title: Empire State (2013 film)

text: The FBI goes after the Five Families of organized crime, but Ransome decides that Chris, Eddie, and their associates need to be investigated. Eddie and his gangster friend Michael attempt to exchange $8 million of the loot for Colombian drugs, but the deal goes bad and Michael and the Colombians shoot it out. Meanwhile, Spiro demands that Chris turn over the money to him. Ransome arrests Eddie and asks where Chris and the rest of the money are, but Eddie says nothing and is released. Chris tells his friend Nancy that the money is hidden in a statue that he and Eddie had given to his mother. Eddie confronts Chris with a gun and demands that he hand over the money, but Chris' father shoots and wounds Eddie just before the police arrive and arrest all three men. Chris and Eddie are released from federal prison on October 10, 1991, but the money is never recovered.


title: Empire State (2013 film)

text: "Empire State" premiered at the Gasparilla International Film Festival on March 19, 2013. It grossed $187,500 in Croatia, Mexico, and Thailand. Lionsgate Home Entertainment released the film on DVD and Blu-ray in the US on September 3, 2013, and it grossed $4 million.


title: Empire State (2013 film)

text: John Ferguson of the "Radio Times" rated it 2/5 stars and wrote that the film features "committed performances" but can not decide whether it is a gritty drama or flashy heist film.


title: Shameless (season 10)

text: The tenth season of "Shameless", an American comedy-drama television series based on the British series of the same name by Paul Abbott, was announced on January 31, 2019, two days after the premiere of season 9's ninth episode. The season premiered on November 10, 2019.


title: Shameless (season 10)

text: It is the first season not to star original cast member Emmy Rossum. Cameron Monaghan, who previously announced his departure from the series in season 9, returned as a series regular. Noel Fisher also rejoined the cast as a series regular alongside William H. Macy, Jeremy Allen White, Ethan Cutkosky, Shanola Hampton, Steve Howey, Emma Kenney, and Christian Isaiah. Kate Miner has been promoted to series regular after her recurring role in season 9.


title: Shameless (season 10)

text: The tenth season of Shameless picks up six months after season 9. In order to obtain as many prescription medicines as possible, Frank utilizes his leg injury, and his activities bring him into contact with an old friend. With the help of the $50,000 Fiona left her, Debbie has taken over as the family's new matriarch and is governing the Gallagher household with an iron grip. With Tami showing signs of affection, Lip negotiates their connection. Ian and Mickey have reunited, and this time they are fighting like hard to stay together. Carl must decide what to do with his life as he graduates from military school and returns to the South Side. While Kev struggles with identity issues, Liam is dedicated to studying black history and culture under V's guidance.


title: Shameless (season 10)

text: In January 2019, Cameron Monaghan, who previously departed the series in season 9, announced that he would be returning for the tenth season. In April 2019, it was announced that Noel Fisher will also return alongside Monaghan for the tenth season, his first time as a series regular since season 5.


title: Never have I ever

text: "Never have I ever", also known as "I've never..." or "ten fingers", is a drinking game in which players take turns asking other players about things they have not done. Other players who have done this thing respond by taking a drink. A version that requires no drinking, usually played by children and underage adolescents, has players counting scores on their fingers instead.


title: Never have I ever

text: The verbal game starts with all players forming a circle. The first player starts by saying a simple statement about something they have never done before starting with "Never have I ever". Anyone who at some point in their life has done the action that the first player says must drink. Then the game continues around the circle, and the next person makes a statement.


title: Never have I ever

text: An additional rule says that if there is no one taking a drink, then the one who said the particular "Never have I ever..." statement must take a drink. This rule often forces the players to strategize more and makes for less disposable or pointless suggestions.


title: Never have I ever

text: A further variation holds that whenever only one person is drinking, that person must give a detailed account of why they are drinking. Another variety of this game involves putting up five or ten fingers, putting one down whenever something mentioned has been done. Those who end up putting down all of their fingers must take several successive drinks.


title: Never have I ever

text: There are versions of the game available on cards or online with pre-written statements which players must admit to have done or not.


title: Never have I ever

text: Conversation games such as this one can help to build friendships, and players often admit to things that they previously had not. As with truth or dare? the game is often sexual in nature. In some variations, the game may be incorporated into other drinking games, such as kings.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2013

text: The Eurovision Song Contest 2013 was the 58th edition of the Eurovision Song Contest. It took place in Malmö, Sweden, following the country's victory at the with the song "Euphoria" by Loreen. Organised by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) and host broadcaster Sveriges Television (SVT), the contest was held at Malmö Arena and consisted of two semi-finals on 14 and 16 May, and a final on 18 May 2013. The three live shows were presented by Swedish comedian and television presenter Petra Mede, being the first time only one host had presented the show since the contest. Former Swedish entrant Eric Saade acted as the green room host in the final.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2013

text: Thirty-nine countries participated, with returning after their one-year absence. , , and all withdrew from the contest for various reasons. Slovakia and Turkey have never returned to the contest since.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2013

text: The winner was with the song "Only Teardrops", performed by Emmelie de Forest and written by Lise Cabble, Julia Fabrin Jakobsen and Thomas Stengaard. This was the second time that Denmark had won on Swedish soil after 2000. Azerbaijan, Ukraine, Norway and Russia rounded out the top five. Of the "Big Five" countries, only Italy managed to finish in the top ten, for the third time in a row since its return, coming seventh. The Netherlands finished ninth in what was the country's first appearance in a final since . For the first time since 1985, no country of the former Yugoslav federation participated in the final.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2013

text: This year marked the first time that the "Parade of Nations", a concept that had been used in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest since its inception in 2004, was used in Eurovision. It sees all countries performing in the final presenting themselves with their national flags before the contest begins. This year, the contestants entered the main stage by walking across a bridge over the audience. This idea has subsequently continued in every Eurovision edition onwards.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2013

text: On 8 July 2012, the Swedish broadcaster Sveriges Television (SVT) announced that Malmö Arena in Malmö would be the host venue for the 2013 Eurovision Song Contest. This was the fifth time after , , and that the competition was held in Sweden and the second time, after 1992, that it was held in Malmö. SVT had expressed the desire to host the contest at a slightly smaller venue than previous years, as well as smaller environment which is easier to dedicate and decorate for other celebrations and festivities of the event within the host city. These were factors in the choice of Malmö Arena as the host venue, and Malmö as Sweden's third-largest city by population after Stockholm and Gothenburg, the two other initial location-bidders.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2013

text: SVT made the advance decision to allocate Denmark at one semi-final and Norway at the other, in consideration for the number of Danish and Norwegian fans likely to come, with the arena being relatively small and so not suitable for accommodating both countries' fans at one semi-final event. The Øresund Bridge was eventually also used as the main artistic medium for the theme of the contest, as an expression of binding cultures.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2013

text: On the night of the final for the , the chief executive of SVT, Eva Hamilton, stated to the Swedish media that various venues in Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmö were being considered for hosting the 2013 contest. One alternative put forward in the "Expressen", was to hold the competition at three venues – the semi-finals in Gothenburg and Malmö, and the final in Stockholm. This proposal was dismissed as unfeasible by SVT, which declared that the contest would be hosted in only one city.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2013

text: On 20 June 2012, it was announced that Gothenburg had withdrawn from the bidding process due to the city being the host of the Göteborg Horse Show in late April 2013. There were also concerns about the availability of hotel rooms due to a variety of other events taking place in the same time frame as the Eurovision Song Contest. The executive producer for the 2013 contest, Martin Österdahl, told Swedish press that he did not like the decisions made by previous hosts to hold the contest in larger arenas, stating that he and SVT wanted the 2013 contest to be "more close and personal". SVT also claimed that the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) wanted the 2013 contest to be "smaller" due to the escalating costs of previous contests.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2013

text: The following candidate cities had provisionally reserved venues and hotel rooms, as part of their bids to host the 2013 contest. On 8 July 2012, Malmö Arena was confirmed as the host venue for the contest. Malmö Arena is Sweden's fourth-largest indoor arena, after Friends Arena, Tele2 Arena and Globe Arena, all located in Stockholm.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2013

text: The combination of televoting and jury voting results underwent changes that were detailed in the official rules for the 2013 contest. Each member of a respective nation's jury was required to rank every song, except that of their own country. The voting results from each member of a particular nation's jury were combined to produce an overall ranking from first to last place. Likewise, the televoting results were also interpreted as a full ranking, taking into account the full televoting result rather than just the top ten. The combination of the jury's full ranking and the televote's full ranking produced an overall ranking of all competing entries. The song which scored the highest overall rank received 12 points, while the tenth-best ranked song received 1-point. It was announced in the official Media Handbook that an official app would also be available for voters to vote via during the contest.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2013

text: Official sponsors of the broadcast were the main Swedish-Finnish telecommunication company TeliaSonera, and the German cosmetics company Schwarzkopf. The competition sponsors were the makeup company IsaDora cosmetics, the supermarket ICA and Tetra Pak.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2013

text: The Stockholm based singer and actress Sarah Dawn Finer also appeared in both semi-finals and the final in sketches as the comic character Lynda Woodruff. "Lynda" presented the votes for Sweden at the previous contest in Baku. Finer also appeared in the final as herself performing the ABBA song "The Winner Takes It All" before the results were announced. The ex Swedish football captain Zlatan Ibrahimović was revealed on 28 April to be part of the opening segment of the Eurovision final, in a pre-recorded message welcoming viewers to his home city of Malmö. The 2011 Swedish entrant Eric Saade was the host of the green room during the final.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2013

text: The draw that determined the semi-final allocation was held on 17 January 2013 at the Malmö City Hall. A draw at the EBU headquarters determined that, due to their geographical proximity with Malmö, Denmark would perform in the first semi-final, while Norway would perform in the second semi-final. This provided a maximum availability of tickets for visitors from both countries. The EBU also allocated Israel to the second semi-final after a request from the delegation in order to avoid complications with a national holiday coinciding with the date of the first semi-final. The remaining participating countries, excluding the automatic finalists (France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom), were split into five pots, based on voting patterns from the previous nine years. From these pots, 15 (in addition to Denmark) were allocated to compete in the first semi-final on 14 May 2013 and 15 (in addition to Norway and Israel) were allocated to compete in the second semi-final on 16 May 2013.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2013

