title: 2,4-Dinitrophenol

text: 2,4-Dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP or simply DNP) is an organic compound with the formula HOCH(NO). It is a yellow, crystalline solid that has a sweet, musty odor. It sublimates, is volatile with steam, and is soluble in most organic solvents as well as aqueous alkaline solutions. When in a dry form, it is a high explosive and has an instantaneous explosion hazard. It is a precursor to other chemicals and is biochemically active, uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation from the electron transport chain in cells with mitochondria, by allowing protons to pass from the intermembrane space into the mitochondrial matrix. Oxidative phosphorylation is a highly regulated step in aerobic respiration that is inhibited, among other factors, by normal cellular levels of ATP. Uncoupling it results in chemical energy from diet and energy stores such as triglycerides being wasted as heat with minimal regulation, leading to dangerously high body temperatures that may develop into heatstroke. Its use as a dieting aid has been identified with severe side-effects, including a number of deaths.


title: 2,4-Dinitrophenol

text: DNP is particularly useful as a herbicide alongside other closely related dinitrophenol herbicides like 2,4-dinitro-"o"-cresol (DNOC), dinoseb and dinoterb. Since 1998 DNP has been withdrawn from agricultural use. Currently, there are no actively registered pesticides containing DNP in the United States or Europe. Dinoseb is used industrially as a polymerisation inhibitor during styrene production.


title: 2,4-Dinitrophenol

text: It is a chemical intermediate in the production of sulfur dyes, wood preservatives and picric acid. DNP has also been used to make photographic developers and explosives (see shellite). DNP is classified as an explosive in the United Kingdom and the United States.


title: 2,4-Dinitrophenol

text: Although DNP is widely considered too dangerous for clinical use, its mechanism of action remains under investigation as a potential approach for treating obesity. As of 2015, research is being conducted on uncoupling proteins naturally found in humans.


title: 2,4-Dinitrophenol

text: In living cells, DNP acts as a proton ionophore, an agent that can shuttle protons (hydrogen cations) across biological membranes. It dissipates the proton gradient across the mitochondria membranes, collapsing the proton motive force that the cell uses to produce most of its ATP chemical energy. Instead of producing ATP, the energy of the proton gradient is lost as heat.


title: 2,4-Dinitrophenol

text: DNP is often used in biochemistry research to help explore the bioenergetics of chemiosmotic and other membrane transport processes.


title: 2,4-Dinitrophenol

text: DNP acts as a protonophore, allowing protons to leak across the inner mitochondrial membrane and thus bypass ATP synthase. This makes ATP energy production less efficient. In effect, part of the energy that is normally produced from cellular respiration is wasted as heat. The inefficiency is proportional to the dose of DNP that is taken. As the dose increases and energy production is made more inefficient, metabolic rate increases (and more fat is burned) in order to compensate for the inefficiency and to meet energy demands. DNP is probably the best known agent for uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation. The phosphorylation of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) by ATP synthase gets disconnected or uncoupled from oxidation.


title: 2,4-Dinitrophenol

text: Information about pharmacokinetics of DNP in humans is limited. The ATSDR's Toxicological Profile for Dinitrophenols remarks that DNP elimination appears to be rapid except when liver function is impaired. The NEJM remarks that DNP appears to be eliminated in around three to four days, except possibly when the liver and kidneys are damaged. Other papers give a wide array of possible half-lives, ranging from 3 hours to 5–14 days, while still other, more recent papers maintain that the half-life in humans is unknown.


title: 2,4-Dinitrophenol

text: DNP is considered to have high acute toxicity. In March 2020 a UK judge stated "there is no antidote or remedy for DNP once taken. In consequence, DNP has a high mortality rate — of those who presented at hospital between 2007 and 2019 with a history of having taken DNP, 18% died. This puts DNP close to cyanide in terms of its toxicity." The study published in 2021 indicates that the worldwide cases fatality overall was 11.9% between 2010 and 2020. Other than increasing metabolic rate, acute oral exposure to DNP has resulted in nausea, vomiting, sweating, dizziness, headache, and loss of weight. Chronic oral exposure to DNP can lead to the formation of cataracts and skin lesions and has caused effects on the bone marrow, central nervous system, and cardiovascular system. Contact with skin or inhalation can cause DNP poisoning. In 2009, an incident occurred in a Chinese chemical factory and 20 persons suffered acute DNP poisoning.


title: 2,4-Dinitrophenol

text: The factor that limits ever-increasing doses of DNP is not a lack of ATP energy production, but rather an excessive rise in body temperature due to the heat produced during uncoupling. Accordingly, DNP overdose will cause fatal hyperthermia, with body temperature rising to as high as shortly before death. Case reports have shown that an acute administration of 10–20 milligrams per kilogram of body weight in humans can be lethal. The lowest published fatal ingested dose is 4.3 mg/kg. In the three separate publicly published medical management cases, a single dose of few tablets from an online retailer (tablet dose unknown) has proven fatal.


title: 2,4-Dinitrophenol

text: The United Kingdom's Food Standards Agency identifies DNP as "an industrial chemical known to have serious short-term and long-term effects, which can be extremely dangerous to human health" and advises "consumers not to take any product containing DNP at any level. This chemical is not suitable for human consumption." Since February 2017 DNP has been included in Australia SUSMP Schedule 10, "Substances of such a danger to health as to warrant prohibition of sale, supply and use" From December 2018 DNP has been classified as an "illegal poisonous substance" in Russia.


title: 2,4-Dinitrophenol

text: A dust explosion is possible with DNP in powder or granular form in the presence of air. DNP may explosively decompose when submitted to shock, friction or concussion, and may explode upon heating. DNP forms explosive salts with strong bases as well as ammonia, and emits toxic fumes of nitrogen dioxide when heated to decomposition. DNP's explosive strength is 81% that of TNT, based on the Trauzl lead block test. DNP was the cause of the 1916 Rainham Chemical Factory explosion which left 7 dead and 69 injured. DNP is listed on the Homeland Security Anti-Terrorism Chemicals of Interest list.


title: 2,4-Dinitrophenol

text: DNP is produced by hydrolysis of 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. Another route of DNP synthesis is by nitration of phenol with nitric acid.


title: 2,4-Dinitrophenol

text: DNP was widely used in explosive mixtures around the world. Examples include Shellite in the UK, Tridite in the US, Tridita in Spain, MDPC/DD in France, MABT/MBT in Italy, and DNP in the Soviet Union. During World War I, 36 munition factory workers in France and 27 in the US lost their lives through DNP poisoning. 2,4-dinitrophenol was widely used by Red Army soldiers to make them more resilient to the cold during World War II.


title: 2,4-Dinitrophenol

text: DNP was used extensively in diet pills from 1933 to 1938 after Cutting and Tainter at Stanford University made their first report on how the compound substantially increased metabolic rate. This effect occurs via DNP acting as a proton ionophore. After only its first year on the market, Tainter estimated that at least 100,000 people had been treated with DNP in the United States, in addition to many others abroad.


title: 2,4-Dinitrophenol

text: In light of the adverse effects and fatal hyperthermia caused by DNP when it was used clinically, the dose was slowly titrated according to personal tolerance, which varies greatly. Concerns about dangerous side-effects and rapidly developing cataracts resulted in DNP being discontinued in the United States by the end of 1938. In 1938, the FDA included DNP in a list of drugs potentially so toxic that they should not be used even under a physician's supervision."In studies of intermediate-duration oral exposure to 2,4-DNP, cases of death from agranulocytosis (described in the discussion of Hematological Effects) have been attributed to 2,4-DNP. These cases occurred during the usual dosing regimens for weight loss, employing increasing doses in one case from 2.9 to 4.3 mg/kg/day of 2,4-DNP for 6 weeks (Dameshek and Gargill 1934); a dose of 1.03 mg/kg/day 2,4-DNP for 46 days in another case (Goldman and Haber 1936); and in another, from 0.62 to 3.8 mg/kg/day 2,4-DNP as sodium 2,4-DNP for 41 days (Silver 1934). In all cases, the patients were under medical supervision."Back in 1952 UK enacted new Agriculture (Poisonous Substances) Act to control very dangerous poisons, such as DNP and DNOC. Dinitrophenol was included in the Poisons Act 1972 poisons list order 1972. However DNP was dropped from the list in 1982. In 2021 December Home Office have launched a public consultation on potential amendments to the Poisons Act 1972. This consultation includes a proposal to add 2,4-Dinitrophenol (DNP) to the Poisons Act as a regulated poison.


title: 2,4-Dinitrophenol

text: DNP, however, continues to be used by some bodybuilders and athletes to rapidly lose body fat. Fatal overdoses include cases of accidental exposure, suicide, and excessive intentional exposure (overdose). The substance's use as a dieting aid has also led to a number of accidental fatalities, including 32 confirmed DNP-related deaths in the UK since 2007. Annual Reports of the American Association of Poison Control Centers identify 24 DNP poisoning fatalities between 2013 and 2020 in the US. The Swedish Poisons Information Centre has reported three fatal DNP cases between June 2012 and May 2013. "Forensic analysis of DNP is not routinely performed so the true number of DNP deaths may be higher." DNP may not be detected in post mortem blood samples.


title: 2,4-Dinitrophenol

text: In 2003, a vendor of DNP was sentenced to five years in prison for mail fraud, with the FDA's OCI investigators having gathered evidence that the vendor's encapsulation of DNP was neither accurate nor sanitary. One of his customers died and another was hospitalized in a coma for more than 10 days. In 2018, a seller in the United Kingdom was convicted of manslaughter for selling DNP as "fatburner" for human consumption. The conviction was sent to retrial in 2020 by the English Court of Appeal, where the seller was, once again, convicted of gross negligence manslaughter. In 2019, a company selling DNP in the UK was found "guilty of placing an unsafe food product on the market" and fined £100,000. The director of the company was given a suspended prison sentence. A seller in California was sentenced to three years in prison for selling DNP as diet pills. In 2020, a man from North Carolina was sentenced to the maximum sentence of seven years in prison after three of his customers died from DNP poisoning. In 2021 a woman from Texas was sentenced to 6 months in federal prison for selling DNP to consumers. The same year a man from Oregon was sentenced to one year and one day in federal prison for selling DNP as a weight-loss product. December 2021 a man from UK was sentenced to 28 months in prison for selling DNP as a diet pill for weight loss on the darknet.


