title: James Storm

text: From June to September, Storm was one of the twelve participants in the Bound for Glory Series to determine the number one contender to the TNA World Heavyweight Championship. When the group stage of the tournament concluded, Storm finished in the top four and thus advanced to the finals at No Surrender along with Robert Roode, Bully Ray and Gunner. On September 11 at No Surrender, Storm was disqualified in his match against Bully Ray, eliminating him from the tournament. After Roode, who went on to win the tournament, had failed to win the TNA World Heavyweight Championship from Kurt Angle at Bound for Glory, Storm received his shot at the title and on October 18 at the tapings of the October 20 episode of "Impact Wrestling", defeated Angle to become the new TNA World Heavyweight Champion. Just eight days later, at the tapings of the November 3 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Storm lost the title to Bobby Roode, after he used Storm's own beer bottle against him, turning heel in the process and effectively dissolving Beer Money, Inc. Storm and Roode had a rematch for the title the following week. As a result of a backstage attack, Storm came into the match bleeding and eventually lost, after passing out due to blood loss. On the November 17 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Storm was attacked by the returning Kurt Angle, who in the process revealed that he had also attacked him prior to the previous week's title match. On December 11 at Final Resolution, Storm defeated Angle in a singles match. On January 8, 2012, at Genesis, Storm was defeated by Angle in a rematch. On the following episode of "Impact Wrestling", Storm defeated Angle to become the number one contender to the TNA World Heavyweight Championship. However, the following week Storm was entered into another number one contender's match with Jeff Hardy, which ended in a no contest, following interference from Bully Ray and Bobby Roode. On February 12 at Against All Odds, Storm was unable to capture the TNA World Heavyweight Championship from Roode in a four-way match, which also included Bully Ray and Jeff Hardy. On the February 16 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Storm defeated Bully Ray to become the number one contender to Roode's TNA World Heavyweight Championship at Lockdown. On March 18 at Victory Road, Storm defeated Bully Ray in a rematch to retain his spot as the number one contender. On April 15 at Lockdown, Storm failed to regain the TNA World Heavyweight Championship in a steel cage match, after accidentally superkicking Roode out of the cage for the win.


title: James Storm

text: After a two-month break from TNA, Storm returned on June 10 at Slammiversary, answering Crimson's open challenge, defeating him in a singles match and ending his undefeated streak in TNA. On the following episode of "Impact Wrestling", Storm entered the 2012 Bound for Glory Series to get another shot at the TNA World Heavyweight Championship, defeating ten other men to win a gauntlet match and take the early lead in the tournament. On the August 30 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Storm wrestled his final group stage match and, for the second year in a row, finished in the top four, advancing to the finals of the tournament. On September 9 at No Surrender, Storm was eliminated from the tournament, after losing to Bully Ray in his semifinal match, following interference from Bobby Roode. On the September 20 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Storm challenged Roode to a match as part of the Open Fight Night. The match ended in a no contest, when referee Brian Hebner was unable control the two brawling rivals. The rivalry between Storm and Roode culminated on October 14 at Bound for Glory in a street fight, with King Mo serving as the special guest enforcer, which was won by Storm. On November 11 at Turning Point, Storm defeated A.J. Styles and Bobby Roode in a three-way match to become number one contender to the TNA World Heavyweight Championship. However, on the following episode of "Impact Wrestling", Storm lost his number one contendership to Roode.


title: James Storm

text: On December 9 at Final Resolution, Storm defeated Kazarian in a singles match, and again on the January 3, 2013, episode of "Impact Wrestling", beginning a rivalry with him and Christopher Daniels. On January 13 at Genesis, Storm was defeated by Daniels in a number one contenders match for the TNA World Heavyweight Championship. On March 10 at Lockdown, Team TNA, consisting of Storm, Eric Young, Magnus, Samoa Joe, and Sting defeated the Aces & Eights, consisting of Devon, DOC, Garett Bischoff, Mike Knox, and Mr. Anderson in a Lethal Lockdown match. On the March 14 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Storm defeated former rival Christopher Daniels in a singles match. Afterwards, he was attacked by both Daniels and Kazarian before being saved and ultimately assaulted by the returning A. J. Styles. In the following weeks, Storm demanded Styles to explain his actions, but Styles remained mute. Storm finally faced Styles in singles competition on the April 18 episode of "Impact Wrestling", where Styles won via submission. On April 26, 2013, Storm unsuccessfully challenged Devon for the TNA Television Championship during a house show in Erie, Pennsylvania.


title: James Storm

text: At Slammiversary, Storm was paired with Gunner to face the teams of Bad Influence, Aries and Roode, and the TNA World Tag Team Champions Chavo Guerrero, Jr. and Hernandez in a four-way elimination match for the title, where they won, giving Storm his fifth individual reign. They would held the titles until on October 20 at Bound for Glory, where they lost it to The BroMans in their first title defense. Storm and Gunner received their rematch on the October 31 episode of "Impact Wrestling", but were again defeated.


title: James Storm

text: After losing the TNA World Tag Team Championships, Storm began a feud with Gunner when Gunner pulled the Feast or Fired briefcase from Storm, which contained the TNA World Heavyweight Championship match. On the January 2 episode of "Impact Wrestling", for the first time in over two years, Storm teamed with his former Beer Money partner, Bobby Roode, to defeat Gunner and Kurt Angle in a tag team match. After the match, Storm further taunted Gunner. On the January 30 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Storm apologized to Gunner for his previous actions, and later won a tag team match that night with Gunner against Bad Influence. On the February 20 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Storm cost Gunner his Feast or Fired match against Magnus for the TNA World Heavyweight Championship, turning heel in the process. Storm would be defeated by Gunner at Lockdown in a steel cage Last Man Standing match and Sacrifice in an "I Quit" match.


title: James Storm

text: On the May 1 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Storm started a feud with Mr. Anderson after he cost Anderson a TNA World Heavyweight Championship opportunity when Storm tried to attack Anderson's opponent Gunner and inadvertently hit Anderson, culminating at Slammiversary, Storm lost to Anderson. But in a rematch on the June 26 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Storm defeated Anderson after reversing the Mic Check in a Last Call.


title: James Storm

text: In June 2014, Storm would begin a program where he would confront, and verbally run down Sanada. Following Sanada's loss of the X Division Championship to Austin Aries, Storm would confront Sanada backstage, berate Sanada's mentor The Great Muta, while slapping him in the face as a way to break Sanada down, multiple weeks in a row. On the July 24, 2014 edition of "Impact", Storm would confront The Great Muta, calling him a fraud, and proclaim himself to be "The Legend" (which in the following weeks replaced his longtime nickname of "The Cowboy"). After spitting beer in Muta's face, Sanada would run Storm out of the ring, before attacking Muta himself with a steel chair, and bowing to Storm, revealing an unknown alliance between them. The following week Storm would proclaim himself as Sanada's new mentor, and master. In the following weeks, TNA would air vignettes of Storm having a cult like hold over Sanada, portraying Storm having him tied up, breaking him down physically and mentally, and proclaiming that "The Revolution is coming". On the August 27 "Impact Wrestling", Sanada accompanied by Storm debuted the new ring name "The Great Sanada" and a look inspired by The Great Muta, before defeating Austin Aries with help from Storm. On the September 3 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Storm and Sanada abducted former X Division Champion Manik following his loss in a 6-man #1 Contendership match for the X Division Championship. On the following "Impact", Storm was shown initiating Manik, much like he did Sanada into his new faction. On the September 17, 2014 edition of "Impact Wrestling", Storm and The Great Sanada attacked X Division Champion Samoa Joe, and were joined by Manik, now sporting an all new look, joining Storm's group. On the October 8, 2014 edition of "Impact Wrestling" it was announced that James Storm and The Great Sanada would battle The Great Muta and Tajiri in the main event of Bound for Glory. This marked James Storm's first appearance in the Bound For Glory main event, as well as the first time in company history that the main event was not contested for the company's World Heavyweight Championship. At Bound For Glory, Storm and The Great Sanada were defeated by Tajiri and The Great Muta. After the match Manik joined in attacking Muta until Team 3D made the save.


title: James Storm

text: Following Bound For Glory, the stable, now known as The Revolution began to recruit members of the TNA roster, beginning with one half of the World Tag Team Champions Davey Richards. After teasing tension between Richards and his partner Eddie Edwards, on the November 12, 2014 edition of Impact Wrestling, The Revolution demanded Davey's decision. When Davey turned down the Revolution's offer to join, they would attack The Wolves, leaving them vulnerable for Storm to bring out his forgotten Feast or Fired Briefcase, guaranteeing him a Tag Team Championship opportunity, anytime, anyplace. In a further twist, Abyss would reveal himself as Storm's partner, and the newest pledge to The Revolution, subsequently defeating The Wolves for the TNA World Tag Team Championships, making Storm a record six-time champion. At Lockdown, The Revolution successfully retained their titles against The Hardys. On January 30, 2015, The Revolution lost the titles against The Wolves. On April 3, 2015, Storm seemingly broke character and confronted Bram when he attempted to attack Mickie James with a steel chair during Bram's match against Magnus, hinting a possible face turn. However, Magnus and Mickie James confronted Storm after the match, to which Storm replied he was merely looking out for an old friend, hinting he was still a heel. However, this all turned out to be a ruse, as Storm wanted Mickie James to join his Revolution stable. She refused, and security cameras recorded him nudging her onto train tracks, causing a concussion, and fully retaining his status as a heel. Storm defeated Magnus at Slammiversary in a non-sanctioned match. On the July 29 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Storm revealed the new member of The Revolution, who was Serena Deeb. However, Storm and Serena were defeated by Magnus and Mickie James. Later, James Storm entered in a feud against his former partner Khoya, now known as Mahabali Shera, by attacking him after having failed him over and over. At No Surrender, Storm defeated Shera by disqualification. On the September 30 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Storm was defeated by Shera in a No Disqualification match, after an interference of Abyss and Manik. Storm's contract with TNA expired on June 30, but he continued making appearances for the promotion until September 30, 2015 under a pay-per-appearance deal. During October and November (taped in July, before his departure), he participated in the TNA World Title Series. Storm ended third of his block, failing into advance to the finals.