text: Unlike previous years, the running order was not decided by the drawing of lots, but instead by the producers, with the aim of making the shows more exciting and ensuring that all contestants had a chance to stand out, preventing entries that are too similar cancelling each other out. The decision elicited mixed reactions from both fans of the contest and participating broadcasters.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2013

text: The running order for the semi-finals was released on 28 March 2013. The running order for the final was determined on 17 May 2013. An additional allocation draw occurred for the final with each finalist nation drawing to perform either in the first or second half of the final. The allocation draw for qualifying countries from the semi-finals occurred during the semi-final winners' press conferences following each semi-final, while the allocation draw for the Big Five countries (France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom) occurred during their first individual press conferences on 15 May 2013. As the host country, the running order position for Sweden in the final was exclusively determined by a draw during the heads of delegation meeting on 18 March 2013. Sweden was drawn to perform 16th in the final.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2013

text: As aforesaid, SVT wanted to make a good use of Malmo Arena's space to highlight the performances and increase the audience's visibility compared to previous years. SVT created a main stage and a smaller stage with higher-lower shifted floors, connected by a trail closely surrounded by a standing crowd from both sides of it and around the small stage. The main stage mobility was expressed as a main artistic medium at the opening act of the second semi-final and with highlighting Moldova's performance towards its finish, as a movable part beneath the singer's dress making her look gradually taller. The small stage mobility highlighted United Kingdom's performance towards its finish, lifted above the close-standing audience.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2013

text: On 17 January 2013, at the semi-final allocation draw, the EBU revealed the graphic design, created by the Gothenburg-based branding agency Happy F&B for the 2013 contest, featuring a butterfly and slogan "We Are One". The butterfly featured an array of colours and textures, it also represented something small which can start powerful and big movements, a phenomenon known as the butterfly effect, indicating that a flap from one butterfly can start a hurricane. Meanwhile, the slogan, "We Are One", highlighted equality and unity of all the participating countries alongside the cultural diversity and influence of each participant.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2013

text: SVT confirmed on 19 February 2013 that the postcard films, used to introduce each song in the contest, would feature each artist in their respective country, to give the viewer a personal insight of each competing participant. This broke with recent tradition of the postcards often containing short segments of life within either the host city or country of the contest. They were produced by a company called Camp David. The on-air graphics were produced by Broken Doll, a production company. The animation of the many butterflies was done by the visual effects studio Swiss International. For example, Sweden's postcard features Robin and his friends at a funfair, having fun and meeting fans, while Ireland's postcard shows Ryan together with his family. In addition to the graphic design, there was a theme music for the contest entitled ""Wolverine"" composed by Adam Kafe, which was used in the intros and in-between commercial breaks.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2013

text: On 11 July 2012, the show producer Christer Björkman advised the public not to buy tickets for the 2013 contest that are currently in circulation and instead to wait for tickets to be released through official channels. Björkman said that official tickets had not yet been released, as necessary decisions over the stage and seating plans had not yet been made. Björkman also gave reassurance that accommodation would be available, as while the organizers had booked a large quantity of hotel rooms, some may be made available to the general public. On 21 November 2012, SVT officially announced the launch of ticket sales.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2013

text: On 17 October 2012, the executive producer Martin Österdahl told the Swedish newspaper "Dagens Nyheter" that SVT plans for the 2013 contest to have only one presenter for the entire contest, unlike previous years where there were up to three presenters per show. The last time there was just one presenter was in the , in Dublin, Ireland, when the solo host was Mary Kennedy. Petra Mede was announced as the host for the 2013 contest on 28 January 2013.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2013

text: The EBU announced on 21 December 2012 that 39 countries would compete in the Eurovision Song Contest 2013. , which was last represented in , confirmed that it would be returning to the contest following a one-year break. and both decided not to enter the 2013 contest due to financial difficulties, while and did not participate for different reasons, with Turkish broadcaster TRT mentioning dissatisfaction with the 50-50 jury-televote voting system as well as the rule of the "Big Five".


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2013

text: Valentina Monetta represented for the second year in a row. She would also return for the 2014 and 2017 contests.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2013

text: Elitsa Todorova and Stoyan Yankoulov returned as a duo, having previously represented Bulgaria in 2007. Yankoulov would also return for the 2022 contest, as part of Intelligent Music Project.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2013

text: Nevena Božović represented Serbia as part of Moje 3 and became the first contestant to compete in the Eurovision Song Contest after competing in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest, where she came third in 2007. She later represented Serbia in .


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2013

text: Aliona Moon, who represented Moldova, was a backing vocalist for the Moldovan entry in 2012. In addition, Pasha Parfeny, the Moldovan representative of 2012, was the composer of the Moldovan entry and accompanied her on stage on the piano.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2013

text: Estonian backing vocalists Lauri Pihlap and Kaido Põldma were part of the group 2XL, which won the contest in 2001 together with Dave Benton and Tanel Padar.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2013

text: For the first time since contest, which was, coincidentally, held in Sweden as well, no country of the former participated in the final of the Eurovision Song Contest.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2013

text: The EBU published the split results of the semi-finals and final on 29 May 2013. Unlike in previous years a full points breakdown of the jury and public voting was not revealed, instead an average rank was provided for each country based on the votes of the juries and televote in isolation.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2013

text: Below is a summary of the maximum 12 points each country awarded to another in the second semi-final:


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2013

text: The order in which each country announced their votes was determined in a draw following the jury results from final dress rehearsal. Similar to the 2012 contest an algorithm was used to generate as much suspense as possible. The spokespersons are shown alongside each country.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2013

text: Most countries sent commentators to Malmö or commentated from their own country, in order to add insight to the participants and, if necessary, the provision of voting information.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2013

text: It was reported by the EBU that the 2013 contest was viewed by a worldwide television audience of a record breaking 170 million viewers.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2013

text: Prior to the finals, the Lithuanian media outlet "15min" released an undercover video suggesting that representatives from Azerbaijan were trying to bribe Lithuanians for votes in the televoting. The video detailed the plan, which involved recruiting groups of 10 people each, and supplying them with SIM cards so they could vote multiple times during the voting window. It was also suggested that similar activity was taking place in a total of 15 countries including Latvia, Estonia, Belarus, Ukraine, Croatia and Switzerland. In response to the allegations, Executive Supervisor Jon Ola Sand reaffirmed the contest's commitment to a "fair and transparent result". He stated that while Eurovision organisers were looking into the case, they "[emphasised] that the intention of these individuals have not yet been clarified, and nor has a link been established between the individuals in the video and the Azeri delegation, the Azeri act or the Azeri EBU member Ictimai TV." He added that, since 1998, when he was first involved with the contest, "every year there are rumors about irregularities in the voting".


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2013

text: The EBU later confirmed an attempt of cheating in the contest, which was unsuccessful according to EBU as the EBU's system prevent fraud. According to the EBU, there is no evidence that any broadcaster has been involved in cheating. The rules were changed the next year to ensure that all broadcasters would be responsible for preventing fraud to their advantage or face a three-year suspension if fraud is revealed.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2013

text: However, in May 2015, a member of the contest's Reference Group confirmed that Azerbaijan had cheated, and that it was organized and very expensive.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2013

text: When Azerbaijan officially awarded no points to Dina Garipova of Russia, despite Garipova having reportedly come second in the country's phone poll, the Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev ordered an inquiry. The Russian Foreign Affairs Minister Sergei Lavrov claimed that the result had been falsified, and stated that "this outrageous action will not remain without a response". He promised a co-ordinated response with his Azerbaijani counterpart Elmar Mammadyarov. Simultaneously, the Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko claimed that his own country having received no points from Russia showed that the result must have been falsified.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2013

text: Cascada's entry for Germany, "Glorious", was the subject of investigation by NDR following allegations that it was too similar to the 2012 winner, "Euphoria" by Loreen. NDR spokeswoman Iris Bents played down the allegations, stating that "Every year there are attempts to create scandals around the Eurovision Song Contest and the participants." Following an independent audit, "Glorious" was found not to have plagiarized "Euphoria".


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2013

text: Allegations of plagiarism against the winning Danish entry surfaced after Eric van Tijn, a notable Dutch music producer, mentioned the opening flute solo's similarity to "I Surrender", a 2002 song by the Dutch band K-Otic. However, Van Tijn also stated that the flute solo was the only similarity between the two songs, thus calling it "a storm in a teacup".


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2013

text: The performance of the Finnish entry, "Marry Me", caused controversy in certain more socially conservative countries broadcasting the contest. The act featured the female singer Krista Siegfrids and one of her female backing singers kissing each other at the end, widely labelled in media as Eurovision's first "lesbian kiss". Siegfrids stated to the media that the act was done to encourage Finland to legalise same sex marriage. It was reported that Turkish and Greek media reacted negatively to Siegfrids' act. According to Gay Star News, the Turkish Eurovision broadcaster TRT, who had previously decided not to participate itself, initially indicated that they would still broadcast the contest, but made a late decision not to do so.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2013

text: Green room host Eric Saade referred to Petra Mede as a "MILF" on air during the break between the first and second halves of the voting, saying "Back to you, Petra. #MILF". When the broadcaster for the United Kingdom, BBC aired this, the sound was lost. It remains unknown whether this was just an accident, or if the BBC did it purposely. While the statement was supposedly scripted and SVT were aware of Saade's plan, some on social media were confused and offended by the comment.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2013

text: In addition to the main winner's trophy, the Marcel Bezençon Awards and the Barbara Dex Award were contested during the 2013 Eurovision Song Contest. The OGAE, "General Organisation of Eurovision Fans" voting poll also took place before the contest.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2013

text: The Marcel Bezençon Awards, organised since 2002 by Sweden's then-Head of Delegation and 1992 representative Christer Björkman, and 1984 winner Richard Herrey, honours songs in the contest's final. The awards are divided into three categories: Artistic Award, Composers Award, and Press Award.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2013

text: OGAE, an organisation of over forty Eurovision Song Contest fan clubs across Europe and beyond, conducts an annual voting poll first held in 2002 as the Marcel Bezençon Fan Award. After all votes were cast, the top-ranked entry in the 2013 poll was also the winner of the contest, "Only Teardrops" performed by Emmelie de Forest; the top five results are shown below.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2013

text: The Barbara Dex Award is a humorous fan award given to the worst dressed artist each year. Named after Belgium's representative who came last in the 1993 contest, wearing her self-designed dress, the award was handed by the fansite House of Eurovision from 1997 to 2016 and is being carried out by the fansite songfestival.be since 2017.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2013

text: Eurovision Song Contest: Malmö 2013 was a compilation album put together by the European Broadcasting Union, and released by CMC International and Universal Music Group on 29 April 2013. The album featured all 39 songs that entered in the 2013 contest including the semi-finalists that failed to qualify into the grand final. The digital version featured a bonus track, "We Write the Story", performed by ex-ABBA members, Björn Ulvaeus and Benny Andersson and the late Swedish DJ and record producer, Avicii.