title: Bonjour (software)

text: Bonjour is Apple's implementation of zero-configuration networking (zeroconf), a group of technologies that includes service discovery, address assignment, and hostname resolution. Bonjour locates devices such as printers, other computers, and the services that those devices offer on a local network using multicast Domain Name System (mDNS) service records.


title: Bonjour (software)

text: The software comes built-in with Apple's macOS and iOS operating systems. Bonjour can also be installed onto computers running Microsoft Windows. Bonjour components may also be included within other software such as iTunes and Safari.


title: Bonjour (software)

text: After its introduction in 2002 with Mac OS X 10.2 as Rendezvous, the software was renamed in 2005 to Bonjour following an out-of-court trademark dispute settlement.


title: Bonjour (software)

text: Bonjour provides a general method to discover services on a local area network. The software is widely used throughout macOS, and allows users to set up a network without any configuration. it is used to find printers and file-sharing servers.


title: Bonjour (software)

text: Software such as Bonjour Browser or iStumbler, both for macOS, can be used to view all services declared by these applications. Apple's "Remote" application for iPhone and iPod Touch also uses Bonjour to establish connection to iTunes libraries via Wi-Fi.


title: Bonjour (software)

text: Bonjour only works within a single broadcast domain, which is usually a small area, without special DNS configuration. macOS, Bonjour for Windows and AirPort Base Stations may be configured to use Wide Area Bonjour which allows for wide area service discovery via an appropriately configured DNS server.


title: Bonjour (software)

text: Applications generally implement Bonjour services using standard TCP/IP calls, rather than in the operating system. Although macOS provides various Bonjour services, Bonjour also works on other operating systems. Apple has made the source code of the Bonjour multicast DNS responder, the core component of service discovery, available as a Darwin open source project. The project provides source code to build the responder daemon for a wide range of platforms, including Mac OS 9, macOS, Linux, *BSD, Solaris, VxWorks, and Windows. Apple also provides a user-installable set of services called Bonjour for Windows and Java libraries.


title: Bonjour (software)

text: Bonjour is released under a terms-of-limited-use license by Apple. It is freeware for clients, though developers and software companies who wish to redistribute it as part of a software package or use the Bonjour logo may need a licensing agreement. The source code for mDNSResponder is available under the Apache License.


title: Bonjour (software)

text: Apple originally introduced the Bonjour software in August 2002 as part of Mac OS X 10.2 under the name "Rendezvous". On August 27, 2003 Tibco Software Inc announced that it had filed a lawsuit for trademark infringement.


title: Bonjour (software)

text: Tibco had an enterprise application integration product called TIBCO Rendezvous on the market since 1994 and stated that it had tried to come to an agreement with Apple Computer. In July 2004 Apple Computer and Tibco reached an out-of-court settlement; specifics of the settlement were not released to the public. On April 12, 2005, Apple announced the renaming of Rendezvous to "Bonjour".


title: Bonjour (software)

text: The current name "Bonjour" is French for the morning or afternoon greeting, "good day". The previous name "Rendezvous" is French for "meeting", "appointment" or "date".


title: Bonjour (software)

text: Bonjour version 2.0, released on February 24, 2010, works with Microsoft Windows 2000, 2003, XP, Vista, 7, 8, and 10. Systems use it primarily to facilitate the installation, configuration, and use of network printers, and thus it runs from startup. When Bonjour is fully implemented on Windows, some features—such as iChat—allow for communication between Windows and Mac OS. Bonjour for Windows also adds zeroconf capabilities to Internet Explorer, and provides a zeroconf implementation to Java VMs.


title: Bonjour (software)

text: Installers on Windows systems normally place Bonjour files in a folder called "Bonjour" within the "Program Files" folder. It modifies Windows system-registry entries related to internal network configuration and operation. Bonjour runs as mDNSResponder.exe. Communications across the network take place over UDP port 5353, which may require reconfiguring some personal or corporate firewalls that block Bonjour packets. A full installation of Bonjour for Windows will include a plug-in for Internet Explorer, a printer wizard, and the network communication services. Not all components are included when installed as part of a third-party application or as a component of other Apple software such as iTunes.


title: Bonjour (software)

text: Some VPN clients are configured so that local network services are unavailable to a computer when VPN software is active and connected. In such a case no local zeroconf services are available to Bonjour or any other zeroconf implementation.


title: Bonjour (software)

text: Certain installations of Bonjour for Windows lack an uninstaller and do not display a human-readable entry in the Windows services listing.


title: Bonjour (software)

text: In 32- and 64-bit releases of Windows 7, some older but still available versions of Bonjour services can disable all network connectivity by adding an entry of 0.0.0.0 as the default gateway. This was a bug reported in 2013.


title: Bonjour (software)

text: The open-source IM clients Pidgin, Kopete and Adium support the Bonjour IM protocol, as does the closed-source Trillian client.


title: Bonjour (software)

text: Discovery is a Creative Commons-licensed macOS application that displays all services declared using Bonjour. The program was originally called Rendezvous Browser, but changed its name in version 1.5.4 after Apple changed the protocol's name to Bonjour; since version 2.0, it has been renamed again, to Discovery. For certain protocols, double-clicking a list item will launch the associated helper. Version 1.5.6 was the first universal binary release.


title: Bonjour (software)

text: Future versions will allow users to completely define a service, instead of relying on the author to do so.


title: Bonjour (software)

text: A student research project at Columbia University produced a Java-based system to match the functionality of Bonjour Browser, called JBonjourBrowser. JBonjourBrowser is open-source and available under the GPL.


title: Bonjour (software)

text: JBonjourBrowser was built to emulate the functionality of Bonjour Browser, and at the same time work on multiple platforms. It requires Apple's Bonjour Java library to run.


title: Bonjour (software)

text: A native Windows application offers similar functions to Bonjour Browser for Mac OS. Bonjour Browser for Windows is offered for free by Hobbyist Software and HandyDev Software.


title: Evolutionary biology

text: Evolutionary biology is the subfield of biology that studies the evolutionary processes (natural selection, common descent, speciation) that produced the diversity of life on Earth. It is also defined as the study of the history of life forms on Earth. Evolution is based on the theory that all species are related and they gradually change over time. In a population, the genetic variations affect the physical characteristics i.e. phenotypes of an organism. These changes in the phenotypes will be an advantage to some organisms, which will then be passed onto their offspring. Some examples of evolution in species over many generations are the Peppered Moth and Flightless birds. In the 1930s, the discipline of evolutionary biology emerged through what Julian Huxley called the modern synthesis of understanding, from previously unrelated fields of biological research, such as genetics and ecology, systematics, and paleontology. The importance of studying Evolutionary biology is mainly to understand the principles behind the origin and extinction of species.


title: Evolutionary biology

text: The investigational range of current research has widened to encompass the genetic architecture of adaptation, molecular evolution, and the different forces that contribute to evolution, such as sexual selection, genetic drift, and biogeography. Moreover, the newer field of evolutionary developmental biology ("evo-devo") investigates how embryogenesis (the development of the embryo) is controlled, thus yielding a wider synthesis that integrates developmental biology with the fields of study covered by the earlier evolutionary synthesis.


title: Evolutionary biology

text: Evolution is the central unifying concept in biology. Biology can be divided into various ways. One way is by the level of biological organization, from molecular to cell, organism to population. Another way is by perceived taxonomic group, with fields such as zoology, botany, and microbiology, reflecting what was once seen as the major divisions of life.


title: Evolutionary biology

text: A third way is by approaches, such as field biology, theoretical biology, experimental evolution, and paleontology. These alternative ways of dividing up the subject have been combined with evolutionary biology to create subfields like evolutionary ecology and evolutionary developmental biology.


title: Evolutionary biology

text: More recently, the merge between biological science and applied sciences gave birth to new fields that are extensions of evolutionary biology, including evolutionary robotics, engineering, algorithms, economics, and architecture. The basic mechanisms of evolution are applied directly or indirectly to come up with novel designs or solve problems that are difficult to solve otherwise. The research generated in these applied fields, contribute towards progress, especially from work on evolution in computer science and engineering fields such as mechanical engineering.


title: Evolutionary biology

text: Adaptive evolution relates to evolutionary changes that happen due to the changes in the environment, this makes the organism suitable to its habitat. This change increases the chances of survival and reproduction of the organism (this can be referred to as an organism's fitness). For example, Darwin's Finches on Galapagos island developed different shaped beaks in order to survive for a long time. Adaptive evolution can also be convergent evolution if two distantly related species live in similar environments facing similar pressures.


title: Evolutionary biology

text: Convergent evolution is the process in which related or distantly related organisms evolve similar characteristics independently. This type of evolution creates analogous structures which have a similar function, structure, or form between the two species. For example, sharks and dolphins look alike but they are not related. Likewise, birds, flying insects, and bats all have the ability to fly, but they are not related to each other. These similar traits tend to evolve from having similar environmental pressures.


title: Evolutionary biology

text: Allopatric Speciation – Allopatric speciation is when species are separated by a physical barrier that separates the population into two groups. evolutionary mechanisms such as genetic drift and natural selection can then act independently on each population.


title: Evolutionary biology

text: Peripatric Speciation – Peripatetic speciation is a type of allopatric speciation that occurs when one of the new populations is considerably smaller than the other initial population. This leads to the founder's effect and the population can have different allele frequencies and phenotypes than the original population. These small populations are also more likely to see effects from genetic drift.


title: Evolutionary biology

text: Parapatric Speciation – Parapatric speciation is allopatric speciation but occurs when the species diverge without a physical barrier separating the population. This tends to occur when a population of a species is incredibly large and occupies a vast environment.


title: Evolutionary biology

text: Sympatric Speciation – Sympatric speciation is when a new species or subspecies sprouts from the original population while still occupying the same small environment, and without any physical barriers separating them from members of their original population. There is scientific debate as to whether sympatric speciation actually exists.


title: Evolutionary biology

text: Artificial Speciation – Artificial Speciation is when scientists purposefully cause new species to emerge to use in laboratory procedures.


