title: Christopher Robin

text: Christopher Robin is cheerful, compassionate, adventurous, fun-loving, imaginative, and helpful. Despite being a child, he is much wiser and more mature than many of the other characters, and is someone Pooh and the others look up to. In the book illustrations, his house appears as a hollow tree with a door at the top of the forest.


title: Christopher Robin

text: Christopher Robin was based on the author A. A. Milne's son, Christopher Robin Milne, who later in life became disappointed about the use of his name. Christopher Milne wrote in one of a series of autobiographical works: "It seemed to me almost that my father had got where he was by climbing on my infant shoulders, that he had filched from me my good name and left me nothing but empty fame," One of the poems, "Vespers" – which describes young Christopher Robin saying his evening prayers – was said by Christopher Milne as "the one work that has brought me over the years more toe-curling, fist-clenching, lip-biting embarrassment than any other."


title: Christopher Robin

text: Since 1966, Disney has released numerous features starring Winnie-the-Pooh and related characters. Christopher Robin appears in all of the Disney adaptations except for "Kingdom Hearts", "Welcome to Pooh Corner", "Boo to You Too! Winnie the Pooh", "Springtime with Roo", and "Pooh's Heffalump Halloween Movie". But in most of the cartoons, he is only a supporting character, sometimes only appearing in a few scenes or episodes; in "Pooh's Heffalump Movie", he only appears during the credits. His personality is virtually the same as in the books, but he attends day school instead of boarding school.


title: Christopher Robin

text: Christopher Robin's bedroom, but not Christopher Robin himself, appears in live-action opening sequences. In the world within his storybooks, his house appears just as it does in E. H. Shepard's illustrations.


title: Christopher Robin

text: An English boy living in the Ashdown Forest, Christopher Robin has brown hair. He wears a yellow polo shirt with white collar and trim on his short sleeves, blue shorts, white socks and black Mary Jane shoes (or sometimes red sneakers). On several appropriate occasions, he plays a snare drum.


title: Christopher Robin

text: "The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh" re-imagines him as an American boy living in the suburban house 100 Acre Road whose backyard connects directly to the Hundred Acre Wood. His mother also appears in the series and Robin is apparently their surname in that continuity.


title: Christopher Robin

text: Some of these elements were reused for "The Book of Pooh", but the animals are once again characters in Christopher Robin's storybook. His hollow tree house does not appear from both series.


title: Christopher Robin

text: Christopher Robin has appeared on "House of Mouse" with his friends, but he is the only main "Winnie-the-Pooh" character that does not appear in the "Kingdom Hearts" video game series; in this continuity, the "Winnie-the-Pooh" book belongs to Merlin and Christopher Robin's role is played out mostly by Sora. He only appears in two episodes of "My Friends Tigger and Pooh" but in the whole series, he is absent and is replaced by his younger friend Darby, a feisty red-headed girl who is the main protagonist and hosts the series.


title: Christopher Robin

text: In the "Doc McStuffins" crossover special "Into the Hundred Acre Wood!", Christopher Robin visits Doc's toy hospital searching for Pooh, who has been admitted as a patient. Christopher Robin and Doc bond through their shared ability to talk to toys. The character is voiced by Oliver Bell.


title: Christopher Robin

text: Ewan McGregor played a grown-up version of the character in the 2018 Disney live-action film "Christopher Robin", while Orton O'Bren portrays the character as a child. In this film adaptation, the now adult Christopher is director of efficiency at a luggage company, and Pooh ultimately helps him to devise a plan to significantly decrease the company's expenditures.


title: Christopher Robin

text: Of the nine main characters, Christopher Robin has the most voice actors. He has been voiced by the following:


title: Christopher Robin

text: Reitherman, Hoskins, Gross and Tiesler are the only actors to use an American accent for the character. All others use received pronunciation.


title: Robert Ritter von Greim

text: Robert "Ritter" von Greim (born Robert Greim; 22 June 1892 – 24 May 1945) was a German field marshal and First World War flying ace. In April 1945, in the last days of World War II, Adolf Hitler appointed Greim commander-in-chief of the "Luftwaffe" (German Air Force) after Hermann Göring had been dismissed for treason. He is the last person ever promoted to field marshal in the German armed forces. After the surrender of Nazi Germany in May 1945, Greim was captured by the Allies. He committed suicide in an American-controlled prison on 24 May 1945.


title: Robert Ritter von Greim

text: He was born as Robert Greim on 22 June 1892 in Bayreuth in the Kingdom of Bavaria, a state of the German Empire, the second son of police "Hauptmann" Ludwig Greim and his wife Marie. Greim had an older brother Ludwig, named after his father, born 5 October 1888, and a younger sister Marie Barbara born 11 January 1911. From 18 September 1906 to 6 July 1911, Greim attended the () on the Marsfeld in Munich and graduated with his "Abitur" (university entry qualification).


title: Robert Ritter von Greim

text: Greim joined the Bavarian Army on 14 July 1911. During his officer training, he was posted to the (), a field artillery regiment of the 6th Royal Bavarian Division on 25 February 1913. Greim received his officer training at the War Academy () in Munich. On 28 October 1913, Greim was commissioned as a "Leutnant" (second lieutenant). In April 1914, he received the Bavarian Military Merit Order 4th Class () for service with the ammunition column of 1st battalion of his 8th Field Artillery Regiment.


title: Robert Ritter von Greim

text: When World War I started in August 1914, Greim's regiment was subordinated to the 6th Army under its commander-in-chief "Generaloberst" Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria. Greim, who commanded a battery during the Battle of Lorraine, distinguished himself on 25 August in the fighting near Maixe-Deuxville. The 8th Field Artillery Regiment stayed in the combat area of Nancy until 24 September and then relocated to Saint-Mihiel. During combat in the Bois d'Ailly (Ailly Wood), Greim earned the Iron Cross 2nd Class () in November 1914. On 9 March 1915, Greim became an adjutant with the 1st battalion of the 8th Field Artillery Regiment. That day, he made his maiden flight as a passenger. The flight took him across the front between Saint-Mihiel and Flirey and then to the northern outskirts of Toul, approximately behind enemy lines where Greim observed the 26 French artillery positions between Saint-Mihiel and Pont-à-Mousson. During this aerial reconnaissance flight, Greim took details notes of his observations. On 10 August, Greim began his training as an aerial observer with the "Feldflieger Abteilung" 3b (FFA 3b—Field Flying Company 3b).


title: Robert Ritter von Greim

text: On 10 October 1915, while flying as an aerial observer on a Albatros C.I, Greim shot down a Farman MF.11 from French Escadrille Spa.69. The Farman crashed near Deuxnouds, killing Sergeant Henri Mahien and Lieutenant Henri Mérillion. On 16 October, "Hauptmann" Hermann Pohl, the commanding officer of FFA 3b, sent a telegram to the III Royal Bavarian Corps (III. "Königlich Bayerisches Armee-Korps"), requesting Greims official transfer to the FFA 3b. The request was approved on 28 October and Greim became a member of the "Luftstreitkräfte" (German Air Service).


title: Robert Ritter von Greim

text: On 22 June 1916, Greim's pilot "Unteroffizier" Alois Hosp died of wounds in a field hospital. He was shot down and wounded by "Sous-Lieutenant" Charles Nungesser. On 3 August, Greim was transferred to the "Artillerieflieger-Abteilung" 204 (AFA 204—Artillery Flying Company 204) which was based at an airfield near Ruyaulcourt.


title: Robert Ritter von Greim

text: He also served with AFA 204 over the Somme. After undergoing pilot training, Greim joined FA 46b on 22 February 1917.


title: Robert Ritter von Greim

text: He transferred to "Jagdstaffel" 34 (Jasta 34—34th Fighter Squadron) in April 1917. He scored an aerial victory on 25 May 1917, and on the same day he received the Iron Cross 1st Class (). Greim was promoted to "Oberleutnant" (First Lieutenant) on 17 January 1917.


title: Robert Ritter von Greim

text: On 19 June, he was given command of Jasta 34. Greim became an ace on 16 August 1917, when he shot down a Sopwith 1½ Strutter. By 16 October, his victory tally totaled seven. There was a lull in his successes until February 1918. On the 11th, he had an unconfirmed victory and on the 18th he claimed aerial victory number eight.


title: Robert Ritter von Greim

text: On 21 March 1918, the day of his ninth credited victory, Greim became Commanding Officer of "Jagdgruppe" 10. He flew with them until at least 18 June, when he notched up his 15th success. On 27 June 1918, while Greim was engaging a Bristol Fighter, his aircraft lost its cowling. The departing cowling damaged his top wing, along with the lower left interplane strut, but Greim managed to land the machine successfully. By 7 August 1918 he was commanding "Jagdgruppe" 9, and scored his 16th victory. On 23 August, he cooperated with "Vizefeldwebel" Johann Pütz in what was arguably the first successful assault by aircraft on armored tanks. On 27 September, he scored kill number 25 while flying with "Jagdgruppe" 9.


title: Robert Ritter von Greim

text: He returned to Jasta 34 in October 1918. The Jasta had been re-equipped with 'cast-offs' from Richthofen's Flying Circus, "Jagdgeschwader" I. The new equipment was warmly welcomed as being superior to the older Albatros and Pfalz fighters that they had been previously equipped with. Greim's final three victories came during this time, while he was flying Albatros D.Vs, Fokker Triplanes, and Fokker D.VIIs. By the war's end he had scored 28 victories and had been awarded the "Pour le Mérite" on 8 October. On 23 November 1920, Greim was also awarded the Bavarian Military Order of Max Joseph (), this award made him a knight ("Ritter"), and allowed him to add both this honorific title and the style 'von' to his name. Thus Robert Greim became Robert Ritter von Greim.


title: Robert Ritter von Greim

text: By 1919, Greim had returned to Bavaria and rejoined his regiment (8th Bavarian Artillery) and was discharged from the "Reichswehr" on 31 March 1920 holding the rank of "Hauptmann". He then enrolled in the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich where he studied jurisprudence and rekindled his relationship with Rudolf Heß. Heß was also a student in Munich and a former pilot during World War I who had occasionally flown under the command of Greim while both their units were based at Gosselies. On 2 September 1920, Greim married Alice Wilhelmine Adelheid Braun, née Landauer. Alice was six years older than Greim and the widow of "Leutnant" Hanns Braun, a pilot in Greim's unit who was killed in action on 9 October 1918 and an Olympic medalist. On 1 July 1921, their mutual son Hubert was born. Alice had brought two daughters, Gisela and Sascha, into the marriage. Hubert would later marry Johann Raithel's daughter Anneliese.


title: Robert Ritter von Greim

text: For 10 months, he ran the air postal station in Munich. This was the key turning point in his career, as in 1920 he flew the up-and-coming German army propaganda instructor Adolf Hitler to Berlin as an observer of the failed Kapp Putsch. Many other people from Hitler's years in Bavaria immediately after World War I also rose to prominence in the National Socialist era.


