title: Predictive analytics

text: Predictive analytics encompasses a variety of statistical techniques from data mining, predictive modeling, and machine learning that analyze current and historical facts to make predictions about future or otherwise unknown events.


title: Predictive analytics

text: In business, predictive models exploit patterns found in historical and transactional data to identify risks and opportunities. Models capture relationships among many factors to allow assessment of risk or potential associated with a particular set of conditions, guiding decision-making for candidate transactions.


title: Predictive analytics

text: The defining functional effect of these technical approaches is that predictive analytics provides a predictive score (probability) for each individual (customer, employee, healthcare patient, product SKU, vehicle, component, machine, or other organizational unit) in order to determine, inform, or influence organizational processes that pertain across large numbers of individuals, such as in marketing, credit risk assessment, fraud detection, manufacturing, healthcare, and government operations including law enforcement.


title: Predictive analytics

text: Predictive analytics is a set of business intelligence (BI) technologies that uncovers relationships and patterns within large volumes of data that can be used to predict behavior and events. Unlike other BI technologies, predictive analytics is forward-looking, using past events to anticipate the future. Predictive analytics statistical techniques include data modeling, machine learning, AI, deep learning algorithms and data mining. Often the unknown event of interest is in the future, but predictive analytics can be applied to any type of unknown whether it be in the past, present or future. For example, identifying suspects after a crime has been committed, or credit card fraud as it occurs. The core of predictive analytics relies on capturing relationships between explanatory variables and the predicted variables from past occurrences, and exploiting them to predict the unknown outcome. It is important to note, however, that the accuracy and usability of results will depend greatly on the level of data analysis and the quality of assumptions.


title: Predictive analytics

text: Predictive analytics is often defined as predicting at a more detailed level of granularity, i.e., generating predictive scores (probabilities) for each individual organizational element. This distinguishes it from forecasting. For example, "Predictive analytics—Technology that learns from experience (data) to predict the future behavior of individuals in order to drive better decisions." In future industrial systems, the value of predictive analytics will be to predict and prevent potential issues to achieve near-zero break-down and further be integrated into prescriptive analytics for decision optimization.


title: Predictive analytics

text: While there is no universal definition of big data, most of them refer to the processing of a large set of data points to get a finished product. When the dataset is too large to be analyzed using traditional analyzation techniques, big data analytics comes into play. However, size is not the only factor that defines big data.


title: Predictive analytics

text: Gartner's definition of big data is useful in explaining the defining properties of big data: "Big data is high-volume, high-velocity and/or high variety information assets that demand cost-effective, innovative forms of information processing that enable enhanced insight, decision making, and process automation." These properties are sometimes referred to as the 3 Vs of big data.


title: Predictive analytics

text: When we talk about volume of data, think about its size. There is no universal criteria for size that determines whether a dataset is "big" or not, because size is relative. Terabytes of data could be considered big data to one firm while another firm uses a larger unit of storage as criteria for big data such as a petabyte or an exabyte.


title: Predictive analytics

text: The velocity of data refers to the speed of data and how much time it takes to create, store, and analyze it. Batch processing was traditionally used to process large blocks of data, but this takes a lot of time and is only useful if decision making can be successful without fast-paced data processing. The markets of the modern day however require real-time processing for powerful and successful decision making in highly versatile and competitive environments.


title: Predictive analytics

text: There are also a few different types of data, which is what Gartner means by variety. Data can be structured, semi-structured, or unstructured. "Structured data is data that adheres to a predefined data model and is therefore straightforward to analyze." Structured data generally has rows and columns that can be sorted and searched with basic techniques. Spreadsheets and relational databases are typical examples of structured data. Unstructured data is basically the opposite of structured data in that it doesn't adhere to a predefined data model and doesn't contain columns or rows to help organize the data. This makes unstructured data more difficult to understand than structured data, which can be easily processed using traditional programs like Excel and SQL. Some examples of unstructured data include emails, PDF files, and Google searches. Storing and processing unstructured data has become much easier in recent years due to programs like Power BI and Tableau.


title: Predictive analytics

text: "Semi-structured data lies in between structured and unstructured data. It does not adhere to a formal data structure yet does contain tags and other markers to organize the data." The semi-structured category of data is much easier to analyze than unstructured data. Many big data tools can 'read' and process semi-structured forms of data like XML or JSON files.


title: Predictive analytics

text: The volume, variety and velocity of big data have introduced challenges across the board for capture, storage, search, sharing, analysis, and visualization. Examples of big data sources include web logs, RFID, sensor data, social networks, Internet search indexing, call detail records, military surveillance, and complex data in astronomic, biogeochemical, genomics, and atmospheric sciences. Thanks to technological advances in computer hardware—faster CPUs, cheaper memory, and MPP architectures—and new technologies such as Hadoop, MapReduce, and in-database and text analytics for processing big data, it is now feasible to collect, analyze, and mine massive amounts of structured and unstructured data for new insights. It is also possible to run predictive algorithms on streaming data. Today, exploring big data and using predictive analytics is within reach of more organizations than ever before and new methods that are capable of handling such datasets are proposed.


title: Predictive analytics

text: The approaches and techniques used to conduct predictive analytics can broadly be grouped into regression techniques and machine learning techniques.


title: Predictive analytics

text: Machine learning can be defined as the ability of a machine to learn and then mimic human behavior that requires intelligence. This is accomplished through artificial intelligence, algorithms, and models.


title: Predictive analytics

text: ARIMA models are a common example of time series models. These models use autoregression, which means the model can be fitted with a regression software that will use machine learning to do most of the regression analysis and smoothing. ARIMA models are known to have no overall trend, but instead have a variation around the average that has a constant amplitude, resulting in statistically similar time patterns. Through this, variables are analyzed and data is filtered in order to better understand and predict future values.


title: Predictive analytics

text: One example of an ARIMA method is exponential smoothing models. Exponential smoothing takes into account the difference in importance between older and newer data sets, as the more recent data is more accurate and valuable in predicting future values. In order to accomplish this, exponents are utilized to give newer data sets a larger weight in the calculations than the older sets.


title: Predictive analytics

text: Time series models are a subset of machine learning that utilize time series in order to understand and forecast data using past values. A time series is the sequence of a variable's value over equally spaced periods, such as years or quarters in business applications. To accomplish this, the data must be smoothed, or the random variance of the data must be removed in order to reveal trends in the data. There are multiple ways to accomplish this.


title: Predictive analytics

text: Single moving average methods utilize smaller and smaller numbered sets of past data to decrease error that is associated with taking a single average, making it a more accurate average than it would be to take the average of the entire data set.


title: Predictive analytics

text: Centered moving average methods utilize the data found in the single moving average methods by taking an average of the median-numbered data set. However, as the median-numbered data set is difficult to calculate with even-numbered data sets, this method works better with odd-numbered data sets than even.


title: Predictive analytics

text: Predictive Modeling is a statistical technique used to predict future behavior. It utilizes predictive models to analyze a relationship between a specific unit in a given sample and one or more features of the unit. The objective of these models is to assess the possibility that a unit in another sample will display the same pattern. Predictive model solutions can be considered a type of data mining technology. The models can analyze both historical and current data and generate a model in order to predict potential future outcomes.


title: Predictive analytics

text: Regardless of the methodology used, in general, the process of creating predictive models involves the same steps. First, it is necessary to determine the project objectives and desired outcomes and translate these into predictive analytic objectives and tasks. Then, analyze the source data to determine the most appropriate data and model building approach (models are only as useful as the applicable data used to build them). Select and transform the data in order to create models. Create and test models in order to evaluate if they are valid and will be able to meet project goals and metrics. Apply the model's results to appropriate business processes (identifying patterns in the data doesn't necessarily mean a business will understand how to take advantage or capitalize on it). Afterward, manage and maintain models in order to standardize and improve performance (demand will increase for model management in order to meet new compliance regulations).


title: Predictive analytics

text: Generally, regression analysis uses structural data along with the past values of independent variables and the relationship between them and the dependent variable to form predictions.


title: Predictive analytics

text: In linear regression, a plot is constructed with the previous values of the dependent variable plotted on the Y-axis and the independent variable that is being analyzed plotted on the X-axis. A regression line is then constructed by a statistical program representing the relationship between the independent and dependent variables which can be used to predict values of the dependent variable based only on the independent variable. With the regression line, the program also shows a slope intercept equation for the line which includes an addition for the error term of the regression, where the higher the value of the error term the less precise the regression model is. In order to decrease the value of the error term, other independent variables are introduced to the model, and similar analyses are performed on these independent variables.


title: Predictive analytics

text: An important aspect of auditing includes analytical review. In analytical review, the reasonableness of reported account balances being investigated is determined. Auditors accomplish this process through predictive modeling to form predictions called conditional expectations of the balances being audited using autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) methods and general regression analysis methods, specifically through the Statistical Technique for Analytical Review (STAR) methods.


title: Predictive analytics

text: The ARIMA method for analytical review uses time-series analysis on past audited balances in order to create the conditional expectations. These conditional expectations are then compared to the actual balances reported on the audited account in order to determine how close the reported balances are to the expectations. If the reported balances are close to the expectations, the accounts are not audited further. If the reported balances are very different from the expectations, there is a higher possibility of a material accounting error and a further audit is conducted.


title: Predictive analytics

text: Regression analysis methods are deployed in a similar way, except the regression model used assumes the availability of only one independent variable. The materiality of the independent variable contributing to the audited account balances are determined using past account balances along with present structural data. Materiality is the importance of an independent variable in its relationship to the dependent variable. In this case, the dependent variable is the account balance. Through this the most important independent variable is used in order to create the conditional expectation and, similar to the ARIMA method, the conditional expectation is then compared to the account balance reported and a decision is made based on the closeness of the two balances.


title: Predictive analytics

text: The STAR methods operate using regression analysis, and fall into two methods. The first is the STAR monthly balance approach, and the conditional expectations made and regression analysis used are both tied to one month being audited. The other method is the STAR annual balance approach, which happens on a larger scale by basing the conditional expectations and regression analysis on one year being audited. Besides the difference in the time being audited, both methods operate the same, by comparing expected and reported balances to determine which accounts to further investigate.


