title: Josef Kramer

text: With the collapse of administration and many guards fleeing to escape retribution, roll calls were stopped, and the inmates were left to their own devices. Corpses rotted everywhere, and rats attacked the living too weak to fight them off. Kramer remained even when the British, led by Major Brian Urquhart, arrived to liberate the camp, and took them on a tour of the camp to inspect the "scenes". Piles of corpses lay all over the camp, mass graves were filled in, and the huts were filled with prisoners in every stage of emaciation and disease.


title: Josef Kramer

text: Kramer was imprisoned at the prison in Hamelin. Along with 44 other camp staff, Kramer was tried in the Belsen Trial by a British military court at Lüneburg. The trial lasted several weeks from September to November 1945. During the trial Anita Lasker testified that Kramer had taken part in selections for the gas chamber at Auschwitz.


title: Josef Kramer

text: Kramer was sentenced to death on 17 November 1945, for crimes both at Auschwitz and at Bergen-Belsen, and was hanged at Hamelin Prison by Albert Pierrepoint on 13 December 1945, aged 39.


title: Bigg Boss (Hindi season 10)

text: Bigg Boss 10, also known as Bigg Boss: India Isse Apna Hi Ghar Samjho is the tenth season of the Indian reality TV series "Bigg Boss". It began airing on 16 October 2016 on Colors TV.


title: Bigg Boss (Hindi season 10)

text: It was the first time when the doors of house were opened for commoners called Indiawale. This season ended on 29 January 2017 with Manveer Gurjar as the winner. Bani J became the first runner up.


title: Bigg Boss (Hindi season 10)

text: This was the first season of Bigg Boss to be aired on an OTT platform - Voot. New element called ‘Unseen-Undekha’ was introduced by way of unseen footage uploaded on Voot.


title: Bigg Boss (Hindi season 10)

text: The main events in the house are summarised in the table below. A typical week begins with nominations, followed by the luxury budget task, punishment than a task for immunity or anything else and then the eviction of a housemate during the Sunday or Saturday episode called as "Weekend Ka Vaar". Evictions, tasks, and other notable events for a particular week are noted in order of sequence.


title: Green Line (Namma Metro)

text: Green Line of Namma Metro was built along with the Purple Line during the first phase of construction of the metro rail system for the city of Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. The 30.5 km line connects Nagasandra in the northwest to Silk Institute in the south. The line connects the industrial centers of Peenya and Yelahanka in the north with the central hub of Majestic and the southern residential areas of Bangalore (Basavanagudi, Jayanagar, Banshankari etc.). Green Line is mostly elevated, with 26 elevated stations and 3 underground stations. The Line passes through Majestic station which is an interchange station between Green and Purple Lines.


title: Green Line (Namma Metro)

text: When Phase II is completed, the line will stretch from Madavara in northwest to Silk Institute in the South. The length of the line will increase to .


title: Green Line (Namma Metro)

text: Construction work on Reach 3 and 3A of Phase I of the Namma Metro began in 2009–10. The total cost of the project on this stretch was 2,100 crore. Work on the underground section commenced in May 2011. TBMs named "Kaveri," "Krishna" and "Godavari" were used for tunnel boring work for the Green Line. The first trial run on the Green Line was conducted on 8 August 2013.


title: Green Line (Namma Metro)

text: Construction required 1.3 lakh tonnes of concrete, 44,500 tonnes of steel bars, and 190 km of high tension wires weighing 2900 tonnes. A total of 395 piers, including station piers and portals, were constructed on the stretch. The tallest pier of the viaduct is a 21-metre pier between Kuvempu Road and Sriramapura stations, opposite Gayatri Devi Park. There 353 spans on the stretch, the longest being the 66-metre curved span over the railway track off Sriramapura. The total roofing area of the 10 stations on the stretch was 47,000 square metres.


title: Green Line (Namma Metro)

text: The first section of Green Line was opened to public on 1 March 2014. BMRCL Managing Director Pradeep Singh Kharola stated that about 25,000 passengers traveled on the line on the opening day. In the first month of operations, 7.62 lakh people at an average of 24,605 people daily used the Green Line, generating a revenue of .


title: Green Line (Namma Metro)

text: TBM "Godavari" began drilling the 970-metre underground section between Sampige Road and Majestic stations in April 2014. "Godavari" broke down a few months later, and needed to have its cutter head replaced. The machine broke down due to tough terrain including hard rock and boulders. The cutter head had to be imported from Italy. The machine restarted work in September 2015. "Godavari" completed drilling and emerged on the Majestic station end of the tunnel on 19 April 2016. Meanwhile, "Kaveri" and "Krishna" continued drilling the underground section between National College and Nadaprabhu Kempegowda station.


title: Green Line (Namma Metro)

text: Construction of the underground section of Green Line required the use of 3,000 transit mixer loads of concrete. 1,000 km of cable had to be laid.


title: Green Line (Namma Metro)

text: Trial runs on the elevated section between National College and Yelachenahalli began on 23 November 2016. Trials were conducted between National College and Jayanagara initially at a speed of 10 km/h, and then along the entire elevated section between National College and Yelachenahalli at a speed of 25 km/h. Trial runs began in the tunneled section on 30 March 2017.


title: Green Line (Namma Metro)

text: Services at Sampige Road, Srirampura and Kuvempu Road stations were suspended between 13 and 22 March 2017 to allow authorities to conduct static and other tests and to link Sampige Road station with Nadaprabhu Kempegowda station. During the 10-day testing period, services operated only between Nagasandra and Rajajinagar stations. The BMTC introduced special feeder bus services to transport passengers from Rajajinagara to Hosahalli. Services between Sampige Road and Rajajinagara were suspended again for four days beginning 13 April 2017 to conduct trial runs on the underground section between Sampige Road and National College. Trial runs were completed on 16 May 2017.


title: Green Line (Namma Metro)

text: Contract for construction of the 6.5 km Reach 4B from Yelachenahalli to Silk Institute (previously named Anjanapura) was awarded to Nagarjuna Construction Co. The extension was estimated to cost . Civil work on the extension began in October 2016 and was completed by 2020. Trial runs were conducted on 18–19 December 2020 following which the extension was inaugurated on 14 January 2021, making it the first section of Phase II to start commercial operations.


title: Green Line (Namma Metro)

text: In October 2016, BMRCL invited bids for the construction of viaduct and stations on the 3.031 km extension (Reach 3C) of the Green Line from Nagasandra to Madavara (previously named Bengaluru International Exhibition Centre). Reach 3C was awarded to Simplex Infrastructure Limited in late February 2017. The contract specified a cost of and a deadline for completion of 27 months. The start of construction on the extension was delayed by 4 months due to land acquisition issues concerning land near Jindal Aluminium Limited in Kirloskar Layout. The issues were resolved and construction began in June 2017. Construction work on Reach 3C is expected to be ready by June–August 2022.


title: Green Line (Namma Metro)

text: There will be 32 stations on the Green Line. Of these, 29 are currently operational. Each station has around 60 surveillance cameras. Passenger lifts and escalators are provided at all stations.


title: Green Line (Namma Metro)

text: BMRC procured 150 metro coaches for fifty 3-car train sets in DMC-TC-DMC formation for Phase l of Namma Metro from BEML-Hyundai Rotem at a cost of Rs 1,672.50 crore (Rs 16.72 billion). Coach specifications were as follows. Dimensions: Length-20.8m, Width-2.88m, and Height-3.8m. Each coach has a seating capacity of about 50 and standing capacity of 306 (basis 8 per sqm). Thus, each train had a capacity of about 1000. Traction was through four 180Kw motors in each motor coach. The trains have a maximum speed of 80 km/h and axle load of 15 tonnes. The trains operate on 750V DC with third rail bottom power collector system. Features include stainless steel body fully air-conditioned coaches, longitudinal bank of wide seats, wide vestibules between coaches, non-skid and non-slip floor surfaces, wi-fi enabled, four wide passenger access doors on each side, wide windows, automatic voice announcement system and electronic information and destination display system.


title: Green Line (Namma Metro)

text: Initial operations on the Green Line began with twenty-one 3-coach trains. As loads increased with increasing ridership, all trains were converted to six coaches. Rolling stock on the Green Line are silver with a streak of bright green along its length.


title: Green Line (Namma Metro)

text: Power is supplied to the Green Line from the Peenya sub-station of the Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Ltd. (KPTCL).


title: Green Line (Namma Metro)

text: In September 2009, the consortium led by Alstom Project India Limited were awarded a contract worth ₹563.4 crore (US$79.0 million) to supply control and signalling system for the first phase of the project. The consortium is led by Alstom and composed of Alstom Transport SA, Thales Group Portugal S A and Sumitomo Corporation. Alstom will provide the design, manufacture, supply, installing, testing and commissioning of the train control and signalling system and Thales will provide the design, installing, testing and commissioning of the telecommunication system for Phase I of the metro system. It includes the Urbalis 200 Automatic Train Control system which will ensure optimal safety, flexible operations and heightened passenger comfort.


title: Green Line (Namma Metro)

text: The integrated control centre at Baiyyappanahalli has direct communication with trains and stations are CCTV fitted with visual and audio service information.


title: Green Line (Namma Metro)

text: Trains initially operated on the Green Line from 6 am to 11 pm. This was extended from 5AM to 11PM from 1 December 2015. The frequency along the line was 15 minutes between 5AM and 8AM and 8PM and 11PM, and 10 minutes between 8AM and 8PM. Trains halt for 30 seconds at each station. The 24.2 km journey is usually covered in about 42 minutes. Each six-coach train has a capacity of 2,004 passengers.


title: Trevor Goddard

text: Trevor Joseph Goddard (14 October 1962 – 7 June 2003) was an English actor. He was best known for playing Kano in the martial arts film "Mortal Kombat", Lieutenant Commander Mic Brumby in the television series "JAG" and main villain Keefer in the action film "Men of War" (with Dolph Lundgren and "JAG" co-star Catherine Bell).


title: Trevor Goddard

text: Goddard was born in Croydon, London, England, in 1962. Between 1974 and 1979, he attended Ravensbourne School, Hayes Lane, Bromley, London. A punk in 1977, he helped form a band at school called The Belsen Horrors (the name of which came from a Sex Pistols track). First a drummer, then the lead singer, he and his band lasted until 1978. Later, sometime between 1979 and 1980, he was the drummer in another Bromley punk band called The Vamp. This group was led by Wayne Cregan, who was one of the first members of X-Ray Spex. Bromley was closely linked with the early punk movement – first through the Bromley Contingent (the first fans of the Sex Pistols), and three famous punk singers who came from this town: Poly Styrene (X-Ray Spex), Siouxsie Sioux (of Siouxsie and the Banshees) and Billy Idol – who like Trevor, attended Ravensbourne School for Boys.