title: Evolutionary biology

text: The influence of two closely associated species is known as coevolution. When two or more species evolve in company with each other, one species adapts to changes in other species. This type of evolution often happens in species that have symbiotic relationships. For example, predator-prey coevolution, this is the most common type of co-evolution. In this, the predator must evolve to become a more effective hunter because there is a selective pressure on the prey to steer clear of capture. The prey in turn need to develop better survival strategies. The Red Queen hypothesis is an example of predator-prey interations. The relationship between pollinating insects like bees and flowering plants, herbivores and plants, are also some common examples of diffuse or guild coevolution.


title: Evolutionary biology

text: The mechanisms of evolution focus mainly on mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, non-random mating, and natural selection.


title: Evolutionary biology

text: Mutation: Mutation is a change in the DNA sequence inside a gene or a chromosome of an organism. Most mutations are deleterious, or neutral; i.e. they can neither harm nor benefit, but can also be beneficial sometimes.


title: Evolutionary biology

text: Genetic drift: Genetic drift is a variational process, it happens as a result of the sampling errors from one generation to another generation where a random event that happens by chance in nature changes or influences allele frequency within a population. It has a much stronger effect on small populations than large ones.


title: Evolutionary biology

text: Gene flow: Gene flow is the transfer of genetic material from the gene pool of one population to another. In a population, migration occurs from one species to another, resulting in the change of allele frequency.


title: Evolutionary biology

text: Natural selection: The survival and reproductive rate of a species depends on the adaptability of the species to their environment. This process is called natural selection. Some species with certain traits in a population have higher survival and reproductive rate than others (fitness), and they pass on these genetic features to their offsprings.


title: Evolutionary biology

text: In evolutionary developmental biology scientists look at how the different processes in development play a role in how a specific organism reaches its current body plan. The genetic regulation of ontogeny and the phylogenetic process is what allows for this kind of understanding of biology to be possible. By looking at different processes during development, and going through the evolutionary tree, one can determine at which point a specific structure came about. For example, the three germ layers can be observed to not be present in cnidarians and ctenophores, which instead present in worms, being more or less developed depending on the kind of worm itself. Other structures like the development of Hox genes and sensory organs such as eyes can also be traced with this practice.


title: Evolutionary biology

text: Phylogenic Trees are representations of genetic lineage. They are figures that show how related species are to one another. They formed by analyzing the physical traits as well as the similarities of the DNA between species. Then by using a molecular clock scientists can estimate when the species diverged. An example of a phylogeny would be the tree of life.


title: Evolutionary biology

text: Genes that have shared ancestry are homologs. If a speciation event occurs and one gene ends up in two different species the genes are now orthologous. If a gene is duplicated within the a singular species then it is a paralog. A molecular clock can be used to estimate when these events occurred.


title: Evolutionary biology

text: The idea of evolution by natural selection was proposed by Charles Darwin in 1859, but evolutionary biology, as an academic discipline in its own right, emerged during the period of the modern synthesis in the 1930s and 1940s. It was not until the 1980s that many universities had departments of evolutionary biology. In the United States, many universities have created departments of "molecular and cell biology" or "ecology and evolutionary biology", in place of the older departments of botany and zoology. Palaeontology is often grouped with earth science.


title: Evolutionary biology

text: Microbiology too is becoming an evolutionary discipline now that microbial physiology and genomics are better understood. The quick generation time of bacteria and viruses such as bacteriophages makes it possible to explore evolutionary questions.


title: Evolutionary biology

text: Many biologists have contributed to shaping the modern discipline of evolutionary biology. Theodosius Dobzhansky and E. B. Ford established an empirical research programme. Ronald Fisher, Sewall Wright, and J. B. S. Haldane created a sound theoretical framework. Ernst Mayr in systematics, George Gaylord Simpson in paleontology and G. Ledyard Stebbins in botany helped to form the modern synthesis.


title: Evolutionary biology

text: James Crow, Richard Lewontin, Dan Hartl, Marcus Feldman, and Brian Charlesworth trained a generation of evolutionary biologists.


title: Evolutionary biology

text: Current research in evolutionary biology covers diverse topics and incorporates ideas from diverse areas, such as molecular genetics and computer science.


title: Evolutionary biology

text: First, some fields of evolutionary research try to explain phenomena that were poorly accounted for in the modern evolutionary synthesis. These include speciation, the evolution of sexual reproduction, the evolution of cooperation, the evolution of ageing, and evolvability.


title: Evolutionary biology

text: Second, some evolutionary biologists ask the most straightforward evolutionary question: "what happened and when?". This includes fields such as paleobiology, where paleobiologists and evolutionary biologists, including Thomas Halliday and Anjali Goswami, studied the evolution of early mammals going far back in time during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras (between 299 million to 12,000 years ago). Other fields related to generic exploration of evolution ("what happened and when?" ) include systematics and phylogenetics.


title: Evolutionary biology

text: Third, the modern evolutionary synthesis was devised at a time when nobody understood the molecular basis of genes. Today, evolutionary biologists try to determine the genetic architecture of interesting evolutionary phenomena such as adaptation and speciation. They seek answers to questions such as how many genes are involved, how large are the effects of each gene, how interdependent are the effects of different genes, what do the genes do, and what changes happen to them (e.g., point mutations vs. gene duplication or even genome duplication). They try to reconcile the high heritability seen in twin studies with the difficulty in finding which genes are responsible for this heritability using genome-wide association studies.


title: Evolutionary biology

text: One challenge in studying genetic architecture is that the classical population genetics that catalysed the modern evolutionary synthesis must be updated to take into account modern molecular knowledge. This requires a great deal of mathematical development to relate DNA sequence data to evolutionary theory as part of a theory of molecular evolution. For example, biologists try to infer which genes have been under strong selection by detecting selective sweeps.


title: Evolutionary biology

text: Fourth, the modern evolutionary synthesis involved agreement about which forces contribute to evolution, but not about their relative importance. Current research seeks to determine this. Evolutionary forces include natural selection, sexual selection, genetic drift, genetic draft, developmental constraints, mutation bias and biogeography.


title: Evolutionary biology

text: This evolutionary approach is key to much current research in organismal biology and ecology, such as life history theory. Annotation of genes and their function relies heavily on comparative approaches. The field of evolutionary developmental biology ("evo-devo") investigates how developmental processes work, and compares them in different organisms to determine how they evolved.


title: Evolutionary biology

text: Many physicians do not have enough background in evolutionary biology, making it difficult to use it in modern medicine. However, there are efforts to gain a deeper understanding of disease through evolutionary medicine and to develop evolutionary therapies.


title: Evolutionary biology

text: Evolution plays a role in resistance of drugs; for example, how HIV becomes resistant to medications and the body's immune system. The mutation of resistance of HIV is due to the natural selection of the survivors and their offspring. The few HIV that survive the immune system reproduced and had offspring that were also resistant to the immune system.  Drug resistance also causes many problems for patients such as a worsening sickness or the sickness can mutate into something that can no longer be cured with medication. Without the proper medicine, a sickness can be the death of a patient. If their body has resistance to a certain number of drugs, then the right medicine will be harder and harder to find. Not completing the prescribed full course of antibiotic is also an example of resistance that will cause the bacteria against which the antibiotic is being taken to evolve and continue to spread in the body. When the full dosage of the medication does not enter the body and perform its proper job, the bacteria that survive the initial dosage will continue to reproduce. This can make for another bout of sickness later on that will be more difficult to cure because the bacteria involved will be resistant to the first medication used. Taking the full course of medicine that is prescribed is a vital step in avoiding antibiotic resistance.


title: Evolutionary biology

text: Individuals with chronic illnesses, especially those that can recur throughout a lifetime, are at greater risk of antibiotic resistance than others. This is because overuse of a drug or too high of a dosage can cause a patient's immune system to weaken and the illness will evolve and grow stronger. For example, cancer patients will need a stronger and stronger dosage of medication because of their low functioning immune system.


title: Evolutionary biology

text: Some scientific journals specialise exclusively in evolutionary biology as a whole, including the journals "Evolution", "Journal of Evolutionary Biology", and "BMC Evolutionary Biology". Some journals cover sub-specialties within evolutionary biology, such as the journals "Systematic Biology", "Molecular Biology and Evolution" and its sister journal "Genome Biology and Evolution", and "Cladistics".


title: Evolutionary biology

text: Other journals combine aspects of evolutionary biology with other related fields. For example, "Molecular Ecology", "Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B", "The American Naturalist" and "Theoretical Population Biology" have overlap with ecology and other aspects of organismal biology. Overlap with ecology is also prominent in the review journals "Trends in Ecology and Evolution" and "Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics". The journals "Genetics" and "PLoS Genetics" overlap with molecular genetics questions that are not obviously evolutionary in nature.


title: Emma Greenwell

text: Emma Greenwell (born January 14, 1989) is an American-born English actress. She made her acting debut as Mandy Milkovich in the second season of the Showtime comedy-drama "Shameless" (2012–2016), appearing as a series regular in the third and fourth seasons. Greenwell also appeared as a series regular on the Hulu drama "The Path" (2016–2018) and headlined the Starz miniseries "The Rook" in 2019.


title: Emma Greenwell

text: Greenwell was born in Greenwich, Connecticut, to a French mother and an English father. The family moved back to London's South Kensington neighbourhood before her second birthday. She attended the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art for a year. Greenwell said it was good, but it made her realise she did not want to go to drama school before trying her luck at a pilot season in Los Angeles, California. "Shameless", the Emmy-winning Showtime drama, was her first job. She booked it when she was 22. Prior to that she was planning on returning to London. Booking "Shameless" forced her to rent a car and find an apartment, so she did not return to London for nine months.


title: Jagapathi Babu filmography

text: Jagapathi Babu is an Indian actor who predominantly appears in Telugu-languages films. He made his debut in Telugu with the "Simha Swapnam" (1989) which was produced by his father and directed by V. Madhusudhana Rao. His first commercial success film is "Peddarikam" released in 1992. He had his breakthrough in "Gaayam" directed by Ram Gopal Varma in 1993. In 1994, through "Subha Lagnam" he established his stardom. He won the Nandi Award for Best Actor in 1996 for his role in "Maavichiguru" directed by S V Krishna Reddy.


title: Jagapathi Babu filmography

text: His first Tamil was "Madrasi", and in 2011, he appeared as the antagonist in Tamil film "Thaandavam". Subsequently, he played the lead role in "Jai Bolo Telangana", which won five Nandi Awards. In 2012, he debuted in the Kannada film "Bachchan" as a cop. In 2016, he made his Malayalam debut "Pulimurugan" as an antagonist.


