title: Paul Desmond

text: Desmond was a guest artist on five tracks by Chet Baker recorded between 1975 and 1977. These were released on the albums "She Was Too Good to Me", "You Can't Go Home Again", and "The Best Thing For You". Baker and Desmond also appeared together on two tracks included on Jim Hall's 1975 "Concierto" album.


title: Paul Desmond

text: Desmond met Canadian guitarist Ed Bickert through a recommendation by Jim Hall, and Desmond performed with Bickert at several clubs in the Toronto area during 1974–1975. Desmond featured Bickert on his 1975 studio album "Pure Desmond", and the two played together at the 1976 Edmonton Jazz Festival. Live recordings of that concert and club dates with Bickert performed during 1974-1975 were released during and after Desmond's lifetime.


title: Paul Desmond

text: In their private lives Dave Brubeck and his family were very close to Paul Desmond, though the two men possessed very different personalities. Darius Brubeck recalls thinking that Desmond was his uncle almost into adolescence. Desmond grew especially close to Dave's son Michael, to whom he left his saxophone upon death. Desmond was also described as a womanizer who was unable to form (and was uninterested in maintaining) steady relationships with women, though he had no shortage of female companions throughout his life. Desmond is reported to have quipped, upon seeing a former girlfriend on the street, "There she goes, not with a whim but a banker" (a semi-Spoonerism reference to T.S. Eliot's "This is the way the world ends / Not with a bang but a whimper"). In contrast, Brubeck was deeply religious and a stalwart family man.


title: Paul Desmond

text: Desmond enjoyed reading works by the thinkers of his generation like Timothy Leary and Jack Kerouac, also dabbling in some LSD usage. He was known to have several addictions, including Dewar's Scotch whisky and Pall Mall cigarettes. In the 1940s and 1950s, Desmond frequently took amphetamines, and in the 1970s, he was known to use cocaine. His chemical-dependency problems would sometimes drain him of his energy on the road. Clarinetist Perry Robinson recalls in his autobiography that Desmond would sometimes need a vitamin B12 shot just to go on playing during his later career.


title: Paul Desmond

text: Desmond died on May 30, 1977, not of his heavy alcohol habit but of lung cancer, the result of his longtime heavy smoking. Never without his humor, after he was diagnosed with cancer he expressed pleasure at the health of his liver. His last concert was with Brubeck in February 1977, in New York City. His fans were unaware of his rapidly declining health. Desmond specified in his will that all proceeds from "Take Five" would go to the Red Cross following his death. Desmond reportedly owned a Baldwin grand piano, which he lent to Bradley Cunningham, owner of Bradley's piano bar in Greenwich Village, provided that Cunningham moved the large piano back to Desmond's Upper West Side apartment to become part of Desmond's estate. After this long and expensive process, Desmond willed the piano to Cunningham, a characteristic and final prank. The Paul Desmond Papers are held at the Holt-Atherton Special Collections in the University of the Pacific Library.


title: Paul Desmond

text: Desmond produced a light, melodic tone on the alto saxophone, trying to sound, he said, "like a dry martini." With a style that was similar to that of Lee Konitz, one of his influences, he quickly became one of the best-known saxophonists from the West Coast's cool school of jazz. Much of the success of the classic Brubeck quartet was due to the juxtaposition of his airy style over Brubeck's sometimes relatively heavy, polytonal piano work.


title: Paul Desmond

text: Desmond's improvisation is praised for its logical structure and lyricism. His rare gift for improvised counterpoint is perhaps most evident on the two albums he recorded with baritone saxophonist Gerry Mulligan ("Mulligan-Desmond Quartet" and "Two of a Mind"). In his playing Desmond was also notable for his ability to produce extremely high notes, the altissimo register, on his saxophone.


title: Paul Desmond

text: Desmond played a Selmer "Super Balanced Action" model alto saxophone coupled with an M. C. Gregory model 4A-18M hard rubber mouthpiece, both dating from circa 1951, with a moderately stiff Rico 3 ½ reed.


title: Konrad de la Fuente

text: Konrad de la Fuente (born July 16, 2001), sometimes known as Konrad, is an American professional soccer player who plays as a winger for Super League Greece club Olympiacos, on loan from Marseille, and the United States national team.


title: Konrad de la Fuente

text: Born in Miami, Florida, to Haitian parents of Dominican descent, Konrad moved to Spain at the age of 10 when his father took a job at the Haitian consulate in Barcelona. While playing for local youth side CF Damm, he was discovered and offered the chance to play for FC Barcelona. He developed in Barcelona's youth system after joining in 2013.


title: Konrad de la Fuente

text: Konrad made his debut for the reserves on December 1, 2018, coming off the bench and playing 12 minutes against Valencia Mestalla in the Segunda División B. He conceded a penalty in the final minutes of the game causing his side to go 2–1 down, but fellow teammate Ronald Araújo equalized late, ending the match 2–2.


title: Konrad de la Fuente

text: He made his first start for the team on December 15, 2019, in a 3–1 win against La Nucía. He was replaced by Dani Morer in the 70th minute.


title: Konrad de la Fuente

text: He scored his first goal for Barça B on February 2, 2020, a stoppage time winner in a 2–1 win against AE Prat, after coming on in the 81st minute.


title: Konrad de la Fuente

text: On September 12, 2020, Konrad made his first team debut in a pre-season game against Gimnàstic Tarragona, in the process becoming the first American to play for Barcelona's first team. He made his official debut for Barcelona in the UEFA Champions League group stage match against Dynamo Kyiv on November 24, 2020, replacing Francisco Trincão in a 4–0 win. He appeared once again for Barça in the Champions League, coming off the bench again in a 3–0 away victory over Ferencváros, and later the following January in the Copa del Rey in a 2–0 away victory against Cornellà.


title: Konrad de la Fuente

text: On June 29, 2021, Konrad signed with Ligue 1 club Marseille, with Barcelona reserving the right to 50% of a future sale. He made his league debut on August 8 against Montpellier. He recorded his first assist in the same match on the first goal of a 3–2 comeback win.


title: Konrad de la Fuente

text: In July 2019, he was called up to the under-20 team for the 2019 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Poland. He started every match in the tournament until the United States was eliminated by Ecuador in the quarterfinals.


title: Konrad de la Fuente

text: He received his first call up to the senior national team for friendly matches against Wales and Panama in November 2020. He made his debut on November 12, 2020, in the friendly against Wales as a starter and was replaced by Ulysses Llanez in the 71st minute.


title: Amruta Subhash

text: Amruta Subhash is an Indian actress who works in Marathi and Hindi films, television, and theatre. She is a graduate of the National School of Drama, New Delhi.


title: Amruta Subhash

text: She won the National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress for the Marathi-language film "Astu" (2015) and the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress for the Hindi-language film "Gully Boy" (2019).


title: Amruta Subhash

text: Subhash made her debut with the National Award-winning film and India's Oscar entry for the year 2004, "Shwaas".


title: Amruta Subhash

text: She won a National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress in 2013 for her role in the Marathi film "Astu" and has starred in numerous critically acclaimed films that have won various awards around the world, such as the Crystal Bear at the Berlin International Film Festival and the Fedeora Award at the Venice Film Festival.


title: Amruta Subhash

text: As a playback singer, she has won accolades such as the Maharashtra Government State Award for the film "Nital". Recently, she starred in the Netflix Original series "Selection Day" (2018–19), and opposite Nawazuddin Siddiqui in "Sacred Games Season 2" (2019).


title: Amruta Subhash

text: Subhash was a student at S P College, Pune. She started her acting career in theatre. She graduated from the National School of Drama, New Delhi, where she studied under Satyadev Dubey. While there, she appeared in various plays, including "Urvashiam" (1997), "Bela Meri Jaan" (1998), "House of Bernada, Alba" (1998), and "Mrug Trushna" (1999). Returning to Maharashtra, she appeared in various Marathi plays, including "Tee Fulrani". This role, previously portrayed by Bhakti Barve, brought her into the spotlight. Adapted along the lines of "My Fair Lady", which in turn is based on George Bernard Shaw's famous play "Pygmalion", the play is written by Pu La Deshpande. Later, Subhash featured in many Marathi films and television series, playing supporting roles, and then moved into lead roles. She is also a trained Bharatanatyam dancer.


title: Amruta Subhash

text: Subhash portrayed the role ex bar dancer Lily in the Netflix series "Bombay Begums", directed by Alankrita Shrivastava.


title: Amruta Subhash

text: Subhash made her film debut in the 2004 film "Shwaas", which won Best Feature Film at the 51st National Film Awards. The film was also the official entry from India to the 77th Academy Awards in the category Best Foreign Language Film; it did not reach the nomination list, however. Subhash went on to act in a number of Hindi-language films. Her next project was "Chausar". Directed by Sagar Sarhadi, whose 1982 film "Bazaar" was critically acclaimed, Subhash called the role a "dream come true". The same year, she played the title role in the television film "Nirmala", directed by Gulzar, based on Premchand's novel of the same name. Aired on Doordarshan in October 2004, the film was the last episode in Gulzar's series "Tehreer... Munshi Premchand Ki", adapted from Premchand's stories. She also acted in the series "Ek Prem Katha", directed by Basu Chatterjee.


title: Amruta Subhash

text: Subhash was next seen playing various roles in TV shows, such as "Zoka", "Paaulkhuna", and most importantly, "Awaghachi Sansaar", which aired on Zee Marathi. She became popular for her role of Aasawari opposite actor Prasad Oak, where she fights back against the atrocities laid upon her by her husband.


title: Amruta Subhash

text: Her 2005 film "White Rainbow" was based on the stories of the widows of Vrindavan, where she played a 15-year-old widow who is forced into prostitution. In 2008, she appeared in a supporting role in Nandita Das's debut directorial venture "Firaaq", based on the aftermath of the 2002 communal riots in Gujarat. Critically acclaimed, nationally as well as in various international festivals, the film showcased several notable actors including Naseeruddin Shah, Paresh Rawal, and Deepti Naval. The same year, the Marathi-language comedy "Valu" was released. Directed by Umesh Vinayak Kulkarni, the film included Atul Kulkarni, Mohan Agashe, Bharati Achrekar, Girish Kulkarni, Dilip Prabhavalkar, among others. The film also featured Subhash's mother, Jyoti Subhash.


title: Amruta Subhash

text: Her 2009 film "Tya Ratri Paus Hota" cast her as a drug-addicted teenager. The same year, she appeared in Sachin Kundalkar's film "Gandha". Subhash's mother played her fictional mother in the production. The film was later adapted into Hindi by Kundalkar as "Aiyyaa" in 2012.