title: Robert Ritter von Greim

text: Upon his return to Germany, Greim took part in the 1923 putsch; as a convinced Nazi he "remained utterly committed to Hitler to the very end of the war".


title: Robert Ritter von Greim

text: In 1924, Greim, together with Richard Walter, Robert Heibert and Werner Charlottenburg, was recruited by the Chiang Kai-shek government to help build a Chinese air force in Canton initially led by Sun Yat-sen. Traveling by ship on the SS "Trier", the pilots arrived in Hong Kong on 13 September. The Soviet Union had also sent military advisers to China, among them Vasily Blyukher and Konstantin Rokossovsky whom Greim befriended during his stay in China. Around the turn of the year 1925/26, his wife Alice and son Hubert joined Greim in Canton, making the journey on the SS "Coblenz".


title: Robert Ritter von Greim

text: In early April 1927, Greim and his family left Canton, taking the Trans–Siberian Railway via Harbin, Moscow and Warsaw, arriving in Munich on 1 May 1927. In Moscow, Greim failed to help a longtime school and war friend, Josef Römer, with establishing contact to the Soviets. Römer, who was a communist and member of the German resistance to Nazism, was later imprisoned in 1934 in the Dachau concentration camp. In 1939, Greim was instrumental in helping Römer released from prison. When Römer was again arrested and tried before the People's Court () on 19 June 1944, Greim was unable to help further, Römer was sentenced to death and executed on 25 September 1944.


title: Robert Ritter von Greim

text: In 1933, Hermann Göring invited Greim to help him to rebuild the German Air Force. He was appointed to command the first fighter pilot school, following the closure of the secret flying school established near the city of Lipetsk in the Soviet Union during the closing days of the Weimar Republic. (Germany had been forbidden to have an air force under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles of 1919, so it had to train its pilots in secret.)


title: Robert Ritter von Greim

text: On 1 January 1934, Greim joined the "Reichswehr" and was promoted to "Major" (major) that day. Organizationally, he was assigned to both the (), which was subordinated to the 7th Division, and to the "Flieger-Inspektion" 3 (3rd Flyer Inspection) of the "Reichsluftfahrtministerium" (RLM—Ministry of Aviation). On 1 May, he was given command of I. "Gruppe" of "Jagdgeschwader" 132 "Richthofen" (JG 132—132nd Fighter Wing), based in Döberitz, a fighter group named after Manfred von Richthofen. The unit was also known under its cover name "Reklamestaffel Mitteldeutschland" (Advertisement Squadron Middle Germany). He held this position until 1 April 1935 when he was appointed "Inspekteur der Jagdflieger" (Inspector of Fighters). Command of I. "Gruppe" of JG 132 was then passed on to "Major" Kurt-Bertram von Döring.


title: Robert Ritter von Greim

text: On 14 June 1935, Greim visited the "Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Segelflug" (German Institute for Glider Research) based at the Griesheim Airfield near Darmstadt. He inspected and tested a prototype glider leading to the development of the DFS 230 transport glider. That day, he for the first time met the then 23 year old test pilot Hanna Reitsch. On 9 September, Greim traveled on LZ 127 "Graf Zeppelin" to Brazil, arriving in Recife on 12 September. There, together with his former World War I comrade Johann Pütz, they made multiple flights on a Junkers Ju 52 to São Pedro da Aldeia and Santos. The reason for his journey remain unclear. He returns to Germany on 2 October, arriving at Friedrichshafen Airfiled on LZ 127 "Graf Zeppelin".


title: Robert Ritter von Greim

text: On 1 February 1938, Greim was promoted to "Generalmajor" (—brigadier general). In 1938, Greim assumed command of the Luftwaffe research department.


title: Robert Ritter von Greim

text: After the end of the Polish campaign, von Greim became commander of the 5th "Fliegerkorps" (5th Air Corps) which participated in the Battle of Britain. Greim was promoted to "Generalleutnant" (—major general) on 1 January 1940 and to "General der Flieger" (general of the aviators) on 19 July.


title: Robert Ritter von Greim

text: In 1941, on the Eastern Front, his corps split up and renamed "Sonderstab Krim". In April 1942 he became commander of "Luftwaffenkommando Ost" in Smolensk, as his korps replaced the 8th Fliegerkorps in the front area there. In February 1943, von Greim was given command of "Luftflotte" 6, which continued to support Army Group Centre in its operations. As part of Operation Citadel, von Greims "Luftflotte" provided 730 aircraft in July 1943. Due to high losses, by June 1944 only around 50 aircraft were operational.


title: Robert Ritter von Greim

text: On 30 December 1942, his son Hubert was taken prisoner of war. Hubert was a fighter pilot in "Oberleutnant" Julius Meimberg's 11. "Staffel" of "Jagdgeschwader" 2 "Richthofen" serving in North Africa. He made a forced landing in his Messerschmitt Bf 109 G-4 trop ("Werknummer" 16069—factory number) near Tabarka and Aïn Draham when his aircraft had been hit by anti-aircraft artillery.


title: Robert Ritter von Greim

text: As late as January 1945, von Greim made a commitment to Hitler: "I who believed in the "Führer" – and damn it, still believe in him. I can not become a traitor. Not me!"


title: Robert Ritter von Greim

text: On 24 April 1945, "Oberst" Nicolaus von Below implemented Hitler's order and instructed Greim to immediately travel to the "Führerbunker" in Berlin. At 23:45 that day, Greim called "General der Flieger" Karl Koller, the Chief of the Luftwaffe General Staff, requesting information about the situation in Berlin. Koller, who had additional information to share, did not want to talk over the phone. At 11:00 on 25 April, Greim and Koller met in person and Greim was informed about the deteriorating situation around Hitler. Greim then picked up Hanna Reitsch from Schloss Leopoldskron before the two took a Junkers Ju 188 from Neubiberg Airfield to Rechlin.


title: Robert Ritter von Greim

text: With Berlin encircled by Soviet forces during the Battle of Berlin, Greim flew into Berlin from Rechlin with Reitsch, in response to Hitler's order. Initially they flew from the central Luftwaffe test facility airfield, the "Erprobungsstelle Rechlin" to Gatow (a district of south-western Berlin) in a Focke Wulf 190. As the cockpit had room for only the pilot, Reitsch flew in the tail of the plane, getting into it by climbing through a small emergency opening. The flight was escorted by twelve other Fw 190s from "Jagdgeschwader" 26 under the command of Hans Dortenmann.


title: Robert Ritter von Greim

text: Having landed in Gatow, they changed planes to fly to the Chancellery; however, their Fieseler Storch was hit by anti-aircraft fire over the Grunewald. Greim was incapacitated by a bullet in the right foot, but Reitsch was able to reach the throttle and joystick to land on an improvised air strip in the Tiergarten, near the Brandenburg Gate.


title: Robert Ritter von Greim

text: They drove directly to the "Führerbunker", where Greim's wound was dressed. Then Hitler promoted Greim from "Generaloberst" to "Generalfeldmarschall" (field marshal), making him the last German officer ever to achieve that rank and appointed him as commander-in-chief of the Luftwaffe, to replace Hermann Göring, whom he had recently dismissed "in absentia" for treason. Greim thus became the second man to command the German Air Force during the Third Reich. However, with the end of the war in Europe fast approaching, his tenure as "Oberbefehlshaber der Luftwaffe" lasted only a few days.


title: Robert Ritter von Greim

text: On 28 April, Hitler ordered Ritter von Greim to leave Berlin and had Reitsch fly him to Plön, so that he could arrest Heinrich Himmler on the charge of treason. That night, the two left Berlin, taking off from the Tiergarten air strip in a small Arado Ar 96 aircraft. Soldiers of the Soviet 3rd Shock Army feared they had just seen Hitler escape. In a post-war interview, Reitsch said, "It was the blackest day when we could not die at our Führer's side."


title: Robert Ritter von Greim

text: On 8 May, the same day as the surrender of Germany, Greim was captured by American troops in Austria. His initial statement to his captors was reportedly "I am the head of the "Luftwaffe", but I have no "Luftwaffe"". Greim committed suicide in prison in Salzburg on 24 May.


title: Man Seeking Woman

text: Man Seeking Woman is an American surrealist romantic comedy television series that aired for three seasons on FXX from January 14, 2015, to March 8, 2017. The series is set in Chicago, about a naïve and soft-spoken man in his 20s named Josh Greenberg (played by Jay Baruchel), who finds himself in several surreal and awkward circumstances while trying to find love.


title: Man Seeking Woman

text: The series is based on a book of short stories, "", by Simon Rich, who is also the series creator, executive producer, and showrunner. Jonathan Krisel, Andrew Singer, and Lorne Michaels are also executive producers, with Broadway Video, Allagash Industries and FXP (formerly FX Productions) as production companies. It has received generally positive reception from critics.


title: Man Seeking Woman

text: Most episode plots are based on relatable conflicts and struggles of entering/maintaining a relationship; however, these conflicts are taken to absurd and literal extremes. The show centers on Josh Greenberg, who struggles finding love after a break-up with his long term girlfriend Maggie. His mature and successful older sister Liz often tries to help him enter into a serious relationship, and his sex-crazed best friend Mike often tries to help him with solely having sex. Josh's efforts oftentimes lead him into surreal and awkward circumstances such as going on a date with an actual troll, physically misplacing his penis, or meeting a Japanese monster composed of human penises. Sometimes Josh is successful in finding a girlfriend; however, these relationships usually only survive for one episode.


title: Man Seeking Woman

text: On June 19, 2013, FXX ordered a pilot episode for "Man Seeking Woman" from Simon Rich, directed by Jonathan Krisel. On February 6, 2014, Jay Baruchel was cast as the lead character, Josh Greenberg. On March 20, Eric André, Britt Lower, and Maya Erskine were announced as the remaining principal cast members. On July 2, the network announced it had picked up the series for a 10-episode series order, as well as its principal cast and production crew. On October 31, Miles Fisher was cast in a recurring role. The series is filmed in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. On March 3, 2015, it was renewed for a 10-episode second season. On April 12, 2016, FX announced it was renewed for a 10-episode third season.


title: Man Seeking Woman

text: "Man Seeking Woman" has been met with positive reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes gives the first season of the show a rating of 82%, based on 33 reviews, with an average rating of 6.73/10. The site's critical consensus states, "Amusingly surrealistic and enjoyably odd, "Man Seeking Woman" is easy to fall for, taking a ridiculously funny approach to a common theme." On Metacritic, the season has a score of 66 out of 100, based on 27 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Man Seeking Woman

text: The second season received positive reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a rating of 100% based on 8 reviews with an average rating of 8.0 out of 10.


title: Man Seeking Woman

text: The third season also received positive reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a rating of 100% based on 13 reviews with an average rating of 8.83 out of 10. The site's critical consensus states, ""Man Seeking Woman" explores new avenues of storytelling in season 3, while maintaining its excellent absurdist humor and imaginative dealings with relatable relationship issues." On Metacritic, the season has a score of 89 out of 100, based on 5 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".


