produces muscle contraction on the opposite side of the body. Furthermore, the functional map of the motor and sensory cortices is fairly consistent from person to person; Penfield and Jasper's famous pictures of the motor and sensory homunculi were the result.


title: Lateralization of brain function

text: Research by Michael Gazzaniga and Roger Wolcott Sperry in the 1960s on split-brain patients led to an even greater understanding of functional laterality. Split-brain patients are patients who have undergone corpus callosotomy (usually as a treatment for severe epilepsy), a severing of a large part of the corpus callosum. The corpus callosum connects the two hemispheres of the brain and allows them to communicate. When these connections are cut, the two halves of the brain have a reduced capacity to communicate with each other. This led to many interesting behavioral phenomena that allowed Gazzaniga and Sperry to study the contributions of each hemisphere to various cognitive and perceptual processes. One of their main findings was that the right hemisphere was capable of rudimentary language processing, but often has no lexical or grammatical abilities. Eran Zaidel also studied such patients and found some evidence for the right hemisphere having at least some syntactic ability.


title: Lateralization of brain function

text: Language is primarily localized in the left hemisphere. While the left hemisphere has proven to be more optimized for language, the right hemisphere has the capacity with emotions, such as sarcasm, that can express prosody in sentences when speaking. According to Sheppard and Hillis, "The right hemisphere is critical for perceiving sarcasm (Davis et al., 2016), integrating context required for understanding metaphor, inference, and humour, as well as recognizing and expressing affective or emotional prosody—changes in pitch, rhythm, rate, and loudness that convey emotions". One of the experiments carried out by Gazzaniga involved a split-brain male patient sitting in front of a computer screen while having words and images presented on either side of the screen, and the visual stimuli would go to either the right or left visual field, and thus the left or right brain, respectively. It was observed that if the patient was presented with an image to his left visual field (right brain), he would report not seeing anything. If he was able to feel around for certain objects, he could accurately pick out the correct object, despite not having the ability to verbalize what he saw.


title: Tver

text: Tver () is a city and the administrative centre of Tver Oblast, Russia. It is northwest of Moscow. Population:


title: Tver

text: Tver was formerly the capital of a powerful medieval state and a model provincial town in the Russian Empire, with a population of 60,000 on 14 January 1913. It is situated at the confluence of the Volga and Tvertsa Rivers. The city was known as Kalinin () from 1931 to 1990. The city is where three rivers meet, splitting the town into northern and southern parts by the Volga River, and divided again into quarters by the Tvertsa River, which splits the left (northern) bank into east and west halves, and the Tmaka River which does the same along the southern bank.


title: Tver

text: Tver's foundation year is officially accepted to be 1135, although there is no universal agreement on this date and some estimates place it as late as the second half of the 13th century. The name of the city is of Finnish origin, "Tiheverä". Originally a minor settlement of Novgorodian traders, it passed to the Grand Prince of Vladimir in 1209. In 1246, Alexander Nevsky granted it to his younger brother Yaroslav Yaroslavich (d. 1271), from whom a dynasty of local princes descended. Four of them were killed by the Golden Horde and were proclaimed saints by the Russian Orthodox church.