title: Amruta Subhash

text: Along with her film career, Subhash has acted in a number of theatre plays, including "Sathecha Kaay Karayacha!" and "Shree Tashi Sau". In "Sathecha Kaay Karayacha!", directed by her husband Sandesh Kulkarni, Subhas played the role of Salma, an understanding wife who tries to solve the problems of her husband who falls prey to self-torturing jealousy. In "Ajuni Yeto Vaas Fhulana", director Chetan Datar paid tribute to veteran theatre personality Satyadev Dubey. While Dubey was played by Nandu Madhav, Subhas played the role of an experienced student of Dubey. She also appeared in the play "Chhotyashya Suteet", which was written by Sachin Kundalkar. In 2008, she acted in the play "Love Birds", directed by Girish Joshi. The suspense thriller play was well appreciated by the audience for its innovative way of mixing in video clips. She played the role of a wife whose husband (played by Aniket Vishwasrao) has lost his memory and is learning bitter truths about her as he recovers. In 2020, she acted in a Hindi-language play titled "Phir Se Honeymoon", written and directed by her husband, Sandesh Kulkarni, about a couple that decides to go on a second honeymoon in an effort to revive their relationship. However, the play had to be put on hold due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2022, the play was revived in Marathi and retitled "Punashcha Honeymoon".


title: Amruta Subhash

text: Subhash studied classical singing for three years. Her debut album, "Jata Jata Pawasane", was not successful commercially. She has featured as a playback singer in films like "Haapus" (2010) and "Ajintha" (2012) and has provided background music to the films "Nital" (2006) and "Teen Bahene". In 2012, she participated in the Marathi singing competition "Sa Re Ga Ma Pa", organised for celebrities. She went to the top 5 and competed in the finale along with Ajay Purkar, Ketki Thatte, Vaibhav Mangle, and Prashant Damle, with Damle winning the competition.


title: Amruta Subhash

text: In 2006, Subhash was awarded the Best Actress award for her role in the TV show "Avaghachi Sansar", presented by Zee Marathi Awards. She has also received the V. Shantaram Award for her role in the film "Savalee". In 2014,


title: Amruta Subhash

text: she got the National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress for her film "Astu", directed by Sumitra Bhave–Sunil Sukthankar (shared with Aida El-Kashef), and the Crystal Bear for Best Film, awarded by the children's jury in the Generation Kplus section at the 64th Berlin International Film Festival, for the movie "Killa".


title: Amruta Subhash

text: Subhash's birth name is Amruta Subhashchandra Dhembre. She is the daughter of Jyoti Subhash. She has said her interest in acting was inspired by her mother. They two have acted together in many films, including "Aaji", "Zoka", "Gandha", "Masala", "Nital", "Valu", "Badha", "Vihir", and "Gully Boy" and the play "Kalokhachya Leki". Jyoti Subhas played the role of Amruta's grandmother in "Aaji" and that of her mother in the 2009 film "Gandha". Subhash is married to director Sandesh Kulkarni. Kulkarni has directed Subhash in plays such as "Sathecha Kaay Karayacha!" and "Pahila Vahila".


title: Amruta Subhash

text: The actress supports various social causes. She is a brand ambassador for Zee Marathi Jagruti, an initiative by Zee Marathi Channel Group, for the empowerment of Marathi women. Her sister-in-law is Sonali Kulkarni, who is also film actress.


title: Crocus sativus

text: Crocus sativus, commonly known as saffron crocus or autumn crocus, is a species of flowering plant in the iris family Iridaceae. A cormous autumn-flowering cultivated perennial, unknown in the wild, it is best known for the culinary use of its floral stigmas as the spice saffron. Human cultivation of saffron crocus and the trade and use of saffron have endured for more than 3,500 years and span different cultures, continents, and civilizations.


title: Crocus sativus

text: The plant is most commonly known as the saffron crocus. The alternative name autumn crocus is also used for species in the "Colchicum" genus, which are not closely related but strongly resemble the true crocuses; in particular, the superficially similar species "Colchicum autumnale" is sometimes even referred to as "meadow saffron". However, the true crocuses have three stamens and three styles, while colchicums have six stamens and one style; and belong to a different family, Colchicaceae. Colchicums are also toxic, making it particularly crucial to distinguish them from the saffron crocus.


title: Crocus sativus

text: "Crocus sativus" develops as an underground corm, which produces leaves, bracts, bracteole, and the flowering stalk. It generally blooms with purple flowers in the autumn. The plant grows about 10 to 30 cm high.


title: Crocus sativus

text: Saffron crocus is a triploid with 24 chromosomes (2"n" = 3"x" = 24), making the plant sexually sterile due to its inability to pair chromosomes during meiosis. Its most probable ancestor is the wild species "Crocus cartwrightianus". Although "C. thomassi" and "C. pallasii" are still being considered as potential predecessors or genetic contributors, these hypotheses have not been successfully verified by chromosome and genome comparisons.


title: Crocus sativus

text: It is thought that the domesticated saffron crocus most likely arose as a result of selective breeding from the wild "C. cartwrightianus" in the southern portion of mainland Greece. An origin in Western or Central Asia, although often suspected, is not supported by botanical research.


title: Crocus sativus

text: The stigmas of the flower are used as the culinary spice saffron. Depending on the size of harvested stigmas, the flowers of between 50,000 and 75,000 individual plants are required to produce about 1 pound of saffron; each corm produces only one or two flowers, and each flower produces only three stigmas. Stigmas should be harvested mid-morning when the flowers are fully opened.


title: Crocus sativus

text: As a sterile triploid, "C. sativus" is unknown in the wild and relies upon manual vegetative multiplication for its continued propagation. Because all cultured individuals of this plant are clonal, there is minimal genetic diversity from the single domestication event, making it quite hard to find cultivars with new, potentially beneficial properties, let alone combine them by breeding. Cultivars of saffron are nevertheless produced by a number of means:


title: Crocus sativus

text: Corms of saffron crocus should be planted apart and in a trough deep. The flower grows best in areas of full sun in well-drained soil with moderate levels of organic content. The corms will multiply after each year, and each corm will last 3–5 years.


title: Triangular matrix

text: In mathematics, a triangular matrix is a special kind of square matrix. A square matrix is called ' if all the entries "above" the main diagonal are zero. Similarly, a square matrix is called ' if all the entries "below" the main diagonal are zero.


title: Triangular matrix

text: Because matrix equations with triangular matrices are easier to solve, they are very important in numerical analysis. By the LU decomposition algorithm, an invertible matrix may be written as the product of a lower triangular matrix "L" and an upper triangular matrix "U" if and only if all its leading principal minors are non-zero.


title: Triangular matrix

text: is called an upper triangular matrix or right triangular matrix. A lower or left triangular matrix is commonly denoted with the variable "L", and an upper or right triangular matrix is commonly denoted with the variable "U" or "R".


title: Triangular matrix

text: A matrix that is both upper and lower triangular is diagonal. Matrices that are similar to triangular matrices are called triangularisable.


title: Triangular matrix

text: A non-square (or sometimes any) matrix with zeros above (below) the diagonal is called a lower (upper) trapezoidal matrix. The non-zero entries form the shape of a trapezoid.


title: Triangular matrix

text: A matrix equation in the form formula_5 or formula_6 is very easy to solve by an iterative process called forward substitution for lower triangular matrices and analogously back substitution for upper triangular matrices. The process is so called because for lower triangular matrices, one first computes formula_7, then substitutes that "forward" into the "next" equation to solve for formula_8, and repeats through to formula_9. In an upper triangular matrix, one works "backwards," first computing formula_9, then substituting that "back" into the "previous" equation to solve for formula_11, and repeating through formula_7.


title: Triangular matrix

text: Observe that the first equation (formula_14) only involves formula_7, and thus one can solve for formula_7 directly. The second equation only involves formula_7 and formula_8, and thus can be solved once one substitutes in the already solved value for formula_7. Continuing in this way, the formula_20-th equation only involves formula_21, and one can solve for formula_22 using the previously solved values for formula_23. The resulting formulas are:


title: Triangular matrix

text: A matrix equation with an upper triangular matrix "U" can be solved in an analogous way, only working backwards.


title: Triangular matrix

text: In a similar vein, a matrix which is both normal (meaning "A""A" = "AA", where "A" is the conjugate transpose) and triangular is also diagonal. This can be seen by looking at the diagonal entries of "A""A" and "AA".


title: Triangular matrix

text: The determinant and permanent of a triangular matrix equal the product of the diagonal entries, as can be checked by direct computation.


title: Triangular matrix

text: In fact more is true: the eigenvalues of a triangular matrix are exactly its diagonal entries. Moreover, each eigenvalue occurs exactly "k" times on the diagonal, where "k" is its algebraic multiplicity, that is, its multiplicity as a root of the characteristic polynomial formula_25 of "A". In other words, the characteristic polynomial of a triangular "n"×"n" matrix "A" is exactly


title: Triangular matrix

text: that is, the unique degree "n" polynomial whose roots are the diagonal entries of "A" (with multiplicities).


title: Triangular matrix

text: To see this, observe that formula_27 is also triangular and hence its determinant formula_28 is the product of its diagonal entries formula_29.


title: Triangular matrix

text: If the entries on the main diagonal of a (upper or lower) triangular matrix are all 1, the matrix is called (upper or lower) unitriangular.


title: Triangular matrix

text: Other names used for these matrices are unit (upper or lower) triangular, or very rarely normed (upper or lower) triangular. However, a "unit" triangular matrix is not the same as the "unit matrix", and a "normed" triangular matrix has nothing to do with the notion of matrix norm.


title: Triangular matrix

text: If all of the entries on the main diagonal of a (upper or lower) triangular matrix are also 0, the matrix is called strictly (upper or lower) triangular.


title: Triangular matrix

text: All finite strictly triangular matrices are nilpotent of index at most "n" as a consequence of the Cayley-Hamilton theorem.


title: Triangular matrix

text: An atomic (upper or lower) triangular matrix is a special form of unitriangular matrix, where all of the off-diagonal elements are zero, except for the entries in a single column. Such a matrix is also called a Frobenius matrix, a Gauss matrix, or a Gauss transformation matrix.