title: James Storm

text: Through TNA's working relationships with various Japanese promotions, Storm has competed in Japan numerous times, beginning in 2009 when he and Roode, as Beer Money, debuted in New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW), defeating Legend (Akira and Masahiro Chono). They returned to New Japan in October 2010, first defeating Bad Intentions (Karl Anderson and Giant Bernard), and then No Limit (Tetsuya Naito and Yujiro Takahashi). Storm and Roode made their debuts in the Tokyo Dome on January 4, 2011, at Wrestle Kingdom V, taking part in a three-way tag team match for the IWGP Tag Team Championship, won by Bad Intentions.


title: James Storm

text: Storm debuted in WWE's developmental branch NXT during the October tapings, which aired on the October 21 episode of "NXT", defeating Danny Burch. Storm also appeared on the December 2 episode of "NXT", defeating Adam Rose. In late December 2015, Storm opted to not sign with WWE, in favor of returning to TNA.


title: James Storm

text: On January 5, 2016 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Storm returned to TNA, helping his long-time tag team partner Bobby Roode fight off Eric Young and Bram, before reuniting as Beer Money, Inc, after Storm telling Roode that he wanted to "get back to having fun" and drink beer with him, turning Storm face in the process. At One Night Only: Live! event, Beer Money defeated Eric Young and Bram and once again at Lockdown in a Six Sides of Steel match, thus ending the feud. On the January 26 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Storm grabbed the TNA World Tag Team Championship briefcase during the Feast or Fired match. On February 9 episode of "Impact Wrestling" Beer Money attempted to cash in their title shot against champions The Wolves, but in their attempt to cash in, Decay (Abyss, Crazzy Steve, Rosemary) stopped them and mysteriously asked them to join their path. They eventually challenged the group to a match, but it ended in disqualification when Abyss pulled the referee out of the ring and began choking him. Beer Money cashed in their Feast or Fired contract and defeated The Wolves to re-capture the titles on the March 8 episode of "Impact Wrestling". They successfully retained their titles against The BroMans on the March 22 episode of "Impact Wrestling" and against Decay, The BroMans and Eric Young and Bram on the April 12 episode of "Impact Wrestling". Their feud against Decay culminated at Sacrifice in a Valley of Shadow match, which Decay won, winning the TNA World Tag Team Championship. In late-March, Beer Money were disbanded upon Roode leaving TNA.


title: James Storm

text: On the May 10 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Storm announced that he would return to singles competition. At Slammiversary he challenged and defeated Braxton Sutter. On the June 28 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Storm was the guest of the Eli Drake segment "Fact of Life", who resulted by Storm hitting Drake with a Superkick. On the August 4 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Storm defeated Eli Drake to win the TNA King of the Mountain Championship. The following week, he lost the King of the Mountain Championship in a Title vs. Title match against Lashley. On the August 18 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Storm called the official for that match Brian Hebner to the ring to show him how he missed a three-count on Lashley that should have amounted to Storm winning all the titles instead, while complaining to Hebner, TNA President Billy Corgan came down to the ring and interjected himself into the discussion with Storm. Corgan insulted Storm and suggested that Storm "may not be able to win the big one." This set Storm off and he confronted and cornered Corgan, threatening to use Corgan to satisfy his bucket list goal of "kicking a rockstar's ass". Storm then left the ring and on the way up the ramp, Corgan yelled "James Storm is suspended indefinitely".


title: James Storm

text: In October, Storm turned heel when he was revealed as one of the masked wrestlers of the newest group known as Death Crew Council (DCC), with Bram and Kingston. Death Crew Council made their debut on the October 20 episode of "Impact Wrestling", when they attacked The Tribunal, following the latter's loss to TNA World Tag Team Champions, The Broken Hardys. DCC continued their assault on TNA wrestlers, including a 3-on-2 Handicap match against Jeff Hardy and TNA World Champion Eddie Edwards. On December 15, Storm would appear at the Hardy Compound as a participant in the Tag Team Apocalypto match for Total Nonstop Deletion. DCC would be eliminated by Decay, when a man whom Decay assault during "Delete or Decay" claimed to be Storm's partner and was knocked unconscious by Crazzy Steve and pinned by Abyss.


title: James Storm

text: On the January 5, 2017 episode of "Impact Wrestling", DCC started a feud with Decay when Storm and Bram smashed beer bottles over Abyss and Crazzy Steve's heads, with Bram issuing a threat to Rosemary afterwards. On the January 12 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Bram and Kingston would face Decay in a losing effort, after James Storm attacked Abyss, resulting in a disqualification. After TNA was bought by Anthem Media and renamed Impact Wrestling, they were defeated by new tag teams Reno SCUM and LAX, disbanding the team.


title: James Storm

text: On the March 30 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Storm interrupted Ethan Carter III saying that he wanted a world title shot. The following week on "Impact Wrestling", Storm was interrupted by Bram and Kingston as Kingston spat in Storm's face, and Storm laid both guys out with superkicks, turning him face in the process. On the April 13 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Bruce Prichard came out to announce the number one contender for the Impact World Championship. It was determined by a fan vote which was agreed upon the previous week by Storm and Ethan Carter III. Prichard announced that the fans decided that Storm will be facing Lashley for the Impact World Championship. The following week, Storm failed to win the title after he was hit with a beer bottle by Carter, allowing Lashley to win the match. On the May 11 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Carter came out dressed as a cowboy and proceeded to berate Storm. Storm then tried to attack Carter, but Carter retaliated by lashing Storm over 30 times with a leather belt causing significant injury to the back of Storm. The following week, Storm defeated Carter by disqualification after Carter brutally lashed the referee. At Slammiversary, Storm was defeated by Carter in a Strap match. During the match, Storm suffered a 3rd grade concussion.


title: James Storm

text: Storm would return on the September 21 episode of "Impact Wrestling", by saving Eddie Edwards and Ethan Carter III from El Hijo del Fantasma, Pagano and Texano. Storm shook Eddie Edwards's hand but refused to shake Carter's hand. During the special Victory Road episode of "Impact Wrestling" on September 28, EC3 made the save for Storm after the latter was attacked by Fantasma and Texano. Storm offered to shake Carter's hand, at first Carter refused and walked away, but soon returned to the ring and shook Storm's hand. On the October 4 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Storm and Ethan Carter III lost to El Hijo del Fantasma and Texano. At Bound for Glory, Storm, Edwards and Carter defeated Team AAA (El Hijo del Fantasma, Pagano and Texano) in a six-man tag team match. On the November 16 episode of "Impact Wrestling", James Storm saved Moose from Lashley and the American Top Team and says that he is tired of Dan Lambert causing chaos on Impact and disrespecting professional wrestling. Two weeks later, after his victory against Texano, Storm was attacked and beaten down by Lashley and American Top Team, but he was saved by Moose. This led to a tag-team match the following week, which Storm and Moose were defeated by Lashley and Lambert. On the November 9 taping of "Impact Wrestling" which aired on January 4, 2018, Storm was defeated by Dan Lambert after being assaulted by the entire American Top Team and was forced to leave Impact Wrestling.


title: James Storm

text: Storm faced Keith Lee in Whatculture Pro Wrestling's Pro Wrestling World Cup USA 1st Round, which resulted in Storm losing the match, and therefore being eliminated from the tournament.


title: James Storm

text: Storm made his ICW in ring debut as a face on February 11 against Jack Jester at the 7th Annual Square Go in a number one contender's match for the ICW World Heavyweight Championship, in which Storm came out victorious. It was announced on April 4 that Storm would compete on April 29 at Barramania 4, teaming up with Ravie Davie against Bram and Iestyn Rees. During that match Storm turned on Davie, hitting him with two beer bottles and a "Last Call" superkick, turning him heel in the process.


title: James Storm

text: On July 9, 2018, Amazon Video released a series called Dojo Pro Wrestling which features a tournament of 12 pro wrestlers, including James Storm.


title: James Storm

text: After Billy Corgan purchased National Wrestling Alliance, Storm became a regular member of the roster. He wrestled Nick Aldis for the NWA Worlds Heavyweight Championship at "NWA New Year Clash", but he was defeated. After Colt Cabana defeated Willie Mack and won the NWA National Heavyweight Championship, Storm challenged him to a title match. The match happened during the ROH television program on June 29, 2019, with Storm winning the title. However, he lost the title against Cabana on October 1, 2019, during the NWA Power television tapings. On January 24, 2020 at the Hard Times PPV Storm and his tag team partner Eli Drake won the NWA World Tag Team Championship. On September 18, 2020, Storm's contract expired with NWA and he became a free agent. On November 10, 2020, Storm and Drake lost the NWA World Tag Team Championships to Aron Stevens and JR Kratos at UWN Primetime Live.


title: James Storm

text: At 73rd Anniversary Show, Storm lost to Chris Adonis in a match for the NWA National Heavyweight Championship failing to win the title. on the October 5 episode of NWA Power, Storm defeated Judais.


title: James Storm

text: On October 24, 2020, at Bound for Glory, Storm made an unannounced appearance as a participant in the Call Your Shot gauntlet match, which he failed to win as he was eliminated by Sami Callihan. At Turning Point on November 14, Storm teamed with Chris Sabin to defeat XXXL (Acey Romero and Larry D). On the January 19, 2021 episode of "Impact", Storm returned as a tag team partner for Chris Sabin in a loss to Private Party in a number one contender's match. At No Surrender, Storm and Sabin competed in a three-way tag team match for the Impact World Tag Team Championship, which was won by The Good Brothers. On the March 9 episode of "Impact", Storm


title: James Storm

text: and Sabin defeated Rohit Raju and Mahabali Shera. At Sacrifice, Storm and Sabin lost to Violent By Design (Deaner and Joe Doering) due to Rhino interfering in the match. On the March 30 episode of "Impact", Storm competed in his 1000th Match where he defeated Eric Young. At Rebellion, Storm, Chris Sabin, Eddie Edwards and Willie Mack lost to Violent By Design (Deaner, Joe Doering, Rhino and W. Morrissey).


title: James Storm

text: At Slammiversary, Storm and long-time tag team partner Chris Harris made his return after the tag team title match confronting the Good Brothers and the Briscoes. at Against All Odds, America's Most Wanted, Heath and the Good Brothers defeated Honor No More (Eddie Edwards, Kenny King, Matt Taven, Mike Bennett, and PCO). On the July 14 episode of "Impact", Storm lost to Steve Maclin.


title: James Storm

text: On July 07, 2022, Storm made his Ohio Valley Wrestling debut, where he defeated Mahabali Shera to become the new OVW National Heavyweight Champion. On 27 August, Storm defeated Omar Amir at "OVW The Big One" to become the new OVW Heavyweight Champion. On October 17, edition of OVW, Storm lost both titles to Ca$h Flo.


