title: Rudolf Virchow

text: His very innovative work may be viewed as between that of Giovanni Battista Morgagni, whose work Virchow studied, and that of Paul Ehrlich, who studied at the Charité while Virchow was developing microscopic pathology there. One of Virchow's major contributions to German medical education was to encourage the use of microscopes by medical students, and he was known for constantly urging his students to "think microscopically". He was the first to establish a link between infectious diseases between humans and animals, for which he coined the term "zoonoses". He also introduced scientific terms such as "chromatin", "agenesis", "parenchyma", "osteoid", "amyloid degeneration", and "spina bifida". His concepts on pathology directly opposed humourism, an ancient medical dogma that diseases were due to imbalanced body fluids, hypothetically called humours, that still pervaded.


title: Rudolf Virchow

text: Virchow was a great influence on Swedish pathologist Axel Key, who worked as his assistant during Key's doctoral studies in Berlin.


title: Rudolf Virchow

text: Virchow worked out the life cycle of a roundworm "Trichinella spiralis". Virchow noticed a mass of circular white flecks in the muscle of dog and human cadavers, similar to those described by Richard Owen in 1835. He confirmed by microscopic observation that the white particles were indeed the larvae of roundworms, curled up in the muscle tissue. Rudolph Leukart found that these tiny worms could develop into adult roundworms in the intestine of a dog. He correctly asserted that these worms could also cause human helminthiasis. Virchow further demonstrated that if the infected meat is first heated to 137 °F for 10 minutes, the worms could not infect dogs or humans. He established that human roundworm infection occurs via contaminated pork. This directly led to the establishment of meat inspection, which was first adopted in Berlin.


title: Rudolf Virchow

text: Virchow was the first to develop a systematic method of autopsy, based on his knowledge of cellular pathology. The modern autopsy still constitutes his techniques. His first significant autopsy was on a 50-year-old woman in 1845. He found an unusual number of white blood cells, and gave a detailed description in 1847 and named the condition as "leukämie". One on his autopsies in 1857 was the first description of vertebral disc rupture. His autopsy on a baby in 1856 was the first description of congenital pulmonary lymphangiectasia (the name given by K. M. Laurence a century later), a rare and fatal disease of the lung. From his experience of post-mortem examinations of cadavers, he published his method in a small book in 1876. His book was the first to describe the techniques of autopsy specifically to examine abnormalities in organs, and retain important tissues for further examination and demonstration. Unlike any other earlier practitioner, he practiced complete surgery of all body parts with body organs dissected one by one. This has become the standard method.


title: Rudolf Virchow

text: Virchow discovered the clinical syndrome which he called ochronosis, a metabolic disorder in which a patient accumulates homogentisic acid in connective tissues and which can be identified by discolouration seen under the microscope. He found the unusual symptom in an autopsy of the corpse of a 67-year-old man on 8 May 1884. This was the first time this abnormal disease affecting cartilage and connective tissue was observed and characterised. His description and coining of the name appeared in the October 1866 issue of "Virchows Archiv".


title: Rudolf Virchow

text: Virchow was the first to analyse hair in criminal investigation, and made the first forensic report on it in 1861. He was called as an expert witness in a murder case, and he used hair samples collected from the victim. He became the first to recognise the limitation of hair as evidence. He found that hairs can be different in an individual, that individual hair has characteristic features, and that hairs from different individuals can be strikingly similar. He concluded that evidence based on hair analysis is inconclusive. His testimony runs:


title: Rudolf Virchow

text: Virchow developed an interest in anthropology in 1865, when he discovered pile dwellings in northern Germany. In 1869, he co-founded the German Anthropological Association. In 1870 he founded the Berlin Society for Anthropology, Ethnology, and Prehistory ("Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte") which was very influential in coordinating and intensifying German archaeological research. Until his death, Virchow was several times (at least fifteen times) its president, often taking turns with his former student Adolf Bastian. As president, Virchow frequently contributed to and co-edited the society's main journal "Zeitschrift für Ethnologie" ("Journal of Ethnology"), which Adolf Bastian, together with another student of Virchow, Robert Hartman, had founded in 1869.


title: Rudolf Virchow

text: In 1870, he led a major excavation of the hill forts in Pomerania. He also excavated wall mounds in Wöllstein in 1875 with Robert Koch, whose paper he edited on the subject. For his contributions in German archaeology, the Rudolf Virchow lecture is held annually in his honour. He made field trips to Asia Minor, the Caucasus, Egypt, Nubia, and other places, sometimes in the company of Heinrich Schliemann. His 1879 journey to the site of Troy is described in "Beiträge zur Landeskunde in Troas" ("Contributions to the knowledge of the landscape in Troy", 1879) and "Alttrojanische Gräber und Schädel" ("Old Trojan graves and skulls", 1882).


title: Rudolf Virchow

text: Virchow was an opponent of Darwin's theory of evolution, and particularly skeptical of the emergent thesis of human evolution. He did not reject evolutionary theory as a whole, and viewed the theory of natural selection as "an immeasurable advance" but that still has no "actual proof." On 22 September 1877, he delivered a public address entitled ""The Freedom of Science in the Modern State"" before the Congress of German Naturalists and Physicians in Munich. There he spoke against the teaching of the theory of evolution in schools, arguing that it was as yet an unproven hypothesis that lacked empirical foundations and that, therefore, its teaching would negatively affect scientific studies. Ernst Haeckel, who had been Virchow's student, later reported that his former professor said that "it is quite certain that man did not descend from the apes...not caring in the least that now almost all experts of good judgment hold the opposite conviction."


title: Rudolf Virchow

text: Virchow became one of the leading opponents on the debate over the authenticity of Neanderthal, discovered in 1856, as distinct species and ancestral to modern humans. He himself examined the original fossil in 1872, and presented his observations before the Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte. He stated that the Neanderthal had not been a primitive form of human, but an abnormal human being, who, judging by the shape of his skull, had been injured and deformed, and considering the unusual shape of his bones, had been arthritic, rickety, and feeble. With such an authority, the fossil was rejected as new species. With this reasoning, Virchow "judged Darwin an ignoramus and Haeckel a fool and was loud and frequent in the publication of these judgments," and declared that "it is quite certain that man did not descend from the apes." The Neanderthals were later accepted as distinct species of humans, "Homo neanderthalensis".


title: Rudolf Virchow

text: On 22 September 1877, at the Fiftieth Conference of the German Association of Naturalists and Physician held in Munich, Haeckel pleaded for introducing evolution in the public school curricula, and tried to dissociate Darwinism from social Darwinism. His campaign was because of Herman Müller, a school teacher who was banned because of his teaching a year earlier on the inanimate origin of life from carbon. This resulted in prolonged public debate with Virchow. A few days later Virchow responded that Darwinism was only a hypothesis, and morally dangerous to students. This severe criticism of Darwinism was immediately taken up by the London "Times", from which further debates erupted among English scholars. Haeckel wrote his arguments in the October issue of "Nature" titled "The Present Position of Evolution Theory", to which Virchow responded in the next issue with an article "The Liberty of Science in the Modern State". Virchow stated that teaching of evolution was "contrary to the conscience of the natural scientists, who reckons only with facts." The debate led Haeckel to write a full book "Freedom in Science and Teaching" in 1879. That year the issue was discussed in the Prussian House of Representatives and the verdict was in favour of Virchow. In 1882 the Prussian education policy officially excluded natural history in schools.


title: Rudolf Virchow

text: Years later, the noted German physician Carl Ludwig Schleich would recall a conversation he held with Virchow, who was a close friend of his: "...On to the subject of Darwinism. 'I don't believe in all this,' Virchow told me. 'if I lie on my sofa and blow the possibilities away from me, as another man may blow the smoke of his cigar, I can, of course, sympathize with such dreams. But they don't stand the test of knowledge. Haeckel is a fool. That will be apparent one day. As far as that goes, if anything like transmutation did occur it could only happen in the course of pathological degeneration!'"


title: Rudolf Virchow

text: Virchow's anti-evolutionism, like that of Albert von Kölliker and Thomas Brown, did not come from religion, since he was not a believer.


title: Rudolf Virchow

text: Virchow believed that Haeckel's monist propagation of social Darwinism was in its nature politically dangerous and anti-democratic, and he also criticized it because he saw it as related to the emergent nationalist movement in Germany, ideas about cultural superiority, and militarism. In 1885, he launched a study of craniometry, which gave results contradictory to contemporary scientific racist theories on the "Aryan race", leading him to denounce the "Nordic mysticism" at the 1885 Anthropology Congress in Karlsruhe. Josef Kollmann, a collaborator of Virchow, stated at the same congress that the people of Europe, be they German, Italian, English or French, belonged to a "mixture of various races", further declaring that the "results of craniology" led to a "struggle against any theory concerning the superiority of this or that European race" over others. He analysed the hair, skin, and eye colour of 6,758,827 schoolchildren to identify the Jews and Aryans. His findings, published in 1886 and concluding that there could be neither a Jewish nor a German race, were regarded as a blow to anti-Semitism and the existence of an "Aryan race".


title: Rudolf Virchow

text: Virchow did not believe in the germ theory of diseases, as advocated by Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch. He proposed that diseases came from abnormal activities inside the cells, not from outside pathogens. He believed that epidemics were social in origin, and the way to combat epidemics was political, not medical. He regarded germ theory as a hindrance to prevention and cure. He considered social factors such as poverty major causes of disease. He even attacked Koch's and Ignaz Semmelweis' policy of handwashing as an antiseptic practice, who said of him: "Explorers of nature recognize no bugbears other than individuals who speculate." He postulated that germs were only using infected organs as habitats, but were not the cause, and stated, "If I could live my life over again, I would devote it to proving that germs seek their natural habitat: diseased tissue, rather than being the cause of diseased tissue".


title: Rudolf Virchow

text: More than a laboratory physician, Virchow was an impassioned advocate for social and political reform. His ideology involved social inequality as the cause of diseases that requires political actions, stating:


title: Rudolf Virchow

text: Medicine is a social science, and politics is nothing else but medicine on a large scale. Medicine, as a social science, as the science of human beings, has the obligation to point out problems and to attempt their theoretical solution: the politician, the practical anthropologist, must find the means for their actual solution... Science for its own sake usually means nothing more than science for the sake of the people who happen to be pursuing it. Knowledge which is unable to support action is not genuine – and how unsure is activity without understanding... If medicine is to fulfill her great task, then she must enter the political and social life... The physicians are the natural attorneys of the poor, and the social problems should largely be solved by them.


