title: Aeroflot Flight 1492

text: The aircraft stopped its climb at flight level 106 (around ) and was guided towards Sheremetyevo by ATC. It performed a right orbit before lining up for approach to runway 24L; the crew tuned into the instrument landing system and the captain flew the approach manually. Upon capturing the glideslope, the aircraft's weight was , over the maximum landing weight. At 15:18:53 UTC, the captain attempted to contact the controller to request a holding area, but his message was not recorded by the controller's recorder. The flaps were lowered to 25 degrees, which is the recommended setting for an overweight landing in DIRECT mode. The wind was blowing from 190 degrees at —a 50-degree crosswind—and the speed stabilised at . Between and AGL, the predictive windshear warning sounded repeatedly: "GO-AROUND, WINDSHEAR AHEAD". The crew did not acknowledge this warning on tape. Descending through , the aircraft began to deviate below the glideslope and the "GLIDESLOPE" aural alert sounded. The captain called "advisory" and increased engine thrust, and the speed rose through at to at AGL – above the required approach speed, although the airline's own Flight Operations Manual provides pilots with a margin of −5 to +20 kt as a criterion for stabilised approach. As he reduced the thrust to idle for the flare, the captain made several large, alternating sidestick inputs, causing the pitch to vary between +6 and −2 degrees.


title: Aeroflot Flight 1492

text: The aircraft made simultaneous ground contact with all three landing gear legs beyond the runway threshold at a speed of , resulting in a vertical acceleration of 2.55 g. Concurrently with the touchdown, in the span of 0.4 seconds, the sidestick was moved from full aft to full forward. Though the spoilers were armed, automatic spoiler deployment is inhibited in DIRECT mode and they were not extended manually. The aircraft bounced to a height of . The captain attempted to apply maximum reverse thrust while he continued to hold the sidestick in the fully forward position. Reverse thrust and reverser door deployment is inhibited in the absence of weight on the aircraft's wheels (i.e. in flight) and the reverser doors only began to open upon the second touchdown. The aircraft lifted off the ground before the reverse door cycle was completed and reverse thrust did not activate. The second touchdown occurred two seconds after the first, nose-first, at a speed of and with a vertical load of 5.85 g. The main landing gear weak links sheared – the weak links are designed to shear under heavy load to minimise damage to the wing – allowing the gear legs to "move up and backwards" and the wing remained intact. The aircraft bounced to a height of . The thrust levers were advanced to take-off power – the reverser doors began to close – and the sidestick was pulled full aft in a possible attempt to go around. Thrust was not allowed to increase until the reverser doors were closed and a third impact was recorded at a speed of and with a vertical load in excess of 5 g. The landing gear collapsed, penetrating the wing, and fuel spilled out of the wing tanks. A fire erupted, engulfing the wings, rear fuselage and empennage. Fire alarms sounded in the cockpit for the aft cargo hold and the auxiliary power unit. The aircraft slid down the runway, veered to the left and came to a standstill on the grass between two runway-adjoining taxiways with the nose facing upwind at 15:30 UTC. Power to the engines was cut at 15:31 UTC. Flight recorder data suggest that control over the engines had been lost after the final impact.


title: Aeroflot Flight 1492

text: An evacuation was carried out from the front passenger doors and their slides were deployed. The first officer used the escape rope to climb out of the right cockpit window. Aeroflot claimed the evacuation took 55 seconds, though video evidence shows the slides still in use 70 seconds after their deployment. Passengers were seen carrying hand luggage out of the aircraft. The rear half of the aircraft was destroyed by the fire, which was extinguished about 45 minutes after landing.


title: Aeroflot Flight 1492

text: Five crew and seventy-three passengers were onboard on the aircraft. The crew consisted of the captain, a first officer, and three cabin crew members. The captain, 42-year-old Denis Yevdokimov, held an airline transport pilot licence and had 6,844 flying hours, including 1,570 on the Superjet. He had previously operated the Ilyushin Il-76 and a number of smaller aircraft for the FSB (2,320 flying hours) and the Boeing 737 for Transaero (2,022 flying hours). He was employed by Aeroflot and had made the transition onto the SSJ-100 in 2016. The 36-year-old first officer Maksim Kuznetsov joined Aeroflot in 2017, held a commercial pilot licence and had 773 hours of flying experience, including 623 on the Superjet.


title: Aeroflot Flight 1492

text: Forty passengers and the flight attendant (21-year-old Maksim Moiseev) seated in the rear of the aircraft were killed. Forty of the fatalities were Russian and one a US citizen, and twenty-six resided in Murmansk Oblast, including a 12-year-old girl. One crew member and two passengers sustained serious injuries, and three crew members and four passengers minor injuries. The remaining 27 passengers were unharmed.


title: Aeroflot Flight 1492

text: The Interstate Aviation Committee (IAC) opened an investigation into the accident. The French BEA participated as a representative of the state of design of the aircraft engine and EASA offered technical advice to BEA. Both flight recorders were recovered. The cockpit voice recorder (CVR) was found in satisfactory condition, but the flight data recorder (FDR) casing was damaged by exposure to extremely high temperatures, and data recovery depended on IAC specialists.


title: Aeroflot Flight 1492

text: Data reading was completed on 17 May 2019, permitting analysis to begin. The IAC sent a follow-up accident report to Rosaviatsiya, the Russian civil aviation authority. Rosaviatsiya issued a safety information bulletin containing a summary of the accident and a number of recommendations.


title: Aeroflot Flight 1492

text: On 30 May, TASS reported IAC expert Vladimir Kofman was attending the Transport Security Forum where he said that "the disaster occurred because of [the] hard touchdowns". His comment evoked a sharp response from Aeroflot and the IAC issued a six-point press release distancing itself from Kofman. The IAC said they would be conducting an internal investigation and that Kofman was not part of the Flight 1492 investigation. The IAC asked news media to provide video or audio evidence of "published statements made by Kofman". The IAC said they continued to analyse data from the accident and that they were preparing for the 5 June release of the preliminary report, concluding, "in this regard, neither IAC nor other persons currently can not have reliable information about the establishment by the Investigation team of the causes of the fatal accident".


title: Aeroflot Flight 1492

text: On 14 June 2019, the IAC published their interim report, presenting a detailed reconstruction of the accident, but they did not draw any conclusions. The pilots did not request active storm avoidance from air traffic control. However, they entered the second segment of the departure, initiating a right turn away from the storm earlier than prescribed. The pilot flying had difficulty maintaining altitude in manual flight during an orbiting manoeuvre in a 40-degree bank and deviated by more than from his assigned altitude, triggering multiple aural alerts. The crew omitted to perform the approach briefing and the approach checklist, and did not set the go-around altitude. The aircraft deviated below the glideslope descending through AGL and the pilot increased engine thrust; the aircraft accelerated to above its required approach speed. During landing, sidestick inputs were "of an abrupt and intermittent character", including wide-amplitude, sweeping pitch movements not observed during approaches in normal flight law, but similar to other Aeroflot pilots' direct flight law approaches. The report also noted that the pilots ignored a windshear warning that would have required a go-around unless it was spurious. Investigators found traces of lightning impact on antennae, various sensors, exit lights and the cockpit windows. Investigators re-examined the design of the landing gear and found that it met certification requirements. The report cited a material provided by Sukhoi claiming that contemporary certification requirements did not consider the effect of "secondary impacts of the airframe on the ground after the destruction of the landing gear". The interim report did not look into the survival factors of the accident, citing that they were still being analyzed and would be included in the final report.


title: Aeroflot Flight 1492

text: In May 2022, in a status update marking the third anniversary of the accident, the IAC noted that it expected to issue the draft final report shortly. Multiple aircraft systems have been investigated; some decrypted data from the Curtiss-Wright fire protection units is not available to the investigators due to intellectual property issues.


title: Aeroflot Flight 1492

text: A criminal investigation was opened into a fatal "violation of the rules of safe movement and exploitation of air transport". The Investigative Committee said on 6 May it was considering insufficient skill of the pilots, dispatchers and those who performed the technical inspection of the plane, along with mechanical problems and poor weather, as a possible cause of the accident. A high-ranking law enforcement source told Lenta.ru that experts would examine the actions of Sheremetyevo's fire and rescue service. The source said air traffic control were late with raising the alarm and fire engines had not left the fire station at the time of the accident. Only two of the six available engines were involved within the first six minutes and they were not filled with foam, which is more effective against a fuel-fed fire than water.


title: Aeroflot Flight 1492

text: Investigators filed charges against the captain in October 2019, seeking a seven-year prison term. According to a spokeswoman for the Russian Investigative Committee, his actions "violated the existing regulations and led to the destruction and outbreak of fire".


title: Aeroflot Flight 1492

text: There was widespread speculation that the evacuation was delayed by passengers retrieving hand luggage, prompted by video footage showing passengers leaving the plane with luggage in hand. According to TASS, citing a law enforcement source, the majority of passengers in the tail end of the aircraft had practically no chance of rescue; many of them did not have time to unfasten their seat belts. He added that those passengers from the tail section of the aircraft who managed to escape had moved to the front of the aircraft before it stopped, and that he had no confirmation that retrieval of luggage had slowed the evacuation. Speculation that the observed retrieval of luggage caused an evacuation delay was rejected by one anonymous witness.


title: Aeroflot Flight 1492

text: On 6 May 2019, Aeroflot announced that it would compensate surviving passengers and the families of the dead. Passengers who did not require hospitalization were to receive 1,000,000 rubles (US$15,320), passengers who were hospitalized were to receive 2,000,000 rubles ($30,640), and the families of the dead were to receive 5,000,000 rubles ($76,600).


title: Aeroflot Flight 1492

text: Following the release of the accident summary by Rosaviatsiya on 17 May, it was reported in the media that the pilots had failed to set some of the surfaces of the wing – variously referred to as the "flaps", "brakes" and "air brakes" in news reports – for landing. On the same day, Aeroflot issued a statement in which it denied the pilots had violated company procedures. Aeroflot said the flaps were properly configured for landing and that the spoilers should be extended manually only when reverse thrust is applied and the aircraft has settled on the runway. The airline said preliminary information by Rosaviatsiya is not evidence of pilot error and criticised the media for jumping to conclusions.


title: Aeroflot Flight 1492

text: On 5 May, a petition to ground the Sukhoi Superjet 100 (SSJ100) during the investigation was launched on Change.org. On May 8, it had collected over 140,000 signatures and, when asked, Kremlin Press Secretary Dmitry Peskov said the decision should be taken by the competent aviation authorities and not by citizens who sign petitions on the Change.org portal. The Ministry of Transport of Russia decided against grounding the SSJ100, stating there was no obvious sign of a design flaw.


