title: Caesar's civil war

text: Leaving Mark Antony in charge of Italy, Caesar set out west for Spain. En route, he started a siege of Massilia when the city barred him entry and came under the command of the aforementioned Domitius Ahenobarbus. Leaving a besieging force, Caesar continued to Spain with a small bodyguard and 900 German auxiliary cavalry. He arrived in June 49 and at Ilerda he defeated a Pompeian army under legates Lucius Afranius and Marcus Petreius. Pompey's remaining legate in Spain, Marcus Terentius Varro surrendered shortly thereafter, putting all of Spain under Caesar's control.


title: Caesar's civil war

text: Concurrent to Caesar's invasion of Spain, he sent his lieutenant Curio to invade Sicily and Africa assisted by Gaius Caninius Rebilus, where his forces were decisively defeated in the Battle of the Bagradas River in August 49 BC. Curio was killed in battle.


title: Caesar's civil war

text: Returning to Rome in December 49 BC, Caesar left Quintus Cassius Longinus in command of Spain and had praetor Marcus Aemilius Lepidus appoint him dictator. As dictator, he conducted elections for the consulship of 48 BC before using the dictatorial powers to pass laws recalling from exile those condemned by Pompey's courts in 52 BC, excepting Titus Annius Milo, and restoring the political rights of the children of victims of the Sullan proscriptions. Holding the dictatorship would have been the only way to avoid giving up his "imperium", legions, "provincia", and right to triumph while within the "pomerium". Standing in the same elections he conducted, he won a second term as consul with Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus as his colleague. He resigned the dictatorship after eleven days. Caesar then renewed his pursuit of Pompey across the Adriatic.


title: Caesar's civil war

text: Arriving at Brundisium, Caesar did not have enough transports to sail his entire force, meaning that multiple voyages across the Adriatic would be needed; this was complicated by a Pompeian fleet stationed on the eastern side of the Adriatic under the command of Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus. Sailing on 4 January 48 BC – in reality, due to drift from the Roman calendar, late autumn – Caesar took the Pompeians by surprise, with Pompey's troops dispersed to winter quarters and Bibulus' fleet not ready. Bibulus' fleet, however, quickly sprung into action and captured some of Caesar's transports as they returned to Brundisium, leaving Caesar stranded with some seven legions and little food. Caesar then pushed to Apollonia with little local resistance, allowing him to secure a base and some food stores; seeing that the main Pompeian supply base was at Dyrrachium, Caesar advanced on it but withdrew when Pompey arrived first with superior forces.


title: Caesar's civil war

text: After receiving the remainder of his army from Italy under Mark Antony on 10 April, Caesar advanced against Dyrrachium again, leading to the Battle of Dyrrachium. After attempting circumvallation of the Pompeian defenders, Caesar attempted to capture the vital Pompeian logistics hub of Dyrrachium but was unsuccessful after Pompey occupied it and the surrounding heights. In response, Caesar besieged Pompey's camp and constructed a circumvallation thereof, until, after months of skirmishes, Pompey was able to break through Caesar's fortified lines and force Caesar into a strategic withdrawal for Thessaly.


title: Caesar's civil war

text: After the victory, seeking to spare Italy from invasion, prevent Caesar from defeating in detail Scipio Nasica's forces arriving from Syria, and under pressure from his overconfident allies who accused him of prolonging the war to extend his command, Pompey sought to engage Caesar in a decisive battle. After meeting up with Scipio Nasica's Syrian reinforcements, Pompey led his forces after Caesar in early August, seeking favourable ground for a battle. After several days of cavalry skirmishes, Caesar was able to lure Pompey off of a hill and force battle on the plain of Pharsalus. During the battle, a flanking manoeuvre led by Labienus failed against a reserve line of Caesar's troops, leading to the collapse of the Pompeian infantry against Caesar's veterans. Shortly after the battle and sometime in October, Caesar was named dictator for the second time, for an entire year.


title: Caesar's civil war

text: Pompey, despairing of the defeat, fled with his advisors overseas to Mytilene and thence to Cilicia where he held a council of war; at the same time, Cato's supporters regrouped at Corcyra and went thence to Libya. Others, including Marcus Junius Brutus sought Caesar's pardon, travelling over marshlands to Larissa where he was then welcomed graciously by Caesar in his camp. Pompey's council of war decided to flee to Egypt, which had in the previous year supplied him with military aid.


title: Caesar's civil war

text: When Pompey arrived in Egypt, he was greeted by a welcoming delegation made up of several Egyptians and two Roman officers who had served with him years before. Shortly after boarding their boat, he was murdered in sight of his wife and friends on the deck. Caesar pursued vigorously as Pompey's skill and client networks made him the largest threat; travelling first to Asia and then to Cyprus and Egypt, he arrived three days after Pompey's murder. There, he was presented with the head of Pompey, along with his signet ring; Caesar wept when he saw the ring and recoiled from the head: "his disgust and sorrow may well have been genuine, for from the beginning he had taken great pride in his clemency".


title: Caesar's civil war

text: Egypt by this time had been embroiled in repeated civil wars, also frequently arbitrated by Rome – helped in part due to the massive bribes Egyptian monarchs gave to Roman leaders – which eroded the realm's independence. While in Egypt, Caesar started to get involved a dynastic dispute between Ptolemy XIII and Cleopatra, who in the will (registered in Rome) of the last Egyptian king (Ptolemy XII Auletes) had been made co-rulers. By 48 BC, relations between the two co-rulers had broken down, with the two shadowing each other with armies on opposite sides of the Nile.


title: Caesar's civil war

text: Caesar demanded a ten million denarii payment of a large debt promised to him by the previous king; a demand almost certainly motivated by the "massive financial commitments" needed to pay his troops; he also declared that he would arbitrate the succession dispute between Ptolemy XIII and Cleopatra. In response, Pothinus (Ptolemy XIII's eunuch regent), apparently summoned an army to the city and besieged Caesar's occupation of the royal quarter; Caesar summoned reinforcements from Roman Asia.


title: Caesar's civil war

text: While under siege in Alexandria, Caesar met Cleopatra and became her lover when she secreted herself into the royal quarter. Around this time, Caesar also produced his decision on the dynastic dispute: the will's terms were clear and both would have to be co-rulers. Ptolemy XIII impressed, probably already aware of Caesar and Cleopatra's relationship. After some months of siege, Caesar's forces were relieved by forces under Mithridates of Pergamum from Syria, bringing the Egyptians to battle with Caesar's forces where the Egyptians were utterly routed. Ptolemy XIII fled but drowned when his boat capsized.


title: Caesar's civil war

text: After the victory, Caesar gave the Roman province of Cyprus to Egypt, likely secured payment of his financial demand, and invested Cleopatra (along with a new co-ruler Ptolemy XIV Philopator, Cleopatra's younger brother) with rule of Egypt. While Caesar's "Alexandrian War" implies he left Egypt forthwith, he actually stayed for some three months cruising with Cleopatra along the Nile, mostly to rest and perhaps also partly to make clear Rome's support for Cleopatra's new regime.


title: Caesar's civil war

text: News of a crisis in Asia persuaded Caesar to leave Egypt in the middle of 47 BC, at which time sources suggest Cleopatra was already pregnant. He left behind three legions under the command of a son of one of his freedmen to secure Cleopatra's rule. Cleopatra likely bore a child, which she called "Ptolemy Caesar" and which the Alexandrians called "Caesarion", in late June. Caesar believed that the child was his, as he allowed use of the name.


title: Caesar's civil war

text: Aware of the civil war, Pharnaces II desired to reclaim his father's lands lost during the Third Mithridatic War and promptly invaded large parts of Cappadocia, Armenia, eastern Pontus, and Lesser Colchis. Roman sources paint him cruelly, ordering the castration of any captured Romans; these attacks were uncontested after Pompey stripped the east for troops until Caesar's legate Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus fought him unsuccessfully near Nicopolis in December 48 BC with an inexperienced force.


title: Caesar's civil war

text: Caesar moved from Egypt north along the eastern Mediterranean coast, moving directly for Pharnaces' invasion, seeking to protect his prestige, which would suffer substantially if a foreign invasion were to go unpunished. Pharnaces attempted to treat with Caesar, who rejected all negotiations, reminding him of his treatment of Roman prisoners. Caesar demanded him to withdraw immediately from all occupied territories, return their spoils, and release all prisoners.


title: Caesar's civil war

text: When the Romans arrived near the hilltop town of Zela, Pharnaces launched an all-out attack as the Romans were entrenching. The attack caused confusion among Caesar's forces but they quickly recovered and drove Pharnaces' forces down the hill. After a breakthrough on the Caesarian right, Pharnaces' army routed. He fled back to his kingdom but was promptly assassinated. The whole campaign had taken just a few weeks.


title: Caesar's civil war

text: Caesar's victory was so swift that in a letter to a friend in Rome, he quipped ""Veni, vidi, vici"" ("I came, I saw, I conquered"), a tag repeated on placards carried in his Pontic triumph; he also mocked Pompey for making his name fighting such weak enemies.


title: Caesar's civil war

text: At Rome, however, during these Egyptian and Pontic campaigns, politics continued. Publius Cornelius Dolabella was serving as one of the tribunes for 47 BC. During his term, he proposed the abolition of all debts and a rent holiday. This led to Antony, who was serving as Caesar's "magister equitum" in the dictatorship, to intervene against the proposals. When Antony had left for Campania to deal with a mutiny in Caesar's Ninth and Tenth legions, domestic violence again flared up in Rome, leading to the Senate to invoke the "senatus consultum ultimum" but the lack of any magistrates with "imperium" present meant that nobody was able to enforce it; only after some time did Antony return, restoring order with serious loss of life, dealing a serious blow to his popularity.


title: Caesar's civil war

text: At the same time, Cato led his forces from Cyrenaica across the desert to Africa (modern day Tunisia), linking up with Metellus Scipio; they, along with Labienus, induced the defection of one of Caesar's governors in Hispania Ulterior.


title: Caesar's civil war

text: Caesar returned to Italy and Rome late in 47 BC, meeting and pardoning Cicero, who had given up hope in Pompeian victory after Pompey's death, at Brundisium. Upon his return, he made it clear that his confidence in Antony, but surprisingly not Dolabella, had been lost. Caesar elected suffect magistrates for 47 and magistrates for the new year (46 BC); he packed his men into the priestly colleges and the suffect magistracies, expanding the number of praetors from eight to ten, to reward them for their loyalty. For himself, he declined to continue the dictatorship, instead taking the consulship with Lepidus as his colleague.