title: Trevor Goddard

text: For much of his career, he claimed to be of Australian descent and often played Australian characters.


title: Trevor Goddard

text: He appeared in cameo roles in many television shows prior to 1995. That same year, Goddard played Kano in the film adaptation of "Mortal Kombat". His performance as Kano became the source of the character's evolution in the video games. However his accent in the film was mistakenly interpreted as Australian, which led to Kano being portrayed as an Australian in future installments.


title: Trevor Goddard

text: He would go on to act in other films such as "Gone in Sixty Seconds", "Men of War" (with Dolph Lundgren and future "JAG" co-star Catherine Bell) and "Hollywood Vampyr". He played a short-tempered mercenary in the 1998 film "Deep Rising" with Treat Williams and Famke Janssen. Goddard played in the television drama series "JAG" as Lieutenant Commander Mick Brumby and was featured in TV commercials for the Hoover FloorMate.


title: Trevor Goddard

text: On 7 June 2003, Goddard was found dead in his home in North Hollywood, Los Angeles, California. He was 40 years old. Initial reports indicated that Goddard was in the process of getting a divorce and that suicide was suspected. An autopsy later showed that Goddard died from an accidental drug overdose of heroin, cocaine, temazepam and vicodin.


title: Around the World in a Day

text: Around the World in a Day is the seventh studio album by American recording artist Prince, and the second release where his backing band The Revolution is billed. It was released on April 22, 1985, by Paisley Park Records and Warner Bros. Records. Departing somewhat from the commercial sound of his previous release, the massively successful "Purple Rain" (1984), the album instead saw Prince experimenting with psychedelic styles and more opulent textures. In compliance with Prince's wishes, the record company released the album with minimal publicity, withholding accompanying singles until almost a month after the album's release.


title: Around the World in a Day

text: "Around the World in a Day" was released to notably mixed reception among crossover audiences after the success of "Purple Rain", though it nonetheless sold relatively well and became Prince and the Revolution's second number-one album on the "Billboard" 200. Two of its four singles reached the top 10 of the "Billboard" Hot 100: "Raspberry Beret" and "Pop Life". Following Prince's death, "Raspberry Beret" re-charted on the "Billboard" Hot 100 as a top 40 hit, reaching number 33. "Around the World in a Day" was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on July 2, 1985.


title: Around the World in a Day

text: Recording for "Around the World in a Day" was begun in sessions dating back before that of "Purple Rain". Following six months of touring behind that bestselling album, Prince returned to recording. An initial inspiration for the album's sound came in the form of a demo, recorded by David Coleman, the brother of Revolution band member Lisa Coleman, which would ultimately become the title track.


title: Around the World in a Day

text: The album pursued a dense, psychedelic style that made use of unconventional instruments and cryptic lyrics. Its sound and album cover painting by Doug Henders (artist) drew numerous comparisons to The Beatles' "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" album. Prince spoke in an interview about the album's cover art, its psychedelic sound, and the comparison:


title: Around the World in a Day

text: Despite the muted promotion and the material on the album being overall not as radio-friendly as "Purple Rain", it still had two American top 10 hits, and went double platinum. It was initially met with mixed critical reception.


title: Around the World in a Day

text: In a positive retrospective review for "Pitchfork", Alan Light described the album as "a brave and deeply personal project, exploring sounds and ideas that were almost shocking coming from a pop icon at his peak."


title: Around the World in a Day

text: Simon Price wrote for "The Guardian" that the album "always sounds better than you think it will, when you revisit."


title: Trevor McDonald

text: Sir Trevor McDonald (born George McDonald; 16 August 1939) is a Trinidadian-British newsreader and journalist, best known for his career as a news presenter with ITN.


title: Trevor McDonald

text: Trevor McDonald was born on 16 August 1939 in San Fernando, Trinidad and Tobago, to Josephine and Lawson McDonald. McDonald is of Dougla heritage, his mother being of African descent and his father being of Indian descent.


title: Trevor McDonald

text: After working as a print and broadcast journalist in Trinidad during the 1960s, in 1969, McDonald was employed by BBC Radio as a producer, based in London but still broadcasting to the Caribbean. In 1973, he began his long association with Independent Television News as a general reporter and was also ITN's first black reporter. McDonald later became a sports correspondent, but he ultimately concentrated on international politics. In the 1980s, he spent some time with the ITN-produced "Channel 4 News", but returned to ITV in 1989, presenting the early-evening news.


title: Trevor McDonald

text: McDonald was promoted in 1992 as the sole presenter of "News at Ten" and became a well-known face on British television screens. McDonald stayed with ITN when "News at Ten" was axed in 1999, moving to present the new "ITV Evening News". "News at Ten" was briefly relaunched on 22 January 2001, to which McDonald returned as a presenter. He presented the "ITV News at 10.30" following "News at Ten"s second axing.


title: Trevor McDonald

text: From 1999 to 2007, McDonald hosted ITV's flagship current affairs programme "Tonight with Trevor McDonald". The show was revived in 2010 with presenter Julie Etchingham.


title: Trevor McDonald

text: McDonald presented his last "ITV News" bulletin on 15 December 2005. He stepped down from his role as anchor after more than 30 years at ITN, but said he had no plans to retire completely from television. McDonald told his ITN colleagues that he wanted a low-key departure after having observed the departures of Tom Brokaw and Dan Rather in the United States. At the end of the final programme, he signed off with the words:


title: Trevor McDonald

text: Over the closing titles of the last bulletin that McDonald presented, the November 1992 to March 1999 "News at Ten" theme was played as a tribute to him.


title: Trevor McDonald

text: On 31 October 2007, ITV announced that, early in 2008, McDonald would come out of retirement to present the relaunched "News at Ten" together with Julie Etchingham.


title: Trevor McDonald

text: It was announced on 30 October 2008 that McDonald would step down from "News at Ten" once the 2008 US presidential election was over, to be replaced by Mark Austin. His last bulletin was on 20 November 2008. It was reported at the time that he would continue to present links for "Tonight".


title: Trevor McDonald

text: McDonald holds honorary degrees from the University of Plymouth and Liverpool John Moores University. He was appointed Knight Bachelor in the Queen's 1999 Birthday Honours for his services to broadcasting and journalism. He was awarded with "Special Recognition" at the National Television Awards in 2003 and with a BAFTA fellowship at the 2011 British Academy Television Awards.


title: Elasticity (physics)

text: In physics and materials science, elasticity is the ability of a body to resist a distorting influence and to return to its original size and shape when that influence or force is removed. Solid objects will deform when adequate loads are applied to them; if the material is elastic, the object will return to its initial shape and size after removal. This is in contrast to "plasticity", in which the object fails to do so and instead remains in its deformed state.


title: Elasticity (physics)

text: The physical reasons for elastic behavior can be quite different for different materials. In metals, the atomic lattice changes size and shape when forces are applied (energy is added to the system). When forces are removed, the lattice goes back to the original lower energy state. For rubbers and other polymers, elasticity is caused by the stretching of polymer chains when forces are applied.


title: Elasticity (physics)

text: Hooke's law states that the force required to deform elastic objects should be directly proportional to the distance of deformation, regardless of how large that distance becomes. This is known as "perfect elasticity", in which a given object will return to its original shape no matter how strongly it is deformed. This is an ideal concept only; most materials which possess elasticity in practice remain purely elastic only up to very small deformations, after which plastic (permanent) deformation occurs.


title: Elasticity (physics)

text: In engineering, the elasticity of a material is quantified by the elastic modulus such as the Young's modulus, bulk modulus or shear modulus which measure the amount of stress needed to achieve a unit of strain; a higher modulus indicates that the material is harder to deform. The SI unit of this modulus is the pascal (Pa). The material's "elastic limit" or yield strength is the maximum stress that can arise before the onset of plastic deformation. Its SI unit is also the pascal (Pa).


title: Elasticity (physics)

text: When an elastic material is deformed due to an external force, it experiences internal resistance to the deformation and restores it to its original state if the external force is no longer applied. There are various elastic moduli, such as Young's modulus, the shear modulus, and the bulk modulus, all of which are measures of the inherent elastic properties of a material as a resistance to deformation under an applied load. The various moduli apply to different kinds of deformation. For instance, Young's modulus applies to extension/compression of a body, whereas the shear modulus applies to its shear. Young's modulus and shear modulus are only for solids, whereas the bulk modulus is for solids, liquids, and gases.


title: Elasticity (physics)

text: The elasticity of materials is described by a stress–strain curve, which shows the relation between stress (the average restorative internal force per unit area) and strain (the relative deformation). The curve is generally nonlinear, but it can (by use of a Taylor series) be approximated as linear for sufficiently small deformations (in which higher-order terms are negligible). If the material is isotropic, the linearized stress–strain relationship is called Hooke's law, which is often presumed to apply up to the elastic limit for most metals or crystalline materials whereas nonlinear elasticity is generally required to model large deformations of rubbery materials even in the elastic range. For even higher stresses, materials exhibit plastic behavior, that is, they deform irreversibly and do not return to their original shape after stress is no longer applied. For rubber-like materials such as elastomers, the slope of the stress–strain curve increases with stress, meaning that rubbers progressively become more difficult to stretch, while for most metals, the gradient decreases at very high stresses, meaning that they progressively become easier to stretch. Elasticity is not exhibited only by solids; non-Newtonian fluids, such as viscoelastic fluids, will also exhibit elasticity in certain conditions quantified by the Deborah number. In response to a small, rapidly applied and removed strain, these fluids may deform and then return to their original shape. Under larger strains, or strains applied for longer periods of time, these fluids may start to flow like a viscous liquid.


title: Elasticity (physics)

text: Because the elasticity of a material is described in terms of a stress–strain relation, it is essential that the terms "stress" and "strain" be defined without ambiguity. Typically, two types of relation are considered. The first type deals with materials that are elastic only for small strains. The second deals with materials that are not limited to small strains. Clearly, the second type of relation is more general in the sense that it must include the first type as a special case.