title: Aeroflot Flight 1492

text: Aeroflot cancelled approximately 50 SSJ100 flights in the week after the accident. "Kommersant" cited industry sources as saying the SSJ100 had lower dispatch reliability than Airbus and Boeing aircraft in the airline's fleet historically and attributed a rise in cancellations to "increased safety measures" at Aeroflot while the accident is investigated. The SSJ100 suffered a number of technical failures in the weeks following the accident which attracted media attention in Russia. On 18 May, an Aeroflot SSJ100 from Ulyanovsk to Moscow–Sheremetyevo aborted its take-off due to a hydraulics failure indication following which the passengers refused to fly on the Superjet.


title: Aeroflot Flight 1492

text: On 17 May, it was reported that Russian regional airline RusLine abandoned its plans to operate 18 SSJ100s. According to the owner, this is because of the "likely reputational ["sic"] risks" associated with the accident. On 22 May, the Russian airline Alrosa retired its Tupolev Tu-134 fleet, announcing that it was not abandoning plans to replace the Tu-134 with up to three SSJ100 by 2021 "despite all the hysteria".


title: Aeroflot Flight 1492

text: On 24 May, the Russian Association of Air Transport Operators (AEVT) requested a review of the SSJ100 for compliance with certification requirements in a letter sent to Minister of Transport Yevgeny Dietrich. The AEVT questioned whether electrical supply should have been disrupted by the lightning strike and whether the fuel system should have been compromised by impact forces. The letter said the flight control system, engines, cabin protection from an external fire and the crew training programme should all be examined for compliance. United Aircraft Corporation, the manufacturer of the Superjet, said the AEVT appeared to apply pressure on the technical investigation. As of 28 May, AEVT members operated 19 SSJ100s. Aeroflot, the operator of the accident aircraft, is not a member of the AEVT.


title: Ladies' Code

text: Ladies' Code () is a South Korean girl group formed by Polaris Entertainment in 2013. The group's original lineup consisted of leader Ashley and members RiSe, EunB, Sojung, and Zuny. They made their debut with the mini-album "Code#01" and the lead track "Bad Girl", which were released on March 7, 2013. On September 3, 2014, the group was involved in a car crash that resulted in the deaths of EunB and Rise. Ladies' Code returned as a trio in February 2016 with the extended play "Myst3ry". In October 2016, they issued "The Rain" from their EP "Strang3r". The group left Polaris in February 2020 following the expiration of their contracts. The group is currently on indefinite hiatus, with the members pursuing solo careers.


title: Ladies' Code

text: Before the establishment of the group, most of the members had some experience in the entertainment industry.


title: Ladies' Code

text: Rise participated in Miss Korea 2009 as a representative of Japan, and won the Korean Abroad Award. She gained popularity by starring in the talent show called "Star Audition: The Great Birth", and finished in the Top 12. She then appeared with fellow "Star Audition" contestant David Oh as a couple on the reality show "We Got Married" in 2011. Rise later signed on with KeyEast before switching agencies in 2013.


title: Ladies' Code

text: EunB was previously a trainee under FNC Entertainment, where she was in the original line-up for AOA. However, she left the company prior to the group's debut because she felt she needed more experience as a trainee.


title: Ladies' Code

text: Ashley, prior to her debut, was known for uploading dance covers of K-pop songs to YouTube and for being a former trainee under Cube Entertainment. Zuny was mainly known for being a former trainee under BigHit Entertainment.


title: Ladies' Code

text: In 2012, Ladies' Code started recording their debut album. On February 20, 2013, Sojung confirmed that she would join a new girl group being formed by Polaris Entertainment, and that they would debut in the following month. Promotion began on February 25, 2013, with the release of Rise's teaser video, followed by Sojung's on the 26th, EunB's on the 27th, for Zuny's on the 28th, and March 1 for leader Ashley respectively. On March 4, 2013, they released the group teaser for their music video.


title: Ladies' Code

text: The group's debut mini-album "Code#01" along with the title song "Bad Girl" and accompanying music video was released on March 7, 2013. The day after their debut, their song charted well on the real-time music charts including Bugs, Soribada, Mnet and Daum, and eventually peaked at number 34 on the Gaon Digital Chart. They had their first live performance on "M! Countdown" the same day of the release with the group concluding promotions on "Inkigayo" on April 21, 2013.


title: Ladies' Code

text: Their first digital single "Hate You" was released on August 6, 2013, serving as a pre-release for their upcoming second mini-album. The group's return was originally set for July 25, 2013, however member Zuny had an unexpected leg injury which pushed back their comeback until August. The song debuted high on the real-time charts, achieving their first number-one single on Bugs Music and charting within the top 10 in four other music charts.


title: Ladies' Code

text: On August 21, 2013, Ladies' Code announced their comeback for their second mini-album, "Code#02 Pretty Pretty", which was released on September 5, 2013.


title: Ladies' Code

text: Polaris Entertainment announced on February 4, 2014, that the group would make a comeback with their second digital single "So Wonderful." A still-cut of the first music video teaser was released on February 6, 2014, showing member Kwon Rise lying in transparent plastic wrap. The teaser was subsequently released online the following day with the second teaser on February 10. The song was produced by Super Changddai who worked with the group since their debut. The single along with its accompanying music video was released on February 13, 2014, with the group performing the song for the first time on "M! Countdown" the same day.


title: Ladies' Code

text: On July 31, 2014, Ladies' Code revealed a teaser image of their new single "Kiss Kiss" and released a video teaser the following day. A second video teaser featuring all of the members recreating kiss scenes such as the fairy tale "The Frog Prince" was released on August 5, 2014. On August 6, 2014, the music video for "Kiss Kiss" and the single were released on August 7, 2014. A limited edition CD single for "Kiss Kiss" was also released. The group began promotions for the song on KBS's "Music Bank" the following day.


title: Ladies' Code

text: On September 1, 2014, Ashley revealed that the group was in the midst of working on a new album, though whether it was a mini-album or full-length album is unknown. This would eventually be the last announcement made by the group with all 5 members.


title: Ladies' Code

text: On September 3, 2014, at around 1:30am (KST), the group was involved in a serious car collision while returning to Seoul after attending the recording of KBS "Open Concert" at DGIST. The group's manager, Mr. Park, was driving the van (a Hyundai Starex) and had been speeding, driving in a zone for a distance of . Rainy conditions made the road slippery, which caused Park to suddenly lose control of the vehicle, causing the group's van to hydroplane and skid several times before crashing into a protective wall in the vicinity of the Singal Junction on Yeongdong Expressway.


title: Ladies' Code

text: EunB was declared dead on arrival by the time the paramedics reached Sungbin Medical Center, while the remaining six passengers were rushed to various hospitals. Sojung and Rise, who suffered the most serious injuries, were taken to the Catholic University of Korea St. Vincent's Hospital in Suwon, listed under critical condition. Rise's condition quickly deteriorated and she was moved to Ajou University Hospital, where she eventually died four days later on September 7, 2014, at 10:10am (KST). Sojung's condition was stabilized. Ashley, Zuny, Park, and one stylist also sustained minor injuries. On October 29, Ashley and Zuny were released from the hospital and spent time recovering at their respective homes, while Sojung was moved to a hospital in her hometown of Wonju. They returned to their group's dorm in Seoul on November 12, with Sojung continuing to receive outpatient treatment.


title: Ladies' Code

text: The investigation conducted by the National Institute of Scientific Investigation (NISI) revealed and confirmed that the cause of the collision was due to driving over the posted speed limit and that the van's back tire came off due to the impact of the van crashing into the protective wall. It had been reported that none of the van's airbags deployed at the time of impact, while witness accounts state that the vehicle rolled over multiple times after it hit the protective wall. An ambulance worker who was at the scene later reported that he did "not recall undoing any seat belts" as he attempted to help the injured passengers.


title: Ladies' Code

text: In the wake of EunB and Rise's deaths, the group would go on to achieve major success on the music charts as fans of the group began posting messages on online communities and SNS encouraging people to listen to the song "I'm Fine Thank You" (from the group's second EP "Pretty Pretty") as a tribute and to fulfill EunB's dream of ranking first on the music charts. The song would eventually top several real-time music charts including Melon, Bugs, Genie, Monkey3, and Olleh, also peaking at number three on the Gaon Singles Chart, making it their highest-charting single. Both "I'm Fine Thank You" and "Kiss Kiss" would also go on to debut at number six and number 21 on the Billboard World Digital Songs chart, marking the group's first two entries on the chart.


title: Ladies' Code

text: The group's final performance with all five members aired on KBS on September 15, 2014, bookended with a tribute to EunB and Rise. On September 15, 2014, Polaris Entertainment released a tribute music video of "I'm Fine Thank You", using behind-the-scenes footage of the group to honor EunB and Rise.


title: Ladies' Code

text: On November 12, 2014, Park was arrested and indicted on the charge of causing a fatal collision under the Act on Special Cases Concerning the Settlement of Traffic Accidents and was sentenced to a year and two months in jail on January 15, 2015. On March 25, 2015, Park filed an appeal to reduce his sentence. On April 8, 2015, he reached a settlement agreement with both EunB and Rise's families for an undisclosed amount. On April 15, 2015, Park's appeal was successful, and his sentence was reduced to a suspended one year and two months jail sentence for a period of two years. He was also required to do 160 hours of community service and attend 40 hours of law-abiding driving classes.


title: Ladies' Code

text: On April 26, 2015, it was reported that Zuny, Ashley, and Sojung had resumed their practice schedule while continuing to receive counseling and follow-up treatments for injuries sustained from the crash.


title: Ladies' Code

text: Ladies' Code held a memorial concert named "I'm Fine Thank You: Rise & EunB Memorial Concert" on August 22, 2015, at the Shinagawa Stellar-ball in Tokyo, Japan, in honor of Rise's dream that Ladies' Code would someday perform in her home country. The concert featured Polaris artists, including Kim Bum-soo and Rumble Fish, and a performance of "I'll Smile Even If It Hurts" by Ashley, Sojung, and Zuny. Sojung was involved in the track's composition and production.


title: Ladies' Code

text: On September 3, 2015, Sojung and Polaris artists Kim Bum-soo, IVY, Han Hee-jun, Rumble Fish, and Sun Woo released a cover of "I'm Fine, Thank You" in memory of EunB and Rise. A Polaris representative stated that all proceeds from the song would be donated to charity. Ladies' Code members released "I'll Smile Even If It Hurts" as digital single on September 7, 2015, the first anniversary of Rise's death.