title: Predictive analytics

text: As we move into a world of technological advances where more and more data is created and stored digitally, businesses are looking for ways to take advantage of this opportunity and use this information to help generate profits. Predictive analytics can be used and is capable of providing many benefits to a wide range of businesses, including asset management firms, insurance companies, communication companies, and many other firms. In a study conducted by IDC Analyze the Future, Dan Vasset and Henry D. Morris explain how an asset management firm used predictive analytics to develop a better marketing campaign. They went from a mass marketing approach to a customer-centric approach, where instead of sending the same offer to each customer, they would personalize each offer based on their customer. Predictive analytics was used to predict the likelihood that a possible customer would accept a personalized offer. Due to the marketing campaign and predictive analytics, the firm's acceptance rate skyrocketed, with three times the number of people accepting their personalized offers.


title: Predictive analytics

text: Technological advances in predictive analytics have increased its value to firms. One technological advancement is more powerful computers, and with this predictive analytics has become able to create forecasts on large data sets much faster. With the increased computing power also comes more data and applications, meaning a wider array of inputs to use with predictive analytics. Another technological advance includes a more user-friendly interface, allowing a smaller barrier of entry and less extensive training required for employees to utilize the software and applications effectively. Due to these advancements, many more corporations are adopting predictive analytics and seeing the benefits in employee efficiency and effectiveness, as well as profits.


title: Predictive analytics

text: ARIMA univariate and multivariate models can be used in forecasting a company's future cash flows, with its equations and calculations based on the past values of certain factors contributing to cash flows. Using time-series analysis, the values of these factors can be analyzed and extrapolated to predict the future cash flows for a company. For the univariate models, past values of cash flows are the only factor used in the prediction. Meanwhile the multivariate models use multiple factors related to accrual data, such as operating income before depreciation.


title: Predictive analytics

text: Another model used in predicting cash-flows was developed in 1998 and is known as the Dechow, Kothari, and Watts model, or DKW (1998). DKW (1998) uses regression analysis in order to determine the relationship between multiple variables and cash flows. Through this method, the model found that cash-flow changes and accruals are negatively related, specifically through current earnings, and using this relationship predicts the cash flows for the next period. The DKW (1998) model derives this relationship through the relationships of accruals and cash flows to accounts payable and receivable, along with inventory.


title: Predictive analytics

text: Some child welfare agencies have started using predictive analytics to flag high risk cases. For example, in Hillsborough County, Florida, the child welfare agency's use of a predictive modeling tool has prevented abuse-related child deaths in the target population.


title: Predictive analytics

text: Predictive analysis have found use in health care primarily to determine which patients are at risk of developing conditions such as diabetes, asthma, or heart disease. Additionally, sophisticated clinical decision support systems incorporate predictive analytics to support medical decision making.


title: Predictive analytics

text: A 2016 study of neurodegenerative disorders provides a powerful example of a CDS platform to diagnose, track, predict and monitor the progression of Parkinson's disease.


title: Predictive analytics

text: The predicting of the outcome of juridical decisions can be done by AI programs. These programs can be used as assistive tools for professions in this industry.


title: Predictive analytics

text: Often the focus of analysis is not the consumer but the product, portfolio, firm, industry or even the economy. For example, a retailer might be interested in predicting store-level demand for inventory management purposes. Or the Federal Reserve Board might be interested in predicting the unemployment rate for the next year. These types of problems can be addressed by predictive analytics using time series techniques (see below). They can also be addressed via machine learning approaches which transform the original time series into a feature vector space, where the learning algorithm finds patterns that have predictive power.


title: Predictive analytics

text: Many businesses have to account for risk exposure due to their different services and determine the costs needed to cover the risk. Predictive analytics can help underwrite these quantities by predicting the chances of illness, default, bankruptcy, etc. Predictive analytics can streamline the process of customer acquisition by predicting the future risk behavior of a customer using application level data. Predictive analytics in the form of credit scores have reduced the amount of time it takes for loan approvals, especially in the mortgage market. Proper predictive analytics can lead to proper pricing decisions, which can help mitigate future risk of default. Predictive analytics can be used to mitigate moral hazard and prevent accidents from occurring.


title: Jonathan Torrens

text: Jonathan Ormond Torrens (born October 2, 1972) is a Canadian actor and television personality best known for his co-hosting of "Street Cents", his talk show "Jonovision", and his role as "J-Roc" in the popular Canadian mockumentary "Trailer Park Boys". In October 2009, Torrens began hosting "TV with TV's Jonathan Torrens", a comedic newsmagazine program broadcast on the TVtropolis network. In January 2014, he teamed up with fellow Canadian Jeremy Taggart to create the Taggart and Torrens Podcast. They discuss everything from sports to politics and offer a unique perspective on current issues.


title: Jonathan Torrens

text: Torrens was born in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island. Torrens lived in nearby Sherwood, a rural community, as a child, where he attended Sherwood Elementary School. He had his first stage appearance there in Grade 1. After first attending Charlottetown Rural High School in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, in 1983 he moved to Halifax with his family where he attended St. Patrick's High School. His sister is actress and playwright Jackie Torrens. Torrens is married and has two daughters, Sugar-Daisy and Indigo.


title: Jonathan Torrens

text: Torrens's past work includes co-hosting CBC Television's teen-oriented consumer affairs series "Street Cents" from 1989 until 1996. He then went on to host, co-produce and write for his own teen-oriented talk show, "Jonovision", from 1996 until 2001.


title: Jonathan Torrens

text: In 1998, he played David in "Beefcake", a movie about 1950s muscle magazines and their connection with the gay community. The same year, he won a Gemini in the category of Best Short Dramatic Program for his work on "Nan's Taxi". In 1999, he hosted and narrated a 33-minute docudrama on the consequences of impaired driving for the Alberta Alcohol and Drug Abuse Commission (AADAC) called "When Choices Collide". In 2001 he played Tony Moressa on the show "Pit Pony" and had two appearances on "Royal Canadian Air Farce" as 'The Clean Cut Keen SportsNet Guy'. From there he went on to "Rideau Hall" in 2002 and had a guest appearance on "This Hour Has 22 Minutes". In 2003, he starred in the CBC six episode mini-series "Jonathan Crosses Canada", in which he traveled across Canada in a Winnebago.


title: Jonathan Torrens

text: During the summer of 2004 he starred as "The Gotta-be-Gay-Guy" on the Spike TV mock reality show, "Joe Schmo 2", and has made appearances on the shows "The Greatest Canadian" and "50 Most Outrageous TV Moments".


title: Jonathan Torrens

text: He also played Shane McKay, Emma Nelson's biological father on "". Torrens has a recurring role as J-Roc on the television series "Trailer Park Boys". He also appeared in all of the "Trailer Park Boys" movies. In November and December 2008, Jonathan was the guest host of several episodes of the CBC radio show "Definitely Not the Opera".


title: Jonathan Torrens

text: In 2009, Torrens debuted in his own television show called "TV With TV's Jonathan Torrens" on Canadian specialty network TVtropolis and ended in 2011. As of 2010, Torrens is one of the co-hosts of the reality television series "Wipeout Canada", which also airs on TVtropolis that ended after 13 episodes.


title: Jonathan Torrens

text: On March 21, 2013, it was confirmed on Facebook that Torrens had gained forty pounds to reprise his role as J-Roc in the third Trailer Park Boys film, "". Torrens appeared in Season 8 of "Trailer Park Boys", which debuted on Netflix on September 5, 2014. He also was a co-writer for Seasons 9 and 10 of "Trailer Park Boys." Torrens left the cast of "Trailer Park Boys" in April, 2016.


title: Jonathan Torrens

text: He has also had regular roles in the television series "Mr. D", "Call Me Fitz", "Game On", and "Letterkenny".


title: Jonathan Torrens

text: In October 2017, Jeremy Taggart and Torrens released the paperback book Canadianity: Tales From The True North Strong And Freezing, "a collection of showbiz tales from the road and relatable everyday anecdotes, all wrapped up in a nostalgic fondness for this great country. Canadianity takes readers on a cross-country journey, shining the spotlight on notable local heroes (or bands), the best places to crush food and the greasiest watering holes, coast to coast to coast."


title: Jonathan Torrens

text: In 2021, Torrens wrote, directed and starred in "Vollies", a sitcom about volunteer firefighters for Bell Aliant's Bell Fibe on-demand service. The series debuted on October 20, 2021. He received a Canadian Screen Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series at the 10th Canadian Screen Awards in 2022.


title: Killzone

text: Killzone is a series of first-person shooter video games for Sony Interactive Entertainment's (SIE) video game consoles. The main series and the PlayStation Portable (PSP) installment were developed by Guerrilla Games, a subsidiary of SIE, and the PlayStation Vita installment was developed by Guerrilla Cambridge. "Killzone" consists of six games, beginning on the PlayStation 2 in November 2004 with "Killzone", and continued on the PlayStation Portable in October 2006 with "". "Killzone 2" was released for the PlayStation 3 in February 2009, and "Killzone 3" was released in February 2011, also for the PlayStation 3. "" was released for the PlayStation Vita in September 2013, followed by "", a launch title for the PlayStation 4, in November 2013.


title: Killzone

text: The series is set in the 24th century, showing the galactic war between the Interplanetary Strategic Alliance (ISA) and the Helghan Empire. The "Killzone" series follows the continuous war between the ISA and Helghast taking place on both ISA Earth colonies and the planet Helghan, the home planet of the Helghast. The series has featured four main protagonists: Cpt/Col. Jan Templar ("Killzone" and ""), Sgt. Tomas "Sev" Sevchenko ("Killzone 2" and "Killzone 3"), mercenary Arran Danner (""), and Shadow Marshal Lucas Kellan (""). The main antagonist was originally Helghast Autarch Scolar Visari; his death in "Killzone 2" brought about the rise of two new antagonists and the hopeful heirs to Visari's throne in "Killzone 3": Jorhan Stahl and Admiral Orlock. After Orlock's death and the unknown details of Stahl's death and the destruction of Helghan, now covered in petrusite, the Helghast now live on Vekta with a giant wall dividing them from the Vektans. "The Black Hand", a Helghast paramilitary terrorist group, was formed under Vladko Tyran, who became an antagonist, along with Lady Hera Visari (Scolar Visari's daughter) who has inherited her father's throne. By the end of "Killzone: Shadow Fall", it is revealed that the main antagonist is Stahl, who managed to survive the events of "Killzone 3", but is dispatched by Vektan Security Agency director Thomas Sinclair.


