title: Sita (2019 film)

text: Years later, V. Sita Mahalakshmi is an ambitious and successful, yet arrogant and selfish businesswoman, who manipulates people for her own gain. One day, she meets MLA Basavaraju to help her in evacuating a slum from the land she purchased to build a mall. In return, Basava asks Sita to marry him (though he is already married), which she declines. He then asks her to be in a live-in relationship for a month, to which she agrees and signs a contract. The slum is removed from the land and Sita parties with her staff, where Basava arrives, but she refuses to honor the deal. Irritated by her behavior, Basava starts putting business pressure on Sita by bribing or intimidating the officers into stopping the mall she is working on and threatening the man who gave Rs. 25 crore to Sita for her business development to make her repay the loan immediately.


title: Sita (2019 film)

text: During this time, Sita learns that her estranged father Anand has passed away, so she plans to inherit ₹5000 crores worth of property owned by him to pay off the loan. The lawyer reveals that Anand left only a mangalsutra in her name, and she is shocked upon knowing that the property was transferred to a person named Ram, who stays in Bhutan. With her friend Chakram and PA Rupa, Sita travels to Bhutan and meets Ram, who is eagerly waiting for her. Ram is very intelligent, but a kid at heart and always remembers the promise that he made to his uncle that he must take care of Sita, and she will take care of him. He always wears two watches in which one shows his heartbeat, wanting everything to be as per the timing. Sita threatens Ram to give her property back, and in a helpless situation, she asks him to come with her without informing the monastery.


title: Sita (2019 film)

text: A series of funny incidents take place where Ram tries to be honest, which irritates Sita. The police, arranged by Basava, try to arrest Sita for forgery, but she keeps escaping from them with Ram, Chakram, and Rupa. Sita asks Ram to sign the property papers so that the property will be legally accepted by Ram, and then she can ask him to put it back in her name. Sita asks Ram to marry her but has Rupa give her a fake call, which she uses to create a scene that the police are looking for her. Ram signs the papers immediately to save Sita, and she rushes to the bank to withdraw the money, planning to leave Ram behind. However, the bank cannot authorize the transfer without Sita providing legal proof that Ram is her husband. The police find and try to arrest Sita, but Ram saves her again. However, she remains indifferent to him throughout the ordeal, upsetting Chakram and Rupa.


title: Sita (2019 film)

text: Later, Sita reaches the court with help from Ram, Chakram, Rupa, and some localities to acquire bail. Afterwards, her father's friend and a legal advisor to the family reveals Ram's connection to her: Sita's egoistic mother refused to give her jewelry for mortgage to Anand to help start his business. Anand's sister (Ram's mother) then offered her jewelry, including her mangalsutra, to her brother. When Ram's parents die in an accident, Anand brings Ram into his home, and during this time, his business takes off. Sita's mother celebrates with lavish jewelry for herself and her daughter, but Anand yells that since the business formed because of his sister's financial support, the property rights belong to Ram. Anand reveals that Sita can wear the jewelry as she is Ram's wife. This outrages Sita's mother and she starts abusing Ram, prompting Anand to leave him in the monastery to protect him. Hearing this, Sita decides to repay the jewels given by Ram's mother as a loan.


title: Sita (2019 film)

text: Meanwhile, Basava's men attack Ram. Sita tries to save him but gets beaten by a goon. Ram fights with all the goons, but Basava shoots him, demanding that Sita must surrender to him to save Ram. Sita eventually agrees to Basava's terms, but when seeing her crying, Ram wakes up and fights with Basava, who shoots him again. Sita and Ram manage to escape and while she is taking Ram to the hospital, he requests Sita to take him to the bank so that he can sign the property papers before he dies. However, Sita finally declares that she needs him and not the property. Basava attacks the car and they are both injured. The monk in the monastery sends one of his disciples to safeguard Ram, and he arrives on time with the ambulance.


title: Sita (2019 film)

text: Two weeks later, Sita regains consciousness and rushes to see Ram. The monk lies that Ram has died in the accident and scolds Sita over how she treated him. Sita tearfully leaves the monastery, remorseful that she is the one who killed Ram. Ram comes to his room in the monastery and then senses that Sita has arrived rushes to see her. Sita also senses that the monk lied to her as no one in the monastery is aware of the incidents that happened in Hyderabad. Later, she reconciles with Ram, and he marries her. Basava is shot by his wife, saving Sita. The movie ends with Sita and Ram distributing the house papers back to the people of the slum.


title: Sita (2019 film)

text: The soundtrack was composed by Anup Rubens and lyrics by Lakshmi Bhupala, Ramajogayya Sastry, and Surendra Krishna.


title: Sita (2019 film)

text: This film was inspired by Hollywood film released in 1988 named as "Rain Man" with box office 354.8 Million starring Dustin Hoffman, Tom Cruise, Valeria Golino and Directed by Barry Levinson.


title: Sita (2019 film)

text: The film was dubbed and released in Tamil as "It's My Life", in Hindi as "Sita Ram" and in Malayalam as "Janaki Nayakan".


title: Sita (2019 film)

text: Neeshita Nyayapati of "The Times of India" gave 2.5 out of 5 starts stating, "A tale of two misfits gone wrong!"


title: High voltage

text: High voltage electricity refers to electrical potential large enough to cause injury or damage. In certain industries, "high voltage" refers to voltage above a certain threshold. Equipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant special safety requirements and procedures.


title: High voltage

text: High voltage is used in electrical power distribution, in cathode ray tubes, to generate X-rays and particle beams, to produce electrical arcs, for ignition, in photomultiplier tubes, and in high-power amplifier vacuum tubes, as well as other industrial, military and scientific applications.


title: High voltage

text: The numerical definition of depends on context. Two factors considered in classifying a voltage as high voltage are the possibility of causing a spark in air, and the danger of electric shock by contact or proximity.


title: High voltage

text: The International Electrotechnical Commission and its national counterparts (IET, IEEE, VDE, etc.) define "high voltage" as above 1000 V for alternating current, and at least 1500 V for direct current.


title: High voltage

text: In the United States, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) establishes nominal voltage ratings for 60 Hz electric power systems over 100 V. Specifically, ANSI C84.1-2020 defines "high voltage" as 115 kV to 230 kV, "extra-high voltage" as 345 kV to 765 kV, and "ultra-high voltage" as 1,100 kV. British Standard BS 7671:2008 defines "high voltage" as any voltage difference between conductors that is higher than 1000 VAC or 1500 V ripple-free DC, or any voltage difference between a conductor and Earth that is higher than 600 VAC or 900 V ripple-free DC.


title: High voltage

text: Electricians may only be licensed for particular voltage classes in some jurisdictions. For example, an electrical license for a specialized sub-trade such as installation of HVAC systems, fire alarm systems, closed circuit television systems may be authorized to install systems energized up to only 30 volts between conductors, and may not be permitted to work on mains-voltage circuits. The general public may consider household mains circuits (100 to 250 VAC), which carry the highest voltages they normally encounter, to be "high voltage".


title: High voltage

text: Voltages over approximately 50 volts can usually cause dangerous amounts of current to flow through a human being who touches two points of a circuit, so safety standards are more restrictive around such circuits.


title: High voltage

text: In automotive engineering, high voltage is defined as voltage in range 30 to 1000 VAC or 60 to 1500 VDC.


title: High voltage

text: The definition of "extra-high voltage" (EHV) again depends on context. In electric power transmission engineering, EHV is classified as voltages in the range of 345,000– 765,000 V. In electronics systems, a power supply that provides greater than 275,000 volts is called an "EHV Power Supply", and is often used in experiments in physics. The accelerating voltage for a television cathode ray tube may be described as "extra-high voltage" or "extra-high tension" (EHT), compared to other voltage supplies within the equipment. This type of supply ranges from 5 kV to about 30 kV.


title: High voltage

text: The common static electric sparks seen under low-humidity conditions always involve voltage well above 700 V. For example, sparks to car doors in winter can involve voltages as high as 20,000 V.


title: High voltage

text: Electrostatic generators such as Van de Graaff generators and Wimshurst machines can produce voltages approaching one million volts, but typically produce low currents. Induction coils operate on the flyback effect resulting in voltages greater than the turns ratio multiplied by the input voltage. They typically produce higher currents than electrostatic machines, but each doubling of desired output voltage roughly doubles the weight due to the amount of wire required in the secondary winding. Thus scaling them to higher voltages by adding more turns of wire can become impractical. The Cockcroft-Walton multiplier can be used to multiply the voltage produced by an induction coil. It generates DC using diode switches to charge a ladder of capacitors. Tesla coils utilize resonance, are lightweight, and do not require semiconductors.


title: High voltage

text: The largest scale sparks are those produced naturally by lightning. An average bolt of negative lightning carries a current of 30 to 50 kiloamperes, transfers a charge of 5 coulombs, and dissipates 500 megajoules of energy (120 kg TNT equivalent, or enough to light a 100-watt light bulb for approximately 2 months). However, an average bolt of positive lightning (from the top of a thunderstorm) may carry a current of 300 to 500 kiloamperes, transfer a charge of up to 300 coulombs, have a potential difference up to 1 gigavolt (a billion volts), and may dissipate 300 GJ of energy (72 tons TNT, or enough energy to light a 100-watt light bulb for up to 95 years). A negative lightning strike typically lasts for only tens of microseconds, but multiple strikes are common. A positive lightning stroke is typically a single event. However, the larger peak current may flow for hundreds of milliseconds, making it considerably more energetic than negative lightning.


title: High voltage

text: The dielectric breakdown strength of dry air, at Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP), between spherical electrodes is approximately 33 kV/cm. This is only as a rough guide, since the actual breakdown voltage is highly dependent upon the electrode shape and size. Strong electric fields (from high voltages applied to small or pointed conductors) often produce violet-colored corona discharges in air, as well as visible sparks. Voltages below about 500–700 volts cannot produce easily visible sparks or glows in air at atmospheric pressure, so by this rule these voltages are "low". However, under conditions of low atmospheric pressure (such as in high-altitude aircraft), or in an environment of noble gas such as argon or neon, sparks appear at much lower voltages. 500 to 700 volts is not a fixed minimum for producing spark breakdown, but it is a rule-of-thumb. For air at STP, the minimum sparkover voltage is around 327 volts, as noted by Friedrich Paschen.