title: James Storm

text: Cox starred in the 2011 horror film "Death from Above", alongside fellow wrestlers Kurt Angle, Sid Eudy, Matt Morgan, Terry Gerin and Jessica Kresa.


title: James Storm

text: In 2011, Cox starred in the music video for his theme "Longnecks & Rednecks," which also featured country music duo Montgomery Gentry.


title: James Storm

text: Cox married Dani McEntee on March 30, 2011. They have two sons. He has a daughter from a previous relationship.


title: Passiflora incarnata

text: Passiflora incarnata, commonly known as maypop, purple passionflower, true passionflower, wild apricot, and wild passion vine, is a fast-growing perennial vine with climbing or trailing stems. A member of the passionflower genus "Passiflora", the maypop has large, intricate flowers with prominent styles and stamens. One of the hardiest species of passionflower, it is both found as a wildflower in the southern United States and in cultivation for its fruit and striking bluish purple blooms. "Passiflora incarnata" fruit contain many seeds, each surrounded by an aril holding edible juice, and this juice can be consumed fresh or used to flavor processed products.


title: Passiflora incarnata

text: The stems can be smooth or pubescent; they are long and trailing, possessing many tendrils. Leaves are alternate and palmately 3-lobed and occasionally 5-lobed, measuring . They have two characteristic glands at the base of the blade on the petiole. Flowers have five bluish-white petals. They exhibit a white and purple "corona", a structure of fine appendages between the petals and stamens. The large flower is typically arranged in a ring above the petals and sepals. They are pollinated by insects such as bumblebees and carpenter bees, and are self-sterile. The flower normally begins to bloom in July.


title: Passiflora incarnata

text: The fleshy fruit, also referred to as a maypop, is an oval yellowish berry about the size of a hen egg; it is green, though it may become yellow-green to yellow-orange as it matures. Like other passifloras, the pulp is gelatinous and encases the seeds. The color of the pulp is originally white and becomes a dull yellow when ripe. The seeds are black and approximately 5 mm in size. As with other passifloras, it is the larval food of a number of lepidoptera species, including the zebra longwing, the Gulf fritillary, the crimson-patched longwing, the Julia, the Plebeian sphinx, and the variegated fritillary. In many cases its fruit is very popular with wildlife. The egg-shaped green fruits 'may pop' when stepped on. This phenomenon gives the "P. incarnata" its common name, as well as the fact that its roots can remain dormant for most of the winter underground and then the rest of the plant "pops" out of the ground by May, unharmed by the snow.


title: Passiflora incarnata

text: The maypop occurs in thickets, disturbed areas, near riverbanks, and near unmowed pastures, roadsides, and railroads. It thrives in areas with plentiful sunlight. It is not found in shady areas beneath a forest canopy.


title: Passiflora incarnata

text: The Cherokee in the Tennessee area called it ""; the Ocoee River and valley are named after this plant, which is the Tennessee state wildflower. The local salamander "Desmognathus ocoee" in the Tennessee region is also named after the Cherokee word for "P. incarnata". For thousands of years the maypop was a staple food and medicinal plant for the Cherokee and to this day it is a revered piece of their heritage. This, and other passionflowers are the exclusive larval host plants for the Gulf fritillary and non-exclusive for the variegated fritillary butterflies.


title: Passiflora incarnata

text: "Passiflora incarnata" is easily cultivated and in its native range and homeland is a common low maintenance garden plant that can be trained to adorn fences and arbors. The wild maypop is an aggressive vine native to the southeastern United States extending into the central US reaching Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio. The vines can carpet the floor of thickets within days in favorable weather. The plants grow in full sun and need direct sunlight for at least half of the day. The best soils for "P. incarnata" are well-drained but the plants tolerate occasionally wet and acidic soils. The plants have a high drought tolerance. "P. incarnata" can be planted all the year in zone 7–11 (hardiness zone). The space between two plants is 36–60 inches (91.44 – 152.4 cm). One to two years are necessary before they begin bearing. Each flower has a very short life (about one day). Then the fruit develops in two to three months. The harvest depends on vine size and age of the plant but one reported 10–20 fruits per vine. Seeds can be collected in the fall after the fruit has begun to shrivel. There are some problems with nematodes and caterpillars in the culture of "P. incarnata".


title: Passiflora incarnata

text: The flowers appear suitable for carpenter bee pollination and may attract ruby-throated hummingbirds. As both bees and hummingbirds look for nectar, the pollen filled flower anthers brush the back of the bee or the face of the hummingbird, enabling pollen to be readily transferred to the central sticky stigma.


title: Passiflora incarnata

text: "Passiflora incarnata" can potentially become an agricultural weed. The genus "Passiflora" introduced for agricultural purpose has been reported as an important weed in certain regions of the world. The United States Department of Agriculture notes that "P. incarnata" is referred to as a weed by these publications: "Weeds of Kentucky and adjacent states: a field guide" and "Weeds of the United States and Canada".


title: Passiflora incarnata

text: Mechanical control as removing the suckers regularly is advised to prevent the spreading of maypop. It is also recommended to train the vines onto trellis and fences to limit propagation.


title: Passiflora incarnata

text: Historically, the plant has been used as a herbal medicine in the belief it may be used for anxiety, insomnia, or hypertension. In traditional medicine, passionflower is reputed to have a number of potential uses including diarrhoea, dysmenorrhoea, neuralgia, burns, haemorrhoids and insomnia as used historically in Europe.


title: Passiflora incarnata

text: Passionflower is included in pharmacopeias, such as the European and British Pharmacopoeias in which the dried aerial parts of the plant are mentioned. In North America and South America, tea made from the roots is used as a tonic. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) had formally approved the herb as an over-the-counter sleep-aid or sedative, however in 1978, the agency withdrew this approval during a drug-class review because manufacturers did not submit any evidence regarding its safety and effectiveness.


title: Passiflora incarnata

text: A 2013 literature review found that the herb has "a good safety profile". One study found that a daily intake of 800 mg of a dried alcoholic extract, taken over the course of 8 weeks for anxiety, appeared to have been safe.


title: Passiflora incarnata

text: Passionflower is used as a natural flavoring agent in food manufacturing and is generally recognized as a safe substance (GRAS).


title: Passiflora incarnata

text: For oral consumption, pregnant or breastfeeding women should use caution and seek medical advice before orally consuming "P. incarnata". The effects of oral ingestion of the plant compounds on reproduction or on unborn child have not been tested.


title: Passiflora incarnata

text: "P. incarnata" contains flavonoids and alkaloids, with leaves containing the greatest concentration of flavonoids. Other flavonoids present in "P. incarnata" include chrysin, apigenin, luteolin, quercetin, kaempferol, and isovitexin.


title: Passiflora incarnata

text: The main bioactive substances identified in "P. incarnata" include polyphenols, flavonoids, carotenoids, anthocyanins and other natural antioxidants. The polyphenols mainly belonging to the flavones C-glucoside class are present in "P. incarnata" and these phenols and flavonoids have high potential antioxidant properties that exhibit significant free radical scavenging activity.


title: Passiflora incarnata

text: Passionflower has culinary fruits that may be used for jams, jellies and desserts.The juice is a favorite flavoring in drinks. It can be used as a fresh substitute for its commercially grown South American relative, "Passiflora edulis", a related species with similar sized fruit. The fruit can be eaten by hand, as indicated by its common name, given to it by Cajuns: liane de grenade or "pomegranate vine". It has a mildly sweet-tart taste similar to an apricot and a pleasant scent when fully ripe. The Passiflora family have aromatic, sweet fruit that make it highly appreciated for fresh consumption and as a flavoring aid.


title: Raymond Group

text: Raymond Group is an Indian branded fabric and fashion retailer, incorporated in 1925. It produces suiting fabric, with a capacity of producing 31 million meters of wool and wool-blended fabrics.


title: Raymond Group

text: The group owns apparel brands like Raymond, Raymond Premium Apparel, Raymond Made to Measure, Ethnix, Park Avenue, Park Avenue Woman ColorPlus, Kamasutra & Parx. All the brands are retailed through 'The Raymond Shop' (TRS), with a network of over 700 retail shops spread across India and overseas, in over 200 cities.


title: Raymond Group

text: In addition, the group also has business interests in readymade garments, designer wear, cosmetics & toiletries, engineering files and tools, prophylactics and air charter operations.


title: Raymond Group

text: In 2019, Raymonds announced its venture into real estate business under Raymond Realty. The new venture is poised to start with an investment of ₹250 crore (approx $36 million) in developing mid-income and premium housing units on 20 acres of land in the growing suburb of Thane. Raymond group holds over 125 acres of land in this region.


title: Rydberg constant

text: heavy atoms or formula_2 for hydrogen, named after the Swedish physicist Johannes Rydberg, is a physical constant relating to the electromagnetic spectra of an atom. The constant first arose as an empirical fitting parameter in the Rydberg formula for the hydrogen spectral series, but Niels Bohr later showed that its value could be calculated from more fundamental constants via his Bohr model.


title: Rydberg constant

text: Before the redefinition of the SI base units in , formula_1 and the electron spin "g"-factor were the most accurately measured physical constants.


title: Rydberg constant

text: The constant is expressed for either hydrogen as formula_2, or at the limit of infinite nuclear mass as formula_1. In either case, the constant is used to express the limiting value of the highest wavenumber (inverse wavelength) of any photon that can be emitted from an atom, or, alternatively, the wavenumber of the lowest-energy photon capable of ionizing an atom from its ground state. The hydrogen spectral series can be expressed simply in terms of the Rydberg constant for hydrogen formula_2 and the Rydberg formula.


title: Rydberg constant

text: In atomic physics, Rydberg unit of energy, symbol Ry, corresponds to the energy of the photon whose wavenumber is the Rydberg constant, i.e. the ionization energy of the hydrogen atom in a simplified Bohr model.


title: Rydberg constant

text: The Bohr model explains the atomic spectrum of hydrogen (see hydrogen spectral series) as well as various other atoms and ions. It is not perfectly accurate, but is a remarkably good approximation in many cases, and historically played an important role in the development of quantum mechanics. The Bohr model posits that electrons revolve around the atomic nucleus in a manner analogous to planets revolving around the sun.