title: Podemos (Spanish political party)

text: Podemos (, translated in English as "We Can") is a left-wing populist political party in Spain. Part of the anti-austerity movement in Spain, it was founded in January 2014 by political scientist Pablo Iglesias Turrión and other academics in the aftermath of the 15-M Movement protests against inequality and corruption.


title: Podemos (Spanish political party)

text: In the 2014 European Parliament election in Spain, Podemos won 8.0% of the vote and five seats. The newly founded party's big impact received significant media attention, having defied the odds and polls, while major parties lost out. By October 2014, Podemos was the second largest political party in Spain by number of members after the People's Party.


title: Podemos (Spanish political party)

text: On 9 May 2016, Podemos formed the Unidos Podemos electoral alliance with the United Left, Equo, and regionalist left-wing parties. In May 2018, the party joined Maintenant le Peuple. After the fall of government talks with the PSOE after the April 2019 Spanish general election, the November 2019 Spanish general election, in which the party and its allies won 12.8% of the vote and 35 seats in the Congress of Deputies, resulted in the Sánchez II Government through a coalition government between Podemos and the PSOE, the first multi-party cabinet in the Spanish democratic era.


title: Podemos (Spanish political party)

text: Podemos emerged from the Indignados movement against inequality and corruption in 2011. The group was inspired by the populist leaders of Latin America's Pink tide, which included Venezuela's Hugo Chávez and Bolivia's Evo Morales.


title: Podemos (Spanish political party)

text: In January 2014, it released the manifesto "Mover ficha: convertir la indignación en cambio político" ("Move A Piece: Turn Indignation Into Political Change"), which was signed by thirty intellectuals and personalities, including Juan Carlos Monedero, Alberto San Juan, associate professor of political science at the National University of Distance Education (UNED) Jaime Pastor, the writer and philosopher Santiago Alba Rico, the former leader of the Left Trade Union Current Cándido González Carnero and Bibiana Medialdea, associate professor of applied economy at the UCM.


title: Podemos (Spanish political party)

text: Podemos' manifesto stated that it was necessary to create a party list for the 2014 European Parliament election, with the goal of opposing the dominant policies of the European Union from the left. On 14 January, Pablo Iglesias Turrión, a professor of political science at the UCM and a TV presenter, was announced as head the movement. The movement was organised by the party Anti-Capitalist Left (Izquierda Anticapitalista), the Spanish section of the Trotskyist Fourth International, which had written the "Mover ficha" manifesto. One of the points highlighted by Iglesias was the derogation of the 135th article of the Constitution, which was made in 2011 by the major parties People's Party (PP) and Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE); full application of the 128th article of the constitution ("All wealth of the country in all its forms and no matter who owns it, is subordinated to the people's interest"); and maintaining abortion rights. They also demanded Spain exit from NATO and support self-determination rights.


title: Podemos (Spanish political party)

text: The Podemos movement was officially launched on 16 January 2014 in the Teatro del Barrio in the Lavapiés neighbourhood of Madrid, with a press conference attended by hundreds of people. The speakers at the launch included Pablo Iglesias, Juan Carlos Monedero, Teresa Rodríguez, psychiatrist and member of the "Marea Blanca" Ana Castaño, Íñigo Errejón and Miguel Urbán. The party's fundamental goal was to oppose the austerity policies of the government.


title: Podemos (Spanish political party)

text: In order to run in the European elections of 2014, the members of the bare bones of Podemos set themselves three conditions: to receive the support of at least 50,000 people; that both the programme and the lists of candidates be prepared through open participation; and that unity be sought with other parties and movements of the left, such as United Left, the Popular Unity Candidacy, the X Party, the Andalusian Workers' Union, Anova and the citizens' "mareas" ("tides"). The 50,000 signatures were obtained in less than 24 hours and the Podemos website crashed due to the high traffic.


title: Podemos (Spanish political party)

text: In August 2015, Podemos endorsed Jeremy Corbyn's campaign in the Labour Party leadership election. The party's international secretariat released a statement that "In Podemos we share Jeremy Corbyn's view that another Europe is not just possible but necessary". It added: "Against the irresponsibility of the troika and the Eurogroup, against the Europe of financial lobbies and puppet representatives, a new democratic and social Europe is emerging, and Jeremy Corbyn's victory would be a great step in that direction".


title: Podemos (Spanish political party)

text: In the 2014 European Parliament election in Spain on 25 May, Podemos received 7.98% of the national vote, with 1,200,000 votes cast, electing five Members of the European Parliament (MEPs). Iglesias chose Dina Bousselham to lead his cabinet of advisors as an MEP.


title: Podemos (Spanish political party)

text: "El País" described Pablo Iglesias Turrión as pessimistic about the outcome of the election: "We have lost these European elections. They have been won by the People's Party. We cannot be happy about this". He stated that his objective is to "move forward until we throw the PP and the PSOE out of power" and that "[w]e will now work with other parties from the south of Europe to make it clear that we don't want to be a German colony". Iglesias said Podemos MEPs would not take the standard MEP salary of more than €8,000 a month, stating that "not one of our MEPs will earn more than €1,930, an amount that's three times the minimum wage in Spain".


title: Podemos (Spanish political party)

text: On 5 June 2014, Pablo Iglesias Turrión announced that the "Asamblea Ciudadana" "Sí se puede" (Citizens' Assembly "Yes, It Can Be Done") would take place in the autumn. Iglesias also announced that a team of twenty-five people would be responsible for preparing the assembly, to be chosen in open elections in which anybody could participate, with closed lists, with no limit to the number of lists which could be presented. The vote took place over the Internet on 12 and 13 June. Two lists were presented, one headed by Iglesias and the other promoted by the "Círculo de Enfermería" ("Nurses' circle"). The technical details of the election and the deadlines generated discussion within Podemos. In a meeting of Podemos circles which took place on 8 June in Madrid, there was criticism for both the closed lists and the short deadlines, which allegedly led to fewer lists being presented. The electoral process in which 55,000 people participated gave the victory to Iglesias' list, with 86.8% of the vote.


title: Podemos (Spanish political party)

text: A major part of the citizens' assembly involved the writing of documents defining the political and organisational principles of the party as well as resolutions the party would adopt. Any member of Podemos could present a document and these would be adopted or rejected in a vote with all members of Podemos participating. These documents would determine the structure of the party. Internal elections would then take place, again with the participation of all members of Podemos, to fill the positions defined by this structure.


title: Podemos (Spanish political party)

text: The citizens' assembly held a meeting in Madrid on 18 and 19 October. On 19 October, Podemos membership was 130,000 and on 22 October it was 170,000.


title: Podemos (Spanish political party)

text: The citizens' assembly adopted five resolutions, all of which were submitted by circles, based on the votes of Podemos members, each of whom could vote for five resolutions. The approved resolutions were on improving public education (45%), on anti-corruption measures (42%), on the right to housing (38%), on improving public healthcare (31%) and on auditing and re-structuring the debt (23%).


title: Podemos (Spanish political party)

text: The ethical, political and structure documents proposed by the ""Claro que Podemos"", which included Luis Alegre, Carolina Bescansa, Íñigo Errejón, Pablo Iglesias and Juan Carlos Monedero were approved by 80.7% of the vote, surpassing ""Sumando Podemos"" 12.3% of the vote, promoted by the MEPs Pablo Echenique, Teresa Rodríguez and Lola Sánchez in the vote for the structure document.


title: Podemos (Spanish political party)

text: In October 2014, Podemos decided not to stand candidates in the 2015 Spanish local elections. Instead, it decided that its members would support local grassroots candidacies, most notably Barcelona en Comú, the citizen platform led by anti-evictions activist Ada Colau in Barcelona and Ahora Madrid (led by ex judge Manuela Carmena) in Madrid.


title: Podemos (Spanish political party)

text: In the lead up to the 2015 general election, Podemos adopted a pledge that, if the party won the election, it would hold a nationwide referendum on whether Spain should retain the Spanish monarchy or become a republic. The party also promised to increase public spending and ban job cuts in profitable firms.


title: Podemos (Spanish political party)

text: At the 2015 general election on 20 December 2015, Podemos received 21% of the vote and became the third largest party in the parliament, with 69 out of 350 seats.


title: Podemos (Spanish political party)

text: Following the failure of the 2015–2016 Spanish government formation negotiations to create a stable coalition government, on 2 May 2016 a second general election was called for June 2016. To contest the election, Podemos formed an electoral alliance with United Left, Equo and regional left-wing parties, the official name being announced on 13 May 2016 as Unidos Podemos ("United We Can"). The coalition received 21.2% of the vote.


title: Podemos (Spanish political party)

text: Podemos formed the Adelante Andalucía coalition with the left, the Greens and Primavera Andaluza to contest the 2018 Andalusian regional election.


title: Podemos (Spanish political party)

text: A party on the left-wing or the far-left of the political spectrum, Podemos has been described as a democratic socialist and left-wing populist party which holds anti-austerity, anti-corruption, and anti-establishment views. It promotes direct democracy, federalism, patriotism, republicanism, and an alternative social democracy to that of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) through a populist rhetoric.