title: Ladies' Code

text: On January 23, 2016, Ladies' Code was revealed to be preparing for a comeback in the spring, their first comeback since the crash and as a trio. Polaris Entertainment noted the end of February as a tentative comeback date and clarified that there were no future plans to recruit new members. The album named "Myst3ry" with its title track "Galaxy" was released on February 24, 2016.


title: Ladies' Code

text: On October 13, 2016, Ladies' Code released their single album "Strang3r" along with the title track "The Rain".


title: Ladies' Code

text: On May 4, 2017, Sojung released a solo song named "Better than Me", and later released another solo single, "Stay Here" on March 8, 2018.


title: Ladies' Code

text: On December 12, 2018, the group released a Christmas single "The Last Holiday", making it their first release in two years as a group.


title: Ladies' Code

text: On October 10, 2019, Ladies' Code released their fourth album "Code#03 Set Me Free", their third from the "Code" series. This album was released six years after "Code#02 Pretty Pretty". The lead single for their fourth album is called "Set Me Free", and was written by 1Take and TAK.


title: Ladies' Code

text: On February 17, 2020, Ladies' Code left Polaris Entertainment following the expiration of their contracts with the label. The group is currently on indefinite hiatus, with the members pursuing solo careers.


title: Ladies' Code

text: Ladies' Code signed their first deal with Pepsi Korea in August 2013 as the company's next models for their 'Open Your Pepsi Now' campaign. In January 2014, the group teamed up with Nexon to promote the winter update for the MMORPG Mabinogi Heroes.


title: Ladies' Code

text: Prior to the crash, Ladies' Code's music had been predominantly pop with a retro sound. "Billboard" magazine noted that the group blends in "modern electro-pop" with "classic throwback elements" and powerful vocals. The group's debut single "Bad Girl" was described as a swing/jazz-inspired track accompanied with solid vocals. Their follow-up single, "Hate You" was marked as a departure, returning with a mid-tempo dance song with a combination of brass and acoustic guitar arrangements.


title: Ladies' Code

text: Subsequent releases retain their earlier style with Corynn Smith of MTV Iggy explaining their second extended play's title track "Pretty Pretty" as another example of the group's "rich retro sound", moving from 40s swing to a mixture of 70s and 80s beats. In an interview with "enews" on their digital single "So Wonderful", member Ashley explained the song was a continuation of their previous releases but added that they had incorporated the use of more instruments and were going for a "retro feeling from the 80's."


title: Ladies' Code

text: Their first release after the crash, "Myst3ry", shifted into an R&B sound with the lead single "Galaxy" described as a "mid-tempo song that invokes a gloomy and dreamlike mood".


title: Ladies' Code

text: Ladies' Code have cited the Brown Eyed Girls and Wonder Girls as their role models, the latter compared to the group by media outlets due to their similar style of music and image. In September 2013, Wonder Girls' member Sunye posted a message on Twitter supporting the group, saying how "Pretty Pretty" reminded her on their group's past releases "Tell Me" and "So Hot".


title: Nuclear artillery

text: Nuclear artillery is a subset of limited-yield tactical nuclear weapons, in particular those weapons that are launched from the ground at battlefield targets. Nuclear artillery is commonly associated with shells delivered by a cannon, but in a technical sense short-range artillery rockets or tactical ballistic missiles are also included.


title: Nuclear artillery

text: The development of nuclear artillery was part of a broad push by nuclear weapons countries to develop nuclear weapons which could be used tactically against enemy armies in the field (as opposed to strategic uses against cities, military bases, and heavy industry). Nuclear artillery was both developed and deployed by a small group of states, including the United States, the Soviet Union, and France. The United Kingdom planned and partially developed such weapon systems (the Blue Water missile and the Yellow Anvil artillery shell) but did not put them into production.


title: Nuclear artillery

text: A second group of states has derivative association with nuclear artillery. These nations fielded artillery units trained and equipped to use nuclear weapons, but did not control the devices themselves. Instead, the devices were held by embedded custodial units of the developing countries. These custodial units retained control of the nuclear weapons until they were released for use in a crisis. This second group has included such North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) countries as Belgium, Canada, West Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Turkey, and the United Kingdom.


title: Nuclear artillery

text: Today, nuclear artillery has been almost entirely replaced with mobile tactical ballistic missile launchers, carrying missiles with nuclear warheads.


title: Nuclear artillery

text: United States developments resulted in nuclear weapons for various artillery systems. After the short-lived M65 Atomic Cannon, standard howitzers were used. Delivery systems include, in approximate order of development:


title: Nuclear artillery

text: The first artillery test was on May 25, 1953 at the Nevada Test Site. Fired as part of Operation Upshot–Knothole and codenamed "Shot GRABLE", a 280 mm (11 inch) shell with a gun-type fission warhead was fired 10,000 m (6.2 miles) and detonated 160 m (525 ft) above the ground with an estimated yield of 15 kilotons. This was the only nuclear artillery shell ever actually fired in the U.S. nuclear weapons test program. The shell was 1384 mm (4.5 ft) long and weighed 365 kg (805 lb). It was fired from a special, very large artillery piece, nicknamed "Atomic Annie", built by the Artillery Test Unit of Fort Sill, Oklahoma. About 3,200 soldiers and civilians were present. The warhead was designated the W9 nuclear warhead and 80 were produced in 1952 to 1953 for the T-124 shell. It was retired in 1957.


title: Nuclear artillery

text: Development work continued and resulted in the W19, a 280 mm shell, a longer version of the W9. Only 80 warheads were produced and the system was retired in 1963 coinciding with the introduction of the W48 warhead.


title: Nuclear artillery

text: The W48 was 846 mm long and weighed 58 kg; it was in a 155 mm M-45 AFAP (artillery fired atomic projectile) for firing from standard 155 mm howitzer. The fission warhead was a linear implosion type, consisting of a long cylinder of subcritical fissile material which is compressed and shaped by explosive into a supercritical sphere. The W48 yielded an explosive force of just 100 tons of TNT.


title: Nuclear artillery

text: The W48 went into production beginning in 1963, and 135 Mod 0 version projectiles were produced by 1968 when it was replaced by the Mod 1. The Mod 1 was manufactured from 1965 through 1969. 925 of these were produced.


title: Nuclear artillery

text: Only one type of artillery round other than the W48 was produced in large numbers. It was the W33 nuclear warhead for use in an artillery shell. About 2,000 of these warheads were produced from 1957 to 1965. Each XM422 projectile was 940 mm long, it had a projectile weight of 243 pounds. XM422 were fitted with a triple-deck mechanical time-base fuze. They were to be fired from a standard eight-inch howitzer, if the use of this weapon had ever been called for.


title: Nuclear artillery

text: The W33's four explosive yields were all greater than that of the W48. M422 projectiles were hand-assembled in the field to provide the required yield, three yielding 5 to 10 kilotons and one with 40 kilotons. There was also a ballistically matched spotting round (HES M424) and a special white bag charge system, M80, composed of charges one through three. The M423 ordnance training rounds and their associated "bird cages" can be seen at the National Atomic Museum in Albuquerque, New Mexico.


title: Nuclear artillery

text: Efforts were made to update the warheads: the 155 mm W74 and 203 mm W75 were developed from about 1970, and they were intended to have a yield of 100 tons or more. These versions were canceled in 1973. A further development program began in the 1980s: the W82, for the XM-785 (a 155 mm shell), was intended to yield up to two kilotons with an enhanced radiation capability. Its development was halted in 1983. A W82-1 fission-only type was designed but was canceled in 1990.


title: Nuclear artillery

text: Other developments also continued. In 1958 a fusion warhead was developed and tested, the "UCRL Swift". It was 622 mm long, 127 mm diameter, and weighed 43.5 kg. At its test it yielded only 190 tons; it failed to achieve fusion and only the initial fission explosion worked correctly. There are unconfirmed reports that work on similar concepts continued into the 1970s and resulted in a one-kiloton warhead design for 5-inch (127 mm) naval gun rounds; these, however, were never deployed as operational weapons.


title: Nuclear artillery

text: In 1991 the US unilaterally withdrew its nuclear artillery shells from service, and Russia responded in kind in 1992. The US removed around 1,300 nuclear shells from Europe and reportedly dismantled its last shells by 2004. Focus has since moved to development of nuclear bunker buster munitions.


title: Nuclear artillery

text: The Soviet Union's nuclear artillery was operated by the rocket troops and artillery branch of the Soviet ground forces. Delivery units were organic to tank and motor rifle divisions and higher echelons. The control and custody of nuclear weapons was the responsibility of the 12th Main Directorate of the Ministry of Defense and its special units.


title: Nuclear artillery

text: The Soviet Union developed and eventually deployed both rocket- and projectile-type nuclear artillery systems. The first system developed was the SM-54 (2А3) 406 mm gun, nicknamed "Kondensator" (Russian: Конденсатор, "Capacitor"); this was released in 1956. A 420 mm breech-loading smoothbore self-propelled mortar, 2B1 Oka or "Transformator" (Russian: Трансформатор; "Transformer") was produced in 1957. Testing revealed critical operational defects in both systems and they were not put into full production. The purpose-built weapons suffered from the same deficiencies of the American M-65 Nuclear Cannon to which they are analogous; large, unwieldy, and quickly obsolete.


title: Nuclear artillery

text: Meanwhile, rocket- and missile-based delivery systems were concurrently developed. The original systems (the T7 "Scud", the FROG-1 and successors) were first introduced in the late 1950s. Development continued on missile based systems:


title: Nuclear artillery

text: After the abortive effort with purpose-built artillery pieces, the Soviet approach to nuclear artillery was that nuclear munitions should be fired by standard guns and howitzers (without modification) in normal artillery units. The first nuclear weapon for use from standard 152 mm artillery, called 3BV3, was finally accepted in 1965. Subsequent weapon designs followed using existing and new technology:


title: Nuclear artillery

text: At the end of the Cold War, Russia followed the United States lead and deactivated its nuclear artillery units in 1993. By 2000, Russia reported that nearly all nuclear artillery shells and missile warheads had been destroyed.


title: Nuclear artillery

text: France's nuclear artillery was provided by Artillery Regiments equipped with the Pluton missile system from 1975 to 1993 and with its successor, the longer-ranged Hadès missile, from 1991 to 1996.


title: Nuclear artillery

text: Belgium, Canada, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Turkey, and the United Kingdom provided artillery units trained in the correct handling and operation of nuclear weapons and in some cases specialist logistic and security units. Their allocated nuclear weapons were in the custody of US Army Artillery Groups (USAAG) with subordinate US Army Field Artillery Detachments (USAFAD) assigned to the national artillery units. The Groups were part of the 59th Ordnance Brigade.