title: Triangular matrix

text: A matrix that is similar to a triangular matrix is referred to as triangularizable. Abstractly, this is equivalent to stabilizing a flag: upper triangular matrices are precisely those that preserve the standard flag, which is given by the standard ordered basis formula_30 and the resulting flag formula_31 All flags are conjugate (as the general linear group acts transitively on bases), so any matrix that stabilises a flag is similar to one that stabilizes the standard flag.


title: Triangular matrix

text: Any complex square matrix is triangularizable. In fact, a matrix "A" over a field containing all of the eigenvalues of "A" (for example, any matrix over an algebraically closed field) is similar to a triangular matrix. This can be proven by using induction on the fact that "A" has an eigenvector, by taking the quotient space by the eigenvector and inducting to show that "A" stabilizes a flag, and is thus triangularizable with respect to a basis for that flag.


title: Triangular matrix

text: A more precise statement is given by the Jordan normal form theorem, which states that in this situation, "A" is similar to an upper triangular matrix of a very particular form. The simpler triangularization result is often sufficient however, and in any case used in proving the Jordan normal form theorem.


title: Triangular matrix

text: In the case of complex matrices, it is possible to say more about triangularization, namely, that any square matrix "A" has a Schur decomposition. This means that "A" is unitarily equivalent (i.e. similar, using a unitary matrix as change of basis) to an upper triangular matrix; this follows by taking an Hermitian basis for the flag.


title: Triangular matrix

text: A set of matrices formula_32 are said to be if there is a basis under which they are all upper triangular; equivalently, if they are upper triangularizable by a single similarity matrix "P." Such a set of matrices is more easily understood by considering the algebra of matrices it generates, namely all polynomials in the formula_33 denoted formula_34 Simultaneous triangularizability means that this algebra is conjugate into the Lie subalgebra of upper triangular matrices, and is equivalent to this algebra being a Lie subalgebra of a Borel subalgebra.


title: Triangular matrix

text: The basic result is that (over an algebraically closed field), the commuting matrices formula_35 or more generally formula_36 are simultaneously triangularizable. This can be proven by first showing that commuting matrices have a common eigenvector, and then inducting on dimension as before. This was proven by Frobenius, starting in 1878 for a commuting pair, as discussed at commuting matrices. As for a single matrix, over the complex numbers these can be triangularized by unitary matrices.


title: Triangular matrix

text: The fact that commuting matrices have a common eigenvector can be interpreted as a result of Hilbert's Nullstellensatz: commuting matrices form a commutative algebra formula_37 over formula_38 which can be interpreted as a variety in "k"-dimensional affine space, and the existence of a (common) eigenvalue (and hence a common eigenvector) corresponds to this variety having a point (being non-empty), which is the content of the (weak) Nullstellensatz. In algebraic terms, these operators correspond to an algebra representation of the polynomial algebra in "k" variables.


title: Triangular matrix

text: This is generalized by Lie's theorem, which shows that any representation of a solvable Lie algebra is simultaneously upper triangularizable, the case of commuting matrices being the abelian Lie algebra case, abelian being a fortiori solvable.


title: Triangular matrix

text: More generally and precisely, a set of matrices formula_36 is simultaneously triangularisable if and only if the matrix formula_40 is nilpotent for all polynomials "p" in "k" "non"-commuting variables, where formula_41 is the commutator; for commuting formula_42 the commutator vanishes so this holds. This was proven by Drazin, Dungey, and Gruenberg in 1951; a brief proof is given by Prasolov in 1994. One direction is clear: if the matrices are simultaneously triangularisable, then formula_43 is "strictly" upper triangularizable (hence nilpotent), which is preserved by multiplication by any formula_44 or combination thereof – it will still have 0s on the diagonal in the triangularizing basis.


title: Triangular matrix

text: Together these facts mean that the upper triangular matrices form a subalgebra of the associative algebra of square matrices for a given size. Additionally, this also shows that the upper triangular matrices can be viewed as a Lie subalgebra of the Lie algebra of square matrices of a fixed size, where the Lie bracket ["a", "b"] given by the commutator . The Lie algebra of all upper triangular matrices is a solvable Lie algebra. It is often referred to as a Borel subalgebra of the Lie algebra of all square matrices.


title: Triangular matrix

text: All these results hold if "upper triangular" is replaced by "lower triangular" throughout; in particular the lower triangular matrices also form a Lie algebra. However, operations mixing upper and lower triangular matrices do not in general produce triangular matrices. For instance, the sum of an upper and a lower triangular matrix can be any matrix; the product of a lower triangular with an upper triangular matrix is not necessarily triangular either.


title: Triangular matrix

text: The set of strictly upper (or lower) triangular matrices forms a nilpotent Lie algebra, denoted formula_45 This algebra is the derived Lie algebra of formula_46, the Lie algebra of all upper triangular matrices; in symbols, formula_47 In addition, formula_48 is the Lie algebra of the Lie group of unitriangular matrices.


title: Triangular matrix

text: In fact, by Engel's theorem, any finite-dimensional nilpotent Lie algebra is conjugate to a subalgebra of the strictly upper triangular matrices, that is to say, a finite-dimensional nilpotent Lie algebra is simultaneously strictly upper triangularizable.


title: Triangular matrix

text: Algebras of upper triangular matrices have a natural generalization in functional analysis which yields nest algebras on Hilbert spaces.


title: Triangular matrix

text: The set of invertible triangular matrices of a given kind (upper or lower) forms a group, indeed a Lie group, which is a subgroup of the general linear group of all invertible matrices. A triangular matrix is invertible precisely when its diagonal entries are invertible (non-zero).


title: Triangular matrix

text: Over the real numbers, this group is disconnected, having formula_49 components accordingly as each diagonal entry is positive or negative. The identity component is invertible triangular matrices with positive entries on the diagonal, and the group of all invertible triangular matrices is a semidirect product of this group and the group of diagonal matrices with formula_50 on the diagonal, corresponding to the components.


title: Triangular matrix

text: The Lie algebra of the Lie group of invertible upper triangular matrices is the set of all upper triangular matrices, not necessarily invertible, and is a solvable Lie algebra. These are, respectively, the standard Borel subgroup "B" of the Lie group GL and the standard Borel subalgebra formula_46 of the Lie algebra gl.


title: Triangular matrix

text: The upper triangular matrices are precisely those that stabilize the standard flag. The invertible ones among them form a subgroup of the general linear group, whose conjugate subgroups are those defined as the stabilizer of some (other) complete flag. These subgroups are Borel subgroups. The group of invertible lower triangular matrices is such a subgroup, since it is the stabilizer of the standard flag associated to the standard basis in reverse order.


title: Triangular matrix

text: The stabilizer of a partial flag obtained by forgetting some parts of the standard flag can be described as a set of block upper triangular matrices (but its elements are "not" all triangular matrices). The conjugates of such a group are the subgroups defined as the stabilizer of some partial flag. These subgroups are called parabolic subgroups.


title: Triangular matrix

text: The group of 2×2 upper unitriangular matrices is isomorphic to the additive group of the field of scalars; in the case of complex numbers it corresponds to a group formed of parabolic Möbius transformations; the 3×3 upper unitriangular matrices form the Heisenberg group.


title: Bond market

text: The bond market (also debt market or credit market) is a financial market where participants can issue new debt, known as the primary market, or buy and sell debt securities, known as the secondary market.This is usually in the form of bonds, but it may include notes, bills, and so on for public and private expenditures. The bond market has largely been dominated by the United States, which accounts for about 39% of the market. As of 2021, the size of the bond market (total debt outstanding) is estimated to be at $119 trillion worldwide and $46 trillion for the US market, according to Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association (SIFMA).


title: Bond market

text: Bonds and bank loans form what is known as the "credit market". The global credit market in aggregate is about three times the size of the global equity market. Bank loans are not securities under the Securities and Exchange Act, but bonds typically are and are therefore more highly regulated. Bonds are typically not secured by collateral (although they can be), and are sold in relatively small denominations of around $1,000 to $10,000. Unlike bank loans, bonds may be held by retail investors. Bonds are more frequently traded than loans, although not as often as equity.


title: Bond market

text: Nearly all of the average daily trading in the U.S. bond market takes place between broker-dealers and large institutions in a decentralized over-the-counter (OTC) market. However, a small number of bonds, primarily corporate ones, are listed on exchanges. Bond trading prices and volumes are reported on Financial Industry Regulatory Authority's (FINRA) Trade Reporting And Compliance Engine, or TRACE.


title: Bond market

text: An important part of the bond market is the government bond market, because of its size and liquidity. Government bonds are often used to compare other bonds to measure credit risk. Because of the inverse relationship between bond valuation and interest rates (or yields), the bond market is often used to indicate changes in interest rates or the shape of the yield curve, the measure of "cost of funding". The yield on government bonds in low risk countries such as the United States or Germany is thought to indicate a risk-free rate of default. Other bonds denominated in the same currencies (U.S. Dollars or Euros) will typically have higher yields, in large part because other borrowers are more likely than the U.S. or German Central Governments to default, and the losses to investors in the case of default are expected to be higher. The primary way to default is to not pay in full or not pay on time.


title: Bond market

text: The Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association (SIFMA) classifies the broader bond market into five specific bond markets.


title: Bond market

text: Bond market participants are similar to participants in most financial markets and are essentially either buyers (debt issuer) of funds or sellers (institution) of funds and often both.


title: Bond market

text: Because of the specificity of individual bond issues, and the lack of liquidity in many smaller issues, the majority of outstanding bonds are held by institutions like pension funds, banks and mutual funds. In the United States, approximately 10% of the market is held by private individuals.


title: Bond market

text: Amounts outstanding on the global bond market increased by 2% in the twelve months to March 2012 to nearly $100 trillion. Domestic bonds accounted for 70% of the total and international bonds for the remainder. The United States was the largest market with 33% of the total followed by Japan (14%). As a proportion of global GDP, the bond market increased to over 140% in 2011 from 119% in 2008 and 80% a decade earlier. The considerable growth means that in March 2012 it was much larger than the global equity market which had a market capitalisation of around $53 trillion. Growth of the market since the start of the economic slowdown was largely a result of an increase in issuance by governments. In terms of number of bonds, there are over 500,000 unique corporate bonds in the US.


title: Bond market

text: The outstanding value of international bonds increased by 2% in 2011 to $30 trillion. The $1.2 trillion issued during the year was down by around a fifth on the previous year's total. The first half of 2012 was off to a strong start with issuance of over $800 billion. The United States was the leading center in terms of value outstanding with 24% of the total followed by the UK 13%.