title: Podemos (Spanish political party)

text: Podemos presented a collaboratively written programme for the 2014 European Parliament election in Spain. Some of the most important policies were emphasis on public control, poverty reduction, and social dignity via a basic income for everyone, including lobbying controls and punitive measures against tax avoidance by large corporations and multinational organizations, as well as promotion of smaller enterprises. It also included revoking or curtailing the Treaty of Lisbon, abandoning the memorandum of understanding, withdrawing from some free trade area agreements, and promoting referendum on any major constitutional reform. On environmentalism, it advocated reduction of fossil fuel consumption, promotion of public transport and renewable energy initiatives, reduction of industrial cash crop agriculture, and stimulating local food production by small and medium enterprises.


title: Podemos (Spanish political party)

text: Podemos is opposed to the current parliamentary monarchy and wants to offer a referendum on its continuity, instead advocating for a federal, "plurinational" new republic. Furthermore, the party is supportive of direct democracy.


title: Podemos (Spanish political party)

text: The party and its former leader (Pablo Iglesias Turrión) support the right to self-determination of autonomous communities like Catalonia and the Basque Country. The party has called for the release of jailed Catalan separatist leaders on trial in Spain’s Supreme Court.


title: Podemos (Spanish political party)

text: Podemos has been described as a progressive party. The party considers itself egalitarian, secularist, anti-racist, anti-fascist and environmentalist.


title: Podemos (Spanish political party)

text: The party is strongly feminist and supports abortion being legal. In regards to prostitution, the party is split between abolitionists and those seeking to better regulate prostitution. The party has advocated for a feminism subject in schools.


title: Podemos (Spanish political party)

text: Podemos supports LGBT rights. The party is responsible for the "Ley Trans", a law focused on gender self-determination and trans rights that has created a rift in the government.


title: Podemos (Spanish political party)

text: Podemos supports the right to vote for immigrants, particularly Moroccans, as part of their "political rights", and the party has called for the regularisation of over half a million of illegal immigrants. According to "Okdiario", Podemos "tries to revitalise its electoral expectations in a coveted voting camp: the immigrant one".


title: Podemos (Spanish political party)

text: Podemos supports legalising and regulating cannabis in Spain. The party also supported the legalisation of euthanasia.


title: Podemos (Spanish political party)

text: Podemos opposes economic inequality. The party wants to increase public spending and ban job cuts in profitable firms. It supports redistributive fiscal policies and a bigger welfare state. Podemos rejects neoliberal capitalism and wants to regulate the rental prices so they don't surpass the 30% of the average income. The party wants to increase the minimum wage.


title: Podemos (Spanish political party)

text: Podemos considers itself a pro-european party, but has expressed displeasure with the current functioning of the European Union, and has been described as taking a Eurosceptic stance. Podemos has called for a renegotiation of austerity measures and seeks to curtail the Treaty of Lisbon.


title: Podemos (Spanish political party)

text: Podemos is a member of The Left in the European Parliament, where the Greek party Syriza is also found, and whose leader, Alexis Tsipras, has been supportive of Podemos.


title: Podemos (Spanish political party)

text: The party supports the withdrawal from NATO of Spain. Podemos is also opposed to an increase in military spending.


title: Podemos (Spanish political party)

text: Podemos supports the right of self-determination for the Sahrawi people, seeking to establish high-level diplomatic relations between Spain and the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic and to expand the mandate of the United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara so that "it acquires competencies in the protection and promotion of the civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights of the Sahrawi population". Podemos reiterated its support for a referendum of self-determination after Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez supported Morocco's autonomy proposal by presenting a motion in the Congress of Deputies together with ERC and EH Bildu that ended up being approved.


title: Podemos (Spanish political party)

text: The support obtained by the new formation after the European elections in 2014 resulted in multiple analyses and reactions. While some sectors welcomed the results, there were also expressions of concern. Pedro Sanchez, Secretary General of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) since July 2014, branded Podemos populist on numerous occasions at the beginning of his term while much of its electorate opted for the new party. "The New York Times" stated that "the party’s 36-page campaign program reads like a wish list, with little detail about how it could be financed at a time when Spain is still struggling under a heavy debt burden". Vicente Palacio of Fundación Alternativas said that Podemos could have "very beneficial effects in terms of regenerating the Spanish democratic system", but is in danger of going "toward populism and demagogy, as has happened in the case of Beppe Grillo and his Five Star Movement in Italy".


title: Podemos (Spanish political party)

text: The leader of Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) Rosa Díez said that similarities could be found with the Greek left-wing coalition Syriza, with the Five Star Movement of Beppe Grillo and even with the French right-wing National Front of Marine Le Pen. The spokesman for the People's Party María Dolores de Cospedal said that poll results show a radicalisation of the left vote. Esperanza Aguirre, another prominent member of the People's Party, accused Pablo Iglesias of "being with the Castrismo, with Chavismo and ETA", which Iglesias responded to statements described as "slander" and announced he would consider legal action.


title: Podemos (Spanish political party)

text: The leaders of Podemos also tried to distance themselves from the government of Venezuela following allegations of "murky" funding since many Podemos leaders were linked to Venezuela and other "revolutionary" governments in Latin America. Consulting work by several party members, including Iglesias, in leftist Latin American governments earned their consulting organisation, Center for Political and Social Studies Foundation (CEPS Foundation), €3.5 million, which helped fund their television debates. Juan Carlos Monedero, one of Podemos' founding members, received €425,000 for political consultancy work for Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia and Nicaragua. Podemos called for an external auditor to observe accounts from February 2014 to December 2014, which showed that the total income from both private donations and state subsidies was at about €947,000. Among the largest donors to the party were Podemos' own five MEPs, who donated €52,000 in 2014 from their salaries.


title: Podemos (Spanish political party)

text: Since March 2015, journalists have been critical of the relationship between the political party and the traditional media. In March 2017, around a dozen Spanish journalists filed a complaint with the Madrid Press Association (APM), accusing Podemos of intimidating them because they published articles that were critical of the party. The Economist magazine has described the party as far-left.


title: Podemos (Spanish political party)

text: According to "GlobalPost", Podemos and other parties of the left have suddenly grown because of Europe's economic difficulties. Unemployment, especially among young Spanish adults, has created a positive sentiment towards Podemos and their appeal to the unsatisfied youth of Spain with an "irreverent style". Podemos also used its very well run social media presence to its benefit to find popularity.


title: Podemos (Spanish political party)

text: After it received the fourth highest number of votes in the European elections, news related to the growth of Podemos started to be published. The hashtag Pablo Iglesias was the number 1 trending topic on Twitter in Spain the day after the elections and Iglesias appeared on the front page of prominent Spanish newspapers. Before the elections, Podemos was already the most popular political force within social networks, but it had increased from 100,000 to 600,000 "Likes" on Facebook between May and July 2014. The CIS' quarterly survey, polling over July 2014 (two months after the elections) showed Podemos as the second most popular party regarding direct intention of vote, surpassing the PSOE, but being a 0.9% behind the PP. In late July, Podemos started to allow individuals to sign up, with 32,000 people registering as members in the first 48 hours through Podemos' website for free. In the first 20 days, Podemos already had about 100,000 members, becoming the third largest Spanish party by membership, surpassing United Left (IU), Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD), Convergence and Union (CiU) and Basque Nationalist Party (PNV/EAJ). In August 2014, Podemos already had 442,000 more "Likes" on Facebook than the "Likes" of the rest of the parties combined, having 708,763, with more than 2.6 million views on its YouTube channel. In September 2014, the interview of Iglesias in "Viajando con Chester" had almost 3 million watchers, being the most watched programme in its timeslot with 14.5% of the audience share. In October 2014, Iglesias' participation in "La Sexta Noche" (in which he was also interviewed) rose the audience share of the programme to 16,2%, which is its historical maximum. Iglesias' interview in "Salvados" also made the programme have its best ever audience, with a 23.8% and 5 million watchers. In late October, Podemos had more than 200,000 members. On 2 November 2014, "El Pais" published an opinion poll which gave Podemos 27.7% approval rating, compared to PSOE's 26.2% and PP's 20.7%; and gave Podemos a direct intention of vote of 22.2%, compared to PSOE's 13.1% and PP's 10.4%. The party lost much support in the polls during the final months of 2015 when elections were approaching (sinking to 13%) whereas during the election campaign experienced a huge rise in support in the polls up to 20% of vote days before the election.


title: Podemos (Spanish political party)

text: According to Politico Europe's "Poll of Polls", Podemos has remained the fourth most popular party in Spain, since the November 2019 Spanish general election. Podemos has polled, on average, at 11% by National Parliament voting intention.


title: Podemos (Spanish political party)

text: The party has regional branches for every single autonomous community in Spain. These include the following, among others:


title: Gran Turismo Sport

text: Gran Turismo Sport is a 2017 racing video game developed by Polyphony Digital and published by Sony Interactive Entertainment for the PlayStation 4. It is the 13th game in the "Gran Turismo" series, the seventh game in the main series.


title: Gran Turismo Sport

text: One of "Gran Turismo Sport"s main focuses is competitive online racing, supported by the international governing body of motorsport, the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), and serving as the platform for the FIA-Certified Gran Turismo Championships. The game launched with 168 cars and 29 tracks; post-launch game updates have brought the count to 338 cars and 82 track configurations as of July 2021. The free updates also added a more traditional single-player campaign mode to the game.


title: Gran Turismo Sport

text: Similar to its predecessors, "Gran Turismo Sport" is a racing game and includes two game modes: "Sport Mode" and "Arcade Mode". Online racing is also featured in the game and saving is only allowed in online mode, unlike its predecessors. The game has been described as different from the "Prologue" titles seen in the past in the series and features more content. Unlike "Gran Turismo 5" and "6", the game does not feature a dynamic weather system or day-night cycle, but players still have the option to modify the race's time of day before entering the race. It includes 338 cars and 82 configurations in 32 locations to race on as of July 2021.


title: Gran Turismo Sport

text: For the first time in the series, the game features Porsche vehicles included in the game after Electronic Arts' licensing rights to the Porsche brand had expired (previous "Gran Turismo" installments included Ruf cars as a substitute).