title: Nuclear artillery

text: Nuclear artillery was provided by Artillery Groups equipped with the MGR-1 Honest John free flight rockets, MGM-52 Lance missiles and 8-inch (203 mm) howitzers.


title: Lissajous curve

text: A Lissajous curve , also known as Lissajous figure or Bowditch curve , is the graph of a system of parametric equations


title: Lissajous curve

text: which describe complex harmonic motion. This family of curves was investigated by Nathaniel Bowditch in 1815, and later in more detail in 1857 by Jules Antoine Lissajous (for whom it has been named).


title: Lissajous curve

text: The appearance of the figure is highly sensitive to the ratio . For a ratio of 1, the figure is an ellipse, with special cases including circles (, radians) and lines (). Another simple Lissajous figure is the parabola (, ). Other ratios produce more complicated curves, which are closed only if is rational. The visual form of these curves is often suggestive of a three-dimensional knot, and indeed many kinds of knots, including those known as Lissajous knots, project to the plane as Lissajous figures.


title: Lissajous curve

text: Visually, the ratio determines the number of "lobes" of the figure. For example, a ratio of or produces a figure with three major lobes (see image). Similarly, a ratio of produces a figure with five horizontal lobes and four vertical lobes. Rational ratios produce closed (connected) or "still" figures, while irrational ratios produce figures that appear to rotate. The ratio determines the relative width-to-height ratio of the curve. For example, a ratio of produces a figure that is twice as wide as it is high. Finally, the value of determines the apparent "rotation" angle of the figure, viewed as if it were actually a three-dimensional curve. For example, produces and components that are exactly in phase, so the resulting figure appears as an apparent three-dimensional figure viewed from straight on (0°). In contrast, any non-zero produces a figure that appears to be rotated, either as a left–right or an up–down rotation (depending on the ratio ).


title: Lissajous curve

text: are Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind of degree . This property is exploited to produce a set of points, called Padua points, at which a function may be sampled in order to compute either a bivariate interpolation or quadrature of the function over the domain .


title: Lissajous curve

text: The relation of some Lissajous curves to Chebyshev polynomials is clearer to understand if the Lissajous curve which generates each of them is expressed using cosine functions rather than sine functions.


title: Lissajous curve

text: The animation shows the curve adaptation with continuously increasing fraction from 0 to 1 in steps of 0.01 ().


title: Lissajous curve

text: Prior to modern electronic equipment, Lissajous curves could be generated mechanically by means of a harmonograph.


title: Lissajous curve

text: Lissajous curves can also be generated using an oscilloscope (as illustrated). An octopus circuit can be used to demonstrate the waveform images on an oscilloscope. Two phase-shifted sinusoid inputs are applied to the oscilloscope in X-Y mode and the phase relationship between the signals is presented as a Lissajous figure.


title: Lissajous curve

text: In the professional audio world, this method is used for realtime analysis of the phase relationship between the left and right channels of a stereo audio signal. On larger, more sophisticated audio mixing consoles an oscilloscope may be built-in for this purpose.


title: Lissajous curve

text: On an oscilloscope, we suppose is CH1 and is CH2, is the amplitude of CH1 and is the amplitude of CH2, is the frequency of CH1 and is the frequency of CH2, so is the ratio of frequencies of the two channels, and is the phase shift of CH1.


title: Lissajous curve

text: A purely mechanical application of a Lissajous curve with , is in the driving mechanism of the Mars Light type of oscillating beam lamps popular with railroads in the mid-1900s. The beam in some versions traces out a lopsided figure-8 pattern on its side.


title: Lissajous curve

text: When the input to an LTI system is sinusoidal, the output is sinusoidal with the same frequency, but it may have a different amplitude and some phase shift. Using an oscilloscope that can plot one signal against another (as opposed to one signal against time) to plot the output of an LTI system against the input to the LTI system produces an ellipse that is a Lissajous figure for the special case of . The aspect ratio of the resulting ellipse is a function of the phase shift between the input and output, with an aspect ratio of 1 (perfect circle) corresponding to a phase shift of ±90° and an aspect ratio of ∞ (a line) corresponding to a phase shift of 0° or 180°.


title: Lissajous curve

text: The figure below summarizes how the Lissajous figure changes over different phase shifts. The phase shifts are all negative so that delay semantics can be used with a causal LTI system (note that −270° is equivalent to +90°). The arrows show the direction of rotation of the Lissajous figure.


title: Lissajous curve

text: A Lissajous curve is used in experimental tests to determine if a device may be properly categorized as a memristor. It is also used to compare two different electrical signals: a known reference signal and a signal to be tested.


title: Waukesha, Wisconsin

text: Waukesha ( ) is a city in and the county seat of Waukesha County, Wisconsin, United States. It is part of the Milwaukee metropolitan area. Its population was 71,158 at the 2020 census. The city is adjacent to the Village of Waukesha.


title: Waukesha, Wisconsin

text: The area that Waukesha now encompasses was first settled by European-Americans in 1834, with Morris D. Cutler as its first settler. When the first settlers arrived, there was nothing but dense virgin forest and wild prairie. The settlers laid out farms, constructed roads, erected government buildings and established post routes.


title: Waukesha, Wisconsin

text: The original founders of Waukesha consisted entirely of settlers from New England, particularly Connecticut, rural Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine, as well some from upstate New York who were born to parents who had migrated to that region from New England shortly after the American Revolution. These people were "Yankee" settlers. In other words, they were descended from the English Puritans who settled New England in the 1600s. They were part of a wave of New England farmers who headed west into what was then the wilds of the Northwest Territory during the early 1800s. Most of them arrived as a result of the completion of the Erie Canal as well as the end of the Black Hawk War. When they arrived in what is now Waukesha County, the New Englanders laid out farms, constructed roads, erected government buildings and established post routes. They brought with them many of their Yankee New England values, such as a passion for education, establishing many schools as well as staunch support for abolitionism. They were mostly members of the Congregationalist Church though some were Episcopalian. Due to the second Great Awakening some of them had converted to Methodism and some had become Baptists before moving to what is now Waukesha County. Waukesha, like much of Wisconsin, would be culturally very continuous with early New England culture for most of its early history.


title: Waukesha, Wisconsin

text: By 1846, the area was incorporated as the Town of Prairie Village (soon changed to Prairieville). On February 8, 1847, the town changed its name to "Waukesha,". On January 10, 1852, the settled area once known as Prairieville was separated from the town of Waukesha, and incorporated as a village and in 1896, incorporated as a city. The first appointed mayor of the newly incorporated city of Waukesha was John Brehm, who served from January to April 1896. Welsh immigrants settling in Waukesha as early as the 1840s, and large numbers arrived in the late 1800s and early 1900s, when they were one of the largest ethnic groups in Waukesha. Around the same time there was also relatively large amounts of Serbian immigrants settling in Waukesha. In the late 1800s a large number of Belgian families arrived in Waukesha as well.


title: Waukesha, Wisconsin

text: "Waukesha" is thought to be an Anglicization of the Ojibwe word "Waagoshag", the plural of fox ("waagosh"), or the Potawatomi name "Wau-tsha." Wau-tsha (sometimes written as Wauk-tsha or Wauke-tsha) was the leader of the local tribe at the time of the first European settlement of the area. This is confirmed by accounts of Increase A. Lapham, an early settler and historian of the region. According to Lapham, the Algonquian word for "fox" was "pishtaka." Cutler also told visitors about Wau-tsha, who was described as "tall and athletic, proud in his bearing, dignified and friendly."


title: Waukesha, Wisconsin

text: Matthew Laflin, an early pioneer of Chicago, Illinois, provided the capital and enterprise that laid the foundation for Waukesha as a famous Wisconsin watering resort and was the proprietor of the grand resort, the Fountain Spring House. Waukesha was once known for its extremely clean and good-tasting spring water and was called a "spa town." This earned the city the nicknames "Spring City" and "Saratoga of the West."


title: Waukesha, Wisconsin

text: According to author Kristine Adams Wendt, in 1868, Colonel Richard Dunbar, a sufferer of diabetes, chanced upon the medicinal properties of what he later named the Bethesda Spring while viewing a parcel of land recently purchased by his sister. Testimonials found in a Dunbar brochure of 1873 proclaimed the miraculous benefits.


title: Waukesha, Wisconsin

text: Wendt reports that by 1872, "area newspapers carried accounts of a community ill equipped to handle its new popularity among the suffering multitudes. The semi-weekly "Wisconsin (Milwaukee)" of July 31, 1872, reported 'that fully 500 visitors are quartered in hotels and scattered in private families here, seeking benefit from the marvelous waters…'"


title: Waukesha, Wisconsin

text: The "healing waters" were so valued that a controversial attempt was made to build a pipeline between the city and Chicago so that they could be enjoyed by visitors to the 1893 Columbian Exposition. According to "Time" magazine, "[t]he scheme had been conceived by one Charles Welsh who had been given the springs by his uncle, but after several miles of pipe were laid, it was discovered that the cost was too great."


title: Waukesha, Wisconsin

text: Richard W. Sears, founder of Sears and Roebuck, may have been attracted to Waukesha by the waters. In failing health, Sears retired from business in 1908 and, according to "The New York Times", "spent his time on his great farm near Waukesha." In 1914, Sears died in Waukesha of Bright's disease, leaving an estate estimated at $20 million.


title: Waukesha, Wisconsin

text: Over the years, the natural springs have been spoiled by pollution and a number have gone dry. Water drawn from an aquifer reached radium levels exceeding federal standards.


title: Waukesha, Wisconsin

text: In 2013, Waukesha applied for permission to withdraw water from Lake Michigan. Because Waukesha is outside the lake's basin, the 2008 Great Lakes Compact makes the city ineligible to withdraw water from the lake without approval from the governors of Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin. In June, 2016, the governors approved Waukesha's application.


title: Waukesha, Wisconsin

text: One of the most important "firsts" in American sports history occurred in Waukesha on September 5, 1906, when Carroll College (now Carroll University) hosted the football team from St. Louis University. SLU halfback Bradbury Robinson threw the first legal forward pass in football history in that game. The Carroll players and local fans were stunned. The visitors went on to win 22–0.


title: Waukesha, Wisconsin

text: During the Cold War, Waukesha County was the site of three Nike Missile batteries, located in the city of Waukesha and nearby Muskego and Lannon. In the city of Waukesha, the U.S. Army and later the Wisconsin National Guard operated the command and control center from 1956 to 1970 at what is now Hillcrest Park, on Davidson Road. The missile pits existed near the corner of Cleveland Avenue and Hwy 164—first holding Ajax missiles with conventional warheads and later the nuclear equipped Hercules warhead. The Hercules provided a similar nuclear capability as that of the atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki in World War II. The Midwest Chapter of the Cold War Museum has promoted the preservation of the Hillcrest Park site as a local Cold War museum, honoring Cold War veterans and commemorating America's longest and costliest conflict.