title: Killzone

text: "Killzone", "Killzone 2", "Killzone 3", "Killzone: Mercenary", and "Killzone: Shadow Fall" are first-person shooters. "Killzone: Liberation" is presented as an isometric twin sticks shooter. The games were developed by Guerrilla Games, except for "Killzone: Mercenary", which was developed by Guerrilla Games' sister studio, Guerrilla Cambridge, and published by Sony. Players can carry two different weapons at any given time. Players can either obtain ammo or swap out their current weapons with any weapon dropped by a downed foe or from those scattered around the various maps. In "Killzone 3", players can carry up to three weapons, with the third weapon spot reserved for heavy weapons (e.g. machine gun, rocket launcher, etc.).


title: Killzone

text: Online competitive multi-player features up to 16 players in "Killzone", 32 players in "Killzone 2," 24 players in "Killzone 3" and "Shadow Fall", and up to 8 players in "Mercenary". There are various modes of multiplayer. There is an objective based rotation mode, called Warzone ("Killzone 2", "Killzone 3", and "Shadow Fall"), where players play all game modes (2 rounds of Assassination, 1 round of Body Count, 1 round of Capture and Hold, 2 rounds of Search and Destroy, and 1 round of Search and Retrieve) one after the other until all modes have been played. "Shadow Fall" game modes in Warzone are slightly different. Operations is a new mode for "Killzone 3" which is a cinematic mini-campaign for the multiplayer mode. "Killzone 3" features a classic team deathmatch mode called Guerilla Warfare. "Shadow Fall" also has a team deathmatch, simply titled Team Deathmatch. "Killzone" and "Killzone 3" are the only games in the series to feature offline split-screen co-op for two players, while "Killzone" is the only game in the series to feature offline split-screen multiplayer in the Botzone mode (Botzone allows players to play against AI bots and is present in each installment). "Liberation" features an online co-op campaign as well as a multiplayer mode that supports up to 6 players in ad-hoc and up to 8 players on infrastructure. "Shadow Fall" features an online co-op survival mode for up to 4 players; however, it can only be accessed by purchasing the Season Pass.


title: Killzone

text: "Killzone" was released for the PlayStation 2 in 2004. The game is set in 2357, where the Helghast Empire has recovered from its defeat in the First Extrasolar War and launched a blitzkrieg against the outer Interplanetary Strategic Alliance (ISA) colony planet Vekta. Vekta's orbital Strategic Defense (S.D.) platforms failed during the initial assault, allowing the Helghast to land swarms of soldiers onto the surface and making it difficult for the outnumbered ISA forces. Captain Jan Templar, the main protagonist, and his squad are ordered back to the base for reassignment, and are sent to find the ISA operative Hakha and the key in his possession. Templar meets other characters who assist him such as Shadow Marshal Luger (a female special operations assassin), a heavy weapons specialist Sergeant Rico Velasquez (a Helghast-hating soldier with an itchy trigger finger), and Colonel Hakha, a half-Helghast, half-Human spy.


title: Killzone

text: "Killzone 2" was released for the PlayStation 3 in 2009. "Killzone 2" follows the events of "Killzone" and "Killzone: Liberation", and is set on the planet Helghan, the home world of the Helghast who invaded an Interplanetary Strategic Alliance (ISA) colony. Two years after the Helghast assault on Vekta, the ISA has launched an assault on the enemy's homeworld of Helghan. The ISA goal is to capture the Helghast leader, Scolar Visari and bring the Helghast war machine to a halt. The main protagonists is Sergeant Tomas "Sev" Sevchenko, a battle-hardened veteran of the special forces unit the "Legion" assigned to Alpha team, who go on a mission to take out the Helghast threat. Captain Jan Templar has been promoted to Colonel and is the Fleet Commander of the "New Sun", a Cruiser airship set up in the clouds of Helghan over its capital city, Pyrrhus, preparing for a final attack. During the invasion of Helghan, Sev's unit is deployed behind enemy lines to assist the main invasion force. Tasked with securing the enemy capital of Pyrrhus, Helghan's first true city, the team discovers that the Helghast are a more formidable enemy on their home planet. They adjusted to Helghan's hostile conditions and have harnessed the power of the lightning storms that always occur on Helghan which they can use against the ISA. A cold, barren, unforgiving world, Helghan provides a ready defense with thick, acidic air, dust clouds, and violent surgical lightning storms.


title: Killzone

text: "Killzone 3" was released for the PlayStation 3 in 2011 and is the only game in the series to feature a special edition support, the PlayStation Move, and utilize 3D gaming. It follows the events of "Killzone 2". Visari, the leader of the Helghast, is gone but the war is far from over. Helghast forces have mounted a devastating counterattack, prompting the ISA (Interplanetary Strategic Alliance) evacuation of planet Helghan. As new Helghast battalions appear, armed with more powerful weapons, ISA forces find themselves outmanned, outgunned and surrounded. Two new antagonists, Jorhan Stahl and Admiral Orlock, both want to become the new Autarch of Helghan. Sev returns as the protagonist with Rico and Narville. Admiral Orlock eventually becomes the new Autarch due to a circumstantial decision by the Helghan High Council. In a final confrontation between Stahl and Orlock, Stahl murders Orlock, however, the planet Helghan and Stahls ship is nuked by Sev and his team. However, it revealed that a ship crash landed on Helghan and is greeted by two Helghan soldiers.


title: Killzone

text: "Killzone: Shadow Fall" was released for the PlayStation 4 in November 2013. It served as a launch title. The game is set nearly 30 years after the events of "Killzone 3". Vektans live side by side with Helghans, though their portions of the city are divided by a massive wall that is known as "The Wall". Helghan citizens are placed and take refuge inside of Vekta, becoming known as Traitors, since they left their side of The Wall, which was claimed as New Helghan. The protagonist, Lucas Kellan, is orphaned when he and his father, Michael, are spotted with Thomas Sinclair, a Shadow Marshal, who attempts to lead them out of the side that was being taken by the Helghan forces after the "Terracide" that occurred in "Killzone 3". Kellan's father is shot down by two Helghan soldiers when they are spotted, but Lucas is saved by Sinclair.


title: Killzone

text: 20 years later, Kellan has been brought up by Sinclair and has become the youngest Shadow Marshal within the Vektan Security Agency (VSA), while Sinclair has become Director of the VSA. Shadow Marshals are specially trained soldiers. Their main mission is to preserve the peace between the Vektans and Helghast and prevent this from declining. During his travels between Vekta and across the Wall into New Helghast as he undertakes missions to deal with possible Helghan threats, he comes to realize that New Helghan is full of civilians who are innocent. He also meets a Helghan Intelligence Operative,"Echo", a half-breed who is Chancellor Visari's daughter. Kellan is imprisoned and tortured when he is caught in New Helghast. Echo helps him escape to find out that Jorhan Stahl has a "weapon" designed that would annihilate Vektans and half-breeds, which he considers traitors. When Kellan is in reach to kill Stahl; Stahl is shot in the head from behind. Kellan turns to see Sinclair, who also kills Kellan. Sinclair is hailed a hero after killing Kellan and recovering the weapon. Echo, who survived the impact of the crash, sneaks into Vekta and when Sinclair is giving a speech, she assassinates him.


title: Killzone

text: "Killzone: Liberation" was released for the PlayStation Portable in 2006. In "Killzone: Liberation", two months after the events of "Killzone", the Helghast have been dealt a hefty blow from the last game, but the war is far from over. The enemy controls large parts of the planet Vekta, and though the ISA armies are fighting hard, they are losing ground. The rules of war have been cast aside with the sadistic Helghast General, Armin Metrac, employed by the Helghast Emperor Scolar Visari to use brutal measures in order to seize the initiative and strengthen his position further. Jan Templar returns as the main protagonists on a covert operation to save hostages captured by Metrac, while ISA troops continue the fight for liberty. There are 5 "chapters" with 4 levels in which players eliminate the Helghast resistance (The fifth and final chapter was made available to download).


title: Killzone

text: "Killzone: Mercenary" was released for the PlayStation Vita in 2013. In the game players assume the role of a mercenary who fights alongside either the ISA or Helghast forces depending on which team hires them.


title: Killzone

text: "Killzone Trilogy" is a collection of "Killzone", "Killzone 2", and "Killzone 3" for the PlayStation 3 under Sony's PlayStation Collections line. The original "Killzone" has been remastered in HD to support 720p resolution and Trophies. The collection also includes all DLC maps for "Killzone 2" and "Killzone 3". It was released in October 2012 in North America and Europe.


title: Killzone

text: The first "Killzone" received mixed to positive reviews from magazines and websites. stated that "Killzone" is "Graphically stunning and hits the mark in so many ways, it's baffling; they promised us we'd experience future war, and we have... and come away shaking." Other reviewers cited technical problems with "Killzone", including inconsistent AI, occasional bugs, frame-rate issues, distracting graphical glitches, repetition of the same voices, short draw distance, and an awkward control system. Critics also complained about the gameplay, with IGN labeling it "underwhelming and mediocre" and "Into Liquid Sky" stating that it needs "more refinement". Sarcastic Gamer's "How to Kill a Brand" (a parody of How to Save a Life) criticized "Killzone", saying it didn't deserve a sequel.


title: Killzone

text: "Killzone: Liberation" received positive reviews, earning IGN's award for Best PSP Offline Multiplayer Game of 2006.


title: Killzone

text: "Killzone 2" received critical acclaim upon release with a GameRankings score of 90.56%, and a Metacritic score of 91/100.