title: High voltage

text: While lower voltages do not, in general, jump a gap that is present before the voltage is applied, interrupting an existing current flow with a gap often produces a low-voltage spark or arc. As the contacts are separated, a few small points of contact become the last to separate. The current becomes constricted to these small "hot spots", causing them to become incandescent, so that they emit electrons (through thermionic emission). Even a small 9 V battery can spark noticeably by this mechanism in a darkened room. The ionized air and metal vapour (from the contacts) form plasma, which temporarily bridges the widening gap. If the power supply and load allow sufficient current to flow, a self-sustaining arc may form. Once formed, an arc may be extended to a significant length before breaking the circuit. Attempting to open an inductive circuit often forms an arc, since the inductance provides a high-voltage pulse whenever the current is interrupted. AC systems make sustained arcing somewhat less likely, since the current returns to zero twice per cycle. The arc is extinguished every time the current goes through a zero crossing, and must reignite during the next half-cycle to maintain the arc.


title: High voltage

text: Unlike an ohmic conductor, the resistance of an arc decreases as the current increases. This makes unintentional arcs in an electrical apparatus dangerous since even a small arc can grow large enough to damage equipment and start fires if sufficient current is available. Intentionally produced arcs, such as used in lighting or welding, require some element in the circuit to stabilize the arc's current/voltage characteristics.


title: High voltage

text: Electrical transmission and distribution lines for electric power typically use voltages between tens and hundreds of kilovolts. The lines may be overhead or underground. High voltage is used in power distribution to reduce ohmic losses when transporting electricity long distance.


title: High voltage

text: It is used in the production of semiconductors to sputter thin layers of metal films on the surface of the wafer. It is also used for electrostatic flocking to coat objects with small fibers that stand on edge.


title: High voltage

text: Spark gaps were used historically as an early form of radio transmission. Similarly, lightning discharges in the atmosphere of Jupiter are thought to be the source of the planet's powerful radio frequency emissions.


title: High voltage

text: High voltages have been used in landmark chemistry and particle physics experiments and discoveries. Electric arcs were used in the isolation and discovery of the element argon from atmospheric air. Induction coils powered early X-ray tubes. Moseley used an X-ray tube to determine the atomic number of a selection of metallic elements by the spectrum emitted when used as anodes. High voltage is used for generating electron beams for microscopy. Cockcroft and Walton invented the voltage multiplier to transmutate lithium atoms in lithium oxide into helium by accelerating hydrogen atoms.


title: High voltage

text: Voltages greater than 50 V applied across dry unbroken human skin can cause heart fibrillation if they produce electric currents in body tissues that happen to pass through the chest area. The voltage at which there is the danger of electrocution depends on the electrical conductivity of dry human skin. Living human tissue can be protected from damage by the insulating characteristics of dry skin up to around 50 volts. If the same skin becomes wet, if there are wounds, or if the voltage is applied to electrodes that penetrate the skin, then even voltage sources below 40 V can be lethal.


title: High voltage

text: Accidental contact with any high voltage supplying sufficient energy may result in severe injury or death. This can occur as a person's body provides a path for current flow, causing tissue damage and heart failure. Other injuries can include burns from the arc generated by the accidental contact. These burns can be especially dangerous if the victim's airway is affected. Injuries may also be suffered as a result of the physical forces experienced by people who fall from a great height or are thrown a considerable distance.


title: High voltage

text: Low-energy exposure to high voltage may be harmless, such as the spark produced in a dry climate when touching a doorknob after walking across a carpeted floor. The voltage can be in the thousand-volt range, but the average current is low.


title: High voltage

text: The standard precautions to avoid injury include working under conditions that would avoid having electrical energy flow through the body, particularly through the heart region, such as between the arms, or between an arm and a leg. Electricity can flow between two conductors in high voltage equipment and the body can complete the circuit. To avoid that from happening, the worker should wear insulating clothing such as rubber gloves, use insulated tools, and avoid touching the equipment with more than one hand at a time. An electrical current can also flow between the equipment and the earth ground. To prevent that, the worker should stand on an insulated surface such as on rubber mats. Safety equipment is tested regularly to ensure it is still protecting the user. Test regulations vary according to country. Testing companies can test at up 300,000 volts and offer services from glove testing to Elevated Working Platform (or EWP) testing.


title: High voltage

text: Contact with or close approach to line conductors presents a danger of electrocution. Contact with overhead wires can result in injury or death. Metal ladders, farm equipment, boat masts, construction machinery, aerial antennas, and similar objects are frequently involved in fatal contact with overhead wires. Unauthorized persons climbing on power pylons or electrical apparatus are also frequently the victims of electrocution. At very high transmission voltages even a close approach can be hazardous, since the high voltage may arc across a significant air gap.


title: High voltage

text: Digging into a buried cable can also be dangerous to workers at an excavation site. Digging equipment (either hand tools or machine driven) that contacts a buried cable may energize piping or the ground in the area, resulting in electrocution of nearby workers. A fault in a high-voltage transmission line or substation may result in high currents flowing along the surface of the earth, producing an earth potential rise that also presents a danger of electric shock.


title: High voltage

text: For high voltage and extra-high voltage transmission lines, specially trained personnel use "live line" techniques to allow hands-on contact with energized equipment. In this case the worker is electrically connected to the high-voltage line but thoroughly insulated from the earth so that he is at the same electrical potential as that of the line. Since training for such operations is lengthy, and still presents a danger to personnel, only very important transmission lines are subject to maintenance while live. Outside these properly engineered situations, insulation from earth does not guarantee that no current flows to earth—as grounding or arcing to ground can occur in unexpected ways, and high-frequency currents can burn even an ungrounded person. Touching a transmitting antenna is dangerous for this reason, and a high-frequency Tesla coil can sustain a spark with only one endpoint.


title: High voltage

text: Protective equipment on high-voltage transmission lines normally prevents formation of an unwanted arc, or ensures that it is quenched within tens of milliseconds. Electrical apparatus that interrupts high-voltage circuits is designed to safely direct the resulting arc so that it dissipates without damage. High voltage circuit breakers often use a blast of high pressure air, a special dielectric gas (such as SF under pressure), or immersion in mineral oil to quench the arc when the high voltage circuit is broken.


title: High voltage

text: Wiring in equipment such as X-ray machines and lasers requires care. The high voltage section is kept physically distant from the low voltage side to reduce the possibility of an arc forming between the two. To avoid coronal losses, conductors are kept as short as possible and free of sharp points. If insulated, the plastic coating should be free of air bubbles which result in coronal discharges within the bubbles.


title: High voltage

text: A high voltage is not necessarily dangerous if it cannot deliver substantial current. Despite electrostatic machines such as Van de Graaff generators and Wimshurst machines producing voltages approaching one million volts, they deliver a brief sting. That is because the current is low, e.g. only a relatively few electrons move. These devices have a limited amount of stored energy, so the average current produced is low and usually for a short time, with impulses peaking in the 1 A range for a nanosecond.


title: High voltage

text: The discharge may involve extremely high voltage over very short periods, but to produce heart fibrillation, an electric power supply must produce a significant current in the heart muscle continuing for many milliseconds, and must deposit a total energy in the range of at least millijoules or higher. Relatively high current at anything more than about fifty volts can therefore be medically significant and potentially fatal.


title: High voltage

text: During the discharge, these machines apply high voltage to the body for only a millionth of a second or less. So a low current is applied for a very short time, and the number of electrons involved is very small.


title: High voltage

text: Despite Tesla coils superficially appearing similar to Van de Graaff generators, they are not electrostatic machines and can produce significant radio frequency currents continuously. The current supplied to a human body will be relatively constant as long as contact is maintained, unlike with electrostatic machines which generally take longer to build up charges, and the voltage will be much higher than the break-down voltage of human skin. As a consequence, the output of a Tesla coil can be dangerous or even fatal.


title: High voltage

text: Depending on the prospective short-circuit current available at a switchgear line-up, a hazard is presented to maintenance and operating personnel due to the possibility of a high-intensity electric arc. Maximum temperature of an arc can exceed 10,000 kelvins, and the radiant heat, expanding hot air, and explosive vaporization of metal and insulation material can cause severe injury to unprotected workers. Such switchgear line-ups and high-energy arc sources are commonly present in electric power utility substations and generating stations, industrial plants and large commercial buildings. In the United States, the National Fire Protection Association, has published a guideline standard NFPA 70E for evaluating and calculating "arc flash hazard", and provides standards for the protective clothing required for electrical workers exposed to such hazards in the workplace.


title: High voltage

text: Even voltages insufficient to break down air can supply enough energy to ignite atmospheres containing flammable gases or vapours, or suspended dust. For example, hydrogen gas, natural gas, or petrol/gasoline vapor mixed with air can be ignited by sparks produced by electrical apparatus. Examples of industrial facilities with hazardous areas are petrochemical refineries, chemical plants, grain elevators, and coal mines.


title: High voltage

text: In recent years, standards for explosion hazard protection have become more uniform between European and North American practice. The "zone" system of classification is now used in modified form in U.S. National Electrical Code and in the Canadian Electrical Code. Intrinsic safety apparatus is now approved for use in North American applications.


title: High voltage

text: Electrical discharges, including partial discharge and corona, can produce small quantities of toxic gases, which in a confined space can be a health hazard. These gases include oxidizers such as ozone and various oxides of nitrogen. They are readily identified by their characteristic odor or color, and thus contact time can be minimized. Nitric oxide is invisible but has a sweet odor. It oxidizes to nitrogen dioxide within a few minutes, which has a yellow or reddish-brown color depending on concentration and smells of chlorine gas like a swimming pool. Ozone is invisible but has a pungent smell like that of the air after a lightning storm. It is a short-lived species and half of it breaks down into within a day at normal temperatures and atmospheric pressure.


title: High voltage

text: Hazards due to lightning obviously include a direct strike on persons or property. However, lightning can also create dangerous voltage gradients in the earth, as well as an electromagnetic pulse, and can charge extended metal objects such as telephone cables, fences, and pipelines to dangerous voltages that can be carried many miles from the site of the strike. Although many of these objects are not normally conductive, very high voltage can cause the electrical breakdown of such insulators, causing them to act as conductors. These transferred potentials are dangerous to people, livestock, and electronic apparatus. Lightning strikes also start fires and explosions, which result in fatalities, injuries, and property damage. For example, each year in North America, thousands of forest fires are started by lightning strikes.


title: High voltage

text: Measures to control lightning can mitigate the hazard; these include lightning rods, shielding wires, and bonding of electrical and structural parts of buildings to form a continuous enclosure.