title: Caesar's civil war

text: The mutineers in Campania were not calmed by Caesar's return. Caesar sent one of his lieutenants, the future historian Gaius Sallustius Crispus (also appointed praetor for 46 BC), to parley with the men, but Sallust was almost killed by a mob. Caesar then went in person to the troops, who were then nearing Rome under arms; he granted them immediate discharges, gave promises that they would receive their land and retirement bonuses, and addressed them as "quirites" (citizens). His men, shocked by their casual dismissal, begged Caesar to take them back into service; feigning reluctance, he allowed himself to be persuaded and made notes to put the mutiny's leaders in exposed and dangerous positions in the upcoming campaign.


title: Caesar's civil war

text: While in Italy, he also confiscated and sold at market price the property of Pompey and opponents now dead or still unpardoned, before also borrowing more funds. He handled Dolabella's proposed debt cancellation proposals by declining to take them up, arguing his large debts would have made him the chief beneficiary of such a plan. The decision to sell the confiscated properties at market price disappointed some of Caesar's allies, but also indicated his dire financial straits.


title: Caesar's civil war

text: Caesar ordered his men to gather in Lilybaeum on Sicily in late December. He placed a minor member of the Scipio family – one Scipio Salvito or Salutio – on this staff because of the myth that no Scipio could be defeated in Africa. He assembled six legions there and set out for Africa on 25 December 47 BC. The transit was disrupted by a storm and strong winds; only around 3,500 legionaries and 150 cavalry landed with him near the enemy port of Hadrumentum. Apocryphally, when landing, Caesar fell onto the beach but was able to successfully laugh the bad omen off when he grabbed two handfuls of sand, declaring "I have hold of you, Africa!".


title: Caesar's civil war

text: At the start of the campaign, Caesar's forces were greatly outnumbered: Metellus Scipio led a force of ten legions (likely understrength like Caesar's legions) and large continents of allied cavalry under King Juba I of Numidia, who also led some 120 war elephants. With the benefit of surprise, Caesar had the time needed to find and reorganise his scattered forces, also sending orders to Sicily to return with reinforcements. As the Pompeians had already acquired most of the available food supplies, Caesar was forced to move quickly. He bypassed Hadrumentum after it refused to surrender and established bases at Ruspina, where he led a large foraging party which then engaged in an encounter battle forces under Labienus. Caesar's inexperienced troops wavered under attack from Numidian skirmisher cavalry for most of the day before retreating after a counterattack, resulting in a strategic defeat, as Caesar was prevented from foraging.


title: Caesar's civil war

text: Low on supplies, Caesar fortified his camp at Ruspina as Metellus Scipio joined Labineus' forces just three miles from Caesar's position. Their ally, King Juba, moved to link up as well, but was forced to redeploy west when his kingdom was invaded by his rival, Bocchus II of Mauretania, with forces led by a Roman mercenary, Publius Sittius, who had fled Rome after the collapse of the second Catilinarian conspiracy. This was a lucky break for Caesar, who had not arranged for it. Scipio's forces suffered from endemic desertion; however, Caesar took a defensive approach until he was reinforced by two legions, 800 Gallic cavalrymen, and substantial stores of food, at which point he retook the offensive.


title: Caesar's civil war

text: After some skirmishing between Caesar and Metellus Scipio over some hills on the outskirts of town and the Pompeian water source at Uzitta, Metellus Scipio was reinforced by Juba's allied cavalry and heavy infantry. Following more skirmishing for terrain advantages around Uzitta, Caesar's forces were reinforced by the veteran legions who had mutinied in Campania. Running low on supplies and with little chance of taking Uzitta, Caesar decided to march away, seizing some food stores before advancing on and besieging Thapsus.


title: Caesar's civil war

text: By doing so, Caesar forced the Pompeians to form up for battle. With good terrain narrowing the front, limiting Metellus Scipio's numerical advantage, Caesar went to address his men, who spontaneously attacked the opposing lines, taking them by surprise and quickly routing them. Plutarch, however, reports that Caesar felt an oncoming epileptic fit and was taken to rest, leading to the confused attack. Either way, Metellus Scipio's forces were routed, with overwhelmingly unequal casualties: some 10,000 dead Pompeians for around 50 casualties. Metellus Scipio and the rest of the Pompeian leadership was able, however, to escape, though most would end up dead in weeks, either from suicide or execution following capture: Metellus Scipio attempted to escape by sea but killed himself when intercepted by Caesarian ships; Juba and a Pompeian officer named Marcus Petreius arranged a suicide pact by single combat. Labienus was able to escape, making his way to Spain, where he joined Gnaeus and Sextus Pompey.


title: Caesar's civil war

text: During the campaign before Thapsus, Cato the Younger held the city of Utica and was absent at the battle; when he was informed of the defeat, he consulted with his soldiers, who numbered but three hundred and were hopelessly outnumbered. After dinner, Cato took his sword and stabbed himself in the stomach; at the noise, a doctor was summoned, but Cato ripped the stitches open and "began ripping out his own entrails", dying before anyone could stop him.


title: Caesar's civil war

text: Caesar was disappointed he would not be able to pardon Cato, who had killed himself primarily to "out of a desire to avoid his enemy's mercy". He then remained in Africa to settle affairs in the region, subjecting communities which had supported Pompey to punitive fines. He also engaged in a brief affair with Eunoë, the wife of King Bogud of Mauretania. In June 46, he left Africa for Rome, stopping first in Sardinia, and returning to the city near the end of July.


title: Caesar's civil war

text: After Caesar's return to Rome, he celebrated four triumphs: over Gaul, Egypt, Asia, and Africa. The victory over fellow Romans in Africa was "tactfully considered" a victory over Juba's Numidia. The celebrations began on 21 September and ran until 2 October, with lavish parades of prisoners and looted treasures. Caesar, as triumphator, also celebrated the occasion by appointing to himself the right to be preceded by seventy-two lictors – far beyond the consul's normal twelve and dictator's normal twenty-four – symbolising his having held the dictatorship three times. Massive games and public banquets were also held; Caesar also gave huge donatives to his men, equivalent to more than sixteen years pay, with even more for centurions and officers.


title: Caesar's civil war

text: The main source for the campaign in Spain is known as the "Spanish War" (or "Bellum Hispaniense") and was probably written by one of Caesar's officers, "but is by far the least satisfactory of the books added to his "Commentaries"". Elizabeth Rawson, in the "Cambridge Ancient History", describes a "clumsy narrator". Other criticism is directed to writing: its "half-educated Latin", its status as "the most illiterate and exasperating book in classical literature", with "a very miserable style" and "bad imitations of Caesar's lucidity".


title: Caesar's civil war

text: Caesar, however, left for Spain in November 46 BC, to subdue opposition there. His appointment of Quintus Cassius Longinus after his first campaign in Spain had led to a rebellion: Cassius's "greed and... unpleasant temperament" led to many provincials and troops declaring open defection to the Pompeian cause, in part rallied by Pompey's sons Gnaeus and Sextus. The Pompeians there were joined by other refugees from Thapsus, including Labienus.


title: Caesar's civil war

text: After receiving bad news from the peninsula, he left with a single experienced legion, as many of his veterans had been discharged, and put Italy in the hands of his new "magister equitum" Lepidus. He led eight legions in total, which gave rise to fears that he might be defeated by Gnaeus Pompey's formidable force of more than thirteen legions and further auxiliaries. The Spanish campaign was replete with atrocities, with Caesar treating his enemies as rebels; Caesar's men adorned their fortifications with severed heads and massacred enemy soldiers.


title: Caesar's civil war

text: Caesar first arrived in Spain and relieved Ulia from siege. He then marched against Corduba, garrisoned by Sextus Pompey, who requested reinforcements from his brother Gnaeus. Gnaeus at first refused battle at Labienus' advice, forcing Caesar into a winter siege of the city, which was eventually called off after little progress; Caesar then moved to besiege Ategua, shadowed by Gnaeus' army. Substantial desertions, however, started to take their toll on the Pompeian forces: Ategua surrendered on 19 February 45 BC, even after its Pompeian commander massacred suspected defectors and their families on the walls. Gnaeus Pompey's forces retreated from Ategua afterwards, with Caesar following.


title: Caesar's civil war

text: Desertions forced Gnaeus Pompey to give battle on a ridge near Munda. Caesar, seeking a decisive outcome, gave battle, having his men march up the ridge to engage the Pompeians in a bitter struggle; Caesar's forces wavered, with Caesar rushing to the front lines to rally his men in person.


title: Caesar's civil war

text: When Caesar's Tenth legion (on his right) broke through the Pompeian line, Labienus took a legion to plug the gap. However, the flank was already being routed by Caesarian cavalry, which drove the entire Pompeian force into a rout. The fighting was sufficiently fierce that Plutarch relates Caesar told his friends "he had often striven for victory, but now first for his life". Suetonius claims that Caesar considered suicide in despair. Caesar suffered around a thousand fatalities, "a high proportion from an army that is unlikely to have numbered much more than 25,000–30,000 men".


title: Caesar's civil war

text: Labienus was killed on the field; Gnaeus Pompey escaped, but was captured and beheaded shortly thereafter. While Sextus Pompey was able to flee into hiding and there was a small revolt on the other side of the Mediterranean in Syria under Quintus Caecilius Bassus which persisted, the civil war was over.


title: Caesar's civil war

text: The victory prompted the Senate in Rome to declare fifty days of thanksgiving, give Caesar the title "Liberator", and dedicate a temple to Liberty. Further honours were granted in the coming months by a sycophantic Senate, including the right to sit on a special chair between the consuls in the Senate, placement of an ivory statue of Caesar on the capitol near the kings and in the temple to Quirinus. The month of his birthday, "Quinctilis", was renamed in his honour (eventually becoming modern July); a temple to his clemency was established, he was given the permanent name "Imperator", and the title "parens patriae" (father of his country).


title: Caesar's civil war

text: Caesar returned to Rome via southern Gaul and Narbo Martius. During his return, he set up a number of colonies for his veterans, rewarded his soldiers and supporters, and granted Latin rights to a various Gallic towns. He also met and reconciled with Mark Antony. While in Cisalpine Gaul, he also promised Marcus Junius Brutus the praetorship for 44 BC and possibly a consulship in 41.


title: Caesar's civil war

text: He entered Rome about a year after he left in October 45 BC, to celebrate a triumph over fellow citizens, leaving something of a bad impression. He also permitted two of his legates, Quintus Pedius and Quintus Fabius Maximus, to hold triumphs as well. None of these celebrations were popular with critics in the Senate. Nor was Caesar's devaluing of the consulship and other offices in the name of political favours: for example, on the last day of the year, the consul died, leading Caesar to convene an election to make one of his allies consul for a few hours, leading Cicero to write to a friend "if you could see it, you would weep".