title: The Alamo (2004 film)

text: The Alamo is a 2004 American war drama film about the Battle of the Alamo during the Texas Revolution. The film was directed by John Lee Hancock, produced by Ron Howard, Brian Grazer, and Mark Johnson, distributed by Buena Vista Pictures (through its Touchstone Pictures banner), and starring Dennis Quaid as Sam Houston, Billy Bob Thornton as Davy Crockett, Jason Patric as Jim Bowie, and Patrick Wilson as William B. Travis. The screenplay is credited to Hancock, Stephen Gaghan, and Leslie Bohem.


title: The Alamo (2004 film)

text: The film received mixed to negative reviews from critics and was a box office bomb, losing the studio over $146 million.


title: The Alamo (2004 film)

text: The film begins in March 1836 in the town of San Antonio de Bexar, showing the aftermath of the Battle of the Alamo. The film then flashes back to a year earlier. Sam Houston attends a party where he tries to persuade people to migrate to Texas and encounters David Crockett, recently defeated in his bid for re-election to Congress. In San Felipe, Texas, the Texas provisional government is meeting to discuss what action to take after the capture of the Alamo and Bexar by the Texans in the recent fighting. Texas has rebelled against Mexico, and its dictatorial president Santa Anna is personally leading one wing of his army to retake San Antonio, then invade the settlements and put an end to the rebellion. Various selfish members of the Texan War Party call for the Texas army to depart Bexar, cross into Mexico and capture the town of Matamoros. The more sensible Opposition Party seeks to rebuild the Texan army and establish a permanent government.


title: The Alamo (2004 film)

text: The provisional government votes out Sam Houston as commander of the Texas army; a disgusted Houston tells Jim Bowie to go to San Antonio, destroy the fortifications (including the Alamo) and retreat eastward. The Texas government then orders William Barret Travis to Bexar, where Col. Neil, the Alamo's commander, gives Travis command of the post as Neil must leave to take care of a family emergency before returning with reinforcements. Travis, knowing that the Alamo's small force cannot withstand the Mexican Army, sends couriers with pleas for reinforcements. As small groups of Texans arrive, Travis oversees defense preparations, hoping that enough reinforcements will arrive before the inevitable final assault.


title: The Alamo (2004 film)

text: Crockett, coming to Texas to revive his political career, arrives in San Antonio, is surprised to learn that the fighting isn't over, and that Santa Anna and his army aren't expected until perhaps mid-March. But after a grueling forced march, Santa Anna unexpectedly arrives on Feb. 23, forcing the Texans to hurriedly retire to the Alamo compound. Despite its vulnerability, the Texans resume fortifying it as best they can. Travis continues to send for reinforcements, but few men arrive.


title: The Alamo (2004 film)

text: Santa Anna's troops surround the fort, and the siege begins. Bowie meets with Mexican General Manuel Castrillón to talk things over, but Travis stubbornly fires a cannon at the Mexican camp, abruptly ending their conversation. Bowie returns to tell Travis that Santa Anna has offered the opportunity to surrender, but the defenders decide to stay and fight. With his hopes of an easy victory foiled, Santa Anna settles in for a siege but orders that no quarter be given to the Alamo defenders. Bowie's ongoing illness renders him bedridden, and Travis assumes full command.


title: The Alamo (2004 film)

text: On Sunday, March 6, Mexican troops assault the Alamo's walls in a pre-dawn attack. Despite heavy casualties, they breach the walls and most of the Texans, including Travis and Bowie, are slain in the onslaught. Crockett, the last survivor, is taken prisoner, and in a final act of defiance he mockingly offers to safely lead Santa Anna to Sam Houston. Santa Anna angrily orders Crockett to be executed.


title: The Alamo (2004 film)

text: Days later, after hearing that the Alamo has fallen, Houston, now in full command of all Texan troops, orders a general retreat eastward. They are pursued by the victorious Mexican Army, led by the confident Santa Anna. In an attempt to catch the retreating Texans, and against the advice of his officers, Santa Anna divides his forces, taking a smaller, fast-moving force with him to chase Houston and the fleeing Texas government. A few weeks later, Houston halts his retreat near the San Jacinto, where he decides to risk all in a sudden attack when he learns of Santa Anna's presence. With the support of two cannons and a group of Juan Seguin's mounted Tejanos, Houston surprises Santa Anna's army during its afternoon siesta, and in the ensuing rout the vengeful Texans massacre at least seven hundred Mexican soldiers and capture Santa Anna. In exchange for his life, Santa Anna agrees to order all Mexican troops to withdraw from Texas and accept Texan independence. The film ends with an eerie replay of Crockett standing atop the Alamo's South wall, playing his fiddle while overlooking the compound.


title: The Alamo (2004 film)

text: The origin of the project began in the mid 1990's, with screenwriter Leslie Bohem, who had previously worked on films such as , and Dante’s Peak. Bohem had a conversation with Braveheart screenwriter Randall Wallace at the Austin Film Festival, who told Bohem about a trip he had taken to San Antonio to take a look at The Alamo. Bohem then set off to write a script. In 1998, Touchstone Pictures, a subsidiary of Disney bought the screenplay, and hired Ron Howard and Brian Grazer as producers, with Howard originally set to direct.


title: The Alamo (2004 film)

text: In January 2001, "Variety" announced that Kevin Jarre was writing a new script, In October of the same year, it was announced that John Sayles was hired to write a new draft, Sayles, who previously had written and directed Lone Star, had came up with a 137-page draft that was considered brilliant, In contrast to the 1960 film of the same name starring John Wayne, this film was going to attempt to depict the political points of view from both the Mexican and Texan sides, as well as explore the personal lives of Alamo heroes William Travis, Jim Bowie and Davy Crockett. Additionally, Santa Anna is more prominently featured. As Howard mentioned in an interview: "I believe audiences are ready to embrace the complexities of the film, but it still boils down to heroism,” “The simplistic approach is not appropriate and it’s not interesting, We know there will be limitations and controversies" In June 2002, it was announced that Stephen Gaghan was hired to rewrite Sayles's script.


title: The Alamo (2004 film)

text: Howard stated that he wanted to shoot a grittier film, much in the style of Sam Peckinpah's work, with a budget costing about $130 million and having an R rating, further elaborating in interviews at the time with IGN and The Oklahoman, Howard said:"I kept saying I sort of wanted to do "Traffic", we kept working on the screenplay with that kind of multicharacter, multistory line kind of approach. "I can't say we ever had anything on paper that I could look at the studio and say, "You've got it. You're fools if you don't do this just this way, we didn't have that. It was still this idea, this notion in my mind more than a really fully realized script" "My sense of what I wanted to do with it was tougher, more graphic, a closer cousin to "Saving Private Ryan".


title: The Alamo (2004 film)

text: There were financial and creative disagreements between Imagine Entertainment and Disney, particularly over Howard's proposed budget. Disney rejected Imagine's proposal, and due to the project not moving forward at the time, Howard stepped down as director, but he would stay on the project as an executive producer, alongside Grazer, who stated in an interview at the time:"I wasn't interested in making 'The Alamo' as a PG-13 film, or PG movie, I didn't get it, I just didn't understand it. Whereas I did understand it through a different filter, through an R-rated, very intense (story) showing sacrifice, showing pain...all of those feelings...I didn't understand why you should do it the other way".


title: The Alamo (2004 film)

text: Robert Rodriguez was briefly considered for director, but Disney opted for director John Lee Hancock and a budget of $107 million.


title: The Alamo (2004 film)

text: During pre-production, several actors such as Mel Gibson and Brad Pitt were considered for roles in the movie. Russell Crowe was in talks to play Sam Houston, while Ethan Hawke signed on as William Barret Travis. Producer Brian Grazer wanted Sean Penn for the role of James Bowie, and Billy Bob Thornton was cast as David Crockett. After Howard stepped down as director, Crowe and Hawke exited the project while Thornton remained, Viggo Mortensen was considered as a possible replacement for Crowe, but Dennis Quaid got cast in the role of Houston. Jason Patric was cast as Bowie, and Patrick Wilson replaced Hawke as Travis. A full $35 million was spent promoting the film.


title: The Alamo (2004 film)

text: Most of the film was shot between January and June 2003, primarily using sets built at a ranch near Austin; at 51 acres, it was the largest set ever built in North America (at the time). A number of buildings, including the mission, were constructed for the film, at a cost of about $10 million. They depicted a Spanish colonial village. The sets were subsequently abandoned but were visited occasionally, at the Milton Reimers Ranch Park, although they were deteriorating; they were not intended to endure for a long period of time. Nine of the 12 major structures were damaged in a fire in September 2011. The park's web site in 2020 makes no mention of the movie or the sets.


title: The Alamo (2004 film)

text: Hancock's version was purported to be the most accurate of all the Alamo films, but various liberties were taken, such as building the Alamo chapel facade forward 40 feet more than the extant (and presumably historically-correct) structure. According to one of the DVD version's special features, Hancock did that to show the Alamo chapel and the interior of the fort in one shot.


title: The Alamo (2004 film)

text: In the winter of 1835–1836, when the Mexican Army was moving north through desert areas, shortly before it crossed the Rio Bravo (Rio Grande), it endured a snowstorm of uncommon intensity, and soldiers suffered illness and hunger. Snow making machines were used to create the scenes of the march through the snow. Four days later, an actual snow storm blanketed the set. Two calls were made to find thin and gaunt extras to play the soldiers, but the film's scenes of the attack on the Alamo were shot in harsh weather. Extras stood for hours in cold rain, making some scenes gruelingly realistic. A few days of the filming was held up, due to bitter cold and very muddy conditions.


title: The Alamo (2004 film)

text: After the film was shot, it was edited down to three hours; later it was reduced to two hours, with scenes and certain characters removed. Shortly prior to the release, 15 minutes were added. Nonetheless, Quaid's role had been significantly reduced from the first version.


title: The Alamo (2004 film)

text: The depiction of Crockett's fate came from memoirs written by José Enrique de la Peña, an officer in Santa Anna's army. Though accepted by many historians, this was the first film to show Crockett executed as a prisoner of war; all others had depicted his death as occurring during the battle. That sparked criticism from many Alamo enthusiasts and some historians, given the disputed nature of its origins.


title: The Alamo (2004 film)

text: The film received mixed to negative reviews. It holds a 29% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 159 reviews, with an average rating of 5/10. The critics consensus reads, "Too conventional and un-involving to be memorable". It holds a Metacritic score of 47/100 based on 38 reviews, indicating "mixed or average" reviews. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.