Everybody Else Is Doing It, So Why Can't We? is the debut studio album by Irish alternative rock band the Cranberries. Released on 1 March 1993 after four EPs, it is both the band's first full-length album and major label release. The album was written entirely by the band's lead singer Dolores O'Riordan and guitarist Noel Hogan. It reached number one on both the UK and Irish albums charts. The album spent a total of 86 weeks on the UK chart. On 24 June 1994, it became the fifth album in rock history to reach number one more than a year after release. At the end of 1995, it ranked as the 50th best selling album in Australia. It reached number 18 on the US "Billboard" 200 albums chart and stayed on this chart for 130 weeks; the album sold six million copies worldwide.


title: Everybody Else Is Doing It, So Why Can't We?

text: On 7 March 2018, the band's three remaining members announced they were releasing a special 25th anniversary newly remastered anniversary edition of the album, with previously unreleased material as well as other bonus material from the era of the album. However, it was delayed until late 2018, following the death of O'Riordan.


title: Cariprazine

text: Cariprazine, sold under the brand names Vraylar and Reagila among others, is an on oral atypical antipsychotic originated by Gedeon Richter, which is used in the treatment of schizophrenia, bipolar mania, and bipolar depression. It acts primarily as a D3 and D2 receptor partial agonist, with a preference for the D3 receptor. Cariprazine is also a partial agonist at the serotonin 5-HT1A receptor and acts as an antagonist at 5-HT and 5-HT receptors, with high selectivity for the D receptor. Positive Phase III study results were published for schizophrenia and mania in early 2012, and for bipolar disorder I depression from a Phase II trial in 2015.


title: Cariprazine

text: Cariprazine was approved for medical use in the United States in September 2015. It is available as a generic medication.


title: Cariprazine

text: Cariprazine is used to treat patients with schizophrenia and manic, depressive, or mixed episodes associated with bipolar I disorder. In the United States it is approved for schizophrenia in adults, acute treatment of manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar I disorder in adults and treatment of depressive episodes associated with bipolar I disorder (bipolar depression).


title: Cariprazine

text: Cariprazine consistently improved depressive symptoms across a spectrum of patients with bipolar I depression. In Australia, UK and Europe it is currently approved only for schizophrenia.


title: Cariprazine

text: Side effects may first appear on the first day after starting cariprazine. The most prevalent side effects for cariprazine include akathisia, and insomnia. Cariprazine does not appear to impact prolactin levels, and unlike many other antipsychotics, does not increase the QT interval on the electrocardiogram (ECG). In short term clinical trials extrapyramidal effects, sedation, akathisia, nausea, dizziness, vomiting, anxiety, and constipation were observed. One review characterized the frequency of these events as "not greatly different from that seen in patient treated with placebo" but a second called the incidence of movement-related disorders "rather high".


title: Cariprazine

text: Regarding these side effects, the label of cariprazine states, "The possibility of lenticular changes or cataracts cannot be excluded at this time."


title: Cariprazine

text: Because cariprazine and its active metabolites have long half-lives, many healthcare professionals monitor for adverse effects up to several weeks after starting cariprazine. A longer monitoring period is also indicated for dosage changes, whether they represent an increase or a decrease, because elimination may take several weeks.


title: Cariprazine

text: Unlike many antipsychotics that are D and 5-HT receptor antagonists, cariprazine is a D and D partial agonist It also has a higher affinity for D receptors. The D and D receptors are important targets for the treatment of schizophrenia, because the overstimulation of dopamine receptors has been implicated as a possible cause of schizophrenia. Cariprazine acts to inhibit overstimulated dopamine receptors (acting as an antagonist) and stimulate the same receptors when the endogenous dopamine levels are low. Cariprazine's high selectivity towards D receptors could prove to reduce side effects associated with the other antipsychotic drugs, because D receptors are mainly located in the ventral striatum and would not incur the same motor side effects (extrapyramidal symptoms) as drugs that act on dorsal striatum dopamine receptors. Cariprazine also acts on 5-HT receptors, though the affinity is considerably lower than the affinity to dopamine receptors (seen in monkey and rat brain studies). In the same studies, cariprazine has been noted to produce pro-cognitive effects, the mechanisms of which are currently under investigation. An example of pro-cognitive effects occurred in pre-clinical trials with rats: rats with cariprazine performed better in a scopolamine-induced learning impairment paradigm in a water labyrinth test. This may be due to the selective antagonist nature of D receptors, though further studies need to be conducted. This result could be very useful for schizophrenia, as one of the symptoms includes cognitive deficits.


title: Cariprazine

text: Cariprazine has partial agonist as well as antagonist properties depending on the endogenous dopamine levels. When endogenous dopamine levels are high (as is hypothesized in schizophrenic patients), cariprazine acts as an antagonist by blocking dopamine receptors. When endogenous dopamine levels are low, cariprazine acts more as an agonist, increasing dopamine receptor activity. In monkey studies, the administration of increasing doses of cariprazine resulted in a dose-dependent and saturable reduction of specific binding. At the highest dose (300 "μ"g/kg), the D/D receptors were 94% occupied, while at the lowest dose (1 "μ"g/kg), receptors were 5% occupied. Dopamine D2 and D3 receptor occupancy in humans has been summarized as, "In healthy volunteers, single-dose cariprazine of 0.5 mg occupied up to 12% of striatal D2/D3 receptors, while striatal D2/D3 occupancy after multiple dosing up to cariprazine 1.0 mg/d ranged from 63 to 79% [39]. In an open-label, fixed-dose, 2-week trial in eight males with schizophrenia, PET scans of dorsal striatal regions (caudate nucleus and putamen) and ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens) showed maximum occupancy (‡ 90%) at a 3-mg target dose of cariprazine following 14 d of treatment [40,41]. After 14 d of cariprazine 1.5 mg/d, receptor occupancy was 69% in the caudate nucleus, 69% in the nucleus accumbens, and 75% in the putamen".


title: Cariprazine

text: Cariprazine has high oral bioavailability and can cross the blood brain barrier easily in humans because it is lipophilic. In rats, the oral bioavailability was 52% (with a dose of 1 mg/kg).


title: Cariprazine

text: Cariprazine is metabolized primarily by the cytochrome P450 3A4 isoenzyme (CYP3A4), with some minor metabolism by CYP2D6. Cariprazine does not induce the production of CYP3A4 or CYP1A2 in the liver, and weakly, competitively inhibits CYP2D6 and CYP3A4.


title: Cariprazine

text: Cariprazine is also potentially useful as an add-on therapy in major depressive disorder. It is being developed jointly by AbbVie and Gedeon Richter Plc, with AbbVie responsible for commercialization in the U.S., Canada, Japan, Taiwan and certain Latin American countries (including Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru and Venezuela). In February 2022 AbbVie requested FDA approval for adjunctive treatment for major depressive disorder.


title: Erichthonius of Athens

text: In Greek mythology, King Erichthonius (; ) was a legendary early ruler of ancient Athens. According to some myths, he was autochthonous (born of the soil, or Earth) and adopted or raised by the goddess Athena. Early Greek texts do not distinguish between him and Erechtheus, his grandson, but by the fourth century BC, during Classical times, they are distinct figures.


title: Erichthonius of Athens

text: Erichthonius of uncertain etymology is possibly related to a pre-Greek form *"Erekteu-". The connection of with ἐρέχθω, "shake" is a late folk-etymology; other folk-etymologies include , "erion", "wool" or "eris", "strife"+ "chthôn or chthonos", "earth".


title: Erichthonius of Athens

text: According to the "Bibliotheca", Athena visited the smith-god Hephaestus to request some weapons, but Hephaestus was so overcome by desire that he tried to seduce her in his workshop. Determined to maintain her virginity, Athena fled, pursued by Hephaestus. He caught Athena and tried to rape her, but she fought him off. During the struggle, his semen fell on her thigh, and Athena, in disgust, wiped it away with a scrap of wool (, "erion") and flung it to the earth (, "chthôn"). As she fled, Erichthonius was born from the semen that fell to the earth. Athena, wishing to raise the child in secret, placed him in a small box and then made sure no one would ever find out by giving him away.


title: Erichthonius of Athens

text: Athena gave the box to the three daughters (Herse, Aglaurus and Pandrosus) of Cecrops, the king of Athens, and warned them never to look inside. Pandrosus obeyed, but Herse and Aglaurus were overcome with curiosity and opened the box, which contained the infant and future-king, Erichthonius ("troubles born from the earth," following another etymology). (Sources are unclear regarding how many sisters participated.) The sisters were terrified by what they saw in the box: Either a snake coiled around an infant, or an infant that was half-human and half-serpent. They went insane and threw themselves off the Acropolis. Other accounts state that they were killed by the snake.


title: Erichthonius of Athens

text: An alternative version of the story is that Athena left the box with the daughters of Cecrops while she went to fetch a limestone mountain from the Pallene peninsula to use in the Acropolis. While she was away, Aglaurus and Herse opened the box. A crow saw them open the box, and flew away to tell Athena, who fell into a rage and dropped the mountain she was carrying (now Mt. Lykabettos). As in the first version, Herse and Aglaurus went insane and threw themselves to their deaths off a cliff.


title: Erichthonius of Athens

text: When he grew up, Erichthonius drove out Amphictyon, who had usurped the throne from Cranaus twelve years earlier, and became king of Athens. He married Praxithea, a naiad, with whom he had a son, . During this time, Athena frequently protected him. He founded the Panathenaic Festival in the honor of Athena, and set up a wooden statue of her on the Acropolis. According to the Parian Chronicle, he taught his people to yoke horses and use them to pull chariots, to smelt silver, and to till the earth with a plough.


title: Erichthonius of Athens

text: It was said that Erichthonius was lame of his feet and that he consequently invented the quadriga, or four-horse chariot, to get around more easily. He is said to have competed often as a chariot driver in games. Zeus was said to have been so impressed with his skill that he raised him to the heavens to become the constellation of the Charioteer (Auriga) after his death.


title: Erichthonius of Athens

text: The snake is his symbol, and he is represented in the statue of Athena in the Parthenon as the snake hidden behind her shield. The most sacred building on the Acropolis of Athens, the Erechtheum, is dedicated to Erichthonius.


title: Mukti Bahini

text: The Mukti Bahini (, translates as 'freedom fighters', or liberation army), also known as the Bangladesh Forces, was the guerrilla resistance movement consisting of the Bangladeshi military, paramilitary and civilians during the War of Liberation that transformed East Pakistan into Bangladesh in 1971. They were initially called the Mukti Fauj.


title: Mukti Bahini

text: On 7 March 1971 Sheikh Mujibur Rahman issued a call to the people of East Pakistan to prepare themselves for an all-out struggle. Later that evening resistance demonstrations began, and the military began a full-scale retaliation with Operation Searchlight, which continued through May 1971.


title: Mukti Bahini

text: A formal military leadership of the resistance was created in April 1971 under the Provisional Government of Bangladesh. The military council was headed by General M. A. G. Osmani and eleven sector commanders. The Bangladesh Armed Forces were established on 4 April 1971. In addition to regular units, such as the East Bengal Regiment and the East Pakistan Rifles, the Mukti Bahini also consisted of the civilian Gonobahini (People's Force). The most prominent divisions of the Mukti Bahini were the Z Force led by Major Ziaur Rahman, the K Force led by Major Khaled Mosharraf and the S Force led by Major K M Shafiullah. Awami League student leaders formed militia units, including the Mujib Bahini, the Kader Bahini and Hemayet Bahini. The Communist Party of Bangladesh, led by Comrade Moni Singh, and activists from the National Awami Party also operated several guerrilla battalions.