title: Elasticity (physics)

text: For small strains, the measure of stress that is used is the Cauchy stress while the measure of strain that is used is the infinitesimal strain tensor; the resulting (predicted) material behavior is termed linear elasticity, which (for isotropic media) is called the generalized Hooke's law. Cauchy elastic materials and hypoelastic materials are models that extend Hooke's law to allow for the possibility of large rotations, large distortions, and intrinsic or induced anisotropy.


title: Elasticity (physics)

text: For more general situations, any of a number of stress measures can be used, and it is generally desired (but not required) that the elastic stress–strain relation be phrased in terms of a finite strain measure that is work conjugate to the selected stress measure, i.e., the time integral of the inner product of the stress measure with the rate of the strain measure should be equal to the change in internal energy for any adiabatic process that remains below the elastic limit.


title: Elasticity (physics)

text: The SI unit for elasticity and the elastic modulus is the pascal (Pa). This unit is defined as force per unit area, generally a measurement of pressure, which in mechanics corresponds to stress. The pascal and therefore elasticity have the dimension L⋅M⋅T.


title: Elasticity (physics)

text: For most commonly used engineering materials, the elastic modulus is on the scale of gigapascals (GPa, 10 Pa).


title: Elasticity (physics)

text: As noted above, for small deformations, most elastic materials such as springs exhibit linear elasticity and can be described by a linear relation between the stress and strain. This relationship is known as Hooke's law. A geometry-dependent version of the idea was first formulated by Robert Hooke in 1675 as a Latin anagram, "ceiiinosssttuv". He published the answer in 1678: ""Ut tensio, sic vis"" meaning ""As the extension, so the force"", a linear relationship commonly referred to as Hooke's law. This law can be stated as a relationship between tensile force and corresponding extension displacement ,


title: Elasticity (physics)

text: where is a constant known as the "rate" or "spring constant". It can also be stated as a relationship between stress and strain formula_2:


title: Elasticity (physics)

text: Although the general proportionality constant between stress and strain in three dimensions is a 4th-order tensor called stiffness, systems that exhibit symmetry, such as a one-dimensional rod, can often be reduced to applications of Hooke's law.


title: Elasticity (physics)

text: The elastic behavior of objects that undergo finite deformations has been described using a number of models, such as Cauchy elastic material models, Hypoelastic material models, and Hyperelastic material models. The deformation gradient (F) is the primary deformation measure used in finite strain theory.


title: Elasticity (physics)

text: A material is said to be Cauchy-elastic if the Cauchy stress tensor σ is a function of the deformation gradient F alone:


title: Elasticity (physics)

text: It is generally incorrect to state that Cauchy stress is a function of merely a strain tensor, as such a model lacks crucial information about material rotation needed to produce correct results for an anisotropic medium subjected to vertical extension in comparison to the same extension applied horizontally and then subjected to a 90-degree rotation; both these deformations have the same spatial strain tensors yet must produce different values of the Cauchy stress tensor.


title: Elasticity (physics)

text: Even though the stress in a Cauchy-elastic material depends only on the state of deformation, the work done by stresses might depend on the path of deformation. Therefore, Cauchy elasticity includes non-conservative "non-hyperelastic" models (in which work of deformation is path dependent) as well as conservative "hyperelastic material" models (for which stress can be derived from a scalar "elastic potential" function).


title: Elasticity (physics)

text: A hypoelastic material can be rigorously defined as one that is modeled using a constitutive equation satisfying the following two criteria:


title: Elasticity (physics)

text: If only these two original criteria are used to define hypoelasticity, then hyperelasticity would be included as a special case, which prompts some constitutive modelers to append a third criterion that specifically requires a hypoelastic model to "not" be hyperelastic (i.e., hypoelasticity implies that stress is not derivable from an energy potential). If this third criterion is adopted, it follows that a hypoelastic material might admit nonconservative adiabatic loading paths that start and end with the same deformation gradient but do "not" start and end at the same internal energy.


title: Elasticity (physics)

text: Note that the second criterion requires only that the function formula_7 "exists". As detailed in the main hypoelastic material article, specific formulations of hypoelastic models typically employ so-called objective rates so that the formula_7 function exists only implicitly and is typically needed explicitly only for numerical stress updates performed via direct integration of the actual (not objective) stress rate.


title: Elasticity (physics)

text: Hyperelastic materials (also called Green elastic materials) are conservative models that are derived from a strain energy density function ("W"). A model is hyperelastic if and only if it is possible to express the Cauchy stress tensor as a function of the deformation gradient via a relationship of the form


title: Elasticity (physics)

text: This formulation takes the energy potential ("W") as a function of the deformation gradient (formula_14). By also requiring satisfaction of material objectivity, the energy potential may be alternatively regarded as a function of the Cauchy-Green deformation tensor (formula_15), in which case the hyperelastic model may be written alternatively as


title: Elasticity (physics)

text: Linear elasticity is used widely in the design and analysis of structures such as beams, plates and shells, and sandwich composites. This theory is also the basis of much of fracture mechanics.


title: Elasticity (physics)

text: Hyperelasticity is primarily used to determine the response of elastomer-based objects such as gaskets and of biological materials such as soft tissues and cell membranes.


title: Elasticity (physics)

text: For isotropic materials, the presence of fractures affects the Young and the shear moduli perpendicular to the planes of the cracks, which decrease (Young's modulus faster than the shear modulus) as the fracture density increases, indicating that the presence of cracks makes bodies brittler. Microscopically, the stress–strain relationship of materials is in general governed by the Helmholtz free energy, a thermodynamic quantity. Molecules settle in the configuration which minimizes the free energy, subject to constraints derived from their structure, and, depending on whether the energy or the entropy term dominates the free energy, materials can broadly be classified as "energy-elastic" and "entropy-elastic". As such, microscopic factors affecting the free energy, such as the equilibrium distance between molecules, can affect the elasticity of materials: for instance, in inorganic materials, as the equilibrium distance between molecules at 0 K increases, the bulk modulus decreases. The effect of temperature on elasticity is difficult to isolate, because there are numerous factors affecting it. For instance, the bulk modulus of a material is dependent on the form of its lattice, its behavior under expansion, as well as the vibrations of the molecules, all of which are dependent on temperature.


title: Turia Pitt

text: Turia Pitt (born 24 July 1987) is an Australian mining engineer, athlete, motivational speaker, and author.


title: Turia Pitt

text: On 2 September 2011, Pitt was competing in an ultramarathon 100km through Western Australia's Kimberley region, when she was caught in a large bush fire. During a subsequent inquiry, she stated there was "nowhere else to go" when the competitors tried to outrun an out-of-control blaze that swept up Selena Gorge, just outside Kununurra. Pitt suffered burns to 65 percent of her body. It was several hours before medical help arrived and she was air-lifted out. Doctors did not expect her to survive her injuries.


title: Turia Pitt

text: The parliamentary inquiry into the Kimberley Ultramarathon was damning of the race organisers, RacingThePlanet. Among other things, it was revealed that the organisers were unable to communicate properly between checkpoints.


title: Turia Pitt

text: Pitt launched Supreme Court action against RacingThePlanet, and in May 2014, it was reported that an out-of-court settlement had been reached.


title: Turia Pitt

text: Pitt has been profiled by the Australian television program "60 Minutes", "Women’s Weekly" and "One Plus One". She has become a sought-after public speaker, appearing at such events as the TEDx Macquarie University conference in September 2014, giving an inspirational talk entitled "Unmask your Potential".


title: Turia Pitt

text: Pitt has mentored thousands through her online programs, raised funds and awareness for a variety of philanthropic concerns, and authored three books: "Everything To Live For", "Unmasked" (also available as Young Adult edition) and "Happy (and Other Ridiculous Aspirations)." In 2018, she joined Anthony Robins as a headliner at the 2018 National Achievers Congress in Brisbane.


title: Turia Pitt

text: In 2014, Pitt was named the New South Wales Premier's Award for Woman of the Year and was a finalist for Young Australian of the Year. In 2016, she was a finalist in the Australian of the Year award, and the New South Wales finalist for "Telstra Business Woman of the Year" award. A cover story about her in "The Australian Women's Weekly" attracted worldwide media attention.


title: Turia Pitt

text: She is an Ambassador for Interplast Australia & New Zealand (now called ReSurge International), and has raised money for the organisation by leading trekking adventures. In that capacity, she walked the Great Wall of China in 2014, the Inca Trail in 2015, and the Kokoda Track in 2016. Through this work, along with her support for other ReSurge International fundraising initiatives, she has directly and indirectly contributed to more than $1 million being raised to support the organisation's work.


title: Turia Pitt

text: Turia Pitt is also an in-demand motivational speaker and regularly appears at conferences and events.


title: Turia Pitt

text: Prior to the ultramarathon incident, Pitt was a healthy, fit athlete. As a result of her injuries in the fire, she was placed in a medically-induced coma for a month. All the fingers of her right hand, and two fingers on her left, had to be amputated. She endured six months in the hospital, underwent over 200 operations and spent two years in recovery. During that time, she was required to wear a full-body compression suit and mask, and was only allowed to remove it for an hour a day. The mask was required to help smooth out the scars on her face and body. She removed it for the first time on the "60 Minutes" program revealing her face to the world.


title: Turia Pitt

text: Pitt spent her childhood in Ulladulla, a small town in New South Wales. She attended Ulladulla Public School and Ulladulla High School. During her youth, she was well known for her athletic abilities and also performed well academically. She went on to the University of New South Wales (UNSW), where she completed a Bachelor of Engineering (Mining) / Bachelor of Science in 2010.


title: Turia Pitt

text: On 8 May 2016, Pitt competed in her first Ironman Australia competition, finishing in a time of 13:24:42. On 8 October 2016, she completed the Ironman World Championship at Kailua-Kona, Hawaii, with a time of 14:37:30.


title: Turia Pitt

text: Pitt and her fiancé announced on 21 July 2017 that they were expecting a boy. On 7 December 2017, she gave birth to their son, Hakavai Hoskin.


title: Turia Pitt

text: On 9 February 2020, Turia announced on her Instagram page that she and fiancé Michael Hoskin welcomed their second child, another son, named Rahiti Hoskin.


title: Elevation Worship

text: Elevation Worship is a contemporary worship music collective from Elevation Church in Charlotte, North Carolina. The collective leads worship in weekend church services at Elevation Church, as well as performing concerts and tours around the United States. The collective has sold over 2.5 million albums in the United States.