title: Bond market

text: According to the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association (SIFMA), as of Q1 2017, the U.S. bond market size is (in billions):


title: Bond market

text: Note that the total federal government debts recognized by SIFMA are significantly less than the total bills, notes and bonds issued by the U.S. Treasury Department, of some $19.8 trillion at the time. This figure is likely to have excluded the inter-governmental debts such as those held by the Federal Reserve and the Social Security Trust Fund.


title: Bond market

text: For market participants who own a bond, collect the coupon and hold it to maturity, market volatility is irrelevant; principal and interest are received according to a pre-determined schedule.


title: Bond market

text: But participants who buy and sell bonds before maturity are exposed to many risks, most importantly changes in interest rates. When interest rates increase, the value of existing bonds falls, since new issues pay a higher yield. Likewise, when interest rates decrease, the value of existing bonds rises, since new issues pay a lower yield. This is the fundamental concept of bond market volatility—changes in bond prices are inverse to changes in interest rates. Fluctuating interest rates are part of a country's monetary policy and bond market volatility is a response to expected monetary policy and economic changes.


title: Bond market

text: Economists' views of economic indicators versus actual released data contribute to market volatility. A tight consensus is generally reflected in bond prices and there is little price movement in the market after the release of "in-line" data. If the economic release differs from the consensus view, the market usually undergoes rapid price movement as participants interpret the data. Uncertainty (as measured by a wide consensus) generally brings more volatility before and after a release. Economic releases vary in importance and impact depending on where the economy is in the business cycle.


title: Bond market

text: Bonds typically trade in $1,000 increments and are priced as a percentage of par value (100%). Many bonds have minimums imposed by the bond or the dealer. Typical sizes offered are increments of $10,000. For broker/dealers, however, anything smaller than a $100,000 trade is viewed as an "odd lot".


title: Bond market

text: Bonds typically pay interest at set intervals. Bonds with fixed coupons divide the stated coupon into parts defined by their payment schedule, for example, semi-annual pay. Bonds with floating rate coupons have set calculation schedules where the floating rate is calculated shortly before the next payment. Zero-coupon bonds do not pay interest. They are issued at a deep discount to account for the implied interest.


title: Bond market

text: Because most bonds have predictable income, they are typically purchased as part of a more conservative investment scheme. Nevertheless, investors have the ability to actively trade bonds, especially corporate bonds and municipal bonds with the market and can make or lose money depending on economic, interest rate, and issuer factors.


title: Bond market

text: Bond interest is taxed as ordinary income, in contrast to dividend income, which receives favorable taxation rates. However many government and municipal bonds are exempt from one or more types of taxation.


title: Bond market

text: Investment companies allow individual investors the ability to participate in the bond markets through bond funds, closed-end funds and unit-investment trusts. In 2006 total bond fund net inflows increased 97% from $30.8 billion in 2005 to $60.8 billion in 2006. Exchange-traded funds (ETFs) are another alternative to trading or investing directly in a bond issue. These securities allow individual investors the ability to overcome large initial and incremental trading sizes.


title: Bond market

text: A number of bond indices exist for the purposes of managing portfolios and measuring performance, similar to the S&P 500 or Russell Indexes for stocks. The most common American benchmarks are the Barclays Capital Aggregate Bond Index, Citigroup BIG and Merrill Lynch Domestic Master. Most indices are parts of families of broader indices that can be used to measure global bond portfolios, or may be further subdivided by maturity or sector for managing specialized portfolios.


title: Bond market

text: In ancient Sumer, temples functioned both as places of worship and as banks, under the oversight of the priests and the ruler. Loans were made at a customary fixed 20% interest rate; this custom was continued in Babylon, Mesopotamia and written into the Code of Hammurabi.


title: Bond market

text: The first known bond in history dates from circa 2400BC in Nippur, Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq). It guaranteed the payment of grain by the principal. The surety bond guaranteed reimbursement if the principal failed to make payment. Corn was the currency of that time period.


title: Bond market

text: In these ancient times, loans were initially made in cattle or grain from which interest could be paid from growing the herd or crop and returning a portion to the lender. Silver became popular as it was less perishable and allowed large values to be transported more easily, but unlike cattle or grain could not naturally produce interest. Taxation derived from human labor evolved as a solution to this problem.


title: Bond market

text: By the Plantagenet era, the English Crown had long-standing links with Italian financiers and merchants such as Ricciardi of Lucca in Tuscany. These trade links were based on loans, similar to modern-day Bank loans; other loans were linked to the need to finance the Crusades and the city-states of Italy found themselves - uniquely - at the intersection of international trade, finance and religion. The loans of the time were however not yet securitized in the form of bonds. That innovation came from further north: Venice.


title: Bond market

text: In 12th Century Venice, the city-state's government began issuing war-bonds known as "prestiti", perpetuities paying a fixed rate of 5% These were initially regarded with suspicion but the ability to buy and sell them became regarded as valuable. Securities of this late Medieval period were priced with techniques very similar to those used in modern-day Quantitative finance. The bond market had begun.


title: Bond market

text: Following the Hundred Years' War, monarchs of England and France defaulted on very large debts to Venetian bankers causing a collapse of the system of Lombard banking in 1345. This economic set-back hit every part of economic life - including clothing, food and hygiene - and during the ensuing Black Death the European economy and bond market were depleted even further. Venice banned its bankers from trading government debt but the idea of debt as a tradable instrument and thus the bond market endured.


title: Bond market

text: With their origins in antiquity, bonds are much older than the equity market which appeared with the first ever joint-stock corporation the Dutch East India Company in 1602 (although some scholars argue that something similar to the joint-stock corporation existed in Ancient Rome).


title: Bond market

text: The first-ever Sovereign bond was issued in 1693 by the newly formed Bank of England. This bond was used to fund conflict with France. Other European governments followed suit.


title: Bond market

text: The U.S.A. first issued sovereign Treasury bonds to finance the American Revolutionary War. Sovereign debt ("Liberty Bonds") was again used to finance its World War I efforts and issued in 1917 shortly after the U.S. declared war on Germany.


title: Bond market

text: Each maturity of bond (one-year, two-year, five-year and so on) was thought of as a separate market until the mid-1970s when traders at Salomon Brothers began drawing a curve through their yields. This innovation - the yield curve - transformed the way bonds were both priced and traded and paved the way for quantitative finance to flourish.


title: Bond market

text: Starting in the late 1970s, non-investment grade public companies were allowed to issue corporate debt.


title: Bond market

text: The next innovation was the advent of Derivatives in the 1980s and onwards, which saw the creation of Collateralized debt obligations, Residential mortgage-backed securities and the advent of the Structured products industry.


title: (You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman

text: "(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman" is a 1967 single released by American soul singer Aretha Franklin on the Atlantic label. The words were written by Gerry Goffin from an idea by Atlantic producer Jerry Wexler, and the music was composed by Carole King. Written for Franklin, the record was a big hit reaching number 8 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, and became one of her signature songs. It made history in the UK singles chart a week after her death, finally becoming a hit almost 51 years after it was first released entering at #79. Franklin also included a live recording on the album "Aretha in Paris" in 1968.


title: (You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman

text: Carole King herself recorded the song for her 1971 album "Tapestry". Among the numerous cover versions of the song include versions by Mary J. Blige and Celine Dion, both of which charted in the same year (1995). At the 2015 Kennedy Center Honors, Aretha Franklin performed the song to honor award-recipient Carole King.


title: (You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman

text: Written by the partnership of Gerry Goffin and Carole King, the song was inspired by Atlantic Records co-owner and producer Jerry Wexler. As recounted in his autobiography, Wexler, a student of African-American musical culture, had been mulling over the concept of the "natural man", when he drove by King on the streets of New York. He shouted out to her that he wanted a "natural woman" song for Aretha Franklin's next album. Goffin and King went home and wrote the song that night. In thanks, they granted Wexler a co-writing credit.


title: (You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman

text: "Cash Box" said that "from the vocal standpoint, the side is unmatched; and in the ork and production departments, excellent work add up to a shattering performance" and that the song builds to "new emotional peaks" from a "shattering" beginning.


title: (You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman

text: "Natural Woman" was released by Peggy Lipton in 1968 on her self-titled album on Ode Records, and by Freddie Hughes in 1968 as "Natural Man" (Wand Records 1192), and by George Benson on his album "Goodies" in 1968 (Verve Records V6-8771).


title: (You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman

text: It was recorded by Carole King on her landmark 1971 album "Tapestry". Celine Dion recorded the song in 1995 for the "" album, and released it as a single. Mary J. Blige also recorded the song that year for "New York Undercover".


title: (You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman

text: The Aretha Franklin version appears in the 1983 film "The Big Chill" and is included on both the Original Motion Picture Soundtrack and More Songs from the Big Chill.


title: (You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman

text: Tami Roman's 90's R&B group, "Female" recorded a cover of the song for the 1995 motion picture soundtrack "Panther".


title: (You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman

text: Carole King and Gloria Estefan performed the song in May 2009 in the She's Got a Friend concerts at the Foxwoods Resort Casino in Connecticut. The audio from one of the performances was included on some editions of Estefan's 2013 album, "The Standards".


title: (You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman

text: In 2014, Amber Riley covered the song on the fifth-season episode, "Bash," of Fox's musical comedy-drama television series "Glee".


title: (You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman

text: In December 2015, Aretha Franklin gave a universally acclaimed performance at the 2015 Kennedy Center Honors during the section for honoree Carole King.


title: (You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman

text: The song was featured on the debut album of the group Leading Ladies, performed by musical actress Cassidy Janson, who had played the title role in "".


title: (You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman

text: "(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman" was released as a promotional single by Celine Dion in November 1995 in North America and the United Kingdom. It was featured on a tribute album to Carole King, called "" issued on October 24, 1995. Later, Dion included this track on most editions of her 1996 album "Falling into You". The track was produced by David Foster. Dion's version enjoyed a moderate success on the adult contemporary charts, reaching number 4 in Canada and number 31 in the United States. In 2008, the song was featured on the US version of "". When Falling Into You won the Grammy for Album of the year in 1997, the song became the first to appear on two Album of the Year winners - following Tapestry's success in 1971.


title: (You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman

text: On April 14, 1998, Dion, Aretha Franklin, Mariah Carey, Shania Twain, Gloria Estefan and Carole King performed the song during a "VH1 Divas" concert at the Beacon Theatre, New York. The six vocalists were recruited by the cable music network VH1 to raise money for Save the Music, their education charity. Hyped extensively in the press, the event was a ratings winner for VH1 – so successful, in fact, that the network arranged to have the concert released on disc and tape on October 6, 1998. At that time "(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman" (performed by all the divas) was released as a radio single in selected countries.