title: Rydberg constant

text: In the simplest version of the Bohr model, the mass of the atomic nucleus is considered to be infinite compared to the mass of the electron, so that the center of mass of the system, the barycenter, lies at the center of the nucleus. This infinite mass approximation is what is alluded to with the formula_20 subscript. The Bohr model then predicts that the wavelengths of hydrogen atomic transitions are (see Rydberg formula):


title: Rydberg constant

text: where "n" and "n" are any two different positive integers (1, 2, 3, ...), and formula_22 is the wavelength (in vacuum) of the emitted or absorbed light.


title: Rydberg constant

text: where formula_24 and "M" is the total mass of the nucleus. This formula comes from substituting the reduced mass of the electron.


title: Rydberg constant

text: The Rydberg constant is one of the most precisely determined physical constants, with a relative standard uncertainty of under 2 parts in 10. This precision constrains the values of the other physical constants that define it.


title: Rydberg constant

text: Since the Bohr model is not perfectly accurate, due to fine structure, hyperfine splitting, and other such effects, the Rydberg constant formula_25 cannot be "directly" measured at very high accuracy from the atomic transition frequencies of hydrogen alone. Instead, the Rydberg constant is inferred from measurements of atomic transition frequencies in three different atoms (hydrogen, deuterium, and antiprotonic helium). Detailed theoretical calculations in the framework of quantum electrodynamics are used to account for the effects of finite nuclear mass, fine structure, hyperfine splitting, and so on. Finally, the value of formula_25 is determined from the best fit of the measurements to the theory.


title: Rydberg constant

text: The last expression in the first equation shows that the wavelength of light needed to ionize a hydrogen atom is 4"π"/"α" times the Bohr radius of the atom.


title: Rydberg constant

text: The second equation is relevant because its value is the coefficient for the energy of the atomic orbitals of a hydrogen atom: formula_41.


title: Deadhead

text: A Deadhead or Dead Head is a fan of the American rock band the Grateful Dead. In the 1970s, a number of fans began travelling to see the band in as many shows or festival venues as they could. With large numbers of people thus attending strings of shows, a community developed. Deadheads developed their own idioms and slang.


title: Deadhead

text: Much Deadhead-related historical material received or collected by the band over the years is housed in the Grateful Dead Archive of University of California, Santa Cruz. Archive founding curator Nicholas Meriwether, who has also written extensively about the culture and its impact on society, predicted, "The Grateful Dead archive is going to end up being a critical way for us to approach and understand the 1960s and the counterculture of the era... It's also going to tell us a lot about the growth and development of modern rock theater, and it's helping us understand fan culture."


title: Deadhead

text: The beatnik movement of the 1950s morphed into the psychedelic movement of the 60's, and at the center of this metamorphosis were the Merry Pranksters. On the first historic bus trip, on the bus Furthur, a pattern was set for the Deadhead touring lifestyle to come.


title: Deadhead

text: By the late 1970s, some Deadheads began to sell tie-dye T-shirts, veggie burritos, or other items at Grateful Dead concerts. This allowed many Deadheads a way to follow the band on its tours. During the early 1980s, the number of Deadheads taping shows increased, and the band created a special section for fans who wished to record the show. These tapes are still shared and circulated today via websites such as the Live Music Archive and bt.etree.org. In the earlier days of the Grateful Dead, there were questions as to whether or not it was in the best interest of the band for fans to tape concerts. In 1982, Garcia himself was asked what he thought about it, and he replied, "When we are done with it [the concerts], they can have it." The practice of taping has evolved with the digital age, and the rise of the Internet has made it extremely easy to share concerts through unofficial channels.


title: Deadhead

text: The term "Deadhead" first appeared in print at the suggestion of Hank Harrison, author of "The Dead Trilogy", on the sleeve of "Grateful Dead" (also known as "Skull & Roses"), the band's second live album, released in 1971. It read:


title: Deadhead

text: This phenomenon was first touched on in print by "Village Voice" music critic Robert Christgau at a Felt Forum show in 1971, noting "how many 'regulars' seemed to be in attendance, and how, from the way they compared notes, they'd obviously made a determined effort to see as many shows as possible."


title: Deadhead

text: Eileen Law, a long time friend of the band, was put in charge of the mailing list and maintained the "Dead Heads" newsletter. It is estimated that by the end of 1971, the band had received about 350 letters, but this number swelled greatly over the next few years to as many as 40,000. In total, 25 mailings/newsletters reached Dead Heads between October 1971 and February 1980. After this time, the Grateful Dead Almanac would succeed it, with this eventually being abandoned for Dead.net. Those who did receive the newsletter in the 1970s often found pleasant surprises sent along. One example is from May 1974 when Heads received a sample EP of Robert Hunter's upcoming album "Tales of the Great Rum Runners" as well as selections from Jerry Garcia's second album, "Compliments of Garcia", and some cuts that were from bandmembers Keith and Donna Godchaux's eponymous solo album, "Keith & Donna", both on Round Records. This sample was titled "Anton Round", which was an alias used by Ron Rakow.


title: Deadhead

text: The band's extensive song catalog enabled them to create a varied “rotation” of setlists, which were never exactly the same for each performance (“show”) throughout a tour. The use of these unique set rotations created two phenomena: The first had to do with Deadheads wanting to go to more shows in order to get a chance to hear their favorite song(s) - the same song was rarely played the same way twice during any given tour. Also, a great show often inspired many fans to begin following the band for the rest of the tour, as well subsequent tours. The second was that having a large number of traveling fans had empowered the band to perform multiple shows at each venue, since they were assured that their performances would mostly sell out (almost all shows sold out from the mid-1980s and on). At this point, it became apparent that Deadheads were a major driving force that encouraged the band to keep going. Along with the large number of people attending several shows, a traveling community developed amongst fans in response to the familiarity of seeing the same people from previous strings of shows. As generations turned from the Acid Tests to the 1970s (and onward), tours became a time to revel with friends at concerts, old and new, who never knew the psychedelic age that spawned the band they loved. As with any large community, Deadheads developed their own idioms and slang which is amply illustrated in books about the Grateful Dead such as the Skeleton Key.


title: Deadhead

text: Some Deadheads use the term "X Factor" to describe the intangible element that elevates mere performance into something higher. Publicist and Jerry Garcia biographer Blair Jackson stated that "shows were the sacrament ... rich and full of blissful, transcendent musical moments that moved the body and enriched the soul." Phil Lesh himself comments on this phenomenon in his autobiography by saying "The unique organicity of our music reflects the fact that each of us consciously personalized his playing: to fit with what others were playing and to fit with who each man was as an individual, allowing us to meld our consciousnesses together in the unity of a group mind."


title: Deadhead

text: Jackson takes this further, citing drummer Mickey Hart as saying "The Grateful Dead weren't in the music business, they were in the "transportation" business." Jackson relates this to the Deadhead phenomenon directly by saying "for many Deadheads, the band was a medium that facilitated experiencing other planes of consciousness and tapping into deep, spiritual wells that were usually the province of organized religion ... [they] got people high whether those people were on drugs or not." (For more on the spiritual aspect, see "Spinners" in the section below). It was times like these that the band and the audience would become one; The Grateful Dead and the Deadheads were all in the same state of mind.


title: Deadhead

text: Rock producer Bill Graham summarized much of the band's effect when he created a sign for the Grateful Dead when the group played the closing of the Winterland Ballroom on December 31, 1978, that read:


title: Deadhead

text: The "Vibe" of the Grateful Dead is kept alive today by the many festivals that celebrate their traditions.


title: Deadhead

text: At almost every Grateful Dead show, it was common to see fans openly recording the music for later enjoyment. This can be traced to shows in the late 1960s, with the number of tapers increasing yearly. In 1971, Les Kippel, from Brooklyn, New York, started the First Free Underground Grateful Dead Tape Exchange with the purpose of preserving the heritage of the Grateful Dead's concert history by exchanging copies of recorded tapes made from audience members. This started a new era in recording, collecting, and trading Grateful Dead tapes. Often referred to as the "Original Napster", the tape exchange grew into an international movement that continues today.


title: Deadhead

text: The "Tape Exchange" evolved into "Dead Relix" magazine, co-founded by Kippel and its first editor, Jerry Moore (1953–2009), a native of The Bronx, New York. First fliers were handed out at concerts in 1973, followed by a first issue in 1974. In 1974, "Dead Relix" evolved into "Relix" magazine and kept the Grateful Dead in the news while they took a year off in 1975. In 1980, Toni Brown became owner and publisher of "Relix". In 2000, it was sold to Steve Bernstein. "Relix" is the second-oldest continuously published rock magazine in the world, after "Rolling Stone". In 2009, Peter Shapiro bought "Relix" and still maintains ownership. "Relix" is still the only publication that supports the heritage of the Grateful Dead.


title: Deadhead

text: There were other Deadhead magazines that came about in the 1970s, notably, "Dead in Words" and "In Concert". The 1980s saw the production of "Terrapin Flyer", "Dupree's Diamond News", "Golden Road", and "Acid". "Dupree's Diamond News" was distributed as an in-concert newsletter at several hundred Grateful Dead concerts, where it averaged 10,000 copies per run. "Dupree's Diamond News" was also distributed on a quarterly basis as a full-color, 72-page magazine to approximately 35,000 international subscriptions.


title: Deadhead

text: In 1998, Grateful Dead scholar Johnny Dwork, the founder of "Terrapin Flyer" and "Dupree's Diamond News", published the award-winning, three-volume "The Deadhead's Taping Compendium: A Guide to the Music of the Grateful Dead on Tape".


title: Deadhead

text: Fans were also known to record the many FM radio broadcast shows. Garcia looked kindly on tapers (he himself had been on several cross-country treks to record bluegrass music prior to the Grateful Dead), stating: "There's something to be said for being able to record an experience you've liked, or being to obtain a recording of it ... my responsibility to the notes is over after I've played them." In this respect, the Dead are considered by many to be the first "taper-friendly" band.


title: Deadhead

text: It is a matter of strict custom among Deadheads that these recordings are freely shared and circulated, with no money ever changing hands. Some bootleg recordings from unscrupulous bootleggers have turned up on the black market, but a general "code of honor specifically prohibited the buying and selling of Dead tapes." These recordings, sometimes called "liberated bootlegs", are still frowned upon by the community and that feeling "has spread into non-Grateful Dead taping circles."


title: Deadhead

text: Many Deadheads now freely distribute digital recordings of the band's live shows through the Internet Archive.


title: Deadhead

text: Much Deadhead-related historical material received or collected by the band over the years is housed in the Grateful Dead Archive of UC-Santa Cruz. Archive curator Nicholas Meriwether, who has also written extensively about the culture and its impact on society, states "The Grateful Dead archive is going to end up being a critical way for us to approach and understand the 1960s and the counterculture of the era...It's also going to tell us a lot about the growth and development of modern rock theater, and it's helping us understand fan culture."