title: Waukesha, Wisconsin

text: On May 31, 2014, two 12-year-old Waukesha girls lured their friend into the woods and stabbed her 19 times. They did this to appease a fictional online character known as Slender Man. The victim survived the attack after being found by a cyclist. The two perpetrators were found not guilty by mental disease or defect, and were sentenced to long periods in mental health institutions.


title: Waukesha, Wisconsin

text: On November 21, 2021, the driver of a red SUV drove through the Waukesha Christmas Parade during its procession through downtown Waukesha late that afternoon, killing six people and injuring 62 others.


title: Waukesha, Wisconsin

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and is water.


title: Waukesha, Wisconsin

text: As of the census of 2020, the population was 71,158. The population density was . There were 31,280 housing units at an average density of . Ethnically, the population was 14.0% Hispanic or Latino of any race. When grouping both Hispanic and non-Hispanic people together by race, the city was 78.6% White, 3.5% Black or African American, 3.4% Asian, 0.5% Native American, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 4.4% from other races, and 9.6% from two or more races.


title: Waukesha, Wisconsin

text: The 2020 census population of the city included 351 people incarcerated in adult correctional facilities and 793 people in student housing.


title: Waukesha, Wisconsin

text: According to the American Community Survey estimates for 2016-2020, the median income for a household in the city was $65,688, and the median income for a family was $84,972. Male full-time workers had a median income of $59,800 versus $43,168 for female workers. The per capita income for the city was $34,785. About 7.5% of families and 11.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.1% of those under age 18 and 6.8% of those age 65 or over. Of the population age 25 and over, 92.3% were high school graduates or higher and 38.7% had a bachelor's degree or higher.


title: Waukesha, Wisconsin

text: As of the census of 2010, there were 70,718 people, 28,295 households, and 17,506 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 29,843 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 88.1% White, 2.3% African American, 0.4% Native American, 3.5% Asian, 3.5% from other races, and 2.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 12.1% of the population.


title: Waukesha, Wisconsin

text: There were 28,295 households, of which 32.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.9% were married couples living together, 10.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 38.1% were non-families. 30.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 3.02.


title: Waukesha, Wisconsin

text: The median age in the city was 34.2 years. 23.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 10.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 30.4% were from 25 to 44; 24.7% were from 45 to 64; and 10.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.0% male and 51.0% female.


title: Waukesha, Wisconsin

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 64,825 people, 25,663 households, and 16,296 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,000.5 people per square mile (1,158.8/km). There were 26,856 housing units at an average density of 1,243.1 per square mile (480.1/km). The racial makeup of the city was 91.22% White, 1.28% African American, 0.33% Native American, 2.17% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 3.31% from other races, and 1.65% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8.58% of the population.


title: Waukesha, Wisconsin

text: There were 25,663 households, out of which 32.5% of households had children under age 18 living with them, 50.2% were married couples living together, 9.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.5% were non-families. Twenty-nine percent of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43 people and the average family size was 3.04 people.


title: Waukesha, Wisconsin

text: In the city, the population was spread out, with 24.7% under the age of 18, 10.8% from 18 to 24, 33.6% from 25 to 44, 20.2% from 45 to 64, and 10.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.8 males.


title: Waukesha, Wisconsin

text: The median income for a household in the city was $50,084, and the median income for a family was $60,841. Males had a median income of $40,743 versus $29,279 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,242. About 3.0% of families and 5.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.0% of those under age 18 and 5.9% of those age 65 or over.


title: Waukesha, Wisconsin

text: According to Waukesha's 2017 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are:


title: Waukesha, Wisconsin

text: Private schools include Mt. Calvary Lutheran School (Pre-K–8) and Trinity Lutheran School (Pre-K–8) of the WELS.


title: Waukesha, Wisconsin

text: Located on the city's northwest side, the University of Wisconsin–Waukesha, part of the UW System, offers two-year associate degrees. Students have the option of transferring to four-year institutions to complete their undergraduate education. Waukesha County Technical College has a campus located in the downtown area. Waukesha is home to Carroll University, a private Presbyterian university. Opened in 1846, it is the oldest college in the state.


title: Waukesha, Wisconsin

text: One of the two New Tribes Bible Institute campuses within the United States is located on a large hill in central Waukesha. Operated by New Tribes Mission, the school doubles as the first part of a four-year missionary training program, which includes field training in the U.S.


title: Smino

text: Christopher Bjorn Smith Jr. (born October 2, 1991), better known by his stage name Smino, is an American rapper and singer. At 11 years old, Smino wrote his first song which was dedicated to his cousin who died due to gun violence. Smino is the founder of the musical collective Zero Fatigue with Bari, Monte Booker, Jay2, and Ravyn Lenae. He is a member of the hip-hop supergroup Zoink Gang, with JID, Buddy and Guapdad 4000. He is also one third of the supergroup Ghetto Sage, with Saba and Noname. Smino is signed to Downtown Records and Interscope.


title: Smino

text: Smino initially gained local recognition in 2012 where he released a mixtape called "Smeezy Dot Com", and a collaboration mixtape with Bari called "Retail". In 2015, he released two EPs: "S!Ck S!Ck S!Ck" and "blkjuptr". His debut studio album "blkswn" was released to critical acclaim on March 14, 2017. His second studio album, "NØIR", was released on November 8, 2018. His third studio album, "Luv 4 Rent" was released on October 28, 2022.


title: Smino

text: Christopher Smith Jr. was born into a musical family in St. Louis, Missouri: his father played keys, his mother sang, and his grandfather played bass guitar for Blues Hall of Fame musician Muddy Waters. Both his father and grandfather were given opportunities to take their music far, but they gave up their success to be with their families. When he was seven, his father gave him a set of drums, which he played in his church's band, and also began singing. Smino graduated from Hazelwood Central High School in 2010. A surburban high school located in Florissant, Missouri. He later moved to Chicago, Illinois for college under the wing of his older cousin, singer Drea Smith.


title: Smino

text: Between 2009 and 2013, Smino went by the stage name C. Smi, and was in a rap duo with his friend Bari Allen called "Young Dumb and Outta Control" (YDOC), where they released three mixtapes including "Retail". As they started to gain popularity locally, Smino released his first solo mixtape, "Smeezy Dot Com" in 2012 and moved back to Chicago. At Columbia College Chicago, he met engineer Chris "Classick" Inumerable, who became his manager.


title: Smino

text: On October 2, 2015, Smino released his first EP, "S!Ck S!Ck S!Ck". On December 11, 2015, he released his second EP titled "Blkjuptr".


title: Smino

text: On July 31, 2016, Smino appeared on Noname's mixtape, "Telefone", with Saba and Phoelix on the track "Shadow Man". In the fall of 2016, Smino was alongside Mick Jenkins on the A Quest For Love Tour. On October 27, he made another guest appearance on "Bucket List Project" on the song "World in My Hands".


title: Smino

text: On December 2, 2016, Smino released the title track to serve as the first single from his debut album, "blkswn", which was released on March 14, 2017. The release date holds a special significance to Smino because 314 is the area code of his hometown. The album includes guest appearances from Ravyn Lenae, Bari, Noname, theMIND, Jay2, Via Rosa, Drea Smith, and Akenya, with production coming from Monte Booker, THEMpeople, Sango, Phoelix, and J. Bird.


title: Smino

text: Following the album's release, he headlined in his month-long Swanita Tour, which included 22 dates with guests Monte Booker, Jay2, Bari, and Jean Deaux. On July 6, it was announced that Smino and Ravyn Lenae will be opening for SZA on The CTRL Tour. He later released music videos for "Anita", "Netflix & Dusse", and "Wild Irish Roses". During October, he was opening act for T-Pain on his Acoustic Tour, who appeared on the remix for "Anita".


title: Smino

text: In April 2018, he and Monte Booker co-headlined the Kouple Drillz Tour which included shows in Asia and Australia. On May 17, he released a single called "New Coupe, Who Dis?" featuring Mick Jenkins. He also appeared on some of his frequent collaborative producers tracks, Cam O'Bi on "TenderHeaded", Phoelix on "Taranphoeno", and Sango on "Khlorine". On July 9, he released a remix to Drake's "In My Feelings", and a track called "Coupe Se' Yern" produced by himself.


title: Smino

text: On October 26, 2018, Smino released a single titled "L.M.F." produced by Sango, accompanied by a music video. Smino released the album's second single titled "Klink" on November 4, announcing it via an Instagram post. His second album, "NØIR", was released on November 8. The album includes guest appearances from Zero Fatigue members, Bari, Jay2, and Ravyn Lenae, as well as Dreezy, and Valee. The production came from himself, Monte Booker, THEMpeople, Sango, Phoelix, KRS, Al B Smoov, and Da-P. In 2019, Smino announced the Hoopti Tour, which included 33 shows in England, the United States, and Canada. Supporting acts for the tour will be EarthGang and Phoelix. On April 3, 2019, Smino released the music video for "Z4L", directed by Ev Solomon and produced by AJR Films, with clips of backstage footage on tour.


title: Smino

text: Following the success of "NØIR", Smino was invited to participate in the recording sessions for "Revenge of the Dreamers III", a collaborative album released by Dreamville Records in July 2019. On the original release of the album, he was featured on "1993", "Sacrifices", and "Oh Wow...Swerve" as a member of Zoink Gang. When the album's Director's Cut edition was released, Smino was featured on two additional tracks: "Spin Move" and "Passcode". In August 2019, Smino appeared with Saba, Earthgang, and J. Cole in the music video for "Sacrifices", which has amassed almost 20 million views as of March 2021.


title: Smino

text: On October 17, 2019, he announced the supergroup Ghetto Sage with Saba and Noname, releasing a single titled "Häagen Dazs". On October 25, he released the single "Trina", produced by Kenny Beats and Lido. On December 23, he released a two-song EP titled "High 4 Da Highladays". Throughout the year, he colloborated with many artists such as Chance the Rapper, Cousin Stizz, SiR, and Doja Cat.


title: Smino

text: In February 2020, Smino announced the completion of his third studio album. On March 14, he released the song "Tempo" produced by VZN. On April 20, 2020, Smino released the mixtape "She Already Decided", which includes guest appearances from Sevyn Streeter, T-Pain, Bari, and Rizz Capolatti. Production on the mixtape came from Groove, Kal Banx, VZN, and Phoelix among others. In August 2020, Smino was featured on the soundtrack to the "Madden NFL 21" game, on the song "Backstage Pass", alongside Monte Booker and The Drums. Smino made further collaborations in 2020 appearing on songs with JID, Ari Lennox, and Thundercat.