title: Elevation Worship

text: Elevation Worship began in 2007 at Elevation Church in Charlotte, North Carolina. The band released four independent albums prior to signing with Essential Records. "The Sound" was released in 2007 (under the name Elevation Church Live), "We Are Alive" in 2008, "God With Us" in 2009, and "Kingdom Come" in 2010. Featuring the song "Give Me Faith", "Kingdom Come" was the band's first album to break through on the "Billboard" charts, reaching No. 5 on Heatseekers, No. 42 on Independent Albums and at No. 17 on the Christian Albums chart.


title: Elevation Worship

text: The band released their debut studio album, "For the Honor", under Sony Music Nashville's Essential Records label on November 21, 2011. It saw chart success on "Billboard" magazine charts, including No. 1 on Heatseekers, No. 19 on the Christian Albums, and the "Billboard" 200 at No. 193.


title: Elevation Worship

text: The band's second album under the Essential label, "Nothing Is Wasted", was released on February 19, 2013. A deluxe edition of the album also included studio recordings of each song. It also saw chart success – reaching No. 1 on the Christian Albums chart and at No. 41 on the "Billboard" 200.


title: Elevation Worship

text: Their seventh album, "Only King Forever", was released on January 14, 2014, debuting at their highest charting position, No. 23 on the "Billboard" 200 and featured guest vocalist Darlene Zschech from Hillsong Worship.


title: Elevation Worship

text: On August 1, 2014, the band recorded their eighth album, "Wake Up the Wonder", live at the Spectrum in Charlotte. It was released on November 25 that same year. The album debuted at No. 58 on the "Billboard" 200 in its first week, as well as No. 1 on "Billboard"s Christian Album chart. On July 31, 2015, they held another live recording at Time Warner Cable Arena for their ninth album, "Here as in Heaven", their first album released on their own label, Elevation Worship Records. It was released on February 5, 2016, and peaked No. 1 on US album charts. Their tenth album, "There Is a Cloud", was released on March 17, 2017, after being recorded at Elevation Ballantyne during the church's revival, "Code Orange Revival". After "There is a Cloud", Elevation Worship released their first Spanish album, "Lo Harás Otra Vez", on August 18, 2017. This album peaked at No. 2 on the US Latin album chart. On September 28, 2018, Elevation Worship released their eleventh live album, "Hallelujah Here Below", which was nominated for the 2019 Best Contemporary Christian Music Album. On April 12, 2019, Elevation Worship released "Paradoxology", which was a reimagined album with different takes on the songs from "Hallelujah Here Below", like "Here Again", "Echo", and "Won't Stop Now". "Paradoxology" included a single, "With You". "Aleluya (En La Tierra)" is Elevation Worship's second album in Spanish and was released on July 19, 2019. It peaked at eight on US Latin Album Sales. "At Midnight", their seventh EP, was released on August 30, 2019.


title: Elevation Worship

text: Graves Into Gardens, the group’s twelfth album, was released on May 1, 2020. The album debuted at No. 1 on Billboard’s Christian albums chart and No. 34 on the Billboard 200.


title: Elevation Worship

text: On April 30, 2021, Elevation Worship collaborated with Maverick City Music to release Old Church Basement. Old Church Basement debuted at No. 1 on Billboard’s Christian Albums chart and No. 30 on Billboard 200. Their live album, LION, released on March 4, 2022, debuted at No. 2 on the Billboard Christian Albums chart and No. 80 on the Billboard 200.


title: Elevation Worship

text: They have previously toured with other contemporary worship or contemporary Christian acts including Hillsong Worship, Lauren Daigle, Bethel Music, Passion, Casting Crowns, Kari Jobe, and Cody Carnes.


title: Clare Holman

text: Clare Margaret Holman (born 12 January 1964) is an English actress. She portrayed forensic pathologist Dr. Laura Hobson in the crime drama series "Inspector Morse" and its spin-off "Lewis" from 1995 to 2015.


title: Clare Holman

text: Holman started her acting career in the 1988 television film "The Rainbow" based on the novel by D.H. Lawrence, directed by Stuart Burge.


title: Clare Holman

text: In 1989 she played the part of the school teacher Mary Llewellyn in an adaptation of The Fifteen Streets by Catherine Cookson.


title: Clare Holman

text: In 1991, she played Iris Bentley, sister to Derek Bentley, played by Christopher Eccleston, in the film "Let Him Have It", and in 1992, she voiced Juliet in the "" adaptation of "Romeo and Juliet".


title: Clare Holman

text: She played Harper in the Royal National Theatre's production of Tony Kushner's "" in November 1993. In 1995, Holman was cast as Dr Laura Hobson in the crime drama series "Inspector Morse", where she continued to play that part until 2000 when the series ended.


title: Clare Holman

text: Holman was nominated for a 1997 Laurence Olivier Theatre Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role in 1996 for her performance in "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?". She appeared in three episodes of "Midsomer Murders" as three different characters. The episodes are entitled "Country Matters" (2005), "Ring Out Your Dead" (2002), and "The Miniature Murders" (2019).


title: Clare Holman

text: In 2006, Holman reprised her role of Dr Hobson in the series "Lewis", which series ended in 2015. She appeared in all 33 episodes.


title: Clare Holman

text: In 2007, Holman played Wendy the narrator and mother of Michael in the television series "Fallen Angel", a story about Rosie Byfield, a clergyman's daughter who grows up to be a psychopathic killer, starring Emilia Fox.


title: Clare Holman

text: In October 2013 she played the role of Liz in the Tricycle Theatre production of the Moira Buffini play "Handbagged", and in 2015, Holman appeared in the film "Suite Francaise". From April to May 2015, she appeared as Myra Bolton in Doris Lessing's play, "Each His Own Wilderness", at the Orange Tree Theatre in Richmond, London.


title: Clare Holman

text: Holman was married to director Howard Davies. They married in April 2005 in Stratton, Cornwall, and were together until his death in October 2016. She has stepchildren and stepgrandchildren from her husband's previous marriage. She supports ending violence against girls, contributing to Plan UK, part of the world's biggest campaign for girls' rights.


title: Christopher Darden

text: Christopher Allen Darden (born April 7, 1956) is an American lawyer, author, actor, and lecturer. He worked for 15 years in the Los Angeles County District Attorney's office, where he gained national attention as a co-prosecutor in the O. J. Simpson murder case.


title: Christopher Darden

text: Darden was born in Richmond, California, the fourth of eight siblings. After graduating from John F. Kennedy High School in 1974, Darden enrolled at San Jose State University, where he participated in track and field and joined Alpha Phi Alpha, an African-American fraternity. He received his B.S. in criminal justice administration in 1977. Darden received his Juris Doctor from the University of California, Hastings, in 1980.


title: Christopher Darden

text: Darden took and passed the California Bar Exam in the summer of 1980. Four months afterward, he was hired at the National Labor Relations Board in Los Angeles. Looking for a career change, he applied for and was hired for a position with the Los Angeles County District Attorney's Office. Darden was initially assigned to the Huntington Park office before moving on to Beverly Hills, and finally moved to the Criminal Courts Building (CCB) in downtown Los Angeles in late 1983.


title: Christopher Darden

text: During his tenure as a prosecutor at the CCB, Darden served in the central trials and hard-core gang units before transferring to the Special Investigation Division (SID), which investigates criminal activity by public and law enforcement officials, in February 1988. It was in this position that Darden first met Johnnie Cochran, who represented some victims of alleged police violence. Darden and Cochran became close friends, with Darden seeing Cochran as a mentor figure.


title: Christopher Darden

text: Darden initially became involved in the O. J. Simpson murder case after being asked by Deputy District Attorneys Marcia Clark and William Hodgman to lead the prosecution of Al Cowlings, Simpson's friend and the driver of the white Ford Bronco during the infamous car chase. After Darden's work on the Cowlings case ended, Clark requested Darden join the Simpson team as case manager since she and Hodgman were bogged down by various motions and filings from the defense. Darden was also tasked by Clark to prepare the prosecution's witnesses for testimony, including preparing testimony for key witness Detective Mark Fuhrman. After Hodgman was incapacited by stress-related illness in the courtroom shortly before opening statements, Darden was named co-prosecutor. Darden's friendship with Cochran, who was a prominent figure on Simpson's defense team, became heavily strained due to their clashing positions regarding the inclusion of racism in the case. Simpson was ultimately acquitted.


title: Christopher Darden

text: Darden was fired after the Simpson case and joined the faculty at California State University, Los Angeles, where he taught undergraduate criminal law. That same year, he was appointed associate professor of law at Southwestern University School of Law. Darden taught and specialized in criminal procedure and trial advocacy.


title: Christopher Darden

text: Darden is a former legal commentator for CNBC, CNN, Court TV, and NBC, and a frequent guest and commentator on CNN, Court TV, and Fox News Network. He has made guest appearances on "Touched by an Angel", "Girlfriends", "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno", The Howard Stern Show, "Muppets Tonight", "Roseanne", the movie "Liar Liar" (uncredited), and the TV movie "One Hot Summer Night" (in which he plays a disgruntled policeman). He is the former principal attorney in the syndicated legal show "Power of Attorney".


title: Christopher Darden

text: Darden is also a writer. In addition to "In Contempt", which chronicles his experiences with the Simpson trial, he co-authored (with Dick Lochte) a number of crime novels, including "The Trials of Nikki Hill" (1999), "LA Justice" (2000), and "The Last Defense" (2002).


title: Christopher Darden

text: He appeared on the cover of "Newsweek" in 1996 with an article "My Case Against O.J.", which addressed his involvement and prosecution of Simpson.


title: Christopher Darden

text: Darden left the law school in 1999 and started his own firm, Darden & Associates, Inc., specializing in criminal defense and civil litigation. In December 2007, he was considered for a judgeship by California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger.


title: Christopher Darden

text: In an interview by Oprah Winfrey that aired February 9, 2006, Darden stated that he still believed Simpson was guilty. He added that he was nearly as disgusted with the perjury of Mark Fuhrman as by the murders of Goldman and Simpson.


title: Christopher Darden

text: On September 6, 2012, Darden accused deceased Simpson defense lawyer Johnnie Cochran of manipulating' one of the infamous gloves", a claim Alan Dershowitz has called "a total fabrication", saying, "the defense doesn't get access to evidence except under controlled circumstances."