title: Killzone

text: "Killzone 3" received positive reviews upon release with a GameRankings score of 86.38%, and a Metacritic score of 84/100. The first English review of the game was published by "PlayStation Official Magazine (UK)", which gave the game a 9/10. The review stated "on a visual level, as a 3D breakthrough, this feels like a watershed moment in a revolution affecting all of gaming". The review also stated on gameplay terms, """ is the only first-person shooter on PlayStation 3 that can match this". The voice acting, however, was criticised as not being perfect, thus lacking "emotive punch" and the reason for not receiving a perfect 10/10.


title: Killzone

text: "Killzone: Mercenary" received positive reviews upon release, with critics praising the quality of the title compared to previous shooters on the Vita. It has a Metacritic score of 78/100.


title: Killzone

text: "Killzone: Shadow Fall" received mixed-to-positive reviews, with a GameRankings score of 73.41% and a Metacritic score of 73/100, making it the second-lowest rated game in the series on both GameRankings and Metacritic. Praise was given to the game's visual presentation and multiplayer modes, while criticism was given to the single-player story and A.I. issues.


title: Lewis F. Powell Jr.

text: Lewis Franklin Powell Jr. (September 19, 1907 – August 25, 1998) was an American lawyer and jurist who served as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1972 to 1987.


title: Lewis F. Powell Jr.

text: Born in Suffolk, Virginia, he graduated from both Washington and Lee Law School and Harvard Law School and served in the United States Army Air Forces during World War II. He worked for Hunton & Williams, a large law firm in Richmond, Virginia, focusing on corporate law and representing clients such as the Tobacco Institute. His Powell Memorandum became the blueprint for the rise of the American conservative movement and the formation of a network of influential right-wing think tanks and lobbying organizations, such as The Heritage Foundation and the American Legislative Exchange Council. In 1971, President Richard Nixon appointed Powell to succeed Associate Justice Hugo Black. He retired from the Court during the administration of President Ronald Reagan, and was eventually succeeded by Anthony Kennedy.


title: Lewis F. Powell Jr.

text: His tenure largely overlapped with that of Chief Justice Warren Burger, and Powell was often a key swing vote on the Burger Court. His majority opinions include "First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti" and "McCleskey v. Kemp", and he wrote an influential opinion in "Regents of the University of California v. Bakke". He notably joined the majority in cases such as "United States v. Nixon", "Roe v. Wade", "Plyler v. Doe", and "Bowers v. Hardwick".


title: Lewis F. Powell Jr.

text: Powell was born in Suffolk, Virginia, the son of Mary Lewis (Gwathmey) and Louis Franklin Powell. Powell set out to attend Washington and Lee University where he became president of his fraternity, managing editor of the student newspaper, and a member of the yearbook staff. His major was in commerce, but he also studied law. Powell had always planned on becoming a lawyer because he viewed their roles as shaping history. He graduated in 1929 with a B.A. "magna cum laude" and Phi Beta Kappa. He also was named recipient of the Algernon Sydney Sullivan Award for "generous service to others".


title: Lewis F. Powell Jr.

text: Powell then attended Washington and Lee University School of Law and in 1931 graduated first in his class. He received a Master of Laws degree from Harvard Law School in 1932, wrote a LL.M. thesis, entitled "Relation between the Virginia Court of Appeals and the State Corporation Commission", and was one of two U.S. Supreme Court justices to have earned an LL.M. degree.


title: Lewis F. Powell Jr.

text: He was elected president of the student body as an undergraduate with the help of Mosby Perrow Jr., and the two served together on the Virginia State Board of Education in the 1960s. Powell was a member of Phi Kappa Sigma fraternity and the Sigma Society. At a leadership conference, he met Edward R. Murrow, and they became close friends.


title: Lewis F. Powell Jr.

text: In 1936, he married Josephine Pierce Rucker with whom he had three daughters and one son. She died in 1996.


title: Lewis F. Powell Jr.

text: During World War II, he first tried to join the United States Navy but was rejected because of poor eyesight, so he joined the US Army Air Forces as an Intelligence officer. After receiving his commission as a first lieutenant in 1942, he completed training at bases near Miami, Florida and Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. He was assigned to the 319th Bombardment Group, which moved to England later that year. He served in North Africa during Operation Torch and was later assigned to the Headquarters of the Northwest African Air Forces. There, Powell served in Sicily during the Allied invasion of Sicily.


title: Lewis F. Powell Jr.

text: In August 1943, he was assigned to the Intelligence staff of the Army Air Forces in Washington, D.C. Slated for assignment as an instructor at the facility near Harrisburg, he worked instead on several special projects for the AAF headquarters until February 1944. He was then assigned to the Intelligence staff of the Department of War and then the Intelligence staff of United States Strategic Air Forces in Europe. While there Colonel Powell wrote in the aftermath of the 13-15 February 1945 Bombing of Dresden that "Personally, I consider this very fortunate indeed as the German people are being taught for the first time in modern history what it means to have war on their own soil."


title: Lewis F. Powell Jr.

text: Powell was assigned to the Ultra project, as one of the officers designated to monitor the use of intercepted Axis communications. He worked in England and in the Mediterranean Theater and ensured that the use of Ultra information was in compliance with the laws of war, and that the use of such information did not reveal the source, which would have alerted that the code had been broken.


title: Lewis F. Powell Jr.

text: Powell advanced through the ranks to colonel, and received the Legion of Merit, Bronze Star Medal, and French Croix de Guerre with bronze palm. He was discharged in October 1945.


title: Lewis F. Powell Jr.

text: Powell was a partner for more than a quarter of a century at Hunton, Williams, Gay, Powell and Gibson, a large Virginia law firm, with its primary office in Richmond, now known as Hunton Andrews Kurth. Powell practiced primarily in the areas of corporate law, especially in the fields of mergers and acquisitions and railroad litigation.


title: Lewis F. Powell Jr.

text: From 1961 to 1962 Powell served as Chair of the American Bar Association's Standing Committee on the Economics of Law Practice, which later evolved into the ABA Law Practice Division. During his tenure as Chair of the Committee, "The Lawyers Handbook" was first published and distributed to all attorneys who joined the ABA that year. In its preface, Powell wrote, "The basic concept of freedom under law, which underlies our entire structure of government, can only be sustained by a strong and independent bar. It is plainly in the public interest that the economic health of the legal profession be safeguarded. One of the means toward this end is to improve the efficiency and productivity of lawyers."


title: Lewis F. Powell Jr.

text: From 1964 to 1965 he was elected President of the ABA. Powell led the way in attempting to provide legal services to the poor, and he made a key decision to cooperate with the federal government's Legal Services Program. Powell was also involved in the development of Colonial Williamsburg, where he was both a trustee and general counsel.


title: Lewis F. Powell Jr.

text: and acted as a contact point for the tobacco industry with Virginia Commonwealth University. Through his law firm, Powell represented the Tobacco Institute and various tobacco companies in numerous cases.


title: Lewis F. Powell Jr.

text: Powell played an important role in local community affairs. From 1951 he served on the Richmond School Board and was its Chairman from 1952 to 1961. Powell presided over the school board at a time when the Commonwealth of Virginia was locked in a campaign of defiance against the Supreme Court's decision in "Brown v. Board of Education" (1954), which desegregated public schools. Powell's law firm, although not Powell himself, represented one of the defendant school districts in "Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County", which was consolidated later into "Brown".


title: Lewis F. Powell Jr.

text: The Richmond School Board had no authority at the time to force integration, however, as control over attendance policies had been transferred to the state government. Powell, like most white Southern leaders of his day, did not speak out against the state's defiance, but fostered a close relationship with many black leaders, such as civil rights lawyer Oliver Hill, some of whom offered key support for Powell's Supreme Court nomination. In 1990, Powell swore in Virginia's first black governor, Douglas Wilder.


title: Lewis F. Powell Jr.

text: From 1961 to 1969, Powell served on the Virginia Board of Education; he was Chairman from 1968 to 1969.


title: Lewis F. Powell Jr.

text: <section begin="Powell Memorandum" />On August 23, 1971, prior to accepting Nixon's nomination to the Supreme Court, Powell was commissioned by his neighbor Eugene B. Sydnor Jr., a close friend and education director of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, to write a confidential memorandum for the chamber entitled "Attack on the American Free Enterprise System," an anti-Communist and anti-New Deal blueprint for conservative business interests to retake America. It was based in part on Powell's reaction to the work of activist Ralph Nader, whose 1965 exposé on General Motors, "Unsafe at Any Speed", put a focus on the auto industry putting profit ahead of safety, which triggered the American consumer movement. Powell saw it as an undermining of the power of private business and a step toward socialism. His experiences as a corporate lawyer and a director on the board of Phillip Morris from 1964 until his appointment to the Supreme Court made him a champion of the tobacco industry who railed against the growing scientific evidence linking smoking to cancer deaths. He argued, unsuccessfully, that tobacco companies' First Amendment rights were being infringed when news organizations were not giving credence to the cancer denials of the industry.


title: Lewis F. Powell Jr.

text: The memo called for corporate America to become more aggressive in molding society's thinking about business, government, politics and law in the US. It inspired wealthy heirs of earlier American industrialists, the Earhart Foundation (whose money came from an oil fortune), and the Smith Richardson Foundation (from the cough medicine dynasty) to use their private charitable foundations−which did not have to report their political activities−to join the Carthage Foundation, founded by Richard Mellon Scaife in 1964. The Carthage Foundation pursued Powell's vision of a pro-business, anti-socialist, minimally government-regulated America based on what he thought America had been in the heyday of early American industrialism, before the Great Depression and the rise of Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal.


title: Lewis F. Powell Jr.

text: The Powell Memorandum ultimately came to be a blueprint for the rise of the American conservative movement and the formation of a network of influential right-wing think tanks and lobbying organizations, such as the Business Roundtable, The Heritage Foundation, the Cato Institute, Manhattan Institute for Policy Research and the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC), and inspired the U.S. Chamber of Commerce to become far more politically active. CUNY professor David Harvey traces the rise of neoliberalism in the US to this memo. Historian Gary Gerstle refers to the memo as "a neoliberal call to arms."


title: Lewis F. Powell Jr.