title: Deadhead

text: The following celebrities have claimed to be Deadheads or have had media reported on them saying they are Deadheads:


title: Deadhead

text: Dead Head Day is a globally celebrated holiday in honor of the Grateful Dead, the music they created and the culture of Dead Head fandom. Dead Head Day is celebrated annually on July 9th because that is the anniversary of the Grateful Dead's final concert at Soldier Field in Chicago, Illinois in 1995.


title: Deadhead

text: Dead Heads celebrate Dead Head Day by gathering to listen to the Grateful Dead's music, reminiscing about experiences they've had as Dead Heads and by attending shows by Grateful Dead tribute bands.


title: Pteridophyte

text: A pteridophyte is a vascular plant (with xylem and phloem) that disperses spores. Because pteridophytes produce neither flowers nor seeds, they are sometimes referred to as "cryptogams", meaning that their means of reproduction is hidden. Ferns, horsetails (often treated as ferns), and lycophytes (clubmosses, spikemosses, and quillworts) are all pteridophytes. However, they do not form a monophyletic group because ferns (and horsetails) are more closely related to seed plants than to lycophytes. "Pteridophyta" is thus no longer a widely accepted taxon, but the term "pteridophyte" remains in common parlance, as do "pteridology" and "pteridologist" as a science and its practitioner, respectively. Ferns and lycophytes share a life cycle and are often collectively treated or studied, for example by the International Association of Pteridologists and the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group.


title: Pteridophyte

text: Pteridophytes (ferns and lycophytes) are free-sporing vascular plants that have a life cycle with alternating, free-living gametophyte and sporophyte phases that are independent at maturity. The body of the sporophyte is well differentiated into roots, stem and leaves. The root systems is always adventitious. The stem is either underground or aerial. The leaves may be microphylls or megaphylls. Their other common characteristics include vascular plant apomorphies (e.g., vascular tissue) and land plant plesiomorphies (e.g., spore dispersal and the absence of seeds).


title: Pteridophyte

text: Of the pteridophytes, ferns account for nearly 90% of the extant diversity. Smith et al. (2006), the first higher-level pteridophyte classification published in the molecular phylogenetic era, considered the ferns as monilophytes, as follows:


title: Pteridophyte

text: where the monilophytes comprise about 9,000 species, including horsetails (Equisetaceae), whisk ferns (Psilotaceae), and all eusporangiate and all leptosporangiate ferns. Historically both lycophytes and monilophytes were grouped together as pteridophytes (ferns and fern allies) on the basis of being spore-bearing ("seed-free"). In Smith's molecular phylogenetic study the ferns are characterised by lateral root origin in the endodermis, usually mesarch protoxylem in shoots, a pseudoendospore, plasmodial tapetum, and sperm cells with 30-1000 flagella. The term "moniliform" as in Moniliformopses and monilophytes means "bead-shaped" and was introduced by Kenrick and Crane (1997) as a scientific replacement for "fern" (including Equisetaceae) and became established by Pryer et al. (2004). Christenhusz and Chase (2014) in their review of classification schemes provide a critique of this usage, which they discouraged as irrational. In fact the alternative name Filicopsida was already in use. By comparison "lycopod" or lycophyte (club moss) means wolf-plant. The term "fern ally" included under Pteridophyta generally refers to vascular spore-bearing plants that are not ferns, including lycopods, horsetails, whisk ferns and water ferns (Marsileaceae, Salviniaceae and "Ceratopteris"), and even a much wider range of taxa. This is not a natural grouping but rather a convenient term for non-fern, and is also discouraged, as is eusporangiate for non-leptosporangiate ferns.


title: Pteridophyte

text: However both Infradivision and Moniliformopses are also invalid names under the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. Ferns, despite forming a monophyletic clade, are formally only considered as four classes (Psilotopsida; Equisetopsida; Marattiopsida; Polypodiopsida), 11 orders and 37 families, without assigning a higher taxonomic rank.


title: Pteridophyte

text: Furthermore, within the Polypodiopsida, the largest grouping, a number of informal clades were recognised, including leptosporangiates, core leptosporangiates, polypods (Polypodiales), and eupolypods (including Eupolypods I and Eupolypods II).


title: Pteridophyte

text: In 2014 Christenhusz and Chase, summarising the known knowledge at that time, treated this group as two separate unrelated taxa in a consensus classification;


title: Pteridophyte

text: These subclasses correspond to Smith's four classes, with Ophioglossidae corresponding to Psilotopsida.


title: Pteridophyte

text: Pteridophytes consist of two separate but related classes, whose nomenclature has varied. The system put forward by the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group in 2016, PPG I, is:


title: Pteridophyte

text: In addition to these living groups, several groups of pteridophytes are now extinct and known only from fossils. These groups include the Rhyniopsida, Zosterophyllopsida, Trimerophytopsida, the Lepidodendrales and the Progymnospermopsida.


title: Pteridophyte

text: Modern studies of the land plants agree that seed plants emerged from pteridophytes more closer to ferns than lycophytes. Therefore, pteridophytes do not form a clade but constitute a paraphyletic grade.


title: Pteridophyte

text: Just as with bryophytes and spermatophytes (seed plants), the life cycle of pteridophytes involves alternation of generations. This means that a diploid generation (the sporophyte, which produces spores) is followed by a haploid generation (the gametophyte or prothallus, which produces gametes). Pteridophytes differ from bryophytes in that the sporophyte is branched and generally much larger and more conspicuous, and from seed plants in that both generations are independent and free-living. The sexuality of pteridophyte gametophytes can be classified as follows:


title: Pteridophyte

text: These terms are "not" the same as monoecious and dioecious, which refer to whether a seed plant's sporophyte bears both male and female gametophytes, i. e., produces both pollen and seeds, or just one of the sexes.


title: August Landmesser

text: August Landmesser (; 24 May 1910 – 17 October 1944) was a worker at the Blohm+Voss shipyard in Hamburg, Germany. He became known as the possible identity of a man appearing in a 1936 photograph, conspicuously refusing to perform the Nazi salute with the other workers. Landmesser had run afoul of the Nazi Party over his unlawful relationship with Irma Eckler, a Jewish woman. Later he was imprisoned, and eventually drafted into penal military service, where he was killed in action.


title: August Landmesser

text: August Landmesser was born in Moorrege in 1910, the only child of August Franz Landmesser and Wilhelmine Magdalene (née Schmidtpott). In 1931, hoping it would help him get employment, he joined the Nazi Party. In 1935, when he became engaged to Irma Eckler (a Jewish woman), he was expelled from the party. They registered to be married in Hamburg, but the Nuremberg Laws enacted a month later prevented it. On 29 October 1935, Landmesser and Eckler's first daughter, Ingrid, was born.


title: August Landmesser

text: In 1937, Landmesser attempted to flee Nazi Germany to Denmark with his family but he was detained at the border and charged with "dishonoring the race," or "racial infamy," under the Nuremberg Laws. He argued that neither he nor Eckler knew whether she was fully Jewish. He was acquitted on 27 May 1938 for lack of evidence, with the warning that a repeat offense would result in a multi-year prison sentence.


title: August Landmesser

text: The couple publicly continued their relationship, and on 15 July 1938, Landmesser was arrested again and sentenced to two and a half years in the Börgermoor concentration camp. Eckler was detained by the Gestapo and held at the prison Fuhlsbüttel, where she gave birth to their second daughter, Irene. From there, Eckler was sent to the Oranienburg concentration camp, then to the Lichtenburg concentration camp for women, and finally to the women's concentration camp at Ravensbrück. A few letters from Irma Eckler were received until January 1942. It is believed that she was taken to the Bernburg Euthanasia Centre in February 1942, where she was among the 14,000 murdered. In the course of post-war documentation, in 1949, she was pronounced legally dead, with a date of 28 April 1942.


title: August Landmesser

text: Meanwhile, Landmesser was discharged from prison on 19 January 1941. He worked as a foreman for the haulage company Püst. The company had a branch at the Heinkel-Werke (factory) in Warnemünde. In February 1944 he was drafted into a penal battalion, the 999th Fort Infantry Battalion. After fighting in Croatia on 17 October 1944, he was declared killed in action. Like Eckler, he was declared legally dead in 1949.


title: August Landmesser

text: Initially, their children were taken to the city orphanage. Later, Ingrid was allowed to live with her maternal grandmother. In 1941, Irene went to the home of foster parents. After her grandmother's death in 1953, Ingrid also was placed with foster parents.


title: August Landmesser

text: The marriage of August Landmesser and Irma Eckler was recognized retroactively by the Senate of Hamburg in the summer of 1951. In the autumn of that year Ingrid assumed the surname "Landmesser". Irene continued to use the surname "Eckler".


title: August Landmesser

text: A figure identified by Irene Eckler as August Landmesser is visible in a photograph taken on 13 June 1936, which was published in 1991 in "Die Zeit". It shows a large gathering of workers at the Blohm+Voss shipyard in Hamburg for the launching of the navy training ship "Horst Wessel". Almost everyone in the image has raised their arm in the Nazi salute, with the most obvious exception of a man toward the back of the crowd, who grimly stands with his arms crossed over his chest.


title: August Landmesser

text: In 1996, Irene Eckler published "Die Vormundschaftsakte 1935–1958: Verfolgung einer Familie wegen "Rassenschande"" ("The Guardianship Documents 1935–1958: Persecution of a Family for "Racial Disgrace""). The book tells the story of her family and includes a large number of original documents from the time in question, including letters from her mother and documents from state institutions.


title: August Landmesser

text: However, the identity of the man in the photograph is not known with certainty. Another family claims that the man is Gustav Wegert (1890–1959), a metalworker at Blohm+Voss who habitually refused to salute on religious grounds. They have presented documentation of Wegert's employment at Blohm+Voss at that time which advocates take as stronger evidence, as well as family photographs that better resemble the man in the famous photograph, as evidence.


title: Common eland

text: The common eland ("Taurotragus oryx"), also known as the southern eland or eland antelope, is a savannah and plains antelope found in East and Southern Africa. It is a species of the family Bovidae and genus "Taurotragus". An adult male is around tall at the shoulder (females are shorter) and can weigh up to with a typical range of , for females). It is the second-largest antelope in the world, being slightly smaller on average than the giant eland. It was scientifically described by Peter Simon Pallas in 1766.