title: The Alamo (2004 film)

text: "Variety" called it "a historically credible but overly prosaic account of the most celebrated episode in the creation of an Americanized Texas". The "Houston Chronicle" gave the film a grade of "B", saying Hancock, whom the paper points out is a "former Houstonian", "shows respect if not reverence for his state's mythical heritage, even while viewing it from modern perspectives"; it notes the "build-up to battle is prolonged and talky, and for a classic tale of heroic defiance, this "Alamo" feels more restrained than rousing. Again, it's no-win. When Hancock supplies history, the action and drama bog down. And even when he's right, he's wrong, since so many historians disagree about what happened at the site in what is now Downtown San Antonio".


title: The Alamo (2004 film)

text: "Entertainment Weekly" gave it a "C+", saying "Hancock's moderate, apolitical, war-is-hell dramatization of the famous 1836 battle that shaped the future of a free and independent American Texas isn't nearly the flop that the exceptionally harsh and unavoidable advance chatter has suggested it is. It's not the jingoistic call to patriotism of John Wayne's 1960 version, either. But "The Alamo" never harmonizes into a cinematic experience any more resonant than the average, manly, why-we-fight pic, or coalesces into a stirring cry for freedom". According to Roger Ebert: "Conventional wisdom in Hollywood is that any movie named "The Alamo" must be simplistic and rousing, despite the fact that we already know all the defenders got killed (if we don't know it, we find out in the first scene). Here is a movie that captures the loneliness and dread of men waiting for two weeks for what they expect to be certain death, and it somehow succeeds in taking those pop-culture brand names like Davy Crockett and Jim Bowie and giving them human form". He awarded the film 3.5 stars out of 4, and it notably became the film's most positive review.


title: The Alamo (2004 film)

text: The film was a box office flop. Its opening was overshadowed by "The Passion of the Christ", and first weekend earnings were only $9.1 million. The film closed with $22.4 million in the domestic market, and only $25.8 million in total, on a $107 million budget. "The Alamo" remains one of the biggest box office bombs of all time.


title: Turkesterone

text: Turkesterone is a phytoecdysteroid found in numerous plant species, including "Ajuga turkestanica", various "Vitex" species, "Triticum aestivum", and "Rhaponticum acaule". Laboratory studies in rodents have not identified anabolic effects.


title: Gammon (insult)

text: Gammon is a pejorative popularised in British political culture since around 2012. The term refers in particular to the colour of a person's flushed face when expressing their strong opinions, as compared to the type of pork of the same name. It is characterized in this context by the Oxford English Dictionary as occurring "in various parasynthetic adjectives referring to particularly reddish or florid complexions".


title: Gammon (insult)

text: In 2018, it became particularly known as a term to describe either those on the political right or those who supported Brexit. Due to its referencing of skin colour, there is controversy as to whether the term is racist.


title: Gammon (insult)

text: In 2004, in a section termed "The Ten: Lamest Sporting Excuses" in "The Observer", the following appeared:


title: Gammon (insult)

text: In 2010, Caitlin Moran wrote that British Prime Minister David Cameron resembled "a slightly camp gammon robot" and "a C3PO made of ham" in her 13 March column in The Times, later collected in her 2012 anthology "Moranthology".


title: Gammon (insult)

text: In 2017, children's author Ben Davis tweeted a picture of nine members of a BBC "Question Time" audience and referred to them as "the Great Wall of Gammon", leading to the term becoming popularised, particularly on social media.


title: Gammon (insult)

text: In 1604, John Marston wrote "Your devilship’s ring has no virtue, the buff-captain, the sallow-westphalian gammon-faced zaza cries" in "The Malcontent".


title: Gammon (insult)

text: In 1622, John Taylor wrote "Where many a warlike Horse & many a Nagge mires:Thou kildst the gammon visag'd poore Westphalians" in his verse poem "The Great O Toole".


title: Gammon (insult)

text: By the beginning of the 19th century, the word (sometimes extended to the phrase "gammon and spinach") had come to mean "humbug, a ridiculous story, deceitful talk". Writers of the era who used the word or phrase include Charlotte Brontë, Charles Dickens (in a number of works, including "Nicholas Nickleby", "Bleak House", "The Pickwick Papers", and "Oliver Twist"), and Anthony Trollope. It has been suggested there is an association between Dickens' usage of the word in "Nicholas Nickleby" and the modern British usage. The word in its 19th Century usage remains current in Australian Aboriginal English (without reference to race or skin colour, meaning 'lying' or 'inauthentic').


title: Gammon (insult)

text: The archetype of a red-faced, angry, pompous, jingoistic, and stereotypically British right-wing male has been in present in popular culture since the mid-20th century, with the character Colonel Blimp first appearing in 1934, in newspaper cartoons and in the film "The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp" in 1948.


title: Shout (Tears for Fears song)

text: "Shout" is a song by English pop/rock band Tears for Fears, released as the second single from their second studio album, "Songs from the Big Chair" (1985), on 23 November 1984. Roland Orzabal is the lead singer on the track. The single became the group's sixth UK top 40 hit, peaking at No. 4 in January 1985. In the US, it reached No. 1 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 on 3 August 1985 and remained there for three weeks; also topping the "Cash Box" chart. "Shout" became one of the most successful songs of 1985, eventually reaching No. 1 in multiple countries. It is regarded as one of the most recognizable songs from the mid-eighties, and is recognized by Chris True of AllMusic as a "Tears for Fears signature moment".


title: Shout (Tears for Fears song)

text: While Tears for Fears' previous single "Mothers Talk" had showcased a new, more extroverted songwriting style, "Shout" was completed with power chords, heavy percussion, a synth bass solo and a vocal-sounding synth riff. The song even has a lengthy guitar solo, unusual for Tears for Fears.


title: Shout (Tears for Fears song)

text: Song writer Roland Orzabal has noted that the song "is actually more concerned with political protest" than the common view that it is about primal scream theory.


title: Shout (Tears for Fears song)

text: "Shout" is by far the most abundantly remixed song in the Tears for Fears catalog, with at least 15 different versions officially released under the band's name.


title: Shout (Tears for Fears song)

text: As was common in the 1980s, the original 12-inch vinyl single featured an extended remix of the song. Three remixes by collaborators Steve Thompson and Michael Barbiero later appeared on American releases of the single, including dub and a cappella versions.


title: Shout (Tears for Fears song)

text: In addition to the 12-inch mixes, "Shout" also appeared in three different 7-inch versions. The original single version released in the UK and much of the rest of the world clocks in at 5:53 and is the same mix of the song found on the "Songs from the Big Chair" LP, albeit in an edited form. The version released in Germany and Japan is 4:51 in length and fades out during the guitar solo. Meanwhile, the final version released in America is specifically tailored for radio play at a concise 3:59 in length, featuring edits to the chorus and instrumental sections.


title: Shout (Tears for Fears song)

text: In addition to the standard 7- and 12-inch releases, the "Shout" single was issued in two collectible formats in the UK: a limited edition 10-inch single and a 7-inch boxed pack featuring a 1985 Tears for Fears calendar. A similar limited edition 7-inch pack was released in Canada, this one featuring a 12-page booklet of band photos. In 1988, "Shout" was reissued on the short-lived CD Video format. The disc included two mixes of the title track, a remix of "Everybody Wants to Rule the World", and the "Shout" music video.


title: Shout (Tears for Fears song)

text: "The Big Chair" was B-side to the "Shout" single. Though there are no lyrics, the track contains dialogue samples performed by actors Sally Field and William Prince from the 1976 television film "Sybil", from which the song (and the album "Songs from the Big Chair") takes its name. This is one of the few songs in the Tears for Fears catalogue on which bandmember Curt Smith shares a writing credit. The song has since been included in the band's B-sides and rarities collection "Saturnine Martial & Lunatic" (1996) as well as the remastered and deluxe edition reissues of "Songs from the Big Chair".


title: Shout (Tears for Fears song)

text: The promotional video for "Shout", filmed in late 1984, was the second Tears for Fears video directed by famed music video producer Nigel Dick. It features footage of Roland Orzabal and Curt Smith at Durdle Door in Dorset, as well as in a studio with the full band (including Ian Stanley and Manny Elias) performing the song amidst a crowd of family and friends. The video reportedly cost only £14,000 to produce.


title: Shout (Tears for Fears song)

text: Along with the clip for "Everybody Wants to Rule the World", the "Shout" video had a big hand in helping establish Tears for Fears in North America due to its heavy airplay on the music video channel MTV.


title: Shout (Tears for Fears song)

text: 7-inch: Mercury / IDEA8 (United Kingdom, Ireland, South Africa) / 880 294-7 (Australia, Europe) / SOV 2351 (Canada)10-inch: Mercury / IDEA810 (United Kingdom)


title: Shout (Tears for Fears song)

text: 12-inch: Mercury / IDEA812 (United Kingdom) / 880 294-1 (Australia, Europe) / SOVX 2351 (Canada) / MIX 3080 (Mexico)


title: Shout (Tears for Fears song)

text: In 2010, "Shout" was used as the basis for an unofficial anthem of the England football team in the 2010 FIFA World Cup. The new version, performed by Shout for England featuring Dizzee Rascal and James Corden, utilises elements from the Tears for Fears song amid new verses written specifically for the 2010 World Cup. The track also samples "Grandma's Hands" by Bill Withers and was produced by Simon Cowell in association with TalkTalk. It was released on 9 June. On 13 June, the track entered the UK Singles Chart at No. 1.


title: Chester County, Pennsylvania

text: Chester County (Pennsylvania Dutch: "Tscheschter Kaundi"), colloquially known as Chesco, is a county in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. It is located in the Delaware Valley region of the state. As of the 2020 census, the population was 534,413, increasing by 7.1% from 498,886 in 2010. The county seat and most populated municipality is West Chester. Chester County was one of the three original Pennsylvania counties created by William Penn in 1682. It was named for Chester, England.


title: Chester County, Pennsylvania

text: Chester County is part of the Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD Metropolitan Statistical Area. Eastern Chester County is home to many communities that comprise part of the Philadelphia Main Line western suburbs outside of Philadelphia, while part of its southernmost portion is considered suburban Wilmington, along with southwest Delaware County.


title: Chester County, Pennsylvania

text: Philadelphia, Bucks, and Chester were the three Pennsylvania counties initially created by William Penn on August 24, 1682. At that time, Chester County's borders were Philadelphia County to the north, the ill-defined western edge of the colony (approximately the Susquehanna River) to the west, the Delaware River to the east, and Delaware and Maryland to the south. Chester County replaced the Pennsylvania portion of New Netherland/New York’s "Upland", which was officially eliminated when Pennsylvania was chartered on March 4, 1681, but did not cease to exist until June of that year. Much of the Welsh Tract was in eastern Chester County, and Welsh place names, given by early settlers, continue to predominate there.


title: Chester County, Pennsylvania

text: The fourth county in the state, Lancaster County, was formed from Chester County on May 10, 1729. On March 11, 1752, Berks County was formed from the northern section of Chester County, as well as parts of Lancaster and Philadelphia counties.