text: Powell argued, "The most disquieting voices joining the chorus of criticism came from perfectly respectable elements of society: from the college campus, the pulpit, the media, the intellectual and literary journals, the arts and sciences, and from politicians." In the memorandum, Powell advocated "constant surveillance" of textbook and television content, as well as a purge of left-wing elements. He named consumer advocate Nader as the chief antagonist of American business. Powell urged conservatives to undertake a sustained media-outreach program, including funding neoliberal scholars, publishing books, papers, popular magazines, and scholarly journals, and influencing public opinion.


title: Lewis F. Powell Jr.

text: This memo foreshadowed a number of Powell's court opinions, especially "First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti", which shifted the direction of First Amendment law by declaring that corporate financial influence of elections by independent expenditures should be protected with the same vigor as individual political speech. Much of the future Court opinion in "Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission" relied on the same arguments raised in "Bellotti".


title: Lewis F. Powell Jr.

text: Although written confidentially for Sydnor at the Chamber of Commerce, it was discovered by "Washington Post" columnist Jack Anderson, who reported on its content a year later (after Powell had joined the Supreme Court). Anderson alleged that Powell was trying to undermine the democratic system; however, in terms of business's view of itself in relation to government and public interest groups, the memo could be alternatively read to simply convey conventional thinking among businessmen at the time. The explicit goal of the memo was not to destroy democracy, though its emphasis on political institution-building as a concentration of big business power, particularly updating the Chamber's efforts to influence federal policy, has had that effect. Here, it was a major force in motivating the Chamber and other groups to modernize their efforts to lobby the federal government. Following the memo's directives, conservative foundations greatly increased, pouring money into think-tanks. This rise of conservative philanthropy led to the conservative intellectual movement and its increasing influence over mainstream political discourse, starting in the 1970s and 1980s, and due chiefly to the works of the American Enterprise Institute and the Heritage Foundation.<section end="Powell Memorandum" />


title: Lewis F. Powell Jr.

text: In 1969, Nixon asked him to join the Supreme Court, but Powell turned him down. In 1971, Nixon asked him again. Powell was unsure, but Nixon and his Attorney General, John N. Mitchell, persuaded him that joining the Court was his duty to the nation. One of the primary concerns that Powell had was the effect leaving his law firm and joining the high court would have on his personal financial status, as he enjoyed a very lucrative private practice at his law firm. Another of Powell's major concerns was that as a corporate attorney, he would be unfamiliar with many of the issues that would come before the Supreme Court, which, like now, heard very few corporate law cases. Powell feared that would place him at a disadvantage and make it unlikely that he would be able to influence his colleagues.


title: Lewis F. Powell Jr.

text: Nixon nominated Powell and William Rehnquist to the Court on the same day, October 21, 1971. Powell took over the seat of Hugo Black after being confirmed by the Senate 89-1 on December 7, 1971 (the lone "nay" came from Oklahoma Democrat Fred R. Harris). On the day of Powell's swearing-in, when Rehnquist's wife Nan asked Josephine Powell if this was the most exciting day of her life, Josephine said, "No, it is the worst day of my life. I am about to cry."


title: Lewis F. Powell Jr.

text: Powell was among the 7–2 majority who legalized abortion in the United States in "Roe v. Wade" (1973). Powell's pro-choice stance on abortion stemmed from an incident during his tenure at his Richmond law firm, when the girlfriend of one of Powell's office staff bled to death from an illegal self-induced abortion.


title: Lewis F. Powell Jr.

text: Powell, who dissented in the case of "Furman v. Georgia" (1972), striking down capital punishment statutes, was a key mover behind the Court's compromise opinion in "Gregg v. Georgia" (1976), which allowed the return of capital punishment but only with procedural safeguards. In "Coker v. Georgia" (1977), a convicted murderer escaped from prison and, in the course of committing an armed robbery and other offenses, raped an adult woman. The State of Georgia sentenced the rapist to death. Justice Powell, acknowledging that the woman had been raped, expressed the view that "the victim [did not] sustain serious or lasting injury" and voted to set the death penalty aside. In that same case, Powell also wrote to rebuke the plurality's statement that "for the rape victim, life may not be nearly so happy as it was, but it is not over and normally is not beyond repair," instead stating that "[s]ome victims are so grievously injured physically or psychologically that life is beyond repair."


title: Lewis F. Powell Jr.

text: His opinion in "Regents of the University of California v. Bakke" (1978), joined by no other justice in full, represented a compromise between the opinions of Justice William J. Brennan, who, joined by three other justices, would have upheld affirmative action programs under a lenient judicial test, and the opinion of John Paul Stevens, joined by three other justices, who would have struck down the affirmative action program at issue in the case under the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Powell's opinion striking down the law urged "strict scrutiny" to be applied to affirmative action programs but hinted that some affirmative action programs might pass Constitutional muster.


title: Lewis F. Powell Jr.

text: In the controversial case of "Snepp v. U.S." (1980), the Court issued a per curiam upholding the lower court's imposition of a constructive trust upon former CIA agent Frank Snepp and its requirement for preclearance of all his published writings with the CIA for the rest of his life. In 1997, Snepp gained access to the files of Justices Thurgood Marshall (who had already died) and William J. Brennan Jr. (who voluntarily granted Snepp access) and confirmed his suspicion that Powell had been the author of the per curiam opinion. Snepp later pointed out that Powell had misstated the factual record and had not reviewed the actual case file (Powell was in the habit of writing opinions based on the briefs alone) and that the only justice who even looked at the case file was John Paul Stevens, who relied upon it in composing his dissent. From his days in counterintelligence during World War II, Powell believed in the need for government secrecy and urged the same position on his colleagues during the Court's consideration of 1974's "United States v. Nixon".


title: Lewis F. Powell Jr.

text: Powell wrote the majority opinion in "First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti" (1978), which overturned a Massachusetts law restricting corporate contributions to referendum campaigns not directly related to their business.


title: Lewis F. Powell Jr.

text: Powell joined the 5–4 majority opinion in "Plyler v. Doe", holding that a Texas law forbidding undocumented immigrant children from public education was unconstitutional. Powell had a fairly conservative record in deciding cases, but joined the Court's four liberal Justices to declare the law unconstitutional.


title: Lewis F. Powell Jr.

text: Powell was the swing vote in "Bowers v. Hardwick", , in which the Court upheld Georgia's sodomy laws. He was reportedly conflicted over how to vote. A conservative clerk, Michael W. Mosman, advised him to uphold the ban, and Powell, who believed he had never met a gay person, not realizing that one of his own clerks was a closeted homosexual, voted to uphold Georgia's sodomy law. However, he, in a concurring opinion, expressed concern at the length of the prison terms prescribed by the law. The Court, 17 years later, expressly overruled "Bowers" in "Lawrence v. Texas", . In 1990, after his retirement from the Court, he said, "I think I made a mistake in the Hardwick case," marking one of the few times a justice expressed regret for one of his previous votes. Scholars would later conclude that Powell unknowingly hired more gay clerks than any other Justice. Paul M. Smith, the gay attorney who argued in favor of overturning "Bowers" is a former clerk for Justice Powell.


title: Lewis F. Powell Jr.

text: Powell also expressed post-retirement regret over his majority opinion in "McCleskey v. Kemp" (1987), where he voted to uphold the death penalty against a study that demonstrated that, except as punishment for the most violent of crimes, murderers sentenced for killing white victims were up to forty times more likely to receive the death penalty than people who killed black victims. In an interview with his biographer, he stated that he would abolish the death penalty altogether.


title: Lewis F. Powell Jr.

text: Powell was nearly 80 years old when he retired from his position as Supreme Court justice in June 1987. His career on the bench was summed up by Gerald Gunther, a professor of constitutional law at Stanford Law School, as "truly distinguished" because of his "qualities of temperament and character," which "made it possible for him, more than any contemporary, to perform his tasks in accordance with the modest, restrained, yet creative model of judging."


title: Lewis F. Powell Jr.

text: He was succeeded by Anthony Kennedy. Kennedy was the third nominee for his position. The first, Robert Bork, was not confirmed by the United States Senate. The second, Douglas H. Ginsburg, withdrew his name from consideration after admitting to having smoked marijuana both as a college undergraduate and with his students while a law professor.


title: Lewis F. Powell Jr.

text: Following his retirement from the high court, he sat regularly on various United States Courts of Appeals around the country.


title: Lewis F. Powell Jr.

text: In 1990, Douglas Wilder asked Powell to swear him in as governor of Virginia, and the first elected African-American governor in the United States.


title: Lewis F. Powell Jr.

text: Powell died at his home in the Windsor Farms area of Richmond, Virginia, of pneumonia, at 4:30 in the morning of August 25, 1998, at the age of 90. He is buried in Richmond's Hollywood Cemetery.


title: Lewis F. Powell Jr.

text: In her 2002 book, "The Majesty of the Law", Justice Sandra Day O'Connor wrote, "For those who seek a model of human kindness, decency, exemplary behavior, and integrity, there will never be a better man."


title: Lewis F. Powell Jr.

text: Powell's personal and official papers were donated to his alma mater, Washington and Lee University School of Law, where they are open for research, subject to certain restrictions. A wing at Sydney Lewis Hall, home of W&L Law, which houses his papers, is named for him.


title: Lewis F. Powell Jr.

text: J. Harvie Wilkinson, a judge on the Fourth Circuit, and former law clerk for Justice Powell, wrote a book titled "Serving Justice: A Supreme Court Clerk's View" describing the experience.


title: Lewis F. Powell Jr.

text: In 1993, President Bill Clinton signed into law an act of Congress renaming the Federal courthouse at Richmond, Virginia, in his honor, the Lewis F. Powell Jr. United States Courthouse.


title: Environmental impact of agriculture

text: The environmental impact of agriculture is the effect that different farming practices have on the ecosystems around them, and how those effects can be traced back to those practices. The environmental impact of agriculture varies widely based on practices employed by farmers and by the scale of practice. Farming communities that try to reduce environmental impacts through modifying their practices will adopt sustainable agriculture practices. The negative impact of agriculture is an old issue that remains a concern even as experts design innovative means to reduce destruction and enhance eco-efficiency. Though some pastoralism is environmentally positive, modern animal agriculture practices tend to be more environmentally destructive than agricultural practices focused on fruits, vegetables and other biomass. The emissions of ammonia from cattle waste continue to raise concerns over environmental pollution.


