title: University of Sheffield

text: The National Fairground and Circus Archive (NFCA) is a living archive that collects material from the fairground, circus and the allied entertainment industries. NFCA was in 1994 developed out of the PhD research by Vanessa Toulmin, who was later director of the archive from its inception until 2016. With its own Reading Room situated in Western Bank Library, the archive holds 150,000 photographs, 4,000 books and journals, together with over 20,000 items of printed and video ephemera. Major collections include the Shufflebottom Family Collection, the John Bramwell Taylor Collection, the Malcolm Airey Collection and the John Turner Collection.


title: University of Sheffield

text: Sheffield has four research institutes. Launched in 2019, the institutes focus on clean energy generation, sustainable food, health improvement and quality of life. The Energy Institute is one of the largest energy research centres in Europe. It has over 300 researchers working on energy-related problems, including improving energy efficiency and developing ways to achieve clean growth. The Neuroscience Institute works on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of neurological disorders. This includes the exploration of artificial intelligence applications in healthcare for diagnosing Alzheimer's disease and improving prognosis. The Healthy Lifespan Institute researches multimorbidity and slowing down the ageing process. The Institute for Sustainable Food studies food security and environmental sustainability.


title: University of Sheffield

text: The University of Sheffield's major research partners and clients include Boeing, Rolls Royce, Siemens, Unilever, Boots, AstraZeneca, GSK, ICI, and Slazenger, as well as UK and overseas government agencies and charitable foundations. Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre is a network of centres and a partnership between the university and over a hundred industrial companies on the Advanced Manufacturing Park. The university also works with local small and medium enterprises through the dedicated physical spaces at the Sheffield Bioincubator and Kroto Innovation Centre. For many years the university has been engaged in theological publishing through Sheffield Academic Press and JSOT Press. The university is also a partner organisation in Higher Futures, a collaborative association of institutions set up under the government's Lifelong Learning Networks initiative, to co-ordinate vocational and work-based education.


title: University of Sheffield

text: As well as the research carried out in departments, the university has over 180 specialised research centres or institutes. The last Teaching Quality Assessment awarded Sheffield University grades of "excellent" in 29 subject areas, a record equalled by only a few other UK universities.


title: University of Sheffield

text: The University of Sheffield has around 250 student exchange partners in nearly 40 countries world-wide including exchange programs with Georgia Institute of Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, University of Texas at Austin, National University of Singapore, University of Munich and University of Melbourne.


title: University of Sheffield

text: On 25 May 2021 during the COVID-19 pandemic, the University of Sheffield Executive Board (UEB) including Vice Chancellor Koen Lamberts and Deputy Vice Chancellor Gill Valentine voted to close the Department of Archaeology and move two areas into other departments; a world leading institution since its formation in 1976. The decision had been made through a commissioned Institutional Review process chaired by Valentine and was met with national and international outcry including a petition signed by over 40,000 people. The decision was announced first on 19 May. The review process had begun in February 2022 led by Valentine.


title: University of Sheffield

text: Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre is run in partnership with Boeing, which conducts research projects funded by arms manufacturers such as BAE Systems. In 2008, the university partnered with BAE Systems to launch a new Centre for Research in Active Control which aimed to improve the stealth of BAE Systems' submarines. In 2012 the Students Union voted in favour of the university ending all links with the arms trade.


title: University of Sheffield

text: In October 2022, students occupied 'The Diamond' over the university's alleged links with Rolls Royce, and their involvement in arms manufacture. This resulted in the closure of the building, with the occupiers refusing to leave until negotiations with the Vice-Chancellor commenced. Over the past eight years, the university has received some £47 million from Rolls Royce.


title: University of Sheffield

text: The University of Sheffield Students' Union was founded in 1906 and has nearly 300 student societies and nearly 50 sports teams. The Students' Union has been voted best in the UK for ten consecutive years, from 2009 to 2018, by the Times Higher Education Student Experience Survey.


title: University of Sheffield

text: Sheffield University Football Club has been established for many decades and has previously competed in the FA Amateur Cup and FA Vase. The Union building contains society and union workplaces and coffee shops, restaurants, shops, and the student run cinema Film Unit. Facilities include two bars ("Bar One" – which has a book-able function room with its own bar, "The Raynor Lounge" – and "The Interval"); a three-room club venue ("Foundry"); There is also a student radio station called Forge Radio, a TV station called Forge TV, and a newspaper called "Forge Press", which are run under the umbrella of Forge Media since 2008.


title: University of Sheffield

text: In November 2009 a development project began to redevelop the Students' Union building, funded by £5 million by the HEFCE, which was completed and re-opened in September 2010. Works centred on improving circulation around the building by aligning previously disjointed floors, improving internal access between the Union building and neighbouring University House, and constructing a new entrance and lobby that incorporates the university's traditional colours of black and gold. During 2012–13 the Students' Union went under a further redevelopment costing £20 million which led to the refurbishment of the University House. University House, completed in 1963, has been integrated with the university's Students' Union in one single building.


title: University of Sheffield

text: The university halls of residence comprises two separate sites: Ranmoor/Endcliffe and City. Ranmoor/Endcliffe is situated in the western suburb of Sheffield, which is close to Broomhill and Ecclesall Road. The Endcliffe Village was opened in 2008 and the Ranmoor Village in 2009. Ranmoor House, opened in the autumn term of 1968, was once the largest hall of residence at the university, housing around 800 students. As part of the university's Student Residences Strategy, Ranmoor House was demolished in March 2008, a year before the new Ranmoor Village was scheduled to open. The Endcliffe and Ranmoor villages have been together referred to as Ranmoor/Endcliffe since 2016. The Endcliffe Village was renamed "South accommodation (near Endcliffe)", and the Ranmoor Village "North accommodation (near Ranmoor)". City accommodation, including Allen Court, Broad Lane Court, St. George's Flats, Mappin Court and Studio 300, are located on the Main Campus, on St George's Campus, or near the North Campus.


title: University of Sheffield

text: Off campus can be found Sheffield Student Housing Co-operative, a student housing cooperative providing not-for-profit, student-managed housing for its members. They currently manage a property on Northfield Road in Crookes, Sheffield.


title: University of Sheffield

text: The annual Sheffield Varsity is an annual varsity match that takes place between sports teams from the university and its rival Sheffield Hallam University starting from 1996. The varsity is divided into winter and summer competitions. Over 1,000 students from both universities compete in over 30 varsity sports in more than 70 events. The university's sports colours are black and gold. Sheffield won the Varsity competition in 2013, beating Hallam for the first time in ten years. It extended the newfound winning streak to seven years in a row; winning again from 2014 to 2019.


title: University of Sheffield

text: Many notable people in a number of disciplines have attended Sheffield. A number of politicians are alumni of the university, including President of Dominica Nicholas Liverpool, Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey Nurettin Canikli, Home Secretary David Blunkett, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Seychelles Jean-Paul Adam, Downing Street Chief of Staff Nick Timothy. At least ten Members of the UK Parliament and two Members of the European Parliament have studied at Sheffield. Notable public servants who have studied at the university includes Secretary General of the Higher Commission for Industrial Security of Saudi Arabia Khalid S. Al-Ageel, Chief Economist at the Bank of England Andy Haldane, head of London Metropolitan Police Bernard Hogan-Howe, Chief of the Defence Staff Stuart Peach, and Children's Commissioner for England Maggie Atkinson.


title: University of Sheffield

text: Sheffield has educated a number of judges and lawyers. The university has the highest number of alumni appointed to the bench of the Court of Appeal after Oxford and Cambridge. In November 2013, the court had a bench consisting of judges all graduated at Sheffield; the sitting judges were Lord and Lady Justices of Appeal Maurice Kay, Anne Rafferty and Julia Macur. The Sheffield School of Law has also produced lawyers around the world. This includes Deputy Minister of Justice of Afghanistan Mohammad Qasim Hashimzai, Chief Justice of Bangladesh Md. Muzammel Hossain, Supreme Court Justice of Sierra Leone Henry M. Joko-Smart, and Chief Justice of Malaysia Arifin Zakaria.


title: University of Sheffield

text: Writers who attended the university include two-times Booker Prize winner Hilary Mantel, Lee Child, Andrew Grant, Brooke Magnanti (Belle de Jour), Lindsay Ashford and Katie B. Edwards. Actors and actress Brian Glover, Ian Hallard, Rachel Shelley and Eddie Izzard were students at the university. Notable Sheffield alumni in religion includes Dean of Westminster Abbey Wesley Carr, Dean of Christ Church of Oxford Martyn Percy, General Secretary of Action of Churches Together in Scotland Stephen Smyth, and Archbishop of Sydney Glenn Davies. Many pioneers were students at the university, including first British astronaut Helen Sharman, Polar explorer Roy Koerner, and the first female pilot to fly solo from London to Australia Amy Johnson. Sheffield students have also excelled in sports. Jessica Ennis-Hill and Hollie Webb are Olympic gold medalists. Bryony Page and Nick Beighton have won medals at the Olympics and Paralympics respectively. Notable alumni in sports also include Herbert Chapman, Zara Dampney, Catherine Faux, Tim Robinson and David Wetherill.


title: University of Sheffield

text: Warburg Medal winning scientist Hans Kornberg have been studied at Sheffield, along with Olive Scott and Donald Bailey, inventor of the Bailey bridge. Sheffield's Department of Chemistry has also educated two winners of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.


title: University of Sheffield

text: The university's Faculty of Science is associated with six Nobel laureates, two for the Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology:


title: University of Sheffield

text: Two Nobel laureates associated with the university are not officially counted. They are: Sir John Vane (research worker) and Wole Soyinka (visiting professor).


title: University of Sheffield

text: A fictionalized version of the University of Sheffield is the setting of the award-winning comic book series, "Giant Days". Comedy "Love in the Time of Britpop" is set at the university in the 1990s Cool Britannia era. The university's Western Bank Library is featured in Barry Libin's novel "Mystery of the Milton Manuscript".


title: Tswana people

text: The Tswana (, singular "Motswana") are a Bantu-speaking ethnic group native to Southern Africa. The Tswana language is a principal member of the Sotho-Tswana language group. Ethnic Tswana made up approximately 85% of the population of Botswana in 2011.


title: Tswana people

text: Batswana are the native people of south and eastern Botswana, and the Gauteng, North West, Northern Cape and Free State provinces of South Africa, where the majority of Batswana are located.