title: Rudolf Virchow

text: Virchow actively worked for social change to fight poverty and diseases. His methods involved pathological observations and statistical analyses. He called this new field of social medicine a "social science". His most important influences could be noted in Latin America, where his disciples introduced his social medicine. For example, his student Max Westenhöfer became Director of Pathology at the medical school of the University of Chile, becoming the most influential advocate. One of Westenhöfer's students, Salvador Allende, through social and political activities based on Virchow's doctrine, became the 29th President of Chile (1970–1973).


title: Rudolf Virchow

text: Virchow made himself known as a pronounced pro-democracy progressive in the year of revolutions in Germany (1848). His political views are evident in his "Report on the Typhus Outbreak of Upper Silesia", where he states that the outbreak could not be solved by treating individual patients with drugs or with minor changes in food, housing, or clothing laws, but only through radical action to promote the advancement of an entire population, which could be achieved only by "full and unlimited democracy" and "education, freedom and prosperity".


title: Rudolf Virchow

text: These radical statements and his minor part in the revolution caused the government to remove him from his position in 1849, although within a year he was reinstated as prosector "on probation". Prosector was a secondary position in the hospital. This secondary position in Berlin convinced him to accept the chair of pathological anatomy at the medical school in the provincial town of Würzburg, where he continued his scientific research. Six years later, he had attained fame in scientific and medical circles, and was reinstated at Charité Hospital.


title: Rudolf Virchow

text: In 1859, he became a member of the Municipal Council of Berlin and began his career as a civic reformer. Elected to the Prussian Diet in 1862, he became leader of the Radical or Progressive party; and from 1880 to 1893, he was a member of the Reichstag. He worked to improve healthcare conditions for Berlin citizens, especially by working towards modern water and sewer systems. Virchow is credited as a founder of anthropology and of social medicine, frequently focusing on the fact that disease is never purely biological, but often socially derived or spread.


title: Rudolf Virchow

text: As a co-founder and member of the liberal party "Deutsche Fortschrittspartei", he was a leading political antagonist of Bismarck. He was opposed to Bismarck's excessive military budget, which angered Bismarck sufficiently that he challenged Virchow to a duel in 1865. Virchow declined because he considered dueling an uncivilized way to solve a conflict. Various English-language sources purport a different version of events, the so-called "Sausage Duel". It has Virchow, being the one challenged and therefore entitled to choose the weapons, selecting two pork sausages, one loaded with "Trichinella" larvae, the other safe; Bismarck declined. However, there are no German-language documents confirming this version.


title: Rudolf Virchow

text: Virchow supported Bismarck in an attempt to reduce the political and social influence of the Catholic Church, between 1871 and 1887. He remarked that the movement was acquiring "the character of a great struggle in the interest of humanity". He called it "Kulturkampf" ("culture struggle") during the discussion of Paul Ludwig Falk's May Laws ("Maigesetze"). Virchow was respected in Masonic circles, and according to one source may have been a freemason, though no official record of this has been found.


title: Rudolf Virchow

text: On 24 August 1850 in Berlin, Virchow married Ferdinande Rosalie Mayer (29 February 183221 February 1913), a liberal's daughter. They had three sons and three daughters:


title: Rudolf Virchow

text: Virchow broke his thigh bone on 4 January 1902, jumping off a running streetcar while exiting the electric tramway. Although he anticipated full recovery, the fractured femur never healed, and restricted his physical activity. His health gradually deteriorated and he died of heart failure after eight months, on 5 September 1902, in Berlin. A state funeral was held on 9 September in the Assembly Room of the Magistracy in the Berlin Town Hall, which was decorated with laurels, palms and flowers. He was buried in the Alter St.-Matthäus-Kirchhof in Schöneberg, Berlin. His tomb was shared by his wife on 21 February 1913.


title: Rudolf Virchow

text: Rudolf Virchow was also a collector. Several museums in Berlin emerged from Virchow's collections: the Märkisches Museum, the Museum of Prehistory and Early History, the Ethnological Museum and the Museum of Medical History. In addition, Virchow's collection of anatomical specimens from numerous European and non-European populations, which still exists today, deserves special mention. The collection is owned by the Berlin Society for Anthropology and Prehistory.


title: Rudolf Virchow

text: The collection hit the international headlines in 2020 when the two journalists Markus Grill and David Bruser, in cooperation with the archivist Nils Seethaler, succeeded in identifying four skulls of indigenous Canadians that were thought to be lost and which came into Virchow's possession through the mediation of the Canadian doctor William Osler in the late 19th century.


title: Samantha Cristoforetti

text: Samantha Cristoforetti, OMRI (; born in Milan on 26 April 1977) is an Italian European Space Agency astronaut, former Italian Air Force pilot and engineer. She holds the record for the longest uninterrupted spaceflight by a European astronaut (199 days, 16 hours), and she held the record for the longest single space flight by a woman until this was broken by Peggy Whitson in June 2017, and later by Christina Koch. She is also the first Italian woman in space. She took command of ISS Expedition 68 on September 28 2022.


title: Samantha Cristoforetti

text: In December 2021, "Politico Europe" named her as one of the "dreamers" in its annual list of the 28 most influential people in Europe.


title: Samantha Cristoforetti

text: Cristoforetti was born in Milan in 1977. She spent her childhood in Malè, in Val di Sole, Trentino, Italy. When she was 18, she took an AFS exchange program to the US and attended Space Camp.


title: Samantha Cristoforetti

text: She studied in Bolzano and Trento and graduated from the Technical University of Munich with a degree in Mechanical Engineering. She studied at the École nationale supérieure de l'aéronautique et de l'espace in Toulouse, France, and at the Mendeleev Russian University of Chemistry and Technology in Moscow. She graduated in Aeronautics Sciences (University 'Federico II', Naples) at the Accademia Aeronautica in Pozzuoli, becoming one of the first women to be a lieutenant and fighter pilot in the Italian Air Force. She is the second Space Camp alumnus in orbit.


title: Samantha Cristoforetti

text: As part of her training, she completed the Euro-NATO Joint Jet Pilot training. She has logged over 500 hours and has flown six types of military aircraft: SF-260, T-37, T-38, MB-339A, MB-339CD and AM-X.


title: Samantha Cristoforetti

text: Cristoforetti was officially selected as an astronaut in 2009 by the European Space Agency, from a population of 8000 applicants.


title: Samantha Cristoforetti

text: On 3 July 2012, the European Space Agency announced that Cristoforetti was set for a long-duration mission to the ISS in 2014.


title: Samantha Cristoforetti

text: On 23 November 2014, Soyuz TMA-15M, carrying Cristoforetti and two other astronauts launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. It successfully docked at the International Space Station roughly six hours later. Cristoforetti, along with her crew mates, returned safely from the ISS on 11 June 2015. She stayed 199 days in space and so became the holder of the record for the longest single mission for a woman. Previously, the NASA astronaut Sunita Williams held that record with 195 days after her Expedition 33 mission to the ISS. Cristoforetti's record was beaten on 5 June 2017 by Peggy Whitson during Expedition 52 and on 28 December 2019 by Christina Koch during Expedition 60.


title: Samantha Cristoforetti

text: Cristoforetti's first mission to the ISS was called "Futura". During her stay, she performed numerous scientific experiments simulating prolonged stay in space and Lunar and Mars orbit. She was the primary operator during the undocking of the ATV-5. In February 2015, she began the outreach program "Mission X: Train Like an Astronaut", where students 8–12 years old were challenged to get fit during a nine-week program while Cristoforetti trained in space. Other outreach activities included learning how the "Spirulina" algae can be a source of food, while creating photosynthesis in a recycled air environment.


title: Samantha Cristoforetti

text: Cristoforetti was slated for 1, up to possibly 3, space walks, however when part of her personal EVA equipment was lost due to the failed launch


title: Samantha Cristoforetti

text: That equipment for the ISS crew was on board of the failed Orb-3 mission is clear from the manifest of its cargo, which listed: "Total Cargo: 2,215 kg (With packaging: 2,296 kg) of which EVA Equipment: 66 kg."


title: Samantha Cristoforetti

text: Cristoforetti has been photographed with references to the "Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy" on her shirt while her crewmate Anton Shkaplerov had a shirt with the Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe, and Everything (being 42). ISS Expedition Mission 42 blog has a special section called "don't panic".


title: Samantha Cristoforetti

text: In April 2015, the Dragon capsule delivered the ISSpresso, the first zero-G espresso machine which Cristoforetti installed. On 3 May 2015 she brewed the first cup of espresso in space and posted a picture of herself on Twitter, wearing a Starfleet uniform while drinking the espresso, with the comment "'There's coffee in that nebula'... ehm, I mean... in that #Dragon" (referencing Captain Janeway from "", and ).


title: Samantha Cristoforetti

text: A one-month delay after the failure of two Russian rockets extended her stay in space past the European astronaut and female astronaut endurance records.


title: Samantha Cristoforetti

text: Amateur radio woman, participated in the ARISS initiative, Amateur Radio on the International Space Station, establishing numerous contacts with schools, both in 2015 and in 2022, answering students' questions.


title: Samantha Cristoforetti

text: On 16 July 2015, she was awarded the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic by Italian President Mattarella, who said: "She has been followed with affection and love by all Italians." The Order of Merit is the highest ranking honour of the Republic.


title: Samantha Cristoforetti

text: Cristoforetti was assigned to fly to the International Space Station a second time in spring 2022. She is flying on the fourth mission of NASA's Commercial Crew Program, SpaceX Crew-4 on a SpaceX Crew Dragon spacecraft. The mission launched on April 27, 2022, before docking later that day. Cristoforetti's second mission to the ISS is called "Minerva". She was the first person to make a TikTok video on board the International Space Station and some of her onboard videos has been viewed millions of times. On May 13, 2022, she became the first astronaut to operate the rHEALTH ONE, space's most powerful biomedical analyzer to date. She demonstrated loading of tiny drops of biological samples into the device and collection of over 100 million raw data points over several minutes with laser-based sheath-flow analysis. Her successful operation paves the way for big data in space for understanding and treating spaceflight medical conditions including circadian rhythm disturbances, bone loss, ionizing radiation exposure, kidney stones, among other conditions.