title: Christopher Darden

text: Darden represented Eric Ronald Holder, Jr. in his arraignment on April 4, 2019. Darden entered a not guilty plea on behalf of Holder, who is accused of murdering Nipsey Hussle. Darden dropped out of the case May 10, the same day as the court date. Darden received multiple death threats for representing Holder.


title: Christopher Darden

text: , Darden is representing a man accused of pulling a knife on a television crew at a COVID-19 anti-lockdown protest rally in Huntington Beach and forcing them to delete footage.


title: Christopher Darden

text: It was reported in August 2020 that Darden would represent Corey Walker, the alleged killer of rapper Pop Smoke.


title: Christopher Darden

text: Although rumors persisted of a sexual relationship between Marcia Clark and Darden, both have denied such a relationship existed. Both consider their relationship to be extremely close, a result of the intense pressures of the Simpson trial.


title: Christopher Darden

text: In 1996, he revealed he was a Republican and said he would disclose his party choice at the 1996 Republican National Convention.


title: Cassi Davis

text: Cassandra Davis-Patton (born July 31, 1964) is an American actress best known for her role as Ella Payne on "Tyler Perry's House of Payne" and its spin-off series "The Paynes". She is also known as Betty Ann "Aunt Bam" Murphy in the "Madea" franchise since 2010. She has starred in several other productions under the direction of Tyler Perry.


title: Cassi Davis

text: Born in Holly Springs, Mississippi, Davis attended Spelman College in Atlanta and majored in music. She left the college one credit short of graduation, because she was not allowed to perform religious music during her senior recital. Davis returned to Spelman in 2008 to complete her degree, graduating in November of that year. She has credited her devout, born-again Christian faith as the main reason behind her professional success.


title: Cassi Davis

text: Davis' acting career began in 1988 with a supporting role in the Spike Lee comedy film "School Daze". Her early television credits include appearances on "Living Single", "Married... with Children", "Kenan & Kel", and "The PJ's". She established her acting career by appearing in Tyler Perry productions such as "Madea's Family Reunion", "Madea Goes to Jail", "Daddy's Little Girls", "Madea's Big Happy Family", "Boo! A Madea Halloween" and "A Madea Family Funeral".


title: Cassi Davis

text: Davis is best known for her role as Ella Payne in the TBS sitcom "Tyler Perry's House of Payne" from 2007 to 2012. She received two NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series for her performance. In 2018, she starred in "House of Payne" spinoff "The Paynes" that aired on Oprah Winfrey Network. In 2020, a revival series of "House of Payne" was ordered on BET.


title: Cassi Davis

text: Davis married her longtime boyfriend Kerry Patton on January 11, 2017; prior to their marriage, the two had been dating since 2007. In an interview, Cassi denied having a stroke, but revealed instead that she was diagnosed with Bell's Palsy in March 2020.


title: Agreeableness

text: Agreeableness is a personality trait manifesting itself in individual behavioral characteristics that are perceived as kind, sympathetic, cooperative, warm, and considerate. In contemporary personality psychology, agreeableness is one of the five major dimensions of personality structure, reflecting individual differences in cooperation and social harmony.


title: Agreeableness

text: People who score high on this dimension are empathetic and altruistic, while a low agreeableness score relates to selfish behavior (often manifesting as stinginess) and a lack of empathy. Those who score very low on agreeableness show signs of dark triad behavior such as manipulation and competing with others rather than cooperating.


title: Agreeableness

text: Agreeableness is considered to be a superordinate trait, meaning that it is a grouping of personality sub-traits that cluster together statistically. The lower-level traits, or facets, grouped under agreeableness are: trust, straightforwardness, altruism, compliance, modesty, and tender-mindedness.


title: Agreeableness

text: Like all Big Five personality traits, the roots of the modern concept of agreeableness can be traced to a 1936 study by Gordon Allport and Henry S. Odbert. Seven years later, Raymond Cattell published a cluster analysis of the thousands of personality-related words identified by Allport and Odbert. The clusters identified in this study served as a foundation for Cattell's further attempts to identify fundamental, universal, human personality factors. He eventually settled on 16 personality factors through the use of factor analysis. Further factor analyses revealed five higher-order, or "global", factors to encompass these 16. Although labelled "independence" by Cattell, a global factor defined by high scores on the E, H, L, and Q1 factors of the 16PF Questionnaire was an early precursor to the modern concept of agreeableness.


title: Agreeableness

text: Extent of agreeableness in the five factor model of personality is most commonly assessed through self-report measures, although peer-reports and third-party observation can also be used. Self-report measures are either "lexical" or based on "statements". Which measure of either type is used is determined by an assessment of psychometric properties and the time and space constraints of the research being undertaken.


title: Agreeableness

text: "Lexical measures" use individual adjectives that reflect agreeableness or disagreeableness traits, such as sympathetic, cooperative, warm, considerate, harsh, unkind, rude. Words representing disagreeableness are reverse coded. Goldberg (1992) developed a 20-word measure as part of his 100-word Big Five markers, and Saucier (1994) developed a briefer 8-word measure as part of his 40-word mini-markers. Thompson (2008) systematically revised and improved these markers to develop a 40-word measure with better psychometric properties in both American and non-American populations, the International English Mini-Markers. This brief measure has good internal consistency reliabilities and other validity for assessing agreeableness and other five factor personality dimensions, both within and, especially, without American populations. Internal consistency reliability of the Agreeableness measure for native English-speakers is reported as .86, that for non-native English-speakers is .80.


title: Agreeableness

text: "Statement measures" tend to comprise more words, and hence consume more research instrument space, than lexical measures. Respondents are asked the extent to which they, for example, "Am on good terms with nearly everyone", "Am not interested in other people's problems" or "Sympathize with others' feelings".


title: Agreeableness

text: Cattell's factor analytic approach, used to identify the universal personality structures, inspired countless studies in the decades following the introduction of the 16PF. Using Cattell's original clusters, the 16 Personality Factors, and original data, multiple researchers independently developed a five factor model of personality over this period. From the early 1960s on, these explorations typically included a factor called "agreeableness" or "sociability." Despite repeated replications of five stable personality factors following Cattell's pioneering work, this framework only began to dominate personality research in the early 1980s with the work of Lewis Goldberg. Using lexical studies similar to those of Allport and Odbert, Goldberg chose the term "Big Five" to reflect the sheer number of personality-related terms encompassed by each of these five distinct factors. One of these, agreeableness, was defined by a number of personality-related words similar to those present in earlier and more recent manifestations of the construct; examples include "friendly," "good-natured," "cooperative," "trustful," "nurturing," "sociable," and "considerate."


title: Agreeableness

text: Beginning in the 1970s, Paul Costa and Robert McCrae began researching the development of personality assessments based on factor models. Beginning with cluster analyses of Cattell's 16 Personality Factors, Costa and McCrae initially settled on a three-factor model of personality. These three factors were neuroticism (vs. emotional stability), extraversion (vs. introversion), and openness (vs. closedness) to experience, resulting in the acronym "NEO." Due to similarities between their three-factor NEO Personality Inventory and Goldberg's Big Five, Costa and McCrae began to develop scales to assess agreeableness and conscientiousness in the early 1980s. This work culminated in the 1985 publication of the first NEO PI Manual to be based on the full Five Factor Model. Although this marked the introduction of agreeableness to the NEO PI, Costa and McCrae worked for an additional seven years to identify and elaborate on the facets comprising this factor in the Revised NEO Personality Inventory.


title: Agreeableness

text: In the NEO PI, each of the five factors identified by Costa and McCrae are identified with six lower-level traits. Known as facets, the lower-level traits subsumed by agreeableness were first introduced with the 1992 publication of the revised version of the NEO PI. Based on the modern NEO PI-R, the six facets of agreeableness are: Trust, straightforwardness, Altruism, Compliance, Modesty, and Tender-Mindedness.


title: Agreeableness

text: Trust is a defining feature of psychosocial development, personality theory, and folk psychological conceptions of personality. Individuals who score high on this facet generally believe others' intentions to be benevolent. Those scoring low on this facet tend to be cynical and view others as suspicious, dishonest, or dangerous.


title: Agreeableness

text: Straightforwardness is the quality of directness and honesty in communicating with others. Despite a long history in moral philosophy, straightforwardness is not as vital to personality theory as the other facets of agreeableness. Those scoring high on straightforwardness tend to interact with others in a direct and honest manner. Low scorers are less direct, tend to be high in self-monitoring, and are generally deceitful or manipulative. Although the two concepts are not identical, those who score low on this facet tend to be high in Machiavellianism. Straightforwardness is similar to a dimension in the Interpersonal circumplex called "Ingenuous versus calculating." According to Michael C. Ashton and Kibeom Lee, straightforwardness is similar to the honesty aspect of honesty-humility in the HEXACO Model.


title: Agreeableness

text: Similar to altruism in animals and ethical altruism, this facet is defined by measures of selflessness, self-sacrifice, generosity, and consideration, courtesy, and concern for others. Altruism is similar to Alfred Adler's concept of social interest, which is a tendency to direct one's actions toward the betterment of society. Individuals who score low on Altruism tend to be discourteous, selfish, or greedy, a pattern of behaviors known as "self-interest" in Adlerian psychology.


title: Agreeableness

text: As a facet of agreeableness, compliance is defined as an individual's typical response to conflict. Those who score high on compliance tend to be meek and mild, and to prefer cooperation or deference as a means of resolving conflict. Low scorers tend to be aggressive, antagonistic, quarrelsome, and vindictive.


title: Agreeableness

text: While trust, straightforwardness, altruism, and compliance all refer to interpersonal or social behaviors, modesty refers to an individual's self-concept. Those who score high on modesty tend to be humble and other-focused, while low scorers tend to be arrogant and self-aggrandizing. Low modesty is otherwise known as conceitedness or Narcissism and, in extreme cases, can manifest as Narcissistic personality disorder. Otherwise known as "humility" in the Revised NEO Personality Inventory, modesty resembles the humility aspect of Honesty-Humility in the HEXACO Model.


title: Agreeableness

text: Tender-mindedness is defined as the extent to which an individual's judgments and attitudes are determined by emotion. Coined by William James, this term was also prominent in early versions of the 16PF. Tender-mindedness is primarily defined by sympathy and corresponds to the International Personality Item Pool's "sympathy" scale. In contrast, "tough minded" is a trait associated with Psychoticism on the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire.