title: Tswana people

text: The Batswana are descended mainly from Bantu-speaking tribes along with the Khoi-San. Tswana tribe migrated southward to Africa around 600 CE, living in tribal enclaves as farmers and herders. Several Iron Age cultures flourished around the 900 CE, including the Toutswemogala Hill Iron Age settlement. The Toutswe were in the eastern region of what is now Botswana, relying on Tswana cattle breed held in kraals as their source of wealth. The arrival of the ancestors of the Tswana-speakers who came to control the region (from the Vaal River to Botswana) has yet to be dated precisely. Although CE 600 seems to be a consensus estimate. This massive cattle-raising complex prospered until 1300 CE or so. All these various peoples were connected to trade routes that ran via the Limpopo River to the Indian Ocean, and trade goods from Asia, such as beads, made their way to Botswana. Most likely in exchange for ivory, gold, and rhinoceros horn. Members of the Bakwena, a chieftaincy under a legendary leader named Kgabo II, made their way into the southern Kalahari by CE 1500, at the latest, and his people drove the Bakgalagadi inhabitants west into the desert. Over the years, several offshoots of the Bakwena moved into adjoining territories. The Bangwaketse occupied areas to the west, while the Bangwato moved northeast into formerly Bakalanga areas. Not long afterward, a Bangwato offshoot known as the Batawana migrated into the Okavango Delta, probably in the 1790s. The first written records relating to modern-day Botswana appear in 1824. What these records show is that the Bangwaketse had become the predominant power in the region. Under the rule of Makaba II, the Bangwaketse kept vast herds of cattle in well-protected desert areas and used their military prowess to raid their neighbors. Other chiefdoms in the area, by this time, had capitals of 10,000 or so and were fairly prosperous. One of these famous capitals was Kaditshwene which was the cultural capital of the Bahurutshe people, one of the principal Tswana tribes and a center of manufacturing and trading, it had been founded in the late 1400s on the site of iron and copper ore deposits. The remains of another major Tswana capital, Kweneng' Ruins, are found in Suikerbosrand Nature Reserve in South Africa. It was occupied from the 15th to the 19th century AD and was the largest of several sizeable settlements inhabited by Tswana speakers before European arrival. Several circular stone-walled family compounds are spread out over an area of 10  km long and 2  km wide.


title: Tswana people

text: During the 1840s and 1850s trade with Cape Colony-based merchants opened up and enabled the Batswana chiefdoms to rebuild. The Bakwena, Bangwaketse, Bangwato and Batawana cooperated to control the lucrative ivory trade, and then used the proceeds to import horses and guns, which in turn enabled them to establish control over what is now Botswana. This process was largely complete by 1880, and thus the Bushmen, the Bakalanga, the Bakgalagadi, the Batswapong and other current minorities were subjugated by the Batswana. Following the Great Trek, Afrikaners from the Cape Colony established themselves on the borders of Botswana in the Transvaal. In 1852 a coalition of Tswana chiefdoms led by Sechele I resisted Afrikaner incursions which culminated with the pivotal showdown of the Battle of Dimawe fought with artillery and long range rifles as well as musket fire. Although it was the Boer Commando led by the Boer Commandant-General Pieter Scholtz and Paul Kruger, as an officer leading the Boer advance who started the offensive, it was they who ended up on the retreat followed by Batswana's retaliatory attacks into the then Transvaal's Marique district in which Boer settlements, villages and farms were scotched. After about eight years of intermittent tensions and hostilities, eventually came to a peace agreement in Potchefstroom in 1860. From that point on, the modern-day border between South Africa and Botswana was agreed on, and the Afrikaners and Batswana traded and worked together peacefully.


title: Tswana people

text: The Batawana's (Tswana tribe/clan) fight against invading Ndebele of 1884. When the amaNdebele arrived at Toteng, they thus found the village abandoned. But, as they settled down to enjoy their bloodless conquest, about seventy mounted Batawana under Kgosi Moremi's personal command appeared, all armed with breech-loading rifles. In classic commando style the cavalry began to harass the much larger enemy force with lethal hit and run volleys. Meanwhile, another group of traditionally armed subjects of the Kgosi also made their presence known.


title: Tswana people

text: At this point the amaNdebele commander, Lotshe, took the bait dividing his army into two groups. One party pursued Moremi's small force, while the other fruitlessly tried to catch up to what they believed was the main body of Batawana.


title: Tswana people

text: As the invaders generally lacked guns, as well as horses, Moremi continued to harass his pursuers, inflicting significant casualties while remaining unscathed.


title: Tswana people

text: The primary mission of Moremi's men was not, however, to inflict losses on the enemy so much as to ensnare them into a well designed trap. His force thus gradually retreated northward towards Khutiyabasadi, drawing the amaNdebele to where the main body of defenders were already well entrenched.


title: Tswana people

text: As they approached the swamp area south Khutiyabasadi, Lotshe struggled to reunite his men, perhaps sensing that they were approaching a showdown. But, instead, Moremi's Batawana, now joined by Qhunkunyane's Wayeyi drew the amaNdebele still deeper into the swamps.


title: Tswana people

text: In this area of poor visibility, due to the thick tall reeds, the Batawana and Wayeyi were able to employ additional tricks to lure the invaders towards their ultimate doom. At one point a calf and its mother were tied to separate trees to make Lotshe's men think that they were finally catching up to their main prize, the elusive Batawana cattle. As they pressed forward the amaNdebele were further unnerved by additional hit and run attacks and sniping by small bands of Batawana marksmen. Certainly they could not have been comfortable in the unfamiliar Okavango environment.


title: Tswana people

text: It was at Kuthiyabasadi that the defenders' trap was finally sprung. At the time, the place was an island dominated by high reeds and surrounded to the west by deep water. In the reeds, three well armed Batawana regiments, joined by local Wayeyi, waited patiently. There they had built a small wooden platform, upon which several men could be seen from across the channel, as well tunnels and entrenchments for concealment. The amaNdebele were drawn to the spot by the appearance of Batawana cavalry who crossed the channel to the island in their sight. In addition, cattle were placed on a small islet adjacent to Kuthiyabasadi, while a group of soldiers now made themselves visible by standing up on the wooden platform. Also at the location was a papyrus bridge that had been purposely weakened at crucial spots. Surveying the scene, Lotshe ordered his men to charge across the bridge over what he presumably thought was no more than a small stream. As planned, the bridge collapsed when full of amaNdebele, who were thus unexpectedly thrown into a deep water channel. Few if any would have known how to swim.


title: Tswana people

text: Additional waves of amaNdebele found themselves pinned down by their charging compatriots along the river bank, which was too deep for them to easily ford. With the enemy thus in disarray, the signal was given for the main body of defenders to emerge from their tunnels and trenches. A barrage of bullets cut through Lotshe's lines from three sides, quickly turning the battle into a one-sided massacre. It is said that after the main firing had ceased, the Wayeyi used their mekoro to further attack the survivors trapped in the river, hitting them on the head with their oars. In this way, many more were drowned. By the time the fighting was over, the blood is reported to have turned the water along the course of the river black. While the total number of casualties at Khutiyabasadi cannot be precisely known, observers in Bulawayo at the time confirm that over 2,500 men had left on Lotshe's expedition and less than 500 returned. While the bulk of the amaNdebele losses are believed to have occurred in and around Khutiyabasadi itself, survivors of the battle were also killed while being mercilessly pursued by the Batawana cavalry. Moremi was clearly determined to send a strong message to Lobengula that his regiments were no match. Still others died of exhaustion and hunger while trying to make their way home across the dry plains south of Chobe; the somewhat more hospitable route through Gammangwato having been blocked by Khama. While the battle at Khutiyabasadi was a great victory for the Batawana and defeat for the amaNdebele, for the Wayeyi of the region the outcome is said to have been a mixed blessing. While they had shared in the victory over the hated Amandebele, one of its consequences was a tightening of Batawana authority in the area over them, as Moremi settled for a period at nearby Nokaneng.


title: Tswana people

text: The First Matabele War was fought between 1893 and 1894 in modern-day Zimbabwe. The British South Africa Company had no more than 750 troops in the British South Africa Company's Police, with an undetermined number of possible colonial volunteers and an additional 700 Tswana (Bechuana) allies who marched on Bulawayo from the south commandeered by Khama III, the most influential of the Batswana chiefs, and a staunch ally of the British. The Salisbury and Fort Victoria columns marched into Bulawayo on 4 November 1893. The Imperial column from Bechuanaland was nowhere to be seen. They had set march on 18 October heading north for Bulawayo and had a minor skirmish with the Matabele near Mphoengs on 2 November. They finally reached Bulawayo on 15 November, a delay which probably saved the Chartered Company's then newly occupied territory being annexed to the imperial Bechuanaland Protectorate.


title: Tswana people

text: The Bophuthatswana Territorial Authority was created in 1961, and in June 1972 Bophuthatswana was declared a self-governing state. On 6 December 1977 this 'homeland' was granted independence by the South African government. Bophuthatswana's capital city was Mmabatho and 99% of its population was Tswana speaking. In March 1994, Bophuthatswana was placed under the control of two administrators, Tjaart van der Walt and Job Mokgoro. The small, widespread pieces of land were reincorporated into South Africa on 27 April 1994. Bophuthatswana now forms part of the North West, Free State, Northern Cape, and Gauteng provinces.


title: Tswana people

text: The republic of Botswana (formerly the British protectorate of Bechuanaland) is named for the Tswana people. The country's eight major tribes/clans speak Tswana, which is also called Setswana. All have a traditional Paramount Chief, styled "Kgosikgolo", who is entitled to a seat in the Ntlo ya Dikgosi (an advisory body to the country's Parliament). The Tswana dynasties are all related. A person who lives in Botswana is a Motswana and the plural is Batswana. The three main branches of the Tswana tribe formed during the 17th century. Three brothers, Kwena, Ngwaketse and Ngwato, broke away from their father, Chief Malope, to establish their own tribes in Molepolole, Kanye and Serowe, probably in response to drought and expanding populations in search of pasture and arable land.


title: Tswana people

text: The largest number of ethnic Tswana people is located in modern-day South Africa. They are one of the largest ethnic groups in the country, and the Tswana language is one of eleven official languages in South Africa. There were over 4 million Tswana speakers in the country in 2012, with North West Province having a majority of 2,200,000 Tswana speakers. From 1948 to 1994, South African Tswana people were defined by the Apartheid regime to be citizens of Bophuthatswana, one of ten bantustans set up for the purpose of defending the policy of denying black Africans citizenship in South Africa.