title: Samantha Cristoforetti

text: On 21 July 2022, Cristoforetti completed her first spacewalk, which lasted 7 hours and 5 minutes. Along with Oleg Artemyev, the joint ESA-Roscosmos spacewalk was the third spacewalk to set up the European Robotic Arm. Cristoforetti was the first non-Russian to use the Orlan spacesuit since Michael Barratt in June of 2009, and the first European astronaut to do so since Jean-Pierre Haigneré on April 16, 1999.


title: Samantha Cristoforetti

text: Cristoforetti commanded NEEMO mission 23 from 10 to 22 June 2019. This mission tested technologies and objectives for deep space mission and lunar explorations on the seafloor.


title: Samantha Cristoforetti

text: Cristoforetti is married to a French engineer, Lionel Ferra. In November 2016, she gave birth to a girl in Cologne, Germany. In 2021, she gave birth to a boy.


title: Samantha Cristoforetti

text: Cristoforetti appeared in the final of the Eurovision Song Contest 2022, which was held in Turin, in a pre-recorded message from the International Space Station.


title: Nasty C

text: Nsikayesizwe David Junior Ngcobo (born 11 February 1997), known professionally as Nasty C, is a South African rapper, songwriter, and record producer.


title: Nasty C

text: After releasing three mixtapes, one being "Undisputed" and two EPs, Ngcobo released his debut album "Bad Hair" (2016), and "Strings and Bling" (2018) which was associated and supported by his first tour, "The Ivyson Tour".


title: Nasty C

text: He was the youngest recipient of an award at the 2015 South African Hip Hop Awards, namely the Best Freshman Award.


title: Nasty C

text: In March 2020, Nasty C signed a joint venture deal with Def Jam Records, and released his United States official single after joining Def Jam, "There They Go", which gained him global recognition, he then released his third album on 28 August 2020, and his first on the label which is titled "Zulu Man with Some Power" (2020).


title: Nasty C

text: Nsikayesizwe David Junior Ngcobo was born on 11 February 1997 in Diepkloof, a borough of Soweto, Johannesburg. After the passing of his mother who was involved in a fatal car accident while he was 11 months, he relocated to Durban, Kwa-Zulu Natal to be raised by his father, David Maviyo Ngcobo, who is a human resources manager. He has an older brother, Siyabonga Ngcobo, who influenced him to rap as he learnt the basics of producing music from him at the age of nine. Ngcobo attended Strelitzia Secondary School in Lotus Park, Durban where he completed his 12th grade.


title: Nasty C

text: At the age of fourteen, Ngcobo released his debut mixtape "One Kid, a Thousand Coffins" on 14 May 2012. He then released his debut EP "L.A.M.E" (Levitating Above My Enemies) on 4 April 2014. The following year on 10 February, he released his second mixtape "Price City" which produced the successful single "Juice Back" that raised his prominence. "Juice Back" later spawned a Gemini Major-produced remix featuring singer Davido and rapper Cassper Nyovest on 20 November 2015.


title: Nasty C

text: On 11 February 2016, Ngcobo released "Hell Naw" which was later revealed to be the lead single from his upcoming debut album. On 23 September, Ngcobo then released his debut album, "Bad Hair" under Mabala Noise Entertainment. For the album's artwork, he got his fans on Twitter to email him their portraits showing their bad hair periods, he then combined all the portraits in an artistic manner assembling his face. "Bad Hair" reached number-one on the iTunes local charts and was the most streamed album in South Africa within its 24 hours. Ngcobo released a 14-minute film featuring three songs from "Bad Hair" directed by Kyle Lewis. The short-film which included tracks "Don't Do It'", "Good Girls and Snapchat Hoes" and "Phases" featuring Rowlene, was commercially featured in several countries including France, Germany, United Kingdom and United States, which was infrequent for an African video.


title: Nasty C

text: On 2 December 2016, Ngcobo released the extended version for "Bad Hair" named "Bad Hair Extensions". "Bad Hair Extension" featured new four songs including the lead single "Allow" featuring American rapper French Montana. In winning many accolades for both 2016 and 2017, Ngcobo received his biggest nomination which was for the 2017 where he lost to Wizkid. He was also nominated for the 2017 MTV Europe Music Awards. Ngcobo was ranked third on the 2016 . In 2017 he was ranked again on the same event, this time at the fourth place.


title: Nasty C

text: On 16 February, Ngcobo signed a distribution deal with Universal Music Africa in partnership with Universal Music South Africa and a talent booking deal with UMG Live Africa. On 1 June, during his visit to Nigeria, he signed a distribution deal with Universal Music Group Nigeria, before the pre-release of his singles, "Jungle" and "King" featuring American rapper A$AP Ferg, from his second album, "Strings and Bling". In June 2018, during a press release with Premium Times, the general manager of Universal Music Group Nigeria, Ezegozie Eze said ""Strings and Bling" is a testament to skill, craft and passion that he brings to his game every single time, and we are thrilled to bring this excellent body of work to the market". "Strings and Bling" was then released on 6 July 2018 in both digital and physical formats. "TimesLIVE" named "Strings and Bling" one of the best hip hop albums in South Africa, and it was also included in the list of hip hop albums on "Tina" magazine. The album's other singles include "SMA" featuring Rowlene, and the promotional single "Gravy".


title: Nasty C

text: On 20 August 2018, Ngcobo established his own record label, Tall Racks Records. His long-term associated singer Rowlene was the first act to sign under the label, alongside himself. Ngcobo began the Ivyson Tour on 6 October 2018, at the Melrose Arch in Johannesburg. The tour with five consecutive shows (four in South Africa and one in Namibia) was a success with filled up attendance. At the end of 2018 he was ranked in MTV Base: SA's Hottest MCs for the third time in a row, at the third place.


title: Nasty C

text: As for 2019, Ngcobo was named the ambassador of the male grooming company, Axe South Africa. At the 2019 Dstv Mzansi Viewers Choice Awards his single "SMA (Vol. 1)" featuring Rowlene was nominated for Favourite Song Of the Year. On November 24, 2019, he took home two AFRIMA awards includes Best African Rapper/Lyricist and Best African Collaboration. He was also ranked at the top of MTV Base: SA's Hottest MCs for 2019, his fourth time in the row being ranked in that list.


title: Nasty C

text: Ngcobo made the third installment of his concert tour, The Ivyson Tour, which kicked-off on 20 September 2019, in Cape Town, South Africa. On 27 September 2019, he released "God Flow" featuring rapper crownedYung, the lead single of his then-upcoming third studio album, "Zulu Man with Some Power". It was reported that there were international artists who would appear on the album.


title: Nasty C

text: In March 2020, "Billboard" reported that Nasty C signed a joint venture deal with Def Jam Records, with the release of single "There They Go" as his debut under the label.


title: Nasty C

text: In April 2020, Nasty C released the visual EP "Lost Files", with the songs presented in performance clips on YouTube. He explained the EP's concept stating: "They're songs that didn't make it onto certain projects, songs that ended up as just ideas". On 14 May, the EP was uploaded on Apple Music.


title: Nasty C

text: On 20 May 2020, Nasty C made his acting debut with a cameo role in the six-part original young adult series "Blood & Water", playing the role of Zhero. On 28 May 2020, Nasty C signed with Universal Music Group flagship Def Jam Africa. On 5 June, Nasty C teamed up with American rapper T.I. for the protest song "They Don't". Proceeds from the song benefit the non-profit organizations Until Freedom and Solidarity Fund, with lyrics referencing the murder of George Floyd. On 25 June, he released a collaborative mixtape with DJ Whoo Kid, titled "Zulu".


title: Nasty C

text: After several postponements, on 6 August 2020, Nasty C took to his social media and announced that his much anticipated album "Zulu Man with Some Power" would be released within the month of August. He released the track list consisting of 20 songs featuring international and South African artists, including Lil Keed, Ari Lennox, Lil Gotit, T.I, Tellaman and Rowlene. The album was released 28 August 2020. In November 2020, Nasty C won Best Male Rap Act award at African Muzik Magazine Awards 2020 ceremony. In December 2020, he was ranked third in the MTV Base: SA's Hottest MCs list, his fifth time in a row to appear on that list.


title: Nasty C

text: In June 2021, he released a single titled "Best I Ever Had". At the 6th ceremony of All Africa Music Awards, he received three nominations for Songwriter of the Year, Best Male Artist in Southern Africa and Best African Rapper/Lyricist. He was ranked third again in the 2021 MTV Base: SA's Hottest MCs list, his sixth time in a row on that list.


title: Nasty C

text: In May 2022, he embarked on the Ivyson Army Tour, which started on May 7 (Bloemfontein); the tour included 5 dates that ran from May 7 until June 4, 2022.


title: Hurricane Florence

text: Hurricane Florence was a powerful and long-lived Cape Verde hurricane that caused catastrophic damage in the Carolinas in September 2018, primarily as a result of freshwater flooding due to torrential rain. The sixth named storm, third hurricane, and the first major hurricane of the 2018 Atlantic hurricane season, Florence originated from a strong tropical wave that emerged off the west coast of Africa on August 30, 2018. The wave steadily organized, and strengthened into a tropical depression on the next day near Cape Verde. Progressing along a steady west-northwest trajectory, the system gradually strengthened, acquiring tropical storm strength on September 1. An unexpected bout of rapid intensification ensued on September 4–5, culminating with Florence becoming a Category 4 major hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson scale (SSHWS), with estimated maximum sustained winds of 130 mph (215 km/h). Strong wind shear then led to rapid weakening, and Florence weakened to tropical storm strength on September 7. Shifting steering currents led to a westward turn into a more suitable environment; as a result, Florence reintensified to hurricane strength on September 9 and major hurricane status by the following day. Florence reached peak intensity on September 11, with 1-minute winds of 150 mph (240 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of . An unexpected eyewall replacement cycle and decreasing oceanic heat content caused a steady weakening trend; however, the storm grew in size at the same time. Early on September 14, Florence made landfall in the United States just south of Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina as a Category 1 hurricane, and weakened further as it slowly moved inland under the influence of weak steering currents. Florence degenerated into a post-tropical cyclone over West Virginia on September 17 and was absorbed by another frontal storm two days later.