title: Gran Turismo Sport

text: Sport Mode consists of three daily races that reset every week. Each individual player is assigned a Driver Rating (DR), based on the player's overall skills, and a Sportsmanship Rating (SR), based on the player's attitude on the track, such as avoiding contact and obeying racing flags. The highest generally available levels are A+ for Driver Rating and S for Sportsmanship Rating, with the lowest being E for both, but the Driver Rating cannot exceed the Sportsmanship Rating. There is also a special S Driver Rating reserved for players ranked in the top 200 worldwide. Car performance within each category is equalized using Balance of Performance (BoP), which makes adjustments to the weight and power of each car to ensure a balanced gameplay.


title: Gran Turismo Sport

text: "Gran Turismo Sport" also features two championships held simultaneously throughout the year: the Nations Cup, in which players represent their respective countries, and the Manufacturers Cup, in which players represent automobile marques of their choice. The FIA manages the series directly as they would with any of their other race series. The winners of the championships are honored at the FIA's annual prize-giving ceremony in Paris.


title: Gran Turismo Sport

text: The winner of the inaugural FIA GT Sport Nations Cup in 2018 was Americas regional champion Igor Fraga (Brazil, IOF_RACING17). European regional champion Mikail Hizal (Germany, TRL_LIGHTNING) finished 2nd, while Asia-Oceania regional finalist Cody Nikola Latkovski (Australia, Nik_Makozi) ended in 3rd. The year's Manufacturers Cup was won by Lexus, represented by their top drivers Tyrell Meadows (USA, GT_Academy2013), Vincent Rigaud (France, Oscaro_SkyPikmin), and Kanata Kawakami (Japan, Kawakana222), while Toyota (Agustín Cajal (Argentina, ORMA_Aspicito), Rayan Derrouchie (France, RC_Miura) and Tomoaki Yamanaka (Japan, YamadoRacing38)) and Aston Martin (Jonathan Bucha (USA, hendrix323), Thomas Compton-Mcpherson (Great Britain, cubertom) and Yoshiharu Imai (Japan, legacy0193)) took 2nd and 3rd respectively. The live streams of the World Finals in Monaco exceeded a total of 3 million viewers across multiple channels.


title: Gran Turismo Sport

text: Car categories are a new gameplay concept introduced in GT Sport. Cars in the game are divided into seven categories:


title: Gran Turismo Sport

text: "Gran Turismo Sport" was originally announced to be fully compatible with Sony's virtual reality headset, PlayStation VR. However, VR support was later announced to be limited to a dedicated VR Tour Mode. A subsequent game update also added the ability to play the time trial game mode within VR.


title: Gran Turismo Sport

text: Series creator Kazunori Yamauchi mentioned that ""Gran Turismo Sport" would be coming to the PlayStation 4 console, possibly "in a year or two [from 2013]". He also mentioned that it will be based on the same physics engine that "Gran Turismo 6" uses. Yamauchi also spoke of the release sometime in 2016 or 2017 and how much more powerful the game will be on PlayStation 4 and how much easier it is to develop on the console versus "Gran Turismo 6" on the PlayStation 3. "Gran Turismo Sport" was officially announced at the 2015 Paris Games Week. Sony originally claimed that "Sport" is a separate entry, but Yamauchi later confirmed that it is a main entry in the series.


title: Gran Turismo Sport

text: The developer Polyphony Digital expected "Gran Turismo Sport" to have much improved gameplay elements due to the enhanced processing power of the PlayStation 4. The game is the first in the "Gran Turismo" series to support the virtual reality headset PlayStation VR. A beta was scheduled to take place in the first and second quarter of 2016 before a full release on November 15, but Sony later announced that the beta had been cancelled so as to prevent the game from being delayed to 2017. On August 30, 2016, it had been announced that the game will be delayed to 2017 to further polish the game. Despite the cancellation of the beta for the game in 2016, a closed beta was confirmed for March 17 following year for selected users in the United States and Europe to experience the game's features prior to its release.


title: Gran Turismo Sport

text: Kamui Kobayashi was one of the drivers who provided technical assistance in the game. The inclusion of Porsche automobiles was announced on April 11, 2017. Following expiration of Electronic Arts' exclusive licensing to Porsche, "Gran Turismo Sport" marked the first appearance of Porsche in a "Gran Turismo" title. Three time F1 world driver's champion, Lewis Hamilton, became the "maestro" of the series. Furthermore, his Time Trial Challenge DLC pack was released on November 28, 2019.


title: Gran Turismo Sport

text: In 2017, the game was given a release date of October 17 in North America. A free demo launched on October 9. Lasting five days, the open beta allowed a limited amount of in-game progress to carry over to the full release on October 17. The demo included all three modes: arcade, campaign, and sport. PlayStation Plus members could pre-load the demo on October 7. While the game is the first in the franchise to connect to PlayStation VR, the demo did not include that feature. The demo also had the livery editor for customizing vehicles and Scapes photo mode. More than a million people played the beta. Lotus was planned to appear in the game, with the Lotus Evora (making the series' debut in "Gran Turismo 5 Prologue") being playable in the closed beta, but was removed from the final game due to licensing difficulties.


title: Gran Turismo Sport

text: "Gran Turismo Sport" received "generally favorable" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic.


title: Gran Turismo Sport

text: Eurogamers Martin Robinson described "GT Sport" as a deviation from past games in the series, by cutting the vast car collections of its predecessors and placing a sharper emphasis on competitive online driving: "There are no lunar rovers, no 19th century single horsepowered wagons and not even anything by way of an open wheel racer to be found in its car list at launch. Yet, conversely, this is possibly the most focused, directly enjoyable game Polyphony Digital has put out since the heady days of "Gran Turismo 3"". Robinson praised the improved sound design and addition of a livery editor that allows players to create and share their own designs online. The website later ranked the game 21st on their list of the "Top 50 Games of 2017".


title: Gran Turismo Sport

text: IGN likewise noted that "GT Sport"s garage and track selection is smaller when compared to other racing games, a decision they found impossible to forgive, but described the shift to online racing as serious, sensible, and well-structured: "That PvP online environment, or Sport Mode as its dubbed, is where developer Polyphony Digital has gambled all its chips. The good news is that it has indeed created a sturdy online racing venue". Luke Reilly observed the introduction of a Sportsmanship Rating that, over time, separates poor drivers from good ones, and while less than perfect "rewards clean sectors, fair overtakes, and respectful racing".


title: Gran Turismo Sport

text: Ray Carsillo of "Electronic Gaming Monthly" considered the game to be visually gorgeous and thought the cars handled well, "easily the strongest aspect of the game", but was scathing in his assessment of the always online approach to play: "If you don't play the game online, you can't save the game, and most of the games features–only single arcade races are available offline–are locked away". Carsillo awarded the game a 6/10 concluding it will disappoint anyone hoping for a more traditional "Gran Turismo" experience.


title: Gran Turismo Sport

text: Jason Faulkner of Game Revolution was equally critical of the game, devoting a large portion of his review to observing the differences between "GT Sport" and racing games of rival color: "You'll get a lot more feeling of the weight of the cars as you drive them in this game than you do in "Forza", but there's still something lacking when compared to "Project Cars 2"". While the cars are stunningly recreated with excellent handling, Faulkner said there simply aren't enough of them, especially when contrasted with the two aforementioned titles: "The track list is sparse as well. There are only 17 locations available in GT Sport, with variations bringing the total number of circuits up to 40". Faulkner lamented the loss of single-player content in favor of "GT Sport"s new online mode, which no matter how well crafted, would be unavailable when not connected to the servers.


title: Gran Turismo Sport

text: Justin Towell of GamesRadar awarded "GT Sport" 4/5, citing superb tracks, solid controls and incredible handling nuance across a range of high powered vehicles. Towell said that although the game continues to offer an educational single player experience with a collection of scenarios to overcome, it's somewhat "pedestrian" and not a patch on "Forza 7"s career mode. Instead, the central pillar of "GT Sport", and the game's main selling point, are the FIA-recognised online game modes: "Winning a slipstreaming race around an oval against real opponents is far more exciting than any offline mode. And with the real-world calendar of events taking place at set times, it all feels like it really "means" something". Towell noted the inconvenience that can arise when players lose internet connection but presumed the measure was "to keep an eye on cheaters".


title: Gran Turismo Sport

text: In "Game Informer"s Reader's Choice Best of 2017 Awards, the game came in second place for "Best Racing Game". It was also nominated for the same category in IGN's Best of 2017 Awards.


title: Gran Turismo Sport

text: As of January 2018, Polyphony Digital has implemented a traditional single-player mode (akin to previous entries in the series) in "Gran Turismo Sport". Since its addition, more single-player content has been added via free updates. This is not accurately reflected in most professional reviews, which were written at the time of the game's release and do not account for any of the free content updates released in the years since.


title: Gran Turismo Sport

text: "Gran Turismo Sport" topped the UK all-formats physical sales charts for one week, selling nearly three times as many copies as "Forza Motorsport 7". It did the same in Japan and New Zealand, and ranked number 2 in Australia. During its first week on sale in Japan, Gran Turismo Sport sold 150,286 copies, which placed it at number one on the all format sales chart.


title: Gran Turismo Sport

text: The game reached number one on the Japanese download sales charts, number two in Europe, and number five in the United States.


title: Gran Turismo Sport

text: By May 2018, the game had sold around 3.3 million copies worldwide. As of December 2018, the game had around 7.5million players worldwide. By June 2019, "Gran Turismo Sport" had sold an estimated eight million copies.


title: Matt Dallas

text: Matthew Joseph Dallas (born October 21, 1982) is an American actor, best known for playing the title character on the ABC Family series "Kyle XY".


title: Matt Dallas

text: Dallas was born in Phoenix, Arizona, and attended Arizona School for the Arts. He has two younger brothers and one younger sister. He became interested in acting at the age of 12, when his grandmother took him to a production of the play "The Ugly Duckling" at a local community theater called Desert Stages Theater.


title: Matt Dallas

text: Dallas has starred in several films, and has played the title character in the ABC Family television series "Kyle XY" for three seasons. The series ended on March 16, 2009 after it was canceled by ABC. Dallas also appeared in "Camp Slaughter" (2005), "Living The Dream" (2006), and "Babysitter Wanted" (2008). He has been a guest on the TV show "Entourage".


title: Matt Dallas

text: In 2004, Dallas starred in Fan_3's music video for "Geek Love". In 2005, Dallas starred with Mischa Barton in James Blunt's music video for "Goodbye My Lover" and in 2008 he starred in Katy Perry's music video for "Thinking of You".