title: Tswana people

text: Pap is a staple food made from cornmeal which is often eaten alongside meat or vegetables, as is done in much of Africa. Borotho is a bread made from various types of flour. The most popular sorghum porridge is Ting. Bogobe jwa Logala/Sengana is a traditional Setswana dish prepared from sorghum porridge mixed/cooked with milk. Seswaa is Botswana's national dish and is often served at weddings, funerals, and other celebrations. Seswaa is a pounded or shredded meat and often served with Bogobe (Porridge). Madila is a sour cultured milk prepared from cow and goat milk over a period of time until fully matured for consumption. Traditionally madila were prepared using Lekuka a leather sack or bag used in processing and storing madila. Madila is also traditionally used as relish, eaten with pap. It can also be used in popular Tswana breakfast meal, motogo, to give the soft porridge that sour and milky taste.


title: Tswana people

text: Batswana wear a cotton fabric known in Setswana as Leteisi and Sotho as Shweshwe. This fabric is often used for wedding celebrations and other traditional celebrations. In Setswana tradition mothers wear mogagolwane, a checkered small blanket during traditional baby-showers, and married women during traditional weddings are identified by it, as well as during various initiation ceremonies. Even during funerals Batswana women don mogagolwane.


title: Tswana people

text: Tswana music is mostly vocal and performed, sometimes without drums depending on the occasion; it also makes heavy use of string instruments. Tswana folk music has instruments such as Setinkane (a Botswana version of miniature piano), Segankure/Segaba (a Botswana version of the Chinese instrument Erhu), Moropa (Meropa -plural) (a Botswana version of the many varieties of drums), and phala (a Botswana version of a whistle used mostly during celebrations, which comes in a variety of forms). Botswana cultural musical instruments are not confined only to the strings or drums. the hands are used as musical instruments too, by either clapping them together or against phathisi (goat skin turned inside out wrapped around the calf area; it is only used by men) to create music and rhythm. For the last few decades, the guitar has been celebrated as a versatile music instrument for Tswana music as it offers a variety in string which the Segaba instrument does not have. Other notable modern Tswana music is Tswana Rap known as Motswako.


title: Tswana people

text: Batswana are noted for their skill at crafting baskets from Mokola Palm and local dyes. The baskets are generally woven into three types: large, lidded baskets used for storage, large, open baskets for carrying objects on the head or for winnowing threshed grain, and smaller plates for winnowing pounded grain. Potters made clay pots for storing water, traditional beer and also for cooking and hardly for commercial use. Craft makers made wooden crafts and they made traditional cooking utensils such as leso and lehetlho, traditional wooden chairs and drums among others.


title: Tswana people

text: Astronomy is an old age tradition in Africa. As with all other cultures, various ethnic groups developed their own interpretations of the solar system. Using their natural instrument the eye, Batswana have observed, commented on and named celestial objects of interest to them. There are more telling and specific names that relate to unique stellar patterns and their seasonal appearance e.g. Selemela, Naka, Thutlwa, and Dikolojwane. According to Tswana culture, the stars of Orion's sword were "dintsa le Dikolobe", three dogs chasing three pigs of Orion's belt. The Milky Way was viewed by the Tswana as Molalatladi, the place where lightning rests. It was further believed that this place of rest also kept the sky from collapsing and showed the movement of time. Some even claimed that it turned the sun to the east, in a way to explaining the rising of the sun. It was also believed that it was a supernatural footpath across the sky along which ancestors' spirits walked. The moon (Ngwedi) is said to represent a woman; it brings forth light but not as scorching as the Sun (Letsatsi) and its light is associated with happiness. Venus is called Mphatlalatsana (the brilliant and blinding one) by Batswana & Kopadilalelo (seeker of evening meals). The southern African calendar was made up of 354 days, (12 × 29.5 day lunar month). This was 11 days shorter than the solar year, an issue which could not be ignored. The solution was to add an additional month, when necessary, to "catch up". Some years were 12 months long, others 13. After the arrival of Europeans and the introduction of the Gregorian calendar, it was noted that the Batswana people had started forgetting the name of the 13th month. In contrast to Europe, where the new year is in the middle of winter, in southern Africa it logically started in September or October at the start of the new growing season.


title: Tswana people

text: Raditladi Basin, a large peak ring impact crater on Mercury with a diameter of 263 km is named after Leetile Disang Raditladi. a Motswana playwright and poet.


title: The Lady in the Van

text: The Lady in the Van is a 2015 British comedy-drama film directed by Nicholas Hytner, and starring Maggie Smith and Alex Jennings, based on the memoir of the same name created by Alan Bennett. It was written by Bennett, and it tells the (mostly) true story of his interactions with Mary Shepherd, an elderly woman who lived in a dilapidated van on his driveway in London for 15 years. He had previously published the story as a 1989 essay, 1990 book, 1999 stage play, and 2009 radio play on BBC Radio 4. Smith had previously portrayed Shepherd twice: in the 1999 stage play, which earned her a Best Actress nomination at the 2000 Olivier Awards, and in the 2009 radio adaptation.


title: The Lady in the Van

text: Hytner directed the 1999 stage play at the Queen's Theatre in London. The film was shown in the Special Presentations section of the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival and received largely positive reviews from critics.


title: The Lady in the Van

text: "The Lady in the Van" tells the mostly true story of Alan Bennett's somewhat strained friendship with Miss Mary Shepherd, an irritable, eccentric, homeless woman whom Bennett befriended in the 1970s, before letting her park her Bedford van in the driveway of his Camden home "for three months". She ended up residing there for 15 years.


title: The Lady in the Van

text: As the story develops, Bennett learns Miss Shepherd's true identity: Margaret Fairchild, a gifted former pupil of pianist Alfred Cortot. She had driven an ambulance in WWII, played Chopin at The Proms, attempted to become a nun twice, and was committed to an institution by her brother. She escaped, had an accident when her van was hit by a motorcyclist—for whose death she believed herself to blame—and thereafter lived in fear of arrest.


title: The Lady in the Van

text: Social workers check in with her, the first offering her coats, then confiding in Mr. Bennett she would just as soon see her move on. Other than Bennett, other neighbours on the street would bring Miss Shepherd presents or food, in doing so being charitable in their eyes.


title: The Lady in the Van

text: Bennett discovered to his surprise she had studied piano in France, and was fluent in French. Also, from time to time, a mysterious man stops by her van who frightens her, and she gives him money.


title: The Lady in the Van

text: One day, a couple of youth scare Miss Shepherd, shaking the van and yelling at her. They woke her from a nightmare she was having of a long ago traffic accident. She goes to confession, and the priest reminds her he has absolved her several times already. The incident with the boys worries Alan, so he mentions at a meal with neighbors an idea to let her park in his drive. A wealthy neighbour buys her a new van, and it stays on Alan's property for the next 15 years.


title: The Lady in the Van

text: Mary has an aversion to all music. When asked why, she explained that when she was a novice nun, left alone in a room with a piano she started to play a classical piece. She was forbidden to play it again. Another unusual experience she mentions is driving an ambulance during the 1939 blackout.


title: The Lady in the Van

text: From time to time, she takes a trip to Broadstairs on the coast, visiting a cottage with a blue door, speaking with a man. Once she's gone to the day centre, Bennett goes to the person she's named next of kin. Her brother in Broadstairs fills him in on the details: she'd tried to be a nun twice, he had had her institutionalised in Banstead (however, she escaped), she'd studied under the virtuoso pianist Alfred Cortot.


title: The Lady in the Van

text: He returns home, to find her back. She had been scared off by a woman she'd known in Banstead, and had an opportunity to sneak in to play a piano in the centre. She retells that her confessor (in addition to the nuns) had forbade her from playing, which she was told would help her spirit grow. Before he goes into his home, she asks to hold his hand. It was her final goodbye to him; she dies peacefully in her sleep in her van.


title: The Lady in the Van

text: During her 15-year stay in his drive, Bennett balances his writing career with watching over Shepherd and providing for his increasingly invalid mother. Though he denies "caring" for anyone, he slowly becomes aware of his growing friendship with Shepherd. After her passing, Alan decides to write a memoir covering the years he has known her.


title: The Lady in the Van

text: In 2014, the real Bennett is shown observing this film's final scene being filmed, with his younger self unveiling a blue plaque on his home dedicated to "The Lady in the Van".


title: The Lady in the Van

text: The principal cast of Bennett's 2006 film "The History Boys" appear in cameo roles, with the exception of that film's "teachers", de la Tour, who has a more prominent role in this film, and Richard Griffiths, who died in 2013. This includes the "temporary teacher" (Moore) and all the "students" from that earlier film: Samuel Barnett (as Donald), Samuel Anderson (as a Jehovah's Witness), Stephen Campbell Moore (as a doctor), Dominic Cooper (as a theatre actor), James Corden (as a street trader), Sacha Dhawan (as Doctor Malik), Andrew Knott (as an ambulance driver), Clive Merrison (as a man attending confession), Jamie Parker (as an estate agent), and Russell Tovey (as a man with an earring).


title: The Lady in the Van

text: "The Lady in the Van" was greenlit on 3 June 2014, with TriStar Productions and BBC Films working together to make the film adaptation of Alan Bennett's West End hit. TriStar won the film rights to handle worldwide distribution, while the BBC was the first to show the film on television in the UK. The involvement of Maggie Smith and Nicholas Hytner was announced simultaneously with the film, but they were attached to the project as early as 9 May (coincidentally Bennett's 80th birthday). Both of them had collaborated with Bennett in the past; Hytner on "The Madness of King George" in 1994, and the film adaptation of "The History Boys" (in 2006), while Smith had portrayed Miss Shepherd in the original theatre production in 1999, and again in a 2009 radio adaptation by BBC Radio 4.


title: The Lady in the Van

text: Principal photography began at 23 Gloucester Crescent (51.538681, −0.145635) in north London in October 2014. The film was shot in and around Bennett's old house in Camden Town, where the real Miss Shepherd spent 15 years on his driveway. According to Hytner, they never considered [filming] anywhere else, and it was entertaining to see the look on all the residents’ faces; many of whom were there when the van drove down the crescent. Filming was a difficult experience for Smith because she spent most of her time confined to one van or another. According to Smith, the van was not the most comfortable of places, and the film was much more concentrated than the play; the stage version was more physically demanding, but Smith admitted it was "a long time ago and [she] could handle it back then." She joked that not a lot of method [acting] was required when one was dressed as [she] was, and in a van.