title: Hurricane Florence

text: Early in the storm's history, the system brought squalls to the Cape Verde islands, resulting in minor landslides and flooding; however, overall effects remained negligible. With the threat of a major impact in the Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic United States becoming evident by September 7, the governors of North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, Georgia, and Maryland, and the mayor of Washington, D.C. declared a state of emergency. On September 10 and 11, the states of North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia issued mandatory evacuation orders for some of their coastal communities, predicting that emergency personnel would be unable to reach people there once the storm arrived. Though Florence made landfall as a greatly weakened Category 1 hurricane, winds associated with the tropical cyclone were strong enough to uproot trees and power lines, causing extensive power outages across the Carolinas. Furthermore, due to the slow motion of the storm, heavy rain fell throughout the Carolinas for several days. Coupled with a powerful storm surge, the rainfall caused widespread flooding along a long stretch of the North Carolina coast, from New Bern to Wilmington. Inland flooding from Florence inundated cities such as Fayetteville, Smithfield, Lumberton, Durham, and Chapel Hill. Most major roads and highways in the area experienced flooding, with large stretches of I-40, I-95, and US Route 70 remaining impassable for days after the storm's passage. Wilmington was cut off entirely from the rest of the mainland by the flooding. The storm also spawned tornadoes in several places along its path, including an EF2 tornado that killed one person in Virginia. Many places received record-breaking rainfall, with Florence setting maximum rainfall records from a tropical cyclone in both of the Carolinas. Overall, the storm caused $24.23 billion in damage, mostly in the Carolinas, and 54 deaths.


title: Hurricane Florence

text: On August 28, 2018, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) began monitoring a tropical wave—an elongated trough of low air pressure—over Western Africa for possible tropical cyclogenesis within the subsequent five days. As it progressed westwards under the influence of easterly trade winds, favorable environmental conditions, including ample moisture and low wind shear, enabled further organization of the wave and the development of broad shower and thunderstorm activity. Though the tropical wave lacked a well-defined low-level circulation center, the NHC began issuing advisories on the system as Potential Tropical Cyclone Six later that day as the system was threatening Cape Verde. Easterly trade winds propelled the disturbance along a west to west-northwest trajectory. Toward the end of August 31, the system's convective organization became sufficient for the NHC to upgrade the disturbance to Tropical Depression Six south of Santiago in Cape Verde. While the storm came under the steering influence of a strong subtropical ridge to the north the following day, moderate wind shear temporarily stunted development and displaced convection to the eastern side of the depression. Later, however, pronounced banding features developed around the circulation, prompting the NHC to upgrade the depression to Tropical Storm "Florence" at 0900Z on September 1.


title: Hurricane Florence

text: Development of a small central dense overcast and a mid-level eye feature signified Florence's intensification to hurricane strength early on September 4, roughly west-northwest of Cape Verde. Shortly thereafter, the system unexpectedly rapidly intensified within a small area of low wind shear in an otherwise adverse upper-level environment; the hurricane's core structure, eye, and outer banding improved markedly, catching forecasters off-guard and intensifying beyond model outputs. On September 5, the tropical cyclone reached an initial peak intensity with 1-minute sustained winds of 130 mph (215 km/h) with a central pressure of , making it as a Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson scale. Thereafter, increasing wind shear caused the hurricane to rapidly weaken to tropical storm strength by September 8. A building mid-level ridge halted Florence's northward movement, leading to a westward turn.


title: Hurricane Florence

text: Environmental conditions became increasingly conducive to reorganization on September 8 as NOAA Hurricane Hunters began reconnaissance of the cyclone, with the shear decreasing and warm waters becoming deeper. Convective banding blossomed around the storm and a formative eye appeared on satellite imagery. The storm's central dense overcast became more defined, and a complete eyewall developed within its core. Florence reattained hurricane-status by 12:00 UTC on September 9, with the Hurricane Hunters observing sustained winds at the surface. Fueled by sea surface temperatures of , Florence rapidly reintensified overnight, and Convective bursts with frequent lightning surrounded the eyewall, giving rise to a well-defined wide eye. Expanding outflow ventilated the cyclone, enabling continued growth. The system rapidly re-achieved Category 4 intensity by 16:00 UTC on September 10, and Florence reached peak intensity at 18:00 UTC on September 11, with sustained winds of 150 mph (240 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 937 mbar (hPa; 27.67 inHg). Steady weakening occurred thereafter due to an eyewall replacement cycle and a less favorable environment. At this point, the future track of the hurricane became increasingly uncertain as models predicted a collapse of steering currents.


title: Hurricane Florence

text: Steady weakening continued as the hurricane approached North Carolina, and Florence fell below major hurricane status late on September 12. On the following day, steering currents collapsed, which caused Florence to slow down greatly while moving towards the North Carolina coast. At 11:15 UTC (7:15 a.m. EDT) on September 14, Florence made landfall just south of Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina as a Category 1 hurricane, with sustained winds of 90 mph (150 km/h) and a central pressure of . The hurricane's sluggish movement resulted in widespread, catastrophic rainfall throughout North and South Carolina. After making landfall, the tropical cyclone began to rapidly weaken due to the frictional effects of land, and Florence weakened to a tropical depression on September 16 before transitioning into an extratropical cyclone the following day. Florence's remnant low dissipated over Massachusetts on September 18. However, the remnants of Florence subsequently emerged into the Atlantic, before splitting into two separate storms. The system to the south would eventually become Subtropical Storm Leslie several days later.


title: Hurricane Florence

text: Upon the designation of Potential Tropical Cyclone Six on August 30, the government of Cape Verde issued tropical storm warnings for the islands of Brava, Fogo, and Santiago. Domestic airlines cancelled 20 flights on August 31 and September 1; maritime travel was also suspended for this period. Mariners were advised to remain cautious of large swells around the islands, potentially reaching . Under the threat of damaging waves, the Autoridade Nacional de Proteção Civil evacuated 125 people, primarily elderly, from Furna and Rincão. Eleven military personnel were deployed to Rincão to assist in evacuations and preparations. Tropical storm warnings were discontinued on September 1, as the system progressed westward and no longer posed a threat to the archipelago.


title: Hurricane Florence

text: In anticipation of adverse conditions, Norwegian Cruise Lines and Oceania Cruises adjusted itineraries for "Norwegian Escape", "Norwegian Dawn", and "Sirena" to avoid crossing the hurricane's path and not dock in Bermuda.


title: Hurricane Florence

text: As forecast models indicated an increasing threat to the Southeastern United States, North Carolina Governor Roy Cooper declared a state of emergency on September 7. Transportation rules for farmers were waived to enable faster harvesting. President Donald Trump declared an emergency in North Carolina, granting the state access to federal funds. An overnight curfew was established for Lumberton for the duration of the hurricane. The cost of hurricane preparation in Virginia were at US$10.8 million.


title: Hurricane Florence

text: South Carolina Governor Henry McMaster followed suit on the next day. The South Carolina Emergency Management Division (SCEMD) and Harvest Hope Food Bank began mobilizing resources for potential recovery efforts. The SCEMD raised operation conditions to level 3 on September 9, and began preparations for the "possibility of a large-scale disaster", with forecasts showing Florence striking the state as a major hurricane. Local officials established overnight curfews for the cities of Aynor, Conway, Dillon, Myrtle Beach, and Surfside Beach to limit the number of people on the roads and enable effective emergency responses. The entirety of Horry and Marion counties also fell under curfews.


title: Hurricane Florence

text: On September 8, Virginia Governor Ralph Northam also declared a state of emergency. On September 10, Maryland Governor Larry Hogan declared a state of emergency for the entire state, with the potential of "historic, catastrophic and life-threatening flooding in Maryland". On September 11, Washington, D.C. Mayor Muriel Bowser declared a state of emergency for the entire District of Columbia due to the "imminent threats on the people of D.C., including threats to health, safety and welfare" caused by Florence. On September 12, Georgia Governor Nathan Deal issued a state of emergency for the entire state.


title: Hurricane Florence

text: Mandatory evacuation orders for residents and tourists on Hatteras Island in Dare County began on September 10, with orders expanding to the rest of the county the following day. Evacuations along the rest of the Outer Banks and in Brunswick County went in effect on September 11. On September 10, Governor Henry McMaster ordered evacuations for the entire coastline of South Carolina, constituting roughly 1 million people. On September 10, Virginia Governor Ralph Northam ordered mandatory evacuations for low-lying coastal areas in the Hampton Roads and Eastern Shore regions effective September 11, constituting 245,000 people. The US Navy moved 30 ships stationed off the coast of Virginia farther out to sea, to protect the ships and the coastline.


title: Hurricane Florence

text: In North Carolina, mandatory evacuations were issued on September 11 for Brunswick County, Carteret County, Craven County, Onslow County, Pamlico County, Tyrrell County, North Topsail Beach, Emerald Isle, Ocracoke Island, Atlantic Beach, Indian Beach, Kure Beach, Pine Knoll Shores, and Wrightsville Beach. A mandatory evacuation for visitors and tourists was issued on September 11 for Holden Beach, Oak Island, and Currituck. Voluntary evacuations were issued for Bertie County, Beaufort County, and Surf City. A voluntary evacuation was also issued for New Hanover County on September 10, including Wilmington, NC.


title: Hurricane Florence

text: The University of North Carolina at Wilmington issued a mandatory evacuation effective on September 10. All students were evacuated by noon on September 11. The university collaborated with the University of North Carolina at Asheville to house students who had no options for safe shelter. College football games scheduled at North Carolina State University, East Carolina University, Wake Forest University, Appalachian State University, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and the University of South Carolina were cancelled as a result of the storm. Several universities in North Carolina had announced closings in preparation for the hurricane.


title: Hurricane Florence

text: In South Carolina, in 26 eastern counties, public schools were closed until further notice beginning on September 10. State offices in these counties were also ordered closed, while county-level officials could decide when to close their offices.


title: Hurricane Florence

text: Atlanta Motor Speedway, Bristol Motor Speedway, Charlotte Motor Speedway and Talladega Superspeedway opened their campgrounds to evacuees of Hurricane Florence free of charge. In West Virginia, Governor Jim Justice ordered for construction along northbound Interstate 77 (West Virginia Turnpike) between the Virginia border in Mercer County and Charleston to be suspended in order to improve traffic flow for evacuees. In addition, West Virginia state parks offered reduced rates for rooms, cabins, and campsites until September 18 in order to provide assistance to evacuees.


title: Hurricane Florence

text: Disruptive rainfall and strong winds affected Brava, Fogo, and Santiago in Cape Verde, causing some landslides and localized flooding. Impacts from the storm were otherwise minimal, with no material damage reported.