title: Agreeableness

text: Models based on psychobiological theories of personality have each incorporated a factor similar to agreeableness. In Cloninger's Temperament and Character Inventory the character trait known as cooperativeness is highly similar to and positively correlated with agreeableness. In Zuckerman's alternative five model of personality the trait known as Aggression-hostility is inversely related to agreeableness.


title: Agreeableness

text: To address the absence of measures of Dark triad traits (i.e., narcissism, machiavellianism, and psychopathy), Michael Ashton and Kibeom Lee proposed the addition of a sixth factor to the Five Factor Model. Validated with psycholexical studies similar to those used in the development of the Five Factor Model, the HEXACO Model adds Honesty-Humility to five factors resembling those in the NEO PI. Although Honesty-Humility does not directly correspond to any Big Five trait, it is strongly correlated with the Straightforwardness and Modesty facets of Big Five Agreeableness. As both of these facets are only weakly correlated with Big Five Agreeableness, Ashton and Lee suggest dividing NEO PI Agreeableness into two factors similar to those in the HEXACO Model: Honesty-Humility (i.e., Straightforwardness and Modesty) and a redefined Agreeableness (Trust, Altruism, Compliance, and Tender-Mindedness). Reflecting this conception of Honesty-Humility and HEXACO Agreeableness as unique though similar concepts, Ashton and Lee propose that they represent different aspects of reciprocal altruism: fairness (Honesty-Humility) and tolerance (Agreeableness).


title: Agreeableness

text: Despite suggesting this reconceptualization of Agreeableness for the NEO PI, Ashton and Lee do not believe HEXACO Agreeableness is accurately captured by Trust, Altruism, Compliance, and Tender-Mindedness. In addition to accounting for these four facets of Big Five Agreeableness, the HEXACO Model's construction of Agreeableness includes content categorized under Neuroticism in the NEO PI (i.e., temperamentalness and irritability). To reflect the negative emotional content at the low end of HEXACO Agreeableness, this factor is also referred to as "Agreeableness (versus Anger)." The inclusion of anger in the definition of HEXACO Agreeableness further helps to differentiate this factor from Honesty-Humility. In response to offensive or transgressive actions, individuals who score low on Honesty-Humility tend not to respond immediately. Instead, they defer their response by planning their revenge and waiting for the perfect opportunity to enact it. Although those who score low on HEXACO Agreeableness also employ this premeditated strategy, they also tend to respond immediately with anger.


title: Agreeableness

text: To help capture the numerous distinctions between the Big Five and HEXACO models, Ashton and Lee propose four new facet labels in their conceptualization of Agreeableness: Forgiveness, Gentleness, Flexibility, and Patience. In addition to these four Agreeableness-specific facets, Lee and Ashton have proposed an additional "interstitial" facet located in a space shared by Agreeableness, Honesty-Humility, and Emotionality: Altruism versus Antagonism.


title: Agreeableness

text: Agreeableness is an asset in situations that require getting along with others. Compared to disagreeable persons, agreeable individuals display a tendency to perceive others in a more positive light.


title: Agreeableness

text: Because agreeable children are more sensitive to the needs and perspectives of others, they are less likely to suffer from social rejection. Specifically, research indicates that children who are less disruptive, less aggressive, and more skilled at entering play groups are more likely to gain acceptance by their peers.


title: Agreeableness

text: One study found that people high in agreeableness are more emotionally responsive in social situations. This effect was measured on both self-report questionnaires and physiological measures, and offers evidence that extraversion and neuroticism are not the only Big Five personality factors that influence emotion. The effect was especially pronounced among women.


title: Agreeableness

text: Research also shows that people high in agreeableness are more likely to control negative emotions like anger in conflict situations. Those who are high in agreeableness are more likely to use conflict-avoidant tactics when in conflict with others (whereas people low in agreeableness are more likely to use coercive tactics). They are also more willing to give ground to their adversary and may lose arguments with people who are less agreeable. From their perspective, they have not really lost an argument as much as maintained a congenial relationship with another person.


title: Agreeableness

text: A central feature of agreeableness is its positive association with altruism and helping behaviour. Across situations, people who are high in agreeableness are more likely to report an interest and involvement with helping others. Experiments have shown that most people are likely to help their own kin, and help when empathy has been aroused. Agreeable people are likely to help even when these conditions are not present. In other words, agreeable people appear to be "traited for helping" and do not need any other motivations.


title: Agreeableness

text: While agreeable individuals are habitually likely to help others, disagreeable people may be more likely to cause harm. Researchers have found that low levels of agreeableness are associated with hostile thoughts and aggression in adolescents, as well as poor social adjustment. People low in agreeableness are also more likely to be prejudiced against stigmatized groups such as the overweight.


title: Agreeableness

text: When mental illness is present, low agreeableness may be associated with narcissistic and anti-social tendencies. In theory, individuals who are extremely high in agreeableness are at risk for problems of dependency. Empirical studies show that many more problems are associated with low agreeableness.


title: Agreeableness

text: However, high agreeableness does not always lead to prosocial behaviour, in a Milgram experiment conscientious and agreeable people, when forced by ill-intent authority, are more willing to administer high-intensity electric shocks to a victim, because conscientious and agreeable people are less capable of resistance.


title: Agreeableness

text: Agreeableness is of fundamental importance to psychological well-being, predicting mental health, positive affect, and good relations with others. In both childhood and adolescence agreeableness has been tied to externalizing issues. Along with this it has also been implicated in outcomes to conflict management skills, school adjustment, peer-social status and self-esteem. Some work has been done looking into whether agreeableness levels through childhood have effects on adjustment and agreeableness into adulthood. Among young adults, individuals that have been diagnosed with either externalizing as well as internalizing disorders present lower levels of agreeableness and communion, and higher levels of negative emotionality, than those young adults without such disorders. Agreeableness also is reported to mediate links between anger and depression in young adults. Among college students, agreeableness is often associated with self-reports of emotional experience and control along with psycho-physiological responses to affectively charged stimuli. Across adulthood, low agreeableness has been found to be a health risk. High agreeableness, especially trust and honesty, has been linked to longevity.


title: Agreeableness

text: A study done by Caspi, Elder, and Bem (1987) found that explosive and ill-tempered children were found to have higher rates of divorce as adults when compared with their even-tempered peers. Further, ill-tempered men had lower educational attainment, occupational status, and work stability, and ill-tempered women married men with similar low achievement profiles. A second and more recent study by Shiner (2000) found that composite variables describing middle-childhood agreeableness and friendly compliance predicted adolescent academic performance, behavioral conduct, and social competence 10 years later.


title: Agreeableness

text: In the United States, people in the West, Midwest, and South tend to have higher average scores on agreeableness than people living in other regions. According to researchers, the top ten most agreeable states are North Dakota, Minnesota, Mississippi, Utah, Wisconsin, Tennessee, North Carolina, Georgia, Oklahoma, and Nebraska. These findings are consistent with well-known expressions in these states, such as "southern hospitality" and "Minnesota nice." Because these states are generally less urbanized than the east and west coasts, people may be more likely to live in small communities and know their neighbors. Consequently, they may be more willing to care about and help their neighbours.


title: Agreeableness

text: In a study done by Albright et al. (1997) groups of college students from China and the United States rated strangers from both countries on the "Big Five" personality traits, external traits, and how well they were dressed. They found that both Chinese and U.S. students rated faces as showing similar levels of agreeableness and extroversion. The people who were thought to be the most agreeable wore smiles, a facial expression that is recognized around the world. The findings of the research seem to suggest that the trait of agreeableness is attributed to people in a universal way.


title: Emirates Flight 521

text: Emirates Flight 521 was a scheduled international passenger flight from Thiruvananthapuram, India, to Dubai, United Arab Emirates, operated by Emirates using a Boeing 777-300. On 3 August 2016, the aircraft carrying 282 passengers and 18 crew crashed while landing at Dubai International Airport.


title: Emirates Flight 521

text: All 300 people on board survived the accident; 32 were injured, four were seriously injured. An airport firefighter died during the rescue operation, and another seven firefighters were injured. The accident is the only hull loss of an Emirates aircraft.


title: Emirates Flight 521

text: The aircraft involved was a Boeing 777-31H with the registration A6-EMW, serial number 32700, and line number 434. It was equipped with two Rolls-Royce Trent 892 engines and was 13 years old, having made its first flight on 7 March 2003. It was delivered new to Emirates on 28 March 2003, and had logged more than 58,000 flight hours in 13,000 cycles before the crash.


title: Emirates Flight 521

text: The captain was a 34-year-old UAE national who had been with Emirates since March 2001 and had logged 7,457 flight hours, including 5,123 hours on the Boeing 777. The first officer was 37-year-old Jeremy Webb, an Australian national who had been with Emirates since October 2014 and had 7,957 flight hours, with 1,292 of them on the Boeing 777.


title: Emirates Flight 521

text: On 3 August 2016, Flight EK521 took off from Trivandrum International Airport (TRV) at 10:34 IST (05:04 UTC), 29 minutes after its scheduled departure time. It was scheduled to land at Dubai International Airport (DXB) at 12:24 GST (08:24 UTC).


title: Emirates Flight 521

text: The approach and landing were normal from the air traffic control (ATC) point of view, with no emergency declared according to ATC recordings at the time. The crew reported that they were going around, after which the tower instructed them to climb to 4,000 feet, which was acknowledged by the crew. Shortly after, the tower instructed the next flight to go around and alerted emergency services. Wind shear and an ambient temperature of were reported.


title: Emirates Flight 521

text: The accident occurred at 12:37 GST (08:37 UTC). Significant wind shear affected the aircraft's airspeed through late final approach, and the aircraft touched down onto the long runway 12L at a point about beyond the threshold, at a speed of . Two seconds later, the cockpit RAAS issued a "LONG LANDING" warning and the crew initiated a go-around. Six seconds after main-wheel touchdown, and with the nose-wheel still off the runway, the aircraft became airborne again after rotating to climb attitude. The flap setting was reduced to 20°, and the undercarriage was selected to retract, but the engine throttle remained unchanged because activation of go-around automation is inhibited after touchdown. The aircraft attained a maximum height above the runway of with its indicated airspeed decreasing, before commencing to settle back towards the ground. Twelve seconds after becoming airborne, the crew manually advanced the throttles to maximum, but the aircraft continued to sink, and it impacted the runway with its undercarriage in a partially retracted state 3 seconds later.