title: The Lady in the Van

text: The production crew filmed for two days in November 2014 in Broadstairs in the Isle of Thanet, Kent, notably Viking Bay, featuring Morelli's Gelato and the Palace Cinema. Producer Kevin Loader described Viking Bay as "the perfect location" and said the area had benefited by £40,000, as the 50-strong crew stayed locally and took advantage of the various restaurants and bars. Buckmaster House in Broadstairs, the only filming location outside London, was featured as Bennett's mother's nursing home in Weston-super-Mare. The scenes which take place in church were filmed at the Church of St Silas the Martyr in Kentish Town.


title: The Lady in the Van

text: The film's score consists of classical music by Chopin and others; some additional music was composed by George Fenton. It was released as a soundtrack album through Sony Classical Records, a subsidiary of Sony Music Entertainment, on 6 November 2015 in the United Kingdom. This was followed by an 11 December release in the United States.


title: The Lady in the Van

text: The worldwide premiere was held on 12 September 2015, at the Toronto International Film Festival. This was followed by the UK premiere on 13 October at the 59th BFI London Film Festival; which, in turn, was succeeded by the US premiere on 15 November, at the 38th Denver International Film Festival. It was released in UK cinemas on 13 November 2015, while there was a limited theatrical release on 15 January 2016 in the US.


title: The Lady in the Van

text: The first trailer was released on 26 February 2015, followed by a teaser poster on 5 March. A new and extended trailer was released on 4 September.


title: The Lady in the Van

text: , "The Lady in the Van" had grossed $US41.3 million worldwide; $US31.3 million in the United Kingdom.


title: The Lady in the Van

text: "The Lady in the Van" received positive reviews, with particular praise being aimed at Smith's acting. Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a rating of 89%, based on 149 reviews, with an average rating of 7.21/10. The site's consensus states, "Led by a marvelous performance from Maggie Smith, "Lady in the Van" wrings poignant, often hilarious insight from its fact-based source material." On Metacritic the film holds a score of 70 out of 100, based on 30 critics, indicating "generally favourable reviews".


title: The Lady in the Van

text: Guy Lodge, of "Variety" magazine, attended the worldwide premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival. After the screening, he described Smith's portrayal of Mary Shepherd as "one of the most tailor-made leading roles of her late career". Even though, he says, the film is "low on narrative drive" and "marred by a misjudged final act", "Hytner's amiable [love] fest" is "enlivened by Smith’s signature irascibility; silver-dollar auds should turn up, if not in droves, at least in healthy vanloads". Frank Scheck, of "The Hollywood Reporter", also attended the premiere, and like Lodge, he felt Smith's character was the "driving force" behind the film. Not to his surprise, Smith "fully exploits the humour in her character's bizarreness". For example, when her character "receives guidance from the Virgin Mary; her utter obliviousness to her lack of personal hygiene; her hatred of the sound of music that sends her fleeing whenever she hears a note; and her ragtag wardrobe which has been assembled from various dumpsters". In spite of the humour, Scheck praised Smith for "subtly convey[ing] the emotional pain and desperation of [an] addled old woman, especially in the scenes [where she is] taken away by social services and gently treated to a thorough washing, feeding and medical examination".


title: The Lady in the Van

text: Ian Nathan, of "Empire" magazine, awarded the film four out of five stars. Like many, he applauded Smith's "liberating" role, describing her as "shrill and hilarious, but not a joke". He also commended the directing, saying: "Unshowy to a fault, Hytner delivers a fine, moving comedy of English manners between a writer and his eccentric tenant, which slowly deepens into an exploration of human bonds". In a similar fashion, Peter Bradshaw, of "The Guardian", awarded four out of five stars and called it an "enjoyable film from Nicholas Hytner". While he felt Smith's performance – "honed from previous stage and radio" adaptations – was "terrifically good", he praised Jennings for giving a "sharp and sympathetic performance as Bennett".


title: The Lady in the Van

text: Donald Clarke, of "The Irish Times", awarded the film three out of five stars. He said Smith's role is "indecently appropriate", while de la Tour's is "fabulous", and Allam's is "equally as good" as the latter's. The "problem" with the film is "that, like Miss Shepherd’s van, the story rarely" moves on. It remains "gracelessly the same throughout", with "narrative details" being "plucked like unattached footnotes". When the characters do "open up", during a "bafflingly appalling final scene", you "rather wish the doors had remained shut". Also awarding three out of five stars, Stella Papamichael, of the "Radio Times", had similar feelings. She said: Smith and Jennings' characters "veer close to a moment of pathos towards the end [of the film], but [it's not] too profound. The social awkwardness [leaves] a more lingering impression" on the audience.


title: The Lady in the Van

text: Jesse Hassenger, of "The A.V. Club" was critical, stating "The Lady in the Van" is flawed because the film is "supposed to be revealing Bennett, not Shepherd"; a fact that many "will be reminded of before the film’s end". Smith's character is very commanding on screen, while Jennings "honorably tend[s] to his character’s quiet, semi-closeted homosexuality". No "matter how many meaningful considerations of mortality" are thrown his way; through the screenplay, Jennings "doesn't have a chance" against Smith. On the contrary, "Slant Magazine"'s Elise Nakhnikian said the film is all about the "fastidious, somewhat timid, and reclusive playwright Alan Bennett", and stated the film's "annoying glibness is neatly summarized" by the line: "In life, going downhill is an uphill job".


title: Blepharoplasty

text: Blepharoplasty (Greek: blepharon, "eyelid" + plassein "to form") is the plastic surgery operation for correcting defects, deformities, and disfigurations of the eyelids; and for aesthetically modifying the eye region of the face. With the excision and the removal, or the repositioning (or both) of excess tissues, such as skin and adipocyte fat, and the reinforcement of the corresponding muscle and tendon tissues, the blepharoplasty procedure resolves functional and cosmetic problems of the periorbita, which is the area from the eyebrow to the upper portion of the cheek. The procedure is more common among women, who accounted for approximately 85% of blepharoplasty procedures in 2014 in the US and 88% of such procedures in the UK.


title: Blepharoplasty

text: The operative goals of a blepharoplastic procedure are the restoration of the correct functioning to the affected eyelid(s) and the restoration of the aesthetics of the eye-region of the face, which are achieved by eliminating excess skin from the eyelid(s), smoothing the underlying eye muscles, tightening the supporting structures, and resecting and re-draping the excess fat of the retroseptal area of the eye, in order to produce a smooth anatomic transition from the lower eyelid to the cheek.


title: Blepharoplasty

text: In an eye surgery procedure, the usual correction or modification (or both) is of the upper and the lower eyelids, and of the surrounding tissues of the eyebrows, the upper nasal-bridge area, and the upper portions of the cheeks, which are achieved by modifying the periosteal coverings of the facial bones that form the orbit (eye socket). The periosteum comprises two-layer connective tissues that cover the bones of the human body:


title: Blepharoplasty

text: The East Asian blepharoplasty procedure differs from the classic blepharoplasty. In younger patients, the goal of the surgery is to create a supratarsal fold ("double eyelid surgery") whereas in older patients the goals are to create or elevate the supratarsal fold and to resect surplus eyelid skin ("Asian bleparoplasty").


title: Blepharoplasty

text: The thorough pre-operative medical and surgical histories, and the physical examination of the patient's periorbital area (eyebrow-to-cheek-to-nose), determine if the patient can safely undergo a blepharoplasty procedure to feasibly resolve (correct or modify, or both) the functional and aesthetic indications presented by the patient. Sequentially, lower eyelid blepharoplasty can successfully address the anatomic matters of excess eyelid skin, slackness of the eye-muscles and of the orbital septum (palpebral ligament), excess orbital fat, malposition of the lower eyelid, and prominence of the nasojugal groove, where the orbit (eye socket) meets the slope of the nose.


title: Blepharoplasty

text: Concerning the upper eyelid, a blepharoplasty procedure can resolve the loss of peripheral vision, caused by the slackness of the upper-eyelid skin draping over the eyelashes; the outer and the upper portions of the field of vision of the patient are affected and cause him or her difficulty in performing mundane activities such as driving an automobile and reading a book.


title: Blepharoplasty

text: In many Asian countries, double eyelid surgery is the most popular surgery, especially in Korea. Depending on the methods, directing doctors' experience, and the difficulty of the individual case, this surgery can cost between about $2000 and $4000 US Dollars. The procedure is famous for producing double-eyelid for patients in the most natural way for the long-term. This kind of operation normally takes about 30 minutes to an hour and patients are not required to stay hospitalized afterward. The stitches removal day is about 5 to 7 days after the surgery. Because of how common and simple the operation is, numerous foreigners go to South Korea each year to get their eyelids done.


title: Blepharoplasty

text: A blepharoplasty procedure usually is performed through external surgical incisions made along the natural skin lines (creases) of the upper and the lower eyelids, which then hide the surgical scars from view, especially when affected by the skin creases below the eyelashes of the lower eyelid. The incisions can also be made from the conjunctiva, the interior surface of the lower eyelid, as in the case of a transconjunctival blepharoplasty.


title: Blepharoplasty

text: Transconjunctival lower blepharoplasty technique was pioneered by Clinical Professor of Surgery at the University of Chicago Medicine, Dr. Anthony J. Geroulis and introduced to medical trial in 1998. Transconjunctival Technique has become the norm in the plastic surgery field with most surgeons preferring it over the external surgical incisions. This technique is particularly useful for patients with darker skin tones where standard external incision often leaves a visible white scar.


title: Blepharoplasty

text: Transconjunctival blepharoplasty technique permits the excision (cutting and removal) of the lower-eyelid adipose tissue without leaving a visible scar, but, the transconjunctival blepharoplasty technique does not allow the removal of excess eyelid-skin.


title: Blepharoplasty

text: A blepharoplasty operation usually requires 1–3 hours to complete. Post-operatively, swelling and bruising is expected and will usually resolve without further intervention, although application of cold compresses can help to reduce the duration and discomfort. There are no standardized outcome measures for upper or lower blepharoplasty. Blepharoplasty is generally a relatively safe surgery, but possible complications include hematoma/ecchymosis, lagophthalmos (incomplete or abnormal closure of the eyelids), ptosis (drooping of the upper eyelid), scarring, dry eyes, orbital hematoma/compartment syndrome, lymphedema, and ocular motility disorders.