title: Chester County, Pennsylvania

text: The original Chester County seat was the City of Chester, a center of naval shipbuilding, at the eastern edge of the county. In an effort to accommodate the increased population of the western part of the county, the county seat was moved to a more central location in 1788; in order to mollify the eastern portion of the county, the village, known as Turk's Head, was renamed West Chester. In response to the new location of the county seat, the eastern portion of the county separated and formed the new Delaware County in 1789 with the City of Chester as its county seat.


title: Chester County, Pennsylvania

text: Much of the history of Chester County arises from its location between Philadelphia and the Susquehanna River. The first road to "the West" (meaning Lancaster County) passed through the central part of Chester County, following the Great Valley westward; with some re-alignments, it became the Lincoln Highway and later U.S. Route 30. This road is still named Lancaster Avenue in most of the Chester County towns it runs through. The first railroad (which became the Pennsylvania Railroad) followed much the same route, and the Reading Railroad progressed up the Schuylkill River to Reading. Industry tended to concentrate along the rail lines. Easy transportation allowed workers to commute to urban jobs, and the rise of the suburbs followed. To this day, the developed areas form "fingers" extending along major lines of transportation.


title: Chester County, Pennsylvania

text: During the American Revolutionary War, the Battle of Brandywine was fought at what is now the southeastern fringe of the county. The Valley Forge encampment was at the northeastern edge.


title: Chester County, Pennsylvania

text: According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (1.1%) is water. The topography consists of rolling hills and valleys and it is part of the region known as the Piedmont.


title: Chester County, Pennsylvania

text: Watersheds that serve Chester County include the Octoraro, the Brandywine, and Chester creeks, and the Schuylkill River. Many of the soils are fertile, rich loam as much as twenty-four inches thick; together with the temperate climate, this was long a major agricultural area. Because of its proximity to Philadelphia, Chester County has seen large waves of development over the past half-century due to suburbanization. Although development in Chester County has increased, agriculture is still a major part of the county's economy, and the number of horse farms is increasing in the county. Mushroom growing is a specialty in the southern portion of the county.


title: Chester County, Pennsylvania

text: High point—1020 Welsh Mt., Honeybrook Twp. Other high points—960 Thomas Hill, Warwick Twp; 960 Barren Hill, West Caln Twp. Low point—66 Schuylkill River, Chester-Montgomery county line. Cities and boroughs: Coatesville 314; Downingtown 255; Kennett Square 300; Oxford 535; Parkesburg 542; Phoenixville 127; Spring City 114; West Chester 459.


title: Chester County, Pennsylvania

text: Lanchester Landfill, located on the border of Chester and Lancaster Counties, captures methane which is sold for renewable natural gas credits, and piped to seven local businesses. This reduces the county's methane emissions, and provides an alternative to fracking for shale gas. In addition, several companies have their headquarters or a major presence in the county including Bentley Systems, EBS Healthcare, Main Line Health, Lavazza North America (formerly Mars Drinks), Depuy Synthes (part of Johnson & Johnson), Metabo, QVC, Hankin Group, Axalta Coating Systems, CTDI, Pactiv, Ricoh Americas, Blinding Edge Pictures, AmerisourceBergen, J.G. Wentworth, The Vanguard Group, and Victory Brewing Company among others.


title: Chester County, Pennsylvania

text: As of the 2010 census, the county was 82.1% White Non-Hispanic, 6.1% Black or African American, 0.2% Native American or Alaskan Native, 3.9% Asian, 0.0% Native Hawaiian, 1.8% were two or more races, and 2.4% were some other race. 6.5% of the population were Hispanic or Latino.


title: Chester County, Pennsylvania

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 433,501 people, 157,905 households, and 113,375 families residing in the county. The population density was . There were 163,773 housing units at an average density of 217 per square mile (84/km). The racial makeup of the county was 89.21% White, 6.24% Black or African American, 0.15% Native American, 1.95% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 1.35% from other races, and 1.06% from two or more races. 3.72% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 18.0% were of Irish, 17.3% German, 13.1% Italian, 10.1% English and 5.6% American ancestry. 91.4% spoke English and 3.7% Spanish as their first language.


title: Chester County, Pennsylvania

text: There were 157,905 households, out of which 35.10% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.50% were married couples living together, 8.10% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.20% were non-families. 22.60% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.65 and the average family size was 3.15.


title: Chester County, Pennsylvania

text: In the county, the population was spread out, with 26.20% under the age of 18, 7.90% from 18 to 24, 30.40% from 25 to 44, 23.80% from 45 to 64, and 11.70% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 96.40 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.10 males.


title: Chester County, Pennsylvania

text: The median income for a household in the county was $65,295, and the median income for a family was $76,916 (these figures had risen to $80,818 and $97,894 respectively as of a 2007 estimate). Males had a median income of $51,223 versus $34,854 for females. The per capita income for the county was $31,627. About 3.10% of families and 5.20% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.10% of those under age 18 and 5.50% of those age 65 or over.


title: Chester County, Pennsylvania

text: The region was originally occupied by the Lenni Lenape people, who greeted European settlers in the seventeenth century with amity and kindness. British settlers were mostly English, Scotch-Irish and Welsh in ethnicity. From the late 19th to early 20th century, the industrial areas of the region, such as Coatesville, attracted immigrants and job seekers from Germany and Ireland, Eastern Europe, Italy, and the American rural South, with both black and white migrants coming north. Later Hispanic immigrants have included Puerto Ricans and, most recently, Mexicans.


title: Chester County, Pennsylvania

text: Long a primarily rural area, Chester County is now the fastest-growing county in the Delaware Valley; it is one of the fastest growing in the entire Northeastern section of the United States.


title: Chester County, Pennsylvania

text: In keeping with its colonial history, Chester County is home to a number of historic Quaker buildings, including Birmingham, Birmingham Orthodox, Bradford, Caln, Old Kennett, Parkersville, Westtown, and Uwchlan meeting houses. Other historic religious buildings include St. Malachi Church, southeastern Pennsylvania's oldest active Catholic mission church, and the Episcopal St. Mary's, St. Paul's, and St. Peter's churches, and Washington Memorial Chapel. Also located in the county are the First Presbyterian Church of West Chester, Coventryville United Methodist Church, which is part of the Coventryville Historic District, and Beth Israel Congregation of Chester County, a Conservative synagogue in Coatesville, a site of Eastern European immigration in the 20th century.


title: Chester County, Pennsylvania

text: According to the Secretary of State's office, Democrats comprise a plurality of registered voters in Chester County.


title: Chester County, Pennsylvania

text: Chester County has historically been reliably Republican at the county level; traditionally, it was the most conservative county in the Philadelphia area. In recent elections, however, it has been trending Democratic, though not as overwhelmingly as the rest of the Philadelphia suburbs. In 2000, Al Gore lost it by almost 10 percent, but in 2004 George W. Bush defeated John Kerry by a much smaller margin of only 4.5 percent. In 2008, Chester County sided with the rest of Pennsylvania and voted for Barack Obama by a much larger margin of 9%, making him the first Democrat to carry it in a Presidential election since 1964. But, in 2009, with a smaller turnout, Republican candidates swept all county-row offices, winning with an average margin of 20%. In 2012, the county voted for Republican candidate Mitt Romney, by a very small margin of about 500 votes.


title: Chester County, Pennsylvania

text: In 2016, despite Pennsylvania voting for a Republican presidential candidate for the first time since 1988, Chester County voted more Democratic than in 2012, with Hillary Clinton leading Donald Trump by over 25,000 votes or 9.4 percentage points; a 9.2 percentage point swing from 2012. The only two statewide winners in 2016 to carry Chester County were U.S. Senator Pat Toomey (R) and Pennsylvania State Treasurer Joe Torsella (D). Republican candidates John Brown and John Rafferty carried Chester County, though both lost their races for Auditor General and Attorney General, respectively (Rafferty, a State Senator whose district includes northern Chester County, carried the county by a slim margin of 50 votes) Emphasizing its Democratic shift even further, Joe Biden defeated Donald Trump by a whopping 17.1 points in Chester County in the 2020 election; Trump's percentage of votes was the lowest for any Republican since 1912. Such a major shift was a major factor in Biden's success of flipping Pennsylvania back to the Democratic column.


title: Chester County, Pennsylvania

text: Democrats have made gains in Chester County state legislative seats in recent elections. Democrat Andy Dinniman picked up the 19th Senate District in May 2006 in the special election to replace the late Robert Thompson. Democrat Barbara McIlvaine Smith picked up the open 156th House district in November 2006, winning by 28 votes and tipping the State-House majority to the Democrats. This was the first time that a Democrat had served part of Chester County as State Representative since Jim Gerlach (who represented much of Chester County for 12 years in Congress) unseated Sam Morris in 1990. In 2008, two more open House seats in the county went Democratic—to Tom Houghton in the 13th and Paul Drucker in the 157th. In 2010, however, Chester County swung back to the GOP, with Republicans Dan Truitt (who defeated McIlvaine Smith), Warren Kampf (who defeated Drucker), and John Lawrence (who defeated Houghton) all elected to the State House.


title: Chester County, Pennsylvania

text: On November 8, 2017, Democrats made historic inroads in Chester County by winning their first county row office seats in history, picking up 4 row office seats. On November 5, 2019, Democrats swept countywide row office seat elections and took a majority on the Board of Commissioners, for a first time in county history.


title: Chester County, Pennsylvania

text: Chester County is administered by a three-person Board of Commissioners, who serve four-year terms. Elections occur in the odd-numbered years that precede U.S. Presidential elections, with the next election falling in 2023. The Commissioners have selective policy-making authority to provide certain local services and facilities on a county-wide basis. Accordingly, the commissioners are responsible for the management of the fiscal and administrative functions of the county.


title: Chester County, Pennsylvania

text: The Chester County Library System in southeastern Pennsylvania was organized in 1965. It is a federated system composed of a District Center Library in Exton and sixteen member libraries. The system provides materials and information for life, work and pleasure.


title: Chester County, Pennsylvania

text: Under Pennsylvania law, there are four types of incorporated municipalities: cities, boroughs, townships, and, in at most two cases, towns. The post office uses community names and boundaries that usually do not correspond to the townships, and usually only have the same names as the municipalities for the cities and boroughs. The names used by the post office are generally used by residents to describe where they live. The following cities, boroughs and townships are located in Chester County:


title: Chester County, Pennsylvania

text: Census-designated places are unincorporated communities designated by the U.S. Census Bureau for the purposes of compiling demographic data. They are not actual jurisdictions under Pennsylvania law.


title: Chester County, Pennsylvania

text: Chester County has four distinct seasons and has a hot-summer humid continental climate ("Dfa") except for some far southern lowlands and areas along the Schuylkill River which have a humid subtropical climate ("Cfa"). The hardiness zones are 6b and 7a.