title: Emirates Flight 521

text: The aircraft first impacted with the underside of its rear fuselage and skidded about along runway 12L with its landing gear partly retracted as it turned to the right about 120°. As the aircraft skidded down the runway, the number-2 (starboard) engine detached and slid along the wing's leading edge toward the wingtip. Firefighting appliances were at the aircraft less than 90 seconds after it came to rest (which was 33 seconds after the initial impact) and started to fight fires at several locations, as all 300 passengers and crew were safely evacuated. Videos from inside the aircraft, taken on passengers' cellphone cameras, showed the passengers failing to evacuate, instead giving priority to carry-on luggage, resulting in an overly long evacuation and heavy criticism. Nine minutes after the aircraft came to a stop, with only the aircraft captain and the senior flight attendant still on board (checking for any remaining passengers), an explosion occurred as flames reached the aircraft's center fuel tank. The explosion resulted in the death of a firefighter, a Ras al-Khaimah resident named Jasim Issa Mohammed Hasan. Thirty-two of the aircraft's occupants were injured, including the captain and the senior flight attendant, who evacuated after the explosion; the senior flight attendant was the only person among the passengers and crew seriously injured, suffering from smoke inhalation. In addition, seven firefighters were injured, several of the firefighters suffering from heat stroke. The explosion spread the fire to the aircraft's cabin; firefighters needed 16 hours to bring the fire under control. The airport was closed during and following the accident, which resulted in many diverted flights.


title: Emirates Flight 521

text: The General Civil Aviation Authority (GCAA) carried out an investigation into the accident, assisted by Emirates; the aircraft's manufacturer Boeing; and Rolls-Royce, the manufacturer of the 777's engines. In addition, the United States National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) sent a five-person team to join the other investigators. The flight data recorder and cockpit voice recorder were removed from the aircraft the day after the accident. A preliminary report into the accident was published in September 2016, and an interim statement in August 2017. A preliminary report found that the pilot attempted to take off again after briefly touching down, and that the plane ultimately hit the runway as its landing gear was still retracting.


title: Emirates Flight 521

text: The final report was released on 6 February 2020. In the report, the following was noted in the causes section:


title: Emirates Flight 521

text: The flight crew did not effectively scan and monitor the primary flight instrumentation parameters during the landing and the attempted go-around. The flight crew were unaware that the autothrottle (A/T) had not responded to move the engine thrust levers to the takeoff/go-around switch (TO/GA) position after the commander pushed the TO/GA switch at the initiation of the FCOM ̶ go-around and missed approach procedure.


title: Emirates Flight 521

text: Following the accident, the airport was closed for hours; many flights were diverted to nearby airports such as Abu Dhabi International Airport, Sharjah International Airport, and Al Maktoum International Airport. The closure led Emirates and flydubai to cancel several of their flights, and also affected 23,000 passengers at the airport. Dubai International Airport resumed operations at 18:30 local time, at restricted capacity, using only one runway and maximizing the use of the runways at Al Maktoum International Airport. Arriving aircraft were prioritized over departure flights. The damaged runway was repaired and reopened at 17:45 local time on 4 August, and the airport resumed normal operations on 6 August 72 hours after the accident.


title: Emirates Flight 521

text: On 11 August, eight days after the crash, Emirates provided US$7000 in compensation for each of the 282 passengers.


title: LGBT rights in Africa

text: With the exception of South Africa and Cape Verde, lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights in Africa are limited in comparison to the United States, Canada, Western Europe, Australia, and New Zealand.


title: LGBT rights in Africa

text: Out of the 54 states recognised by the United Nations or African Union or both, the International Gay and Lesbian Association stated in 2015 that homosexuality is outlawed in 34 African countries. Human Rights Watch notes that another two countries, Benin and the Central African Republic, do not outlaw homosexuality, but have certain laws which discriminate against homosexual individuals.


title: LGBT rights in Africa

text: Homosexuality has never been criminalised in Benin, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Ivory Coast, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Madagascar, Mali, Niger, and Rwanda. It has been decriminalised in Angola, Botswana, Cape Verde, Gabon, Guinea-Bissau, Lesotho, Mozambique, São Tomé and Príncipe, the Seychelles and South Africa. South Africa was the fifth country in the world to legalize same-sex marriage in November of 2006. LGBT anti-discrimination laws exist in seven African countries: Angola, Botswana, Cape Verde, Mauritius, Mozambique, Seychelles, and South Africa.


title: LGBT rights in Africa

text: Since 2011, some developed countries have been considering or implementing laws that limit or prohibit general budget support to countries that restrict the rights of LGBT people. In spite of this, many African countries have refused to consider increasing LGBT rights, and in some cases have drafted laws to increase sanctions against LGBT people. Past African leaders such as Zimbabwe’s Robert Mugabe and Uganda’s Yoweri Museveni claimed that LGBT behaviour was brought into the continent from other parts of the world. Nevertheless, most scholarship and research demonstrates that homosexuality has long been a part of various African cultures.


title: LGBT rights in Africa

text: In a 2011 UN General Assembly declaration for LGBT rights, state parties were given a chance to express their support, opposition or abstention on the topic. Only Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Gabon, Guinea-Bissau, Mauritius, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, and South Africa expressed their support. Majority of the African countries expressed their opposition. State parties that expressed abstention were Angola, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Mozambique, Namibia, Republic of the Congo, and Zambia.


title: LGBT rights in Africa

text: In southern Somalia, Somaliland, Mauritania and northern Nigeria, homosexuality is punishable by death. In Sudan, Gambia, Uganda, Tanzania, and Sierra Leone, offenders can receive life imprisonment for homosexual acts, although the law is not enforced in Sierra Leone. In addition to criminalizing homosexuality, Nigeria has enacted legislation that would make it illegal for heterosexual family members, allies and friends of LGBT people to be supportive. According to Nigerian law, a heterosexual ally "who administers, witnesses, abets or aids" any form of gender non-conforming and homosexual activity could receive a 10-year jail sentence.


title: LGBT rights in Africa

text: The Republic of South Africa has the most liberal attitudes toward gays and lesbians, as the country has legalized same-sex marriage and its Constitution guarantees gay and lesbian rights and protections. South Africa is the only country in Africa where any form of discrimination against the LGBT community is constitutionally forbidden. In 2006, South Africa became the first country in Africa and the fifth in the world to enact same-sex marriage. Discrimination is, however, far rarer in bigger cities, and there are large LGBT communities in cities like Johannesburg, Cape Town, Durban, Pretoria, Port Elizabeth, East London, Bloemfontein, Nelspruit, Pietermaritzburg, Kimberley and George. South Africa's three largest cities, Johannesburg, Durban and Cape Town, are considered fairly accepting of the LGBT community and are promoted as tourist destinations for LGBT people. However, despite legal recognition, social discrimination against South African LGBT people does still occur, particularly in rural areas, where it is fueled by a number of religious figures and traditions. Spanish, Portuguese, British and French territories legalised same-sex marriages.


title: LGBT rights in Africa

text: Travel advisories encourage gay and lesbian travelers to use discretion whilst in Africa to ensure their personal safety, including by avoiding public displays of affection (advice which applies to both homosexual and heterosexual couples). South Africa is generally considered to be the most gay-friendly African country in respect of the legal status of LGBT rights, although Cape Verde is also frequently regarded as being very socially accepting of LGBT rights.


title: LGBT rights in Africa

text: It remains unclear what view the ancient Egyptians fostered about homosexuality. Any document and literature that actually contains sexually oriented stories never names the nature of the sexual deeds but instead uses stilted and flowery paraphrases. Ancient Egyptian documents never clearly say that same-sex relationships were seen as reprehensible or despicable. No ancient Egyptian document mentions that homosexual acts were set under penalty. Thus, a straight evaluation remains problematic.


title: LGBT rights in Africa

text: The best-known case of possible homosexuality in ancient Egypt is that of the two high officials Nyankh-Khnum and Khnum-hotep. Both men lived and served under pharaoh Niuserre during the 5th Dynasty (c. 2494–2345 BC). Nyankh-Khnum and Khnum-hotep each had families of their own with children and wives, but when they died their families apparently decided to bury them together in one and the same mastaba tomb. In this mastaba, several paintings depict both men embracing each other and touching their faces nose-on-nose. These depictions leave plenty of room for speculation, because in ancient Egypt the nose-on-nose touching normally represented a kiss.


title: LGBT rights in Africa

text: Egyptologists and historians disagree about how to interpret the paintings of Nyankh-khnum and Khnum-hotep. Some scholars believe that the paintings reflect an example of homosexuality between two married men and prove that the ancient Egyptians accepted same-sex relationships. Other scholars disagree and interpret the scenes as an evidence that Nyankh-khnum and Khnum-hotep were twins, even possibly conjoined twins. No matter what interpretation is correct, the paintings show at the very least that Nyankh-khnum and Khnum-hotep must have been very close to each other in life as in death.


title: LGBT rights in Africa

text: The Roman Emperor Constantine in the 4th century AD is said to have exterminated a large number of "effeminate priests" based in Alexandria.


title: LGBT rights in Africa

text: North Africa contained some of the most visible and well-documented traditions of homosexuality in the world – particularly during the period of Mamluk rule. Arabic poetry emerging from cosmopolitan and literate societies frequently described the pleasures of pederastic relationships. There are accounts of Christian boys being sent from Europe to become sex workers in Egypt. In Cairo, cross-dressing men called "khawal" would entertain audiences with song and dance (potentially of pre-Islamic origin).


title: LGBT rights in Africa

text: The Siwa Oasis in Egypt was described by several early twentieth century travellers as a place where same-sex sexual relationships were quite common. A group of warriors in this area were known for paying reverse dowries to younger men; a practice that was outlawed in the 1940s.


title: LGBT rights in Africa

text: Siegfried Frederick Nadel wrote about the Nuba tribes in Sudan the late 1930s. He noted that among the Otoro, a special transvestitic role existed whereby men dressed and lived as women. Transvestitic homosexuality also existed amongst the Moru, Nyima, and Tira people, and reported marriages of Korongo "londo" and Mesakin "tubele" for the bride price of one goat. In the Korongo and Mesakin tribes, Nadel reported a common reluctance among men to abandon the pleasure of all-male camp life for the fetters of permanent settlement.