title: Blepharoplasty

text: After the procedure, a type of stitch known as a canthopexy is placed near the outer corner of the lower eyelid, which is inside the tissue. This allows the eyelid's position to remain fixed during the healing process. The canthopexy is dissolved after four to six weeks of use. For particular patients, a mid-face elevation may be required to rejuvenate the lower eyelid-cheek complex.


title: Blepharoplasty

text: The anatomic condition of the eyelids, the "wear-and-tear" quality of the patient's skin, his or her age, and the general condition of the adjacent tissues, consequent to the anatomic conditions of the patient, affect the functional and aesthetic results achieved with the eyelid surgery. Additional to the anatomic conditions of the eye region of the patient, the occurrence, or not, of medical complications is determined by factors such as:


title: Blepharoplasty

text: As techniques began developing the ancient Greeks and Romans began writing down and collecting everything they knew involving these procedures. Aulus Cornelius Celsus, a first-century Roman, described making an excision in the skin to relax the eyelids in his book "De Medicina".


title: Blepharoplasty

text: Karl Ferdinand von Gräfe coined the phrase blepharoplasty in 1818 when the technique was used for repairing deformities caused by cancer in the eyelids.


title: Blepharoplasty

text: Laser blepharoplasty is the performance of eyelid surgery using a laser instead of a scalpel. Laser blepharoplasty is often combined with laser eyelid rejuvenation, as the two procedures can be performed in conjunction.


title: Blepharoplasty

text: A CO laser blepharoplasty offers many benefits over a blepharoplasty performed using a scalpel. Some of these benefits include less bleeding, shortened surgical time, better intraoperative visibility, less bruising and swelling, less pain or discomfort, and smoother healing.


title: Blepharoplasty

text: Historically there has been some contention as to the categorization of laser treatment on upper or lower eyelids as blepharoplasty, which is itself by definition surgical. The statutory definition of surgery and that supported by the American College of Surgeons states that surgery is the "treatment ... by any instrument causing localized alteration or transportation of live human tissue, which include lasers..".


title: Jean Baptiste Point du Sable

text: Jean Baptiste Point du Sable (also spelled "Point de Sable", "Point au Sable", "Point Sable", "Pointe DuSable", "Pointe du Sable"; before 1750 – 28 August 1818) is regarded as the first permanent non-Indigenous settler of what would later become Chicago, Illinois, and is recognized as the "Founder of Chicago". A school, museum, harbor, park, bridge, and road have been named in his honor. The site where he settled near the mouth of the Chicago River around the 1780s is identified as a National Historic Landmark, now located in Pioneer Court.


title: Jean Baptiste Point du Sable

text: Point du Sable was of African descent, but little else is known of his early life prior to the 1770s. During his career, the areas where he settled and traded around the Great Lakes and in the Illinois Country changed hands several times among France, Britain, Spain and the United States. Described as handsome and well educated, Point duSable married a Native American woman, "Kitiwaha," and they had two children. In 1779, during the American Revolutionary War, he was arrested by the British on suspicion of being an American Patriot sympathizer. In the early 1780s he worked for the British lieutenant-governor of Michilimackinac on an estate at what is now St. Clair, Michigan.


title: Jean Baptiste Point du Sable

text: Point du Sable is first recorded as living at the mouth of the Chicago River in a trader's journal of early 1790. By then he had established an extensive and prosperous trading settlement in what later became the City of Chicago. He sold his Chicago River property in 1800 and moved to the port of St. Charles, where he was licensed to run a ferry across the Missouri River. Point duSable's successful role in developing the Chicago River settlement was little recognized until the mid-20th century.


title: Jean Baptiste Point du Sable

text: There are no records of Point du Sable's life prior to the 1770s. Though it is known from sources during his life that he was of African descent, his birth date, place of birth, and parents are unknown. Juliette Kinzie, another early pioneer of Chicago, never met Point duSable but said in her 1856 memoir that he was "a native of St.Domingo" (the island of Hispaniola). This became generally accepted as his place of birth. Historian Milo Milton Quaife regarded Kinzie's account of Point duSable as "largely fictitious and wholly unauthenticated", later putting forward a theory that he was of African and French-Canadian origin. A historical novel published in 1953 helped to popularize the claim that Point du Sable was born in 1745 in Saint-Marc in Saint-Domingue (later known as Haiti). If he was born outside continental North America, there are competing accounts as to whether he entered as a trader from the north through French Canada, or from the south through French Louisiana.


title: Jean Baptiste Point du Sable

text: Point du Sable married a Potawatomi woman named Kitihawa (Christianized to Catherine) on 27October 1788, in a Catholic ceremony in Cahokia in the Illinois Country, a longtime French colonial settlement on the east side of the Mississippi River. It is likely that this couple was married earlier in the 1770s in a Native American tradition. They had a son named Jean and a daughter named Susanne. Point duSable supported his family as a frontier trader and settler during a period of great upheaval for the former southern dependencies of French Canada and in the Illinois Country, where the regions changed hands several times over the course of half a century.


title: Jean Baptiste Point du Sable

text: In a footnote to a poem titled "Speech to the Western Indians", Arent DePeyster, British commandant from 1774 to 1779 at Fort Michilimackinac (a former French fort in what was then the British province of Quebec), noted that "Baptist Point deSaible" was "a handsome negro", "well educated", and "settled in Eschecagou". When he published this poem in 1813, DePeyster presented it as a speech that he had made at the village of Arbrecroche (now Harbor Springs, Michigan) on 4July 1779. This footnote has led many scholars to assume that Point duSable had settled in Chicago by 1779. But letters written by other traders in the late 1770s suggest that Point duSable was at this time settled at the mouth of Trail Creek ("Rivière duChemin") at what is now Michigan City, Indiana.


title: Jean Baptiste Point du Sable

text: In August 1779, during the American Revolutionary War, Point duSable was arrested as a suspected Patriot at Trail Creek by British troops and imprisoned briefly at Fort Michilimackinac. An officer's report following his arrest noted that Point du Sable had many friends who vouched for his good character. The following year, Point du Sable was ordered transported to the Pinery on the St. Clair River north of Detroit. From the summer of 1780 until May 1784, Point duSable managed the Pinery, a tract of woodlands owned by British officer Lt.Patrick Sinclair, on the St. Clair River in eastern Michigan. This may have been a choice given by him from the British, offering him release from his imprisonment to manage the Pinery. Point duSable with his family lived in a cabin at the mouth of the Pine River in what is now the city of St. Clair.


title: Jean Baptiste Point du Sable

text: At some time in the 1780s, after the US achieved independence, Point du Sable settled on the north bank of the Chicago River close to its mouth. The earliest known record of Point duSable living in Chicago is an entry that Hugh Heward made in his journal on 10May 1790, during a journey from Detroit across Michigan and through Illinois. Heward's party stopped at Point duSable's house enroute to the Chicago portage; they swapped their canoe for a pirogue that belonged to Point duSable, and they bought bread, flour, and pork from him. Perrish Grignon, who visited Chicago in about 1794, described Point duSable as a large man and wealthy trader. Point du Sable's granddaughter, Eulalie Pelletier, was born at his Chicago River settlement in 1796.


title: Jean Baptiste Point du Sable

text: In 1800 Point duSable sold his farm to John Kinzie's frontman, Jean La Lime, for 6,000 livres. The bill of sale, which was rediscovered in 1913 in an archive in Detroit, detailed all of the property Point duSable owned, as well as many of his personal effects. This included a house, two barns, a horse-drawn mill, a bakehouse, a poultry house, a dairy, and a smokehouse. The house was a log cabin filled with fine furniture and paintings.


title: Jean Baptiste Point du Sable

text: After Point du Sable sold his property in Chicago, he moved to St. Charles, west of St. Louis. It is now in Missouri but at that time still in Spanish Louisiana. He was commissioned by the colonial governor to operate a ferry across the Missouri River. In St.Charles, he may have lived for a time with his son, and later with his granddaughter's family. Late in life, he may have sought public or charitable assistance. He died on 28 August 1818, and was buried in an unmarked grave in St.Charles Borromeo Cemetery. His entry in the parish burial register does not mention his origins, parents, or relatives; it simply describes him as "nègre" (French for "negro").


title: Jean Baptiste Point du Sable

text: The St.Charles Borromeo Cemetery was moved twice in the 19thcentury. Oral tradition and records of the Archdiocese of St. Louis suggested that Point duSable's remains were also moved. On 12October 1968, the Illinois Sesquicentennial Commission erected a granite marker at the site believed to be Point duSable's grave in the third St.Charles Borromeo Cemetery.


title: Jean Baptiste Point du Sable

text: In 2002 an archaeological investigation of the grave site was initiated by the African Scientific Research Institute at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Researchers using a combination of ground-penetrating radar, surveys, and excavation of a area did not find any evidence of any burials at the supposed grave site, leading the archaeologists to conclude that Point duSable's remains may not have been reinterred from one of the two previous cemeteries.


title: Jean Baptiste Point du Sable

text: Though there is little historical evidence regarding Point duSable's life before the 1770s, there are several theories and legends that give accounts of his early life. Writing in 1933, Quaife identified a French immigrant to Canada, Pierre Dandonneau, who acquired the title "Sieur deSable" and whose descendants were known by both the names "Dandonneau" and "DuSable". Quaife was unable to find a direct link to Point duSable, but he identified descendants of Pierre Dandonneau as living around the Great Lakes region in Detroit, Mackinac, and St.Joseph. He speculated that Point duSable's father may have been a member of this family, while his mother was likely an enslaved woman.


title: Jean Baptiste Point du Sable

text: In 1951 Joseph Jeremie, a native of Haiti, published a pamphlet in which he said he was the great grandson of Point duSable. Based on family recollections and tombstone inscriptions, he claimed that Point duSable was born in Saint-Marc in what was then Saint Domingue, studied in France, and returned to Haiti to deal in coffee before traveling to French Louisiana. Historian and Point duSable biographer John F. Swenson has called these claims "elaborate, undocumented assertions... in a fanciful biography".