title: Matt Dallas

text: Dallas was cast in ABC's "Eastwick", playing Roxie's (Rebecca Romijn) love interest. In 2009, it was announced that Dallas would be appearing in the movie "Beauty and the Briefcase" with Hilary Duff. Dallas was in an indie western film called "The First Ride of Wyatt Earp" as Bat Masterson, which was released on March 6, 2012.


title: Matt Dallas

text: In 2012, Dallas starred as Max in the musical love story movie "You, Me, & the Circus". He played the role of Bat Masterson in an action packed western movie "Wyatt Earp's Revenge" with Val Kilmer. He also starred as Lance Leigh in the Hallmark movie "Naughty or Nice" with Hilarie Burton. Dallas played the role of Scott Orenhauser in the indie sci-fi thriller film "Life Tracker". Dallas had a recurring role in ABC Family show "Baby Daddy", where he played Riley's (Chelsea Kane) love interest.


title: Matt Dallas

text: In 2014, Dallas starred in the horror comedy movie "Ghost of Goodnight Lane". In 2015, Dallas starred as Jake in the web series "Anne & Jake". The series was released on YouTube on November 11, 2015. In 2017, Dallas starred as Declan in the drama film "Alaska is a Drag", written and directed by Shaz Bennett. He also starred as Frank Dean in the western film "Painted Woman" directed by James Cotten.


title: Matt Dallas

text: In 2018, Dallas starred as pastor John in supernatural horror film "Along Came the Devil". In 2019, Dallas played the role of Greg Carlyle in the Lifetime thriller film "A Daughter's Plan to Kill" alongside Claire Coffee. He also co-starred as Bobby Browning in the romantic comedy "Nearly Married" starring Cassi Thomson.


title: Matt Dallas

text: Dallas is gay; although, he previously denied this. He denied allegations of being gay for several years after being outed by Perez Hilton on his gossip website, and on the Howard Stern Show. After Perez Hilton publicly announced Dallas was gay on Stern's SiriusXM show, Dallas appeared two weeks later to refute the allegation during which he claimed to have slept with 20 women in high school, and listed a few women in Hollywood to whom he was the most sexually attracted. On July 5, 2015, he married male musician Blue Hamilton. On December 22, 2015, Dallas and Hamilton announced on their YouTube channel that they had adopted a then two year-old, their son Crow. On July 16, 2022 via YouTube, the pair announced they had adopted their second child, Rosa.


title: Special Delivery (2022 film)

text: Special Delivery () is a 2022 South Korean crime action film, written and directed by Park Dae-min for M Pictures. Starring Park So-dam, Song Sae-byeok and Kim Eui-sung, the film revolves around a delivery driver (Park So-dam) with a 100% success rate, things start happening when she is involved in an unexpected incident after a young child (Jung Hyeon-jun) boards into her car. It was theatrical released on January 12, 2022.


title: Special Delivery (2022 film)

text: The film was officially invited in Harbour section at the 51st International Film Festival Rotterdam held from January 26 to February 6, 2022. On box office, it earned a gross of US$3.46 million and garnered 439,177 admissions.


title: Special Delivery (2022 film)

text: Eun-ha is a delivery clerk with a 100% track record of delivering unusal items. One day, Eun-ha leaves for Seoul to pick up a client, who is involved in the city's gambling trade, but she meets the client's son Kim Seo-wan at the pick-up point. Meanwhile, Kyeong-pil, a police officer and the mastermind behind the gambling trade, chases after Seo-wan to retrieve a security key to the bank account that holds 30 million, which is in his possession. The rest of the story revolves around how Eun-Ha protects Seo-wan from Kyeong-pil.


title: Special Delivery (2022 film)

text: Production began on May 29, 2019 with Park So-dam, Song Sae-byeok, Kim Eui-sung and Jung Hyeon-jun confirmed as cast. Park Dae-min was confirmed as director of the crime action film. Park So-dam and Jung Hyeon-jun are working together after 2019 film "Parasite". Yeon Woo-jin, Yeom Hye-ran and Han Hyun-min joined the cast in supporting roles. Principal photography began on May 29, 2019 for this chase film. Script reading photos were revealed on June 4.


title: Special Delivery (2022 film)

text: Original soundtrack of the film was released on January 5, 2022. This is third venture of music director Hwang Sang-joon, for director Park Dae-min after "Private Eye" (2009) and "" (2016). The music has been appreciated by the audience who watched the preview.


title: Special Delivery (2022 film)

text: The film was scheduled for theatrical release on January 5, 2022, but the date was pushed to a week later to January 12. The film was officially invited in the Harbour section at the 51st International Film Festival Rotterdam, which was held from January 26 to February 6, 2022, and in the competition section at the 24th Udine Far East Film Festival held from April 22 to April 30, 2022. Additionally, it was pre-sold to 47 countries around the world. After its release on January 12 in South Korea, it released in Hong Kong, Singapore and Mongolia on 13 and 14 January, and in Indonesia and Taiwan on 19 and 28 January respectively. It was also invited to the 26th Fantasia International Film Festival and was screened for its North American premiere on July 14, 2022.


title: Special Delivery (2022 film)

text: The film entered the thriller competition section of the 40th Brussels International Fantastic Film Festival and was screened for Belgian premiere on September 6, 2022.


title: Special Delivery (2022 film)

text: The film was made available for streaming on IPTV (Olleh TV, B TV, LG U+ TV), Home Choice, TVING, Naver TV, WAVVE, Google Play, KT skylife, Cinefox and KakaoPage from February 4, 2022.


title: Special Delivery (2022 film)

text: The film was released on 995 screens on January 12, 2021. As per Korean Film Council (Kofic) integrated computer network, the film with 233,462 admissions ranked no. 2 on the Korean box office on opening weekend.


title: Special Delivery (2022 film)

text: Baek Seung-chan of "Kyunghyang Shinmun" appreciated the performances of Park So-dam and Song Sae-byeok. Comparing the film with the American films "Baby Driver" (2017) and "Drive" (2011), Baek stated that the film is fun, and "the scene design that takes advantage of the cultural characteristics of Korea is interesting". However he was critical of the way the film treated children. Concluding he wrote, ""Special Delivery" easily utilizes the plight of the socially disadvantaged and children as a combination suitable for genre films."


title: Zouave

text: The Zouaves were a class of light infantry regiments of the French Army serving between 1830 and 1962 and linked to French North Africa; as well as some units of other countries modelled upon them. The zouaves were among the most decorated units of the French Army.


title: Zouave

text: It was initially intended that the zouaves would be a regiment of Berber volunteers from the Zwawa group of tribes in Algeria ("Zwawa" being the origin of the French term "zouave") who had gained a martial reputation fighting for local rulers under the Ottoman Empire. The regiment was to consist of 1,600 Zwawa Berbers, French non-commissioned officers and French officers. 500 Zwawa were recruited in August and September 1830. However, twelve years later, this idea was dropped. More zouave regiments were raised and the men recruited to serve in them were almost exclusively French or people of French descent born in French Algeria (pied-noirs), a policy which continued until the final dissolution of said regiments after the Algerian War.


title: Zouave

text: In the 1860s, zouave units arose in many other countries. The Papal Zouaves were organized by Louis Juchault de Lamoricière, a former commander of North African zouaves, while a former zouave sergeant, François Rochebrune, organized the Polish Zouaves of Death who fought against Russia in the January Uprising of 1863–1864. In the 1870s, former Papal Zouaves formed the cadre for a short-lived Spanish zouave unit. The "zouave" title was also used by Brazilian units of black volunteers in the Paraguayan War, possibly due to a perceived link with Africa.


title: Zouave

text: In the United States, zouaves were brought to public attention by Elmer E. Ellsworth, who created and ran a drill company called the "Zouave Cadets". The drill company toured nationally. Zouave units were then raised on both sides of the American Civil War of 1861–1865; including a regiment under Ellsworth's command, the 11th New York Infantry—the New York "Fire Zouaves".


title: Zouave

text: The distinctive uniforms of French and other zouave units was of North African origin. It generally included short open-fronted jackets, baggy trousers ("serouel"), sashes, and a fez-like "chéchia" head-dress.


title: Zouave

text: The word "zouave" () is a French language derivative of "Zouaouas"; the original name of the Kabyle Berbers recruited for French service.


title: Zouave

text: The zouaves of the French Army were first raised in Algeria in 1831 with one and later two battalions, initially recruited primarily from the Zouaoua (or Zwāwa), a tribe of Berbers located in the mountains of the Jurjura Range (see Kabyles). The Zouaoua had formerly provided soldiers for the deys of Algiers and in August 1830 the commander of the French expeditionary force which had occupied the city recommended their continued employment in this role. The existence of the new corps was formally recognised by a Royal decree dated 21 March 1831.


title: Zouave

text: From their beginning the zouave units included a French European element, initially drawn from the demobilized "Garde royal" of Charles X and other Parisian volunteers. From March 1833 each zouave battalion was organised into ten companies, of which eight were Muslim Berbers and Arabs and two French. In 1838 a third battalion was raised, and the regiment thus formed was commanded by Major de Lamoriciere. Shortly afterwards the formation of the "Tirailleurs algériens", the "Turcos", as the infantry corps for Muslim troops, changed the basis for enlistment of the zouave battalions. For most of their remaining history the zouaves became an essentially French body, until in 1956 a new policy of partial racial mixing was introduced amongst units of the Army of Africa.


title: Zouave

text: Initially constituted as battalion sized units, the zouaves were reorganized as separate regiments in 1852:


title: Zouave

text: At the end of the Algerian War six zouave regiments were in existence, of which the "1er" was disbanded in 1960 and the remainder in 1962.


title: Zouave

text: Other provisional regiments of zouaves were raised in 1914 and 1939 for the First and Second World Wars respectively. During World War I nine "regiments de marche" of zouaves were created; comprising active, reserve, and new battalions seconded from other regiments. In World War II the number reached fourteen.


title: Zouave

text: The zouave regiments raised in 1914 for the First World War were the 8th and 9th. The 13th Zouaves were raised in 1919 and dissolved in 1940. The zouave regiments raised in 1939 for the Second World War were the 11th, 12th, 14th, and 21st, all of which were dissolved after the fall of France in 1940. Other regiments raised later in the Second World War were the 9th ('reactivated'), 22nd, 23rd, and 29th.