title: Streptococcus agalactiae

text: Streptococcus agalactiae (also known as group B streptococcus or GBS) is a gram-positive coccus (round bacterium) with a tendency to form chains (as reflected by the genus name "Streptococcus"). It is a beta-hemolytic, catalase-negative, and facultative anaerobe.


title: Streptococcus agalactiae

text: "S. agalactiae" is the most common human pathogen of streptococci belonging to group B of the Rebecca Lancefield classification of streptococci. GBS are surrounded by a bacterial capsule composed of polysaccharides (exopolysacharide). The species is subclassified into ten serotypes (Ia, Ib, II–IX) depending on the immunologic reactivity of their polysaccharide capsule.


title: Streptococcus agalactiae

text: The plural term group B streptococci (referring to the serotypes) and the singular term group B streptococcus (referring to the single species) are both commonly encountered (even though "S. halichoeri" and "S. pseudoporcinus" are also group B Streptococci).


title: Streptococcus agalactiae

text: In general, GBS is a harmless commensal bacterium being part of the human microbiota colonizing the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tract of up to 30% of healthy human adults (asymptomatic carriers). Nevertheless, GBS can cause severe invasive infections especially in newborns, the elderly, and people with compromised immune systems.


title: Streptococcus agalactiae

text: "S. agalactiae" is also a common veterinary pathogen, because it can cause bovine mastitis (inflammation of the udder) in dairy cows. The species name "agalactiae" meaning "of no milk", alludes to this.


title: Streptococcus agalactiae

text: GBS grows readily on blood agar plates as colonies surrounded by a narrow zone of β-hemolysis. GBS is characterized by the presence in the cell wall of the antigen group B of Lancefield classification (Lancefield grouping) that can be detected directly in intact bacteria using latex agglutination tests. The CAMP test is also another important test for identification of GBS. The CAMP factor produced by GBS acts synergistically with the staphylococcal β-hemolysin inducing enhanced hemolysis of sheep or bovine erythrocytes. GBS is also able to hydrolyze hippurate and this test can also be used to identify presumptively GBS.


title: Streptococcus agalactiae

text: Hemolytic GBS strains produce an orange-brick-red non-isoprenoid polyene (ornithine rhamnolipid) pigment (granadaene) when cultivated on granada medium that allows its straightforward identification.


title: Streptococcus agalactiae

text: GBS can also be identified using MALDI-TOF (Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Time of Flight) instruments.


title: Streptococcus agalactiae

text: GBS colonies can additionally be identified tentatively after their appearance in chromogenic agar media, nevertheless GBS-like colonies that develop in chromogenic media should be confirmed as GBS using additional reliable tests (e.g.latex agglutination or the CAMP test) to avoid potential mis-identification.


title: Streptococcus agalactiae

text: GBS is a normal component of the intestinal and vaginal microbiota in some women, GBS is an asymptomatic (presenting no symptoms) colonizer of the gastrointestinal tract and vagina in up to 30% of otherwise healthy adults, including pregnant women. GBS colonization may be permanent, intermittent or temporary. In different studies, GBS vaginal colonization rate ranges from 0% to 36%, most studies reporting colonization rates in sexually active women over 20%. It has been estimated that maternal GBS colonization worldwide is 18%, with regional variation from 11% to 35%.


title: Streptococcus agalactiae

text: These variations in the reported prevalence of asymptomatic GBS colonization could be related to the detection methods used, and differences in populations sampled.


title: Streptococcus agalactiae

text: As other virulent bacteria, GBS harbors an important number of virulence factors (virulence factors are molecules produced by bacteria that boosts their capacity to infect and damage human tissues), the most important being the capsular polysaccharide (rich in sialic acid)


title: Streptococcus agalactiae

text: GBS colonization usually does not cause problems in healthy women, nevertheless during pregnancy it can sometimes cause serious illness for the mother and the newborn. GBS is the leading cause of bacterial neonatal infection in the baby during gestation and after delivery with significant mortality rates in premature infants. GBS infections in the mother can cause chorioamnionitis (a severe infection of the placental tissues) infrequently, postpartum infections (after birth) and it had been related with prematurity and fetal death. GBS urinary tract infections (UTI) may also induce labor and cause premature delivery.


title: Streptococcus agalactiae

text: In the western world, GBS (in the absence of effective prevention measures) is the major cause of several bacterial infections of the newborn neonatal infection sepsis, pneumonia, and meningitis, which can lead to death or long-term sequelae.


title: Streptococcus agalactiae

text: GBS infections in newborns are separated into two clinical syndromes, early-onset disease (EOD) and late-onset disease (LOD).


title: Streptococcus agalactiae

text: EOD manifests from 0 to 7 living days in the newborn, most of the cases of EOD being apparent within 24h of birth. The most common clinical syndromes of EOD are sepsis without apparent focus, pneumonia, and less frequently meningitis. EOD is acquired vertically (vertical transmission), through exposure of the fetus or the baby to GBS from the vagina of a colonized woman, either intrautero or during birth after rupture of membranes. Infants can be infected during passage through the birth canal, nevertheless newborns that acquire GBS through this route can become only colonized, and these colonized infants habitually do not develop EOD. Roughly 50% of newborns to GBS colonized mothers are also GBS colonized and (without prevention measures) 1–2% of these newborns will develop EOD. In the past, the incidence of EOD ranged from 0.7 to 3.7 per thousand live births in the US and from 0.2 to 3.25 per thousand in Europe. In 2008, after widespread use of antenatal screening and intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP), the CDC reported an incidence of 0.28 cases of EOD per thousand live births in the US.


title: Streptococcus agalactiae

text: Multistate surveillance 2006-2015 shows a decline in EOD from 0.37 to 0.23 per 1000 live births in the US but LOD remains steady at 0.31 per 1000 live births.


title: Streptococcus agalactiae

text: It has been indicated that where there was a policy of providing IAP for GBS colonized mothers the overall risk of EOGBS is 0.3%. Since 2006 to 2015 the incidence of GBS EOD decreased from 0.37 to 0.23 per thousand live births in the US.


title: Streptococcus agalactiae

text: Though maternal GBS colonization is the key determinant for EOD, other factors also increase the risk. These factors include onset of labor before 37 weeks of gestation (premature birth), prolonged rupture of membranes (≥18h before delivery), intra-partum fever (>38 °C, >100.4 °F), amniotic infections (chorioamnionitis), young maternal age, and low levels of GBS anticapsular polysaccharide antibodies in the mother. Nevertheless, most babies who develop EOD are born to GBS colonized mothers without any additional risk factor. A previous sibling with EOD is also an important risk factor for development of the infection in subsequent deliveries, probably reflecting a lack of GBS polysaccharides protective antibodies in the mother.


title: Streptococcus agalactiae

text: Overall, the case–fatality rates from EOD have declined, from 50% observed in studies from the 1970s to 2 to 10% in recent years, mainly as a consequence of improvements in therapy and management. Fatal neonatal infections by GBS are more frequent among premature infants.


title: Streptococcus agalactiae

text: GBS LOD affects infants from 7 days to 3 months of age and is more likely to cause bacteremia or meningitis. LOD can be acquired from the mother or from environmental sources. Hearing loss and mental impairment can be a long-term sequela of GBS meningitis. In contrast with EOD, the incidence of LOD has remained unchanged at 0.26 per 1000 live births in the US. "S. agalactiae" neonatal meningitis does not present with the hallmark sign of adult meningitis, a stiff neck; rather, it presents with nonspecific symptoms, such as fever, vomiting and irritability, and can consequently lead to a late diagnosis.


title: Streptococcus agalactiae

text: The only reliable way to prevent EOD currently is intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP), that is to say administration of antibiotics during delivery. It has been proved that intravenous penicillin or ampicillin administered for at least 4 hours before delivery to GBS colonized women is very effective at preventing vertical transmission of GBS from mother to baby and EOD. Intravenous penicillin remains the agent of choice for IAP, with intravenous ampicillin as an acceptable alternative. For penicillin allergic women, the laboratory requisitions for ordering antepartum GBS screening cultures should indicate clearly the presence of penicillin allergy.


title: Streptococcus agalactiae

text: Cefazolin, clindamycin, and vancomycin are used to prevent EOD in infants born to penicillin-allergic mothers.


title: Streptococcus agalactiae

text: Intravenous vancomycin is recommended for IAP in women colonized with a clindamycin-resistant Group B Streptococcus strain and a severe penicillin allergy.


title: Streptococcus agalactiae

text: There are two ways to identify female candidates to receive intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis: a risk-based approach or a culture-based screening approach. The culture-based screening approach identifies candidates to receive IAP using lower vaginal and rectal cultures obtained between 36 and 37 weeks' gestation (32–34 weeks of gestation for women with twins) and IAP is administered to all GBS colonized women. The risk-based strategy identifies candidates to receive IAP by the aforementioned risk factors known to increase the probability of EOD without considering if the mother is or is not a GBS carrier.


title: Streptococcus agalactiae

text: IAP is also recommended for women with intrapartum risk factors if their GBS carrier status is not known at the time of delivery, for women with GBS bacteriuria during their pregnancy, and for women who have had an infant with EOD previously.


title: Streptococcus agalactiae

text: The risk-based approach for IAP is in general less effective than the culture-based approach because in most of the cases EOD develops among newborns, which are born to mothers without risk factors.


title: Streptococcus agalactiae

text: In 2010, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), in collaboration with several professional groups, issued its revised GBS prevention guidelines.


title: Streptococcus agalactiae

text: In 2018, the task of revising and updating the GBS prophylaxis guidelines was transferred from the CDC to ACOG (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists), the American Academy of Pediatrics and to the American Society for Microbiology.


title: Streptococcus agalactiae

text: The ACOG committee issued an update document on Prevention of Group B Streptococcal Early-Onset Disease in Newborns in 2019. This document does not introduce important changes from the CDC guidelines. The key measures necessary for preventing neonatal GBS early onset disease continue to be universal prenatal screening by culture of GBS from swabs collected from the lower vagina and rectum, correct collection and microbiological processing of the samples, and proper implementation of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis. The ACOG now recommends performing universal GBS screening between 36 and 37 weeks of gestation.


title: Streptococcus agalactiae

text: This new recommendation provides a five-week window for valid culture results that includes births that occur up to a gestational age of at least 41 weeks.