title: Jagapathi Babu filmography

text: In August, 2015, an autobiographical TV series "Samudram" was announced which also marks his debut in television.


title: Gale

text: A gale is a strong wind; the word is typically used as a descriptor in nautical contexts. The U.S. National Weather Service defines a gale as sustained surface winds moving at a speed of between 34 and 47 knots (, or ) of. Forecasters typically issue gale warnings when winds of this strength are expected. In the United States, a gale warning is specifically a maritime warning; the land-based equivalent in National Weather Service warning products is a wind advisory.


title: Gale

text: Other sources use minima as low as , and maxima as high as . Through 1986, the National Hurricane Center used the term “gale” to refer to winds of tropical force for coastal areas, between and . The definition is very non-standard. A common alternative definition of the maximum is .


title: Gale

text: The most common way of measuring wind force is with the Beaufort scale which defines a gale as wind from to . It is an empirical measure for describing wind speed based mainly on observed sea conditions. On the original 1810 Beaufort wind force scale, there were four different "gale" designations whereas generally today there are two gale forces, 8 and 9, and a near gale 7:


title: Gale

text: The word "gale" is derived from the Middle English "gale", a general word for wind of any strength, even a breeze. This word is probably of North Germanic origin, related to Icelandic "gola" (breeze) and Danish "gal" (furious, mad), which are both from Old Norse "gala" (to sing), from Proto-Germanic *"galaną" (to roop, sing, charm), from Proto-Indo-European *"gʰel"- (to shout, scream, charm away). One online etymology website suggests that the word "gale" is derived from an earlier spelling, "gail", which it claims is of uncertain origin.


title: Intelligent Systems

text: Intelligent Systems started when programmer Toru Narihiro was hired by Nintendo to port Famicom Disk System software to the standard ROM-cartridge format that was being used outside Japan on the NES. Similarly to the origins of HAL Laboratory, the team soon became an auxiliary program unit for Nintendo that provided system tools and hired people to program, fix, or port Nintendo-developed software. Much of the team's original work consists of minor contributions to larger games developed by Nintendo R&D1 and Nintendo EAD.


title: Intelligent Systems

text: Narihiro programmed his first video games, "Famicom Wars" and "", towards the end of the Famicom's life cycle, although the game design, graphic design, and music was provided by the Nintendo R&D1 team. Because of Narihiro's success, Intelligent Systems began to hire graphic designers, programmers, and musicians to extend the company from an auxiliary–tool developer to a game development group. The company continued to develop new entries in the "Wars" and "Fire Emblem" franchises.


title: Intelligent Systems

text: In 2000, Intelligent Systems produced "Paper Mario" for the Nintendo 64, which became a surprise hit, leading to five sequels. Three years later, the first entry in the "WarioWare" series was released on the Game Boy Advance, and it too became a successful series.


title: Intelligent Systems

text: Not all games developed by Intelligent Systems are published by Nintendo. "" (which was co-developed by Intelligent Systems) was published by Atlus in North America; Intelligent Systems also developed various "Dragon Quest" games, which were published by Square Enix.


title: Frequency-hopping spread spectrum

text: Frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) is a method of transmitting radio signals by rapidly changing the carrier frequency among many distinct frequencies occupying a large spectral band. The changes are controlled by a code known to both transmitter and receiver. FHSS is used to avoid interference, to prevent eavesdropping, and to enable code-division multiple access (CDMA) communications.


title: Frequency-hopping spread spectrum

text: The available frequency band is divided into smaller sub-bands. Signals rapidly change ("hop") their carrier frequencies among the center frequencies of these sub-bands in a predetermined order. Interference at a specific frequency will affect the signal only during a short interval.


title: Frequency-hopping spread spectrum

text: Spread-spectrum signals are highly resistant to deliberate jamming unless the adversary has knowledge of the frequency-hopping pattern. Military radios generate the frequency-hopping pattern under the control of a secret Transmission Security Key (TRANSEC) that the sender and receiver share in advance. This key is generated by devices such as the KY-57 Speech Security Equipment. United States military radios that use frequency hopping include the JTIDS/MIDS family, the HAVE QUICK Aeronautical Mobile communications system, and the SINCGARS Combat Net Radio, Link-16.


title: Frequency-hopping spread spectrum

text: In the US, since the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) amended rules to allow FHSS systems in the unregulated 2.4 GHz band, many consumer devices in that band have employed various FHSS modes. eFCC CFR 47 part 15.247 covers the regulations in the US for 902–928 MHz, 2400–2483.5 MHz, and 5725–5850 MHz bands, and the requirements for frequency hopping.


title: Frequency-hopping spread spectrum

text: Some walkie-talkies that employ FHSS technology have been developed for unlicensed use on the 900 MHz band. FHSS technology is also used in many hobby transmitters and receivers used for radio-controlled model cars, airplanes, and drones. A type of multiple access is achieved allowing hundreds of transmitter/receiver pairs to be operated simultaneously on the same band, in contrast to previous FM or AM radio-controlled systems that had limited simultaneous channels.


title: Frequency-hopping spread spectrum

text: The overall bandwidth required for frequency hopping is much wider than that required to transmit the same information using only one carrier frequency. But because transmission occurs only on a small portion of this bandwidth at any given time, the instantaneous interference bandwidth is really the same. While providing no extra protection against wideband thermal noise, the frequency-hopping approach reduces the degradation caused by narrowband interference sources.


title: Frequency-hopping spread spectrum

text: One of the challenges of frequency-hopping systems is to synchronize the transmitter and receiver. One approach is to have a guarantee that the transmitter will use all the channels in a fixed period of time. The receiver can then find the transmitter by picking a random channel and listening for valid data on that channel. The transmitter's data is identified by a special sequence of data that is unlikely to occur over the segment of data for this channel, and the segment can also have a checksum for integrity checking and further identification. The transmitter and receiver can use fixed tables of frequency-hopping patterns, so that once synchronized they can maintain communication by following the table.


title: Frequency-hopping spread spectrum

text: In the US, FCC part 15 on unlicensed spread spectrum systems in the 902–928 MHz and 2.4 GHz bands permits more power than is allowed for non-spread-spectrum systems. Both FHSS and direct-sequence spread-spectrum (DSSS) systems can transmit at 1 watt, a thousandfold increase from the 1 milliwatt limit on non-spread-spectrum systems. The FCC also prescribes a minimum number of frequency channels and a maximum dwell time for each channel.


title: Frequency-hopping spread spectrum

text: In 1899 Guglielmo Marconi experimented with frequency-selective reception in an attempt to minimise interference.


title: Frequency-hopping spread spectrum

text: The earliest mentions of frequency hopping in open literature are in US patent 725,605, awarded to Nikola Tesla on March 17, 1903, and in radio pioneer Jonathan Zenneck's book "Wireless Telegraphy" (German, 1908, English translation McGraw Hill, 1915), although Zenneck writes that Telefunken had already tried it. Nikola Tesla doesn't mention the phrase "frequency hopping" directly, but certainly alludes to it. Entitled "Method of Signaling", the patent describes a system that would enable radio communication "without any danger of the signals or messages being disturbed, intercepted, interfered with in any way".


title: Frequency-hopping spread spectrum

text: The German military made limited use of frequency hopping for communication between fixed command points in World War I to prevent eavesdropping by British forces, who did not have the technology to follow the sequence. Jonathan Zenneck's book "Wireless Telegraphy" was originally published in German in 1908, but was translated into English in 1915 as the enemy started using frequency hopping on the front line. Zenneck was a German physicist and electrical engineer who had become interested in radio by attending Tesla's lectures on "wireless sciences". "Wireless Telegraphy" includes a section on frequency hopping, and, as it became a standard text for many years, it probably introduced the technology to a generation of engineers.


title: Frequency-hopping spread spectrum

text: A Polish engineer and inventor, Leonard Danilewicz, came up with the idea in 1929. Several other patents were taken out in the 1930s, including one by Willem Broertjes (, issued Aug. 2, 1932).


title: Frequency-hopping spread spectrum

text: During World War II, the US Army Signal Corps was inventing a communication system called SIGSALY, which incorporated spread spectrum in a single frequency context. But SIGSALY was a top-secret communications system, so its existence was not known until the 1980s.


title: Frequency-hopping spread spectrum

text: In 1942, actress Hedy Lamarr and composer George Antheil received for their "Secret Communications System", an early version of frequency hopping using a piano-roll to switch among 88 frequencies to make radio-guided torpedoes harder for enemies to detect or jam. The U.S. Navy rejected the idea, then seized it as "alien property" in 1942 (Lamarr was Austrian) but filed it away with no record of a working device being produced. Lamarr's and Antheil's idea was rediscovered in the 1950s during patent searches when private companies were independently developing direct-sequence Code Division Multiple Access, a non-frequency-hopping form of spread-spectrum, and has been cited numerous times since. In 1957, engineers at Sylvania Electronic Systems Division adopted the patented concept, combined with the recently invented transistor. In 1962, the US Navy finally utilized the technology during the Cuban Missile Crisis; Lamarr's and Antheil's patent had expired.


title: Frequency-hopping spread spectrum

text: A practical application of frequency hopping was developed by Ray Zinn, co-founder of Micrel Corporation. Zinn developed a method allowing radio devices to operate without the need to synchronize a receiver with a transmitter. Using frequency hopping and sweep modes, Zinn's method is primarily applied in low data rate wireless applications such as utility metering, machine and equipment monitoring and metering, and remote control. In 2006 Zinn received for his "Wireless device and method using frequency hopping and sweep modes."


title: Frequency-hopping spread spectrum

text: Adaptive frequency-hopping spread spectrum (AFH) as used in Bluetooth improves resistance to radio frequency interference by avoiding crowded frequencies in the hopping sequence. This sort of adaptive transmission is easier to implement with FHSS than with DSSS.


title: Frequency-hopping spread spectrum

text: The key idea behind AFH is to use only the "good" frequencies and avoid the "bad" ones—those experiencing frequency selective fading, those on which a third party is trying to communicate, or those being actively jammed. Therefore, AFH should be complemented by a mechanism for detecting good and bad channels.