title: Chester County, Pennsylvania

text: In both 2018 and 2019, deaths from drug overdoses in Chester County declined. Of the 104 drug overdoses recorded by the coroner, an estimated 77 percent involved the presence of fentanyl. One of the reasons for the decline in overdose deaths was "the saturation across the county of Narcan, the anti-opioid nasal spray that can revive someone suffering an overdose." In 2019, any resident of Chester County could obtain a free Narcan dose at community training events across the county.


title: Naomi Novik

text: Naomi Novik (born April 30, 1973) is an American author of speculative fiction. She is known for the "Temeraire" series (2006–2016), an alternate history of the Napoleonic Wars involving dragons, and her "Scholomance" fantasy series (2020–2022).. Her standalone fantasy novels "Uprooted" (2015) and "Spinning Silver" (2018) were inspired by Polish folklore and the Rumpelstiltskin fairy tale, respectively; Novik has won many awards for her work, including the Alex, Audie, British Fantasy, Locus, Mythopoeic and Nebula Awards.


title: Naomi Novik

text: Novik grew up in Roslyn Heights on Long Island. She is a second-generation American; her father's family were Lithuanian Jews, and her mother's family were Polish Catholics. Displaying an interest in reading at a young age, she read "The Lord of the Rings" at age six, and developed a love for Jane Austen soon afterward.


title: Naomi Novik

text: She received a bachelor's degree in English literature at Brown University and holds a master's degree in computer science from Columbia University. She participated in the design and development of the computer game "", until she discovered that she preferred writing over game design.


title: Naomi Novik

text: Novik's first novel, "His Majesty's Dragon" ("Temeraire" in the UK) is the first novel in the "Temeraire" series, an alternate history of the Napoleonic Wars in a "Flintlock Fantasy" world where dragons are abundant and are used in aerial combat. "His Majesty's Dragon" won the Compton Crook Award in 2007 and was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Novel. "Temeraire: In the Service of the King" is omnibus volume collecting the first three books of the series ("His Majesty's Dragon", "Throne of Jade", and "Black Powder War"); it won the Locus Award for Best First Novel in 2007.


title: Naomi Novik

text: In September 2006, Peter Jackson optioned the rights to the "Temeraire" series, intending to produce three or more live-action films, but the rights have since reverted to Novik. The "Temeraire" series has also been released in audiobook format. The first five audiobooks were released by Books on Tape, beginning in 2007, and read by Simon Vance. The sixth audiobook was released by Tantor Audio in September 2010, also read by Vance.


title: Naomi Novik

text: In September 2007, Novik was awarded the John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer for best new science fiction writer of 2006. In 2011, Novik wrote "Will Supervillains Be on the Final?", a graphic novel about the next generation of high-flying costumed crusaders. Yishan Li illustrated the comic with manga-styled art.


title: Naomi Novik

text: In 2015, Novik published "Uprooted", a standalone novel "set in a fantasy world inspired by the Kingdom of Poland". It won the Nebula Award for Best Novel, the British Fantasy Award for Best Fantasy Novel, the Locus Award for Best Fantasy Novel, and the Mythopoeic Fantasy Award. Warner Bros. purchased the film rights to "Uprooted"; Ellen DeGeneres and Jeff Kleeman signed on to produce the film through their production company, A Very Good Production.


title: Naomi Novik

text: In 2016, Novik published "Spinning Silver", a short story retelling the Rumpelstiltskin fairy tale, in the fantasy anthology "The Starlit Wood: New Fairy Tales". Two years later, she expanded the story into her second standalone novel, "Spinning Silver", which won the 2019 Locus Award for Best Fantasy Novel, the 2019 Alex Award, and the 2019 Audie Award for Fantasy.


title: Naomi Novik

text: In 2020, Novik published "A Deadly Education", the first in a trilogy set in the Scholomance, the retelling of folklore about a school of black magic. The main character, Galadriel "El" Higgins, a half-Welsh, half-Indian sorceress, must survive to graduation while controlling her destructive abilities. Universal Pictures purchased the film rights to the "Scholomance" series in advance, assigning Todd Lieberman and David Hoberman of Mandeville Films to develop and produce the films. Upon its release, "A Deadly Education" was criticized for a passage where the hairstyle known as dreadlocks is described as susceptible to an infestation of bug-like magical creatures. Novik later apologized for "evok[ing] a racist stereotype" about Afro-textured hair. She revised the passage for future reprints, and promised that the sequel novels will not be sent to reviewers and publishers before "revisions are fully complete and a final sensitivity read has happened."


title: Naomi Novik

text: Novik helped to organize the Organization for Transformative Works (OTW), a non-profit organization dedicated to the advancement of fan-media including fan fiction, fan videos (vids), and real-person fiction. In 2007 was one of the three directors of the nonprofit.


title: Naomi Novik

text: Novik was a co-founder of Archive of Our Own (AO3), a project of OTW that began in 2007 to create an online archive of fan fiction. At the 2019 Hugo Award ceremony, AO3 won the award for Best Related Work; Novik accepted the prize on behalf of all AO3's creators and readers.


title: Naomi Novik

text: Novik is married to entrepreneur and writer Charles Ardai. They live in Manhattan. They have one child, a daughter named Evidence Novik Ardai, who was born in 2010.


title: Naomi Novik

text: Novik has won the British Fantasy, Locus, Mythopoeic and Nebula Awards, and received nominations for the Hugo and World Fantasy Awards.


title: Drill commands

text: Drill commands are generally used with a group that is marching, most often in military foot drills or in a marching band. Drill commands are usually heard in major events involving service personnel, reservists and veterans of a country's armed forces, and by extension, public security services and youth uniformed organizations.


title: Drill commands

text: In the Commonwealth countries, the following saluting on the march commands are ordered with a preparatory command of "Saluting on the march...". For example, "Saluting on the march, to the front salute" and always called on the left foot.


title: Drill commands

text: In British corps, the drill movement for saluting to the front is the following. Two, three, up. Two, three, down.


title: Drill commands

text: In the United States, the command for saluting on the march is "Eyes, right/eyes left". The parade formation commander and other officers execute the hand salute or execute sabre salute if available (especially if full dress uniform is worn) (and if present on parade the company guidon bearers dip them in salute about 90 degrees above the ground), while everyone but the right file or left file in either case turns their heads to the right. The command for recovery is "Ready, front." If the command does not have rifles, they will salute if given the command "Present arms". The arms will be lowered back to their normal position on the commands "Order arms". They can also salute if given the command "Hand salute". The salute is raised when the parade leader finishes saying "salute", and is lowered in after being held for the same amount of time elapsed between the words "hand" and "salute."


title: Drill commands

text: In the United States, salutes at a halt are given on the command "hand salute". They are lowered in the same amount of time elapsed between the two words. The command "present arms" will cause the command to salute if the command is not given rifles for the ceremony, but the salute will be held until they are ordered to lower it with the command "order arms".


title: Drill commands

text: Cavalry drill had the purpose of training cavalrymen and their horses to work together during a battle. It survives , albeit in a much-diminished form, in the modern sporting discipline of dressage. The movements sideways or at angles, the pirouettes, etc., were the movements needed for massed cavalrymen to form and reform and deploy. Of the proponents of classical dressage from which modern dressage evolved, probably the best known are the Lipizzaner Stallions of the Spanish Riding School in Vienna. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police's Musical Ride gives an inkling of what massed cavalry drill at speed would have looked like.


title: Drill commands

text: Other tasks may be broken down into drills; for example, weapons maintenance in the British army used the rhythmic "naming of parts" as a memory aid in the teaching and learning of how to strip, clean, and reassemble the service rifle.


title: John Schuck

text: Conrad John Schuck Jr. (born February 4, 1940) is an American film, stage and television actor. He is best known for his role as Sgt. Charles Enright in the 1970s crime drama "McMillan & Wife". He also played Herman Munster in the late-1980s/early 1990s sitcom "The Munsters Today," playing the role originated by Fred Gwynne in the 1960s sitcom "The Munsters".


title: John Schuck

text: Schuck is also known for his work on "Star Trek", often playing Klingon characters, as well as his recurring roles as Draal on "Babylon 5" and as Chief of Detectives Muldrew of the New York City Police Department in "Law & Order."


title: John Schuck

text: Schuck was born in Boston, Massachusetts to Mary (née Hamilton) and Conrad John Schuck, a professor at SUNY Buffalo. He is of English and German descent.


title: John Schuck

text: He made his first theatrical appearances at Denison University, and after graduating continued his career at the Cleveland Play House, Baltimore's Center Stage, and finally the American Conservatory Theater, where he was discovered by Robert Altman.


title: John Schuck

text: His first film appearance was as Capt. Walter Kosciuszko "Painless Pole" Waldowski in "M*A*S*H" (1970). As Painless, Schuck holds a place in Hollywood history as the first person to say "fuck" in a major studio film. He went on to appear in several more Altman films: "Brewster McCloud" (1970), "McCabe & Mrs. Miller" (1971), and "Thieves Like Us" (1974).


title: John Schuck

text: In 1970 he appeared as insurance salesman and former Minnesota Vikings lineman Frank Carelli in Episode 5 of the first season of "The Mary Tyler Moore Show," "Keep Your Guard Up."


title: John Schuck

text: From 1971 to 1977, Schuck appeared as San Francisco Police Detective Sergeant Charles Enright in the television series "McMillan & Wife" and also starred as an overseer in the miniseries "Roots." In 1976, he played Gregory "Yoyo" Yoyonovich in the short-lived series "Holmes & Yoyo;" both it and "McMillan & Wife" were created and produced by Leonard B. Stern for what is now NBCUniversal Television. Schuck starred in ABC's 1979 TV holiday special "The Halloween That Almost Wasn't" as the Frankenstein Monster. (He would again use the Universal International Frankenstein-monster makeup format in "The Munsters Today;" see below.) In 1979 he starred in a short-lived TV series version of "Turnabout", where he and Sharon Gless played Sam and Penny, a couple who trade bodies. Some installments from that comedy series were reedited into the made-for-TV film "Magic Statue", named for the artifact that caused the body-swap.


title: John Schuck

text: In the 1970s–80s, Schuck was also a regular "guest celebrity" on game shows such as "Pyramid", "Hollywood Squares", "Password Plus and Super Password" and "The Cross-Wits". During this period, he made his Broadway debut playing Oliver "Daddy" Warbucks as a replacement in the role of the original Broadway musical comedy "Annie" at the Alvin Theatre, for a special three-week engagement. In 1980, he began appearing as a "regular replacement" for a year and a half, along with Allison Smith as Annie and Alice Ghostley as Miss Hannigan.


title: John Schuck

text: In 1986, Schuck took the role of Klingon ambassador Kamarag in "." He reprised the role in 1991 in "".


title: John Schuck

text: Also in the 1980s, Schuck starred as Herman Munster in the syndicated situation comedy "The Munsters Today," co-starring Lee Meriwether as Lily Munster. In character as Herman, a role Fred Gwynne originated in the 1960s, Schuck was made up as the Frankenstein Monster, according to the makeup format whose copyright NBCUniversal still owns, for the second time in his career; the first (see above) was in "The Halloween That Almost Wasn't."