title: Caesar's civil war

text: Caesar's appointment during the civil war to the dictatorship, first temporarily – then permanently in early 44 BC – along with his de facto and likely indefinite semi-divine monarchical rule, led to a conspiracy which was successful in assassinating him on the Ides of March in 44 BC, three days before Caesar went east to Parthia. Among the conspirators were many Caesarian officers who had rendered excellent service during the civil wars, as well as men pardoned by Caesar.


title: Caesar's civil war

text: Some scholars, such as Erich Gruen, view Caesar's civil war as the inciting event for the collapse of the republic. From this perspective, the civil war – triggered by miscalculation rather than design – caused the collapse of the republic by setting into motion a long-term disruption of functioning republican political culture. Others view the civil war as a symptom of the republic's collapse, either in terms of the republic's alienation of various interest groups (per Brunt) or in terms of a prolonged political "crisis without alternative" where republican institutions were unable to effect needed reform from within while also being of such stature that no alternatives were seriously considered (per Meier).


title: Bruce Smith

text: Bruce Bernard Smith (born June 18, 1963) is an American former football defensive end who played in the National Football League (NFL) for 19 seasons, primarily with the Buffalo Bills. He played college football at Virginia Tech, where he was a two-time All-American, and was selected first overall by the Bills in the 1985 NFL Draft. Considered one of the greatest defensive ends of all time, Smith is the NFL's all-time career leader in quarterback sacks with 200. Smith also received 11 Pro Bowl selections and eight first-team All-Pro honors, while appearing in four consecutive Super Bowls with the Bills. He was inducted to the College Football Hall of Fame in 2006 and the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2009.


title: Bruce Smith

text: Smith is a native of Norfolk, Virginia, where he graduated from Booker T. Washington High School. Following an all-state high school career, Smith accepted an athletic scholarship to Virginia Tech. Known as "The Sack Man" as a Hokie, Smith finished his college career in 1984 as the most honored player in Hokie history. Foreshadowing his future success in pursuing quarterbacks in the NFL, he had a career total of 71 tackles behind the line of scrimmage, for losses totaling 504 yards. Smith had 46 career sacks, including an NCAA-leading 22 during a junior season in 1983 that saw him named First-team All-America by the AFCA (Coaches) and Newspaper Enterprise Association. In 1984, Smith capped off his tenure in Blacksburg with the Outland Trophy, given to the nation's top lineman, and a consensus selection to the All-America Team. His accomplishments at Virginia Tech earned him a spot in the Virginia Tech Sports Hall of Fame.


title: Bruce Smith

text: Following this stellar collegiate career, Smith was drafted by both the Buffalo Bills with the first pick of the 1985 NFL Draft and by the United States Football League Baltimore Stars in the 1985 USFL Territorial Draft, and he decided to sign with the Bills. In his rookie year, he had just 6.5 sacks while starting thirteen games. After a rookie season in which his poor training habits limited his effectiveness, inspiration from teammate Darryl Talley and finding love with a college counselor whom he eventually married inspired him to improve his game. He quickly became known as a sack specialist, with fifteen in 1986. He had his first Pro Bowl and All-Pro selection the following year while having twelve sacks in twelve games. He recorded a touchdown that season in the December 13 game against the Indianapolis Colts on a fumble recovery in the end zone. It was his first and only touchdown in his career. He continued his run in 1988 with eleven sacks in twelve games. This was the first season for Smith in the playoffs and he would make the most of it with three sacks in two postseason games, although the Bills lost in the to the Cincinnati Bengals.


title: Bruce Smith

text: In March 1989, as a restricted free agent, Smith signed an offer-sheet with the Denver Broncos for $7.5 million over five years. Smith had excelled as their defensive leader, but the Bills were concerned about him with his substance abuse problem (since he had been suspended four games the previous year for it) and thus had him followed by undercover detectives in November, which stuck with him months later. Faced with the choice between Smith and two draft choices from Denver, the Bills picked Smith. Now, as the highest-paid defensive player in the league, Smith would stay with the Bills for a considerable amount of time. He responded by playing in all sixteen games of the season and recording thirteen sacks to make his third straight Pro Bowl. He broke the record for sacks by a Bill all-time during the year (51), and he would continue to raise the total for years to come. Some conjecture that his 171 sacks in Buffalo set a standard that "may be unreachable" for future Bills. He recorded half a sack in the that year, which the Bills lost to the Cleveland Browns 34–30.


title: Bruce Smith

text: The next year, his defensive performance helped bring the Bills to Super Bowl XXV when he set a personal high in sacks with nineteen (three short of the then record for sacks in a season). He did not have a sack in either of the first two playoff games for the Bills, but Smith saved his efforts for Super Bowl XXV against the New York Giants. He sacked Jeff Hostetler in the end zone in the second quarter, becoming only the fifth player to record a Super Bowl safety (which gave the Bills a 12–3 lead in the second quarter). Later, Smith forced New York to turn the ball over on downs by tackling running back Ottis Anderson for a two-yard loss on a fourth-down conversion attempt. Only a failed last-second field goal attempt that narrowly went wide right kept the team from its first NFL championship.


title: Bruce Smith

text: In 1991, though Smith's knee problems forced him out for most of the season, the Bills once again reached the Super Bowl. In 1992, in much better health, Smith was again a first-team All-Pro and was voted to the Pro Bowl while recording a team-leading fourteen sacks, and he repeated his sack total the following year. He led the league in forced fumbles twice with five (1994, 1996).


title: Bruce Smith

text: By 1996, though the Bills' run of Super Bowl appearances had ended, Smith was still putting up prolific numbers, with ninety tackles and fourteen sacks. In 1997, Smith had 65 tackles and fourteen sacks and by 1998, although he was getting older, he still had a respectable fifty tackles and ten sacks.


title: Bruce Smith

text: In the final postseason game of his career, he recorded a best in sacks with 2.5 in the for the Bills against the Tennessee Titans, although they lost 22–16 on a last-second controversial play.


title: Bruce Smith

text: Smith, along with Andre Reed and Thurman Thomas, was dumped from the Bills roster in an emergency salary cap measure after the 1999 season.


title: Bruce Smith

text: Smith signed with the Washington Redskins as a free agent. Although he was now playing in mostly passing situations, he posted 58 tackles and ten sacks in his first season. He pressed onward in pursuit of Reggie White's all-time sacks record (198, achieved in 15 seasons), which he passed in Week 14 of the 2003 NFL season by sacking New York Giants quarterback Jesse Palmer in a 20–7 win at Giants Stadium. Smith finished his career with 200 career sacks, the only person ever to reach that mark.


title: Bruce Smith

text: Smith had hinted in interviews that 2003 would be his final season, but never completely ruled out continuing to play. However, on February 24, 2004, the Redskins released Smith, saving $6.5 million in salary cap space.


title: Bruce Smith

text: Smith was a first-ballot inductee to the NFL Hall of Fame. In his 19 NFL seasons, Smith played in 279 games, amassing a record 200 sacks, two interceptions, 46 forced fumbles, and 15 fumble recoveries, one of which he returned for a 33-yard touchdown. Of his 19 seasons in the NFL, 13 of them were seasons where he had at least ten sacks, a testament to his consistency year in and year out. He was also named to an All-Pro team ten times. As Smith spent most of his career in a 3–4 defensive scheme, a defensive scheme not geared toward creating sack opportunities for defensive ends, many consider the record particularly impressive. Indeed, Smith's peers elected him to the Pro Bowl every season from 1987 to 1998 (with the exception of his injury-shortened 5-game 1991 season). In 1987, he was named the Pro Bowl MVP. Smith was twice named the AP's NFL Defensive Player of the Year (1990, 1996), twice the NEA's (1990, 1993) and four times the UPI's AFC Defensive Player of the Year (1987, 1988, 1990, 1996).


title: Bruce Smith

text: Smith lives in Virginia Beach, Virginia. Having returned to his home state, Smith works as a large-scale hotel designer, undertaking many projects with Armada Hoffler. Most recently, he returned to Blacksburg, the site of his collegiate successes, where he purchased the Red Lion Inn. He built a Hilton Garden Inn Hotel with 137 sleeping rooms and is working on redeveloping the site (Smith's Landing, hotel and restaurant complex). A Baptist, he is a member of Queen Street Baptist Church in Norfolk. Smith and his wife Carmen have a son, Alston.


title: Bruce Smith

text: Smith also works with Thurman Thomas in their new business venture, Legends Energy Group. They promote energy programs across North America.


title: Bruce Smith

text: Smith, Andre Reed, Thurman Thomas, and Jim Kelly were the subject of the 30 for 30 film "Four Falls of Buffalo" in 2015.


title: Scott Dixon

text: Scott Ronald Dixon (born 22 July 1980) is a professional racing driver from New Zealand, who competes in the NTT IndyCar Series for Chip Ganassi Racing. Dixon has won the IndyCar championship six times: in 2003, 2008, 2013, 2015, 2018 and 2020. He also won the 92nd Indianapolis 500 in 2008 from pole position. In the 2022 Indianapolis 500, he passed Al Unser (644) for most laps led all-time in the race. Dixon's 53 wins are the second-most in American open-wheel car racing history, after only A.J. Foyt, who won 67 races. All but one of Dixon's wins occurred under IndyCar Series sanctioning, making him the winningest driver in the series' history. He is also a three-time overall winner and one-time class winner at the 24 Hours of Daytona. Alongside his six series' titles, Dixon won at least one race for eighteen consecutive seasons between 2005 and 2022, and now has the record of winning a race in 20 seasons, breaking A.J Foyt's record of 18. He is the only driver to win the IndyCar championship in his inaugural year in the series.


title: Scott Dixon

text: In 2011, Dixon was selected in a worldwide poll among fans as one of the 33 greatest drivers in Indianapolis 500 history. Among other notable awards won by Dixon are the Jim Clark Trophy (1999, 2001, 2004 and 2019) and the Bruce McLaren Trophy (2003, 2008). In the 2009 New Year Honours, he was appointed a Member of the New Zealand Order of Merit for services to motorsport, and in the 2019 Queen's Birthday Honours, he was promoted to Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit. He was New Zealand's Sportsman of the Year in 2008 and 2013.


title: Scott Dixon

text: Dixon was born in Brisbane, Australia, to New Zealand parents Ron and Glenys Dixon who were both dirt-track race car drivers. The family returned to Auckland in New Zealand when Dixon was very young. He grew up in Manurewa, a suburb in South Auckland, and was a student at James Cook High School. Scott began racing karts as a seven-year-old, and caught the attention of the New Zealand public when granted a special dispensation to obtain a competition licence to race a saloon car as a 13-year-old. At the time of this dispensation, New Zealanders could not obtain a road licence until turning 15 years old. Dixon was competing at Pukekohe Park Raceway in a one-make series featuring the Nissan Sentra when he rolled the car onto its roof. He caught national attention when TV showed him struggling from the upturned car with a cushion strapped to his back to enable him to reach the pedals and wiping a tear from his eye.