title: Frequency-hopping spread spectrum

text: But if the radio frequency interference is itself dynamic, then AFH's strategy of "bad channel removal" may not work well. For example, if there are several colocated frequency-hopping networks (as Bluetooth Piconet), they are mutually interfering and AFH's strategy fails to avoid this interference.


title: Frequency-hopping spread spectrum

text: The problem of dynamic interference, gradual reduction of available hopping channels and backward compatibility with legacy Bluetooth devices was resolved in version 1.2 of the Bluetooth Standard (2003). Such a situation can often happen in the scenarios that use unlicensed spectrum.


title: Frequency-hopping spread spectrum

text: In addition, dynamic radio frequency interference is expected to occur in the scenarios related to cognitive radio, where the networks and the devices should exhibit frequency-agile operation.


title: Frequency-hopping spread spectrum

text: Chirp modulation can be seen as a form of frequency-hopping that simply scans through the available frequencies in consecutive order to communicate.


title: Frequency-hopping spread spectrum

text: Frequency hopping can be superimposed on other modulations or waveforms to enhance the system performance.


title: Prime Minister of Sri Lanka

text: The Prime Minister of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka is the head and most senior member of parliament in the cabinet of ministers. It is the second-most powerful position in Sri Lanka's executive branch behind the president, who is the constitutional chief executive. The Cabinet is collectively held accountable to parliament for their policies and actions.


title: Prime Minister of Sri Lanka

text: Dinesh Gunawardena has been prime minister since 22 July, after Ranil Wickremesinghe was sworn in as the President.


title: Prime Minister of Sri Lanka

text: The president will appoint a member of parliament as prime minister, who in the president's opinion, "is most likely to command the confidence of Parliament". The prime minister holds office throughout the period during which the cabinet of ministers continues to function under the provisions of the constitution unless the prime minister resigns from the post or ceases to be a member of parliament.


title: Prime Minister of Sri Lanka

text: Under the Soulbury Constitution the post of Prime Minister was created in 1947 as the head of government in the Westminster system. In 1978, under the second amendment to the Republican Constitution of 1972 much of the powers of the premiership were transferred to the executive presidency as head of government and head of the cabinet of ministers in addition to being the head of state. As a result, the prime minister became a senior member cabinet of ministers and successor to the president. The prime minister would serve as the deputy to the president if both are from the same political party. On certain occasions, when the president is not from the majority party in parliament or a national government is formed, the prime minister would be appointed from a party different from the president's. In such a situation the prime minister would serve as the de facto head of government. In 2015, the nineteenth amendment restored a certain degree of powers to the premiership.


title: Prime Minister of Sri Lanka

text: The prime minister is the second in the order of precedence after the president and head of the cabinet of ministers. The prime minister would be a member of the constitutional council, national security council and the most senior member of the cabinet of ministers.


title: Prime Minister of Sri Lanka

text: As per the constitution, if the office of president becomes vacant, the prime minister would "act in the office of President during the period between the occurrence of such vacancy and the assumption of office by the new president and shall appoint one of the other ministers of the Cabinet to act in the office of Prime Minister". In such a situation, if the office of Prime Minister is vacant or the prime minister is unable to act, the Speaker of the Parliament shall act in the office of President instead.


title: Prime Minister of Sri Lanka

text: The president may appoint the prime minister to exercise, perform and discharge the powers, duties and functions of the office of President for a period during the president is unable to exercise, perform and discharge the powers, duties and functions of his office due to illness, absence from Sri Lanka or any other cause.


title: Prime Minister of Sri Lanka

text: The official residence of the prime minister is the Prime Minister's House most commonly referred to as Temple Trees. The prime minister has the use of The Lodge as a vacationing residence in the holiday-town of Nuwara Eliya. The Prime Minister's Office is located in the Sirimathipaya on Sir Ernest de Silva Mawatha (formerly known as Flower Road) in Colombo.


title: Prime Minister of Sri Lanka

text: In recent years, Temple Trees has been by some presidents such as Kumaratunga and Rajapaksa from time to time, while other prime ministers such as Wickremesinghe have chosen to stay at his personal residence.


title: Prime Minister of Sri Lanka

text: For ground travel, the prime minister uses the prime ministerial car, which is an armored black Mercedes-Benz S-Class (S600) Pullman Guard. For domestic air travel, helicopters from the No. 4 (VVIP/VIP) Helicopter Squadron of the Sri Lanka Air Force are used while for long-distance travel, regular flights of the Sri Lankan Airlines are used.


title: Prime Minister of Sri Lanka

text: Traditionally security for the prime minister has been provided by the Sri Lanka Police. After the establishment of the office of Prime Minister in 1948, a sub inspector of the Ceylon Police Force had been assigned for personal protection of the prime minister, until S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike dismissed his personal protection officer. When Bandaranaike was assassinated, only a lone police constable stood guard at the entrance of his residence. Following the Bandaranaike assassination, the successive prime ministers received a police guard headed by a sub-inspector. This was supplemented by the Army's Field Security Detachment following the 1962 attempted coup d'état and during the 1971 JVP insurrection. At present the Prime Minister's Security Division is in charge of security of the prime minister.


title: Prime Minister of Sri Lanka

text: In the Sri Lankan order of precedence, the prime minister is placed after the president, but before the Speaker of the Parliament.


title: Prime Minister of Sri Lanka

text: The post of Prime Minister of Ceylon was created in 1947 replacing the colonial post of Chief Secretary of Ceylon, as Ceylon gained self-rule with the formation of the Dominion of Ceylon under the recommendations of the Soulbury Commission under the "Ceylon Independence Act, 1947" and "The Ceylon (Constitution and Independence) Orders in Council 1947". The D. S. Senanayake, the leader of the newly formed United National Party became the first Prime Minister. Carrying forward the scope of the former Chief Secretary, the Prime Minister retained the portfolios of External Affairs and Defence as the Minister of External Affairs and Defence.


title: Prime Minister of Sri Lanka

text: In 1972 when Sri Lanka became a republic the name of the post changed to Prime Minister of Sri Lanka. With a Westminster-based political system established the prime minister was the head of government and therefore held the most powerful political office of the country at the time. This changed with a constitutional change in 1978, when the executive presidency was created, making the president both head of state and head of government. Until 1978, the prime minister was also the minister of defence and external affairs. The prime minister is appointed by the president as a member of the cabinet of ministers. In the event that the office of the president is vacant, the prime minister becomes the acting president until Parliament convenes to elect a successor or new elections would be held to elect a new president. This was the case with H.E. President Dingiri Banda Wijetunge. UNP leader Ranil Wickremesinghe has served as prime minister on six occasions, while former UNP leader Dudley Senanayake and former Sri Lanka Freedom Party leader Sirimavo Bandaranaike were each appointed respectively four and three times to the position. With the passing of the 19th amendment to the constitution in 2015, the prime minister was granted more powers when appointing ministers and leading the cabinet.


title: Prime Minister of Sri Lanka

text: On 26 October 2018, former president Mahinda Rajapaksa was appointed by Maithripala Sirisena as the prime minister dismissing incumbent prime minister Ranil Wickremesinghe. Wickremasinghe refused to accept the dismissal stating that it was unconstitutional, resulting in a constitutional crisis.


title: Prime Minister of Sri Lanka

text: On 3 December 2018, a court issued an interim order preventing Mahinda Rajapaksha from functioning in the position. On 16 December 2018, Ranil Wickramasinghe was re-appointed as Prime Minister ending the crisis.


title: Prime Minister of Sri Lanka

text: In March 2022, Sri Lankans began protests in retaliation to the economic mismanagement of Sri Lanka, which led to the island nation's worst economic crisis since independence. The protesters blamed the Rajapaksa family who have been dominating Sri Lankan politics for decades for the economic instability of Sri Lanka. On 9 May 2022, Prime Minister Mahinda Rajapaksa, submitted his letter of resignation amidst the anti-government protests.


title: Prime Minister of Sri Lanka

text: On 12 May 2022, President Gotabaya Rajapaksa appointed veteran politician Ranil Wickremesinghe as Prime Minister of Sri Lanka.


title: Prime Minister of Sri Lanka

text: On 9 July 2022, protestors stormed the Presidential secretariat, Presidential house and set fire to Prime Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe house. This led President Gotabya Rajapaksa to resign and Prime minister Ranil Wickremesinghe was appointed acting president. On 20 July, Ranil Wickremesinghe was appointed President of Sri Lanka by members of parliament. On 22 July, Wickremesinghe appointed Dinesh Gunawardena as the Prime Minister of Sri Lanka.


title: The Titan's Bride

text: The series was adapted into a television anime series by Studio Hōkiboshi and Comet Company in 2020. Episodes stream on the digital distribution platform ComicFesta Anime; versions of each episode that are edited to remove sexually-explicit content broadcast on Tokyo MX, and stream on YouTube and Niconico. English-language translations of both the manga and anime are syndicated by the digital distribution platform Coolmic, which simulcast the anime series during its original broadcast run.


title: The Titan's Bride

text: On January 25, 2021, it was announced the anime will receive an anime dub produced by Ascendent Animation.


title: The Titan's Bride

text: High school basketball player Kōichi Mizuki is suddenly summoned to a world populated by giants. He is met by Caius Lao Bistail, the prince of the world, who immediately asks Kōichi to marry him.


title: The Titan's Bride

text: "The Titan's Bride" is written and illustrated by Itkz. It has been serialized as a digital comic by publisher Suieseisha under their Screamo label since 2019, and is published as collected "tankōbon" volumes under their Glanz BL Comics imprint. An English-language translation of the series is published by the digital distribution platform Coolmic. The series will be receiving a print publication by Seven Seas Entertainment in October 2022. Seven Seas Entertainment boasts that the print edition "will feature the completely uncensored original art not available in other editions."


title: The Titan's Bride

text: On March 18, 2020, "The Titan's Bride" publisher Suiseisha announced that the series would be adapted into a television anime series. The series is produced by Studio Hōkiboshi and Comet Company, with the primary production staff composed of as director, Eeyo Kurosaki as scriptwriter, and Shinichi Yoshikawa as both character designer and chief animation director. "The Titan's Bride" stars as the voice of Kōichi and Yūki Ono as the voice of Caius, who also perform the series' theme song. The first trailer for the series was released on June 19, 2020.