title: Environmental impact of agriculture

text: When evaluating environmental impact, experts use two types of indicators: "means-based", which is based on the farmer's production methods, and "effect-based", which is the impact that farming methods have on the farming system or on emissions to the environment. An example of a means-based indicator would be the quality of groundwater, which is affected by the amount of nitrogen applied to the soil. An indicator reflecting the loss of nitrate to groundwater would be effect-based. The means-based evaluation looks at farmers' practices of agriculture, and the effect-based evaluation considers the actual effects of the agricultural system. For example, the means-based analysis might look at pesticides and fertilization methods that farmers are using, and effect-based analysis would consider how much is being emitted or what the nitrogen content of the soil is.


title: Environmental impact of agriculture

text: The environmental impact of agriculture involves impacts on a variety of different factors: the soil, water, the air, animal and soil variety, people, plants, and the food itself. Agriculture contributes to a number larger of environmental issues that cause environmental degradation including: climate change, deforestation, biodiversity loss, dead zones, genetic engineering, irrigation problems, pollutants, soil degradation, and waste. Because of agriculture's importance to global social and environmental systems, the international community has committed to increasing sustainability of food production as part of Sustainable Development Goal 2: “End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture". The United Nations Environment Programme's 2021 "Making Peace with Nature" report highlighted agriculture as both a driver and an industry under threat from environmental degradation.


title: Environmental impact of agriculture

text: Climate change and agriculture are interrelated processes, both of which take place on a worldwide scale. Global warming is projected to have significant impacts on conditions affecting agriculture, including temperature, precipitation and glacial run-off. These conditions determine the carrying capacity of the biosphere to produce enough food for the human population and domesticated animals. Rising carbon dioxide levels would also have effects, both detrimental and beneficial, on crop yields. Assessment of the effects of global climate changes on agriculture might help to properly anticipate and adapt farming to maximize agricultural production. Although the net impact of climate change on agricultural production is uncertain it is likely that it will shift the suitable growing zones for individual crops. Adjustment to this geographical shift will involve considerable economic costs and social impacts.


title: Environmental impact of agriculture

text: At the same time, agriculture has been shown to produce significant effects on climate change, primarily through the production and release of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. In addition, agriculture that practices tillage, fertilization, and pesticide application also releases ammonia, nitrate, phosphorus, and many other pesticides that affect air, water, and soil quality, as well as biodiversity. Agriculture also alters the Earth's land cover, which can change its ability to absorb or reflect heat and light, thus contributing to radiative forcing. Land use change such as deforestation and desertification, together with use of fossil fuels, are the major anthropogenic sources of carbon dioxide; agriculture itself is the major contributor to increasing methane and nitrous oxide concentrations in earth's atmosphere.


title: Environmental impact of agriculture

text: Most of the methane emissions result from the use of livestock, in particular ruminants such as cattle and pigs. Other livestock, such as poultry and fish, have a far lower impact. Some solutions are being developed to counter the emissions of ruminants. Strategies include using biogas from manure, genetic selection, immunisation, rumen defaunation, out competition of methanogenic archaea with acetogens, introduction of methanotrophic bacteria into the rumen, diet modification and grazing management, among others. Certain diet changes (such as with "Asparagopsis taxiformis") allow for a reduction of up to 99% in ruminant greenhouse gas emissions.


title: Environmental impact of agriculture

text: Due to these negative impacts, but also for reasons of farming efficiency (see Food vs. feed), one projection mentions a large decline of livestock at least some animals (i.e. cattle) in certain countries by 2030.


title: Environmental impact of agriculture

text: Deforestation is clearing the Earth's forests on a large scale worldwide and resulting in many land damages. One of the causes of deforestation is clearing land for pasture or crops. According to British environmentalist Norman Myers, 5% of deforestation is due to cattle ranching, 19% due to over-heavy logging, 22% due to the growing sector of palm oil plantations, and 54% due to slash-and-burn farming.


title: Environmental impact of agriculture

text: Deforestation causes the loss of habitat for millions of species, and is also a driver of climate change. Trees act as a carbon sink: that is, they absorb carbon dioxide, an unwanted greenhouse gas, out of the atmosphere. Removing trees releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and leaves behind fewer trees to absorb the increasing amount of carbon dioxide in the air. In this way, deforestation exacerbates climate change. When trees are removed from forests, the soils tend to dry out because there is no longer shade, and there are not enough trees to assist in the water cycle by returning water vapor back to the environment. With no trees, landscapes that were once forests can potentially become barren deserts. The tree's roots also help to hold the soil together, so when they are removed, mudslides can also occur. The removal of trees also causes extreme fluctuations in temperature.


title: Environmental impact of agriculture

text: In 2000 the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) found that "the role of population dynamics in a local setting may vary from decisive to negligible," and that deforestation can result from "a combination of population pressure and stagnating economic, social and technological conditions."


title: Environmental impact of agriculture

text: Soil degradation is the decline in soil quality that can be a result of many factors, especially from agriculture. Soils hold the majority of the world's biodiversity, and healthy soils are essential for food production and adequate water supply. Common attributes of soil degradation can be salting, waterlogging, compaction, pesticide contamination, a decline in soil structure quality, loss of fertility, changes in soil acidity, alkalinity, salinity, and erosion. Soil erosion is the wearing away of topsoil by water, wind, or farming activities. Topsoil is very fertile, which makes it valuable to farmers growing crops. Soil degradation also has a huge impact on biological degradation, which affects the microbial community of the soil and can alter nutrient cycling, pest and disease control, and chemical transformation properties of the soil.


title: Environmental impact of agriculture

text: Plasticulture is the use of plastic mulch in agriculture. Farmers use plastic sheets as mulch to cover 50-70% of the soil and allow them to use drip irrigation systems to have better control over soil nutrients and moisture. Rain is not required in this system, and farms that use plasticulture are built to encourage the fastest runoff of rain. The use of pesticides with plasticulture allows pesticides to be transported easier in the surface runoff towards wetlands or tidal creeks. The runoff from pesticides and chemicals in the plastic can cause serious deformations and death in shellfish as the runoff carries the chemicals toward the oceans.


title: Environmental impact of agriculture

text: In addition to the increased runoff that results from plasticulture, there is also the problem of the increased amount of waste from the plastic mulch itself. The use of plastic mulch for vegetables, strawberries, and other row and orchard crops exceeds 110 million pounds annually in the United States. Most plastic ends up in the landfill, although there are other disposal options such as disking mulches into the soil, on-site burying, on-site storage, reuse, recycling, and incineration. The incineration and recycling options are complicated by the variety of the types of plastics that are used and by the geographic dispersal of the plastics. Plastics also contain stabilizers and dyes as well as heavy metals, which limits the number of products that can be recycled. Research is continually being conducted on creating biodegradable or photodegradable mulches. While there has been a minor success with this, there is also the problem of how long the plastic takes to degrade, as many biodegradable products take a long time to break down.


title: Environmental impact of agriculture

text: The environmental impact of agriculture can vary depending on the region as well as the type of agriculture production method that is being used. Listed below are some specific environmental issues in various different regions around the world.


title: Environmental impact of agriculture

text: Sustainable agriculture is the idea that agriculture should occur in a way such that we can continue to produce what is necessary without infringing on the ability for future generations to do the same.


title: Environmental impact of agriculture

text: The exponential population increase in recent decades has increased the practice of agricultural land conversion to meet the demand for food which in turn has increased the effects on the environment. The global population is still increasing and will eventually stabilize, as some critics doubt that food production, due to lower yields from global warming, can support the global population.


title: Environmental impact of agriculture

text: Agriculture can have negative effects on biodiversity as well. Organic farming is a multifaceted sustainable agriculture set of practices that can have a lower impact on the environment at a small scale. However, in most cases organic farming results in lower yields in terms of production per unit area. Therefore, widespread adoption of organic agriculture will require additional land to be cleared and water resources extracted to meet the same level of production. A European meta-analysis found that organic farms tended to have higher soil organic matter content and lower nutrient losses (nitrogen leaching, nitrous oxide emissions, and ammonia emissions) per unit of field area but higher ammonia emissions, nitrogen leaching and nitrous oxide emissions per product unit. It is believed by many that conventional farming systems cause less rich biodiversity than organic systems. Organic farming has shown to have on average 30% higher species richness than conventional farming. Organic systems on average also have 50% more organisms. This data has some issues because there were several results that showed a negative effect on these things when in an organic farming system. The opposition to organic agriculture believes that these negatives are an issue with the organic farming system. What began as a small scale, environmentally conscious practice has now become just as industrialized as conventional agriculture. This industrialization can lead to the issues shown above such as climate change, and deforestation.


title: Environmental impact of agriculture

text: Conservation tillage is an alternative tillage method for farming which is more sustainable for the soil and surrounding ecosystem. This is done by allowing the residue of the previous harvest's crops to remain in the soil before tilling for the next crop. Conservation tillage has shown to improve many things such as soil moisture retention, and reduce erosion. Some disadvantages are the fact that more expensive equipment is needed for this process, more pesticides will need to be used, and the positive effects take a long time to be visible. The barriers of instantiating a conservation tillage policy are that farmers are reluctant to change their methods, and would protest a more expensive, and time-consuming method of tillage than the conventional one they are used to.


title: Lucinda Riley

text: Lucinda Kate Riley (; 16 February 1965 – 11 June 2021) was a Northern Irish author of popular historical fiction, originally an actress.


title: Lucinda Riley

text: Lucinda Edmonds was born in Lisburn and spent the first few years of her life in the village of Drumbeg near Belfast before moving to England. At age 14, she enrolled in the Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts in London to study theatre and ballet. At 16, she got her first major television role in the BBC adaptation of "The Story of the Treasure Seekers", followed shortly afterwards by a guest role in "Auf Wiedersehen Pet". She remained a working actress for the next seven years.


title: Lucinda Riley

text: Her acting career was interrupted by a long bout of mononucleosis. This caused her to turn to writing, and her first novel "Lovers and Players" was published in 1992.