title: Scott Dixon

text: In 1994, he won the New Zealand Formula Vee championship, before taking the Formula Ford Class 2 series in 1995 with 13 wins from 14 races. Dixon then won the New Zealand Formula Ford Championship in 1996/97.


title: Scott Dixon

text: In 1997 Dixon decided to race in the Formula Holden category in Australia. With no money to carry on racing, Rotorua businessman Christopher Wingate provided Dixon and his mentor, Kiwi racing hero Kenny Smith, with both money and airfares between New Zealand and Australia to ensure Dixon's career moved ahead. Dixon won Rookie of the Year and third overall in the 1997 Australian Drivers' Championship driving the Ralt Australia prepared Reynard. This resulted in him being offered a drive with top team SH Racing. As the budgets were going to exceed $250,000, Wingate suggested a company be formed to fund Dixon's career. That company was called Scott Dixon Motorsport (SDMS), funded by shareholders who over the next two years invested more than $1m in Dixon. This allowed him to pursue his career without worrying about money. In 1998 Dixon won the Australian Drivers' Championship outright. That win brought offers to race in the Australian V8 Supercar series but that was not where he wanted to make his mark, so arrangements were made for him to go to the US to test in the Indy Lights series.


title: Scott Dixon

text: With the backing of Scott Dixon Motorsport investors, Dixon moved to the United States in 1999. After a test in Sebring where Dixon broke the track record on his eighth lap, he was signed to Johansson Motorsports Indy Lights team, beginning a long management association with the team's owner, former Ferrari taking pole position for the Chicago oval race which he won. He was consistently fast throughout the year but had five DNFs, which limited him to fifth place in the series.


title: Scott Dixon

text: In 2000 Dixon remained in Indy Lights, moving to the PacWest team. He resoundingly took the championship, scoring six wins and seven podium finishes.


title: Scott Dixon

text: PacWest Racing graduated Dixon to its full CART team in 2001. Dixon immediately outpaced his teammate, the former Formula One driver Maurício Gugelmin. Dixon led his first race in Mexico for 14 laps. Just two races later he won at Nazareth Speedway – his first oval race in the senior CART series. At the age of 20 years, 9 months and 14 days became the youngest winner of a CART race. Dixon scored championship points in 11 of 20 starts and led the FedEx Champ Car Series in laps completed with 2,521 out of a possible 2,610. He won the Jim Trueman Trophy for rookie of the year and was eighth in the championship.


title: Scott Dixon

text: Dixon remained with PacWest, owned by Bruce McCaw, for 2002 but it soon became clear the team was woefully short of cash due to the dot com crash. When it eventually collapsed, Toyota arranged an introduction to Target Chip Ganassi Racing which added a third car to its squad to accommodate Dixon. It was his first experience of a true top-level team, which had the then top engine supplier, Toyota. Dixon posted 12 top-ten finishes, including a second-place at Denver.


title: Scott Dixon

text: Chip Ganassi joined CART teams Penske and Andretti-Green Racing in 2003 to switch to the all-oval Indy Racing League. Dixon won the season opener at Homestead in Florida. A tangle with Tony Kanaan in Japan left Dixon with a shattered hand, but he recovered to take two more victories and win the championship on his first try. Along the way, he also set a record with 343 consecutive laps led, the first time a driver had led consecutive laps in three successive races. At Pikes Peak he led the last 84 laps to win, then led every lap of the next event at Richmond, and at the next event, at Kansas, led the first 53 laps. Although it was his first year in the IRL, and he won the championship, Dixon was not eligible for rookie of the year due to his ChampCar experience.


title: Scott Dixon

text: At the end of the year, Ganassi had recruited Tony Renna as Dixon's teammate. Renna and Dixon became friends, but at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, during Renna's first practice session for the team, Renna crashed at high speed and was killed instantly.


title: Scott Dixon

text: By 2004, the Toyota engine had lost its edge and Dixon did not successfully defend his title. In the 32 races held during these two years, Dixon made the podium only twice, with a second and a solitary win. He tested for the Williams Formula One team and finished 10th when representing the IRL in the 2004 International Race of Champions. In 2005 Dixon and his Ganassi teammates, Ryan Briscoe and Darren Manning, were struggling, and they wrote off or seriously damaged 28 cars in a long series of crashes. Manning was fired, and Australian Briscoe narrowly avoided serious injury when his car became airborne and disintegrated after touching another car and slammed into the outside retaining wall of Chicagoland Speedway's third turn. Amid rumours that Dixon could also be sacked, he bounced back to score his and the team's first win since 2003, the Indy Grand Prix at Watkins Glen International. Soon after, Dixon re-signed for a further two seasons with Ganassi.


title: Scott Dixon

text: Ganassi moved to Honda engines for the 2006 season, when Dixon was partnered with Englishman Dan Wheldon, the 2005 Indianapolis 500 winner and IRL series champion. Before the IRL season even started, they successfully combined as a one-car team (with Casey Mears) to win the 24 Hours of Daytona. Dixon repeated his 2005 Indy Grand Prix win at Watkins Glen and became the first driver to win an IRL race run in wet conditions. At Nashville Superspeedway, he won the Gibson Guitar Trophy by a couple of car lengths over his teammate Wheldon. He finished fourth in the standings, completing a series-high 2,504 of a possible 2,510 laps and being the only driver to finish every race, and finishing just 15 points behind Sam Hornish Jr. and Wheldon.


title: Scott Dixon

text: Dixon was runner-up in the 2007 IndyCar Series season, 13 points behind Dario Franchitti. During the last event at Chicagoland, battling Franchitti for the win and the championship, Dixon was leading Franchitti on the final corner of the last lap when he ran out of fuel and coasted to the finish, giving Franchitti the race win and the championship.


title: Scott Dixon

text: Earlier he had achieved his fourth win of the year, at Infineon Raceway, and his third consecutive Camping World Watkins Glen Grand Prix. He had four second-place finishes, including in the rain-shortened Indianapolis 500, and finished in the top-five in 10 races that season. He dominated the rain-delayed Firestone Indy 200 at Nashville Superspeedway, his second consecutive win in the event, and second consecutive win of the season. He won the next race, the Honda 200 on 22 July, to become the third driver in history to win three IRL races in a row, joining Wheldon and Kenny Bräck.


title: Scott Dixon

text: On 5 August, Dixon was attempting to win a fourth straight race, at the Firestone Indy 400, when he was involved in a six-car accident. Dixon's crew repaired his car sufficiently to run two more laps, earning him series points but this ended his streak of 28 consecutive races – since retiring at the Chicagoland Speedway event in September 2005 – in which Dixon did not retire.


title: Scott Dixon

text: This was a highly successful season for Dixon who won the series championship for the second time and won his first Indianapolis 500, from the pole, to give car owner Chip Ganassi his second win in the race. He also won at Homestead, Texas, Nashville, Edmonton and Kentucky, a record-equalling six wins for a season in the series. In the final points-scoring race of the series, at Chicagoland Speedway, Dixon needed to finish no worse than eighth if Castroneves won the race. He placed second to Castroneves in a tight photo finish. Speaking to the media later he said it had been an amazing, unforgettable year. "Getting married, winning the 500, winning a championship in one year – not too many people can probably say they've done that." Motorsport.com took it further, saying that Dixon "can now say he's the 'best of the best' in American open-wheel racing, especially after this year's unification with Champ Car".


title: Scott Dixon

text: At Kentucky he took his career laps-led tally to 2,149, becoming the fifth driver in the series to lead for more than 2,000 laps. Also at Kentucky, Dixon replaced Alex Zanardi as the winningest IndyCar driver for Chip Ganassi (16th victory), and his pole position achieved on 30 August for the Detroit Indy Grand Prix gave him seven for the year, and took him to second all-time leading pole-sitter with 15. Also, he led 869 laps during the year, an all-time record for a single season. Just before the Chicagoland event, it was announced that teammate Wheldon would be moving to Panther Racing in 2009 and Dixon's new partner would be Franchitti who would return from NASCAR.


title: Scott Dixon

text: For recording the IndyCar Series championship/Indy500 double, Dixon was selected 2008 New Zealand Sportsman of the Year at the Halberg Awards held in February 2009.


title: Scott Dixon

text: Dixon was one of five New Zealand motorsports personalities honoured in a special issue of New Zealand Post stamps. Others featured were: Denny Hulme, 1967 Formula One World Champion ; Bruce McLaren, race-car designer, driver, engineer and inventor whose name lives on in Team McLaren; Ivan Mauger, six-time winner of the Speedway World Championship and voted greatest speedway rider of the 20th century; and Hugh Anderson, four-time Grand Prix motorcycle racing world champion.


title: Scott Dixon

text: At the start of the season, Dixon finished sixteenth and fifteenth in the first two races, at St. Pete and Long Beach. From then on he got to eight podiums, winning at Kansas, Milwaukee, Richmond, Mid-Ohio and Motegi, as well as a second at Chicago, and thirds at Texas, Watkins Glen, and Edmonton. He led the most laps (73) in the Indy 500 but finished sixth. His dominant win at Mid-Ohio, by 29.7 seconds, was his 20th win in the IRL (21st of his career), making him the league's most successful driver.


title: Scott Dixon

text: There was considerable rivalry between him and his friend and new partner in the team, Franchitti, who had returned to the IRL from NASCAR. Franchitti scored four wins, two seconds and two-thirds, and leading into the last race of the season at Homestead he was only five points behind Dixon. Complicating the issue was that Penske's Ryan Briscoe was only a further three points back, so whichever of the three drivers could win at Homestead would be series champion. Dixon started outside Franchitti on the front row and ran first and second with Briscoe for most of the race. However, the two front-runners were forced to pit for fuel with only several laps remaining, and the race win, along with the championship, went to Franchitti on a fuel-saving strategy. Dixon claimed third in the race and second in the championship by one point over Briscoe.


title: Scott Dixon

text: In the 2010–2012 seasons, Dixon won seven races and finished third in the championship three times (twice behind teammate Franchitti).