title: John Schuck

text: He guest starred in "" as Legate Parn, "" as Chorus #3, "" as Antaak, and "Babylon 5" as Draal in "The Long, Twilight Struggle" (1995). In 1994, he appeared as Ralgha nar Hhallas (callsign Hobbes) in "." He then guest-starred in several episodes of "" as the NYPD Chief of Detectives Muldrew.


title: John Schuck

text: Under his full name of "Conrad John Schuck," he opened in the role of Daddy Warbucks in the Broadway revival of "Annie" in December 2006, and toured nationally in the role. He later appeared in the films "Holy Matrimony" and "String of the Kite".


title: John Schuck

text: In 2013, he appeared as Senator Max Evergreen in "Nice Work If You Can Get It". Most recently, Schuck joined the cast of writer/director Chris Blake's (a.k.a. Christopher Blake Johnson) indie horror film, "All Light Will End".


title: John Schuck

text: Schuck married actress Susan Bay, with whom he had a son, Aaron Bay-Schuck. The couple divorced in 1983. He married his current wife, painter Harrison Houlé, in 1990.


title: Sweet Charity

text: Sweet Charity is a musical with music by Cy Coleman, lyrics by Dorothy Fields and book by Neil Simon. It was directed and choreographed for Broadway by Bob Fosse starring his wife and muse Gwen Verdon alongside John McMartin. It is based on the screenplay for the 1957 Italian film "Nights of Cabiria". However, whereas Federico Fellini's black-and-white film concerns the romantic ups-and-downs of an ever-hopeful prostitute, in the musical the central character is a dancer-for-hire at a Times Square dance hall. The musical premiered on Broadway in 1966, where it was nominated for nine Tony Awards, winning the Tony Award for Best Choreography. The production also ran in the West End as well as having revivals and international productions.


title: Sweet Charity

text: The musical was adapted for the screen in 1969 with Shirley MacLaine as Charity and John McMartin recreating his Broadway role as Oscar Lindquist. For Bob Fosse, who directed and choreographed, the film was his feature-film directorial debut.


title: Sweet Charity

text: The young woman Charity Hope Valentine is a taxi dancer at a dance hall called the Fandango Ballroom in New York City. With a shoulder bag and a heart tattooed on her left shoulder, Charity meets her boyfriend Charlie in Central Park. While Charlie silently preens himself, Charity speaks the pick-up lines she imagines him saying, and tells him how handsome he is ("You Should See Yourself"). Charlie then steals her handbag and pushes her into the lake (usually the orchestra pit) before running off. Passers-by discuss the apparent drowning but do nothing, until a young Spaniard finally rescues her. In the Hostess Room of the Fandango Ballroom, Charity tries to convince both herself and the other skeptical taxi dancers that Charlie tried to save her. Nickie, a fellow dancer, tells Charity that “your big problem is you run your heart like a hotel – you got guys checkin’ in and out all the time”. The manager, Herman, arrives to tell them it is time for work. The hostess dancers proposition the audience in the front room of the Fandango Ballroom ("Big Spender"). Helene and Nickie try to comfort Charity about Charlie's absence ("Charity's Soliloquy").


title: Sweet Charity

text: On the street, after work, Charity gives to every beggar who approaches her until she realizes she has no money. Just then, film star Vittorio Vidal rushes out of the smart Pompeii Club, in pursuit of his beautiful mistress, Ursula. Ursula refuses to go back inside with Vittorio, who promptly takes the only-too-willing Charity instead. Inside the Pompeii Club, the dancers are dancing the latest craze, The Rich Man's Frug. To everyone's astonishment, the famous Vittorio is accompanied by the unknown Charity. She tries to steer him away from the subject of Ursula. Finally, he wants to dance. Not having eaten since breakfast, Charity faints. There is general agreement amongst the dancers that she needs to be "laid down". Vittorio asks "where?", and Charity recovers enough to prompt Vittorio with "your apartment!".


title: Sweet Charity

text: Lying down on Vittorio's bed, Charity claims she is no longer hungry. She admits she is a dance hall hostess, putting it down to "the fickle finger of fate" (a favorite expression of hers). Vittorio is struck by her humor and honesty. Starstruck, Charity asks for a signed photograph to prove to the girls she was really in his apartment. While Vittorio fetches props from his old movies for further evidence, Charity remarks on her good fortune ("If My Friends Could See Me Now"). Ursula arrives to apologize for her jealousy; Charity is swiftly bundled into a closet before Vittorio opens the door to Ursula. ("Too Many Tomorrows") While Charity watches from the closet, Vittorio and Ursula make love inside his four-poster bed. The following morning, Charity is escorted from the room by a mortified Vittorio. In the Hostess Room, the girls are disappointed that Charity failed to get more out of Vittorio. Nickie announces she is not going to remain at this job for the rest of her life, prompting the girls to speculate on alternative careers ("There's Gotta Be Something Better Than This"), but Herman brings them back down to earth. Charity decides to seek some cultural enlightenment at the 92nd Street Y, where she gets stuck in a broken elevator with shy tax accountant Oscar Lindquist. While trying to calm him down, Charity learns that he is not married. She declares, "Oh Oscar... You're gonna be all right." After helping Oscar overcome his claustrophobia ("I'm the Bravest Individual"), the pair are plunged into new panic when the lights stop working.


title: Sweet Charity

text: After being trapped in a broken elevator, Oscar and Charity are finally rescued when it starts working again. Oscar invites Charity to go to church with him, to which she hesitantly agrees. As they walk under the Manhattan Bridge to the church, the faint cries of the next person to be stuck in the elevator are heard. The Rhythm of Life Church turns out to be a thin veneer on hippie culture ("The Rhythm of Life"). A police raid breaks up the meeting. Traveling home on the subway, Oscar proposes another date and tries to guess Charity's job, deciding that she works in a bank. Charity lies, saying she works for First National City, Williamsburg Branch. As they part, Oscar kisses her hand, and dubs her Sweet Charity ("Sweet Charity").


title: Sweet Charity

text: After two weeks, Oscar and Charity have continued dating, and she still has not confessed what she actually does for a living. At Coney Island Amusement Park they become trapped again when the Parachute Jump ride breaks. This time, Oscar is the calm one while Charity is scared — scared that she is starting to depend on him. Once again, Charity loses her nerve about telling him what her real job is. As the crowd looks on, the couple kisses. On a slow night at the Fandango, Charity loses the opportunity to snare one of the few customers to a new co-worker, Rosie. Disgusted by the whole business, she quits. However, in Times Square, she wonders what the alternative is ("Where Am I Going?"). Sending a telegram to Oscar, she asks to meet him at Barney's Chile Hacienda. She admits that she is a dance hall hostess; he admits he already knows, having followed her one night and watched her dancing. He says he does not care and wants to marry her. Relieved and elated, Charity leaves ("I'm A Brass Band") and packs a suitcase on which is printed 'Almost Married'.


title: Sweet Charity

text: After a farewell party at the Ballroom ("I Love to Cry at Weddings"), Charity and Oscar walk in the park, whereupon Oscar announces that he cannot go through with the wedding, saying he is unable to stop thinking about the "other men". Eventually, believing he’s sparing her an unhappy life with him, he pushes her into the lake and runs off. Emerging from the lake, Charity, speaking directly to the audience, asks "Did you ever have one of "those" days?". Realizing that unlike Charlie, Oscar has not stolen her bag, she shrugs and reprises her opening dance.


title: Sweet Charity

text: After a tryout at Detroit's Fisher Theatre, the musical premiered on Broadway at the Palace Theatre on January 29, 1966 and closed on July 15, 1967 after 608 performances and 10 previews. It was conceived, directed and choreographed by Bob Fosse and starred Gwen Verdon, John McMartin, Helen Gallagher, Thelma Oliver, James Luisi, Arnold Soboloff, Sharon Ritchie, Ruth Buzzi, and Barbara Sharma. Scenic and lighting design were by Robert Randolph and costume design was by Irene Sharaff. The production was nominated for 9 Tony Awards, winning for Fosse's choreography.


title: Sweet Charity

text: The Australian production was produced by J.C. Williamson, starring Nancye Hayes as Charity and Peter Adams as Oscar. The show commenced on 21 January 1967 at Her Majesty's Theatre in Sydney, and subsequently played seasons in Melbourne and Adelaide.


title: Sweet Charity

text: The musical opened in the West End at the Prince of Wales Theatre in October 1967, running for 476 performances. Juliet Prowse starred, and was succeeded by Gretchen Wyler.


title: Sweet Charity

text: A revival opened on Broadway at the Minskoff Theatre on April 27, 1986 and closed on March 15, 1987, running for 369 performances and 15 previews. Again directed and choreographed by Fosse, Debbie Allen starred as Charity with Bebe Neuwirth as Nickie, Allison Williams as Helene and Michael Rupert as Oscar. Fosse's wife Gwen Verdon (the original Charity from 1966), remounted the choreography with Fosse, and taught much of the ensemble numbers to the female chorus. The production won four Tony Awards including the Tony Award, Best Reproduction (Play or Musical). When Allen left the show, Ann Reinking took over as Charity.


title: Sweet Charity

text: On June 15, 1998, Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS presented an all-star fully staged one-night-only concert at Avery Fisher Hall in Lincoln Center. It starred Chita Rivera, Bebe Neuwirth, Donna McKechnie, Debbie Allen and, in her last public stage appearance, Gwen Verdon, all in the shared role of Charity.


title: Sweet Charity

text: A West End revival opened on 19 May 1998 and closed on 15 August 1998 at the Victoria Palace Theatre, choreographed by Chet Walker and starring Bonnie Langford.


title: Sweet Charity

text: Christina Applegate starred in another revival of the show, opening on Broadway at the Al Hirschfeld Theatre on May 4, 2005, after a troubled three-city preview tour. The show went into production beginning January 25, 2005, at the Historic Orpheum Theatre in Minneapolis. Audience-attended previews began February 8, with the Opening Night performance held February 17, 2005. The Minneapolis engagement closed on February 20. Applegate broke her foot in Chicago, the second stop on the tour, and was replaced by her understudy, Charlotte d'Amboise. Then, after the final leg of the tour in Boston, the producers announced that the production would not be continuing to Broadway due to lack of interest. However, two days later, the Broadway engagement was on after Applegate convinced the producers to continue. A week into previews, Applegate rejoined the cast, which also included Denis O'Hare as Oscar, Shannon Lewis as Ursula and Ernie Sabella as Herman. The show was nominated for three Tony Awards including Best Revival of a Musical and Best Actress in a Musical for Applegate. Reportedly, pop icon Britney Spears was asked to replace Applegate when her contract expired, but declined the offer. The musical ended its Broadway run on December 31, 2005, after 279 performances.