title: Jean Baptiste Point du Sable

text: In 1953 Shirley Graham drew from the work of Quaife and Jeremie in a historical novel about Point duSable. She described it as "not accurate history nor pure fiction", but rather "an imaginative interpretation of all the known facts". This book presented Point duSable as the son of the mate on a pirate ship, the "Black Sea Gull", and a freedwoman called Suzanne. Despite lack of evidence and the continued debate about Point duSable's early life, parentage, and birthplace, this popular story has been repeated and widely presented as being definitive.


title: Jean Baptiste Point du Sable

text: In 1815 a land claim that had been submitted by Nicholas Jarrot to the land commissioners at Kaskaskia, Illinois Territory, was approved. In the claim Jarrot asserted that a "Jean Baptiste Poinstable" had been "head of a family at Peoria in the year 1783, and before and after that year", and that he "had a house built and cultivated land between the Old Fort and the new settlement in the year 1780". This document has been taken by Quaife and other historians as evidence that Point duSable lived at Peoria on the Illinois River prior to going north to settle in Chicago. Other records demonstrate that Point duSable was living and working under the British at the Pinery in Michigan in the early 1780s. The Kaskaskia land commissioners identified many fraudulent land claims, including two previously submitted in the name of Point duSable. Nicholas Jarrot, the claimant, was involved in many false claims, and Swenson suggests that this one was also fraudulent, made without the knowledge of Point duSable. Although perhaps in conflict with some of the above information, some historical records suggest that Point duSable bought land in Peoria from J.B. Maillet on 13March 1773, and sold it to Isaac Darneille in 1783 before he became the first "permanent" resident of Chicago.


title: Jean Baptiste Point du Sable

text: Point du Sable left Chicago in 1800. He sold his property to Jean La Lime, a trader from Quebec, and moved to the Missouri River valley, at that time part of Spanish Louisiana. The reason for his departure is unknown. By 1804, John Kinzie, who also settled in Chicago, had bought the former du Sable house. In her 1852 memoir, Juliette Kinzie, Kinzie's daughter-in-law, suggested that "perhaps he [du Sable] was disgusted at not being elected to a similar dignity [great chief] by the Pottowattamies".


title: Jean Baptiste Point du Sable

text: In 1874 Nehemiah Matson elaborated on this story, claiming that Point duSable was a slave from Virginia who had moved with his master to Lexington, Kentucky, in 1790. According to Matson, Point duSable became a zealous Catholic to convince a Jesuit missionary to declare him chief of the local Native Americans, and left Chicago when the natives refused to accept him as their chief. Quaife dismisses both of these stories as being fictional.


title: Jean Baptiste Point du Sable

text: In her 1953 novel, Graham suggests that Point du Sable left Chicago because he was angered with the United States government. It wanted him to buy the land on which he had lived and called his own for the previous two decades. The 1795 Treaty of Greenville, which ended the Northwest Indian War, and the subsequent westward migration of Native Americans away from the Chicago area might also have influenced his decision.


title: Jean Baptiste Point du Sable

text: The French came to the North American mid-continent region in the 17thcentury. Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette, during their 1673 Mississippi Valley expedition, though probably not the first Europeans to visit the area, are the first in the written record to have crossed the Chicago Portage and traveled along the Chicago River. Over the following years visits continued, and occasional intermittent posts were established, including those by René LaSalle, Henri Tonti, Pierre Liette and the four-year Mission of the Guardian Angel. Point duSable 1780s establishment is recognized as the first settlement that continued on and ultimately grew to become the city of Chicago. He is therefore widely regarded as the first permanent resident of Chicago and has been given the appellation "Founder of Chicago".


title: Jean Baptiste Point du Sable

text: By the 1850s, historians of Chicago recognized Point duSable as the city's earliest non-native permanent resident. For a long time the city did not honor him in the same manner as other pioneers. Point du Sable was generally forgotten in the 19thcentury and instead the Scots-Irish trader John Kinzie, who had bought his property, was often credited for the settlement. A plaque was erected by the city in 1913 at the corner of Kinzie and Pine Streets to commemorate the Kinzie homestead. In the planning stages of the 1933–1934 Century of Progress International Exposition, several African-American groups campaigned for Point duSable to be honored at the fair. At the time, few Chicagoans had even heard of Point duSable, and the fair's organizers presented the 1803 construction of Fort Dearborn as the city's historical beginning. The campaign was successful, and a replica of Point duSable's cabin was presented as part of the "background of the history of Chicago".


title: Jean Baptiste Point du Sable

text: In 1965 a plaza called Pioneer Court was built on the site of Point duSable's homestead as part of the construction of the Equitable Life Assurance Society of America building. The Jean Baptiste Point Du Sable Homesite was designated as a National Historic Landmark on 11May 1976, as a site deemed to have "exceptional value to the nation". Pioneer Court is located at what is now 401N.Michigan Avenue in the Michigan–Wacker Historic District. At this site in 2009 the City of Chicago and a private donor, Haitian-born, Lesly Benodin, erected a large bronze bust of Point duSable by Chicago-born sculptor Erik Blome. In October 2010 the Michigan Avenue Bridge was renamed "DuSable Bridge" in honor of Point duSable. Previously, a small street named "DeSaible Street" had been named after him. In 2021, Lake Shore Drive in Chicago was renamed in Point du Sable's honor.


title: Jean Baptiste Point du Sable

text: Several institutions have been named in honor of Point duSable. DuSable High School opened in Bronzeville, Chicago in 1934. The DuSable campus today houses the Daniel Hale Williams Prep School of Medicine, and the Bronzeville Scholastic Institute.


title: Jean Baptiste Point du Sable

text: Margaret Taylor-Burroughs, a prominent African-American artist and writer, taught at the school for twenty-three years. She and her husband co-founded the DuSable Museum of African American History, located on Chicago's South Side, which was renamed in honor of Point duSable in 1968. DuSable Harbor is located in the heart of downtown Chicago at the foot of Randolph Street, and DuSable Park is a urban park in Chicago currently awaiting redevelopment. The project was originally announced in 1987 by Mayor Harold Washington. A park is also named after du Sable in St Charles, his other notable place of residence. The US Postal Service has also honored Point duSable with the issue of a Black Heritage Series 22-cent postage stamp on 20February 1987.


title: Michael Schenker Group

text: The Michael Schenker Group (often abbreviated as MSG) are a guitar-oriented hard rock band, formed in London in 1979 by former Scorpions and UFO guitarist Michael Schenker. In 1986, Schenker and vocalist Robin McAuley formed the McAuley Schenker Group, which lasted until 1993. Afterwards, in 1996, the Michael Schenker Group was reformed. After the release of their second live album, 1984's "Rock Will Never Die", its members began to have serious discussions that caused a two-year hiatus, and Michael ended the band in 1986.


title: Michael Schenker Group

text: The group has repeatedly expressed an excellent interpretation, generated by the technique of its leader, representing one of the cornerstones of the history of hard rock. Their symbol is a Flying V, half black and half white, an instrument that has always captured Schenker's imagination. In the history of the band, dozens of musicians have passed through including keyboardists, rhythmic guitarists, drummers, bassists and vocalists.


title: Michael Schenker Group

text: The band was formed in 1979, following the breakup of Michael Schenker from UFO, in an attempt to have a band that better suited his needs. He therefore decided to move to London; a few weeks after his arrival in the British capital, he joined Gary Barden, vocalist of Fraser Nash, who, with bassist Billy Sheehan and drummer Denny Carmassi founded a new band, simply called Michael Schenker Group.


title: Michael Schenker Group

text: The following year they recorded their second album, "MSG", which placed at No. 14 on the UK charts. During their promotional tour, they played at Tokyo's Nippon Budokan in Japan, where their first live album was recorded titled "One Night at Budokan". It was released in 1982 with great success in the UK where it was certified silver after exceeding 60,000 copies sold.


title: Michael Schenker Group

text: In October 1983, the band released "Built to Destroy", the first with keyboardist Andy Nye and which also featured Derek St. Holmes, known at the time as Ted Nugent's vocalist. To promote it, they gave several concerts in the UK and later went on tour to other European countries as the opening band of Iron Maiden. Their farewell concert was held on December 18, 1983 at the Dortmund festival, after which the band disbanded, and the guitarist founded the McAuley Schenker Group.


title: Michael Schenker Group

text: After deciding to wrap up the McAuley Schenker Group project, Schenker decided to re-found the band in 1996 with Leif Sundin on vocals, Barry Sparks on bass and Shane Gaalaas on drums with whom he recorded "Written in the Sand". Two years later, they released "The Unforgiven", with Kelly Keeling replacing Sundin and with John Onder replacing Sparks.


title: Théo Pourchaire

text: Théo Jérôme Julien Pourchaire (born 20 August 2003) is a French racing driver, who most recently competed in the FIA Formula 2 Championship for the ART Grand Prix team and the reigining Formula 2 vice-champion. He is currently a member of the Sauber Academy.


title: Théo Pourchaire

text: Pourchaire started racing in single-seaters in 2018, and proceeded to win the Junior French F4 Championship. The following year, he moved up and won the 2019 ADAC Formula 4 Championship, scrapping with Dennis Hauger to the title. Pourchaire signed with ART Grand Prix for the 2020 FIA Formula 3 Championship and ended the season as runner-up behind Oscar Piastri by three points. He was promoted up to the FIA Formula 2 Championship remaining with ART where he finished fifth in the standings during his rookie year. Pourchaire has since taken multiple victories at this level.


title: Théo Pourchaire

text: Born in Grasse, Pourchaire began karting at the age of two and a half and made his competitive debut at age seven. From there he claimed multiple championships in his native France, as well as finishing third in the CIK-FIA OKJ and DKM Junior championships.


title: Théo Pourchaire

text: In 2018, aged 15, Pourchaire stepped up to single-seaters, contesting the French F4 championship. Despite being ineligible for the main championship on account of his age, he claimed his first podiums by finishing second and third in two races at Circuit de Nogaro. During the second round in Pau, Pourchaire finished seventh, fourth and sixth. He would take his maiden single-seater victory in the second race at Spa-Francorchamps. It would be his only win of the season. His next podium came at Magny Cours with second place in the first race but retired in the second race due to a mechanical failure. He bounced back in the third race and claimed second place. but overall claimed seven podiums during the season. He claimed another podium with fourth (due to a guest driver getting third) in Jerez, and got a second and third places at the final round in Circuit Paul Ricard. Pourchaire finished the championship third with seven podiums, only behind Ugo de Wilde and champion Caio Collet. In the junior category, he claimed sixteen junior victories to be crowned Junior Champion.