title: Mukti Bahini

text: Using guerrilla warfare tactics, the Mukti Bahini secured control over large parts of the Bengali countryside. It conducted successful "ambush and sabotage" campaigns, and included the nascent Bangladesh Air Force and the Bangladesh Navy. The Mukti Bahini received training and weapons from India, where people in West Bengal shared a common Bengali ethnic and linguistic heritage with East Pakistan.


title: Mukti Bahini

text: During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, the Mukti Bahini became part of the Bangladesh-India Allied Forces. It was instrumental in securing the Surrender of Pakistan and the liberation of Dacca and other cities in December 1971.


title: Mukti Bahini

text: The "Mukti Bahini" was divided into two groups; the "Niomito Bahini" or "regular forces" who came from the paramilitary, military and police forces of East Pakistan, and the Gonnobahini or "people's forces" who were civilians. These names were given and defined by the Government of Bangladesh. The Indians referred to the Niomito Bahini as "Mukti Fauj", and the Gonnobahini were called "freedom fighters".


title: Mukti Bahini

text: East Pakistan campaigned against the usage of Urdu as the sole official language of Pakistan. The Awami League had won the majority in the 1970 Pakistan election. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, as the leader of the Awami League, was prevented from forming a government. Bengali was the only language in Pakistan not written in the Persian-Arabic script. The administrative change that merged the administrative provinces of West Pakistan into one "unit" caused great suspicion in East Pakistan. Pakistan's unwillingness to give autonomy to East Bengal and Bengali nationalism are both cited as reasons for the separation. The 1970 Bhola Cyclone had caused the death of 500,000 people while the infrastructure, transport and other services were severely damaged. The central government of Pakistan was blamed for the slow response and misuse of funds. It created resentment in the population of East Pakistan. The resentment allowed Awami League to win 160 of the 162 parliamentary seats allocated to East Pakistan which made the Awami League the majority party in the 300 seat parliament of Pakistan. After the 1971 elections, Yahya Khan hoped for a power sharing agreement between Mujib and Bhutto, though talks between them did not result in a solution. Mujib wanted full autonomy, Bhutto advised Yahya to break off talks. In March, General Yahya Khan suspended the National Assembly of Pakistan.


title: Mukti Bahini

text: On 7 March 1971, Sheikh Mujib made his now famous speech in Ramna Race course (Suhrawardy Udyan) where he declared "The struggle this time is for our freedom. The struggle this time is for our independence". East Pakistan television broadcasters started broadcasting Rabindranath songs, a taboo in Pakistan, while reducing the air-time of shows from West Pakistan. Civilian interaction with the Pakistan Army were decreased and they were increasingly seen as an occupying force, while local contractors stopped providing supplies to the Pakistan Army. The Pakistan Army also tried to disarm and dismiss personnel of Bengali origin in the East Pakistan Rifles, the police and the regular army. The Bengali officers mutinied against the Pakistan Army, and attacked officers from West Pakistan. The Pakistan Army's crackdown on the civilian population had contributed to the revolt of East Pakistani soldiers. The East Pakistani soldiers moved to India and formed the main body of Mukti Bahini. Sheikh Mujib on 26 March 1971 declared the independence of Bangladesh, while Pakistan's president Yahya Khan declared Mujib a traitor during a national broadcast on the same day. The Pakistan Army moved infantry and armoured units to East Pakistan in preparation for the coming conflicts.


title: Mukti Bahini

text: On 25 March, martial law was declared, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was arrested and Operation Searchlight started in East Pakistan. Foreign journalists were expelled and the Awami League was banned. Members of the Awami league, the East Pakistan Rifles, the East Bengal Regiment and others thought to be disloyal to Pakistan were attacked by the Pakistan army. The survivors of the attack would form the backbone of the Mukti Bahini. When the Pakistan Army started the military crackdown on the Bengali population, they did not expect prolonged resistance. Five battalions of the East Bengal Regiment mutinied and initiated the war for liberation of Bangladesh.


title: Mukti Bahini

text: On 27 March, Major Ziaur Rahman declared Bangladesh's independence from Pakistan and fought his way out of Chittagong City with his unit of Bengali soldiers. The East Pakistan Rifles and the East Pakistan Police suffered heavy casualties while challenging the Pakistan Army in Dhaka, where West Pakistani forces began the 1971 Bangladesh genocide with the massacre at Dhaka University. Civilians took control of arms depots in various cities and began resisting Pakistani forces with the acquired weapons supply. Chittagong experienced heavy fighting between rebel Bengali military units and Pakistani forces. The Bangladeshi Declaration of Independence was broadcast from Kalurghat Radio Station in Chittagong by Major Rahman on behalf of Sheikh Rahman.


title: Mukti Bahini

text: Bengali forces took control of numerous districts in the initial months of the war, including Brahmanbaria, Faridpur, Barisal, Mymensingh, Comilla and Kushtia among others. With the support of the local population, many towns remained under the control of Bengali forces until April and May 1971. Notable engagements during this period included the Battle of Kamalpur, the Battle of Daruin and the Battle of Rangamati-Mahalchari waterway in the Chittagong Hill Tracts.


title: Mukti Bahini

text: On 18 April, the Deputy High Commission of Pakistan in Kolkata defected and hoisted the flag of Bangladesh. On 17 April, the Mujibnagar Government was formed.


title: Mukti Bahini

text: During May, Foreign Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto asked General Yahya Khan to hand over power in West Pakistan to his party. Khan refused on the grounds that doing so would support the view of Mukti Bahini and the Provisional Government of Bangladesh that East Pakistan was a colony of West Pakistan. Tensions were raised when Bhutto told his followers that "by November [he] would either be in power or in jail".


title: Mukti Bahini

text: On 9 June, Mukti Bahini members hijacked a car and launched a grenade attack on Dhaka Intercontinental Hotel, the office of the Pro-Junta Morning Post and the house of Golam Azam.


title: Mukti Bahini

text: The Mukti Bahini divided the war zone into eleven sectors. The war strategy included a huge guerrilla force operating inside Bangladesh that targeted Pakistani installations through raids, ambushes and sabotaging West Pakistani-controlled shipping ports, power plants, industries, railways and warehouses. The wide dispersion of West Pakistani forces allowed Bengali guerrillas to target smaller groups of enemy soldiers. Groups ranging in size from five to ten guerrillas were assigned specific missions. Bridges, culverts, fuel depots and ships were destroyed to decrease the mobility of the Pakistan Army.


title: Mukti Bahini

text: However, the Mukti Bahini failed in its Monsoon Offensive after Pakistani reinforcements successfully countered Bengali engagements. Attacks on border outposts in Sylhet, Comilla and Mymensingh had limited success. The training period slowed the momentum of the Bangladesh Forces, which began to pick up after August. After the monsoon, the Mukti Bahini became more effective while the Indian army created a number of bases inside East Pakistan for the Mukti Bahini. The railways in East Pakistan were almost completely shut down due to the Mukti Bahini's sabotage. The provincial capital, Dhaka, had become a ghost town with gun-fire and explosions heard throughout the day.


title: Mukti Bahini

text: After a visit to East Pakistan refugee camps in India in August 1971, US Senator Ted Kennedy believed that Pakistan was committing a genocide. Golam Azam called for Pakistan to attack India and to annexe Assam in retaliation for India providing help to the Mukti Bahini. Azam accused India of shelling East Pakistani border areas on a daily basis. Oxfam predicted the deaths of over one hundred thousand children in refugee camps and that more could die from food shortages in East Pakistan because of the conflict.


title: Mukti Bahini

text: Regular Mukti Bahini battalions were formed in September 1971, increasing the effectiveness of the Mukti Bahini. Sabotage and ambush missions continued to be carried out, demoralising the Pakistan army.


title: Mukti Bahini

text: In October, conventional Bangladesh Forces mounted various successful offensives, capturing 90 of the 300 border outposts. The Mukti Bahini intensified guerrilla attacks inside Bangladesh while Pakistan increased reprisals on Bengali civilians, though the movement of Mukti Bahini into, out of, and inside East Pakistan became easier and more common.


title: Mukti Bahini

text: In November, Indian involvement increased, with the Indian artillery and Indian Air force providing direct cover for the Mukti Bahini in some offensives. Attacks on infrastructure and the increase in the reach of the provisional government weakened the control of the Pakistan government.


title: Mukti Bahini

text: The Bangladesh Air Force (BAF) was established on 28 September 1971 under the command of Air Commodore A. K. Khandker. It initially operated from a jungle airstrip near Dimapur in Nagaland, India. When taking over liberated territories, the Bangladesh Forces gained control of World War II airstrips in Lalmonirhat, Shalutikar, Sylhet and Comilla in November and December. The BAF launched "Kilo Flights" under the command of Squadron Leader Sultan Mahmud on 3 December 1971. Sorties by Otter DHC-3 aircraft destroyed Pakistani fuel supplies in Narayanganj and Chittagong where targets included the Burmah Oil Refinery, numerous ships and oil depots.


title: Mukti Bahini

text: The Bangladesh naval forces took shape in July. Operation Jackpot was launched by the Bangladesh Forces on 15 August 1971. Bangladesh Navy commandos sank vessels of the Pakistan Navy in Mongla, Chittagong, Chandpur and Narayanganj. The operation was a major propaganda success for Bangladeshi forces, as it exposed to the international community the fragile hold of the West Pakistani occupation. The Bangladesh Navy commandos targeted patrol craft and ships carrying ammunition and commodities. With Indian aid, the Mukti Bahini acquired two vessels, the Padma and Palash, which were retrofitted into gunboats with mine-laying capabilities. The boat crews extensively mined the Passur River in the Sundarbans, reducing the ability of Pakistani forces to operate from the Port of Mongla but were mistakenly bombed by Indian Air Force troops that resulted in the loss of both vessels and some of the lives of the Mukti Bahini and Indian personnel on board. The developing Bangladesh Navy carried out attacks on ships and used sea mines to prevent supply ships from docking in East Pakistani ports. Frogmen were deployed to damage and sabotage ships.


title: Mukti Bahini

text: M. A. G. Osmani, a Bengali veteran of the British Raj forces in World War II and the Pakistan army, established the Bangladesh Armed Forces on 4 April 1971. The Provisional Government of Bangladesh placed all Bangladeshi forces under the command of Osmani, who was appointed as the defence minister with the rank of Commander-in-Chief as a four star general. Osmani designated the composition of the Mukti Bahini into several divisions. It included the regular armed forces which covered the Army, Navy and Air Forces; as well as special brigades including the Z Force. Paramilitary forces, including the East Pakistan Rifles and police, were designated as the "Niyomito Bahini" (Regular Forces). They were divided between forward battalions and sector troops. Another civilian force was raised and known as the "Gonobahini" (People's Forces) consisting of lightly trained civilian brigades under military command; the Gonobahini also consisted of battalions created by political activists from the pro-Western Awami League, the pro-Chinese and socialist National Awami Party, led by Maulana Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani, and the pro-Soviet Communist Party of East Pakistan.