title: Sweet Charity

text: A national tour of the 2005 Broadway revival began in September 2006 and ended in August 2007. It starred Molly Ringwald and later Paige Davis as Charity.


title: Sweet Charity

text: A revival of the show opened for a limited engagement at London's Menier Chocolate Factory on 21 November 2009 and closed on 7 March 2010. It starred Tamzin Outhwaite as Charity. Outhwaite reprised the title role in the West End transfer of the successful Chocolate Factory production of the show. Playing at the Theatre Royal, Haymarket the show opened officially on 4 May 2010 after previews began on 23 April. This was the first major production to have the same actor (Mark Umbers) play all three of Charity's love interests: Charlie, Vittorio, and Oscar. Similarly, Josefina Gabrielle played both Nickie and Ursula while Tiffany Graves played Helene. The production closed at the Theatre Royal Haymarket on 6 November 2010 despite being scheduled to run until January 2011. The 2011 Olivier Award nominations were announced on Monday 7 January 2011, and this production received three nominations: Best Revival of a Musical, Best Theatre Choreography for Stephen Mear and Best Supporting Actress in a Musical for Josefina Gabrielle.


title: Sweet Charity

text: The show was the first production of the new Hayes Theatre Co in Potts Point, Sydney, Australia. Directed by Dean Bryant, and choreographed by Andrew Hallsworth, it starred Verity Hunt-Ballard as Charity, and Martin Crewes as Charlie, Vittorio and Oscar.


title: Sweet Charity

text: Verity Hunt-Ballard won the 2014 Helpmann Award for Best Female Actor in a Musical, while Dean Bryant and Andrew Hallsworth won the Helpmanns for Best Direction and Best Choreography, respectively. Martin Crewes was nominated for Best Male Actor, and Debora Krizak was nominated for Best Supporting Female. The show was nominated for Best Musical, and Andrew Worboys and Jessica James-Moody were nominated for Best Musical Direction and Best Sound Design, respectively. It also won several Sydney Theatre Awards for Best Production of a Musical, Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role in a Musical (Verity Hunt-Ballard) and Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role in a Musical (Debora Krizak).


title: Sweet Charity

text: The critically acclaimed production transferred to Playhouse in the Sydney Opera House from 15 January 2015 to 8 February 2015.


title: Sweet Charity

text: It then toured to the Canberra Theatre Centre, Arts Centre Melbourne Playhouse and the Illawarra Performing Arts Centre in Wollongong.


title: Sweet Charity

text: In August 2015 Denise Van Outen performs the title role in concert performances of the musical at Cadogan Hall, with actor/singer Michael Xavier, ex-Girls Aloud band member Kimberley Walsh, West End star Kerry Ellis, and actors/singers Michael Simkins and Rodney Earl Clarke.


title: Sweet Charity

text: The musical was presented Off-Broadway by The New Group at the Pershing Square Signature Center, opening on November 20, 2016. Directed by Leigh Silverman with choreography by Joshua Bergasse, the cast stars Sutton Foster as Charity Hope Valentine, Asmeret Ghebremichael (Nickie), Shuler Hensley (Oscar), Emily Padgett (Helene), and Joel Perez.


title: Sweet Charity

text: In April 2019 The Donmar Warehouse revived the production for a limited run from 6 April 2019 to 8 June 2019. The production starred Anne Marie-Duff as Charity, Arthur Darvill as Oscar and a variety of guest actors to play Daddy Brubeck including Adrien Lester and Beverly Knight. This was Josie Rourke's last production as artistic director at The Donmar.


title: Carnitas

text: Carnitas, literally meaning "little meats", is a dish of Mexican cuisine that originated in the state of Michoacán. Carnitas are made by braising or simmering pork in oil or preferably lard until tender. The process takes three to four hours, and the result is very tender and juicy meat, which is then typically served with chopped cilantro (coriander leaves), diced onion, salsa, guacamole, tortillas, and refried beans ("frijoles refritos").


title: Carnitas

text: Pork carnitas are traditionally made using the heavily marbled, rich Boston butt or picnic ham cuts of pork. The 6–16 lb (3–7 kg) sections are usually cut down to a workable (6–10 lb) size and seasoned heavily before slow braising or deep frying. Carnitas can also be made of chicken, using breasts or thighs, and cooking in a similar manner.


title: Carnitas

text: The traditional way to cook carnitas is in a copper pot (or any thick-bottomed pot that disperses the heat evenly), in a process similar to confit. Lard is used to cover the dish in proportion to the amount of meat being cooked. Once the lard has melted, pork and flavorings are added (usually salt, chili, cumin, oregano or Mexican oregano, marjoram, thyme, bay leaf, and crushed garlic cloves). Traditional carnitas are then made by a process of simmering the meat in the lard until tender over a very low heat. Once appropriate tenderness is achieved, the heat is turned up and the outside of the pork begins to crisp. At this stage, the collagen in the meat has broken down sufficiently to allow it to be pulled apart by hand or fork or chopped with a cleaver. The meat can then be used as an ingredient in tamales, tacos, tortas, and burritos.


title: Silver Jews

text: Silver Jews were an American indie rock band from New York City, formed in 1989 by David Berman alongside Pavement members Stephen Malkmus and Bob Nastanovich. Berman was the only constant band member. During the last few albums, Cassie Berman became a regular member of the band. They disbanded in 2009.


title: Silver Jews

text: Berman was living in Hoboken, New Jersey with two University of Virginia friends, Stephen Malkmus and Bob Nastanovich, and recording discordant tapes in their living room. Around this time, he worked as a security guard at New York's Whitney Museum of American Art, which influenced their music. Berman said, "We were working at the Whitney with all this conceptual art, and we were learning about it [...] And so I thought, "Well let's just make this record that looks like a record, and has song titles and everything, but the songs would be the ones we make at home that sound terrible." Although the band is often called a Pavement side project, it was formed at about the same time as Pavement.


title: Silver Jews

text: "Walnut Falcons" was tossed around as a potential band name before "Silver Jews" was chosen. Berman, who was Jewish, said that the name came from a billboard he saw reading "Silver Jewelry" and later revealed that the name was actually intended to be a pseudonym for a conceptual art piece but instead evolved into the actual band. Others claim that the name pays homage to Silver Apples, the Beatles' early name "the Silver Beatles", and a slang term for Jews with blonde hair. In an interview with Vish Khanna in June 2019, Berman said, "Silver Jews was a very burdensome band name. It confused people: I never made it clear what I meant by it. It wasn't until the end until I realized what a proper definition of Silver Jew would be outside of the context of my music, which would be a Jew that was Jewish down through patrilineal descent, which would be a Jew that's not a Jew, really. It's the outsiders to the outsiders."


title: Silver Jews

text: Though Berman had pointedly avoided playing live throughout much of the band's existence, then Silver Jews surprised fans by embarking on their first-ever tour following the release of "Tanglewood Numbers" in 2005. They toured North America, Europe, and Israel in 2006. A documentary, titled "Silver Jew", was filmed during the band's time in Israel.


title: Silver Jews

text: On January 22, 2009, Berman announced via the official Drag City messageboard that he planned to retire from music and that the Silver Jews would play their final show on "Bluegrass Underground" at Cumberland Caverns in McMinnville, Tennessee at 3 pm on January 31, 2009. The caverns are located 333 feet underground, and only 300 general admission tickets were made available. Berman stated that he would play his 15 favorite Silver Jews songs. He also wrote that his intentions are to move to "screenwriting or muckraking". He closed the entry by saying, "I always said we would stop before we got bad. If I continue to record I might accidentally write the answer song to 'Shiny Happy People'."


title: Silver Jews

text: Berman originally planned for the concert to be recorded and aired sometime in February 2009 on Nashville's famed WSM AM radio station; however, the day before the show, Berman posted on the Drag City message board to say that he had "negotiated out of the WSM part out of the deal." The concert was documented by several 16 mm film cameras, and Berman hinted at a possible DVD release of the show at some point in the future.


title: Silver Jews

text: On June 19, 2012, "Early Times" was released by Drag City. "Early Times" is a compilation of EPs and singles that were released before the debut LP "Starlite Walker".


title: Silver Jews

text: In 2015, Bob Nastanovich posted a photo to his Facebook page featuring the band rehearsing. He said that the band is working on two new songs, "The Veranda Over The Toy Shoppe", and "Wacky Package Eyes". David Berman later said the photo was a prank. Berman instead returned with new project Purple Mountains in July 2019, but died the following month.


title: Silver Jews

text: The album covers for Silver Jews often featured horizons; in the case of Bright Flight it has been surmised to be symbolic of the theme.


title: Silver Jews

text: Their musical style has been described by AllMusic as "a beautiful mess of indie rock, country-rock and lo-fi with lyrics both witty and profound", while "Billboard" described them as a "lo-fi mixture of noise rock and country music".


title: Manasseh of Judah

text: Manasseh (; Hebrew: "Mənaššé", "Forgetter"; "Menasî" ["me-na-si-i"]; "Manasses"; ) was the fourteenth king of the Kingdom of Judah. He was the oldest of the sons of Hezekiah and his mother Hephzibah (). He became king at the age of 12 and reigned for 55 years (; ).


title: Manasseh of Judah

text: The biblical account of Manasseh is found in and . He is also mentioned in Jeremiah 15:4, where the prophet Jeremiah predicts "four forms of destruction" for the people of Judah because of the evil done by Manasseh in Judah.


title: Manasseh of Judah

text: Manasseh was the first king of Judah who was not contemporary with the northern kingdom of Israel, which had been destroyed by the Assyrians in c. 720 BC, with much of its population deported. He re-instituted polytheistic worship and reversed the religious changes made by his father Hezekiah, for which he is condemned by several biblical verses.


title: Manasseh of Judah

text: He was married to Meshullemeth, daughter of Haruz of Jotbah, and they had a son Amon, who succeeded him as king of Judah upon his death. Hezekiah, Manasseh and Amon are mentioned in the genealogy of Jesus in Matthew's gospel.


title: Manasseh of Judah

text: After a reign of 55 years, the longest in the history of Judah, he died in c. 643 BC and was buried in the garden of Uzza, the "garden of his own house" (; ), and not in the City of David, among his ancestors. The biblical narratives both report Manasseh's accession to the throne at the time of his father's death. However, Edwin Thiele concluded he had commenced his reign as co-regent with his father Hezekiah in 697/696 BC, with the co-regency lasting 12 years and his sole reign beginning in 687/686 BC and continuing until his death in 643/642 BC.


title: Manasseh of Judah

text: When Manasseh's reign began, Sennacherib was king of Assyria, who reigned until 681 BC. Manasseh is mentioned in Assyrian records as a contemporary and loyal vassal of Sennacherib's son and successor, Esarhaddon. Assyrian records list Manasseh among twenty-two kings required to provide materials for Esarhaddon's building projects. Esarhaddon died in 669 BC and was succeeded by his son, Ashurbanipal, who also names Manasseh as one of a number of vassals who assisted his campaign against Egypt.