title: Hurricane Florence

text: In Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina, 27 people required lifeguard rescue between September 8 and 9. On September 13, New Bern, North Carolina, was inundated with storm surge around . Water levels rose in the west side of the Pamlico Sound. Water levels on the Neuse River at Oriental, North Carolina peaked at 9.6 feet above normal. Employees at ABC affiliate WCTI-TV (which serves the surrounding market that includes Greenville and Jacksonville) were forced to evacuate its New Bern studio facility that evening due to the rising waters, with WCTI switching to a simulcast of Sinclair sister station WPDE's live coverage of the storm until station staff could resume their own broadcasts. Reports indicated that around 150 people were in need of rescue in New Bern because of the heavy flooding.


title: Hurricane Florence

text: Florence's flooding in North Carolina and Virginia was compounded by earlier flooding during the summer that left the ground heavily saturated.


title: Hurricane Florence

text: Florence made landfall in Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina on September 14, and by mid-morning rescuers had already evacuated more than 200 people from floodwaters, with about 150 more awaiting rescue. The storm had reportedly cut power to more than 500,000 customers in North and South Carolina by the time of landfall and caused the roof of a hotel in Jacksonville, North Carolina to collapse that morning. On September 14, about 100 civilians, city workers, and National Guard worked to fill sandbags and protect Lumberton, North Carolina from an identified weak spot that caused massive flooding during Hurricane Matthew in 2016.


title: Hurricane Florence

text: Heavy rains continued to affect the Carolinas after landfall. A weather station in Swansboro, North Carolina, recorded of rain, establishing a new record for a tropical cyclone in that state. By September 17, Florence had dropped a maximum total of of rain in Elizabethtown, North Carolina, becoming the wettest tropical cyclone recorded in the state.


title: Hurricane Florence

text: Statewide, approximately 2,200 primary and secondary roads closed due to flooding, including large sections of Interstates 40 and 95.


title: Hurricane Florence

text: Strong winds in New Hanover County toppled numerous trees and power lines, while more than 90% of the county was left without electricity. The storm dropped up to of rain near Kings Grant. By the morning of September 16, Wilmington had recorded more rain from Florence than any other single weather event in the city's history. Additionally, Florence contributed to the wettest year in Wilmington history, with annual rainfall totals eclipsing the previous record set in 1877. The city of Wilmington became entirely isolated, as all roads to the city flooded and were deemed impassable, though one unidentified road was opened briefly on September 17. The majority of residents remained without electricity, as of September 16. The city's airport and port were also closed. Although cell phone service remained operational, excess demand strained networks. More than 450 people required rescue across Wilmington. Woody White, New Hanover County chairman of the board of commissioners, issued a statement advising all travelers to avoid the Wilmington area. There was a report of looting and burglary at a Wilmington area Family Dollar, with the theft of non-essential items such as sports apparel and athletic shoes during the height of the storm. The city-wide curfew issued in advance of the storm was extended because of these incidents.


title: Hurricane Florence

text: The Cape Fear River crested at —about above flood stage—near Fayetteville early on September 19. The magnitude of flooding greatly exceeded the levels observed due to Hurricane Matthew in 2016. The nearby Little River inundated large areas across Cumberland and Harnett counties. Overtopped bridges isolated communities and hampered relief efforts.


title: Hurricane Florence

text: Damage statewide reached an estimated US$17 billion, more than the combined damage of Hurricane Floyd and Hurricane Matthew in the state, according to Governor Roy Cooper. Estimated insurance losses ranged between $2.8–5 billion. Hurricane-related flooding damaged an estimated seventy-five thousand structures, many of which had been previously damaged in Hurricane Matthew.


title: Hurricane Florence

text: Heavy rainfall also occurred in South Carolina, with of precipitation observed near Loris, setting a new state record for rainfall from a tropical cyclone. More than 100 people were rescued from their homes and cars in Loris. The Waccamaw River in Conway crested at on September 26, exceeding the Hurricane Matthew record of . At a neighborhood along South Carolina Highway 905, about of water entered some homes. Farther south along the Waccamaw River, homes in a neighborhood in Socastee were flooded with as much as of water. In western Horry County, the community of Dongola was left isolated for 10 days. The overflowing river flooded almost 1,000 homes and businesses. The storm also spawned two tornadoes in Horry County, both rated EF0. The first tornado touched down just north-northeast of Myrtle Beach, causing minor damage to pine trees near Route 17 before lifting after moving only about half a mile. The other tornado touched down near Longs and also damaged pine trees and a roof.


title: Hurricane Florence

text: Flooding was also reported in Marion County, especially in Brittons Neck and Gresham. A number of people evacuated and were still not able to access their homes by October 1. In Nichols, flooding damaged about 150  homes which had been rebuilt after Hurricane Matthew. Strong winds downed trees and power lines, while at least one home in Nichols suffered roof damage. Approximately 400 homes in Dillon County were flooded. A total of 21  homes in Darlington County received severe flood damage, while another home was destroyed.


title: Hurricane Florence

text: In Chesterfield County, the Pee Dee River crested at at Cheraw. Three nearby dams failed, causing significant flooding in Cheraw and the town of Chesterfield. Many roads became impassable or were washed out. A total of 226 homes were damaged and other 2 were destroyed. A Superfund site was also damaged, causing PCB to enter homes, a toxic substance which required cleanup efforts by the Environmental Protection Agency. In Lancaster County, flash flooding left a number of roads impassable and washed out several other streets. A park was flooded after the Gills Creek overflowed. Winds downed about 20 trees in the Lancaster area, one of which fell onto a home and others falling onto a road. Power lines were downed across Route 521, obstructing all four lanes. Damage statewide were at least $1.2 billion.


title: Hurricane Florence

text: The storm spawned 10 tornadoes in Virginia, including 2 in Chesterfield County, 1 in Hanover County, 1 in Mecklenburg County, 1 in Powhatan County, and 5 in Richmond. Most of these tornadoes caused little damage other than downed trees, tree limbs, or electrical poles. However, the twister in Chesterfield County, rated EF2, damaged several buildings between Winterpock and Bon Air and destroyed a warehouse, causing one death and at least one injury. The tornado in Mecklenburg County, rated EF0, touched down between Boydton and Skipwith. Extensive tree damaged was reported, with several homes and outbuildings damaged by falling trees. Virginia suffered a total of $200 million in damages.


title: Hurricane Florence

text: The state of Georgia experienced lesser amounts of damage, mostly from fallen trees and downed powerlines. Damage in Georgia totaled $30 million.


title: Hurricane Florence

text: Large swells ahead of the hurricane reached Assateague State Park, Maryland, by September 9, prompting the Maryland Department of Natural Resources to close beach access indefinitely.


title: Hurricane Florence

text: Rip currents and rough seas in New Smyrna Beach, Florida, caused 13 rescues; one victim died at a hospital and two others had impact injuries. One man drowned on September 11, at Florida's Playalinda Beach, while trying to rescue a 10-year-old boy caught in a rip current. One child drowned in Green Swamp near Sumter, South Carolina, after water released from the Second Mill Pond flowed into the river.


title: Hurricane Florence

text: Two people in North Carolina died while trying to evacuate: one in Columbus County and Wayne County. In Wilmington, a mother and her baby were killed when a tree landed on their house. In Hampstead, a woman died of a heart attack; downed trees on roads kept first responders from reaching her. A person was electrocuted in Lenoir County while plugging in a generator in the wet conditions. A house fire in Fayetteville killed a husband and wife. Freshwater flooding killed at least eleven people: one in Anson County, eight Duplin County, and two in Scotland County. One man was killed in Kinston by strong winds while checking on his hunting dogs. A three-month-old baby died in Gaston County when a tree crushed a mobile home. In Union County, a woman drove around a barrier into a flooded road and her vehicle was swept away. Rescuers saved the mother, but her one-year-old baby drowned. An 18-wheeler aquaplaned off Interstate 85 near Kings Mountain and crashed into a tree; the vehicle tore in half, killing the driver. Two other accidents each killed one person: an elderly man died of oxygen loss related to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease during a power outage, and a person collapsed and died in Sampson County while helping an evacuee. One person drowned in the swelling Cape Fear River near Cedar Creek after refusing evacuation orders. On September 20, a man in Brunswick County died after being crushed by a tree he was clearing. In late September, two people were killed in North Carolina while repairing damage from Hurricane Florence to their homes, bringing the death toll in the state to 39.


title: Hurricane Florence

text: Three deaths originally attributed to the hurricane were later considered unrelated. One woman died of unknown causes in a shelter, and two people found dead on Harkers Island were deemed victims of a murder-suicide.


title: Hurricane Florence

text: Two people died of carbon monoxide poisoning in Loris, South Carolina. A vehicle with three occupants lost control on a flooded road in Georgetown County; one passenger died, while the driver and other passenger escaped. A woman died when her vehicle crashed into a downed tree near Union. A vehicle lost control along Interstate 20 near Columbia and crashed into a bridge support, killing the driver. Another fatal accident occurred near Columbia when a woman drove into a flooded road and crashed into a tree. On September 18, a van was transporting two mental health patients from Horry County to Darlington; the vehicle was swept away by swift-moving water along U.S. Route 76—the swollen Little Pee Dee River was from this location. The two deputies in the van managed to escape and survived; however, the two women in the back were shackled and drowned. The deputies were put on administrative leave.


title: Hurricane Florence

text: On September 17, ten tornadoes of strengths between EF0 and EF2 touched down in Virginia, resulting in one death in Chesterfield County, Virginia. Another person died when his vehicle was swept away along a flooded road in Louisa.


title: Hurricane Florence

text: A 69-year-old man in Robeson County, North Carolina whose house was damaged apparently committed suicide.


title: Hurricane Florence

text: The large-scale flooding affected swaths of North Carolina's agricultural industry and proved particularly damaging to livestock. Through September 18, the North Carolina Department of Agriculture stated 3.4 million chickens and turkeys and 5,500 hogs died in flooded farms. Dozens of farms remained isolated with animals unable to be fed. Piles of manure stored at these farms were swept into swollen rivers, about a dozen pits holding animal waste were damaged by the flooding and debris.