title: Smino

text: On January 18, 2021, Smino released the song "MLK Dr" in honor of Martin Luther King, Jr. Day. On May 18, Smino released the single "Rice & Gravy" with Monte Booker. The single was also performed on Colors Studio on May 24. He appeared on guest verses throughout 2021 including "Claymore" by Isaiah Rashad, "Right Track" by Syd and "Louie Bag" by Yebba. On November 11, Smino released the single "I Deserve" featuring NOS. On November 16, Smino announced he signed a new record deal with Motown in partnership with his independent label Zero Fatigue.


title: Smino

text: On December 7, 2021, Smino debuted a series with Issa Rae Productions on YouTube Originals titled "What Say What?!". On the first episode, he announced the title of his third studio album, "Luv 4 Rent", while performing "I Deserve" and an unreleased song called "Black Luv Ain't Dead".


title: Smino

text: On September 30, 2022, he released the first official single from the album, "90 Proof" with J. Cole. On October 21, he released the second single, "Matinee", while also revealing the album's tracklist. "Luv 4 Rent" was released on October 28, 2022. The album includes guest appearances from J. Cole, Doechii, Fatman Scoop, Cruza, Lucky Daye, Phoelix, Cory Henry, Ravyn Lenae, Lil Uzi Vert and Reggie.


title: Smino

text: In January 2021, Smino found out that he is related to Florida rapper Denzel Curry through the discovery of a shared uncle. In November of 2020, Smino and Ebonee Davis, who's a model and activist, have been reported as dating. Sources say that they are still together and are open about their relationship on social media.


title: Smino

text: Smino describes his sound as futuristic funk and soulful rap and tends to call his style "ratchet romance". He grew up listening to a lot of jazz, gospel, and hip hop, including Busta Rhymes, Ludacris, Nelly, Bone Thugs-n-Harmony and Field Mob. Smino names rappers Kanye West, André 3000 and Lil Wayne as his biggest musical influences, as well as his cousin, Drea Smith. In an interview with "Pitchfork" he stated, "I grew up in the church, so it was a bunch of gospel along with Musiq Soulchild, Em, T-Pain—just a bunch of soulful dudes that are country. My first favorite rapper was Ludacris."


title: Smino

text: Scott Glaysher of "Exclaim!" described his music is a "mix of smart rapping and crowd-pleasing, futuristic R&B grooves." Jay Balfour from "Pitchfork" said he focuses "on his incredibly versatile voice within a warm palette of sludgy R&B and neo-funk" and "throws a million different voices into the mix." "Rolling Stone" said "his rap makes room for southern R&B and imperfect harmony singing; the drums are inevitably cooled out, like nth-wave neo soul."


title: Smino

text: Smino is a founder and part of a musical collective and record label called Zero Fatigue with Monte Booker, Jay2, Bari, Ravyn Lenae, Elton "L10MixedIt" Chueng, Chris "Classick" Innumerable, and Nosidam. The collective's origins began when Smino met Classick at Columbia College Chicago, who owned a recording studio in his house in Chicago and later became his manager. Interning for Classick, engineer and mixer L10MixedIt Chueng met Smino in that studio where they began working together. Unofficial members and affiliates of the collective include Jean Deaux, Drea Smith, Phoelix, & JayBaby TheGreaty.


title: Smino

text: Kribmas is an annual Christmas concert and fundraising event hosted by Smino in his hometown of St. Louis, Missouri, which began in 2016. Ymani Wince wrote about the event saying, "Kribmas is more than just Smino's homecoming weekend; the rapper's team employs local photographers, videographers, stylists, businesses and artists to put each element of the show together."


title: Smino

text: On April 5, 2018, Smino unveiled his design of satin-lined hoodies called "Silk Pillows", named after his song of the same name. After it went viral on the internet, he explained the design addresses the problem of waking up with messy or damaged hair.


title: Sukhwinder Singh

text: Sukhwinder Singh (born 18 July 1971) is an internationally acclaimed Indian playback singer who primarily sings Bollywood songs. He is famous internationally for singing "Jai Ho" from the film "Slumdog Millionaire" which won an Academy Award for Best Original Song and a Grammy Award for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media.


title: Sukhwinder Singh

text: One of his most famous songs is "Chaiyya Chaiyya" from Mani Ratnam's 1998 film "Dil Se..", was composed by A. R. Rahman, written by Gulzar, and sung in duet with Sapna Awasthi.


title: Sukhwinder Singh

text: Sukhwinder Singh hails from hathi gate in bhatti family Amritsar, Punjab. He released a Punjabi album called "Munda Southhall Da" with T. Singh, joined Laxmikant–Pyarelal’s troupe, and quickly became a music arranger before heading to South India to look for work, wherein, he sang for the Tamil film "Ratchagan".


title: Sukhwinder Singh

text: Singh got his first Bollywood break with the song "Aaja Sanam" in the film named "Khilaaf". But he realised that something was missing in his voice, so he took a sabbatical and left Mumbai to tour England and America to see, hear, and understand various forms of music. After this broadening of his musical horizons, he returned to Mumbai to kick-start his musical career.


title: Sukhwinder Singh

text: His first effort in Hindi films, "Aaja Sanam", went largely unnoticed even though the music carried the names of Laxmikant–Pyarelal. Then for "Dil Se..", A. R. Rahman used Sukhwinder for "Chaiyya Chaiyya".


title: Sukhwinder Singh

text: He has been well received for providing playback singing for Bollywood actor Shahrukh Khan in a total of 7 songs. Of these, "Chaiyya Chaiyya" from "Dil Se..", "Dard-E-Disco" from "Om Shanti Om", "Chak De India" from "Chak De! India", "Haule Haule" from "Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi", "Marjaani" from "Billu", "Satakali" from "Happy New Year", and "Udi Udi Jaye" from "Raees" have become certified hits.


title: Sukhwinder Singh

text: In June 2014, he participated in the seventh season of "Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa". Sukhwinder has his brothers also Shanker Bhatti, Rinkuu Bhatti and two more.


title: Sukhwinder Singh

text: Sukhwinder Singh won the Filmfare Best Male Playback Award for songs "Chaiyya Chaiyya" from the movie "Dil Se.." and for the song "Haule Haule" from the movie "Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi"


title: Sukhwinder Singh

text: Sukhwinder Singh's song "Jai Ho", won him international acclaim when it won the Academy Award for Best Original Song. The same song also won the Grammy Award for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media in 2010.


title: Sukhwinder Singh

text: He has been awarded the National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer at the 62nd National Film Awards for his rendition in the 2014 film "Haider" composed by Vishal Bhardwaj.


title: Malwarebytes (software)

text: Malwarebytes (formerly Malwarebytes Anti-Malware, abbreviated as MBAM) is an anti-malware software for Microsoft Windows, macOS, ChromeOS, Android, and iOS that finds and removes malware. Made by Malwarebytes Corporation, it was first released in January 2006. It is available in a free version, which scans for and removes malware when started manually, and a paid version, which additionally provides scheduled scans, real-time protection and a flash-memory scanner.


title: Malwarebytes (software)

text: Malwarebytes is primarily a scanner that scans and removes malicious software, including rogue security software, adware, and spyware. Malwarebytes scans in batch mode, rather than scanning all files opened, reducing interference if another on-demand anti-malware software is also running on the computer.


title: Malwarebytes (software)

text: Malwarebytes is available in both a free and a paid version. The free version can be run manually by the user when desired, whereas the paid version can perform scheduled scans, automatically scan files when opened, block IP addresses of malicious web sites, and scan only those services, programs and device drivers that are currently in use.


title: Malwarebytes (software)

text: On February 2, 2016, Project Zero discovered four vulnerabilities in the Malwarebytes flagship product, including lack of server-side encryption for update files and lack of proper payload signing within encrypted data; the combination of which allowed an attacker to recompile the encrypted payload with exploits. Malwarebytes responded one day before disclosure in a blog article detailing the extreme difficulty in executing these attacks, as well as revealing that the announced server-side and encryption issues were resolved within days of private disclosure and were not outstanding at the time Project Zero published their research. Malwarebytes also published information on how to protect current users until a patch was released. This event also resulted in the establishment of a formal bug bounty program by Malwarebytes, which offers up to $1000 per disclosure , depending on severity and exploitability.


title: Malwarebytes (software)

text: On November 2, 2009, Malwarebytes accused IObit, a Chinese company that offers similar products, of incorporating the database of Malwarebytes Anti-Malware (and several products from other vendors, which were not named) into its security software IObit Security 360. IObit denied the accusation and stated that the database is based on user submissions, and sometimes the same signature names that are in Malwarebytes get placed into the results. They said that they did not have time to filter out the signature names that are similar to Malwarebytes. IObit also stated that Malwarebytes did not have convincing proof, and declared that the databases were not stolen. After the declaration from IObit, Malwarebytes replied that they are not convinced of the argument from IObit. Malwarebytes claims to have served DMCA infringement notices against CNET, Download.com and Majorgeeks in order to have the download sites remove the IObit software. IObit said that as of version 1.3, their database has been updated to address those accusations of intellectual property theft made earlier by Malwarebytes.


title: Pee Wee Reese

text: Harold Peter Henry "Pee Wee" Reese (July 23, 1918 – August 14, 1999) was an American professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball as a shortstop for the Brooklyn / Los Angeles Dodgers from 1940 to 1958. A ten-time All-Star, Reese contributed to seven National League championships for the Dodgers and was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1984. Reese is also famous for his support of his teammate Jackie Robinson, the first black player in the major leagues' modern era, especially in Robinson's difficult first years.


title: Pee Wee Reese

text: Reese's nickname originated in his childhood, as he was a champion marbles player (a "pee wee" is a small marble). Reese was born in Ekron, Meade County, Kentucky, and raised there until he was nearly eight years old, when his family moved to Louisville. In high school, Reese was so small that he did not play baseball until his senior year, at which time he weighed only 120 pounds and played just six games as a second baseman. He graduated from duPont Manual High School in 1935, where he played for a legendary HS coach, Ralph Kimmel. He worked as a cable splicer for the Louisville phone company, only playing amateur baseball in a church league. When Reese's team reached the league championship, the minor league Louisville Colonels allowed them to play the championship game on their field. Reese impressed Colonels owner Cap Neal, who signed him to a contract for a $200 bonus. While playing for the Colonels, he was affectionately referred to by his teammates as "The Little Colonel."