title: Théo Pourchaire

text: The following year, Pourchaire remained at Formula 4 level, but switched to the ADAC Formula 4 championship as part of the US Racing-CHRS outfit. Pourchaire secured his first podium in the series, with a second place in the second race at Oschersleben. At the Red Bull Ring, Pourchaire claimed another second place in the second race. However a penalty from Red Bull junior and championship rival Dennis Hauger saw Pourchaire take his maiden ADAC F4 win. He would follow up with third place the next day. Pourchaire included a double podium at the German Grand Prix support race, and added two more third-places at Zandvoort. At the Nürburgring, Pourchaire took a double victory that saw him extend his championship lead even further. At the Hockenheimring second round, Pourchaire had a poor showing, colliding with fellow Sauber junior member Arthur Leclerc in the first race and stalled in the second. With Hauger winning all three races, Pourchaire's lead in the championship shrunk from 68 to just a single point. At the Sachsenring, Pourchaire claimed a win in the second race, and took runner-up position in the other two races. This was enough for Pourchaire to claim the championship title by seven points from Hauger.


title: Théo Pourchaire

text: In October 2019, Pourchaire attended the post-season test at Circuit Ricardo Tormo, contesting all three sessions with Carlin Buzz Racing and ART Grand Prix. Two months later, he joined the latter to contest the 2020 season. The season was set to start at Bahrain in March, but was postponed to July due to the Covid-19 pandemic. Pourchaire had a difficult start to the season for the first round at Red Bull Ring, finishing 13th and 26th thanks to his poor qualifying performance in 20th. That would soon be a thing of the past, qualifying fifth and finishing ninth in mixed conditions for Race 1 at the second Red Bull Ring round. It became second for Race 2, and took the lead from Jake Hughes into the first corner. Despite Hughes and Liam Lawson overtaking him, they would both collide later in the race and allowing Pourchaire to take his first FIA Formula 3 victory at just 16 years of age, making him the youngest driver to win in FIA Formula 3. Pourchaire qualified third at the Hungaroring, but moved to first after overtaking Logan Sargeant and Alexander Smolyar touched. Despite a red flag, Pourchaire was untouchable throughout the race, winning by nearly 12 seconds. The win would prove to be his final one of the season. Pourchaire drove a clean second race to finish sixth.


title: Théo Pourchaire

text: Pourchaire topped practice in Silverstone, but had a difficult weekend as he only qualified 13th. He finished 12th in the first race and scoring points in eighth in the second. Pourchaire qualified sixth at the second Silverstone race. He was immersed in a tense battle with Bent Viscaal and later Oscar Piastri but managed to hold on to sixth. In the second race, Pourchaire progressed up to third, taking his third podium of the year. He qualified eighth at Barcelona, and finished seventh and sixth in Race 1 and 2 respectively.


title: Théo Pourchaire

text: Pourchaire qualified second on the front row alongside Lirim Zendeli at Spa-Francorchamps. Despite showing good pace, he was unable to advance on Zendeli and eventually finished second. Pourchaire ran as high as third during the second race but eventually finished fifth after Lawson and Smolyar overtook him. Following the weekend, Pourchaire began a streak of four consecutive podiums. He started off the Monza weekend with his first pole position. However, he was served a five-place grid drop for driving unnecessarily slowly, which could potentially cause a dangerous situation. Pourchaire climbed to third at the start, and managed to take the lead from Lawson on lap 4. On the third last lap however, a hard charging Frederik Vesti passed Pourchaire for the lead and so settled for second. Pourchaire slipped to 17th after a poor start in Race 2, but drivers were involved in incidents, including future championship rivals Piastri and Logan Sargeant. A late move on Zendeli saw Pourchaire finish in third, before a penalty for Lawson gave him second place. Leaving the weekend, Pourchaire sat third in the standings, 24 points adrift from championship leader Piastri. His late surge in performance, hauled him into the championship fight going into the final round at Mugello. Pourchaire qualified seventh ahead of Piastri but behind Sargeant. Pourchaire was involved in an intense battle with Sargeant and won it out on lap 9. On the final lap, he overtook Zendeli to place third for Race 1. It meant that Pourchaire was only nine points off the championship lead. In the championship decider, Sargeant was taken out in a first lap collision. Pourchaire managed to improve to third but unfortunately Piastri also improved, finishing seventh. This meant that Pourchaire finished as vice-champion to Piastri missing out by three points. During the whole season, Pourchaire managed eight podiums, including two victories and was one of few drivers to finish every race.


title: Théo Pourchaire

text: In October 2020, it was announced that Pourchaire would make his FIA Formula 2 Championship debut at the final two rounds of the 2020 season at the Bahrain International Circuit. He drove for HWA Racelab, replacing former FIA Formula 3 competitor Jake Hughes and partnering Artem Markelov. Pourchaire qualified 16th for the first feature race and finished 18th. In the first sprint race, he was forced to retire when his fire extinguisher deployed inside his cockpit. He finished the final two races in 18th and 21st place.


title: Théo Pourchaire

text: Pourchaire drove for ART Grand Prix at the post-season Formula 2 test in December 2020, and in January 2021 it was announced that he would join the team for the 2021 Formula 2 Championship alongside then Alpine junior Christian Lundgaard. Looking towards his maiden full campaign of F2, Pourchaire stated that "[this] year will be tough, but it is going to be really important."


title: Théo Pourchaire

text: At the season opener in Bahrain, Pourchaire initially qualified eleventh. However, when Jüri Vips was disqualified due to a technical irregularity, Pourchaire was promoted to tenth and would start on reverse pole in the first sprint. Luck would not strike him on the first race. After being overtaken by Liam Lawson at the start, Pourchaire retired from second place with a mechanical issue on lap 13. Pourchaire scored his first Formula 2 points by recovering to sixth in the second sprint, having started 19th. In the feature race, Pourchaire drove a clean race to finish eighth. Pourchaire took his maiden and only F2 pole of the year in Monaco, breaking the record of youngest F2 polesitter.


title: Théo Pourchaire

text: He finished seventh and fourth in the sprint races. Pourchaire once again broke another record, winning the feature race by nearly three seconds from pole position. In doing so, he became the youngest driver ever to win a F2/GP2 race, usurping the record previously held by Lando Norris. Upon winning, Pourchaire admitted that "he cried on the radio" and it was "a dream come true". His win moved him into third place in the championship.


title: Théo Pourchaire

text: Pourchaire qualified fourth and finished sprint race 1 in fifth following passes on Ralph Boschung and Marcus Armstrong during the final few laps at Baku. He was involved in an incident with Boschung at the start, damaging his front wing whilst trying to overtake him. He managed to recover, only to finish just outside the points in ninth. Pourchaire broke and fractured his wrist on his left arm in a first-lap collision with Marcus Armstrong and Dan Ticktum during the feature race. Afterwards, Pourchaire called Ticktum an "idiot", who was handed a penalty. Pourchaire was uncertain at first on driving at the next round in Silverstone, but managed to recover before the round began. Pourchaire scored points in the first sprint and the feature race, finishing fifth and eighth respectively, despite suffering "a little bit of pain in his wrist" from Baku.


title: Théo Pourchaire

text: Pourchaire won his second F2 race of the year, winning the opening race at Monza. He overtook Ticktum on the second lap for third, and took the lead from a struggling Vips on lap 15. Pourchaire was on route to take another Monza podium in third place, but on the penultimate lap, a resurgent Ticktum on fresher tyres, passed him for the podium place. Pourchaire impressed during qualifying once again, picking up third at Sochi. Pourchaire was running in sixth during the first sprint, but with three laps to go, Jehan Daruvala spun in front of him, elevating into fifth. The feature race was more successful for Pourchaire as a good start saw him jump Daruvala at the start into the first corner. On lap 8, Pourchaire attempted an overcut on race leader Oscar Piastri. The following lap, Pourchaire entered the pits and exited ahead of Piastri. But just a few seconds later, Pourchaire with much colder tires, was passed by Piastri. For the rest of the race, Pourchaire would continue to pressure Piastri but lost out to victory by 2 seconds, eventually taking second place. Following the weekend, Pourchaire did a French F4 test at the Circuit Paul Ricard.


title: Théo Pourchaire

text: Pourchaire once again qualified third at Jeddah, out qualifying everyone bar the two Prema cars. While running in seventh during the sprint race 1, Pourchaire spun and crashed into the wall, his car unable to continue. In the second race, he made an incredible charge from 19th to finish sixth. After the race, Pourchaire commented that "[it] was really hard to drive the car" following his crash in sprint race 1. He was involved in a serious accident with F3 graduate and future full-timer Enzo Fittipaldi at the feature race. Fittipaldi crashed into Pourchaire who had stalled on the grid. Pourchaire escaped unscathed, but Fittipaldi was injured. The weekend summed up a disappointing weekend for Pourchaire, scoring only 4 points. Following his seventh and ninth places in the sprint races, Pourchaire ended the Abu Dhabi feature race in fourth, after a battle with third placed Felipe Drugovich. Pourchaire finished his rookie season of F2 with 140 points in 5th place in the championship, far ahead of teammate Lundgaard with only 50 to his name. During the season, Pourchaire achieved a total of one pole position, two wins, four fastest laps and three podiums.


title: Théo Pourchaire

text: Pourchaire stayed with ART Grand Prix for the 2022 season, alongside F3 graduate and Mercedes junior Frederik Vesti.


title: Théo Pourchaire

text: At the first round of the season in Bahrain, Pourchaire was immediately on the get-go, qualifying second behind pole-sitter Jack Doohan. During the sprint, Pourchaire made progress in the early stages of the race, improving to 5th which included a spectacular overtake on Felipe Drugovich. Unfortunately, as soon as the safety car had ended, Pourchaire began to lose power, and dropped down the order. He would pull into the pits on the same lap and retire. His fortunes would eventually be reversed in the feature race. Pourchaire suffered wheelspin at the start and dropped to 4th at the end of the first lap. Following the safety car restart, Pourchaire passed Ralph Boschung and settled into third. A slow pit stop for then race leader Jüri Vips and 2nd placed Doohan who damaged his front wing after making contact with Pourchaire saw him move into the race lead and go on to win the feature race. After the race, Pourchaire said that "his visor broke" and it was "difficult to concentrate" during the race. The second round in Jeddah went horribly for Pourchaire. He suffered a crash in practice and an engine failure in qualifying, leading him to qualify in 21st. Pourchaire was unable to progress to the points during the sprint race, due to half of the race under the safety car. Pourchaire would be hit with more bad luck as on the fifth lap of the feature race, he was forced to retire with a gearbox problem, and therefore dropped to fifth in the championship.