title: Scott Dixon

text: He won at Pocono in July 2013, Indycar's first race there in 24 years, and Ganassi's first win of the year. He achieved back-to-back wins in the two-event Honda Indy Toronto. In the 2013 GoPro Indy Grand Prix of Sonoma, Dixon ran into one of Will Power's pit crew members and was penalized. Dixon argued that the worker walked in front of his car, though IndyCar race director Beaux Barfield stated Dixon had driven into Power's work area. The next week at Baltimore, Dixon was involved in another incident with Power with 22 laps left, and officials ignored team requests to tow Dixon's car to pit lane for repairs. Dixon called for Barfield to be fired, and on 6 September, was fined $30,000 and placed on probation. Dixon won the double-header Houston Grand Prix and by finishing fifth at the season finale in Fontana he secured his third championship title.


title: Scott Dixon

text: The year 2014 started well for Dixon when he was voted New Zealand Sportsman of the Year at the Halberg Awards, and he won two races and finished third in the championship. In the off-season, Dixon was third at both the Dan Weldon Karting Challenge and the 2014 Petit Le Mans endurance sports car race.


title: Scott Dixon

text: He opened his 2015 season by winning the 24 Hours of Daytona for Chip Ganassi. Dixon's 2015 season started slowly with a 15th at St. Petersburg and an 11th at Louisiana. Dixon went on to win his first IndyCar race of the season at the Toyota Grand Prix of Long Beach. He won his second Indianapolis 500 pole and led the most laps at 87, but finished fourth to eventual race winner Juan Pablo Montoya. Dixon has an awful weekend to his standards at the Duel in Detroit where he got wrecked in the second duel by his teammate Charlie Kimball. Dixon rebounded and dominated the Firestone 600 at Texas which was his second win of the season. Dixon had average results in the Top 10 with a worst finish of 18th at Iowa, though this helped him since championship rival Juan Pablo Montoya went out very early. Dixon finished a 4th at Mid Ohio, his bread and butter track, and a 9th at Pocono. Dixon went to Sonoma needing to win the race and have Juan Pablo Montoya finish 5th or worse for a 4th Championship and accomplished it. He and Juan Pablo Montoya ended the season with equal points but with three wins to Montoya's two, he won the 2015 IndyCar Series season championship, his fourth. In the 2015 offseason, Dixon won the Dan Wheldon Karting Challenge Honoring Justin Wilson.


title: Scott Dixon

text: Dixon struggled through the 2016 season. He had victories at Phoenix and Watkins Glen but was sixth in the championship, the first time since 2006 he did not finish in the top three. His sponsor, Target, withdrew at the end of the year, ending a 27-year relationship with Ganassi and a 13-year relationship with Dixon.


title: Scott Dixon

text: Dixon opened the 2017 season with third at St. Petersburg, his best finish there since 2014. He followed this with four consecutive top-five finishes leading up to the Indianapolis 500. He won the pole position for the race, the third in his career, setting the fastest pole time since Arie Luyendyk 21 years earlier.


title: Scott Dixon

text: He was taken out of the race on lap 53 after Jay Howard cannoned off the Turn 2 wall. Dixon's car launched into an airborne flip, landing sidepod-first on top of the inside wall, crumbling the catch-fence and ripping the rear assembly from his car. Dixon walked away uninjured, but the incident caused a 20-minute red flag.


title: Scott Dixon

text: He was second the following weekend at Detroit behind Graham Rahal, but at Texas Motor Speedway a week later he was taken out for the second time in three races. He, Will Power and Takuma Sato were closely racing with six laps remaining when Sato lost control and touched Dixon's car, spinning both of them off the track.


title: Scott Dixon

text: At Road America, Dixon scored his first win of the season, beating Josef Newgarden by 0.5779s. Dixon finished third in the championship to first-time champion Josef Newgarden and 2016 Champion Simon Pagenaud.


title: Scott Dixon

text: Dixon began 2018 with a new full-time sponsor in PNC Bank adorning engine number 9. Dixon started the year locking wheels and jumping over Takuma Sato at St. Petersburgh but rebounded to finish 6th. Dixon eventually recorded his first win of the year at the Duel in Detroit: Round 1. Dixon then went onto the next weekend to Texas and dominated again, redemption for last year after being taken out late. Dixon led 119 of 248 laps. After capitalizing on other drivers' mistakes, Dixon went on to win at Toronto when he passed Josef Newgarden on the restart when he hit the wall. Dixon held off Simon Pagenaud and Robert Wickens to win. Dixon went on to finish 5th, 3rd, 3rd, and 5th at Mid-Ohio, Pocono, Gateway, and Portland. At Portland, Dixon was involved in a lap 1 crash with James Hinchcliffe, Ed Jones, Sébastien Bourdais, Graham Rahal, and Marco Andretti who flipped over Dixon, Dixon sustained minimal damage when dirt was flying and the visibility was zero. Dixon rebounded and after a lucky break when his championship rival Alexander Rossi got an unlucky break. Rossi finished near the back while Dixon finished 5th in what could lead to his 5th Championship. In 2018 Born Racer: The Scott Dixon Story a documentary about Scott Dixon's early career and directed by Bryn Evans was released.


title: Scott Dixon

text: Dixon won the opening three races of the 2020 season, at Texas, Indianapolis Road Course, and Road America. He led the championship for the whole season, a rare feat last recorded by Sam Hornish in 2001, and edged out Josef Newgarden at the season finale at St. Petersburg by finishing third. This was after Newgarden had gained a lot of ground in the final part of the season. Dixon qualified second for the 2020 Indianapolis 500, barely missing pole to Marco Andretti. He was second in the race for the third time in his career - the race, won by Takuma Sato, ran the last 5 laps under caution, denying Scott any chance of racing for the win.


title: Scott Dixon

text: In 2021 Dixon faced several challengers for the series title. Along with regular rival Josef Newgarden, he would face new competition from teammates Alex Palou and Marcus Ericsson along with second-year McLaren driver Pato O'Ward. This would be the first time in over ten years Dixon faced competition from within his team, as he had become the lead driver at Chip Ganassi Racing following Dario Franchitti's retirement. Chip Ganassi and lead strategist Mike Hull let Dixon and his teammates know that there would be no favoritism amongst the Ganassi drivers and that they would be free to race each other so long as they avoided on-track contact. Dixon took an early points lead by securing top-five finishes in the first four races of the season, including a win at Texas to guarantee him a win for nineteen straight seasons in IndyCar racing. Dixon qualified first for the 2021 Indianapolis 500, his first pole position in four years, and was considered the prohibitive favorite going into the race. However during the race his car stalled and refused to restart after several attempts while pitting for fuel under a full-course caution, causing him to finish in seventeenth place. His bad luck at Indy plus Palou's second-place finish cost Dixon the points lead to which he never regained. For the rest of the season, Dixon would only secure three podium finishes; a second-place finish in Nashville, a third-place finish at Portland, and a third-place finish to finish the season at Long Beach while his rivals would all secure multiple wins and podiums following the 500. During the season Dixon expressed frustration with Chip Ganassi Racing over their setups and strategies in qualifying leaving him with mid-pack starts compared to his teammates and rivals from other teams. Dixon was mathematically eliminated from the championship at Laguna Seca, where he finished thirteenth while Palou finished in second place. He ultimately finished fourth in the championship in 2021.


title: Scott Dixon

text: Dixon started off 2022 without a podium in the first six races, the first time he failed to reach the podium in the first six races since 2003. He qualified for pole at the 106th Indianapolis 500, setting a 234.046 mph four-lap average in qualifying to secure the fastest pole position and the second-fastest qualifying speed in the history of the Indianapolis 500. He ultimately failed to capture his second Indianapolis 500 victory after incurring a drive thru penalty for speeding in the pit lane late in the race. He picked up his first podium of the season at Detroit and picked up his first win at Toronto. The win tied Dixon with Mario Andretti for total IndyCar victories and guaranteed him a win for the eighteenth straight season in the IndyCar Series. Dixon broke Andretti's record with a second win at Nashville and put him in contention for the series championship alongside points leader Will Power and teammate Marcus Ericsson. Ultimately Dixon did not secure his seventh championship and finished third in the standings.


title: Scott Dixon

text: In 2004 BMW gave Dixon a test drive in a Formula One car even while he raced with Toyota engines in the IRL. At the Paul Ricard Circuit in France, he drove a Williams and recorded respectable times during a one-day test, being not far off those of the regular driver Ralf Schumacher. A two-day test six weeks later in Barcelona did not lead to a spot with the team.


title: Scott Dixon

text: In July 2013, "Autosport" magazine named Dixon one of the 50 greatest drivers to have never raced in Formula One.


title: Scott Dixon

text: Dixon married Emma Davies, a former Welsh and British 800 m champion, in February 2008. They have two daughters, born in 2009 and 2011, and a son, born in 2019.


title: Scott Dixon

text: Dixon has been a long-term resident of Indianapolis, Indiana, where the mayor declared 24 September 2018 "Scott Dixon Day" in the city following his fifth IndyCar title.


title: Scott Dixon

text: In the 2019 Queen's Birthday Honours, Dixon was appointed a Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit for services to motorsport. He had earlier been appointed a Member of the New Zealand Order of Merit in the 2009 New Year Honours.


title: Chenab River

text: The Chenab River () is a major river that flows in India and Pakistan, and is one of the 5 major rivers of the Punjab region. It is formed by the union of two headwaters, Chandra and Bhaga, which rise in the upper Himalayas in the Lahaul region of Himachal Pradesh, India. The Chenab flows through the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir, India into the plains of Punjab, Pakistan, before ultimately flowing into the Indus River.


title: Chenab River

text: The waters of the Chenab were allocated to Pakistan under the terms of the Indus Waters Treaty. India is allowed non-consumptive uses such as power generation. The Chenab River is extensively used in Pakistan for irrigation. Its waters are also transferred to the channel of the Ravi River via numerous link canals.


title: Chenab River

text: The Chenab river was called ' () in the Rigveda (VIII.20.25, X.75.5). The name meant that it was seen to have dark-coloured waters. The term Krishana is also found in the Atharvaveda. A later form of Askikni was ' () and the Greek form was - "Akesínes"; Latinized to "Acesines".


title: Chenab River

text: In the Mahabharata, the common name of the river was "Chandrabhaga" () because the river is formed from the confluence of the Chandra and the Bhaga rivers. This name was also known to the Ancient Greeks, who Hellenised it in various forms such as "Sandrophagos", "Sandabaga" and "Cantabra".


title: Chenab River

text: The simplification of Chandrabhaga to 'Chenab', with evident Persianate influence, probably occurred in early medieval times and is witnessed in Alberuni.


title: Chenab River

text: The river is formed by the confluence of two rivers, Chandra and Bhaga, at Tandi, southwest of Keylong, in the Lahaul and Spiti district of the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh.