title: Lucinda Riley

text: From 1988 to 1998, she was married to actor Owen Whittaker, with whom she had two children, Harry and Bella. From 2000 until her death, she was married to Stephen Riley, with whom she also had two children, Leonora and Kit. Through her second marriage, she also had three stepchildren, Olivia, William and Max. She took a break from writing, returning to it in 2010; her subsequent novels were published under her married name.


title: Lucinda Riley

text: In 2016, producer Raffaella De Laurentiis purchased the television rights to her novel series "The Seven Sisters". This novel series made her a bestseller author, predominantly in the Netherlands and Germany. Combined, the series has sold over 30 million books.


title: Lucinda Riley

text: In 2019, Riley revealed to Norwegian newspaper "Verdens Gang" that she had oesophageal cancer. She continued to work, producing five novels during the four years of her illness, but was unable to complete the planned final eighth novel in her "Seven Sisters" series, which is being written by her son, Harry Whittaker. She died on 11 June 2021.


title: Lucinda Riley

text: In May 2022, her stepdaughter Olivia Riley, who was a personal assistant and publishing executive for Lucinda Riley Ltd, was killed after being hit by a car while walking her dogs in London.


title: Lakshmi Parvathi

text: Nandamuri Lakshmi Parvathi is an Indian politician and widow of N. T. Rama Rao. She was previously married to a harikatha artist Veeragandham Venkata Subba Rao. Later, she was separated from him and started living together with N. T. Rama Rao who officially married her in 1993.


title: Lakshmi Parvathi

text: Lakshmi Parvathi completed her education in Telugu Literature from Telugu University of Telangana in the year 2000.


title: Lakshmi Parvathi

text: She has been active in politics after marrying NTR. Immediately after the demise of N. T. Rama Rao, she founded NTR Telugu Desam Party in 1995 by elections. Lakshmi Parvathi won as MLA from Pathapatnam (Assembly constituency) on behalf of NTRTDP with the support of Bharatiya Janata Party. 42 constituencies candidates were launched by NTR (TDP) in 1996. Even after winning 3,249,267 votes in the elections the party did not win a single seat. She later joined Indian National Congress party. Currently, she is a member of YSR Congress Party.


title: Lakshmi Parvathi

text: She contested from Sompeta and Eluru constituencies for the elections to the Andhra Pradesh assembly in 1999. She lost both the seats. She polled a mere 1,500 votes in Eluru.


title: Lakshmi Parvathi

text: Parvathi has been the incumbent chair of Telugu Academy since her appointment on 6 November 2019. She made her acting debut in the 2021 film "Radhakrishna", which was about the traditional handicraft of Koyya dolls (Koyya Bommalu).


title: African spurred tortoise

text: The African spurred tortoise (Centrochelys sulcata), also called the sulcata tortoise, is a species of tortoise inhabiting the southern edge of the Sahara desert in Africa. It is the largest mainland species of tortoise in the world, and the third-largest in the world. It is the last remaining species in its genus, Centrochelys, with the five other species in the family already extinct.


title: African spurred tortoise

text: The taxonomic species name is Centrochelys sulcata and is otherwise known as C. sulcata. Its specific name "sulcata" is from the Latin word "sulcus" meaning "furrow" and refers to the furrows on the tortoise's scales. At first the species was labeled as "Testudo sulcata." As time has passed since the species was first classified, "C. sulcata" has been referred to by several different designations. There are no recognized subspecies despite there being two separate populations, one in Western Africa and the other in Eastern Africa. There are also three different, yet similar, haplotypes. One haplotype is found in and closely around Sudan, another is found in the western portion of their range, and the last haplotype is found in Senegal, Mali, and Sudan.


title: African spurred tortoise

text: The African spurred tortoise is native to the Sahara Desert and the Sahel, a transitional ecoregion of semiarid grasslands, savannas, and thorn shrublands found in the countries of Burkina Faso, the Central African Republic, Chad, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Mali, Mauritania, Nigeria, Senegal, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Yemen and possibly in Somalia, Algeria, Benin, and Cameroon. It is possibly extirpated from Djibouti and Togo. They are found on hills, stable dunes, and flat areas with shrubs and high grass. They also like to settle in areas with interrupted streams or rivers. In these arid regions, the tortoise excavates burrows in the ground to get to areas with higher moisture levels, and spends the hottest part of the day in these burrows. This is known as aestivation. In the wild, they may burrow very deep; up to 15 m deep and 30 m long. Plants such as grasses and succulents grow around their burrows if kept moist and in nature they continue to grow for the tortoise to eat if the soil is replenished with its feces. Sulcata tortoises found in the Sudanese part of their range may reach significantly greater size at maturity than those found in other regions.


title: African spurred tortoise

text: "C. sulcata" is the largest species of tortoise in Africa and is also third-largest species of tortoise in the world after the Galapagos tortoise and Aldabra giant tortoise. The species is the largest of the mainland tortoises. Males have an average mass of about 81 kg, but some males have been recorded at over 100 kg with one weighing more than 120 kg. They have a straight carapace length of around 86.0 cm in males. Females have a straight carapace length of about 57.8 cm. Males of a curved carapace length of about 101.0 cm and females have approximately 67.0 cm of curved carapace length. Despite being the largest tortoise in Africa, hatchlings measure about 44 millimeters and weigh around 40 grams. They grow very quickly, reaching 6–10 in (15–25 cm) within the first few years of their lives. The tortoises grow faster when there is more rainfall and slower when there is less. They reach sexual maturity after 10 to 15 years. In captivity their life span is around 54 years. In the wild their lifespan is unknown but is believed to exceed 75 years. The tortoise has no known predators when they are hatchlings or adults. In fact it is believed that they are nearly immune to predators when their weight exceeds 30kg. On the other hand tortoise eggs are sought after by many predators such as numerous species of lizards and potentially mongooses. In the wild the leading cause of death is being unable to right themselves around after they have been flipped onto their backs.


title: African spurred tortoise

text: Sulcata tortoises are mostly herbivores. Primarily, their diets consist of many types of grasses, plants (especially succulent plants), and hay. Their overall diet should be high in fiber and very low in protein. Too much protein will lead to the tortoise growing too fast, which can result in metabolic bone disease which is uneven growth. Flowers and other plants including cactus pads can be consumed. In the wild, they have been observed to also eat plants and algae off the surface of the water. African spurred tortoises are also capable of eating various vegetables such as endive, dandelion greens, and dark leafy greens. Despite being herbivores, they will occasionally eat the carcasses of dead animals. They mostly eat dead goats and zebras that have been pushed downstream during the wet season on the rivers and creeks the tortoises settle next to. If a human settlement is nearby they will also feed on trash.


title: African spurred tortoise

text: Copulation takes place right after the rainy season, during the months from September through November with breeding actions occur in the morning. Male C. "sulcata" are extremely territorial. Males combat each other for breeding rights with the females and are vocal during copulation. Larger males tend to always win sexual combat.


title: African spurred tortoise

text: Sixty days after mating, the female begins to roam looking for suitable nesting sites. For five to fifteen days, four or five nests may be excavated before she selects the perfect location in which the eggs will be laid. Females tend to lay around two to three clutches of eggs with each clutch containing fourteen to forty eggs.


title: African spurred tortoise

text: Loose soil is kicked out of the depression, and the female may frequently urinate into the depression. Once it reaches about two feet (60 cm) in diameter and 3–6 in (7–14 cm) deep, a further depression, measuring some eight inches (20 cm) across and in depth, will be dug out towards the back of the original depression. The work of digging the nest may take up to five hours; the speed with which it is dug seems to be dependent upon the relative hardness of the ground. It usually takes place when the ambient air temperature is at least 78°F (27°C). Once the nest is dug, the female begins to lay an egg every three minutes. Clutches may contain 15–30 or more eggs. After the eggs are laid, the female fills in the nest, taking an hour or more to fully cover them all. Incubation should be 86 to 88 °F, and will take from 90 to 120 days.


title: African spurred tortoise

text: C. sulcata is currently ranked as an endangered species. Studies suggest that African spurred tortoises exist in approximately 16.7% of the area where they had previously been found. These studies also show an average of 1-5 tortoises per site canvassed which indicates a rapid decline of the species. The species faces threats from livestock as they have to compete for resources. The main source of resource competition African spurred tortoises face is from cattle which also graze on grass. The effects of competition for grazing land is compounded by wildfires which can destroy large portions of grass land which kills and rescues the resources available to C "sulcata". They also face threats from the pet trade as they are over harvested from their natural environment. Approximately 9000 tortoises are taken from the wild for the pet trade. Other threats that the species face are habitat loss due to climate change and predators which hunt the tortoises or their eggs.


title: African spurred tortoise

text: The main method of conservation has been reintroduction programs. These sorts of reintroduction programs have been implemented in Ferlo, and Senegal. These programs have seen tortoise survival rates of about 80%. This means that the tortoises are able to easily to adapt back into their native savanna environments from domestic environment. They're also captive colonies in several countries. Most of these reintroduction programs and captive colonies can be found in protected national parks and wildlife sanctuaries. There are hopes to expand reintroduction programs by involving tortoise owners since there are more African spurred tortoises living in captivity than in the wild. The goal would be to establish a breeding programs with the owners where all hatchlings would be reintroduced.


title: African spurred tortoise

text: African spurred tortoises are passive and docile pets. They are almost never aggressive and barely ever show territorial behavior. This docile behavior is complimented by their slow speed and silence. Despite their docile attitude, the tortoise should not be handled often as handling will cause stress. Stress can lead to health problems and premature death. They are also very curious, and can end up stuck on their backs, needing help getting flipped back over. African Spurred Tortoises have a lifespan of around 70 years, which means that they are a long term commitment.


title: African spurred tortoise

text: The ideal enclosure for the African spurred tortoise is an outdoor pen where they will be able to construct a burrow. A fence of around two feet is recommended with some parts of the fence being extended underground. They prefer high temperatures and thrive in temperatures as high as 100 degrees Fahrenheit when they have a borrow to go into to cool off. When in captivity they should also have access to heating systems to keep the temperature of an enclosure above 60 degrees Fahrenheit for when the temperature drops during the night. If the tortoise is being kept inside they need access to artificial means of sunlight. The enclosure should also be kept somewhat humid. Humidity should be kept around 40-50 percent as any higher than that can lead to repository issues. These tend to be fungal infections, but shell rot is also common.