title: Hurricane Florence

text: In total, more than a hundred and thirty hog waste lagoons were compromised, and thirty-three overflowed to the point of discharging their contents into the Cape Fear River watershed. Media coverage of the hurricane drew comparisons with Hurricane Floyd; Smithfield Foods, which owns many of eastern North Carolina's hog farms, had been criticized at the time for allowing the lagoons to overflow, and had promised improvements to prevent future incidents of pollution.


title: Hurricane Florence

text: On September 16, approximately 5 million gallons of partially treated wastewater spilled into the Cape Fear River after a treatment plant lost power. An estimated 2,000 yd (1,530 m) of coal ash from the closed Sutton Power Station near Wilmington was also swept into the river. Torrential rains from the storm itself, estimated at , also caused a swamp to spill into the cooling pond. On September 19, the H.F. Lee Energy Complex in Goldsboro flooded to the point where their three ponds were completely underwater and began releasing coal ash into the Neuse River.


title: Hurricane Florence

text: During and after the storm made landfall, local rescuers and nationwide donors and organizations worked to aid the many pets that had been left by their owners, or alongside their owners. Others drove to South and North Carolina in order to evacuate animals and bring them outside of the hurricanes impact zone while shelters in other states accepted animals from the states. Many rescuers were looking for local residents in need of assistance or evacuation aid, and discovered some animals in flooding cages, some attempting to seek shelter, and some stranded on porches.


title: Hurricane Florence

text: Zoo animals such as those from the Virginia Zoo were sheltered within indoor and sheltered portions of their enclosures. Other zoos such as the North Carolina Zoo were lightly impacted by the storm and opened on September 18, and offered free admission for evacuees from September 18 to 21.


title: Hurricane Florence

text: On September 19, after the rain had stopped, a majority of evacuees were urged by officials to stay away from their homes as the rivers continued to rise; the potential threat of floods remained high, roads remained closed, and thousands lacked power to their homes. Many individuals whose homes were ruined due to the hurricane were offered aid through Red Cross shelters, rental assistance from FEMA, or utilizing undamaged rental properties until their homes are livable. FEMA utilized Transitional Sheltering Assistance Programs to pay for hotel stays for individuals while they look for more permanent solutions, the programs had 342 households and a total of 1,044 people as of October 3.


title: Hurricane Florence

text: In the aftermath of the storm, over 40,000 workers from across the US and Canada went to the Carolinas to help restore power, according to the Edison Electric Institute.


title: Hurricane Florence

text: The continued flooding closed many major roads for days after the incident. On September 15, NCDOT asked drivers to avoid driving in North Carolina altogether, instructing them to take a detour at Richmond, Virginia using Interstate 64 west to Interstate 81 south into Tennessee to Interstate 40 west to Interstate 75 south into Georgia to Interstate 16 east back to Interstate 95. Parts of I-95 and I-40 in North Carolina reopened ten days later September 23, while hundreds of other roads remained closed. Thousands of dead fish had to be cleaned off of Interstate 40 in Pender County, North Carolina, with other marine life such as a 20-foot-long whale being reported washed onto beaches and residential areas, having to be removed and buried.


title: Hurricane Florence

text: President Donald Trump visited North and South Carolina on September 19, and spoke to emergency workers in an airplane hangar at the Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point. He also promised to provide state officials all support needed for search and rescue operations. Further, he promised to ensure that the states would continue to receive help while they were rebuilding after the storm. South Carolina Governor McMaster applied for $1.2 billion in federal funding for recovery, including $165 million under the National Flood Insurance Program and $125 million for agriculture. On September 23, the United States Congress began to deliberate a $1.7 billion aid package for the Carolinas.


title: Hurricane Florence

text: After two patients at a mental hospital died when the van carrying them was swept away by floods, the State Law Enforcement Division and Highway Patrol opened an investigation into the incident, and the deputies involved, who were escorting the women and were rescued from the top of the van, were placed on administrative leave. Family members of the deceased met with South Carolina elected officials to discuss the incident and the changes that they wish to see put in place to prevent other deaths.


title: Hurricane Florence

text: A number of studies assessing the effect of global climate change on the impact of Hurricane Florence were performed. Projections prior to landfall made the case that the hurricane could be up to 50% larger and 50 miles wider given the effects of anthropogenic warming. However, actual conditions at the time of landfall were less severe, so analyses after the hurricane indicate that warming led to an increase in total rainfall of around 5% and an increase in diameter of around 1.5 miles. When the Associated Press reached out to seventeen meteorologists and climate scientists following the hurricane, the majority agreed that human-caused warming worsened the effects of the storm. However, a few remain hesitant to make such statements regarding individual hurricanes.


title: Hurricane Florence

text: Due to the damage and loss of life in the Carolinas, the name "Florence" was retired from the Atlantic rotating naming lists by the World Meteorological Organization on March 20, 2019 at the 41st session of the RA IV hurricane committee, and will never again be used for an Atlantic hurricane. It will be replaced with "Francine" for the 2024 season.


title: Robert Langdon (franchise)

text: The Robert Langdon franchise consists of American action-adventure mystery-thriller installments, including three theatrical films directed by Ron Howard, and a television series. The films, based on the novel series written by Dan Brown, center on the fictional character of Robert Langdon. Though based on the book series, the films have a different chronological order, consisting of: "The Da Vinci Code" (2006), "Angels & Demons" (2009) and "Inferno" (2016). Despite mixed-to-negative critical reception, the films are considered box office successes, having a combined gross total of $1.5 billion worldwide.


title: Robert Langdon (franchise)

text: The television series, a contemporary-prequel titled "The Lost Symbol" (2021), explores the early years of Langdon's career.


title: Robert Langdon (franchise)

text: Dan Brown's novels about Professor Robert Langdon: "Angels & Demons" (2000), "The Da Vinci Code" (2003) and "Inferno" (2013), quickly became international bestsellers; they were soon adapted into films by Columbia Pictures with Ron Howard directing and producing.


title: Robert Langdon (franchise)

text: Following the worldwide successes of the first two films, Columbia Pictures began development on a film adaptation of "The Lost Symbol". Hanks and Howard were scheduled to return as star and director, with Brian Grazer and John Calley as producers, while a script was collectively co-written by Steven Knight, original author Dan Brown, and Danny Strong. By January 2013, the final draft of the script was near completion, with pre-production expected to start later that year. However, in July Sony Pictures announced they would adapt "Inferno" as the next film instead.


title: Robert Langdon (franchise)

text: In June 2019, the project was announced to be re-conceived as a television series tentatively titled "Langdon". The series serves as a prequel to the film series, with Daniel Cerone serving as creator, showrunner, chief executive producer, and screenwriter. Dan Brown, Ron Howard, Brian Grazer, Francie Calfo, Samie Falvey and Anna Culp will act as additional executive producers. The show will be a co-production between Imagine Television Studios, CBS Television Studios, and Universal Television Studios and was ordered to series on NBC.


title: Robert Langdon (franchise)

text: The plot revolves around a young Robert Langdon, who is hired by the CIA to solve a number of deadly puzzles when his mentor goes missing. By March 2020, Ashley Zukerman had been cast in the lead role. Later that month it was announced that the production had been given a series order and would be moving to Peacock. The show premiered on September 16, 2021, concluded on November 18, 2021, and was officially canceled after one season on January 24, 2022.


title: The Challenge: Rivals III

text: The Challenge: Rivals III is the 28th season of the MTV reality game show, "The Challenge". Being the third in the "Rivals" series, "Rivals III" marks the show's third trilogy (following the "" and "" series), continuing on from the original "" and "". It was filmed in Huatulco, Mexico and Mendoza, Argentina during November and December 2015, with former cast members from MTV's "The Real World", "The Challenge", and "Are You the One?" competing. This season marks the first since to not feature any original cast members from the "" or "" seasons.


title: The Challenge: Rivals III

text: Unlike the previous two installments of the "Rivals" series, which featured same-gender pairs, "Rivals III" saw a change in format, with male/female pairs that had bitter feuds, fights, or strained relationships in previous seasons of "Real World", "The Challenge", and "Are You the One?" (similar to the "" series). Unlike the other "Rivals" seasons, only the winning team from each week's challenge was allowed to decide which team would face the last-place team in the elimination round. The season premiered with a special 90 minutes episode on May 4, 2016, and concluded its run on August 3, 2016, with the Reunion special.


title: The Challenge: Rivals III

text: Lisa Fletcher replaced longtime "Challenge" producer Justin Booth as executive producer this season. Booth had served as the executive producer since .


title: The Challenge: Rivals III

text: Each team participates in numerous challenges (sometimes called "missions"), which are followed by an elimination round — "The Jungle." The winning team of each challenge is safe from elimination, while the last-place finisher is automatically sent to The Jungle. The winning team also earns the right of choosing two teams that will face the last-place finisher in The Jungle. Prior to The Jungle, the two teams nominated by the winning team participate in an elimination draw in which all four participants either draw one of three white skulls or one black skull out of a bag (similar to the "" season). If a participant draws a black skull, his/her team will face the last-place finisher in The Jungle.


title: The Challenge: Rivals III

text: Unlike the original "" and "" seasons, both of which featured same-gender pairs, no money is awarded to a gender-specific first-place finisher after each mission, as this season features male/female pairs. At the end of the season, three teams will compete in the final challenge for a share of a $350,000 prize — the first-place team wins $275,000, second-place wins $50,000 and third-place wins $25,000. However, in episode 13, a twist revealed that one partner has a choice between keeping all the money to themselves, or sharing it with their partner.


title: The Challenge: Rivals III

text: As with the first two "Rivals" seasons, "Rivals III" combines individuals who have had acrimonious or at least strained relations or interactions prior to the season. Unlike the first two "Rivals" seasons, which featured same-gender pairs, this season features "male/female" pairs. The following lists all the teams on "Rivals III" and explains why they've been paired and dubbed as "rivals." Each of the teams' history of animosity and/or open expressions of hostility are detailed as follows:


title: The Challenge: Rivals III

text: Prior to the final challenge, T. J. Lavin announced that not only would each team be competing against the other teams, but they would also have to compete against their fellow team members through a series of checkpoints. Each in-team victor would eventually be presented with an ultimate choice at the game's end: split the money with his/her partner, or take it all for himself/herself.