title: Streptococcus agalactiae

text: The culture-based screening approach is followed in most developed countries such as the United States, France, Spain, Belgium, Canada, Argentina, and Australia. The risk-based strategy is followed in the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands.


title: Streptococcus agalactiae

text: Though the GBS colonization status of women can change during pregnancy, cultures to detect GBS carried out ≤5 weeks before delivery predict quite accurately the GBS carrier status at delivery.


title: Streptococcus agalactiae

text: In contrast, if the prenatal culture is performed more than five weeks before delivery it is unreliable for predicting accurately the GBS carrier status at delivery.


title: Streptococcus agalactiae

text: The clinical specimens recommended for culture of GBS at 36–37 weeks’ gestation, this recommendation provides a 5-week window for valid culture results that includes births that occur up to a gestational age of at least 41 weeks (32–34 weeks of gestation for women with twins) are swabs collected the lower vagina (near the introitus) and then from the rectum (through the anal sphincter) without use of a speculum. Vaginal-rectal samples should be collected using a flocked swab preferably, since flocked swabs releases samples and microorganisms more effectively than fiber swabs.


title: Streptococcus agalactiae

text: Following the recommendations of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of United States (CDC) these swabs should be placed into a non-nutritive transport medium and later inoculated into a selective enrichment broth, Todd Hewitt broth with selective antibiotics (enrichment culture). After incubation the enrichment broth is subcultured to blood agar plates and GBS like colonies are identified by the CAMP test or using latex agglutination with GBS antisera. After incubation the enrichment broth can also be subcultured to granada medium agar where GBS grows as pink-red colonies or to chromogenic agars, where GBS grows as colored colonies.


title: Streptococcus agalactiae

text: GBS-like colonies that develop in chromogenic media should be confirmed as GBS using additional reliable tests to avoid mis-identification.


title: Streptococcus agalactiae

text: Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT) such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA hybridization probes have been developed for identifying GBS directly from recto-vaginal samples, but they still cannot replace antenatal culture for the most accurate detection of GBS carriers.


title: Streptococcus agalactiae

text: Though IAP for EOD prevention is associated with a large decline in the incidence of the disease, there is, however, no effective strategy for preventing late-onset neonatal GBS disease.


title: Streptococcus agalactiae

text: Vaccination is considered an ideal solution to prevent not only EOD and LOD but also GBS infections in adults at risk. Nevertheless, though research and clinical trials for the development of an effective vaccine to prevent GBS infections are underway, no vaccine was available in 2020.


title: Streptococcus agalactiae

text: The capsular polysaccharide of GBS is not only an important GBS virulence factor but it is also an excellent candidate for the development of an effective vaccine. Protein-based vaccines are also in development.


title: Streptococcus agalactiae

text: GBS is also an important infectious agent able to cause invasive infections in adults. Serious life-threatening invasive GBS infections are increasingly recognized in the elderly and individuals compromised by underlying diseases such as diabetes, cirrhosis and cancer. GBS infections in adults include urinary tract infection, skin and soft-tissue infection (skin and skin structure infection) bacteremia, osteomyelitis, meningitis and endocarditis. GBS infection in adults can be serious and related with high mortality. In general penicillin is the antibiotic of choice for treatment of GBS infection. Gentamicin (for synergy with penicillin G or ampicillin) can also be used in patients with life-threatening invasive GBS.


title: Streptococcus agalactiae

text: In addition to human infections, GBS is a major cause of mastitis (an infection of the udder) in dairy cattle and an important source of economic loss for the industry. GBS in cows can either produce an acute febrile disease or a subacute more chronic condition. Both lead to diminishing milk production (hence its name: agalactiae meaning "of no milk"). Outbreaks in herds are common, so this is of major importance for the dairy industry, and programs to reduce the impact of "S. agalactiae" disease have been enforced in many countries over the last 40 years.


title: Streptococcus agalactiae

text: GBS also causes severe epidemics in farmed fish, causing sepsis and external and internal hemorrhages, having been reported from wild and captive fish involved in epizootics in many countries. Vaccination is an effective method to prevent pathogenic


title: Streptococcus agalactiae

text: diseases in aquaculture and different kinds vaccines to prevent GBS infections have been developed recently.


title: Streptococcus agalactiae

text: GBS has also been found in many other animals, such as camels, dogs, cats, crocodiles, seals, elephants and dolphins.


title: Ad astra (phrase)

text: Ad astra is a Latin phrase meaning "to the stars". The phrase has origins with Virgil, who wrote in his "Aeneid": ""sic itur ad astra"" ('thus one journeys to the stars') and ""opta ardua pennis astra sequi"" ('desire to pursue the high[/hard to reach] stars on wings'). Another origin is Seneca the Younger, who wrote in "Hercules": ""non est ad astra mollis e terris via"" ('there is no easy way from the earth to the stars').


title: Ad astra (phrase)

text: "Ad" is a Latin preposition expressing direction toward in space or time (e.g. "ad nauseam", "ad infinitum", "ad hoc", "ad libidem", "ad valorem", "ad hominem"). It is also used as a prefix in Latin word formation.


title: Ad astra (phrase)

text: "Astra" is the accusative plural form of the Latin word "astrum" 'star' (from Ancient Greek ἄστρον "astron" 'star', from Proto-Indo-European "*h₂ster-").


title: Ad astra (phrase)

text: "Ad astra" is used as, or as part of, the motto of many organizations, most prominently, air forces. It has also been adopted as a proper name for various unrelated things (publications, bands, video games, etc.). It likewise sees general use as a popular Latin tag.


title: Ad astra (phrase)

text: "To the stars through difficulties;" "a rough road leads to the stars;" or "Through hardships, to the stars."


title: National Grid plc

text: National Grid plc is a British multinational electricity and gas utility company headquartered in London, England. Its principal activities are in the United Kingdom, where it owns and operates electricity and natural gas transmission networks, and in the Northeastern United States, where as well as operating transmission networks, the company produces and supplies electricity and gas, providing both to customers in New York and Massachusetts.


title: National Grid plc

text: National Grid plc is one of the largest investor-owned utility companies in the world; it has a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange where it is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index, and a secondary listing in the form of its American depositary receipts on the New York Stock Exchange.


title: National Grid plc

text: Before 1990, both the generation and transmission activities in England and Wales were under the responsibility of the Central Electricity Generating Board (CEGB). The present electricity market in the United Kingdom was built upon the breakup of the CEGB into four separate companies in the 1990s.


title: National Grid plc

text: Its generation (or upstream) activities were transferred to three generating companies — PowerGen, National Power, and Nuclear Electric (later British Energy, eventually EDF Energy)—and its transmission (or downstream) activities to the National Grid Company.


title: National Grid plc

text: In 1990, the transmission activities of the CEGB were transferred to the National Grid Company plc, which was owned by the twelve regional electricity companies (RECs) through a holding company, National Grid Group plc. The company was first listed on the London Stock Exchange in December 1995.


title: National Grid plc

text: With the beginning of the new millennium, National Grid pursued mergers and acquisitions. In March 2000, National Grid Group acquired New England Electric System and Eastern Utilities Associates.


title: National Grid plc

text: In January 2002, National Grid Group acquired Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation, a New York State utility. In October 2002, National Grid Group merged with Lattice Group, owner of the Transco gas distribution business (Lattice had demerged from BG Group in 2000).


title: National Grid plc

text: National Grid Group changed its name to National Grid Transco plc. It sold the telecoms business 186K Ltd. which was acquired as part of the merger with Lattice Group for a nominal £1 to Hutchison Whampoa in December 2002. In 2004, the company was found liable for a gas explosion in Transco plc v HM Advocate and subsequently fined £15 million. In August 2004, National Grid Transco agreed to sell four of its regional gas distribution networks for a total cash consideration of £5.8 billion.


title: National Grid plc

text: NGT kept ownership of four other distribution networks, which make up almost half of Great Britain's gas distribution network. In July 2005, National Grid Transco was renamed National Grid plc. On 26 July 2005, National Grid Company was renamed National Grid Electricity Transmission plc, and on 10 October 2005, Transco was renamed National Grid Gas plc.


title: National Grid plc

text: In February 2006, National Grid announced that it had agreed to buy KeySpan Corporation, a gas distributor and electricity producer in the United States, for $7.3bn (£4.1bn) in cash. Around the same time, National Grid also announced the acquisition of New England Gas Company, a Rhode Island subsidiary of Southern Union Company.


title: National Grid plc

text: The acquisitions of the two natural gas delivery companies doubled the size of National Grid's American subsidiary, creating the second largest utility in the United States with more than 8 million customers. The acquisition of KeySpan was completed on 24 August 2007, following government and regulatory approval and endorsement by the shareholders of the two companies.


title: National Grid plc

text: In May 2007, National Grid formed a joint venture with the Dutch transmission operator TenneT for a 1,000 MW BritNed DC link between the Isle of Grain in Kent and Maasvlakte, near Rotterdam. The installation of the first section of cable link started on 11 September 2009, and the entire cable was completed in October 2010.


title: National Grid plc

text: The interconnection became operational on 1 April 2011, and by January 2012, electricity flow had mostly been from the Netherlands to the United Kingdom. The BritNed interconnection would serve as a vital link for the foreseeable European super grid project. In the spring of 2011, National Grid sold off its services in New Hampshire, after their request to increase gas and electric rates was denied.


title: National Grid plc

text: In November 2015, it was announced that Steve Holliday, the CEO for ten years, would leave in March 2016 and that John Pettigrew, its executive director who joined National Grid twenty five years earlier, would succeed him. In June 2016, the Energy Select Committee argued that the company faced too many conflicts of interest, particularly with regard to its ownership of international interconnectors. The committee proposed that the company should be split up.


title: National Grid plc

text: In December 2016, National Grid agreed to sell a 61% stake in its gas distribution business to a consortium of Macquarie Infrastructure and Real Assets, Allianz Capital Partners, Hermes Investment Management, CIC Capital Corporation, Qatar Investment Authority, Dalmore Capital and Amber Infrastructure Limited, with a further 14% stake under negotiation. The sale was completed on 31 March 2017, following clearance by the European Commission, and the resulting company was named Cadent Gas.


title: National Grid plc

text: In July 2019, National Grid's Electricity System Operator arm, separately from its Electricity Transmission arm, announced its intent to join the Powering Past Coal Alliance, furthering its goal of becoming a zero carbon electricity system by 2025. At the time of its announcement, National Grid was the largest energy company based in the United Kingdom to join the alliance, according to publicly available financial figures of 2018.