title: Chenab River

text: The Bhaga river originates from Surya taal lake, which is situated a few kilometers west of the Bara-lacha la pass in Himachal Pradesh. The Chandra river originates from glaciers east of the same pass (near Chandra Taal). This pass also acts as a water-divide between these two rivers. The Chandra river transverses while the Bhaga river transverses through narrow gorges before their confluence at Tandi.


title: Chenab River

text: The Chandra-Bhaga then flows through the Chamba district in Himachal Pradesh before entering the Jammu division of Jammu and Kashmir, where it flows through the Kishtwar, Doda, Ramban, Reasi and Jammu districts. It enters Pakistan and flows through the Punjab province before emptying into the Sutlej, forming the Panjnad river.


title: Chenab River

text: The river was known to Indians in the Vedic period. In 325 BCE, Alexander the Great allegedly founded the town of Alexandria on the Indus (present day Uch Sharif or Mithankot or Chacharan in Pakistan) at the confluence of the Indus and the combined streams of Punjab rivers (currently known as the Panjnad River).


title: Chenab River

text: The river has rich power generation potential in India. There are many dams built, under construction or proposed to be built on the Chenab for the purpose of hydroelectric power generation in the country, including:


title: Chenab River

text: All of these are "run-of-the-river" projects as per the Indus Water Treaty of 1960. The Treaty allocates the waters of Chenab to Pakistan. India can use its water for domestic and agricultural uses or for "non-consumptive" uses such as hydro power. India is entitled to store up to of water in its projects. The three projects completed , Salal, Baglihar and Dul Hasti, have a combined storage capacity of .


title: Captain Rex

text: Captain Rex (designation number CT-7567) is a fictional character in the "Star Wars" franchise created by George Lucas. He was introduced as a main character in the animated "" 2008 film and the related . Rex is an ARC clone trooper of the Grand Army of the Republic, cloned from bounty hunter Jango Fett, and serves the Galactic Republic under the command of Jedi General Anakin Skywalker and Jedi Commander Ahsoka Tano. Since his introduction in "The Clone Wars", he has also appeared in the 2014 "Star Wars Rebels" television series, the 2021 "" television series, the 2022 "Tales of the Jedi" television series and various spin-off media. Like all clone troopers in "The Clone Wars", "Rebels" and "The Bad Batch", Rex is voiced by Dee Bradley Baker.


title: Captain Rex

text: He is physically distinguished from other clone troopers by his close shaved blond hair, and he is identified by blue markings on his armor and by stylized hawk eyes painted on his helmet. Rex was also distinguished by his use of twin blaster pistols in combat. He is described as a reliable and exemplary soldier, considered by Anakin to be his "first-in-command". Rex is characterized as believing it is his duty to not only carry out orders but also to protect the men under his command; however, his belief in the Republic wavers over the course of the series.


title: Captain Rex

text: Initial development for "The Clone Wars" film chose Alpha-17, featured in "Star Wars: Republic", to be the primary clone trooper character. However, Lucas felt this created too much alliteration with the existing principal cast, and a new character was created instead. Rex was developed as the central personality to which the troopers around him aspired and featured in story arcs exploring his character development. Rex became a favorite among fans, consistently placing in fan polls and "Star Wars" character ranking lists.


title: Captain Rex

text: Initial development for "" film chose Alpha-17, featured in the "" comic, to be the principal clone trooper character. However, because Anakin Skywalker, Ahsoka Tano, and R2-D2 (Artoo) were also principal characters, "Star Wars" creator George Lucas felt Alpha's name created too much alliteration between the main cast, and a new character, Captain Rex, was created instead. The name "Rex" was chosen by Lucas. Previously, the name Captain Rex was used for the error-prone rookie droid pilot RX-24 of "Star Tours", who replaced an earlier concept of an unpredictable and risk-taking Clone Wars veteran.


title: Captain Rex

text: Voice actor Dee Bradley Baker voices all the clone trooper characters in "The Clone Wars", including Rex. To differentiate the characters, Baker considered the personality traits of every clone, choosing one or two adjectives for each, and recorded each character separately. To aid with the vocal performance, Baker and supervising director Dave Filoni developed a "clone triangle" that arranged the characters by personality. Rex, characterized as the central personality type to which the other clones aspired, was placed in the center, and the other clones, who represented an excess of certain traits relative to Rex, were placed around the edges of the triangle.


title: Captain Rex

text: Filoni wished most for the series to address the fates of Rex and Ahsoka because they do not appear in "", which was released before "The Clone Wars" but is set after the series' timeline. In April 2011, he hinted that the two characters' stories were possibly connected and remarked: "A lot of people say they want to know more about [Ahsoka], and along with that goes Rex." He also voiced the production team's conscious effort to write story arcs for Rex: "I think one of the other things is we have such a great development of Rex that we really want to keep telling Rex's story and things centered around Rex."


title: Captain Rex

text: The official "Star Wars" Databank describes Rex as a "no-nonsense, by the book" and "exemplary clone trooper, brave under fire and dedicated to the men serving under him" who must adjust to his "maverick" and "headstrong" Jedi commanding officers. His training is described as having instilled a belief that a soldier's highest calling is duty, though his belief wavers over the course of the Clone Wars and he comes to question the purpose of the conflict. The entry characterized Rex as coming to admire and even imitate Anakin Skywalker's improvisation and willingness to bend rules. In "Darkness on Umbara", Anakin describes Rex as his "first-in-command" and second-to-none in loyalty or capability.


title: Captain Rex

text: Rex is distinguished by close-shaved blond hair (where most other clones have dark hair) and stylized hawk eyes adorning his helmets; like all members of the 501st, his armor bears blue markings. Later in the series, Rex's armor bears tally marks, representing kills, and Filoni felt it communicated that Rex "is becoming something of a little legend" because he is "a long term survivor of the Clone Wars". He also bears a scar on his chin in homage to actor Harrison Ford, who played Han Solo in the original trilogy.


title: Captain Rex

text: Rex's later helmet design, first appearing in season four, was composed of elements from both the older ""-style and the newer "Episode III"-style designs. The T-shaped visor of his new helmet used the old visor design as a base and retained the old proportions, requiring some elements to be lowered to fit. Filoni developed an in-universe backstory for the design and felt that Rex "trying to wear the same armor" by welding together a hybrid version was a good character trait that added to his uniqueness. Filoni also characterized this specialized helmet and "hodgepodge of old gear and new gear" as indicative of Rex's distrust in the quality of the new armor and Rex's belief that with "classic stuff, the craftsmanship is a little better". Rex continues to wear his helmet and parts of his clone trooper armor in his "Rebels" appearances.


title: Captain Rex

text: Introduced in "The Clone Wars" animated film and featured throughout the , Captain Rex, designation number CT-7567, is the commanding officer of Torrent Company within the 501st Legion under the command of Jedi General Anakin Skywalker and Jedi Padawan Commander Ahsoka Tano. He fights as a soldier of the Grand Army of the Republic in numerous campaigns of the Clone Wars against the Separatist battle droid army. As a clone trooper, he was cloned on Kamino from bounty hunter Jango Fett and ages at an accelerated rate, aging twenty years in ten years. As Anakin's Clone Captain, he goes on many missions with Anakin and his Padawan Ahsoka Tano, sharing Anakin's quick-thinking skills and recklessness at times.


title: Captain Rex

text: In a season four story arc, the 501st Legion is temporarily led by Jedi General Pong Krell. In the face of Krell's callousness toward clone lives and refusal to treat the troopers as individuals instead of numbered units, Rex is caught between his duty to follow Krell's orders and his responsibility to protect his men. Despite growing discontent in the ranks and calls for dissent from Fives, Rex does not openly defy Krell. However, Rex supports a mission led by Fives that is expressly forbidden by Krell but saves numerous clone trooper lives. After orders causes the 501st Legion and the 212th Attack Battalion to unknowingly attack one another, Rex leads the troopers to arrest Krell, who reveals he has turned to the dark side, admits he has been deliberately sabotaging the clones, and is later executed by clone trooper Dogma. Rex is also involved in a season six story arc centering on a conspiracy regarding the clone troopers. Fives discovers that inhibitor chips are secretly implanted into the clone troopers' brains and can be used to turn them against the Jedi. He reveals this to Rex before he dies.


title: Captain Rex

text: Rex is a principal character in the "Bad Batch" story arc, an unfinished story arc released as completed animatics; the arc was released in completed form as part of the seventh season of "The Clone Wars", released on Disney+ in 2020. Shortly after Fives' death, Rex discovers a transmission from Echo, previously thought to have been killed in action, and leads a successful mission to rescue him, with help from Anakin and Clone Force 99 (aka "The Bad Batch"), a squad of clone troopers with genetic mutations. Rex also appears in the final story arc of the series, the "Siege of Mandalore", set during "Revenge of the Sith". After being promoted to commander, he leads half of the 501st Legion reassigned to Ahsoka, who previously relinquished command upon leaving the Jedi Order, into an assault of Mandalore, with the intent of capturing the former Sith Lord Darth Maul. Though the assault is successful and Maul's forces are defeated, with Maul himself captured, Palpatine, who has revealed himself as Darth Sidious, issues Order 66, causing Ahsoka's clone troopers to turn on her, including Rex; however, Rex is able to resist the order long enough to warn Ahsoka. As a result, Ahsoka escapes and manages to remove Rex's chip, restoring his free will. For his treachery against the Republic, ARC Trooper Jesse threatens to demote commander Rex to captain and orders his execution. Rex and Ahsoka manage to escape the cruiser they are on before it crashes into the planet below. After the impact, Rex and Ahsoka bury Jesse and the dead clones in a mass grave, marking it with the helmets of the fallen clones. The pair then fake their deaths and go their separate ways.


title: Captain Rex

text: Rex was added to the main cast of "Star Wars Rebels" television series, set fifteen years after "The Clone Wars", in the second season. Now seemingly a much older man due to accelerated aging, Rex lives with fellow clone troopers Commander Wolffe and Captain Gregor. In the episode "The Lost Commanders", the three are sought by the "Ghost" crew upon instructions from Ahsoka, and they ask the troopers for help in establishing a new rebel base. Though the three have had their inhibitor chips removed, allowing them to ignore Order 66, former Padawan Kanan Jarrus initially distrusts them. Wolffe, fearing the consequences for aiding rebels and Jedi, contacts the Galactic Empire to protect the clones. However, Rex convinces Wolffe the rebels can be trusted and repels the Empire, in turn earning Kanan's trust. Rex leaves Wolffe and Gregor to join the Rebel Alliance and to fight alongside the "Ghost" crew and Ahsoka against the Empire. In the epilogue of the series finale "Family Reunion - and Farewell", it is revealed that he was promoted to commander again and fought with Hera at the Battle of Endor.