title: The Challenge: Rivals III

text: The first checkpoint involved untangling coiled wires. Sarah finished first and had to go back and help Bananas. Collectively, they finished the checkpoint first with Vince & Jenna coming in second, and Devin & Cheyenne coming in last. Vince & Jenna arrived at the second checkpoint first. The checkpoint was a giant memory game. Bananas finished first and got the point, and once again, Bananas & Sarah were the first team to complete the checkpoint. Vince & Jenna were second with Devin & Cheyenne once again in last. Checkpoint 3 was a two-dimensional, life-sized puzzle. Vince finished first but had to help Jenna finish, so Bananas & Sarah were actually the first team to finish the third checkpoint. Sarah finished before Bananas, so she got the point. Vince finished before Jenna. Cheyenne finished before Devin finally getting a point compared to Devin's two. Vince and Jenna edged out Bananas & Sarah on a subsequent run to finish out the first day. To end the day, each team member took turns staying up at night (Whichever team member stayed up the longest earned 2 points.). The second day consisted of eating gross foods to earn points, and then a climb up the rest of the mountain to the finish line. By the end of day two, Bananas & Sarah took first place (Bananas had more points), Vince & Jenna took second (Vince had more points), and Devin & Cheyenne finished in last (Devin had more points). The final checkpoint involved climbing a mountain, and whichever team arrived at the summit first was the winner of "Rivals III".


title: The Challenge: Rivals III

text: The Reunion special aired on August 3, 2016, following the season finale and was hosted by Nessa. The cast members who attended the reunion were Bananas, Sarah, Vince, Jenna, Devin, Cheyenne, Dario, Nicole, Wes, Nany, Nate, Cory, Ashley, and Camila.


title: Richard Madeley

text: Richard Holt Madeley ( born 13 May 1956) is an English television presenter and writer. Alongside his wife Judy Finnigan, he presented "This Morning" and the chat show "Richard & Judy". Madeley's solo projects include the ITV series "" and covering for "The Chris Evans Breakfast Show" on BBC Radio 2.


title: Richard Madeley

text: From 2012 to 2017, he was the main relief presenter of Channel 5's "The Wright Stuff", and since 2017, he has been one of three main relief presenters of ITV breakfast show "Good Morning Britain".


title: Richard Madeley

text: Madeley was born in Romford, Essex on 13 May 1956, the son of journalist Christopher Holt Madeley (died 1977), from a family of tenant farmers at Kiln Farm, Shawbury, Shropshire, and Mary Claire (née McEwan). His mother was Canadian. He attended Shenfield High School in Brentwood.


title: Richard Madeley

text: In 2008, Madeley told "The Guardian" that his father was physically abusive, with little provocation. He estimated that during a period of two years his father beat him with a stick about 25 times. The final and most vicious beating occured when Richard was aged 10. His father ordered him to remove his shirt and then hit Richard "repeatedly, dementedly, with a stick." The wounds he suffered kept him away from school. The abuse stopped when his mother, previously out at work so unaware of her husband's harsh discipline, told him that she would call the police if it happened again; Madeley stated that after this, his father gave a full and frank apology and he never hit Richard again.


title: Richard Madeley

text: In 2014, Madeley said he was surprised by the level of media interest the beatings generated, "because to me, it was abnormal not to be hit back then", and said he almost regretted writing about it in his 2008 book "Fathers and Sons", noting to the general public the beatings are not the defining thing about his father, and calling his father "fun, bright, warm and tactile". Christopher Madeley had himself been subject to physical abuse by his father, Geoffrey.


title: Richard Madeley

text: Madeley joined BBC Radio Carlisle at the age of 19. He moved to "Granada Reports" in the early 1980s where he met his future wife Judy Finnigan.


title: Richard Madeley

text: The couple left "This Morning" in 2001, having been approached by Channel 4 to host a similar show, called "Richard & Judy", shown for an hour in the early evenings. The show was produced by Cactus TV.


title: Richard Madeley

text: In February 2007, Madeley and Finnigan apologised live on air due to the discovery of a TV quiz phone scam regarding the daily phone-in competition "You Say We Pay". Madeley and Finnigan took the decision to suspend the daily quiz until further notice. Later that week, the news media confirmed that police investigations would be pursued, meaning the couple could be subject to a police interview. Channel 4 admitted the scam may have been in force for two series of the show. Whilst Madeley and Finnigan had urged callers to continue entering, it was confirmed that winners were picked in the first 10 minutes of the show. The couple both deny being involved in the scam.


title: Richard Madeley

text: Due to low audience numbers, the show ended in July 2009. The presenters stated that viewers "simply couldn't find us".


title: Richard Madeley

text: Whilst working on their daytime show, the couple have been involved in other projects. Madeley and Finnigan won on the season finale of season 2 of a TV version of the classic board game "Cluedo" before Madeley presented the last two seasons of the game show, quiz show "Connections", the daytime quiz "Runway" as well as a series on the world's wildest weather, "Eye of the Storm". He hosted the ITV1 show "", and was the presenter for the unaired pilot of the home video show "You've Been Framed".


title: Richard Madeley

text: Madeley hosted the news quiz "Have I Got News for You" on 14 December 2007, and then featured as a guest panellist in May 2011. He sat in for Richard Bacon on BBC Radio 5 Live. Madeley also covered for "Dawn Patrol" presenter Sarah Kennedy during the week of 27–30 April 2009, for Zoë Ball for two months until 27 February, and on numerous occasions for Chris Evans' Breakfast Show, all on BBC Radio 2. He appeared on "Piers Morgan's Life Stories" in April 2009 and was a guest on "BBC Question Time" in January 2010. In 2011, Madeley was featured in the eighth season of "Who Do You Think You Are?", tracing his mother's ancestors to Canada and the United States. In April 2013, he appeared as a Dictionary Corner guest on "Countdown" for five shows.


title: Richard Madeley

text: Madeley presented his own show on Radio 2, "Madeley on Sunday" (previously "Made on Sunday"), covering for Terry Wogan's "Weekend Wogan" over Wogan's holidays. Wogan died in January 2016, and Madeley's show became a semi-permanent replacement. From April 2016, the slot was shared between Madeley and Michael Ball, with Madeley presenting for approximately 10 weeks a year and Ball taking the remainder.


title: Richard Madeley

text: In 2002 the couple co-wrote their autobiography, "Richard and Judy: The Autobiography", published by Hodder & Stoughton. In 2008, Madeley wrote the book "Fathers and Sons", which charts his family history; it was published by Simon & Schuster. Madeley is the author of three novels: "Some Day I'll Find You" (2013), "The Way You Look Tonight" (2014) and "The Night Book" (2016).


title: Richard Madeley

text: Madeley and Finnigan were the subjects of "This Is Your Life" in 1997 when they were surprised by Michael Aspel live on air while broadcasting "This Morning".


title: Richard Madeley

text: Since August 2017 Madeley has been a relief presenter on ITV's breakfast programme "Good Morning Britain". He has been compared by viewers to the fictional talk show and radio host Alan Partridge for his perceived parallels to Steve Coogan's bumbling, tone-deaf comedy character. Madeley himself has remarked that he believes this comparison is “a bit unfair”.


title: Richard Madeley

text: In November 2018 "The Telegraph" appointed Madeley as their agony uncle to succeed Graham Norton who had stood down the previous month. In June 2020, he apologised after being criticised for the advice he gave a reader who thought their neighbour could be experiencing domestic violence. It included the line "If they were going to kill each other, they'd have done it by now." The charity Refuge said he had written "appalling and dangerous advice".


title: Richard Madeley

text: In January 2021 Madeley covered for Steph McGovern on her Channel 4 programme "Steph's Packed Lunch" while she had to self-isolate due to the Coronavirus pandemic.


title: Richard Madeley

text: In November 2021 Madeley was announced as a contestant on the twenty-first series of "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!". He was forced to withdraw from the show after being taken to hospital due to an unspecified illness, and therefore broke the show's COVID bubble. Posting online on 24 November Madeley said: "I started to feel briefly unwell in the small hours of the morning and was taken to hospital as a precaution."


title: Richard Madeley

text: Madeley's first marriage, at age 21, lasted five years and ended in divorce. Madeley has said that he believes the marriage was a mistake, and he had ten affairs during that time. Nine days after the wedding, while the couple were still on their honeymoon, his father died at the age of 49.


title: Richard Madeley

text: Madeley met Judy Finnigan in 1982 when they worked on separate programmes for Granada Television. At the time, they were both married to other people. The couple married in 1986 in Manchester. They have two children together, both born in Manchester: Jack Christopher (born 1986) and Chloe Susannah (born 1987). They have a second home at Polperro in Cornwall having been on holiday together there before their marriage. Madeley is also stepfather to twins from Finnigan's first marriage.


title: Richard Madeley

text: In 1991, Madeley was arrested for failing to pay for items, including champagne, on two occasions at a Tesco supermarket in Didsbury, Greater Manchester. He was later acquitted of all shoplifting charges after citing lapses of memory.


title: Richard Madeley

text: In October 2011, Madeley was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Letters from Anglia Ruskin University for his contribution to television, reading, entertainment and media.


title: Richard Madeley

text: Madeley has expressed strong support for former Prime Minister Tony Blair. In a 2001 interview for "The Guardian", he said the UK had got better under New Labour, identified independent MP Martin Bell as his favourite politician, and expressed support for the euro. He supported the Iraq War, saying international law on the issue was "incredibly complicated". He has been described as a neocon, Blair's "self-appointed apologist", and Blair's "yapping Pekingese".


title: Richard Madeley

text: Madeley has been critical of the UK government's response to the COVID-19 virus, especially the lockdown response after 24 March 2020, arguing that it has been a "pointless game of hide and seek." In October 2020, Madeley stated his belief that the virus is "here to stay", and that lockdown would have no effect on its prevalence. His views were strongly criticised by many people on social media.


title: Michael Gaston

text: Michael Gaston is an American film and television actor. He played agent Quinn on the show "Prison Break", Gray Anderson on the CBS drama series "Jericho", and appeared in the first episode of "The Sopranos" as Alex Mahaffey, a compulsive gambler in trouble with Tony. He had a recurring role in "The Mentalist" as CBI Director Gale Bertram.


title: Michael Gaston

text: Gaston portrayed General Tommy Franks in "W." He has appeared in more than twenty films, including "Bridge of Spies", "Sudden Death", "Ransom", "Cop Land", "Thirteen Days", "The Crucible", "Double Jeopardy", "High Crimes", "Sugar" and "Body of Lies" and "Bless the Child". He has had roles in numerous TV dramas, including "The Sopranos", "The West Wing", "", "Law & Order", "", "Fringe", "The Practice", and "24".