title: Mukti Bahini

text: The guerrilla movement was composed of three wings: well-armed Action Groups which took part in frontal attacks; military intelligence units; and guerrilla bases. The first conference of sector commanders was held during July 1971, starting on 11 July and ending 17 July. Prominent sector commanders included defector officers and soldiers from the Pakistan Armed Forces, including Major Ziaur Rahman, Major Khaled Mosharraf, Major K M Shafiullah, Captain A. N. M. Nuruzzaman, Major Chitta Ranjan Dutta, Wing Commander M Khademul Bashar, Major Nazmul Huq, Major Quazi Nuruzzaman, Major Abu Osman Chowdhury, Major Abul Manzoor, Major M. A. Jalil, Major Abu Taher and Squadron Leader M. Hamidullah Khan. The Mujib Bahini was led by Awami League youth leaders Serajul Alam Khan, Sheikh Fazlul Huq Moni, Tofael Ahmed and Abdur Razzak. An Australian war veteran, William A. S. Ouderland, organised guerrilla warfare in Dacca and provided vital intelligence to the Bangladesh Forces. He was awarded the Bir Protik for his actions by the government of Bangladesh. Left-wing politicians Kader Siddique, Hemayet Uddin and Moni Singh created several guerrilla units. Kader Siddique operated in the Tangail District. Hemayet was a former soldier in East Pakistan and his Bahini was raised almost entirely on local supplies. Moni Singh was a communist leader in East Pakistan.


title: Mukti Bahini

text: The Independent Bangladesh Radio Station was one of the cultural wings of the Mukti Bahini. The Bangladesh liberation movement released five prominent propaganda posters which promoted the independence struggle irrespective of religious affiliations and gender. One of the posters famously portrayed Pakistan's military ruler, Yahya Khan, as a demon. The Mukti Bahini operated field hospitals, wireless stations, training camps and prisons.


title: Mukti Bahini

text: The Mukti Bahini benefited from the early control of Pakistani arms depots, which were overtaken by Bengali forces during March and April 1971. The Mukti Bahini purchased large quantities of military-grade equipment through the arms market in Calcutta, including Italian howitzers, Alouette III helicopters, "Dakota" DC-3 aircraft and "Otter" DHC-3 fighter planes. The Mukti Bahini also received a limited supply of equipment from the Indian military, as New Delhi allowed the Bangladeshi forces to operate an independent weapons supply through Calcutta Port. The Mukti Bahini used Sten Guns, Lee–Enfield rifles and Indian-made hand grenades. Some of the arms and equipment used by Mukti Bahini are given below:


title: Mukti Bahini

text: The launch of Operation Chengiz Khan by West Pakistan on North India finally drew India into the Bangladesh conflict and a joint command structure was established between the Bangladeshi and Indian forces. Three corps of the Indian Armed Forces were supported by three brigades of the Mukti Bahini and the Bengali guerrilla army. The Mukti Bahini and its supporters guided the Indian army and provided them with information about Pakistani troop movements. The Indian and Mukti Bahini greatly outnumbered the three Pakistani army divisions of East Pakistan. The Battle of Sylhet, the Battle of Garibpur, the Battle of Boyra, the Battle of Hilli and the Battle of Kushtia were major joint engagements for the Bangladeshi and Indian forces, who swiftly captured surrounding land by selectively engaging or bypassing heavily defended strongholds. For example, the Meghna Heli Bridge airlifted Bangladeshi and Indian forces from Brahmanbaria to Narsingdi over Pakistani defences in Ashuganj. The cities of Jessore, Mymensingh, Sylhet, Kushtia, Noakhali and Moulvibazar quickly fell to the Mukti Bahini-Indian joint forces. In Dhaka, the Pakistan Army and its supporting militias began the mass murder of Bengali intellectuals and professionals in a final attempt to eliminate the Bengali intelligentsia. Historian Yasmin Saikia writes that the Mukti-Bahini, Indian forces, the Pakistani Army, and pro-Pakistani militias looted, raped, and killed civilians in East Pakistan.


title: Mukti Bahini

text: The Mukti Bahini liberated most of the Dhaka District by mid-December. In Western Pakistan, Indian forces advanced deep into Pakistani territory as the Port of Karachi was subjected to a naval blockade by the Indian Navy. Pakistani generals surrendered to the Mukti Bahini-Indian forces in Dhaka on 16 December 1971.


title: Mukti Bahini

text: Ten million Bengali refugees fled into neighbouring India because of famine and ravages of the Pakistan army, where the regions of West Bengal, Tripura and the Barak Valley shared strong ethnic, linguistic and cultural links with East Pakistan. The war sparked an unprecedented level of unity in the Bengali-speaking world. There was strong support for Bengalis and Mukti Bahini from the Indian media and public. India feared that if the movement for Bangladesh came to be dominated by communists then it would adversely affect its own fight with the left-wing Naxalites. It also did not want the millions of refugees to be permanently stranded in India.


title: Mukti Bahini

text: Indian Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi, authorised diplomatic, economic and military support to the Bangladesh Forces in April 1971. The Provisional Government of Bangladesh established its secretariat in exile in Calcutta. The Indian Armed Forces provided substantial training and the use of its bases for the Bangladesh Forces. The Bangladesh liberation guerrillas operated training camps in the Indian states of Bihar, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Nagaland, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Tripura and West Bengal. Mukti Bahini were allowed by India to cross the border at will.


title: Mukti Bahini

text: Some Mukti Bahini, especially those who served in the security services of Pakistan, were suspicious of Indian involvement and wished to minimise its role. They also resented the formation of the Mujib Bahini by India which was composed of Sheikh Mujib-loyalists but was not under the command of Mukti Bahini or the provisional government of Bangladesh.


title: Mukti Bahini

text: On 6 December 1971, India officially recognised Bangladesh as an independent country only hours after Bhutan did the same.


title: Mukti Bahini

text: The genocide by Pakistani forces caused widespread international outrage against West Pakistan. In the United States, Democratic senator Ted Kennedy led a chorus of strong domestic criticism against the Nixon administration for ignoring the genocide of Bengalis in East Pakistan.


title: Mukti Bahini

text: The Mukti Bahini enjoyed significant international public support. The Bangladeshi provisional government considered setting up an "International Brigade" with European and North American students. French Minister of Cultural Affairs André Malraux vowed to fight on the battlefield alongside the Bangladesh Forces.


title: Mukti Bahini

text: The Soviet Union threw its weight behind the Bangladesh Forces and India after being convinced of Pakistan's unwillingness for a political solution. Separately, US efforts to woo China through Pakistan led to India signing a friendship treaty with Moscow in August 1971. India increased support to Mukti Bahini after the signing of the treaty. For India, the treaty was an important insurance policy against a possible Chinese intervention on the side of Pakistan. China had fought a brief war with India in 1962. Both the US and China, however, ultimately failed to mobilise adequate support for Pakistan.


title: Mukti Bahini

text: Bir Sreshtho (The Most Valiant Hero) is the highest military honour in Bangladesh and was awarded to seven Mukti Bahini fighters. They were Ruhul Amin, Mohiuddin Jahangir, Mostafa Kamal, Hamidur Rahman, Munshi Abdur Rouf, Nur Mohammad Sheikh and Matiur Rahman.


title: Mukti Bahini

text: The other three gallantry awards in decreasing order of importance are Bir Uttom, Bir Bikrom and Bir Protik.


title: Mukti Bahini

text: In the Section 2(11) of the "Bangladesh Freedom Fighters Welfare Trust Act, 2018 (Act No. 51 of 2018)" everyone participated in the liberation war is defined as Bir Muktijoddha (Bengali: বীর মুক্তিযোদ্ধা). The government issued an order by gazette notification on 29 October 2020 saying that the word Bir (heroic) will have to be added to the term freedom fighter. To compulsorily comply with the law, in the 13th meeting of the Standing Committee, the Ministry of Liberation War Affairs of the 11th National Parliament issued another order by gazette notification on 18 December 2021 stating that the word Bir (heroic) must be used as an honorific prefix before the names of freedom fighters and the English synonym for Bir Muktijoddha will be Heroic Freedom Fighter.


title: Mukti Bahini

text: Women had served in the Mukti Bahini during the Bangladesh Liberation War. The Mukti Bahini trained several female battalions for guerrilla warfare. Taramon Bibi is one of the two female wars heroes of the Bangladesh Liberation War. Captain Sitara Begum is noted for setting up field hospitals for injured Mukti Bahini fighters. Professor Nazma Shaheen, University of Dhaka, and her sister were female members in the Mukti Bahini.


title: Mukti Bahini

text: The Mukti Bahini was succeeded by the Bangladesh Armed Forces, the Bangladesh Rifles and the Bangladesh Police. Civilian fighters were provided with numerous privileges, including reservations in government jobs and universities. The Bangladesh Freedom Fighters Assembly was formed to represent former guerrillas. Bangladesh Liberation War ministry is responsible for looking after the welfare of Mukti Bahini members. The widespread availability of arms created serious law and order concerns for the Bangladesh government after the war. A few militia units are alleged to have taken part in reprisal attacks against the Urdu-speaking population following the Pakistani surrender.


title: Mukti Bahini

text: On 28 February 1973 the government of Bangladesh enacted the National Liberation Struggle (Indemnity) Order to provide indemnity "to those persons in respect of acts done in connection with the national liberation struggle, the maintenance or restoration of order" which was to be enforced retrospectively from 26 March 1972.


title: Mukti Bahini

text: The Mukti Bahini has been accused of human rights violations by historians on West Pakistanis and Biharis.


title: Mukti Bahini

text: On 27 March 1971, members of the Mukti Bahini were alleged to have massacred 15000 Biharis in the town of Santahar in the district of Naogaon. They are also accused of raping Bihari women during the war. This was in retaliation to Operation Searchlight.


title: Mukti Bahini

text: Mukti Bahini, the Bengali resistance force, backed by Indian government, from East Pakistan, killed non-Bengalis (primarily West Pakistanis and Biharis) in the aftermath of the Bangladesh Liberation War.


title: Mukti Bahini

text: After the Liberation War of Bangladesh ended, many people who had been denied repatriation to Pakistan were forcefully relocated to refugee camps, were referred to as Stranded Pakistanis and denied citizenship of Bangladesh. Since 2007, Biharis living in Bangladesh have been granted full citizenship and voting rights.