title: National Grid plc

text: Later in the year, the company moved ownership of its operations in the United Kingdom to Luxembourg and Hong Kong, to protect itself from Labour's nationalisation plans. A spokesman said, "Labour's proposals for state ownership of National Grid would be highly detrimental to millions of ordinary people who either hold shares in the company or through their pension funds." The Labour Party said the "rip off" move showed the grid needed to be in public hands.


title: National Grid plc

text: In March 2021, National Grid announced it intended to purchase Western Power Distribution from PPL Corporation for £7.8 billion, and sell its Rhode Island gas and electricity network, Narragansett Electric Company, to PPL for about £2.7 billion. National Grid will also sell its majority ownership of the UK gas transmission business. These transactions are subject to shareholder and regulatory approval. Separately, the company is to commence a process to sell a majority stake in its National Grid Gas distribution network.


title: National Grid plc

text: National Grid Electricity Transmission plc (until 2005, named National Grid Company) owns and operates the National Grid 275kV and 400kV electricity transmission network in England and Wales. Since April 2005, it also operates the electricity transmission network in Scotland, although this network is still owned by Scottish Power and Scottish & Southern Energy.


title: National Grid plc

text: National Grid Electricity System Operator (ESO) is the transmission system operator, working to balance supply and demand in real time, as well as coordinating markets and auctions which ensure sufficient future supply, and exploring initiatives such as demand-side response measures to reduce peaks in electricity demand. Rulings by Ofgem in 2017 required the ESO function to be moved to a separate subsidiary, which began trading in April 2019. In 2021, Ofgem called for the creation of a fully independent operator in view of potential conflicts of interest from NG's ownership of the transmission network, and in 2022 the UK government confirmed that a fully independent public body - the Future System Operator, covering electricity and gas - would be established.


title: National Grid plc

text: Other subsidiaries part-own (with RTE) and operate the 2,000 Megawatt HVDC Cross-Channel interconnector to France, and part-own (with TenneT) the 1,000 Megawatt BritNed HVDC interconnector to the Netherlands.


title: National Grid plc

text: National Grid Gas plc (formerly Transco) owns and operates the gas transmission network (from terminals to distributors), known as the National Transmission System (NTS). , the company is in the process of selling a 60% stake in its gas transmission and metering business to a consortium led by Australia's Macquarie Asset Management and British Columbia Investment Management Corporation.


title: National Grid plc

text: National Grid purchased the UK’s largest (by area) electricity distribution business, Western Power Distribution, from American utility company PPL in 2021. Western Power Distribution operates the electricity distribution system within the Midlands, South West and Wales, looking after the 132, 66, 33, 11, 6.6kV and LV networks comprising substations, overhead lines and underground cables. In September 2022, the company was renamed to National Grid Electricity Distribution.


title: National Grid plc

text: National Grid Property Portfolio houses all land, offices and depots used for National Grid operations that are surplus to requirements or let to third parties.


title: National Grid plc

text: National Grid has issued invitations to tender which include carbon savings as one of the weighted evaluation factors. Development of a replacement sub-station in Wimbledon, to be completed in phases between 2018 and 2022, was their first tender to include a weighting on carbon. Laing O’Rourke was awarded the winning bid, having demonstrated plans to reduce carbon emissions by 23% along with a £3m cost saving. Their carbon saving proposal equated to taking 7,600 cars off the road for a year.


title: National Grid plc

text: , National Grid United States operates of electricity transmission and 35,560 miles of gas transmission and delivers electricity and natural gas to areas of the Northeast states of Massachusetts, New York, and Rhode Island. The business serves over twenty million customers in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and New York State and is headquartered in Waltham, Massachusetts in a LEED certified "green" facility. This subsidiary carries out its business through a number of subsidiary companies (all doing business as "National Grid"). The main ones are:


title: National Grid plc

text: , National Grid invests over $3.5 billion a year in infrastructure in the United States, having increased its investments into "cleaner, greener technologies" in the previous few years. Examples of projects include an offshore wind farm in Rhode Island, and a battery storage project in Nantucket, Massachusetts. Also in 2019, the company spent $100 million to acquire solar and wind generation from Geronimo Energy, in partnership with Washington State Investment Board.


title: National Grid plc

text: Contract negotiations with Massachusetts gas workers represented by the United Steelworkers broke down in June 2018, and the company locked out more than 1,000 employees, cutting off healthcare and pay.


title: National Grid plc

text: In November 2019, the company squabbled with New York Governor Andrew Cuomo over the company's own moratorium on new natural gas hookups. Cuomo threatened "to revoke the company’s authority to operate its gas franchise in New York City and Long Island, for failing to provide customers with reliable service," according to "Utility Dive".


title: National Grid plc

text: Later, in February 2020, it was discovered that the company was constructing a new natural gas transmission line in Brooklyn from Brownsville to Greenpoint. Local activists have pushed back on the project questioning its necessity, safety, additional cost to customers and noting how it will work against the recently enacted New York State Climate Leadership and Community Protection Act.


title: National Grid plc

text: In the years 2012 to 2020, National Grid was accused of manipulating energy efficiency programs and overcharging residents of Rhode Island by approximately US$2.2 million.


title: Vito Rizzuto

text: Vito Rizzuto (; February 21, 1946 – December 23, 2013), also known as "Montreal's Teflon Don", was an Italian-Canadian crime boss alleged to be the leader of the Sicilian Mafia in Canada. He headed the notorious Rizzuto crime family based in Montreal, Quebec.


title: Vito Rizzuto

text: Rizzuto was born in Cattolica Eraclea, Sicily, Italy in 1946 and immigrated to Montreal with his parents in 1954. His father Nicolo married into the mob, and later started his own crime syndicate in Montreal after overtaking the Cotroni crime family in the late 1970s. He had several run-ins with the law but was able to avoid conviction for any major offenses until 2004.


title: Vito Rizzuto

text: In 1981, Rizzuto participated in the killing of three rival capos in New York City ordered by Joe Massino of the Bonanno crime family, and he was indicted by a Brooklyn federal grand jury in connection with these killings in 2004. He was extradited to the United States in 2006, and pled guilty to conspiracy to commit murder and racketeering charges in 2007. He was given a 10-year prison sentence, but was released in late 2012. The Rizzuto crime family had been in the midst of a power struggle while Rizzuto was incarcerated; his son Nicolo Jr. was killed in 2009, and his father killed in 2010. Rizzuto died shortly after on December 23, 2013, due to complications from pneumonia, which may have been induced by lung cancer.


title: Vito Rizzuto

text: Vito Rizzuto was born in Cattolica Eraclea, in the province of Agrigento, Sicily on February 21, 1946. In 1954, on Vito's eighth birthday, he immigrated with his family to Canada, docking at Pier 21 in Halifax, Nova Scotia before moving on to Montreal, Quebec. Vito was the first child of Nicolo Rizzuto and his wife, Libertina Manno. His mother was the daughter of Antonio Manno, a local Mafia leader in their hometown. Vito was named after his grandfather, who was murdered on August 12, 1933 in Patterson, New York. Nicolo would later be murdered as well, killed by a single sniper's bullet at his residence in the Cartierville borough of Montreal on November 10, 2010.


title: Vito Rizzuto

text: Vito married Giovanna Cammalleri, daughter of compatriot mobster Leonardo Cammalleri, on November 26, 1966, and had three children. His eldest son, Nicolo Rizzuto (Nick Jr.) – named after his grandfather – was born on December 4, 1967. He was shot six times and killed near his car in the Montreal borough of Notre-Dame-de-Grâce on December 28, 2009. His other son is Leonardo Rizzuto, and the third child is his daughter, Libertina "Bettina" – named after her grandmother. His sister Maria was married to Paolo Renda, reputed consigliere of the Rizzuto crime family, who went missing on May 20, 2010. Vito's son, Leonardo, and Rocco Sollecito's son, Stefano, are believed to be the heads of the Mafia in Montreal, who were both arrested and charged with drug trafficking and gangsterism in November 2015. On February 19, 2018, they were released from prison, acquitted of charges of gangsterism and conspiracy to traffic cocaine.


title: Vito Rizzuto

text: In the 1970s, his father Nicolo was an underling in the Sicilian faction, led by Luigi Greco until his death in 1972, of the Calabrian Cotroni crime family. As tension then grew into a power struggle between the Calabrian and Sicilian factions of the family, a mob war began in 1973. This led to a violent Mafia war in Montreal which resulted in the deaths of Violi and his brothers, along with others, spanning the mid-1970s to the early 1980s until the war ceased. By the mid 1980s, the Rizzuto crime family emerged as Montreal's pre-eminent crime family after the turf war.


title: Vito Rizzuto

text: According to law enforcement officials, Rizzuto oversaw a criminal empire that imported and distributed tons of heroin, cocaine and hashish in Canada, laundered hundreds of millions of dollars, lent out millions more through loansharking operations and profited handsomely from illegal gambling, fraud and contract killings. In 1972, Rizzuto was sentenced to two years for conspiring to commit arson of Renda's hair salon in Boucherville in 1968 with the intention of defrauding insurers; he served 18 months of the sentence. In October 1987, a ship off the coast of northeast Newfoundland and Labrador was seized by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP).


title: Vito Rizzuto

text: The RCMP found 16 tonnes of hashish in the surrounding area, and Rizzuto, Raynald Desjardins and four associates were arrested; Rizzuto was freed on bail in March 1988. Rizzuto's trial began in October 1990 in a St. John's courthouse, but when the RCMP overstepped the bounds of Rizzuto's warrant by wiretapping restaurant conversations between Rizzuto and his lawyer, the Newfoundland Supreme Court dropped the case. Later that year, Rizzuto was arrested again for conspiring to import hashish into Canada. Drug dealer Normand Dupuis was ready to testify against him for a reduced prison sentence, monetary compensation and a new identity. Before the trial, however, Dupuis contacted Rizzuto's lawyer Jean Salois with an offer not to testify in exchange for $1 million. Salois recorded this conversation and got Dupuis charged with obstruction of justice. With the witness unfit to testify, Rizzuto was acquitted in 1989. In the early 1990s, the RCMP secretly ran a phony currency exchange in Montreal as part of an elaborate sting operation, called Project Compote, ending with 46 arrests and a Rizzuto lawyer, Joseph Lagana, convicted for laundering $47 million. Rizzuto was named as a co-conspirator, but there was not enough evidence to charge him.