title: Zouave

text: In addition, four mixed zouave and "tirailleur" regiments ("régiments mixtes de zouaves et tirailleurs") were raised for the First World War, all of which were redesignated Algerian "tirailleur" regiments in 1918 or 1920.


title: Zouave

text: The 9th Zouaves were the last French zouave unit. The first 9th Zouave regiment existed from 1914 until the fall of France in 1940, a second 9th Zouaves was raised in the Second World War and disbanded after the Algerian War (1954–1962), and a third 9th Zouaves existed as a nominal unit from 1982 to 2006 (representing a commando training school). There was no zouave regiment in existence between 1962–1982 and none now survive in the French Army.


title: Zouave

text: The zouaves saw extensive service during the French conquest of Algeria, initially at the Mouzaia Pass action (March 1836), then at Mitidja (September 1836) and the siege of Constantine (1837). Recruited through voluntary enlistment or transfer from other regiments of men with at least two years service, the zouaves quickly achieved the status of an elite amongst the French Army of Africa.


title: Zouave

text: By 1853, the French Army included three regiments of zouaves. Each of the three line regiments of zouaves was allocated to a different province of Algeria, where their depots and peace-time garrisons were located. The Crimean War was the first service which the regiments saw outside Algeria. They subsequently served as effective light infantry in the Franco-Austrian War of 1859, the Mexican Intervention (1864–1866) and the Franco-Prussian War (1870). The distinctive dress and dash of the zouaves made them well known outside France and they were frequently portrayed in the illustrated publications of the period. The 2nd Zouaves (popularly known as "the Jackals of Oran") had their mutilated eagle decorated with the "Legion d' Honneur" following the Battle of Magenta in 1859.


title: Zouave

text: On 23 December 1854 a fourth regiment was created, the Zouaves of the Imperial Guard. The actual formation of this unit was delayed until 15 March 1855 when detachments from the zouave regiments already serving in the Crimea were brought together before Sebastopol for this purpose. Having earned the unusual distinction of being created on the field of battle, the Zouaves of the Imperial Guard served through the remainder of the Crimean War and subsequently in all the campaigns of the Second Empire. Their peace-time garrisons were initially at Saint-Cloud and then Versailles from 1857. This regiment wore the classic zouave uniform but with yellow braiding and piping substituted for the red of the line regiments.


title: Zouave

text: In the opening stages of the Franco-Prussian War the bulk of the serving zouave units were amongst the Imperial field army defeated at Sedan in September 1870. Drawing on remnants of the Imperial forces, depot troops from Algeria and volunteers it was possible to reconstitute all four regiments as part of the Army of the Loire and the Republican defenders of Paris.


title: Zouave

text: After 1871 the zouaves lost their status as an élite corps solely made up of long-service volunteers; they became a force mainly composed of conscripts from the French settlers in Algeria and Tunisia, undertaking their compulsory military service. Shortfalls in numbers were made up by detachments from the southern "régions militaires" of mainland France ("Métropole"). The zouave regiments did however retain significant numbers of long-service volunteers ("engages volontiers et réengages") who contributed to the high morale and steadiness of these units.


title: Zouave

text: Two zouave battalions (under "chefs de bataillon" Simon and Mignot) served in Tonkin during the closing weeks of the Sino-French War (August 1884 to April 1885). One of these battalions was roughly handled on 23 March 1885 in the Battle of Phu Lam Tao. A third zouave battalion ("chef de bataillon" Metzinger) joined the Tonkin Expeditionary Corps shortly after the end of the war, and took part in operations against Vietnamese insurgents.


title: Zouave

text: In 1899 a law created for each regiment of zouaves a 5th Battalion, "to be stationed in France" in "groupes des 5e bataillons de Zouaves". The 5th battalions of the 1st and 4th Zouaves were stationed as part of the "Gouvernement militaire de Paris". The 5th battalions of the 2nd and 3rd Zouaves were stationed in the "région militaire de Lyon". Upon mobilization for war in France, these battalions would form the nucleus of "Régiments de Marche de Zouaves", each of 3 battalions. This permanent presence in the two key garrisons of metropolitan France facilitated subsequent arrival and participation by other elements of the 19th Military Region as reinforcements, in the event of an attack on mainland France.


title: Zouave

text: Zouave battalions subsequently saw active service in China during the Boxer Rising (1900–1901) and in Morocco (1908–1914). From the very beginning of World War I zouave regiments and detached battalions saw extensive service on the Western Front. Others served in the Dardanelles, Macedonia (within the 156th Division), Tonkin, Algeria, Tunisia, and Morocco. Twelve zouave battalions were recruited for exclusively North African service from French-speaking prisoners-of-war and deserters from German Alsace-Lorraine, who had volunteered to join the French Army.


title: Zouave

text: The four zouave regiments of the French Army wore their traditional colorful dress during the early months of the First World War. The development of the machine gun, rapid-fire artillery, and improved small-arms obliged them to adopt a plain khaki uniform from 1915 onwards, in common with other units of the "Armée d'Afrique". From 1927 to 1939 the "oriental dress" of red fez ("chéchia"), blue sash, braided blue jackets with waistcoats and voluminous red trousers was reintroduced as off-duty dress for re-enlisted NCOs and other long-service regulars in the zouave regiments.


title: Zouave

text: It was also worn by colour guards and other detachments on ceremonial occasions. White trousers of the same style had earlier been worn as an item of hot-weather dress. The four regiments were distinguished by the colours (red, blue, white and yellow) of the "tombeaus" or false pockets on the front of their open-fronted jackets.


title: Zouave

text: The zouaves played a major role in the 1914–1918 War with their numbers being expanded to nine "regiments de marche". These units retained much of their traditional panache, especially in attack. They became however less conspicuous in World War II, seeing service mainly during the opening stages of the war in the Battle of France (1940) and in the course of the liberation of France (1944).


title: Zouave

text: As predominantly conscript units the zouaves did not serve in Indochina between 1945 and 1954. They were, however, employed extensively as sector troops during the Algerian War. Their history as a corps of high-profile elite infantry, closely identified with French Algeria, made for higher morale and effectiveness than that of most conscript units from metropolitan France assigned to Algeria. The 9th Zouaves based in the Casbah, played a major role in the 1957 Battle of Algiers.


title: Zouave

text: At the end of the Algerian War, remaining zouave and tirailleur units were incorporated in a short-lived "Force locale de l'ordre Algérienne": created under the Évian Accords of March 1962 and intended to provide a transitional peace-keeping force acceptable to both Muslim and European communities. The zouave regiments were finally disbanded in 1962 following Algerian independence. This was inevitable since their recruitment base was the European population of Algeria, which dispersed with the ending of French rule.


title: Zouave

text: The traditions of the zouave regiments were maintained until 2006 by the French Army's Commando Training School (CEC), which occasionally paraded colour parties and other detachments in zouave dress. With the closure of the CEC school that year and the putting into store of the flag of the 9th Zouaves in 2010, any direct link between the former zouaves and active units of the modern French Army ceased. While other branches of the old French Army of Africa have either survived or been reestablished as representative units in recent years (notably the Foreign Legion, Chasseurs d'Afrique, Tirailleurs, and Spahis), France does not have any known plans to recreate one of its most distinctive and best known military corps.


title: Zouave

text: The Papal Zouaves were a corps of volunteers formed as part of the Army of the Papal States. The Zouaves evolved out of a unit formed by Lamoricière in 1860: the Franco-Belgian Tirailleurs. On January 1, 1861, the unit was renamed the Papal Zouaves.


title: Zouave

text: The "Zuavi Pontifici" were mainly young men, unmarried and Roman Catholic, who volunteered to assist Pope Pius IX in his struggle against the Italian Risorgimento. They wore a similar style of uniform to that of the French Zouaves but in grey with red trim. A grey and red kepi was substituted for the North African fez.


title: Zouave

text: All orders were given in French, and the unit was commanded by a Swiss Colonel, M. Allet. The regiment was truly international, and by May 1868 numbered 4,592 men including 1,910 Dutch, 1,301 French, 686 Belgians, and 240 Italians. A total of three hundred volunteers came from Canada, the United States and Ireland; while the remaining 155 Zouaves were mostly South American.


title: Zouave

text: The Papal Zouaves assisted in the notable Franco/Papal victory at the Battle of Mentana on November 3, 1867. They suffered the brunt of the fighting, sustaining 81 casualties in the battle, including 24 killed (the Papal forces suffered only 30 dead in total). The official report of the battle prepared by the French commander, General de Failly cited the bravery of the Zouaves. They were also mentioned in Victor Hugo's poem "Mentana".


title: Zouave

text: The Papal Zouaves also played a role in the final engagements against the forces of the newly united Kingdom of Italy in September 1870, in which the Papal forces were outnumbered almost seven to one. The Zouaves fought bravely before surrender, inflicting losses on the Bersaglieri of the regular Italian Army as the latter stormed the Porta Pia.


title: Zouave

text: Several Papal Zouaves were reportedly executed or murdered by the Italian forces following the surrender.


title: Zouave

text: The French component of the Papal Zouaves regrouped as the "Volontaires de l'Ouest" (Volunteers of the West) to fight on the French side in the Franco-Prussian War, where they kept their grey and red Papal uniforms. The Zouaves saw action outside Orléans, Patay and the Battle of Loigny. The "Volontaires de l'Ouest" were disbanded after the entrance of Prussian troops into Paris.


title: Zouave

text: An English veteran, Joseph Powell, published his account of his service with the Papal Zouaves, "Two Years in the Pontifical Zouaves."


title: Zouave

text: In 1863, during the Polish January Uprising against the Russian Empire, a French ex-officer who had served previously in one of the French zouave regiments, François Rochebrune, organised the "Zouaves of Death". Members of this Polish unit swore "to conquer or to die" and not to surrender. They wore a black uniform with white cross and red fez.