title: The Titan's Bride

text: The series premiered on July 5, 2020. Two versions of each episode are produced: a "premium edition" that airs on the digital distribution platform ComicFesta Anime, which includes sexually-explicit content, and an edited version that airs on Tokyo MX, YouTube, and Niconico which removes sexually-explicit content. In English-language markets, the series is licensed by the digital distribution platform Coolmic.


title: The Titan's Bride

text: An audio drama CD was included with the first "tankōbon" volume of the manga series, featuring Itō and Ono as Kōichi and Caius, respectively.


title: The Titan's Bride

text: A "The Titan's Bride" web radio series premiered on ComicFesta Radio on July 10, 2020. Episodes were released twice-weekly, and featured interviews with the series' voice cast.


title: Ship's cat

text: The ship's cat has been a common feature on many trading, exploration, and naval ships dating to ancient times. Cats have been carried on ships for many reasons, most importantly to control rodents. Vermin aboard a ship can cause damage to ropes, woodwork, and more recently, electrical wiring. In addition, rodents threaten ships' stores, devour crews' foodstuff, and can cause economic damage to ships' cargo, such as grain. They are also a source of disease, which is dangerous for ships that are at sea for long periods of time. Rat fleas are carriers of plague, and rats on ships were believed to be a primary vector of the Black Death.


title: Ship's cat

text: Cats naturally attack and kill rodents and adapt to new surroundings, which makes them suitable for service on a ship. In addition, they offer companionship and a sense of home, security and camaraderie to sailors away from home.


title: Ship's cat

text: The African wildcat was probably first tamed in the Fertile Crescent during the first agricultural revolution that started about 10,000 years ago.


title: Ship's cat

text: Small cat bones excavated on Mediterranean islands indicate that cats were introduced around the beginning of the first millennium.


title: Ship's cat

text: Analysis of mitochondrial DNA of archaeological cat specimens revealed that ancient Egyptian cats started spreading in the 8th century BCE along Mediterranean trading routes and reached a Viking port at the Baltic Sea by the 7th century. The study suggests that viking sailors took cats with them on their voyages. During the Age of Discovery from the 15th through the 18th centuries, explorers and traders took them on board their ships to much of the rest of the world.


title: Ship's cat

text: The Royal Navy banned cats and other pet animals from all ships on the ocean in 1975 on hygiene grounds.


title: Ship's cat

text: One notable example is "Toolbox" (a feral kitten born in a toolbox), the senior ship's cat, official warrant officer and "Captain's Assistant" aboard the modern "Kalmar Nyckel". A celebrity in her own right, she is the subject of two books. A number of ship's cats were included in the chronicles for the "National Geographic Magazine" (1968–1970) and detailed in the 1972 book "Dove" by Robin Lee Graham, which was adapted into the 1974 film "The Dove". Bug Naked, Captain Kate McCue's sphynx cat, sails with her aboard the mega cruise ship "Celebrity Beyond".


title: Ship's cat

text: Sometimes worshipped as deities, cats have long had a reputation as magical animals and numerous myths and superstitions sprang up among the unusually superstitious seafaring community. They were considered to be intelligent and lucky animals, and a high level of care was devoted to keeping them happy. Some sailors believed that polydactyl cats were better at catching pests, possibly connected with the suggestion that extra digits give a polydactyl cat better balance, important when at sea. In some places polydactyl cats became known as "ship's cats".


title: Ship's cat

text: Cats were believed to have miraculous powers that could protect ships from dangerous weather. Sometimes, fishermen's wives would keep black cats at home too, in the hope that they would be able to use their influence to protect their husbands at sea. It was believed to be lucky if a cat approached a sailor on deck, but unlucky if it only came halfway, and then retreated. Another popular belief was that cats could start storms through magic stored in their tails. If a ship's cat fell or was thrown overboard, it was thought that it would summon a terrible storm to sink the ship and that if the ship was able to survive, it would be cursed with nine years of bad luck. Other beliefs included that if a cat licked its fur against the grain, it meant a hail storm was coming; if it sneezed it meant rain; and if it was frisky it meant wind.


title: Ship's cat

text: Some of these beliefs are rooted in reality. Cats are able to detect slight changes in the weather, as a result of their very sensitive inner ears, which also allow them to land upright when falling. Low atmospheric pressure, a common precursor of stormy weather, often makes cats nervous and restless. Cats naturally react to barometric pressure changes, through which a keen observer can detect unusual behavior and predict an incoming storm. The tradition that every ship needs a mascot made cats very welcome among sailors.


title: Ship's cat

text: The prevalence of cats on ships has led to them being reported on by a number of noted seafarers. The outbreak of the Second World War, with the spread of mass communication and the active nature of the world's navies, also led to a number of ship's cats becoming celebrities in their own right.


title: Ship's cat

text: Aussie was the last ship's cat of the transpacific liner . He was a five-year-old grey-and-white long-haired tom. His mother had been "Niagara"s cat before him; his father was a Persian cat in Vancouver, British Columbia. Aussie was born at Suva in Fiji.


title: Ship's cat

text: When "Niagara" was mined off the coast of New Zealand in 1940, Aussie was put in one of the lifeboats, but he jumped back aboard ship. A few days later, residents of Horahora, Whangarei, claimed that a cat answering Aussie's description came ashore on a piece of driftwood, and that one of them had taken him in, but the cat escaped and had not been seen since.


title: Ship's cat

text: Blackie was 's ship's cat. During the Second World War, he achieved worldwide fame after "Prince of Wales" carried Prime Minister Winston Churchill across the Atlantic to NS Argentia, Newfoundland, in August 1941, where he secretly met with the United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt for several days in a secure anchorage. This meeting resulted in the declaration of the Atlantic Charter.


title: Ship's cat

text: As Churchill prepared to step off "Prince of Wales", Blackie approached. Churchill stooped to bid farewell to Blackie, and the moment was photographed and reported in the world media. In honour of the success of the visit, Blackie was renamed Churchill.


title: Ship's cat

text: Blackie survived the sinking of "Prince of Wales" by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service later that year, and was taken to Singapore with the survivors. He could not be found when Singapore was evacuated the following year and his fate is unknown.


title: Ship's cat

text: Camouflage was the ship's cat aboard a US Coast Guard LST in the Pacific theater, WWII. He was known for chasing enemy tracer rounds across the deck.


title: Ship's cat

text: Chibley was the ship's cat aboard the tall ship Barque . She was rescued from an animal shelter and circumnavigated the world five times. "Picton Castle"’s role as a training ship resulted in Chibley being introduced to a large number of visitors and becoming a celebrity in her own right. Chibley died on November 10, 2011, in Lunenburg, Nova Scotia. She had sailed over 180,000 miles at sea.


title: Ship's cat

text: Convoy was the ship's cat aboard . He was so named because of the number of times he accompanied the ship on convoy escort duties. Convoy was listed in the ship's book and provided with a full kit, including a tiny hammock in which he slept. He was killed along with 87 of his crew mates when "Hermione" was torpedoed and sunk on 16 June 1942 by .


title: Ship's cat

text: Emmy was the ship's cat on . She was an orange tabby cat who never missed a voyage. However, on 28 May 1914, Emmy jumped ship while in port in Quebec City. The crew returned her to the ship, but she left again, leaving her kittens behind. "Empress of Ireland" left without her, which was regarded as a terrible omen. Early the next morning "Empress of Ireland" was struck by while steaming through fog near the mouth of the Saint Lawrence River and rapidly sank, killing more than 1,000 people.


title: Ship's cat

text: Felix was the ship's cat aboard "Mayflower II" when she set sail from Devon, England, to Plymouth, Massachusetts, in 1957 to symbolize the solidarity between the UK and the US following World War II. He was given his own life jacket and once suffered a broken paw after a mishap. The paw was set by the ship's doctor. Photos and stories about Felix appeared in "National Geographic", "Life", and "Yankee" magazine after his arrival in the US. The cat and the rest of the crew marched in a New York ticker tape parade and toured the East Coast that summer. He was eventually adopted by the cabin boy's girlfriend, Ann Berry, and settled in Waltham, Massachusetts. The current captain of the "Mayflower II" wrote a children's book about Felix entitled "Felix and his Mayflower II Adventures". The book was published during the celebration of the ship's fiftieth anniversary at Plimoth Plantation.


title: Ship's cat

text: Halifax was the name given to Alvah and Diana Simon's ship's cat who was found in the Canadian port of Halifax, on their way to winter at Tay Bay in 1994, on "Roger Henry". The cat spent all of the time iced in on the boat with Alvah, when Diana had to leave for family purposes. Alvah's book "North To The Night" describes his adventure in the ice with Halifax the cat, who ended up losing half an ear to frostbite.


title: Ship's cat

text: Jenny was the name of the ship's cat aboard "Titanic" and was mentioned in the accounts of several of the crew members who survived the ocean liner's fateful 1912 maiden voyage. She was transferred from "Titanic"s sister ship and gave birth in the week before "Titanic" left Southampton. The galley is where Jenny and her kittens normally lived, cared for by the victualling staff who fed them kitchen scraps. Stewardess Violet Jessop later wrote in her memoir that the cat "laid her family near Jim, the scullion, whose approval she always sought and who always gave her warm devotion".


title: Ship's cat

text: Kiddo seemed to have stowed away on the airship "America", when it left Atlantic City, New Jersey, in 1910 to cross the Atlantic Ocean. Initially, Kiddo was so upset by the experience, the cat had to be placed in a gunny sack and suspended beneath the airship's gondola. He eventually settled in and, evidently, was better at predicting bad weather than the barometer. The airship's engines eventually failed, and the small crew and Kiddo abandoned the "America" for lifeboats when they sighted the Royal Mail Ship near Bermuda. Kiddo then was retired from being a ship's cat and was taken care of by Edith Wellman Ainsworth, the daughter of the American journalist, explorer, and aviator Walter Wellman who made the daring attempt.


title: Ship's cat

text: Mrs Chippy (actually a male) was the ship's cat aboard "Endurance", the ship used by Sir Ernest Shackleton for his Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition. When the ship was lost, having become trapped and eventually crushed in pack ice, Shackleton ordered five sled dogs and Mrs Chippy shot, as Shackleton had decided that the animals could not be kept during the arduous journey ahead.