title: Mukti Bahini

text: The Mukti Bahini has been the subject of numerous artwork, literature, films and television productions.


title: Soil conservation

text: Soil conservation is the prevention of loss of the topmost layer of the soil from erosion or prevention of reduced fertility caused by over usage, acidification, salinization or other chemical soil contamination.


title: Soil conservation

text: Slash-and-burn and other unsustainable methods of subsistence farming are practiced in some lesser developed areas. A sequel to deforestation is typically large-scale erosion, loss of soil nutrients and sometimes total desertification. Techniques for improved soil conservation include crop rotation, cover crops, conservation tillage and planted windbreaks, affect both erosion and fertility. When plants die, they decay and become part of the soil. Code 330 defines standard methods recommended by the U.S. Natural Resources Conservation Service. Farmers have practiced soil conservation for millennia. In Europe, policies such as the Common Agricultural Policy are targeting the application of best management practices such as reduced tillage, winter cover crops, plant residues and grass margins in order to better address soil conservation. Political and economic action is further required to solve the erosion problem. A simple governance hurdle concerns how we value the land and this can be changed by cultural adaptation. Soil carbon is a carbon sink, playing a role in climate change mitigation.


title: Soil conservation

text: Contour ploughing orients furrows following the contour lines of the farmed area. Furrows move left and right to maintain a constant altitude, which reduces runoff. Contour ploughing was practiced by the ancient Phoenicians for slopes between two and ten percent. Contour ploughing can increase crop yields from 10 to 50 percent, partially as a result of greater soil retention.


title: Soil conservation

text: Terracing is the practice of creating nearly level areas in a hillside area. The terraces form a series of steps each at a higher level than the previous. Terraces are protected from erosion by other soil barriers. Terraced farming is more common on small farms.


title: Soil conservation

text: Keyline design is the enhancement of contour farming, where the total watershed properties are taken into account in forming the contour lines.


title: Soil conservation

text: Tree, shrubs and ground-cover are effective perimeter treatment for soil erosion prevention, by impeding surface flows. A special form of this perimeter or inter-row treatment is the use of a "grass way" that both channels and dissipates runoff through surface friction, impeding surface runoff and encouraging infiltration of the slowed surface water.


title: Soil conservation

text: Windbreaks are sufficiently dense rows of trees at the windward exposure of an agricultural field subject to wind erosion. Evergreen species provide year-round protection; however, as long as foliage is present in the seasons of bare soil surfaces, the effect of deciduous trees may be adequate.


title: Soil conservation

text: Cover crops such as nitrogen-fixing legumes, white turnips, radishes and other species are rotated with cash crops to blanket the soil year-round and act as green manure that replenishes nitrogen and other critical nutrients. Cover crops also help suppress weeds.


title: Soil conservation

text: Soil-conservation farming involves no-till farming, "green manures" and other soil-enhancing practices which make it hard for the soils to be equalized. Such farming methods attempt to mimic the biology of barren lands. They can revive damaged soil, minimize erosion, encourage plant growth, eliminate the use of nitrogen fertilizer or fungicide, produce above-average yields and protect crops during droughts or flooding. The result is less labor and lower costs that increase farmers’ profits. No-till farming and cover crops act as sinks for nitrogen and other nutrients. This increases the amount of soil organic matter.


title: Soil conservation

text: Repeated plowing/tilling degrades soil, killing its beneficial fungi and earthworms. Once damaged, soil may take multiple seasons to fully recover, even in optimal circumstances.


title: Soil conservation

text: Critics argue that no-till and related methods are impractical and too expensive for many growers, partly because it requires new equipment. They cite advantages for conventional tilling depending on the geography, crops and soil conditions. Some farmers claimed that no-till complicates pest control, delays planting and that post-harvest residues, especially for corn, are hard to manage.


title: Soil conservation

text: The use of pesticides can contaminate the soil, and nearby vegetation and water sources for a long time. They affect soil structure and (biotic and abiotic) composition. Differentiated taxation schemes are among the options investigated in the academic literature to reducing their use.


title: Soil conservation

text: Salinity in soil is caused by irrigating with salty water. Water then evaporates from the soil leaving the salt behind. Salt breaks down the soil structure, causing infertility and reduced growth.


title: Soil conservation

text: The ions responsible for salination are: sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and chlorine (Cl). Salinity is estimated to affect about one third of the earth's arable land. Soil salinity adversely affects crop metabolism and erosion usually follows.


title: Soil conservation

text: Salinity occurs on drylands from overirrigation and in areas with shallow saline water tables. Over-irrigation deposits salts in upper soil layers as a byproduct of soil infiltration; irrigation merely increases the rate of salt deposition. The best-known case of shallow saline water table capillary action occurred in Egypt after the 1970 construction of the Aswan Dam. The change in the groundwater level led to high salt concentrations in the water table. The continuous high level of the water table led to soil salination.


title: Soil conservation

text: Use of humic acids may prevent excess salination, especially given excessive irrigation. Humic acids can fix both anions and cations and eliminate them from root zones.


title: Soil conservation

text: Planting species that can tolerate saline conditions can be used to lower water tables and thus reduce the rate of capillary and evaporative enrichment of surface salts. Salt-tolerant plants include saltbush, a plant found in much of North America and in the Mediterranean regions of Europe.


title: Soil conservation

text: When worms excrete feces in the form of casts, a balanced selection of minerals and plant nutrients is made into a form accessible for root uptake. Earthworm casts are five times richer in available nitrogen, seven times richer in available phosphates and eleven times richer in available potash than the surrounding upper of soil. The weight of casts produced may be greater than 4.5 kg per worm per year. By burrowing, the earthworm improves soil porosity, creating channels that enhance the processes of aeration and drainage.


title: Soil conservation

text: Other important soil organisms include nematodes, mycorrhiza and bacteria. A quarter of all the animal species live underground. According to the 2020 Food and Agriculture Organization’s report "State of knowledge of soil biodiversity – Status, challenges and potentialities", there are major gaps in knowledge about biodiversity in soils.


title: Soil conservation

text: Degraded soil requires synthetic fertilizer to produce high yields. Lacking structure increases erosion and carries nitrogen and other pollutants into rivers and streams.


title: Soil conservation

text: To allow plants full realization of their phytonutrient potential, active mineralization of the soil is sometimes undertaken. This can involve adding crushed rock or chemical soil supplements. In either case the purpose is to combat mineral depletion. A broad range of minerals can be used, including common substances such as phosphorus and more exotic substances such as zinc and selenium. Extensive research examines the phase transitions of minerals in soil with aqueous contact.


title: Soil conservation

text: Flooding can bring significant sediments to an alluvial plain. While this effect may not be desirable if floods endanger life or if the sediment originates from productive land, this process of addition to a floodplain is a natural process that can rejuvenate soil chemistry through mineralization.


title: Nazar (TV series)

text: Nazar () is an Indian supernatural and thriller series produced by 4 Lions Films and directed by Atif Khan, which airs on StarPlus and streams digitally on Disney+ Hotstar.


title: Nazar (TV series)

text: Season 1 of the franchise aired from 30 July 2018 to 18 February 2020. It starred Monalisa, Harsh Rajput and Niyati Fatnani and performed well in TRP charts apart from gaining popularity.


title: Nazar (TV series)

text: Season 2 of the franchise, which replaced Season 1, premiered on 19 February 2020 and starred Monalisa and Shruti Sharma. Despite having good ratings, the second season of "Nazar" went off-air due to the pandemic situation of COVID-19 and its high production demand.


title: Nazar (TV series)

text: A Telefilm Of Nazar premiered on Star Plus on 10 October 2021 under the name "Ankahee Dastaan - Nazar".


title: Nazar (TV series)

text: The story begins from the year 2000 where Mohana Rathod, a 251-year-old daayan, sustains her parasitic existence by draining the life-force from her victims. Living on a tree in a village, she enchants businessman Mridul Rathod and marries him.They have children, Ansh and Kajal. As Mohana helps her husband amass great wealth through black magic, she gradually drains his vitality, that eventually leads to his premature death. Mridul Rathod's sister-in-law Vedashree Rathod gets worried and seeks help from her friend Divya Sharma, who is a psychic wizardess and a "reevaavanshi" (member of a clan of monster-hunters) who wards off the evil eye by slashing Mohana's plait, rendering Mohana powerless. Once cornered, Divya seals Mohana in a temple protected by Mantras. Soon after, Divya goes missing.


title: Nazar (TV series)

text: Ansh and Kajal grow up with their cousins, Neha and Rishi in Mumbai. Ansh discovers his superpowers, but is unaware that he is a "daavansh", the hybrid offspring of a daayan/daanav and a human. He can be saved from turning to the dark side only by a girl who has Durga's trishula symbol as her birthmark, and is referred to as "daivik" (divine conduit). Divya's daughter Piya Sharma, has the symbol behind her neck. Away from her parents in a very young age, Piya comes to Mumbai in search of her missing mother. Spark flies between Ansh and Piya. Piya finds her father, Nishant Sharma who happens to be her college professor. Mohana sends a puppet daayan, Ruby, with a fake daivik symbol to marry Ansh, so she can return. Ansh and Vedashree fall under Ruby's control, during which Ruby and Ansh are married. Mohana is released from the seal and regains her powers. Mohana returns to Ansh and he learns about his real mother.


title: Nazar (TV series)

text: Piya's childhood friend and obsessive lover, Naman, attempts to marry her by taking advantage of his unwell mother, and Piya's guardian, a visually-impaired priestess, but Ansh stops the wedding. Fearing Ansh's budding romance with Piya, Mohana sends a message summoning Ruby's father, Bhaisasur, an asura from Paataal Lohk to scare away Piya. Bhaisasur attacks Ansh instead of Piya, much to Mohana's horror. A distressed Piya invokes Devi-Maa for help. She enters into a religious dance and kills Bhaisasur with her trident. Everyone learns that Piya is the real divine being. Nishant realises that Piya is his daughter. Ansh learns about his half-demon self and that Mohana and Vedeshree are sisters who had the same mother but different fathers.


title: Nazar (TV series)

text: Piya's sister, Saavi is hypnotised by Mohana and releases Dilruba, a chudel, to separate Piya and Ansh. Dilruba casts a "raakhchakra", (hex) to capture Piya and Ansh, but Piya saves Ansh and finds herself trapped inside Dilruba's hex. Ansh fools Dilruba due to which her hex breaks, freeing Piya. Mohana agrees to Ansh and Piya's marriage and frees Divya, who is later revealed to be a "Sarpika" (serpent). Connecting the dots, Divya realises Mohana's intentions. Mohana kills Divya but Divya outsmarts Mohana by transferring her serpentine powers to Piya. Ansh and Piya are married.