title: Common eland

text: Mainly a herbivore, its diet is primarily grasses and leaves. Common elands form herds of up to 500 animals, but are not territorial. The common eland prefers habitats with a wide variety of flowering plants such as savannah, woodlands, and open and montane grasslands; it avoids dense forests. It uses loud barks, visual and postural movements, and the flehmen response to communicate and warn others of danger. The common eland is used by humans for leather, meat, and milk, and has been domesticated in many areas. Eland milk contains more butterfat than cow's milk, and can keep longer without pasteurising.


title: Common eland

text: It is native to Angola, Botswana, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, South Africa, South Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe, but is no longer present in Burundi. While the common eland's population is decreasing, it is classified as of least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.


title: Common eland

text: The scientific name of the common eland is "Taurotragus oryx", composed of three words: "tauros", "tragos", and "oryx". "Tauros" is Greek for a bull or bullock, meaning the same as the Latin "taurus". "Tragos" is Greek for a male goat, referring to the tuft of hair that grows in the eland's ear and its resemblance to a goat's beard. "Oryx" is Latin and Greek (genitive: "orygos") for pickaxe, referring to the pointed horns of North African antelopes like the common eland and scimitar-horned oryx.


title: Common eland

text: The name "eland" is Dutch for "elk" or "moose". It has a Baltic source similar to the Lithuanian "élnis", which means "deer". It was borrowed earlier as "ellan" (French) in the 1610s or "Elend" (German). When Dutch settlers came to the Cape of Good Hope, creating the Dutch Cape Colony, they named the animal after the large, herbivorous moose. In Dutch, the animal is called "eland antelope" to distinguish it from the moose, which is found in the northern boreal forests.


title: Common eland

text: Common elands are spiral-horned antelopes. They are sexually dimorphic, with females being smaller than the males. Females weigh , measure from the snout to the base of the tail and stand at the shoulder. Bulls weigh , are from the snout to the base of the tail and stand at the shoulder. The tail is long. Male elands can weigh up to .


title: Common eland

text: Their coat differs geographically, with elands in northern part of their range having distinctive markings (torso stripes, markings on legs, dark garters and a spinal crest) that are absent in the south. Apart from a rough mane, the coat is smooth. Females have a tan coat, while the coats of males are darker, with a bluish-grey tinge. Bulls may also have a series of vertical white stripes on their sides (mainly in parts of the Karoo in South Africa). As males age, their coat becomes more grey. Males also have dense fur on their foreheads and a large dewlap on their throats.


title: Common eland

text: Both sexes have horns with a steady spiral ridge (resembling that of the bushbuck). The horns are visible as small buds in newborns and grow rapidly during the first seven months. The horns of males are thicker and shorter than those of females (males' horns are long and females' are long), and have a tighter spiral. Males use their horns during rutting season to wrestle and butt heads with rivals, while females use their horns to protect their young from predators.


title: Common eland

text: The common eland is the slowest antelope, with a peak speed of that tires them quickly. However, they can maintain a trot indefinitely. Elands are capable of jumping up to from a standing start when startled (up to for young elands). The common eland's life expectancy is generally between 15 and 20 years; in captivity, some live up to 25 years.


title: Common eland

text: Eland herds are accompanied by a loud clicking sound that has been subject to considerable speculation. The weight of the animal may cause the two halves of its hooves to splay apart, and the clicking is the result of the hoof snapping together when the animal raises its leg. The sound carries some distance from a herd, and may be a form of communication.


title: Common eland

text: The common eland was first described in 1766 by German zoologist and botanist Peter Simon Pallas. It belongs to the order Artiodactyla, family Bovidae, and subfamily Bovinae. Common elands are sometimes considered part of the genus "Tragelaphus" on the basis of molecular phylogenetics, but are usually categorized as "Taurotragus", along with the giant eland ("T. derbianus").


title: Common eland

text: Male elands have 31 diploid chromosomes and females have 32. The male (Y) chromosome has been translocated to the short arm of an autosome. Both the X chromosome and Y chromosome replicate late; they do not match well and are variable. The chromosomes resemble those of the greater kudu ("Tragelaphus strepsiceros").


title: Common eland

text: Male elands and female greater kudus can produce a viable male hybrid, though whether it is sterile is unknown. An accidental crossing of an East African common eland ("T. o. pattersonianus"') with an East African kudu ("T. s. bea") occurred in the San Diego Zoo Safari Park. This was believed to be due to the absence of male kudus in the herd. The hybrid produced was sterile, which was unexpected before the study. The study confirmed the chromosome numbers of both the eland and the kudu and the strangeness of their attached Y chromosomes. Reports state that repeated matings of male elands with domestic ("Bos primigenius") and zebu cows ("Bos indicus") have also produced sterile hybrids. Female elands can also act as surrogates for bongos.


title: Common eland

text: The Bovidae family ancestors of the common eland evolved approximately 20 million years ago in Africa; fossils are found throughout Africa and France, but the best record appears in sub-Saharan Africa. The first members of the tribe Tragelaphini appear six million years in the past during the late Miocene. An extinct ancestor of the common eland ("Taurotragus arkelli") appears in the Pleistocene in northern Tanzania and the first "T. oryx" fossil appears in the Holocene in Algeria.


title: Common eland

text: In 2010, a genetic study was made basing on the evolutionary history of common elands. Located in the sub-Saharan savanna biome of East and Southern Africa, the study used methods including analysis of mitochondrial DNA control-region fragments from 122 individuals to learn more about various topics, such as the phylogeography, genetic diversity, and demographic history of the species. The conclusions strongly supported the presence of a longer-standing population in the south and a mosaic of Pleistocene refugia in the east. Today, their extinction from these parts is thought to be due to colonization. The similarity of dates obtained from more studies indicates a significant event around 200 ka, which had brought a great change in the genetic history of the species.


title: Common eland

text: Common elands live on the open plains of Southern Africa and along the foothills of the great southern African plateau. The species extends north into Ethiopia and most arid zones of South Sudan, west into eastern Angola and Namibia, and south to South Africa. However, a low density of elands exists in Africa due to poaching and human settlement.


title: Common eland

text: Elands prefer to live in semiarid areas that contain many shrub-like bushes, and often inhabit grasslands, woodlands, subdesert, bush, and mountaintops with altitudes of about . Elands do, however, avoid forests, swamps and deserts. The places inhabited by elands generally contain "Acacia", "Combretum", "Commiphora", "Diospyros", "Grewia", "Rhus", and "Ziziphus" trees and shrubs; some of these also serve as their food.


title: Common eland

text: Eland can be found in many national parks and reserves today, including Nairobi National Park and Tsavo East National Park, Tsavo West National Park, Masai Mara National Reserve, (Kenya); Serengeti National Park, Ruaha National Park and Tarangire National Park, Ngorongoro Crater, (Tanzania); Kagera National Park (Rwanda); Nyika National Park (Malawi); Lake Mburo National Park (Uganda); Kidepo Valley National Park (Uganda); Luangwa Valley and Kafue National Park (Zambia); Hwange National Park, Matobo National Park, Tuli Safari Area and Chimanimani Eland Sanctuary (Zimbabwe); Kruger National Park, Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park, Giant's Castle and Suikerbosrand NR (South Africa).


title: Common eland

text: Common elands are nomadic and crepuscular. They eat in the morning and evening, rest in shade when hot, and remain in sunlight when cold. They are commonly found in herds numbering up to 500, with individual members remaining in the herd from several hours to several months. Juveniles and mothers tend to form larger herds, while males may separate into smaller groups or wander individually. During estrus, mainly in the rainy season, groups tend to form more regularly. In Southern Africa, common elands will often associate with herds of zebras, roan antelopes and oryxes.


title: Common eland

text: Common elands communicate via gestures, vocalizations, scent cues, and display behaviors. The flehmen response also occurs, primarily in males in response to contact with female urine or genitals. Females urinate to indicate fertility during the appropriate phase of their estrous cycle, as well as to indicate their lack of fertility when harassed by males. If eland bulls find any of their predators nearby, they bark and attempt to attract the attention of others by trotting back and forth until the entire herd is conscious of the danger. Some of their main predators include lions, African wild dogs, cheetahs, and spotted hyenas. Juvenile elands are more vulnerable than adults to their predators.


title: Common eland

text: Common elands are herbivores that browse during drier winter, but have also adapted to grazing during the rainy season when grasses are more common and nutritious. They require a high-protein diet of succulent leaves from flowering plants, but will consume lower-quality plant material if available, including forbs, trees, shrubs, grasses, seeds, and tubers. Grasses that elands eat include "Setaria" and "Themeda" and fruits from "Securinega" and "Strychnos". Large antelope can survive on lower-quality food in times of little rain.


title: Common eland

text: Most of their water is obtained from their food, though they drink water when available. As they quickly adjust to the surroundings due to seasonal changes and other causes, they change their feeding habits. They also use their horns to break off branches that are hard to reach.


title: Common eland

text: Common elands have several thermoregulatory adaptations to help them withstand the extreme temperatures of their environments. Using peripheral thermal receptors on the skin, elands can sense heat and increase or decrease evaporative cooling accordingly. On sunnier days, common elands maintain a cooler skin temperature relative to their inner body temperature. Elands achieve cooler skin temperatures by increasing cutaneous evaporation. This allows them to feel cooler, even though their internal body temperature stays relatively the same throughout the day. The eland can also conserve water by increasing its body temperature. When temperatures rise above a certain threshold, an increase in sweating and panting is also observed. Common elands use their sparse fur coats to dissipate excess heat via reradiation. The dewlap is also believed to play a role in thermoregulation. Due to its high surface area to volume ratio, it may allow for efficient thermoregulation in larger common elands with larger dewlaps.


title: Common eland

text: Females are sexually mature at 15 to 36 months and males at 4 to 5 years. Mating may occur anytime after reaching sexual maturity, but is mostly seen in the rainy season. In Zambia, young are born in July and August, while elsewhere this is the mating season. Mating begins when elands gather to feed on lush, green plains with plentiful grass, and some males and females start mating with each other in separate pairs. Males chase the females to find out if they are in estrus. They also test the female's urine. Usually, a female chooses the most dominant and fit male to mate with. Sometimes, she runs away from males trying to mate, causing more attraction. This results in fights between males, in which their hard horns are used. A female allows a male to mount after two to four hours. Males usually keep close contact with females in the mating period. The dominant male can mate with more than one female. Females have a gestation period of nine months, and give birth to only one calf each time.