title: Captain Rex

text: Rex appears in "" animated series, which continues the story of the eponymous clone trooper team in the immediate aftermath of "The Clone Wars". He is first mentioned in the episode "Cut and Run" by clone deserter Cut Lawquane, whom Rex visited shortly after the events of Order 66. Rex told Cut about the inhibitor chips that caused regular clones to turn on the Jedi, and Cut relays this information to the Bad Batch when they visit him the following day. In the episode "Decomissioned", sisters Trace and Rafa Martez have a run-in with the Bad Batch on Corellia while attempting to retrieve data from a tactical droid for Rex. After their mission, the sisters inform Rex that the Bad Batch have rebelled against the Empire and tell him how to find them. In the following episode, "Battle Scars", Rex tracks down and reunites with the Bad Batch, but is alarmed to learn they have not removed their chips like he did. He takes them to a crashed cruiser on Bracca to use its medical bay, but during their mission, one of the Bad Batch members, Wrecker's, chip activates and he attacks them. Rex helps the others subdue Wrecker, after which the Bad Batch have their chips removed and they part ways with Rex. He later returns in the episode "War-Mantle" as a hologram, where he asks the Bad Batch to investigate a distress signal sent by Captain Gregor from Daro.


title: Captain Rex

text: Rex appears in "Tales of the Jedi" animated series. He helps Anakin train Ahsoka with his troopers in the episode "Practice makes Perfect" and has a non speaking cameo in "Resolve" having flown Ahsoka to Naboo to attend Padme Amielda's funeral.


title: Captain Rex

text: Since his introduction in "The Clone Wars", Rex has also appeared in comics, novels, and video games of the "Star Wars" Expanded Universe, also known as "Star Wars Legends".


title: Captain Rex

text: In March 2016, Filoni supported the former fan theory of Rex being the older member of Han Solo's raiding party, previously known in "Legends" continuity as Nik Sant, on Endor in "Return of the Jedi". In August 2017, writer Steven Melching shared concept art for the fourth season of "Star Wars Rebels", and it was reported as a confirmation of this theory. Melching later clarified that at that time he was not aware if Rex and Sant are the same character, stating that due to the progression of the series, Rex's costume would naturally come to resemble those worn by Rebel Alliance commandos in "Return of the Jedi". "Rebels" ultimately did not state whether Rex and Nik Sant are the same character, which Filoni later said was a purposeful decision to allow either possibility.


title: Captain Rex

text: Rex was the featured character for the 2010 "Star Wars" merchandise trade dress created by Pilot Studio. The concept initially featured Anakin Skywalker, but discussions of other characters best suited to representing the brand led to Rex, "a strong, courageous character who is clearly one of the heroes of "The Clone Wars"". Pilot Studio was initially reluctant to use Rex because his helmet did not allow for eye contact, an emphasized element in the initial trade dress concept. In 2020, Hot Toys produced a sixth scale action figure of Rex, featuring a head sculpt, which is modeled after Temuera Morrison, and a second helmet.


title: Captain Rex

text: Captain Rex became a favorite among fans. Filoni noted that while older fans were excited to see Grand Moff Tarkin and Chewbacca appear in the series, younger fans appeared to prefer characters like Rex. Baker was surprised Rex became well-liked because the clone troopers were not established as distinct characters in the films.


title: Captain Rex

text: Rex was ranked 36 in IGN's Top 100 "Star Wars" characters, where he was described as having a "silly name" but "bad ass". His ability to evolve and adapt as a character and as a soldier was noted, especially his change from scorn to sympathy toward a clone trooper deserter. Eric Goldman felt that the "Rebels" reunion between Rex and Ahsoka was a poignant moment and the emotional highlight of "Relics of the Old Republic". He also noted that Rex's reintroduction and Ahsoka's complete trust in him raised more questions about Rex in the time between "The Clone Wars" and "Rebels".


title: Bae (word)

text: Bae is a slang term of endearment primarily used among youth in communities. It came into widespread use around 2013 and 2014 through social media and hip-hop and R&B lyrics.


title: Bae (word)

text: It usually refers to a person's romantic partner, especially a boyfriend or girlfriend, but has also been used as a general term of affection for things, including inanimate objects. The word can be used in a gender-neutral sense.


title: Bae (word)

text: The term originated as an abbreviation of the word "baby" or "babe". It has been suggested that the term originated as an acronym for "before anyone else", but this is unlikely and this false etymology is probably an example of a backronym.


title: Bae (word)

text: An alternative spelling ‘Bay’ with identical meaning was used by author Isaac Asimov in his Foundation series.


title: Bae (word)

text: Several Internet memes have caused the widespread adoption of the term. "Bae caught me slippin featured people posting pictures of themselves pretending to be asleep that were supposedly taken by their partners. Lexicographer Grant Barrett wrote that this was "a kind of incompetent narcissistic guile which may capture the spirit of our age." "Cooking for bae" featured people posting photos of failed dishes, often called "struggle meals", supposedly created for their partners. "You got a bae? Or nah?" originated on Vine and featured people chanting the phrase.


title: Bae (word)

text: The word's use in song lyrics dates to at least 2005, according to lyrics posted on Genius. In 2014, Pharrell Williams used it in the title of his single "Come Get It Bae". Chris Kelly of "Fact" wrote sarcastically that "nothing says timeless like a song with 'bae' in the title".


title: Bae (word)

text: The word was a runner-up for the Oxford Dictionaries 2014 Word of the Year. Barrett nominated it for the American Dialect Society's 2013 Word of the Year.


title: Bae (word)

text: The term has been adopted by corporate social media. The Twitter account Brands Saying Bae highlights the use of corporate Twitter accounts employing the term. "The Verge" labeled this use as an "appropriation of urban youth culture".


title: William Clay Ford Sr.

text: William Clay Ford Sr. (March 14, 1925 – March 9, 2014) was an American businessman who served on the boards of Ford Motor Company and the Edison Institute. Ford owned the Detroit Lions of the National Football League (NFL). He was the youngest child of Edsel Ford and the last surviving grandchild of Henry Ford.


title: William Clay Ford Sr.

text: He graduated from the Hotchkiss School in Lakeville, Connecticut, in 1943 and received a Bachelor of Science in Economics from Yale University in 1949; he was a member of the Psi Upsilon fraternity, captain of the soccer and tennis teams, an honorable mention all American selection in soccer senior year, and winner of seven varsity letters as a collegiate athlete. Ford also served in the U.S. Navy Air Corps during World War II.


title: William Clay Ford Sr.

text: Following the war, Ford married Martha Parke Firestone, the granddaughter of Harvey Firestone and Idabelle Smith Firestone, on June 21, 1947, at St. Paul's Episcopal Church in Akron, Ohio. William first met Martha at a lunch in New York City arranged and attended by both of their mothers, according to the biography "The Fords". Martha then was a Vassar student who had the college nickname "Stoney." He was a naval cadet at St. Mary's U.S. Navy Pre-Flight School. By that time both families had acquired considerable wealth, and the matchup between the grandchildren of two empire-builders was reported by numerous news outlets. The "Akron Beacon Journal" called the Firestone-Ford nuptials "the biggest society wedding in Akron's history" and "the biggest show Akron has seen in years" in numerous articles chronicling the event. The couple received gifts from F.B.I. Director J. Edgar Hoover, media publisher John S. Knight, and Mina Miller Edison.


title: William Clay Ford Sr.

text: The couple had four children: Martha Parke Morse (b. 1948), Sheila Firestone Ford Hamp (b. 1951), William Clay Ford Jr. (b. 1957), and Elizabeth Hudson Ford Kontulis (b. 1961). As of 2018, his son William was the Executive Chairman of the Board of Directors of Ford Motor Company. He had previously been the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Operating Officer of Ford. Their children Martha, Sheila, and William also serve as Vice Chairmen of the Detroit Lions, while Sheila was announced to take over as principal owner and chairwoman in June 2020.


title: William Clay Ford Sr.

text: After graduating from Yale, Ford worked for the Ford Motor Company, and briefly led the Continental Division. The Continental Division, however, was short-lived and merged with the Lincoln Motor Company shortly before Ford's public stock offering. Ford redesigned the Lincoln Continental, a vehicle his father created; in 1955, the Continental Mark II was released. Only two pictures adorned his office wall, his father's Continental and his updated Mark II.


title: William Clay Ford Sr.

text: In 1948, a year after Henry Ford's death, Ford was appointed to Ford Motor Company's board of directors. Ford was chairman of the board at the Henry Ford Museum, from 1951 to 1983. He was also involved in other historic properties, serving on the boards of the Wayside Inn and Seaboard Properties, which managed the Dearborn Inn and Botsford Inn.


title: William Clay Ford Sr.

text: A minority owner and team president of the Detroit Lions since 1961, Ford took advantage of a power struggle between Edwin Anderson and D. Lyle Fife to acquire total control of the franchise by buying out the other 144 shareholders for $4.5 million, equivalent to 41,966,176.47 in 2021. The Lions' board of directors approved the transaction on November 22, 1963. During Ford's ownership, the Lions won 41 percent of their regular-season games, made the playoffs ten times (with a total of 1 playoff win) and never appeared in the Super Bowl. He was also chairman of the short-lived Detroit Cougars, a professional soccer team, which played in the USA and NASL leagues.


title: William Clay Ford Sr.

text: He was Ford Motor Company's Design Committee chairman for 32 years, from 1957 to 1989. He served on the board of directors for 57 years, retiring on May 12, 2005, including being chairman of the Finance Committee. His son, William Clay Ford Jr., was Ford Motor Company's CEO at the time.


title: William Clay Ford Sr.

text: According to "Forbes" magazine, Ford was the 371st richest person in the United States in 2013, with an approximate net worth of $1.4 billion. He reportedly owned in Ford Motor Company: 6.7 million shares of Class B stock and 26.3 million common shares; making him the largest single shareholder. In 2000 the company restructured and paid out a $10 billion special dividend. According to an article from 2000, incidental to a repurchase of outstanding shares: "The Ford family holds all 71 million shares of the company's Class B stock, along with a small number of the company's 1.1 billion common shares. Under rules designed to preserve family control and drafted when the company went public in 1956, the family holds 40 percent of the voting power at the company as long as it continues to own at least 60.7 million shares of the Class B stock – even though the Class B shares make up only 6 percent of the company's overall equity... Why does this exist? The Ford family owns all 70+ million shares of the Class B stock. It is a way for them to ensure they keep control of the company no matter how much stock they have to issue to avoid bankruptcy. Some argue that dual class structures are inherently unfair because you are decoupling ownership from voting power."


title: William Clay Ford Sr.