title: Nazar (TV series)

text: Piya learns Mohana's real motive of wanting to feed on Ansh on the day of blood moon night: to become immortal. The churel Dilruba makes Piya fall into an eternal sleep. With Piya gone, Ansh turns to the dark side and becomes an extremely powerful Daavansh who cares for no one but himself. He Tried to married Dilruba•But Mohana did not accept the marriage and make Piya return•Piya returns with the help of "trinetra-mani", a gem powered by Shiva's third eye and brings Ansh back to his senses. Piya exposes Mohana's intentions to the Rathods, after which Ansh expels Mohana. Later, Piya and Ansh consummate their marriage.


title: Nazar (TV series)

text: dukayan (two−headed witch) who rules the "Swapna-Lohk" (Dream World) unleashes horror and threatens to kill Ansh. The Rathods manage to kill Dola, but she is revived by Mohana. The sisters fool Piya into transferring her serpentine powers to Ansh. Believing that Piya is devoid of powers, the sisters try to burn her alive using "Tharal-agni" a Daayan fuel. Piya invokes Devi-Maa for help and her daivik powers return. Mohana and Dola are turned into stone statues, but are freed by Ruby. A "Sarp" (snake-man) hypnotises Ansh and steals his Sarpika powers. He disguises himself as Ansh and targets Piya's Trinetra-mani gem. Ansh and Piya combine their powers and defeat the Sarp. Mohana feeds on the serpent disguised as Ansh during the muhurta of "the blood moon night and "becomes a "Sarpayan" possessing combined powers.


title: Nazar (TV series)

text: Dola sees Mohana's horoscope, which predicts that Ansh's child will put an end to her. The Rathods celebrate Piya's pregnancy. Ansh learns about Mohana's intentions to kill Piya and their unborn child. Realising the danger he poses, Ansh heavy-heartedly separates from Piya until the baby is born. After six months, Piya gives birth to a baby boy in an abandoned Shiva temple. Mohana tries to kill the child several times, but fails.


title: Nazar (TV series)

text: Piya and Ansh are overwhelmed to see the superpowers of their son, Aditya Rathod. Mohana has still not given up her mission of killing Aditya. She kidnaps him and pushes him off a cliff, but Aditya is saved by Ansh. Aditya smites Mohana dead with a trident. The Rathod family discard her ashes in a river.


title: Nazar (TV series)

text: Vedashree starts becoming evil and more evil becomes fond of heavy jewellery and things that a daayan appreciates. Piya grows suspicious about Vedashree's changed behaviour and finds out that she has become a daayan. Vedashree successfully converts Piya into a daayan, but the daayan's power cannot overpower the divine powers within her. Piya succeeds in convincing Vedashree about the kindness within her. Vedashree removes her daayan plait and throws it into the same river where Mohana's ashes were thrown before. Mohana acquires a mermaid's body and returns for revenge when she reacquires her plait. Mohana tricks Piya into becoming a mermaid so that she can return. However, Mohana is threatened to be taken back to "Kohra-Lohk", the graveyard of all evil powers and realises that only a Daivik can save her. Mohana helps Piya regain her human form under the condition that Piya must help her in return. Shalaka, the queen of Kohra-Lohk poisons the Rathods and upon realising her mistake, she gives the Kohrayan dagger to Ansh which has the power to push a person back to their past life. Ansh stabs his family and himself sending everyone back to the past. Rathods travels two years back in time. Ansh touches Piya's earring and remembers everything. He finds Piya, makes her remember the past and the two reconcile. The Rathod family reach "Pravesh Dwar". They jump through it, and return to the present.


title: Nazar (TV series)

text: The Rathod family return to the present. Naman becomes a better person and trains himself to become a Revavanshi. He marries Sanam who becomes Dilruba. Ansh discovers he has a twin brother, Karan who was thrown in Patal Ketki by Mohana, thinking he is going to die but instead the Patal Ketki runs in his veins instead of blood but is now handicapped but possess magical powers. Karan, manipulated by Mohana, assumes that it was Divya who made his wife, Maansi and their child, Krish into stone statues, comes back to take revenge on Divya's family. Karan convinces Rathods to help him save his wife and child without revealing that Piya and Adi will turn to stone, while Piya is suspicious about Karan since she knew that Divya can never attack innocent people. Nishant and Ansh learn Karan's motives but they couldn't save Piya and Adi. Karan reveals his magical wings and knocks out Ansh. Maansi and Krish are freed from their stone form but it is revealed that Maansi is a daayan and a puppet of Mohana; Mohana had sent Maansi to obtain Karan's magical wings. Ansh and Karan team up and attack Mohana and Maansi. Karan makes a tough decision to turn Maansi, Krish and himself into stone in order to save Piya and Adi, leaving Ansh heartbroken, but before leaving, Karan transfers his magical wings to Ansh.


title: Nazar (TV series)

text: The family celebrates Adi's first birthday. Mohana turns Vedashree into her puppet, to get her things done. Vedashree tries to tarnish Piya's image in front of Rathods, especially Ansh. Piya accidentally throws Vedashree off the terrace, who gets hospitalised while Mohana transfers Vedashree's life into a "Praan-Pyala" and threatens Piya to leave the Rathods forever by breaking Ansh's heart. Piya acts cold towards Ansh and leaves the House without Adi. Nishant and Saavi follow Mohana and find that the Praan-Pyala is hidden in a daayan-island floating in the sky. Mohana demands Piya to leave the city; she agrees on the condition that she needs her son along with her. Mohana agrees and helps her to get Adi but intentionally leaves Piya's earring in Ansh's room to mislead him. An enraged Ansh goes to Nishant's office to get Adi back, however he learns that Piya is innocent. Ansh and Piya reach the Daayan island but Mohana flees from the place with Vedashree's Praan pyala. Piya gives a part of her life to Vedashree to save her, but starts to lose her strength. Nishant brings his sister-Trishila, a Revavanshi, who has the power to give life to the dead. Trishila promises the family to save Piya, and succeeds, while Ansh is suspicious about Trishila's intentions. Ansh finds out that Trishila is here for some other purpose and eventually finds out that she has come back to bring Piya's mother, Divya back to life so that Divya can forever put an end to evil powers.


title: Nazar (TV series)

text: Divya creates a sword named Pralay-Talvar. Divya and Mohana hear a disembodied voice which reveals that once the Pralay-Talvar is released, the Pralay-Yuddh / war between divine powers representing Divya and Evil powers representing Mohana will begin. The one whose blood flows first will be defeated and the entire clan of theirs will get destroyed. Rathods learn about the war and tries to stop it. Ansh and Piya tries to destroy the sword but in vain. Divya, sacrifices her life by stabbing herself with the Sword to save a poisoned Ansh and to kick start the war. The Pralay-Yuddh starts with all the supernatural evil entities at one side and all the Revavanshis, Rathods and Ansh on the other side. To value her mother's sacrifice, Piya transforms into the MahaKali Avtaar and destroys the evil forces and vows to destroy the world. Mohana flees, while all other evil entities gets burned to death. After Piya comes to her senses, she regrets not supporting Divya and realises that Divya was right and her actions were for the benefit of the coming generation. Piya burns Divya's pyre and she and Ansh sacrifice their powers to stay away from evil and live a normal life. They diminish Adi's powers. However, Piya is still able to use her powers and harms Adi by mistake, angering Ansh and believes that Piya did not sacrifice her powers purposefully. Piya gets tired of justifying herself and Ansh's accusations and leaves the house. Piya realizes that she is pregnant again, and that her powers are those of her unborn child. Piya goes to confess to Ansh, but he doesn't give Piya a chance to speak. Later a heartbroken Piya returns to her home to stay with Guru Maa.


title: Nazar (TV series)

text: Ansh and Piya live separately with Adi (Diaan Talaviya) and Pari (Kisha Arora), the latter possesses daayan powers. Mohana conjures a monster called "Bhasmika" (Sana Amin Sheikh) who has the powers of all the evil entities. Mohana names the monster Urvashi, who enters the Rathod household to marry Ansh. Adi sees through the true form of Urvashi but is bullied anyway.


title: Nazar (TV series)

text: Piya brings Pari to Mumbai for her studies. Adi and Pari become friends at school. Once they realise they are siblings, both try to make their parents reconcile. Urvashi constantly attempts to kill Adi as he is a major hindrance between her and Ansh. During the Ganesh Chaturthi celebrations, Urvashi, in an attempt to kidnap Adi, kidnaps Pari by mistake. Piya returns to the Rathod household after six years and demands the release of her daughter. The Rathod family learns that Pari is Piya and Ansh's daughter. The Rathods capture Mohana in the same temple at Bandap. Adi reveals Urvashi's true form and gets kidnapped with Pari on an island. Ansh and Piya regain their powers and with the help of their children they defeat Urvashi and return to the Rathod house.


title: Nazar (TV series)

text: The Rathod family wants Ansh and Piya to reunite, but Piya is reluctant due to Ansh's mistrust, her six-year separation from Adi, and being abandoned during her pregnancy. Meanwhile, the ghost of Bhasmika rises from the ashes and possesses Piya to get intimate with Ansh. Ansh realises this and stabs her with the daivik dagger. Bhasmika successfully gets her deeds done, creates a pearl and leaves while Piya's soul ascends to "Namah Lohk". Shiva and Narayan invite her to ascend to heaven but her soul is reluctant. Ansh sacrifices himself, reaches "Namah Lok" where his love is tested by the Gods, and retrieves Piya's soul. Ansh and Piya reunite and the family celebrates with the occasion of Pari and Vedashree's birthday which fall on the same day.


title: Nazar (TV series)

text: Mohana returns to her daayan form after sucking all the life force out of Bhasmika and acquires Bhasmika's powers. Nishant, Naman, and Saavi realise the pearl has grown into an egg. When Nishant and Saavi went to Pari and Vedishri's birthday party, Naman looks after the egg. Then Naman flashed the light on the egg and then the egg flys away. Naman jumps up to catch it but burns his hands and becomes deaf. Pari falls under Mohana's spell and helps her come out of captivity using the evil powers of the egg. Mohana whisks the egg off to its right place to hatch. Out of the egg comes the first "Ekayaan" of the world, known as Prathmayan/Prathima (Salina Prakash), who is the birth mother of Vedashree, Mohana and Dola. She is the source of all evil entities in the world. Her primary goal is to turn her younger daughter Vedashree into an "Ekaayan" instead of her elder daughter Mohana, as the latter's shrewd and extremely cunning nature pose a danger for her. To achieve her motive, she wants to defeat the "good" represented by "Goddess Durga" with the "evil" at "Dussehra". Pratima, Mohana and Pari start forming an evil army of human beings with the help of "Prathmayan mantra", Naman, too, comes under Prathmayan's spell. Nishant prepares a potion that prevents them from falling under the spell of the "prathmayan mantra". Naman and Pari break out of the spell and join their family to fight Prathmayan. Piya uses divine energy to invoke Goddess Durga's blessings and powers to kill Prathmayan using a "Rama Setu arrow" which they created with the help of information written in Divya's diary.