title: Zouave

text: The unit's baptism by fire occurred at the Battle of Miechów, where under the command of adjutant Wojciech Komorowski, they successfully charged Russian forces defending the local cemetery. However, the overall engagement was a defeat for the Poles on February 17, 1863. Lt. Tytus O'Brien de Lacy escaped with 400 zouaves to Galicia in March 1863. In the Battle of Chroberz the Zouaves covered the retreat of the main body of Polish forces under Marian Langiewicz. They also fought at the follow-up Battle of Grochowiska where they captured Russian artillery positions but suffered very high casualties.


title: Zouave

text: In 1856, the West India Regiment of the British army switched its attire to a uniform modeled on that of the French zouaves. This consisted of a red fez with a white tassel, a white turban, a scarlet sleeveless jacket with yellow trimming, a white long sleeved waistcoat, and dark blue serouels with yellow piping. White canvas gaiters and leather jamberees completed the uniform. This uniform was reserved for full dress and is still used by the Barbados Defense Force band and the Jamaica Military Band (see photograph opposite).


title: Zouave

text: Other British Empire units who adopted zouave features as part of their dress uniforms included the Gold Coast Regiment and the West African Frontier Force.


title: Zouave

text: Numerous zouave regiments were organized from soldiers of the United States of America who adopted the name and the North African–inspired uniforms during the American Civil War. The Union army had more than 70 volunteer zouave regiments throughout the conflict, while the Confederates fielded about 25 Zouave companies.


title: Zouave

text: In the United States, zouaves were brought to public attention by Elmer E. Ellsworth. Inspired by his French friend Charles De Villers, who had been a surgeon in the North African zouaves, he obtained a zouave drill manual. In 1859, Ellsworth took over a drill company and renamed them the "Zouave Cadets". The drill company toured nationally, performing the light infantry drill of the north African zouaves with many theatrical additions. "Zouave" units were then raised on both sides of the American Civil War of 1861–1865, including a regiment under Ellsworth's command, the New York "Fire Zouaves".


title: Zouave

text: A feature of some American zouave units, at least in the opening stages of the American Civil War, was the light infantry tactics and drill they employed. Zouaves "utilised light infantry tactics that emphasised open-order formations, with several feet between soldiers, rather than the customary close order, with its characteristic 'touch of elbows'. They moved at double-time, rather than marching to a stately cadence, and they lay on their backs to load their rifles rather than standing to do so. To fire, they rolled prone and sometimes rose on one knee."


title: Zouave

text: Arguably the most famous Union zouave regiments were from New York and Pennsylvania: the 5th New York Volunteer Infantry, known as "Duryee's Zouaves" after its first colonel, Abram Duryee; the 114th Pennsylvania Infantry, called "Collis's Zouaves" after their colonel, Charles H. T. Collis; and the 11th New York Volunteer Infantry, the "Fire Zouaves". The 11th New York was initially led by Col. Elmer E. Ellsworth, until his death in 1861. The 11th New York was badly mauled during the First Battle of Bull Run in July 1861 as it acted as the rear guard for the retreating Army of the Potomac. The 5th New York was considered one of the elite units of the Army of the Potomac; it was one of only two volunteer regiments serving with the regular division commanded by George Sykes. At the Second Battle of Bull Run, the 5th New York, along with another Zouave regiment, the 10th New York "National Zouaves", held off the flanking attack of James Longstreet's Corps for ten crucial minutes before it was overrun. The 5th New York thus suffered the highest percentage of casualties in the shortest amount of time of any unit in the Civil War – of 525 men, approximately 120 were killed and 330 were wounded in less than 10 minutes.


title: Zouave

text: In 1863 and 1864, three Union regiments (146th New York, 140th New York, and 155th Pennsylvania) were issued with Zouave uniforms to reward their proficiency in drill and battlefield performance. Difficulties in supply and replacement meant that Zouave and other exotic militia uniforms tended to be replaced by standard issue uniforms throughout the conflict. However, the tradition remained strong, and the last Union casualty of the fighting in Virginia was reported to be a Zouave of the 155th Pennsylvania, killed at Farmville, Virginia, on the morning of April 9, 1865.


title: Zouave

text: A number of Confederate Zouave units were also raised. In contrast to the many Federal units, most Confederate Zouaves were not full "regiments"; many were companies within larger units. The cognomen "Louisiana Tiger" dates from the Mexican–American War; it refers to any Louisiana state trooper (and more recently, to the state's athletic teams). But none of the Mexican War Louisiana "Tigers" were Zouaves. The earliest, and most famous, Louisiana Zouave unit was White's Company B (the "Tiger Rifles") of Major Chatham Roberdeau Wheat's 1st Special Battalion, Louisiana Volunteers, also known as "Louisiana Tigers".


title: Zouave

text: Another notable Zouave unit on the Confederate side was the "1st (Coppens') Louisiana Zouave Battalion", which was raised by Georges Augustus Gaston De Coppens in 1861. They saw action from the Peninsula Campaign to the Siege of Petersburg, all the while being short of supplies. They were disbanded in 1865.


title: Zouave

text: The Confederate Zouave units did not last long throughout the war. All of them had traded out their Zouave garb for standard Confederate clothing by 1862. The last Confederate Zouave unit was Coppens Zouave which later became dubbed the Confederate State Zouave Battalion.


title: Zouave

text: Winters also notes that a group of itinerant actors, who claimed to have served in European wars, stimulated the Zouave craze. The actors attracted large crowds and inspired the formation of military companies. They visited several New Orleans companies and instructed the men in a new manual of arms. They toured the river towns and played to an overflow audience in Plaquemine, Louisiana. In Alexandria, in central Louisiana, the actors performed "a bloody drama of the Crimean War".


title: Zouave

text: Zouaves gradually vanished from the U.S. military in the 1870s and 1880s, as the militia system slowly transformed into the National Guard. As an example, the Wisconsin militia still included one zouave unit in 1879, but the next year, in 1880, the traditional distinctions of title and dress ceased when a standard Wisconsin Guard uniform was adopted. After the Civil War, veteran groups sometimes dressed as zouaves during honor guard ceremonies such as funeral processions, since zouave dress was considered colorful and distinctive. Modern American Civil War reenactments often feature zouave units.


title: Zouave

text: The zouave uniform was sometimes quite elaborate, to the extent of being unwieldy. Some Zouave regiments wore a fez with a colored tassel (usually yellow, blue, green, or red) and turban, a tight fitting short jacket (some without buttons), a wide sash, baggy pantaloons or "chasseur" trousers, white leggings, and a short leather cuff for the calf, called jambieres. The sash was especially difficult to put on, often requiring the help of another zouave. The zouave uniform was better suited for warm climates and rough terrain. The loose pantaloons allowed for greater freedom of movement than trousers, while the short jacket was much cooler than the long woolen blouse worn by most armies of the time.


title: Zouave

text: In the Third Carlist War (1872–1876) the Infante Alfonso Carlos, Duke of San Jaime (the brother of the Carlist Pretender to the Spanish throne, Carlos, Duke of Madrid) raised a unit of Spanish zouaves, the Carlist Zouaves ("Batallon Zuavos"), as an honor guard for himself and his wife Maria de las Nieves Braganza. The Carlist Zouaves originated as the sixth company of the second battalion of the Pontifical Zouaves. (Don Alfonso Carlos had formerly served as a lieutenant in the Pontifical Zouaves.) The Carlist Zouaves had the status of an elite unit within the army of Catalonia and the Maestrazgo. The uniforms of the Carlist Zouaves included the baggy trousers, short jacket, vest and sash of both the French and Pontifical Zouaves. However, the Carlist Zouaves also wore a distinctive feature that differentiated them from existing zouave regiments elsewhere, in the form of a beret of Basque influence with a characteristic tassel. In order to distinguish the troops from the officers, the color of the officer's jacket was a blue-gray shade, with a darker blue for the other ranks. The beret worn by the troops was white with a yellow tassel, while the officers wore a red beret with yellow tassel. The baggy trousers were grayish for all ranks.


title: Zouave

text: From 1830 to 1848 the zouave costume was closely derived from contemporary North African clothing. However, with the establishment of the zouave regiments as a permanent and integral part of the French Army, the "oriental dress" became a formalized uniform, subject to regulations while retaining the distinctive features of its indigenous origins.


title: Zouave

text: Features of the zouave dress were widely copied by colonial units of various European armies during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. These included African regiments raised by Portugal, Britain, Spain, and Italy, as well as the West India Regiment in British service.


title: Zouave

text: Variations of zouave-style dress of the short open jacket ("shama"), voluminous trousers ("serouel") and fez were worn by indigenous regiments of the French Army of Africa such as the Spahis and the "Tirailleurs Algeriens", although in different colours.


title: Zouave

text: Modern ceremonial units of the Algerian, Moroccan, and Tunisian armies retain items of traditional North African dress, sharing some common features with the "tenue orientale" of the French zouaves.


title: Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: The Parliament of the United Kingdom currently has 650 parliamentary constituencies across the constituent countries (England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland), each electing a single member of parliament (MP) to the House of Commons by the plurality (first past the post) voting system, ordinarily every five years. Voting last took place in all 650 of those constituencies at the United Kingdom general election on 12 December 2019.


text: The number of seats rose from 646 to 650 at the 2010 general election after proposals made by the boundary commissions for England, Wales and Northern Ireland (the Fifth Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies) were adopted through statutory instruments. Constituencies in Scotland remained unchanged, as the Boundary Commission for Scotland had completed a review just before the 2005 general election, which had resulted in a reduction of 13 seats.


text: Primary legislation provides for the independence of the boundary commissions for each of the four parts of the UK; the number of seats for each of the countries; permissible factors to use in departing from any old boundaries; and a strong duty to consult. The Fifth Review was governed by the Parliamentary Constituencies Act 1986. Under the Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act 2011, as amended by the Parliamentary Constituencies Act 2020, the number of MPs is now fixed at 650. The Sainte-Laguë formula method is used to form groups of seats split between the four parts of the United Kingdom and the English regions (as defined by the NUTS 1 statistical regions of England).


text: The table below gives the number of eligible voters broken down by constituent country, including the average constituency size in each country.


text: As the number of electors in each constituency is similar, the constituencies themselves vary considerably in area, ranging from Ross, Skye and Lochaber, which occupies a sixth of Scotland, to the densely-populated London constituency of Islington North.