title: Pee Wee Reese

text: By 1938, Reese was the Colonels' regular shortstop and one of the top prospects in the minors, and so impressed Boston Red Sox farm director Billy Evans that he recommended the Red Sox buy the team. Evans and owner Tom Yawkey both knew that the Red Sox' regular shortstop, Joe Cronin, was nearing the end of his career.


title: Pee Wee Reese

text: However, Cronin was also the Red Sox' manager, and still thought of himself as a regular shortstop. When Yawkey sent Cronin to Louisville to scout Reese, Cronin realized that he was scouting his own replacement. Cronin deliberately downplayed Reese's talent and suggested Reese be traded. It took a while to find a buyer, since the other teams assumed something had to be wrong with Reese if the Red Sox wanted to get rid of him. However, on July 18, 1939, Reese was sent to Brooklyn for $35,000 and four players to be named later. This trade is now considered one of the most lopsided deals in baseball history. As it turned out, Cronin was only a part-time player after 1941.


title: Pee Wee Reese

text: Reese stayed in Louisville for the rest of the 1939 season, and was called up to Brooklyn in time for the 1940 season. In an ironic twist, he walked into a situation where his manager was also the regular shortstop—in this case, Leo Durocher. Unlike Cronin, however, Durocher was willing to give up his spot in the lineup to Reese.


title: Pee Wee Reese

text: Reese's rookie season in 1940 was curtailed by a broken heel bone that limited him to 84 games in what had looked to be a promising season (.272 batting average with 58 runs scored). He had a thrilling moment that year, hitting a grand slam in the bottom of the ninth inning to beat the New York Giants. In 1941, he hit .229 and led the league with 47 errors. Even playing in the World Series that year was a forgettable experience for Reese, as he batted .200 and made three errors in the five-game Yankee win. It was in the 1942 campaign that he truly established himself, making the National League All-Star team for the first of ten consecutive years and leading National League shortstops in both putouts and assists.


title: Pee Wee Reese

text: Like many players of his era, he missed three seasons due to military service. Reese enlisted in the United States Navy in 1943 and shipped out to fight in the Pacific theater of World War II. While Reese was in the service, the Dodgers languished, finishing no better than third place and as poorly as 42 games out (in seventh place) in 1943. Upon his return in 1946, Reese immediately righted the ship as the Dodgers battled the St. Louis Cardinals in a tight pennant race. The two teams ended the season tied for first place and met in the 1946 National League tie-breaker series. It was the first playoff tiebreaker in Major League Baseball history. The Cardinals won the first two games of the best-of-three-game series to capture the National League pennant.


title: Pee Wee Reese

text: Reese was a strong supporter and a good friend of the first black Major League Baseball player, Jackie Robinson. He was serving a stint in the Navy when the news of Robinson's signing came. Although he had little or no experience interacting with minorities—according to Reese, his meeting Robinson marked the first time in his life that he had shaken hands with a black man — he had no particular prejudices, either. It is reported that his father had made him starkly aware of racial injustice by showing him a tree where a lynching had occurred. The modest Reese, who typically downplayed his pioneering role in helping to ease the breaking of the 60-year-old color line, said that his primary concern with regard to Robinson's arrival was the possibility of Reese losing his shortstop job. Robinson was assigned to play as the team's first baseman, and Reese retained his position.


title: Pee Wee Reese

text: In 1947, some Dodgers players began circulating a petition when word spread that Brooklyn intended to bring Jackie Robinson up from their farm team in Montreal. The players assumed that Reese, who grew up in Louisville, Kentucky, would sign. According to sportswriter Roger Kahn, who later became close friends with Reese, the petition essentially said, "If you bring up the nigger, trade us. We won't play." However, the popular Reese refused to sign the petition and it died.When a sportswriter asked Reese if he was threatened by Robinson taking his position of shortstop, Reese simply responded, "If he can take my job, he's entitled to it."


title: Pee Wee Reese

text: Reese was one of the few welcoming to Robinson, who endured horrible abuse from the crowds and fellow players, including pitchers who threw directly at his head and players who berated him with racial slurs. After spending a day with the Dodgers in 1947, sportswriter Jimmy Cannon concluded that, "Robinson is the loneliest man I have ever seen in sports."


title: Pee Wee Reese

text: When Robinson joined the Dodgers in 1947 and traveled with them during their first road trip, he was heckled by fans in Cincinnati. During pre-game infield practice at Crosley Field (the then-home of the Cincinnati Reds), Reese, the captain of the team, went over to Robinson, engaged him in conversation, and put his arm around his shoulder in a gesture of support that silenced the crowd. (According to a 2013 article on ESPN, Brian Cronin argues that the incident actually occurred in 1948 in Boston.)


title: Pee Wee Reese

text: In response to Dodgers teammate Pete Reiser's comment about how democracy technically means that everybody's equal, Reese said "Well that's true, but Jackie is catching special hell because he's the only Black player. Maybe we ought to do something to make it more equal.” According to American journalist Lester Rodney, the moment of solidarity between Robinson and Reese in Cincinnati sparked a gradual decline in vile fan behavior by 1948. Rodney accounts, "You began to get that feeling that the racists knew they were in the minority, and they may still be racist to the core but at least their mouths were shut! And you never heard them again."


title: Pee Wee Reese

text: The gesture is depicted in a bronze sculpture of Reese and Robinson, created by sculptor William Behrends, which was placed at MCU Park in Brooklyn and unveiled on November 1, 2005. In a 2005 article, "New York Times" columnist Bob Herbert highlighted Kahn's statement that Reese's gesture to Jackie Robinson is "Baseball's finest moment."


title: Pee Wee Reese

text: Throughout that difficult first year in the major leagues, Reese helped keep Robinson's morale up amid all the abuse. As the 1947 season wore on, there was tacit acceptance of the fact that blacks were now playing big league ball and were probably there to stay. Reese became good friends with Robinson and was able to use humor to alleviate some of the tension and make Robinson laugh. Robinson still got pitches thrown at him, but, as Reese recounted to Kahn, "I told him, 'You know Jack, some of these guys are throwing at you because you're black. But others are doing it just because they plain don't like you.' His role in nurturing Jackie Robinson aside, 1947 was a superb year for Reese, as he batted .284 with a league-leading 104 walks. He also had a career best slugging average of .426. Their rapport soon led shortstop Reese and second baseman Robinson to become one of the most effective defensive pairs in the sport's history. The friendship between Reese and Robinson is prominent in Roger Kahn's classic 1972 work, "The Boys of Summer".


title: Pee Wee Reese

text: In 1949, Reese had his only league lead in a significant batting category, topping all National Leaguers with 132 runs scored. The Dodgers won the pennant again that year, but the Yankees continued to dominate in the World Series, winning in five games despite Reese's .316 Series average and team-leading five hits.


title: Pee Wee Reese

text: Reese became the Dodgers' team captain in 1950. In 1951, he had his career high in RBI, with 84. In 1952, he led the National League in stolen bases with 30. That year, Reese had his best Series, batting .345 with 10 hits, one home run and four RBI. In Game 3, Robinson and Reese pulled off a double steal; both later scored on a passed ball.


title: Pee Wee Reese

text: The 1953 Dodgers won the National League pennant with a mark of 105–49 for a .682 winning percentage. Reese was a mainstay for the team, with 108 runs scored and a .271 batting average. The Yankees, however, again defeated the Dodgers in the 1953 World Series, four games to two. After the season, the Dodgers offered Reese the position of manager; when Reese declined the promotion, the Dodgers hired Walter Alston, who remained manager for more than two decades.


title: Pee Wee Reese

text: In 1954, Reese batted .309, the only season he hit over .300. Though 36 years old, he was still going strong during the 1955 season, scoring 99 runs. In that year, the Dodgers won their first World Series. Reese had two RBI in Game 2. In Game 7, he singled and scored an insurance run. While on the field, he doubled Gil McDougald off first base after Sandy Amorós made a sensational catch of a Yogi Berra fly ball in left field and relayed the throw to Reese to help preserve the victory.


title: Pee Wee Reese

text: In 1957, Reese yielded his starting role to another black ballplayer, Charlie Neal. As the Dodgers moved west in 1958, Reese joined them as a backup infielder, retiring that year after batting .224 in 59 games. He coached for the Dodgers in the 1959 season, earning a second World Series ring.


title: Pee Wee Reese

text: In a 16-year major league career, Reese played in 2,166 games, accumulating 2,170 hits in 8,058 at bats for a .269 career batting average along with 126 home runs, 885 runs batted in and an on-base percentage of .366. He retired with a .962 fielding percentage. In 44 World Series games, he batted .272 (46-for-169) with 20 runs, 2 home runs and 16 RBI.


title: Pee Wee Reese

text: Other than his Navy time between 1943 and 1945, Reese had no breaks in service and played at least 140 games in every year from 1941 to 1956. Consistently productive, he scored at least 75 runs from 1942 through 1956 and amassed 1,338 lifetime, best of any Dodger. Though he never won a Most Valuable Player Award, eight times he ranked in the top ten of the Most Valuable Player Award balloting. He also was a home run threat during a time when shortstops seldom hit home runs. Reese amassed 252 stolen bases in a period when steals were not an integral part of the game. Defensively, he was an outstanding gloveman, leading National League shortstops four times in putouts and ranking in the top 10 all-time in putouts and double plays.


title: Pee Wee Reese

text: One of the most popular players with both his teammates and the fans, the "Little Colonel" was the Dodgers' team captain, and he, not the manager, brought out the line-up card at the start of their games. Reese and Elston Howard have the dubious distinction of playing on the most losing World Series teams (six each). Reese's only World Series win as a player, with the Dodgers in the 1955 World Series, occurred against Howard's New York Yankees during Howard's first World Series. No other non-Yankee ballplayer has appeared in that many World Series for the same team.


title: Pee Wee Reese

text: Following his retirement as a player, Reese enjoyed considerable success as a baseball play-by-play announcer and color commentator. He called "Game of the Week" telecasts on CBS from 1960 to 1965 (with Dizzy Dean) and for NBC from 1966 to 1968 (with Curt Gowdy). Reese also broadcast the 1967 and 1968 World Series for NBC Radio, called Cincinnati Reds telecasts in 1969–1970, and served as a part-time television analyst for the Montreal Expos in 1972.


title: Pee Wee Reese

text: In his later years, Reese was employed at Hillerich & Bradsby, makers of Louisville Slugger baseball bats. He battled prostate and lung cancer during the final years of his life, and died on August 14, 1999, at his Louisville home. He is interred at Resthaven Memorial Park Cemetery in Louisville.


title: Pee Wee Reese

text: In 1984, Reese was inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum along with Rick Ferrell. On his entry, his support of Jackie Robinson was cited as well as his playing performance as a testament to his worthiness of the Hall.