title: Vito Rizzuto

text: Though only considered a soldier of the New York Bonanno crime family by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Rizzuto was considered by Canadian officials to be the most powerful mob boss in the country. The organized crime authors Lee Lamothe and Adrian Humphreys consider the strength of the Rizzuto clan to rival that of any of the Five Families in New York and dubbed it the "Sixth Family." Rizzuto worked closely with the Sicilian Cuntrera-Caruana Mafia clan – major illicit drug traffickers – that was led in Canada by Alfonso Caruana.


title: Vito Rizzuto

text: In early 2004, Rizzuto was indicted by a Brooklyn federal grand jury in relation to racketeering conspiracy charges, including loansharking and murder, in connection with the May 5, 1981 gangland killings of three rival Bonanno crime family capos, Philip Giaccone, Dominick Trinchera and Alphonse Indelicato in New York City, made famous by the film "Donnie Brasco". Rizzuto was one of four men hired by former Bonanno crime family captain Joe Massino to kill the three other capos. Massino had believed that they were planning a power grab after the incarceration of then-boss Philip Rastelli.


title: Vito Rizzuto

text: Rizzuto was arrested on January 20, 2004, in Montreal. On August 17, 2006, after a legal battle of 31 months, he was extradited to the United States, and appeared before a United States magistrate judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York in Brooklyn. Massino, who received a life sentence for murder after he turned state's evidence in 2004, was also expected to testify against Rizzuto regarding his role in the three capos murder, but Rizzuto accepted a plea bargain in May 2007 before the case went to trial.


title: Vito Rizzuto

text: On May 4, 2007, Rizzuto pleaded guilty to conspiracy to commit murder as well as racketeering charges, admitting that he was present at the triple murder in 1981, but stated he had only yelled "it's a holdup", while others did the shooting; he received a 10-year prison sentence and was fined $250,000, to be followed by a three-year supervised release as part of the plea bargain. Rizzuto's statement was contrary, however, to a previous testimony given by Bonanno family informant, Salvatore Vitale stating, "Rizzuto was the first mobster out from a hiding spot during the ambush and the first to start shooting." Organized crime authors Antonio Nicaso and Lee Lamothe stated of the sentencing, respectively, "It's a great deal. He couldn't expect anything better", and, "I think the system has been beaten again".


title: Vito Rizzuto

text: Rizzuto was incarcerated at the ADX Florence, the federal supermax prison for the most dangerous male inmates in the United States. He was released from prison on October 5, 2012, and immediately deported to Toronto, Ontario. Reports suggested that upon his arrival in Canada, Rizzuto met with representatives of the New York Mafia families, and laid low in Toronto for a while before moving back to Montreal. Sources indicated that he had bought an armoured vehicle and was living in a well-guarded apartment, suggesting Rizzuto knew his life was in danger, yet wanted to send a message that he was back and would not be easy prey.


title: Vito Rizzuto

text: On February 11, 2005, an arrest warrant was issued in Rome against Rizzuto in connection with alleged Mafia involvement with plans to launder money, through Giuseppe Zappia, in building the multi-billion-dollar Strait of Messina Bridge across the Strait of Messina connecting the Italian mainland with Sicily. The long, suspension-type bridge, which was initially planned to open by 2011, was expected to cost about €5 billion ($7.3 billion CAD).


title: Vito Rizzuto

text: Shortly after Vito Rizzuto's release, several men were killed in what was suspected to be retaliation for the hits on his family:


title: Vito Rizzuto

text: Drug dealers Emilio Cordileone, Tony Gensale, and Mohamed Awada were eliminated in back-to-back killings in November 2012 for their alleged implication in the 2008 abduction of a Rizzuto ally. Also in November 2012, Joe Di Maulo, an influential mobster and ally to the Cotroni family, was executed in the driveway of his home, north of Montreal — his funeral was lightly attended by mafia standards, a sign that he had fallen out of favour. Three days before Christmas 2012, a gunman entered the coffee shop of incarcerated Rizzuto rival Giuseppe De Vito, killing one man, Dominic Facchini, and critically wounding another. In January 2013 Raynald Desjardins' brother-in-law, Gaétan Gosselin, was murdered in front of his home, as was Vincenzo Scuderi, an alleged associate of Giuseppe De Vito. De Vito would later be killed by cyanide poisoning in prison in July 2013. Salvatore Calautti and Moreno Gallo, each of whom had a falling out with Rizzuto, were murdered. Calautti was shot in the head and killed while sitting in his car in July 2013; he had been suspected in the unsolved murder of Rizzuto's father. Gallo, a former influential member of Rizzuto's organization, was shot dead outside a restaurant in Acapulco, Mexico in November 2013. Gallo had been deported two years earlier, at which time it was also believed he was targeted for execution.


title: Vito Rizzuto

text: On December 23, 2013, Rizzuto died of complications from pneumonia, which may have been induced by lung cancer, at Sacré-Cœur hospital in Montreal; he was 67. Although his official cause of death was from natural causes, there has been speculation he could have been poisoned, as an autopsy was never performed on his body. Rizzuto's funeral was held at the Church of the Madonna della Difesa in Montreal's Little Italy on December 30, attended by around 800 people. He was buried at Saint-François d'Assise cemetery in Saint-Leonard, Quebec.


title: Vito Rizzuto

text: Almost three years after Rizzuto's death, Pierre de Champlain, a former RCMP intelligence analyst stated that "during Vito Rizzuto's era, if everything was going well for organized crime in Montreal, it was because of Rizzuto". Subsequently, no other leader proved capable of getting the various groups in the city to work together, allowing street gangs to become more powerful. "Nobody has been able to bring together all the Mafia clans in Montreal ... the Mafia is in complete disarray. There’s definitely no emerging leader — that's why the situation is unstable and volatile".


title: Vito Rizzuto

text: Mafia expert Antonio Nicaso and Peter Edwards published a book about Vito Rizzuto's final events, "Business or Blood: Mafia Boss Vito Rizzuto's Last War" (2015). It was later adapted into the television drama series "Bad Blood", which debuted in fall 2017 with Anthony LaPaglia portraying Rizzuto.


title: Michael Morris (director)

text: Michael Morris (born 1974) is an English television director and producer. From 1999 to 2002, he was Director of The Old Vic theatre in London. He was an Executive Producer and Director of ABC television drama "Brothers & Sisters", working on that series throughout its five-season run (2006–2011). He has also directed episodes of "Political Animals" and the USA Network series "In Plain Sight" starring his wife, actress Mary McCormack. He directed the miniseries "The Slap" for NBC.


title: Michael Morris (director)

text: He was Director and Executive Producer for "Bloodline" on Netflix, and has directed many episodes of "Kingdom" (Audience Network, DirecTV), as well as AMC's "Halt and Catch Fire" and "Preacher", Netflix's "House of Cards", "13 Reasons Why", Hulu's "Shut Eye" and many others.


title: We (Arcade Fire album)

text: We (stylized as WE or "WE") is the sixth studio album by Canadian indie rock band Arcade Fire, released on May 6, 2022, through Columbia Records. Produced by Nigel Godrich and band members Win Butler and Régine Chassagne, the album was recorded in New Orleans; El Paso, Texas; and Mount Desert Island in Maine. The album takes its name from the Russian dystopian novel "We" by Yevgeny Zamyatin. It is the final album to feature multi-instrumentalist Will Butler, who departed the band in 2021 shortly after its completion.


title: We (Arcade Fire album)

text: "We" was preceded by two singles: "The Lightning I, II" and "Unconditional I (Lookout Kid)". The album received generally positive reviews from music critics and received moderate commercial success. It debuted at number six on the US "Billboard" 200 chart, earning 32,000 album-equivalent units (including 26,500 copies in pure album sales) in its first week. It went to number one in the United Kingdom, Ireland, the Netherlands and Portugal. "We" is nominated for Best Alternative Music Album at the 65th Annual Grammy Awards.


title: We (Arcade Fire album)

text: In April 2020, Win Butler posted a letter to his Instagram account, indicating that work on a new record had commenced prior to the COVID-19 pandemic and that the writing continued under lockdown measures. Butler noted that he had written a song entitled "Age of Anxiety" before the pandemic and that many of the themes he had begun to explore felt appropriate given the circumstances surrounding the pandemic.


title: We (Arcade Fire album)

text: On October 21, 2020, Butler was interviewed for the Broken Record podcast, where he commented about Arcade Fire's sixth album. The band had been writing for a year before the COVID-19 lockdown. During lockdown, Butler kept working and wrote "two or three albums". In April 2020, Butler shared some snippets of new material. Arcade Fire had plans to record the album in Texas "during the election".


title: We (Arcade Fire album)

text: According to the producer, Nigel Godrich, "We" was recorded "in the middle of nowhere" outside El Paso, Texas, during the COVID-19 lockdown. Godrich said: "[We] basically lived in a cult for a couple of months. Nobody came in and nobody came out, people delivered the shopping, that sort of vibe just so we could be able to do it. It was a method to make it possible."


title: We (Arcade Fire album)

text: On April 14, 2021, the band released a 45-minute instrumental piece, entitled "Memories of the Age of Anxiety" on the meditation application Headspace.


title: We (Arcade Fire album)

text: In March 2022, fans received postcards marked with the band's logo; the postcards included the note "We missed you," musical notations, as well as an image of an eye with the word "Unsubscribe" written below. Those same images began to appear in signage around London as well as on the band's social media pages, indicating the earliest signs of a new album. On March 14, the band announced a new song titled "The Lightning I, II" would be released on March 17.


title: We (Arcade Fire album)

text: On March 17, 2022, Arcade Fire announced that the album is titled "We" and was released on May 6, 2022. It is produced by Nigel Godrich, Win Butler, and Régine Chassagne. The album was recorded in New Orleans, El Paso, Texas, and Mount Desert Island in Maine. The cover artwork features a photograph by French artist JR with airbrush color tinting by Terry Pastor. Later that week, Will Butler announced he had amicably left the band in 2021 shortly after the completion of "We".


title: We (Arcade Fire album)

text: After the release of the album on May 6, 2022, the band appeared on "Saturday Night Live" the next night, playing "Unconditional I (Lookout Kid)", "The Lightning I, II", and "End of The Empire II" over the closing credits.


title: We (Arcade Fire album)

text: Musically, "We" shifts "smoothly and deliberately" between "gentle" folk rock and "grooving" dance-pop.


title: We (Arcade Fire album)

text: "We" has been met with generally positive reviews from music critics. On Metacritic, it currently holds a score of 73 out of 100, indicating "generally favorable reviews" based on 29 reviews.