title: Ship's cat

text: Nansen (actually a female) was the ship's cat on , which was used for the Belgian Antarctic Expedition. She was brought on board by cabin boy Johan Koren, and was named after Fridtjof Nansen. She died on 22 June 1898, and was buried in the Antarctic.


title: Ship's cat

text: Peebles was the ship's cat aboard . Another cat who became a favourite of the ship's crew, he was known to be particularly intelligent and would shake the hands of strangers when they entered the wardroom.


title: Ship's cat

text: Pooli served aboard a United States attack transport during the Second World War. She was awarded three service ribbons and four battle stars.


title: Ship's cat

text: Rinda was the ship's cat on the Norwegian cargo ship , which was torpedoed and sunk during World War II. When the surviving crew realized that their beloved ship's cat was not on board the lifeboat, they rowed around in the night until they finally heard a pitiful "miauu" in the distance. "We rowed as hard as we could and laughed and cried when we lifted the sopping wet furball aboard". The cat became the ship's cat aboard the rescue ship, the British armed naval trawler , and was given the name Rinda after the previous ship.


title: Ship's cat

text: Simon was the ship's cat of during the Yangtze Incident in 1949, and was wounded in the bombardment of the ship which killed 25 of "Amethyst"'s crew, including the commanding officer. He soon recovered and resumed killing rats and keeping up the crew's morale. He was appointed to the rank of 'Able Seacat' Simon and became a celebrity after the ship escaped the Yangtze and returned to Britain. He later contracted an infection and died shortly after. Tributes poured in and his obituary appeared in "The Times". He was posthumously awarded the Dickin Medal, the only cat ever to earn the award, and was buried with full naval honours.


title: Ship's cat

text: Tarawa was a kitten rescued from a pillbox during the Battle of Tarawa by the United States Coast Guard. She was a mascot aboard an LST, but did not get along with the LST's other mascot, a dog named Kodiak, and jumped ship ashore.


title: Ship's cat

text: Tiddles was the ship's cat on a number of Royal Navy aircraft carriers. He was born aboard , and later joined . He was often seen at his favourite station, on the aft capstan, where he would play with the bell-rope. He eventually travelled over during his time in service.


title: Ship's cat

text: Togo was the ship's cat on . A Persian cat, Togo was known for resting in the barrels of the ship's main battery.


title: Ship's cat

text: Trim was the ship's cat on a number of the ships under the command of Matthew Flinders during voyages to circumnavigate and map the coastline of Australia during 1801–1803. He became a favourite of the crew and was the first cat to circumnavigate Australia. He remained with Flinders until death. He has been the subject of a number of works of literature, and statues have been placed in his honour, including one that sits on a window sill at the State Library of New South Wales in Sydney.


title: Ship's cat

text: Previously named Oscar, he was the ship's cat of the . When she was sunk on 27 May 1941, only 116 out of a crew of over 2,200 survived. Oscar was picked up by the destroyer , one of the ships responsible for destroying "Bismarck". "Cossack" herself was torpedoed and sunk a few months later, on 24 October, killing 159 of her crew, but Oscar again survived to be rescued, and was taken to Gibraltar. He became the ship's cat of , which was torpedoed and sunk in November that year.


title: Ship's cat

text: Oscar was again rescued, but it was decided at that time to transfer him to a home on land. By now known as Unsinkable Sam because of surviving the three ship sinkings, he was given a new job as shore duty mouse-catcher in the office buildings of the Governor of Gibraltar because he still had "six lives to go". He eventually was taken to the UK and spent the rest of his life at the 'Home for Sailors'. A portrait of him exists in the collections of the National Maritime Museum in Greenwich.


title: Ship's cat

text: There are at least two books called "The Ship's Cat": a 1977 children's book by Richard Adams and Alan Aldridge, and a 2000 novel by Jock Brandis. "Matthew Flinders' Cat" is a 2002 novel by Bryce Courtenay featuring tales about Trim, the ship's cat that circumnavigated Australia. In "Fish Head", a 1954 children's book by Jean Fritz, the eponymous cat unwittingly becomes a ship's cat.


title: Ship's cat

text: In science fiction, the role of the ship's cat has been transferred to spaceships. Notable examples include Cordwainer Smith's 1955 short story "The Game of Rat and Dragon" and Andre Norton's 1968 novel "The Zero Stone" featuring a telepathic mutant feline named Eet. Robert A. Heinleins "The Cat Who Walks Through Walls" features a cat named Pixel who travels on various space adventures with the narrator. On film, "Alien" (1979) and the sequel "Aliens" (1986) feature Jones ("Jonesy") aboard "Nostromo". In the UK science fiction comedy series "Red Dwarf", a man called Lister was in stasis for three million years on the spaceship Red Dwarf when all other living beings had died except his pregnant cat. The cats evolved over the three million years into a humanoid species and when Lister came out of stasis he met the last of them that was called Cat.


title: Carl Williams (criminal)

text: Carl Anthony Williams (13 October 1970 – 19 April 2010) was an Australian convicted murderer and drug trafficker from Melbourne, Victoria. He is the central figure in the Melbourne gangland killings as well as their final victim.


title: Carl Williams (criminal)

text: He was sentenced to life imprisonment with a non-parole period of 35 years for ordering the murders of three people and conspiracy to murder a fourth (which was unsuccessful). On 19 April 2010, while incarcerated at HM Prison Barwon, Williams was beaten to death with the stem of an exercise bike by another inmate, Matthew Charles Johnson.


title: Carl Williams (criminal)

text: Williams enlisted the help of others willing to perform the contract killings in exchange for large payments of cash. At the time of his death, he was in the maximum-security Acacia unit of HM Prison Barwon near Geelong. Williams would have been 71 before he is eligible for parole.


title: Carl Williams (criminal)

text: Williams attended Broadmeadows Technical School, leaving in Year 11. Williams spent much of his childhood in Western Melbourne with his friends and older brother Shane who died of a heroin overdose in 1997. He was married to convicted drug trafficker Roberta Mercieca (born 23 March 1969), with whom he had one daughter, Dhakota Williams born 10 March 2001. Williams held various labouring jobs before opening a children's clothing store in partnership with his wife, which eventually failed.


title: Carl Williams (criminal)

text: On 25 November 1999, Williams, along with his father George and another associate, were arrested and charged with drug trafficking after a raid on an illegal drug factory that had been set up in a unit located in Fir Close, Broadmeadows. In excess of 25,000 amphetamine tablets were seized by police, estimated to be worth up to 20 million.


title: Carl Williams (criminal)

text: Williams, who described himself as a semi-professional gambler, was banned from the Crown Casino on 2 April 2004 by police commissioner Christine Nixon under the "Casino Control Act". Williams's mother Barbara Williams was found dead in her Melbourne home on 22 November 2008, having overdosed on unspecified drugs in an act of suicide. She had been suffering from depression.


title: Carl Williams (criminal)

text: On 13 October 1999, Williams was shot in the abdomen by Jason Moran because he owed the Moran family $80,000. This event sparked a lengthy underworld war known popularly as the Melbourne gangland killings. In 2002, after meeting through a mutual friend, Tony Mokbel, Williams courted the services of the murderer Andrew Veniamin as his right-hand man until early 2004.


title: Carl Williams (criminal)

text: Mark Moran is shot on 15 June 2000 after arriving at his home in Aberfeldie. Williams was due to stand trial for his murder, but the charge was dropped when he pleaded guilty to other murders.


title: Carl Williams (criminal)

text: On the Saturday morning of 21 June 2003, Jason Moran and a colleague, Pasquale Barbaro, were fatally shot in the parking lot of the Cross Keys Hotel in Strathmore, Melbourne, where Moran and Barbaro had brought five children to attend an Auskick football clinic.


title: Carl Williams (criminal)

text: The clinic had just finished, and many adults and children were standing around. Moran and Barbaro sat in the front seats of Moran's minivan—with the five young children sitting in the rear—a gunman approached and fired both a shotgun and a handgun into the vehicle. Both men died at the scene. Three years earlier, a shotgun and a handgun had been used to gun down Moran's half-brother Mark. Two of the children in the minivan were Moran's, and all were age 7 or under.


title: Carl Williams (criminal)

text: The gunman—nicknamed "The Runner" before he was identified as Victor Brincat—later told police that Carl Williams was the person who paid him to kill Moran and Barbaro, and that Williams had paid him less than the $100,000 fee he was originally promised. Williams later pleaded guilty to the murder of Jason Moran.


title: Carl Williams (criminal)

text: Mark Mallia was an associate of murdered underworld criminal, Nik Radev. At 8:05 a.m. on 18 August 2003 a fire was reported in a stormwater drain in Sunshine. Fire brigade members attending to the fire recovered a wheelie bin containing the remains of a charred body inside, later identified as Mallia.


title: Carl Williams (criminal)

text: Marshall was shot outside his luxury South Yarra home in front of his five-year-old son on 25 October 2003.


title: Carl Williams (criminal)

text: Lewis Moran was fatally shot in the inner-city Brunswick Club on 31 March 2004. Williams pleaded guilty to his murder.


title: Carl Williams (criminal)

text: On 28 February 2007, Williams pleaded guilty in the Supreme Court of Victoria to the murders of Lewis Moran, his son Jason Moran, and Mark Mallia (whose name was initially suppressed by the court).


title: Carl Williams (criminal)

text: Williams also pleaded guilty to conspiracy to murder gangland rival Mario Condello. A suppression order prevented the media from reporting this until the day of sentencing. Under a deal with police, Williams was not charged for his alleged involvement in orchestrating the murder of Mark Moran, Jason Moran's half-brother.


title: Carl Williams (criminal)

text: It was also revealed that Williams was serving a sentence of 21 years for the 2003 murder of Michael Marshall. The outcome of this trial had previously been suppressed.


title: Carl Williams (criminal)

text: On 19 April 2010 News Limited newspapers including the "Herald Sun" revealed that Victoria Police were paying $8,000 in school fees for Williams's daughter. The reason for the payment was not revealed at the time. Later, during the 2011 murder trial, it was revealed Williams had turned informant and had struck a deal with Assistant Commissioner Simon Overland. Williams gave information on several unsolved murder cases believed to have involved corrupt officers and it was also revealed his murderer may have been implicated in at least one of those cases. Williams's lawyer Rob Stary said Williams was upset about the publication of the story.