title: Nazar (TV series)

text: After Prathmayan's departure, Piya is unable to fix her daivik dagger. She immerses it in water where the dagger is refixed by another "Daivik" Dev (Stavan Shinde). Dev reaches the Rathod House during the anniversary celebrations of Ansh and Piya disguised as Ruchi (Piya's cousin)'s fiancé. Dev wants to win Piya at any cost and he implants a "Daivik raksha dravya" on Piya's body to prohibit intimacy between Ansh and Piya. On the day of Karva Chauth Dev attacks Ansh and leaves him for dead. He hypnotises all the family members to allow him to marry Piya in order to save Ansh. Mohana saves Ansh and helps him to save Piya. Dev eventually abducts Piya and forcefully ties his "Kalasutra" around her neck to enslave her. Piya outsmarts him and turns him into an ice statue. Ansh and Piya return home safely with their children on Diwali. Mohana get an opportunity to re-enter the "Rathod's" house as a return of her favours for helping Ansh and saving Piya.


title: Nazar (TV series)

text: During the Diwali celebrations, Chaitali goes to the new neighbour's house to greet them. She learns that the new neighbour is in fact Vedashree's twin sister and a daayan, Kalashree (Ritu Chaudhary). Her motive is to unite with Vedashree to become a daayanjod, or a "mahadaayan". Mohana constantly tries to warn the Rathods regarding the presence of a daayan in the neighbourhood, but her warnings are dismissed and she is imprisoned in a patal ketki dome. As Vedashree refuses to agree to Kalashree's demands, the latter targets the Rathod family and locks them into a daayan mirror. Everyone but expect Adi and Pari are locked inside the daayan mirror and Vedashree learns of her twin sister's actions. With the help of Daayan gem obtained from Mohana Adi Pari and Nishant brings the family back from the mirror. Vedashree, who had agreed to Kalashree's demands in her helplessness turns into ash. Mohana cautions the Rathod family about the dangers of the ash and demands that they dispose of it. The Rathods disagree in the hopes of bringing back Vedashree to life. Meanwhile, Naman becomes a chudail and faces much trouble to continue as a "Reevavanshi". Saavi gives him the task to capture a "evil" power in order to continue being a "Reevavanshi". Dilruba misreads the Naman and believes that Naman is in love with Saavi.


title: Nazar (TV series)

text: Nishant discovers that Kalashree needs Prathmaayan's vow to become a "mahadaayan", which is sent to her through the latter's hair. Piya, with the help of Mohana stops "mahadaayan" from being born. Mohana helps the Rathods in reviving Vedashree. In return, Mohana demands the Rathods support her in her alliance with Angad (Malhar Pandya) whom she fell in love with, unaware of his true identity. Angad is a Singha (a creature who is the sworn enemy of supernatural entities). Mohana loves Angad deeply and becomes a good person. Ansh on learning Angad's intentions, kills him on the day of her wedding to protect Mohana and his family. Mohana is traumatized after Angad's loss which makes her return to the dark side and swears to take revenge on Ansh.


title: Nazar (TV series)

text: Mohana forgets all that she had promised herself when she had been in love, as her heart fills with hatred and turns vengeful. Ansh submits himself in front of Mohana so that his family is protected from Mohana's vengeance. Nevertheless, Mohana outsmarts him and transfers Pari's life force into a "Praan-Pyaala". Ansh and Piya manage to save Pari through the help of Dilruba who sacrifices herself after giving birth to Dafli (Naman and Dilruba's daughter). However, Mohana had already mixed her blood into Pari's "Praan-Pyaala" which allows her to live inside Pari.


title: Nazar (TV series)

text: Mohana executes her revenge in the Rathod house and manages to hurt Vedashree and frame Piya. Piya gets arrested by a CBI officer named Abhay. On the other side, Naman is amazed to discover the supernatural powers of his newborn daughter. Ansh saves Piya from jail and holds a Christmas party in house and tells Abhay the truth. Barkha (Mohana's lookalike) enters and shocks everyone. Nishant learns that Mohana wants to drink a potion "2 Chaand raat Ras", which is available only during a night with two moons. The Rathods and Reewawanshis trusts Barkha and set a trap for Mohana but the latter kills Abhay and Barkha in the process and escapes with the potion. Mohana tricks Ansh into drinking the potion which makes Ansh, the King of Evil Powers, who becomes evil than ever before. Piya's long lost brother, Ayush (also known as Adrishi) appears. With the help of Adrishi, Piya successfully brings Ansh back to his senses, however the potion enters into Ayush, making him evil. Mohana and Ayush team up to put an end to Rathods. They plan to send Rathods to the moon, but Ayush returns to his senses and realises Mohana's intentions. Ayush forcefully takes Mohana to the moon with him. Mohana escapes from Ayush but loses her mental stability. Piya turns into a Visharika(daayan with plant powers) . The Rathods take advantage of her loss of powers to cure Piya, but Mohana regains her powers and learns about a future of her death by the hands of Ansh. She tricks Piya into promising to help kill her murderer, who is Ansh, in exchange to leave their lives forever.


title: Nazar (TV series)

text: In the end she finally reveals that it was Ansh who would be her murderer. Ansh jumps into lava created by Mohana to save Piya from Mohana's trap but she follows him. Just as Mohana is crowned queen of the witches, Ansh and Piya rise from the dead, and Ansh kills Mohana for good. Finally all members of the family reunite happily.


title: Nazar (TV series)

text: Palak, a kind woman with a hole in her heart, is forced to marry Apurv, a man whose mental unstable and has a mental age of 5 in exchange for money which she needs to pay for her sister, Naina's hospital fees. They soon fall in love. Madhulika, Apurv's sister is a witch. She plans to sacrifice Apurv on the Purnima night in order to become an Ekayan. She kills everyone who finds out the truth about her. So far, she has stopped Apurv from her getting married, but because Palak is a daivik, her attempts are futile losing her powers in the process. After failing many times, Madhu sends Girgit Behrupi to kill Palak. Palak manages to defeat Behrupi after realizing her daivik powers. The Story ends with an cliffhanger


title: Nazar (TV series)

text: This series was originally planned for 100 episodes, but the positive response to the series extended its run. In August 2019, the storyline of the series took a leap of six years.


title: Nazar (TV series)

text: In the first week of February 2020, producer Gul Khan confirmed the end of season 1 and production of season 2 of the series. On 14 February 2020, the teaser of season 2 was released featuring Mona Lisa. Later, the promo featuring Mona Lisa and Sheezan Mohammad was released.


title: Nazar (TV series)

text: Due to COVID-19 outbreak, on 19 March 2020 the shootings were stalled until 31 March 2020 before lockdown was announced. However, on 25 March 2020 lockdown was announced for 21 days then was extended till 3 May and again extended and the shootings could not resume after it. On 20 March 2020, the series was halted airing and was supposed to return after lockdown. But, as the lockdown was extended longer than expected and shootings were stalled indefinitely. In May 2020 the series' cancellation was confirmed. It was due to the high budget of the series causing losses. On 10 October 2021, The series came back as a telefilm with a new plot and twists under the title "Ankahee Daastaan-Nazar" which was telecasted on 10 October 2021.


title: Nazar (TV series)

text: India Today stated, "Although there is no dearth of chudails, dayans and shaitans in Indian TV, Gul's dayan stands apart. The character is loud and over the top, but is well-written and has a fascinating back story. Mona Lisa as Mohona is impressive, and the show is able to hold the interest of the viewer despite being a daily."


title: Nazar (TV series)

text: After its premiere, it received negative criticism from The Times of India which stated, "Right from the beginning to the end, the show fails to hold you as it is highly dramatic, and the background music adds to the woes. The railway station, the forest and the havelis are typical elements used in a supernatural thriller. They bring no novelty. The plot is incoherent as the background of the characters is not explained well. The show is painfully slow, the story is patchy and so are the scenes. Dialogues are retro and filmy. The list can go on. Monalisa and Harsh Rajput disappoint as actors. They play their parts with zero efficiency. The supporting cast is again average at its best."


title: Nazar (TV series)

text: However, speaking about the success of the series, The Times of India stated, "The majority of the scenes are shot using chroma and the makers add special effects that add to the quality of the episodes. The makers have made a make-believe world with Mohana's story and it's quite an enchanting and exciting one just like your dadima's childhood 'evil vs good' stories".


title: Nazar (TV series)

text: Nazar's soundtrack is written by Divy Nidhi Sharma and composed by Sanjeev Srivastava. Tapas Relia composed the background score for the show. "Saajna", the theme song of the first season was performed by Bhaven Dhanak and Pamela Jain. "Janiya" was also sung by Bhaven Dhanak and Pamela Jain, and was used for the second season.


title: Nazar (TV series)

text: In 2019, Nazar and "Divya Drishti" had a collaboration where Antara Biswas (Mohana) entered "Divya Drishti" and partnered with Sangita Ghosh (Pishachini).


title: Dordogne

text: Dordogne ( , ; ; ) is a large rural department in Southwestern France, with its prefecture in Périgueux. Located in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region roughly half-way between the Loire Valley and the Pyrenees, it is named after the river Dordogne, which runs through it. It corresponds roughly to the ancient county of Périgord. In January 2019, Dordogne had a population of 413,223.


title: Dordogne

text: The county of Périgord dates back to when the area was inhabited by the Gauls. It was originally home to four tribes. The name for "four tribes" in the Gaulish language was "Petrocore". The area eventually became known as the county of Le Périgord and its inhabitants became known as the Périgordins (or Périgourdins). There are four Périgords in the Dordogne.


title: Dordogne

text: The Petrocores took part in the resistance against Rome. Concentrated in a few major sites are the vestiges of the Gallo-Roman period-–the gigantic ruined tower and arenas in Périgueux (formerly Vesone), the Périgord museum's archaeological collections, villa remains in Montcaret, and the Roman tower of La Rigale Castle in Villetoureix. The earliest cluzeaux (artificial caves either above or below ground) can be found throughout the Dordogne. These subterranean refuges and lookout huts were large enough to shelter entire local populations. According to Julius Caesar, the Gauls took refuge in these caves during the resistance.


title: Dordogne

text: After Guienne province was transferred to the English Crown under the Plantagenets following the remarriage of Eleanor of Aquitaine in 1152, Périgord passed by right to English suzerainty. Being situated at the boundaries of influence of the monarchies of France and England, it oscillated between the two dynasties for more than three hundred years of struggle until the end of the Hundred Years' War in 1453. The county had been torn apart and, as a consequence, that modeled its physiognomy.