title: African spurred tortoise

text: They require high fiber diets (grasses and hays) as many "wet" vegetables can cause health problems in large quantities. Red leaf lettuce, prickly pear cactus pads, hibiscus leaves, hay from various grasses and dandelions are some of the better foods to make up the bulk of their diet. They will attempt to eat most types of plants eventually and some common garden plants can be very toxic to them, such as azaleas. They will eat such things as caterpillars and snails if given the opportunity, but this also should be a very small portion of their diet. Calcium should also be another small portion of their diet to help with shell growth. The tortoises should also avoid proteins and consume fruits very sparsely. As the tortoises get older and their jaws stronger, it is recommended to allow them to eat hays such as Orchard and Timothy Hay. Certain vegetables can lead to serious medical issues. Kale, brussel sprouts, and broccoli can be added to their diet rarely, but are known to cause hypothyroidism. Parsley, collard greens, and romaine lettuce should be excluded from their diets entirely, as they are too high in calcium oxalate.


title: Hayley Squires

text: Hayley Squires (born 16 April 1988) is an English actress and playwright, best known for her work in the Ken Loach film "I, Daniel Blake". Squires has also appeared in "Call the Midwife" (2012), "Southcliffe" (2013), "Complicit" (2013), "Blood Cells" (2014), "A Royal Night Out" (2015) and "Murder" (2016). Her first play, "Vera Vera Vera", was produced by the Royal Court Theatre in 2012.


title: Hayley Squires

text: "I, Daniel Blake" won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival, Best British Film at the 2017 BAFTAs, and was the Audience Award winner at the San Sebastián International Film Festival. Squires was nominated for Best Supporting Actress at the BAFTAs.


title: Hayley Squires

text: Born in Forest Hill, South London, as Hayley McGinty in 1988, Squires grew up with her mother, father and older brother. The family moved to Kent when she was 14. Her mother was a cook at her school and her father managed a video shop.


title: Hayley Squires

text: She trained at Rose Bruford College in Sidcup and graduated in 2010 with BA (Hons) Acting alongside best friend and fellow actor David Carlyle. She has a quote from A Midsummer Night’s Dream tattooed underneath her left arm, it reads: "And though she be but little, she is fierce".


title: Bol Bachchan

text: Bol Bachchan is a 2012 Indian Hindi-language action comedy film directed by Rohit Shetty and produced by Ajay Devgn & Dhillin Mehta under Ajay Devgn FFilms and Shree Ashtavinayak Cine Vision Limited respectively, with Fox Star Studios serving as distributor and presenter. Based on a script by writers Yunus Sajwal and Farhad-Sajid and a story by Shetty, it stars Abhishek Bachchan as the titular character, with Ajay Devgn, Asin, Prachi Desai, Krushna Abhishek, Neeraj Vora and Archana Puran Singh, and is loosely based on the 1979 Hrishikesh Mukherjee classic "Gol Maal".


title: Bol Bachchan

text: Himesh Reshammiya composed the film's soundtrack with Ajay–Atul as guest composers on a dance number, with Amar Mohile composing the score.


title: Bol Bachchan

text: The trailer was launched on 24 May 2012. "Bol Bachchan" made a new record through advance ticket booking, and was released in cinemas on 6 July 2012, with a runtime of 155 minutes and an investment of . The film marks the last collaboration between Shetty and Vora, as the latter died 5 years after the film's release.


title: Bol Bachchan

text: Earning over net from domestic markets and more than worldwide, "Bol Bachchan" became a critical and commercial success and was remade in Telugu as "Masala" in 2013.


title: Bol Bachchan

text: Abbas Ali lives in Delhi with his sister Sania. When their ancestral property is taken from them by deception, Abbas loses his job. Their father's family friend, Shastri, convinces them to move to his village, Ranakpur, where he assures Abbas that he will get him a job at his boss Prithviraj Raghuvanshi's place. Prithviraj is a powerful and kindhearted man who hates liars and punishes them harshly. Abbas and Sania arrive at Ranakpur and meet Abbas's friend and Shastri's son Ravi who runs a drama company with his friends. Abbas learns that there is a temple at the border of Ranakpur and Kherwada, the village where Prithviraj's cousin Vikrant Raghuvanshi hold sway. The two cousins are archenemies. The temple, being at the border of the two villages, is a disputed property and has been locked up for years.


title: Bol Bachchan

text: The plot begins when a child falls into the well of the temple and Abbas breaks the temple's lock to save the child. When Prithviraj arrives at the scene, Ravi tells him that Abbas's name as Abhishek Bachchan to avoid any religious tensions that might result from the fact that a Muslim broke into a Hindu temple. Prithviraj hires Abhishek Bachchan (Abbas) and becomes very happy with his work. Soon, Ravi and his friends have to come up with a new plan when Prithviraj spots Abbas celebrating Eid and wearing the traditional garb of a Muslim. Abbas and the others convince Prithviraj that the one celebrating Eid was actually Abhishek's twin brother, from another mother, 'Abbas', an effeminate man and classical Kathak dancer. Things get worse for Abbas and Ravi when Prithviraj kindly hires Abbas for teaching Kathak to his sister Radhika. Abbas tells Radhika the truth. And she keeps it as a secret. Prithviraj's sidekick Maakhan suspects Abbas watching Gol Maal because the movie has many similarities with the drama Abbas is playing. But due to his teams sudden actions, they are saved. Prithviraj notices that Abbas (the dancer) is in love with Radhika. Prithviraj teams with Abhishek (unknowing that he is also Abbas) to find Abbas when Radhika is missing. But she was kidnapped by Vikrant and the duo saves her. Impressed by Abhishek, Prithviraj fixes his marriage with Radhika and Prithviraj's marriage with Sania. But at last when Abbas decides to reveal the truth, Prithviraj knows the truth. In a madly chase, Prithviraj gets in the edge of a mountain and Abbas saves his life. At last, Abbas explains his situation and promises never to lie again.


title: Bol Bachchan

text: The film was originally expected for a Diwali 2011 release, though was postponed to 2012. On Dussehra 2011, director Rohit Shetty who previously directed the comedy flick, "Golmaal 3" (2010), did first give actor Ajay Devgn an offer for "Golmaal 4", but Devgn claimed ""Golmaal 4" will happen next to next year. It's necessary to have two years gap between the two "Golmaal" films. It's not good if it comes every year." After the announcement, it was added that "Bol Bachchan" will be made before "Golmaal 4". In January 2011, it was revealed that actress Asin was roped in for the first female lead after Bipasha Basu rejected the role. Earlier, actress Genelia D'Souza was signed to play the second female lead, but due to her differences with the makers, she opted out of the project and hence the role was offered to Prachi Desai.


title: Bol Bachchan

text: In Jubilee Comedy Circus, Krushna Abhishek did a performance of Rohit Shetty never giving him a film role to do but having promised him in earlier seasons of the show, Rohit was so impressed by the performance, he decided to give Krushna a role in "Bol Bachchan". Shetty also added co-host Archana Puran Singh from the same show to the film cast. It was revealed in the 300th episode special of Comedy Circus, where Rohit Shetty was a guest judge, that Paresh Ganatra was among the cast. The film has been shot at various locations, including Rohit Shetty's seemingly favourite Panchgani and Chomu Palace, among other locations.


title: Bol Bachchan

text: The music of the film was composed by Himesh Reshammiya, while the lyrics were penned by Sajid-Farhad, Shabbir Ahmed, Swanand Kirkire and Sameer. The album was released on 7 June 2012 and included four original soundtracks along with four remix versions of the tracks. Three songs were composed by Reshammiya, of which two were featured in the film and one was listed only in the album. One song, "Nach Le Nach Le", composed by Ajay–Atul was also included in the album. Among the songs, "Jab Se Dekhi Hai" and "Nach Le Nach Le" became moderately popular.


title: Bol Bachchan

text: "Bol Bachchan" was released on 6 July 2012 in 2575 screens in India. Upon release, the film received mixed critical response, but strong box office collections by the end of its first weekend. On the review aggregator website "Top10Bollywood", the film scored 2.31, based on 34 reviews.


title: Bol Bachchan

text: On the positive side, Taran Adarsh of "Bollywood Hungama" gave the film 4 out of 5 stars and said, "On the whole, "Bol Bachchan" is a dhamaal entertainer that has the Rohit Shetty stamp all over it. A film that pays homage to the cinema of the 1970s and 1980s, especially the ones made by Manmohan Desai. Big stars, big visuals, big entertainment, "Bol Bachchan" has it all." Devesh Sharma of "Filmfare" also awarded the film 4 out of 5 stars and commented, "How we wish director Rohit Shetty had kept aside his passion of blowing up vehicles wholescale just this once. The exaggerated action scenes eat into the narrative and jar the pace. Would this film be a crowd pleaser– well yes. It's a good leave-your-brains-behind product that Shetty is famous for. There are flashes that suggest he could have gone beyond and made a more polished film but the lure of making a blockbuster proved too much, I guess. The masses would be happy but the same can't be said for the soul of Hrishikesh Mukherjee." Srijana Mitra Das of "Times of India" gave the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and stated, "Rohit Shetty's latest movie has a constant up-and-down aspect to it, one sequence making you shriek in your seat with laughter, another sending your mind wandering off to the mundane. But at the very heart of things Shetty's madly in love with the movies and "BB" is his homage to that all-time classic, Golmaal." Mrigank Dhaniwala of "Koimoi" also gave the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and concluded, "On the whole, "Bol Bachchan" delivers entertainment in huge dollops. For that, it will earn the love of the paying public and will have a successful run at the box-office." Gaurav Malani of Times of India gave the film a positive feedback and said, "For a (pleasant) change, Rohit Shetty doesn't do "Golmaal" 'his' style. Rather he does "Golmaal" in its 'original' form and that's what creates a decent difference, making "Bol Bachchan" fairly entertaining!".