text: Ford died of pneumonia, five days before his 89th birthday, at his home in Grosse Pointe Shores, Michigan, on March 9, 2014. He is buried in Woodlawn Cemetery in Detroit, near his parents and elder brother, Benson.


title: The Money Store (album)

text: The Money Store is the debut studio album by American experimental hip hop trio Death Grips. It is the follow-up to their debut mixtape, "Exmilitary". The album was officially released on April 24, 2012, but had been leaked to YouTube on April 14, sold by the band at Coachella on cassette on April 20, and made available on vinyl on April 21 to celebrate Record Store Day. "The Money Store" was announced alongside the group's second album, "No Love Deep Web", which was released later in the year.


title: The Money Store (album)

text: The album was first hinted at with the release of a music video for a track titled "Blackjack" on February 7, 2012. The album was later announced along with the release of another track titled "Get Got" on February 27. It was then announced that Death Grips had signed to Epic Records and were scheduled to release two albums in 2012. On February 28, the group posted both songs online for free.


title: The Money Store (album)

text: On March 2, a video surfaced on their official YouTube channel of the band practising a new track titled "Lost Boys", to be released on "The Money Store". The studio version was then posted to their YouTube channel on March 13, and was later released for free download on their website. On March 27, they released the music video for the song "The Fever (Aye Aye)", followed by a free download.


title: The Money Store (album)

text: On April 10, the song "I've Seen Footage" was released for free download on their official SoundCloud page. Pitchfork Media awarded the track their "Best New Music" designation. The album was leaked on April 14, and the band uploaded a complete version to their YouTube channel and SoundCloud account. The following day, Pitchfork Media posted "Hacker", the album's closing track, and named it "Best New Music".


title: The Money Store (album)

text: On May 4, Death Grips announced via Facebook that they had cancelled their upcoming tour dates in support of "The Money Store" in order to finish the recording of their second record, "No Love Deep Web", stating "["sic"] we are dropping out to complete our next album NO LOVE. see you when it's done. (there are no longer any scheduled shows)".


title: The Money Store (album)

text: On September 10, a song titled "@DeathGripz", named after their Twitter username, was released as the final installment of the Adult Swim Singles Program 2012. The group had stated earlier that it was an unreleased cut from "The Money Store".


title: The Money Store (album)

text: In interviews, Death Grips said that much of their music is created by sampling. They have said that they carry video cameras and tape recorders wherever they go and use samples from their experiences.


title: The Money Store (album)

text: Elements of the track "System Blower" and "Full Moon (Death Classic)" were used on the band's remix of "Sacrifice" by Björk, which she included on her 2012 remix album "Bastards" later that year.


title: The Money Store (album)

text: The closing track "Hacker" is believed to be an outtake from the band's debut 2011 mixtape "Exmilitary." The file for an early unreleased version of the song was leaked on the band's official Subreddit in April 2017, originally titled "Earth Angel (Androgynous Mind)".


title: The Money Store (album)

text: The album cover depicts a voluptuous masochist with "Death Grips" carved into their chest on the leash of a smoking female sadist. The image is painted by Sua Yoo, an artist with whom Death Grips had worked in the past. They later appeared on the album art for the band's 2015 soundtrack album, "Fashion Week". It originally appeared in a zine, but the band name carved into the submissive's chest was added afterwards. The non-explicit variant of the album cover includes a white bar with the album name printed across it, censoring the breasts.


title: The Money Store (album)

text: "The Money Store" received critical acclaim upon release. Music journalist Jim Carroll summarized: "MC Ride, Andy Morin and Zach Hill set out to create an intense, spectacular, feral racket and succeed in spades. Once you get used to the fact that they're fuming, you'll thrill to the raw, fractured, incessant and apocalyptic barrage of noise as Death Grips prepare for the end of the world."


title: The Money Store (album)

text: Jayson Greene of "Pitchfork" assigned the album a "Best New Music" label and wrote that ""The Money Store" is about as intellectual an experience as a scraped knee. But it's just as good at reminding you that you're alive."


title: The Money Store (album)

text: The album also notably received a "10" from music critic Anthony Fantano, the first of only seven albums to have ever received a perfect score from him as of September 2021.


title: The Money Store (album)

text: "Spin", while very positive towards "The Money Store", felt it was inferior to "Exmilitary" for the rejection of the mixtape's use of samples, specifically "the raw, imperfect way that samples rub up against one another." Less satisfied reviewers included Louis Pattison of "NME", who felt its "utterly convincing" dystopian vision was ruined by an "alienating" presentation of themes that lacked a goal; "The Guardian"s Alex Macpherson, who claimed Burnett's "one-note" vocal performance distracted the listener from the instrumentals' "careening thrill;" and "Sputnikmusic", who panned the "poor taste" blend of genres and production elements and "MC Ride's consistently incoherent mumbling and meme-of-the-day approach to making hooks" that muddled the record's lyrical complexities.


title: Independent school

text: An independent school is independent in its finances and governance. Also known as private schools, non-governmental, privately funded, or non-state schools, they are not administered by local, state or national governments. In British English, an independent school usually refers to a school which is endowed, i.e. held by a trust, charity, or foundation, while a private school is one that is privately owned.


title: Independent school

text: Independent schools are usually not dependent upon national or local government to finance their financial endowment. They typically have a board of governors who are elected independently of government and have a system of governance that ensures their independent operation.


title: Independent school

text: Children who attend such schools may be there because they (or their parents) are dissatisfied with government-funded schools (in UK state schools) in their area. They may be selected for their academic prowess, prowess in other fields, or sometimes their religious background. Private schools retain the right to select their students and are funded in whole or in part by charging their students for tuition, rather than relying on taxation through public (government) funding; at some private schools students may be eligible for a scholarship, lowering this tuition fee, dependent on a student's talents or abilities (e.g., sports scholarship, art scholarship, academic scholarship), need for financial aid, or tax credit scholarships that might be available. Roughly one in 10 U.S. families have chosen to enroll their children in private school for the past century.


title: Independent school

text: Some private schools are associated with a particular religion, such as Roman Catholicism, Judaism, or Protestantism. Although independent schools may have a religious affiliation, the precise use of the term excludes parochial (and other) schools if there is a financial dependence upon, or governance subordinate to, outside organizations. These definitions generally apply equally to both primary and secondary education.


title: Independent school

text: In the United Kingdom and several other Commonwealth countries including Australia and Canada, the use of the term is generally restricted to primary and secondary educational levels; it is almost never used of universities and other tertiary institutions. Private education in North America covers the whole gamut of educational activity, ranging from pre-school to tertiary level institutions. Annual tuition fees at K–12 schools range from nothing at so called 'tuition-free' schools to more than $45,000 at several New England preparatory schools.


title: Independent school

text: The secondary level includes schools offering years 7 through 12 (year twelve is known as lower sixth) and year 13 (upper sixth). This category includes university-preparatory schools or "prep schools", boarding schools, and day schools. Tuition at private secondary schools varies from school to school and depends on many factors, including the school's location, the willingness of parents to pay, peer tuitions, and the school's financial endowment. High tuition, schools claim, is used to pay higher salaries for the best teachers and also used to provide enriched learning environments, including a low student-to-teacher ratio, small class sizes and services, such as libraries, science laboratories and computers. Some private schools are boarding schools, and many military academies are privately owned or operated as well.


title: Independent school

text: Religiously affiliated and denominational schools form a subcategory of private schools. Some such schools teach religious education, together with the usual academic subjects, to impress their particular faith's beliefs and traditions in the students who attend. Others use the denomination as a general label to describe what the founders based their belief, while still maintaining a fine distinction between academics and religion. They include parochial schools, a term which is often used to denote Roman Catholic schools. Other religious groups represented in the K–12 private education sector include Protestants, Jews, Muslims, and Orthodox Christians.


title: Independent school

text: Many educational alternatives, such as independent schools, are privately financed. Private schools often avoid some state regulations, although in the name of educational quality, most comply with regulations relating to the educational content of classes. Religious private schools often add religious instruction to the courses provided by local public schools.


title: Independent school

text: Special assistance schools aim to improve the lives of their students by providing services tailored to the particular needs of individual students. Such schools include tutoring schools and schools to assist the learning of disabled children.


title: Independent school

text: In Australia, independent schools, sometimes referred to as private schools, are a sub-set of non-government schools that, for administration purposes, are not operated by a government authority and have a system of governance that ensures its independent operation. Such schools are mostly operated by an independently elected school council or board of governors and range broadly in the type of school-education provided and the socio-economics of the school community served. Some independent schools are run by religious institutes; others have no religious affiliation and are driven by a national philosophy (such as international schools), pedogogical philosophy (such as Waldorf-Steiner schools), or specific needs (such as special schools).


title: Independent school

text: Independent and Catholic schools in Australia make up more than 34% of total enrolments. Catholic schools, which usually have lower fees, make up a sizeable proportion of total enrolments (nearly 15%) and are usually regarded as a school sector of their own within the broad category of independent schools. Enrolments in non-government schools have been growing steadily at the expense of enrolments in government schools, which have seen their enrolment share reduce from 78.1 percent to 65 percent since 1970, although the rate of growth has slowed in the later years.


title: Independent school

text: Australian independent schools differ from those in the United States as the Australian Government provides funding to all schools including independent schools using a 'needs-based' funding model. This model was based on a Socio-Economic Status (SES) score, derived by selecting a sample of parents' addresses and mapping these to various household income and education data points collected from the national census conducted every five years. In 2013, after release of the (first) Gonski Report, the funding formula was changed to compute individual school funding compared to a School Resourcing Standard (SRS). The SRS uses exam results from the National Assessment Program – Literacy and Numeracy (NAPLAN) tests, calculates the SRS from a cohort of well-performing schools, and applies this formula to other schools on the assumption that they should be able to achieve similar results from similar funding. The funding provided to independent schools is on a sliding scale and still has a "capacity to pay" element; however, on average, funding granted to the independent school sector is 40 percent of that required to operate government schools, the remainder being made up by tuition fees and donations from parents. The majority of the funding comes from the Commonwealth Government, while the state and territory governments provide about one-third of the Commonwealth amount. The Turnbull Government commissioned Gonski in 2017 to chair the independent Review to Achieve Educational Excellence in Australian Schools, commonly called Gonski 2.0. The government published the report on 30 April 2018. Following negotiation, bilateral agreements between the Commonwealth of Australia with each state and territory commenced on 1 January 2019, with the exception of Victoria, whose bilateral agreement commenced on 1 February 2019. The funding agreements provide states with funding for government schools (20 percent) and non-government schools (80 percent) taking into consideration annual changes in enrolment numbers, indexation and student or school characteristics. A National School Resourcing Board was charged with the responsibility of independently reviewing each state's compliance with the funding agreement(s).