title: Common eland

text: Males, females, and juveniles each form separate social groups. The male groups are the smallest; the members stay together and search for food or water sources. The female group is much larger and covers greater areas. They travel the grassy plains in wet periods and prefer bushy areas in dry periods. Females have a complex linear hierarchy. The nursery and juvenile group is naturally formed when females give birth to calves. After about 24 hours of the delivery, the mother and calf join this group. The calves start befriending each other and stay back in the nursery group, while the mother returns to the female group. The calves leave the nursery group when they are at least two years old and join a male or female group.


title: Common eland

text: Common elands are resistant to trypanosomiasis, a protozoan infection that has the tsetse fly as a vector, but not to the "Rhipicephalus"-transmitted disease theileriosis. The disease-causing bacterium "Theileria taurotragi" has caused many eland deaths. "Clostridium chauvoei", another bacterium, can be harmful, as well. Elands are also hosts to several kinds of ticks. In one study, an eland was found to be host to the "Amblyomma" species "A. gemma" and "A. variegatum", and "Rhipicephalus" species "R. decoloratus", "R. appendiculatus", "R. evertsi", "R. pulchellus" and "R. pravus". Elands produce antibodies for "Brucella" bacteria, but none for "Mycobacterium paratuberculosis" or various types of pneumonia like contagious bovine pneumonia and contagious caprine pneumonia, normally infectious in cows or antelopes.


title: Common eland

text: Currently, common elands are not endangered. They are conserved by the United States Endangered Species Act, and regulated in international trade by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species. Using ground counts and aerial surveys, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) calculates the population density of the common eland to be between 0.05 and 1 per square kilometre with a total population estimate of 136,000. Populations are considered stable or increasing in the countries of Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Malawi, and possibly Tanzania.


title: Common eland

text: The population is, however, gradually decreasing due to habitat loss, caused by expanding human settlements and poaching for its superior meat. As they are docile and inactive most of the time, they can easily be killed. The species became extinct in Eswatini and Zimbabwe, but has been reintroduced.


title: Common eland

text: The IUCN states that about half of the estimated total population lives in protected areas and 30% on private land. Protected areas that support major populations include Omo (Ethiopia), Serengeti, Katavi, Ruaha, and Selous-Kilombero (Tanzania), Kafue and North Luangwa (Zambia), Nyika (Malawi), Etosha (Namibia), Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park (Botswana/South Africa) and Ukhahlamba Drakensberg Park (South Africa). Most of these populations appear to be stable. Relatively large numbers of common elands now live on private land, particularly in Namibia, Zimbabwe, and South Africa, reflecting its value as a trophy animal. Common elands have also been widely domesticated in Zimbabwe, South Africa, and Kenya, as well as in Russia and Ukraine.


title: Common eland

text: The common eland is sometimes farmed and hunted for its meat, and in some cases can be better used than cattle because it is more suited to African climates. This has led to some Southern African farmers switching from cattle to eland. Common elands are also pictured as supporters in the coat of arms of Grootfontein, Namibia.


title: Common eland

text: Common elands have a mild temperament and have been successfully domesticated for meat and milk production in South Africa and Russia. Their need for water is quite low because they produce urine with a highurea content, but they require a substantial grazing area, along with salt licks and large amounts of supplementary feed such as maize, sorghum, melons, and beans, which can be expensive. A female can produce up to of milk per day that is richer in milkfat than cow milk. The pleasant-tasting milk has a butterfat content of 11-17% and can be stored for up to eight months if properly prepared, versus several days for cow milk.


title: Common eland

text: Housing common elands is difficult due to their ability to jump over fences as high as or simply break through using their substantial mass. Sometimes, wild elands break through enclosures to mix with domesticated ones. Common elands can reproduce in captivity, but calf survival is low and the young may need to be separated from their mothers to ensure health and adequate feeding. Husbandry requires care because the generally placid animals startle easily and require large amounts of space.


title: RELX

text: RELX plc (pronounced "Rel-ex") is a British multinational information and analytics company headquartered in London, England. Its businesses provide scientific, technical and medical information and analytics; legal information and analytics; decision-making tools; and organise exhibitions. It operates in 40 countries and serves customers in over 180 nations. It was previously known as Reed Elsevier, and came into being in 1993 as a result of the merger of Reed International, a British trade book and magazine publisher, and Elsevier, a Netherlands-based scientific publisher.


title: RELX

text: The company is publicly listed, with shares traded on the London Stock Exchange, Amsterdam Stock Exchange and New York Stock Exchange (ticker symbols: London: REL, Amsterdam: REN, New York: RELX). The company is one of the constituents of the FTSE 100 Index, Financial Times Global 500 and Euronext 100 Index.


title: RELX

text: The company, which was previously known as Reed Elsevier, came into being in 1993, as a result of the merger of Reed International, a British trade book and magazine publisher, and Elsevier, a Netherlands-based scientific publisher. The company re-branded itself as RELX in February 2015.


title: RELX

text: In 1895, Albert E. Reed established a newsprint manufacturing operation at Tovil Mill near Maidstone, Kent. The Reed family were Methodists and encouraged good working conditions for their staff in the then-dangerous print trade.


title: RELX

text: In 1965, Reed Group, as it was then known, became a conglomerate, creating its Decorative Products Division with the purchase of Crown Paints, Polycell and Sanderson's wallpaper and DIY decorating interests.


title: RELX

text: In 1970, Reed Group merged with the International Publishing Corporation and the company name was changed to Reed International Limited. The company continued to grow by merging with other publishers and produced high quality trade journals as IPC Business Press Ltd and women's and other consumer magazines as IPC magazines Ltd.


title: RELX

text: In 1985 the company decided to rationalise its operations, focusing on publishing and selling off its other interests. Sanderson was sold to WestPoint Pepperell, Inc. of Georgia, United States, that year, while Crown Paint and Polycell were sold to Williams Holdings in 1987. The company's paper and packaging production operations were bundled together to form Reedpack and sold to private equity firm Cinven in 1988.


title: RELX

text: In 1880, Jacobus George Robbers started a publishing company called NV Uitgeversmaatschappij Elsevier (Elsevier Publishing Company NV) to publish literary classics and the encyclopedia "Winkler Prins". Robbers named the company after the old Dutch printers family Elzevir, which, for example, published the works of Erasmus in 1587. Elsevier NV originally was based in Rotterdam but moved to Amsterdam in the late 1880s.


title: RELX

text: Up to the 1930s, Elsevier remained a small family-owned publisher, with no more than ten employees. After the war it launched the weekly "Elsevier" magazine, which turned out to be very profitable. A rapid expansion followed. Elsevier Press Inc. started in 1951 in Houston, Texas, USA, and in 1962 publishing offices were opened in London and New York. Multiple mergers in the 1970s led to name changes, settling at "Elsevier Scientific Publishers" in 1979. In 1991, two years before the merger with Reed, Elsevier acquired Pergamon Press in the UK.


title: RELX

text: Cahners Publishing, founded by Norman Cahners, was the largest U.S. publisher of trade or business magazines as of his death in 1986. Reed Elsevier acquired the company in 1977.


title: RELX

text: In February 1997, Reed Elsevier divested its trade publishing group (including Heinemann, Methuen, Secker & Warburg, Sinclair-Stevenson, Mandarin, Minerva and Cedar) to Random House. In 1998, Reed Elsevier sold the children's divisions of Heinemann, Methuen, Hamlyn and Mammoth to the Egmont Group.


title: RELX

text: In February 2007, the company announced its intention to sell Harcourt, its educational publishing division. On 4 May 2007 Pearson, the international education and information company, announced that it had agreed to acquire Harcourt Assessment and Harcourt Education International from Reed Elsevier for $950m in cash. In July 2007, Reed Elsevier announced its agreement to sell the remaining Harcourt Education business, including international imprint Heinemann, to Houghton Mifflin for $4 billion in cash and stock.


title: RELX

text: Between 2006 and 2019, in 65 separate deals, the company systematically sold its 300 print, business to business magazine titles, reducing the proportion of print revenues from 51% to 9%. Advertising, which had been the largest source of revenues when RELX was founded, represented just 1% of sales in 2018.


title: RELX

text: In July 2009, Reed Elsevier announced its intention to sell most of its North American trade publications, including "Publishers Weekly", "Broadcasting & Cable", and "Multichannel News", although it planned to retain "Variety".


title: RELX

text: In April 2010, Reed Elsevier announced that it had sold 21 US magazines to other owners in recent months, and that an additional 23 US trade magazines, including "Restaurants & Institutions", "Hotels", and "Trade Show Week" would cease publication. The closures were mostly due to the weak economy including an advertising slump.


title: RELX

text: In 2014, Reed Business Information sold BuyerZone, an online marketplace; emedia, an American provider of research for IT buyers and vendors; and a majority stake in Reed Construction Data, a provider of construction data.


title: RELX

text: In January 2019, RBI sold its Dutch agricultural media and selected international agricultural media portfolio (including "Poultry World)" to Doorakkeren BV.


title: RELX

text: In December 2019, RBI announced plans to sell the "Farmers Weekly" magazine title, website and related platforms, events and awards to MA Agriculture Limited, part of the Mark Allen Group.


title: RELX

text: RELX's Scientific, Technical & Medical business provides information, analytics and tools that help investors make decisions that improve scientific and healthcare outcomes. It operates under the name of Elsevier:


title: RELX

text: Scopus is a bibliographic database containing abstracts and citations for academic journal articles. It contains more than 50 million items in more 20,000 titles from 5,000 publishers worldwide.


title: RELX

text: Mendeley is a desktop and web program for managing and sharing research papers, discovering research data and collaborating online.


title: RELX

text: Elsevier is the world's largest publisher of academic articles. It publishes 420,000 articles a year in about 2,500 journals. Its best-known titles are "The Lancet" and "Cell". In 1995, "Forbes" magazine (wrongly) predicted Elsevier would be "the first victim of the internet" as it was disrupted and disintermediated by the World Wide Web.


title: RELX

text: Risk Solutions Group provide decision-making tools which help banks spot money launderers and insurance companies weed out fraudulent claims.


title: RELX

text: The business claims to have saved the state of Florida more than $60 million a year by preventing benefit fraud.


title: RELX

text: Accuity provides financial crime compliance software which allows institutions to comply with sanctions and anti-money laundering compliance programmes. It offers Know Your Customer, KYC, online subscription-based data and software for the financial services industry. The company's services include helping banks and financial institutions screen for high risk customers and transactions, and providing databases such as Bankers Almanac which allows clients to find and validate bank payment routing data. Accuity serves financial services clients worldwide.