title: Pee Wee Reese

text: A statue of Reese was erected in front of the main entrance of Louisville Slugger Field in 2000 and his number was retired by the Louisville Bats.


title: Pee Wee Reese

text: A statue of Reese and Jackie Robinson was erected in Brooklyn, New York in November 2005, in front of KeySpan Park (now MCU Park) where the Mets (minor league) Class A Cyclones play. Their widows both attended the ceremony for the statue which memorializes the gesture of Reese and his teammates overcoming the racial barrier.


title: Pee Wee Reese

text: Reese was presented with the "SABR Hero of Baseball Award" at the Society for American Baseball Research's June 1997 national convention at Louisville, Kentucky.


title: Pee Wee Reese

text: In 2013, the Bob Feller Act of Valor Award honored Reese as one of 37 Baseball Hall of Fame members for his service in the United States Navy during World War II.


title: Pee Wee Reese

text: Reese married Dorothy "Dottie" Walton on March 29, 1942; she outlived him by nearly 13 years. They had two children. Dottie died on March 7, 2012, just 22 days away from what would have been the couple's Platinum wedding anniversary. His son, Mark, has made sports documentaries in Los Angeles over the past 25 years.


title: Shikigami

text: "Shikigami" are conjured beings, made alive through a complex conjuring ceremony. Their power is connected to the spiritual force of their master, where if the invoker is well introduced and has much experience, their "shiki" can possess animals and even people and manipulate them, but if the invoker is careless, their "shikigami" may get out of control in time, gaining its own will and consciousness and can even raid its own master and kill them in revenge. Usually "shikigami" are conjured to exercise risky orders for their masters, such as spying, stealing and enemy tracking. "Shikigami" are said to be invisible most of the time, but they can be made visible by binding them into small, folded and artfully cut paper manikins. There are also "shikigami" that can show themselves as animals.


title: Shikigami

text: In the "Izanagi-ryū" () folk religion, the most elite "onmyōji" could also conjure an exceptionally powerful type of "shikigami" called a "shikiōji" () to ward off disasters or demons that cause sickness. Regular mystics could not attempt to summon it without risking losing control of it due to its oni-like nature.


title: Sumedh Mudgalkar

text: Sumedh Mudgalkar (born 2 November 1996) is an Indian film and television actor, as well as a dancer. He is best known for his work as Shushim in "Chakravartin Ashoka Samrat" and as Lord Krishna in "RadhaKrishn."


title: Sumedh Mudgalkar

text: He made his dance debut on a Marathi reality show, "Dance Maharashtra Dance", in 2012 at the age of 15 and was one of the finalists. He appeared in "Dance India Dance (Season 4)" in 2013, where he reached the finals, finishing as 3rd runner-up.


title: Sumedh Mudgalkar

text: Mudgalkar made his acting debut in Channel V’s "Dil Dosti Dance", a dance-based youth show where he portrayed the role of Raghavendra "Raghav" Pratap Singh. Then he became known for portraying the main antagonist Yuvraj Sushim in the Indian historical drama "Chakravartin Ashoka Samrat".


title: Sumedh Mudgalkar

text: Sumedh next moved to the Marathi film industry with a cameo in the 2016 film "Ventilator" as Karan. He then appeared in "Manjha", which was his first film as a main antagonist as well as lead actor, in which he portrayed the role of a psychopath named Vicky. In 2018, he played the role of Salil in "Bucket List". Recently, he has also been shooting for the Marathi film "Mann Yedyagat Zaala".


title: Sumedh Mudgalkar

text: Since 2018, he has been playing the role of Lord Krishna, Lord Vishnu and Lord Rama in Swastik Productions' television series "RadhaKrishn" which started on 1 October on Star Bharat opposite Mallika Singh. In 2018, he featured in the Marathi music video "Bekhabar Kashi Tu" opposite Sanskruti Balgude. In 2021, he reprised his role of Lord Vishnu along with Mallika Singh and Basant Bhatt in RadhaKrishn's prequel series "Jai Kanhaiya Lal Ki" which also aired on Star Bharat and ended in July 2022.


title: Sumedh Mudgalkar

text: In 2022 he featured as Darkie in Disney+ Hotstar's web series "Escaype Live" produced by Siddharth Kumar Tewary under Swastik Productions.


title: Sumedh Mudgalkar

text: He was ranked in "The Times of India"'s "Most Desirable Men of Maharashtra" at No. 17 in 2018, at No.15 in 2019, and at No. 6 in 2020.


title: Hal Ashby

text: William Hal Ashby (September 2, 1929 – December 27, 1988) was an American film director and editor associated with the New Hollywood wave of filmmaking.


title: Hal Ashby

text: Before his career as a director Ashby edited films for Norman Jewison, notably "The Russians Are Coming, the Russians Are Coming" (1966), which earned Ashby an Oscar nomination for Best Editing, and "In the Heat of the Night" (1967), which earned him his only Oscar for the same category.


title: Hal Ashby

text: Ashby received a third Oscar nomination, this time for Best Director for "Coming Home" (1978). Other films directed by Ashby include "The Landlord" (1970), "Harold and Maude" (1971), "The Last Detail" (1973), "Shampoo" (1975), "Bound for Glory" (1976), and "Being There" (1979).


title: Hal Ashby

text: Ashby was born September 2, 1929, in Ogden, Utah, the youngest of four siblings born to Mormon parents Eileen Ireta (née Hetzler) and James Thomas Ashby, a dairy farm owner. Ashby's parents divorced in 1936, after which his father remarried.


title: Hal Ashby

text: Following the divorce, Ashby and his siblings lived with their mother, briefly in Logan, Utah, before relocating to Portland, Oregon, where his elder brother took a job in the timber industry. His mother, a cooking enthusiast, opened a restaurant in Portland. After several years in Portland, the family returned to Ogden, where Ashby primarily lived with his father. When Ashby was 12 years old, his father committed suicide.


title: Hal Ashby

text: Ashby subsequently dropped out of high school. Ashby-approved studio biographies concealed this, falsely stating that he graduated from Utah State University (situated in nearby Logan, Utah) to ensure he fit into the social milieu of college-educated peers like Francis Ford Coppola and Martin Scorsese. Ashby was married and divorced by the time he was 19.


title: Hal Ashby

text: As Ashby was entering adult life, he moved from Utah to Los Angeles, California, where he pursued a bohemian lifestyle and ultimately became an assistant film editor through a long apprenticeship. His career gained momentum when he served as the editor of "The Loved One" (1965), an adaptation of the Evelyn Waugh novel that involved such New Hollywood contemporaries as screenwriter Terry Southern and cinematographer Haskell Wexler. After being nominated for the Academy Award for Film Editing in 1967 for "The Russians Are Coming, the Russians Are Coming", his big break occurred one year later when he won the award for "In the Heat of the Night". Ashby often stated that the practice of editing provided him with the best filmmaking background outside traditional university study and he carried the techniques learned as an editor with him when he began directing.


title: Hal Ashby

text: At the urging of mentor Norman Jewison, Ashby directed his first film, "The Landlord"—an early rumination on the social dynamics of gentrification in Park Slope, Brooklyn—in 1970. While his birth date placed him within the Silent Generation, the filmmaker (who had been a habitual marijuana smoker since 1950) eagerly embraced the hippie lifestyle, adopting vegetarianism and growing his hair long before it became "de rigueur".


title: Hal Ashby

text: Over the next ten years, Ashby directed several acclaimed and popular films, many were about outsiders and adventurers traversing the pathways of life. They included the off-beat romance "Harold and Maude" (1971), "The Last Detail" (1973), and the social satire "Being There" (1979), with Peter Sellers, giving the star a well-received role after many felt he had lapsed into self-parody. His most significant commercial success was "Shampoo" (1975), a collaboration with Warren Beatty and Robert Towne that satirized late-1960s sexual and social mores through the life of a hairdresser modeled after such contemporaneous figures as Jay Sebring and Jon Peters. "Bound for Glory" (1976), a muted biography of Woody Guthrie starring David Carradine, was the first film to utilize the Steadicam. In June 1973, Ashby was hired to direct "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest", though he would be replaced by Miloš Forman before filming started.


title: Hal Ashby

text: Aside from "Shampoo", Ashby's most commercially successful film was the Vietnam War drama "Coming Home" (1978). Starring Jane Fonda and Jon Voight, both in Academy Award-winning performances, it was for this film that Ashby earned his only Best Director nomination from the Academy. Arriving in the post-"Jaws" and "Star Wars" era, "Coming Home" was one of the last films to encapsulate the modestly budgeted, socially realistic ethos of the New Hollywood era, earning nearly $15 million in returns and rentals on a $3 million budget.


title: Hal Ashby

text: Because of his critical success and dependable profitability, shortly after the success of "Coming Home", Ashby was able to form a production company, Northstar, under the auspices of Lorimar. After "Being There", Ashby became more reclusive, often retreating to his home in Malibu Colony, a gated enclave in the city. Later, it was widely rumored in a likely whisper campaign from Lorimar (whose executives clashed with the director) that Ashby had become dependent upon cocaine, a drug that he only used intermittently after the production of "Bound for Glory". As a consequence of these rumors, he slowly became unemployable. Eva Gardos, an editor who worked with Ashby during the period, has asserted that his drug intake remained largely confined to marijuana and psilocybin.


title: Hal Ashby

text: Following "Being There", Ashby was provisionally set to reunite with Sellers and Terry Southern on "Grossing Out", a black comedy inspired by the actor's chance meeting with an international arms dealer on an airplane. Although Southern (who had not had a screenplay go to production in a decade) was rejuvenated by the prospect of working with the duo and produced a script that was said to be on par with his 1960s oeuvre, the project went into development hell after Sellers' sudden death from a heart attack in July 1980.


title: Hal Ashby

text: During this period, the productions of "Second-Hand Hearts" and "Lookin' to Get Out" —the latter a Las Vegas caper that reunited him with Voight and featured Voight's young daughter, Angelina Jolie—was plagued by the increasingly strained relationship between Ashby and Lorimar. Filmed in 1979, "Second-Hand Hearts" only received a poorly reviewed limited release in 1981 before being pulled from circulation for nearly thirty years. Belatedly released in October 1982, "Lookin' to Get Out" earned a little under $1 million in returns and rentals on an estimated $17 million budget. During this period, Lorimar executives grew less tolerant of his increasingly perfectionist production (811,000 feet of film were used shooting "Lookin' to Get Out") and editing techniques; a montage in the latter film set to The Police's "Message in a Bottle" took six months to perfect but proved to be logistically unusable due to a Lorimar agreement with the American Federation of Musicians.