title: Carl Williams (criminal)

text: There was speculation that the police may have agreed to pay the school fees in exchange for information and that publication of the story may have led to Williams's death. The "Herald Sun" defended its publication of the story.


title: Carl Williams (criminal)

text: On 19 April 2010, Williams died from a head injury while incarcerated at Barwon Prison. He was struck with part of an exercise bike by another inmate, Matthew Charles Johnson, who was convicted of the murder, and sentenced in December 2011 to 32 years in jail.


title: Carl Williams (criminal)

text: Williams's funeral was held on 30 April 2010 at St Therese's Catholic Church in Essendon. He was buried in a golden coffin. In January 2011 it was reported that Williams's resting place consisted of a nameless plot, without a headstone.


title: Carl Williams (criminal)

text: The circumstances of his death were investigated by the Victorian Ombudsman. A report critical of Corrections Victoria (for approving Williams to share a cell with Johnson) was released in April 2012. Two months later in June 2012, the Department of Justice Secretary Penny Armytage resigned and earlier in May the Corrections Victoria Commissioner Bob Hastings had resigned. In 2019, during the Royal Commission into the Management of Police Informants, former Deputy Commissioner (Crime) for Victoria Police Sir Kenneth Lloyd Jones made a written submission stating his belief that prison staff were involved with the death of Williams.


title: Carl Williams (criminal)

text: Williams was portrayed by Gyton Grantley in the 2008 Australian television series "Underbelly", based on the events surrounding the Melbourne gangland wars from 1995 up to his arrest in 2004. In 2014 Grantley reprised the role in "Fat Tony & Co.", and again in 2020 in "Informer 3838".


title: Fashion Institute of Technology

text: The Fashion Institute of Technology (FIT) is a public college in New York City. It is part of the State University of New York (SUNY) and focuses on art, business, design, mass communication, and technology connected to the fashion industry. It was founded in 1944.


title: Fashion Institute of Technology

text: Seventeen majors are offered through the School of Art and Design, and ten through the Jay and Patty Baker School of Business and Technology leading to an A.A.S., B.F.A., or B.S. The School of Liberal Arts offers a B.S. in art history and museum professions and a B.S. in film and media. The School of Graduate Studies offers seven programs leading to a Master of Arts, Master of Fine Arts, or Master of Professional Studies.


title: Fashion Institute of Technology

text: In addition to the degree programs, FIT offers a wide selection of non-credit courses through the Center for Professional Studies. One of the most popular programs is the "Sew Like a Pro" series, which teaches basic through advanced sewing skills.


title: Fashion Institute of Technology

text: FIT is an accredited institutional member of the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools, the National Association of Schools of Art and Design, and the Council for Interior Design Accreditation. FIT publishes research on store branding and store positioning. In 1967, FIT faculty and staff won the first higher education union contract in New York State.


title: Fashion Institute of Technology

text: The nine-building campus in the Midtown South neighborhood of Manhattan includes classrooms, television and radio studios, labs, design workshops, and multiple exhibition galleries.


title: Fashion Institute of Technology

text: The Conference Center at FIT features the John E. Reeves Great Hall, a space suitable for conferences, fashion shows, lectures, and other events. The campus also has two large theaters: the Haft Auditorium and the Katie Murphy Amphitheatre.


title: Fashion Institute of Technology

text: FIT serves more than 7,578 full-time and 2,186 part-time students. Four dormitories, three of which are on campus, serve approximately 2,300 students and offer a variety of accommodations. The George S. and Mariana Kaufman Residence Hall located at 406 West 31st Street—formerly a book bindery factory—was converted into residential apartments, to offer more housing near the campus for FIT students. The campus also has a retail food court/dining hall, a deli and a Starbucks.


title: Fashion Institute of Technology

text: The Fred P. Pomerantz Art and Design Center offers facilities for design studies: photography studios with black-and-white darkrooms, painting rooms, a sculpture studio, a printmaking room, a graphics laboratory, display and exhibit design rooms, life-sketching rooms, and a model-making workshop. The Shirley Goodman Resource Center houses the Museum at FIT and the Library/Media Services, with references for history, sociology, technology, art, and literature; international journals and periodicals; sketchbooks and records donated by designers, manufacturers, and merchants; slides, tapes, and periodicals; and a clipping file. The Gladys Marcus Library provides access to books, periodicals, DVDs and non-print materials, and houses Fashion Institute of Technology Special Collections and College Archives. FIT also has many computer labs for student use. The Instructional Media Services Department provides audiovisual and TV support and an in-house TV studio. Student work is also displayed throughout the campus. Fashion shows featuring the work of graduating B.F.A. students occur each academic year.


title: Fashion Institute of Technology

text: The Design/Research Lighting Laboratory, a development facility for interior design and other academic disciplines, features 400 commercially available lighting fixtures controlled by a computer. The Annette Green/Fragrance Foundation Laboratory is an environment for the study of fragrance development.


title: Fashion Institute of Technology

text: Well-known alumni of the school include the fashion designers Norma Kamali, Calvin Klein, Michael Kors (who did not complete his studies there), interior designer Scott Salvator, and film director Joel Schumacher.


title: Fashion Institute of Technology

text: The Museum at FIT, founded in 1969 as the Design Laboratory, includes collections of clothing, textiles, and accessories.


title: Fashion Institute of Technology

text: It began presenting exhibitions in the 1970s, utilizing a collection on long-term loan from the Brooklyn Museum of Art, and then over time acquiring its own collection as well as thousands of textiles and other fashion-related material. In 1993, the Board of Trustees of FIT, noting the significance of the Design Laboratory's collections and exhibitions, changed the institution's name to The Museum at FIT. In 2012, the museum was awarded accreditation by the American Alliance of Museums.


title: Fashion Institute of Technology

text: The museum's permanent collection now includes more than 50,000 garments and accessories from the 18th century to the present. Important designers such as Adrian, Balenciaga, Chanel, and Dior are represented. The collecting policy of the museum focuses on aesthetically and historically significant clothing, accessories, textiles and visual materials, with emphasis on contemporary avant-garde fashion.


title: Fashion Institute of Technology

text: There are three galleries in the museum. The lower level gallery is devoted to special exhibitions. The Fashion and Textile History Gallery on the main floor features a rotating selection of approximately 200 historically and artistically significant objects from the museum's permanent


title: Fashion Institute of Technology

text: collection. Gallery FIT, also located on the main floor, is dedicated to student and faculty exhibitions.


title: Fashion Institute of Technology

text: Past exhibitions include: "London Fashion," which received the first Richard Martin Award for Excellence in Costume Exhibitions from The Costume Society of America, "The Corset: Fashioning the Body," and "Gothic: Dark Glamour." Other special exhibitions have included "Isabel Toledo: Fashion From the Inside Out," in which the inauguration day ensemble Isabel Toledo designed for Michelle Obama in 2008 was on display, and a look at sustainable fashion with "Eco-Fashion: Going Green," an exhibition from 2010 examining the past two centuries of fashion's good—and bad—environmental and ethical practices.


title: Fashion Institute of Technology

text: More than 100,000 people visit the Museum at FIT each year, attending exhibitions, lectures, and other events. Admission is free to the public.


title: Fashion Institute of Technology

text: Fashion historian Valerie Steele became director of the Museum in 2003, and has also been named chief curator.


title: Indian Accounting Standards

text: Indian Accounting Standard (abbreviated as Ind-AS) is the Accounting standard adopted by companies in India and issued under the supervision of Accounting Standards Board (ASB) which was constituted as a body in the year 1977. ASB is a committee under Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) which consists of representatives from government department, academicians, other professional bodies viz. ICAI, representatives from ASSOCHAM, CII, FICCI, etc. ICAI is an independent body formed under an act of parliament.


title: Indian Accounting Standards

text: The Ind AS are named and numbered in the same way as the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). National Financial Reporting Authority (NFRA) recommend these standards to the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA). MCA has to spell out the accounting standards applicable for companies in India. As on date MCA has notified 40 Ind AS (Ind AS 11 is omitted by companies).


title: Indian Accounting Standards

text: S. This shall be applied to the companies of financial year 2015-16 voluntarily and from 2016-17 on a mandatory basis.


title: Indian Accounting Standards

text: Based on the international consensus, the regulators will separately notify the date of implementation of Ind-AS for the banks, insurance companies etc. Standards for the computation of Tax has been notified as ICDS in February 2015.


title: Indian Accounting Standards

text: India followed accounting standards from Indian Generally Acceptable Accounting Principle (IGAAP) prior to adoption of the Ind-AS.


title: Indian Accounting Standards

text: Companies shall follow Ind AS either Voluntarily or Mandatorily. Once a company follows Indian AS, either mandatorily or voluntarily, it can't revert to old method of Accounting.


title: Indian Accounting Standards

text: Net worth shall be checked for the previous four Financial Years (2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16, and 2016–17)


title: Indian Accounting Standards

text: Ind-AS 107 deals with disclosures related to financial instruments and related risks and the policies for managing such risks.


title: Junípero Serra

text: Junípero Serra y Ferrer (; ; ; November 24, 1713August 28, 1784) was a Spanish Roman Catholic priest and missionary of the Franciscan Order. He is credited with establishing the Franciscan Missions in the Sierra Gorda, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. He later founded a mission in Baja California and the first nine of 21 Spanish missions in California from San Diego to San Francisco, in what was then Spanish-occupied Alta California in the Province of Las Californias, New Spain.


title: Junípero Serra

text: Serra was beatified by Pope John Paul II on 25 September 1988 in Vatican City. Amid denunciations from Native American tribes who accused Serra of presiding over a brutal colonial subjugation, Pope Francis canonized Serra on 23 September 2015 at the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington, D.C., during his first visit to the United States. Serra's missionary efforts earned him the title of "Apostle of California".


title: Junípero Serra

text: Both before and after his canonization, Serra's reputation and missionary work during the Spanish occupation have been condemned by critics, who cite alleged mandatory conversions to Catholicism, followed by abuse of the Native American converts.


title: Junípero Serra

text: Serra was born Miquel Josep Serra i Ferrer (this name is Catalan, in Castilian it is Miguel José Serra Ferrer) in the village of Petra on the island of Mallorca in the Balearic Islands off the Mediterranean coast of Spain. His father Antonio Nadal Serra and mother Margarita Rosa Ferrer were married in 1707.