title: RELX

text: Cirium (previously known as FlightGlobal) provides data and aviation analytics products to the aviation, finance and travel industries.


title: RELX

text: RELX's legal business operates under the LexisNexis brand. Many of LexisNexis' brands date back to the nineteenth century or earlier. These include Butterworths and Tolley in the UK and JurisClasseur in France. In 2019, 85% of its revenues were electronic. The LexisNexis legal and news database contains 119bn documents and records.


title: RELX

text: RELX's exhibitions business is called Reed Exhibitions. It is the world's largest exhibitions company, running 500 shows for 140,000 exhibitors and 7m visitors.


title: RELX

text: In August 2020, RELX announced Sir Anthony Habgood would retire as Chair, to be replaced by Paul Walker in the first half of 2021.


title: RELX

text: From 2011 to 2014, the average annual value of disposals was about $300m. The predictability of the company's results in recent years has led to a re-rating of the shares.


title: RELX

text: The RELX Environmental Challenge awards grants to projects advancing access to safe water and sanitation.


title: RELX

text: In 2019, Mike Walsh, CEO of LexisNexis, was honoured by the UN Foundation with a Global Leadership award for the company's work in advancing the Rule of Law - recognizing the company's commitment to strengthening equality under law, transparency of law, independent judiciaries and accessible legal remedy.


title: RELX

text: The Elsevier Foundation supports libraries in developing countries, women scientists and nursing facilities. In 2016 it committed $1m a year, for 3 years, to programmes encouraging diversity in science, technology and medicine and promoting science research in developing countries.


title: RELX

text: The mercury contamination of the Wabigoon River in Ontario Canada by a corporate subsidiary between 1962 and 1970 was "one of the worst cases of environmental poisoning in Canadian history." Reed sold the Dryden Mill to Great Lakes Forest Products in 1980. As of 2017 Grassy Narrows First Nation chief Simon Fobister stated that the river remained highly contaminated.


title: RELX

text: Reed Elsevier has been criticised for the high prices of its journals and services, especially those published by Elsevier. It has also supported SOPA, PIPA and the Research Works Act, although it no longer supports the last. Because of this, members of the scientific community have boycotted Elsevier journals. In January 2012, the boycott gained an online pledge and petition (The Cost of Knowledge) initiated by mathematician and Fields medalist Sir Timothy Gowers. The movement has received support from noted science bloggers, such as biologist Jonathan Eisen. Between 2012 and November 2015, about 15,391 scientists signed The Cost of Knowledge boycott. In 2016, Elsevier received 1.5 million article submissions.


title: RELX

text: On 28 February 2019 following long negotiations, the University of California announced it would be terminating all subscriptions with Elsevier.


title: RELX

text: As a data broker Reed Elsevier collected, used, and sold data on millions of consumers. In 2005, a security breach occurred through a recently purchased subsidiary, Seisint, which allowed identity thieves to steal the records of at least 316,000 people. The database contained names, current and prior addresses, dates of birth, drivers license numbers and Social Security numbers, among other data obtained from credit reporting agencies and other sources. In 2008 the company settled an action taken against it by the Federal Trade Commission for multiple failures of security practice in how the data was stored and protected. The settlement required Reed Elsevier and Seisint to establish and maintain a comprehensive security program to protect nonpublic personal information.


title: RELX

text: Between 2005 and 2007, members of the medical and scientific communities, which purchase and use many journals published by Reed Elsevier, agitated for the company to cut its links to the arms trade. Two UK academics, Tom Stafford of Sheffield University and Nick Gill, launched petitions calling for it to stop organising arms fairs. A subsidiary, Spearhead, organised defence shows, including an event where it was reported that cluster bombs and extremely powerful riot control equipment were offered for sale. In February 2007 Richard Smith, former editor of the "British Medical Journal", published an editorial in the "Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine" arguing that Reed Elsevier's involvement in both the arms trade and medical publishing constituted a conflict of interest. Subsequently, in June the company announced that they would be exiting the defence exhibition business during the second half of the year.


title: RELX

text: In November 2019, legal scholars and human rights activists called on RELX to cease work with U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement because their product LexisNexis directly contributes to the deportation of illegal immigrants.


title: RELX

text: An article in "The Guardian" in February 2022 revealed that Elsevier products and services support expanding the production aims of the fossil fuel industry. The company disclosed that it is "not prepared to draw a line between the transition away from fossil fuels and the expansion of oil and gas extraction."


title: Gijón

text: Gijón () or () is a city and municipality in north-western Spain. It is the largest city and municipality by population in the autonomous community of Asturias. It is located on the coast of the Cantabrian Sea in the Bay of Biscay, in the central-northern part of Asturias; it is approximately north-east of Oviedo, the capital of Asturias, and from Avilés. With a population of 271,780, Gijón is the 15th largest city in Spain.


title: Gijón

text: Gijón forms part of a large metropolitan area that includes twenty councils in the center of the region, structured with a dense network of roads, highways and railways and with a population of 835,053 inhabitants in 2011, making it the seventh largest in Spain.


title: Gijón

text: During the 20th century, Gijón developed as an industrial city in the steel and naval industries. However, due to the decline in manufacturing in these industries, in recent years Gijón is undergoing a transformation into an important tourist, university, commercial and R&D center. Gijón is the location of the Radiotelevisión del Principado de Asturias, the neighbourhood of Cimavilla, the Universidad Laboral de Gijón, the Revillagigedo Palace, and the adjoining Collegiate Church of San Juan Bautista.


title: Gijón

text: Gijón is part of the statistical (not yet developed from an administrative standpoint) "comarca" of Gijón.


title: Gijón

text: One theory based on some early medieval texts mention it as "Gigia", derived from the identical Greek and Latin term "gigias", meaning "giant", both of which refer to the Greek mythological giant Gigas. The medieval "Gigia" name, in turn, more specifically would refer to the ancient Roman wall built on the peninsula of the


title: Gijón

text: Cimavilla neighbourhood of Gijón. This wall was called the "Gegionem" by the Romans, and is itself a compound Latin term being either "geg-ionem", meaning "giant-ness/gigantic", "gegi-onem", meaning "concrete giant", or "gegio-nem" meaning "giant end". Presumably the use of the term meaning "giant" referred to either the pre-Germanic Astur peoples who inhabited the area being of large physical stature, or simply the largeness of the wall itself.


title: Gijón

text: The name of the city might also come from the hypothetical Roman actual name of the place "Sessio" which may have turned into the word "Xixón" as the centuries went by. Then the Spanish word "Gijón", which has been also written during the Middle age as "Jijón" or even "Jixón", would be a Castilianization of the Asturian name. This theory is nowadays known as the most acceptable.


title: Gijón

text: The first evidence of human presence in what is known nowadays as the municipality of Gijón is located on Monte Deva, where there exists a series of tumuli, and on Monte Areo, where there are some neolithic dolmens. These dolmens were discovered in 1990 and were supposedly built around 5000 BC.


title: Gijón

text: The first noticed settlement (Noega) is located in Campa Torres. It has its origin between the 6th and 5th centuries BC. It was populated by Astures ("Cilúrnigos") and later Romanized. Noega was progressively abandoned when the Roman wall in the peninsula of Cimavilla, called the "Gegionem", was built.


title: Gijón

text: The invasions of barbarian tribes in the 5th and 6th centuries left no traces. The region submitted to the power of the Visigoth king Sisebut in the 7th century. This period marks the beginnings of Christianization, one of the first Christian worshipping places being the Roman villa of Veranes.


title: Gijón

text: Gijón was capital of the Muslim territories on the Cantabric Sea, under the power of Munuza, for a short period between 713 and 718 or 722. In 722 the Asturians won the Battle of Covadonga which is regarded as the beginning of the Reconquista. The Asturian forces were led by Pelagius, who would become the first king of the Kingdom of Asturias.


title: Gijón

text: Until 1270 there were no reliable references to Gijón as a settlement, with only short mentions in some documents. In this year, Alfonso X of Castile gave it the status of "puebla". This documentation appears in the Monastery of San Vicente de Oviedo.


title: Gijón

text: In the 14th century, the war between Alfonso Enríquez, Count of Gijón and Noreña and Henry III of Castile ended when the village of Gijón was burned and totally destroyed, practically disappearing. In the 15th and 16th centuries, Gijón reemerged. A new dock was built in the port adding fishing and commerce to the area. In the 17th and 18th centuries Gijón began to develop rapidly, growing out of the old city center, supported by the commercial links between the port of Gijón and the American colonies. In the 18th century, due to the French invasions, the wars and the financial trouble in the era, the development stopped until late in the century, when the Oviedo-Gijón road was created and the port was recognized as the best one in Asturias, favoring the start of industrial activities in the town.


title: Gijón

text: The 19th century brought with it great development, with the commerce of coal, the Gijón–León road and later the Langreo–Gijón railway. All this contributed to the quick expansion of the port, since the intensity of the traffic overflowed the port. A new port, El Musel, was built in 1893 and it was the first coal port of the peninsula.


title: Gijón

text: Gijón was going through a conversion to an industrial town with a new bourgeois and an urban development, opening new streets and squares, with new municipal equipments like water, garbage collection, lighting, and so on. All this industrial development brought new manpower to the city and the creation of new neighborhoods like Natahoyo, La Calzada, Tremañes or El Humedal.


title: Gijón

text: In the 20th century, with the Spanish Civil War, the city supported the Republican faction. The army was located in El Coto. The resistance was eliminated in August 1936. Later, the village was the capital of the Sovereign Council of Asturias and León until 20 October 1937, when the troops of General Francisco Franco occupied the city.


title: Gijón

text: Iron manufacture was the main industry of Gijón from the last years of the 19th century until the last decades of the 20th. Uninsa was created in 1971, and it merged with Ensidesa. In the last years of the century was converted in Aceralia, and integrated in Arcelor, along with the Luxembourg-based Arbed and the French company Usinor. The last decades of the century brought an industrial crisis affecting mainly iron manufacture and local shipbuilding. This brought new terrain for the creation of new beaches, parks and neighborhoods. It was also created a campus of the University of Oviedo.


title: Gijón

text: The city is situated on the coast of central Asturias, from sea level to an altitude of at "Picu Samartín" and at Peña de los Cuatro Jueces, bordered on the West by Carreño, the East by Villaviciosa, and to the South by Siero and Llanera.