title: LGBT rights in Africa

text: Gender-nonconforming and homosexuality has been reported in a number of East African societies. In pre-colonial East Africa there have been examples of male priests in traditional religions dressing as women. British social anthropologist Rodney Needham has described such a religious leadership role called "mugawe" among the Meru people and Kikuyu people of Kenya, which included wearing women's clothes and hairstyle. Mugawe are frequently homosexual, and sometimes are formally married to a man.


title: LGBT rights in Africa

text: Such men were known as "ikihindu" among the Hutu and Tutsi peoples of Burundi and Rwanda. A similar role is played by some men within the Swahili-speaking Mashoga—who often take on women's names and cook and clean for their husbands.


title: LGBT rights in Africa

text: In Ethiopian history, the recognition of same-sex activity is generally obscure, which means no rare evidence left to scholarly research. However, "The Life and Struggles of Our Mother Wälättä P̣eṭros" (1672) is the first reference of homosexuality between nuns in Ethiopian literature. Homosexuality, meanwhile, was faded out through much of its history until in Meles Zenawi administration in 2008, followed by rapid growth of communal upheaval in the country into suppression. However with negative public attitude and legal codification in Constitution's Article 629, same-sex activity is criminalized up to 15 years life imprisonment.


title: LGBT rights in Africa

text: According to 2007 Pew Research Center, 97% of Ethiopians said that homosexuality is the way of life that society should not accept, becoming the highest level of rejection after Mali. The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church plays a significant role in maintaining society against homosexuality, and some members form anti-gay movements. One of them is "Zim Anlem" founded by Dereje Negash, who strongly affiliated with the Church.


title: LGBT rights in Africa

text: Among the Maale people of southern Ethiopia, historian Donald Donham documented "a small minority [of men] crossed over to feminine roles. Called "ashtime", these (biological) males dressed like women, performed female tasks, cared for their own houses, and apparently had sexual relations with men". They were also protected by the king.


title: LGBT rights in Africa

text: In Uganda, religious roles for cross-dressing men (homosexual priests) were historically found among the Bunyoro people. Similarly, the kingdom of Buganda (part of modern-day Uganda) institutionalised certain forms of same-sex relations. Young men served in the royal courts and provided sexual services for visitors and elites. King Mwanga II of Buganda had several such men executed when they converted to Christianity and refused to carry out their assigned duties (the "Uganda Martyrs"). The Teso people of Uganda also have a category of men who dress as women.


title: LGBT rights in Africa

text: Swedish anthropologist Felix Bryk reported active (i.e., insertive) Kikuyu pederasts called onek, and also mentioned "homo-erotic bachelors" among the pastoralist Nandi and Maragoli (Wanga). The Nandi as well as the Maasai would sometimes cross-dress as women during initiation ceremonies.


title: LGBT rights in Africa

text: In West Africa there is extensive historical evidence of homosexuality. In the kingdom of Dahomey, eunuchs were known as royal wives and played an important part at court.


title: LGBT rights in Africa

text: The Dagaaba people, who lived in Burkina Faso, believed that homosexual men were able to mediate between the spirit and human worlds. They also believed that gender was based on the energy of a person rather than that of anatomy.


title: LGBT rights in Africa

text: Writing in the 19th century about the area of today's southwestern Zimbabwe, David Livingstone asserted that the monopolization of women by elderly chiefs was essentially responsible for the "immorality" practised by younger men. Edwin W. Smith and A. Murray Dale mention one Ila-speaking man who dressed as a woman, did women's work, lived and slept among, but not with, women. The Ila label "mwaami" they translated as "prophet". They also mentioned that pederasty was not rare, "but was considered dangerous because of the risk that the boy will become pregnant".


title: LGBT rights in Africa

text: Marc Epprecht's review of 250 court cases from 1892 to 1923 found cases from the beginnings of the records. The five 1892 cases all involved black Africans. A defense offered was that "sodomy" was part of local "custom". In one case a chief was summoned to testify about customary penalties and reported that the penalty was a fine of one cow, which was less than the penalty for adultery. Over the entire period, Epprecht found the balance of black and white defendants proportional to that in the population. He notes, however, only what came to the attention of the courts—most consensual relations in private did not necessarily provoke notice. Some cases were brought by partners who had been dropped or who had not received promised compensation from their former sexual partner. And although the norm was for the younger male to lie supine and not show any enjoyment, let alone expect any sexual mutuality, Epprecht found a case in which a pair of black males had stopped their sexual relationship out of fear of pregnancy, but one wanted to resume taking turns penetrating each other.


title: LGBT rights in Africa

text: The former president of Zimbabwe, Robert Mugabe, was uncompromising in his opposition to LGBT rights in Zimbabwe. In September 1995, Zimbabwe's parliament introduced legislation banning homosexual acts. In 1997, a court found Canaan Banana, Mugabe's predecessor and the first President of Zimbabwe, guilty of 11 counts of sodomy and indecent assault. Mugabe has previously referred to LGBT people as being "worse than dogs and pigs".


title: LGBT rights in Africa

text: In the Gambia, former President Yahya Jammeh led the call for legislation that would set laws against homosexuals that would be "stricter than those in Iran", and that he would "cut off the head" of any gay or lesbian person discovered in the country. News reports indicated his government intended to execute all homosexuals in the country. In the speech given in Tallinding, Jammeh gave a "final ultimatum" to any gays or lesbians in the Gambia to leave the country. In a speech to the United Nations on 27 September 2013, Jammeh said that "[h]omosexuality in all its forms and manifestations which, though very evil, antihuman as well as anti-Allah, is being promoted as a human right by some powers", and that those who do so "want to put an end to human existence". In 2014, Jammeh called homosexuals "vermins" by saying that "We will fight these vermins called homosexuals or gays the same way we are fighting malaria-causing mosquitoes, if not more aggressively". He also went on to disparage LGBT people by saying that "As far as I am concerned, LGBT can only stand for Leprosy, Gonorrhoea, Bacteria and Tuberculosis; all of which are detrimental to human existence". In 2015, in defiance of western criticism Jammeh intensified his anti-gay rhetoric, telling a crowd during an agricultural tour: "If you do it [in the Gambia] I will slit your throat—if you are a man and want to marry another man in this country and we catch you, no one will ever set eyes on you again, and no white person can do anything about it."


title: LGBT rights in Africa

text: In Uganda there have been recent efforts to institute the death penalty for homosexuality. British newspaper "The Guardian" reported that President Yoweri Museveni "appeared to add his backing" to the legislative effort by, among other things, claiming "European homosexuals are recruiting in Africa", and saying gay relationships were against God's will. In a 2014 interview with CNN, Museveni described homosexuals as "disgusting", saying that their acts are "unnatural" and that he would be able to ignore them if it was proven that "[he] is born that way". He also said that he had appointed a group of scientists in Uganda to determine if homosexuality was a learned orientation. This led to widespread criticism from the scientific community, with an academic of the National Institutes of Health calling on his Ugandan counterparts to reconsider their findings.


title: LGBT rights in Africa

text: Abune Paulos, the late Patriarch of the ancient Ethiopian Orthodox Church, which has a very strong influence in Christian Ethiopia, stated homosexuality is an animal-like behavior that must be punished.


title: LGBT rights in Africa

text: Chad in 2017 passed a law criminalizing sodomy. Previously, the country never had any laws against consensual same-sex activity. Conversely, some African states like Lesotho, São Tomé and Príncipe, Mozambique, the Seychelles, Angola, and Botswana have abolished sodomy laws in recent years. Legalization is proposed in Namibia . Gabon passed a law criminalizing sodomy in 2019 and reversed its decision by once again decriminalizing homosexuality a year later in 2020.


title: 2018 Illinois gubernatorial election

text: The 2018 Illinois gubernatorial election took place on November 6, 2018, to elect the Governor of Illinois, concurrently with the 2018 Illinois general election and other midterm elections. Incumbent Republican Governor Bruce Rauner ran for re-election to a second term in office, but was defeated by Democratic nominee J. B. Pritzker.


title: 2018 Illinois gubernatorial election

text: This was the second consecutive Illinois gubernatorial election in which the incumbent unsuccessfully sought re-election, and was also the first time that two consecutive governors have been elected without prior public office experience. Rauner was one of two incumbent Republican governors to be defeated for re-election in 2018, the other being Scott Walker in neighboring Wisconsin. In addition, Rauner had the worst defeat for an incumbent governor in any state since Ernie Fletcher's defeat in Kentucky's 2007 election. Rauner's 38.8% of the vote was the worst performance for an incumbent Illinois Governor since 1912; he also received the lowest raw percentage of the vote for a Republican nominee since 1912.


title: 2018 Illinois gubernatorial election

text: Ultimately, Rauner remained on the ballot, and lost in the most lopsided gubernatorial election since Jim Edgar was reelected in 1994. With Pritzker winning by a margin of 15.7%, this was the biggest gubernatorial margin of victory for a Democrat since 1932. This was the first gubernatorial election in the state since 2002 where the Democrat won a majority of the vote.


title: 2018 Illinois gubernatorial election

text: The primaries and general elections coincided with those for federal congressional races and those for other state offices. The election was part of the 2018 Illinois elections. Primary elections were held on March 20.


title: 2018 Illinois gubernatorial election

text: For the primary election, turnout was 25.76%, with 2,046,710 votes cast. For the general election, turnout was 56.15%, with 4,547,657 votes cast.


title: 2018 Illinois gubernatorial election

text: The Illinois LGBTQ Forum: The Democratic Candidates for Governor was held on December 6, 2017, and organized by Affinity Community Services, the Association of Latinos/as Motivating Action (ALMA), the Equality Illinois Institute, and Pride Action Tank. Candidates who attended included Daniel Biss, Tio Hardiman, Ameya Pawar, J. B. Pritzker, and Chris Kennedy.


title: 2018 Illinois gubernatorial election

text: Whitney Young High School hosted the first student-run gubernatorial debate in the United States on October 4, 2017. All 7 then current candidates attended, meaning Daniel Biss, Bob Daiber, Tio Hardiman, Chris Kennedy, Alex Paterakis, Ameya Pawar, and J. B. Pritzker.


title: 2018 Illinois gubernatorial election

text: The Illinois chapter of progressive advocacy organization Our Revolution sponsored a forum at the Chicago Teacher's Union headquarters on October 8, 2017. Candidates voiced similar opinions on single-payer health care, gun control, and the minimum wage, but differed on a hypothetical state deal with Amazon and relationships with powerful Illinois Speaker Mike Madigan.