title: Michael Gaston

text: Gaston has had various on and off Broadway roles, including "A Day in the Death of Joe Egg" (on Broadway), as well as "Henry V", "Landscape of the Body", and "Fifty Ways" (all Off Broadway).


title: Michael Gaston

text: On October 10, 2017, during a wave of sexual assault allegations against several men in Hollywood, Gaston detailed in a series of tweets an incident in 1992 when the director of a play he was appearing in groped him sexually during a rehearsal. He stated "I give the benefit of what little doubt I have to any woman who claims a powerful man treated her inappropriately. Because it happened to me."


title: Third jersey

text: A third jersey, alternative jersey, third kit, third sweater or alternative uniform is a jersey or uniform that a sports team can wear instead of its home outfit or its away outfit during games, often when the colors of two competing teams' other uniforms are too similar to contrast easily. Alternative jerseys are also a lucrative means for professional sports organizations to generate revenue, by sales to fans. Of North American sports leagues, the National Football League generates $1.2 billion annually in jersey sales, with the National Basketball Association second, selling $900 million annually. Another use of the alternative uniform is for identifying with causes, like the Central Coast Mariners wear an alternative pink kit on pink ribbon day.


title: Third jersey

text: Extra alternative uniforms or fourth and fifth kits are not commonly used, but are sometimes required when teams' other uniforms cause color clashes, or the uniforms are unavailable to use. In cases where teams have worn more than three kits in the same season, the extra kits were usually recycled from previous seasons.


title: Third jersey

text: Third-choice jerseys or uniforms are used in all four major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada.


title: Third jersey

text: Third kits are commonplace in professional European association football and in some professional European rugby union clubs. Alternative jerseys are common in Australia's two biggest domestic leagues, the Australian Football League (Aussie rules) and National Rugby League (rugby league).


title: Third jersey

text: For home and away jerseys in North America, historical convention has often dictated the colors used by teams in a given league. Teams generally have one jersey which is primarily in a team color, and another jersey which is primarily white (or another light color) and accented with a team color. "White at home" is the convention in baseball (MLB), basketball (NBA, NCAA basketball, and WNBA), minor league professional hockey (AHL and ECHL), and college hockey. "White while away" is the convention in football (NFL, CFL, NCAA football), major league professional hockey (NHL), and professional lacrosse (NLL and MLL). Association football (MLS) does not have a "white at home" or a "white while away" convention.


title: Third jersey

text: The NHL (and formerly the NBA) enforces the color/white rule strictly; any NHL team seeking to wear white at home must get express permission from the league office to do so. In minor league hockey, the rules are set in both the AHL and ECHL where the team wears white jerseys at home during one half of the season, then wears the color jerseys during the other half at home, and vice versa on the road. In the NFL, the rules state that the home team has the first choice of color, with the visiting team forced to choose a contrasting color; an exception was Color Rush, in which uniform choices were coordinated by the league itself.


title: Third jersey

text: Starting with their uniform contract with Nike that begins with the 2017-2018 season, the NBA has abolished the color/white rule. Instead, each team will designate whether their white uniform, now dubbed the "Association Edition," or their colored uniform, called the "Icon Edition," will be the home uniform, with the other becoming their designated away uniform.


title: Third jersey

text: In American sports, throwback jerseys are generally only used for special team games and not for the "third" purpose. In American football a third jersey may be a throwback uniform based on designs the team used in the past. In association football, meanwhile, it is more commonly a radically different design.


title: Third jersey

text: The NFL was the last of the major professional sports leagues to adopt the third jersey rule in 2002, with the only exceptions being the 1994 season, when teams issued a throwback uniform in honour of the league's 75th Anniversary. Initially, the NFL rule stated that a team may wear their third jersey only once a year, however, after one year this restriction was increased to two times a year, and then three soon after. Some teams have exceeded the limit; the 2017 Baltimore Ravens were an example, wearing their all-black uniforms twice that season, and the less-frequent black jerseys on white pants once. There are currently no rules on wearing alternative pants. Teams are only permitted to wear alternative jerseys once in playoff games (except the Super Bowl, where teams must wear their standard uniforms); the only team to do so (other than in 1994) was the 2008 San Diego Chargers. In 2021, the Los Angeles Rams were permitted to wear their white alternate uniforms for Super Bowl. In the past, rules allowed for teams to wear their third jersey two times in the regular season and once in the preseason until 2010. In 2011 teams were no longer allowed to wear their third jersey in the preseason. However, there have been some exceptions since 2011. Beginning in 2018, the NFL began allowing teams to wear their alternates three times, and allowed two different alternates to be worn during the season.


title: Third jersey

text: Some teams will generally use one of their third jersey allotments against a particular division opponent each year. For instance, the Los Angeles (formerly San Diego) Chargers would frequently wear their popular alternate powder blue jerseys (that was introduced in 2007) at home against the Oakland Raiders, while the Houston Texans were known to wear their alternate "Battle Red" uniforms at home against the Jacksonville Jaguars, and the Pittsburgh Steelers usually wore their throwbacks from 2007 to 2011 at home against the archrival Baltimore Ravens. The New York Giants were known to wear their alternate red jerseys at home against the Dallas Cowboys until the red jerseys were retired in 2009. The Los Angeles Rams have frequently worn their throwback uniform against the San Francisco 49ers in recent years. The Washington Commanders wear their alternative uniform on home games to commemorate their annual homecoming game once a year since 2012.


title: Third jersey

text: When wearing their third jerseys, especially if the team is wearing a throwback uniform, the team may theme the field around the uniforms. When the New York Jets, for instance, wore their 1960–1962 "Titans of New York" throwbacks at home, they painted the field in the Titans blue-and-gold color scheme (The Jets' current color scheme is green and white). In addition, the Tampa Bay Buccaneers dressed the field up in orange when they wore their "Creamsicle" throwbacks in 2009.


title: Third jersey

text: Teams will generally wear their third jerseys at home, although clubs may wear them as the visiting team as well. The Carolina Panthers are known to wear their electric blue jerseys on the road (most notably in Tampa) if the home team opts to wear their white jerseys against the Panthers and depending on the circumstance (primarily in warmer weather situations, where home teams will wear white to force the visiting team to have their uniforms absorb heat rather than reflect it). Since introducing a wolf grey alternate in 2012, the Seattle Seahawks have worn their alternates only when on the road. The Denver Broncos wore their alternate navy blue jersey with blue pants in a game against the Dallas Cowboys in 2013, and in 2017 the Los Angeles Chargers also wore their alternate powder blue jersey against the Dallas Cowboys for a Thanksgiving Day matchup despite Dallas wearing navy blue. The New York Jets have worn their Titans throwback uniform once in 2007 against the Miami Dolphins at Dolphin Stadium in Miami Gardens, and in 2017 the Buffalo Bills also wore their white throwback uniform against the Miami Dolphins in a week 17 meeting when Miami was also wearing their throwbacks. The Tennessee Titans, who switched back to navy as the primary color in 2015, wore their alternate Columbia blue jersey with white pants on the road in 2016, 2017, and 2018 when their home opponent forced them to wear their dark colors. The Las Vegas Raiders, who previously wore their white jersey with silver numbers for the color rush promotion from 2016 to 2017, wore the alternates for road games at San Francisco in 2018 and at the Los Angeles Chargers in 2020.


title: Third jersey

text: Because the football helmet is such a significant and visible part of the football uniform, some teams also wore alternate helmets when wearing their third jersey. This was particularly true for throwback uniforms, such as those worn by the Cowboys (white), Patriots (white), Steelers (yellow), Jets/Titans (blue), and Buccaneers (white). The NFL outlawed the use of alternate helmets beginning in the 2013 season. This has had impact on some teams wanting to wear their throwback jerseys while other teams are not affected by the limitation. Philadelphia Eagles owner Jeffrey Lurie has tried to persuade the league to reverse its one-helmet policy, to allow the Eagles to wear matching kelly green helmets and jerseys. However, beginning in 2022, teams will be allowed to wear an alternate helmet if they so choose.


title: Third jersey

text: Outside of league-wide promotions, the only team to not have had an official third uniform as of now are the Kansas City Chiefs.


title: Third jersey

text: For the 2015 season, the NFL debuted a "Color Rush" jersey concept for select Thursday games ("Thursday Night Football" and one Thanksgiving Day game) in celebration of 50 years of games being broadcast in color. The games featured, mostly, both teams wearing one color matching jerseys, pants, socks and shoes, specially designed to clash with the color of the other team.


title: Third jersey

text: For 2016, all NFL teams had Color Rush uniforms, although nine teams did not wear them on the field during the 2016 season. The 2017 season also featured Color Rush games, but the Redskins (wore all burgundy combo) and Browns did not wear their color rush uniforms. The program as a whole is no longer required prior to the 2018 season; teams have the option of whether or not they want to wear their color rush uniforms for the Thursday night games and can wear them beyond that point.


title: Third jersey

text: Although uniforms are much less regulated at the collegiate level compared to the NFL, alternate uniforms – and even regular uniform redesigns – are generally less common due to many teams' respective histories and traditions surrounding a particular jersey color or uniform combination.


title: Third jersey

text: Ole Miss was one of the earliest programs to use two different jerseys, wearing the school colors of navy blue and red depending upon the game.


title: Third jersey

text: Recently, however, many teams have begun to experiment with alternate uniforms and helmets, especially teams whose uniforms are provided by Nike. Since the late 2000s, Nike has provided the University of Oregon Ducks with modular uniform systems consisting of as many as four color choices for jerseys, pants, helmets, socks and other components, allowing the Ducks to select a new combination for nearly every game.


title: Third jersey

text: One of the more famous third jerseys is that of the University of Notre Dame. The team wears either white or navy blue for most games, but occasionally special kelly green jerseys with gold numbers, evocative of the "Fighting Irish", are chosen for a major contest.


title: Third jersey

text: Third kits traditionally started in European competition as a way of marking the occasion and existed in association football at least as early as the 1930s. Until 1989–90, the FA Cup competition rules stated: "Where the colours of the two competing clubs are similar, both clubs must change unless alternative arrangements are mutually agreed by the competing clubs". Away kits were often similar as well, therefore third kits were worn in the 1948 FA Cup Final by Manchester United and the 1950 final by Arsenal. Similar rules were employed by European governing body UEFA, with Manchester United winning the 1968 European Cup Final in a blue third kit.