title: Théo Pourchaire

text: Pourchaire was back on form for the third round at Imola, qualifying in seventh. He started in fourth for the sprint race, but fell to seventh where he remained for the whole of the race. Pourchaire had a much better feature race when mishaps occurred to drivers who started ahead of him, included crashes from polesitter Vips and race leader Roy Nissany. This allowed him to take his second win of the year and took the championship from Drugovich who only finished tenth. Pourchaire once again qualified seventh, at Barcelona. Starting third, Pourchaire had a miserable first lap, falling to seventh. However, made it back up to finish fifth after Vips spun and an overtake on a struggling Jake Hughes. In the feature race, Pourchaire ran as high as fifth, but with drivers on fresher and softer tyres, he fell to eighth. Since Drugovich won both races in Barcelona, Pourchaire lost the championship lead once again.


title: Théo Pourchaire

text: Pourchaire qualified second at Monaco, alongside championship rival Drugovich, as a red flag thwarted his attempts to improve his lap further. He made a great start, passing the stalled Hughes, Liam Lawson and Doohan, to finish the sprint race in sixth. In the feature race, Pourchaire was second behind Drugovich until the safety car was brought out. Despite a slow pit stop by Drugovich, Pourchaire was unable to capitalise on Drugovich's mistake as his stop was equally slow too. After the safety car withdrew, Pourchaire pressured Drugovich for the next 20 laps but was unable to find a way past, and settled for second. Pourchaire qualified a disappointing 12th in Baku, which was the first time he qualified outside the top 10 on pure pace in Formula 2. Despite a rocky start, Pourchaire progressed up the field in the sprint race, taking advantage of numerous incidents to finish seventh. In the feature race, Pourchaire made a great start this time, making up three positions. However, during a safety car restart, he sustained front wing damage and was forced to pit. He recovered, but finished just outside the points in eleventh.


title: Théo Pourchaire

text: Pourchaire qualified fourth in Silverstone, setting the same lap time as Drugovich but he set his lap time first. Pourchaire finished fourth in the sprint, managing his tyres well to overtake his rivals. In the feature race, Pourchaire made an electric start, jumping to second after passing Drugovich and Vesti. He pressured race leader Logan Sargeant throughout the race. However, Pourchaire was unable to find a way past and ended second. Pourchaire qualified ninth at the Red Bull Ring, thanks to rivals having their lap times deleted. He finished second in the sprint race, unable to find a way past Marcus Armstrong. He was surpringsly summoned to the stewards for exceeding track limits but ultimately kept his podium. In the feature race, Pourchaire started on the wet tyres on a damp, drying track. It would turn out to be the wrong decision, and pitted for dry tyres. Pourchaire would be stuck behind Drugovich for the rest of the race and finished 13th with penalties applied. With Sargeant winning the last two feature races, Pourchaire falls to third in the championship.


title: Théo Pourchaire

text: At his home round in France, Pourchaire qualified fifth. In the sprint race, he passed Drugovich at the start and settled into fourth. On lap 19 of 21, Pourchaire made a pass on Armstrong to finish third. He dedicated the podium to fellow Frenchman Anthoine Hubert, who was killed during a crash in the 2019 Spa-Francorchamps Formula 2 round. However following the race, Pourchaire received a 5-second time penalty for pushing Armstrong off the track while overtaking him, which saw Pourchaire demoted to seventh. During the feature race, Pourchaire pitted earlier than his rivals in front which saw him up to second, behind Ayumu Iwasa. He survived a late scare from Doohan, the Australian spinning while trying to pass him. Pourchaire ultimately finished second, eight seconds behind Iwasa. His result allows Pourchaire to move back into second in the championship and trailed championship leader Drugovich by 39 points. In Hungary, Pourchaire qualified fourth, a place below Drugovich. On the first lap of the sprint race, Pourchaire dropped to 15th after avoiding a spinning Dennis Hauger. He made great moves but finished ninth, scoring no points. During the feature race, Pourchaire moved into second place at the start and took net first place by passing Armstrong in the pits. He eventually took his third win of the year, and his first since Imola. Following the race, Pourchaire described second-placed finisher Enzo Fittipaldi that he was "faster than me". As Drugovich finished only ninth, Pourchaire slashed his championship lead to 21 points heading into the summer break, reigniting the title fight.


title: Théo Pourchaire

text: During the summer break, Pourchaire announced that he would leave Formula 2 following the end of the season. He qualified eighth in Spa-Francorchamps, considerably behind Drugovich on pole. In the sprint race, he fell from third to fifth at the start and later was overtaken by Drugovich on fresher tyres to end sixth. In the feature race, Pourchaire was running a decent race before a gearbox issue on lap 3 forced him out of the race. He was shown to be very devastated whilst still in the car. His DNF saw Drugovich increase his lead to 43 points ahead. At the Zandvoort, things got to a rough start as Pourchaire crashed out in qualifying, which left him down in 16th place. In the sprint race his weekend got worse as on lap 2, he out-braked himself and ran through the gravel at turn 1, dropping him to the back of the field. He finished last of the finishes in 20th. In the feature race, Pourchaire started on the harder tyres, but his strategy would fail to work as a safety car brought out by Marino Sato mid-race bunched the field up. He eventually pitted and had to make up a 13-second gap to the back of the pack. He made a last-lap dive on Jehan Daruvala to secure tenth place, before a penalty for David Beckmann saw Pourchaire elevate to ninth. With Drugovich extending his lead further to 70 points, Pourchaire finally admitted that the "Formula 2 title is over for the 2022 campaign".


title: Théo Pourchaire

text: In Monza, Pourchaire was on a decent qualifying lap until Iwasa crashed and brought out the red flag, which left the Frenchman 14th on the grid. Needing to finish at least sixth to keep the championship alive, He made early progress, but on lap 14 took to the gravel while battling with Lawson. Pourchaire finished 17th which sealed the drivers' title for Drugovich. His feature race would not even last half a lap, as he was clipped by Boschung and then later hit by Luca Ghiotto, ending his nightmare weekend. Pourchaire qualified third in the final round at Yas Marina. He would not score, as in the feature race he struck a bird while running fourth and caused him to retire. Despite that, he held on to second in the championship, scoring three wins, seven podiums and 164 points.


title: Théo Pourchaire

text: Amid uncertainty over where he would be racing in 2023, Pourchaire tested for ART at the F2 post-season test at Yas Marina.


title: Théo Pourchaire

text: As part of his signing with US Racing-CHRS for the 2019 ADAC Formula 4 Championship, Pourchaire was made a member of the Sauber Junior Team. In June 2020, Pourchaire renewed his relationship with the scheme.


title: Théo Pourchaire

text: Pourchaire completed his first Formula One test in August 2021, driving the Alfa Romeo Racing C38 at the Hungaroring. Pourchaire was listed as one of the contenders to fill the second seat at Alfa Romeo alongside Valtteri Bottas but instead went to Zhou Guanyu. Alfa Romeo team boss Frédéric Vasseur stating that it was "too risky" to promote Pourchaire.


title: Théo Pourchaire

text: He moved into a testing role with Alfa Romeo F1 Team for the season and took part in one Friday free practice session (FP1). In July, Vasseur admitted that Alfa Romeo were struggling to find a free practice slot for Pourchaire, highly due to clashes with his F2 weekends. Pourchaire made his FP1 debut with Alfa Romeo at the 2022 United States Grand Prix, while also confirming that he would become the team's reserve driver for 2023. Pourchaire also participated in the post-season tests in Abu Dhabi.


title: Théo Pourchaire

text: In May 2022, Pourchaire revealed that he tested the new Formula E Gen3 car in early 2022. He completed three days of testing and commented that the car was "very good" and "very fast".


title: Théo Pourchaire

text: Pourchaire was in contention for a Nissan Formula E seat for the 2022–23 season, before the team announced Norman Nato and Sacha Fenestraz for that season.


title: Théo Pourchaire

text: Pourchaire was set for a Super Formula test at the Suzuka Circuit from December 7-8 with Kondo Racing, but was called off.


title: Théo Pourchaire

text: Away from the track, Pourchaire relaxes himself by playing Call of Duty and Grand Theft Auto and is a big fan of the saga Star Wars. He is also a big fan of Formula One champions Fernando Alonso and Michael Schumacher.


title: Mike Tirico

text: Mike Tirico (; born December 13, 1966) is an American sportscaster. He is currently the NFL play-by-play announcer on NBC's "Sunday Night Football", having replaced Al Michaels in 2022. From 2006 to 2015, Tirico served as a play-by-play announcer on ESPN's "Monday Night Football". Tirico has called a multitude of sports in his career, including the NBA, NHL, college football and basketball, golf, tennis, and World Cup soccer.


title: Mike Tirico

text: Tirico left ESPN after 25 years with the network when his contract expired in the summer of 2016, and was subsequently hired by NBC Sports. Tirico debuted during NBC's coverage of the 2016 Open Championship and has since served as the network's lead host for golf coverage.


title: Mike Tirico

text: Since joining NBC Sports, Tirico has become lead primetime host of the Olympics on NBC, was the lead play-by-play for Notre Dame Football on NBC, host of Triple Crown races on NBC, host of NBC's "Football Night in America", host of NBC's coverage of the Indianapolis 500 and hosted NBC's coverage of the Stanley Cup.


title: Mike Tirico

text: Tirico was born in New York City to an Italian American mother and African American father. He grew up in the borough of Queens, graduating from Bayside High School. In 1988, he graduated from the S. I. Newhouse School of Public Communications at Syracuse University. At Syracuse, he was the first recipient of the Robert Costas scholarship.


title: Mike Tirico

text: Tirico joined ESPN in 1991 as a "SportsCenter" anchor, after four years as Sports Director at CBS affiliate WTVH in Syracuse, New York, during his undergraduate years at Syracuse University. Tirico was noted for his versatile nature and the variety of assignments he handled for "SportsCenter." Tirico was the first host seen on ESPNews. Tirico handled the play-by-play for ESPN's Thursday night college football package (1997 to 2005), college basketball coverage (1997 to 2002), NBA coverage (2002 to 2016), and golf coverage for ESPN/ABC (1997 to 2015). Tirico also hosted studio coverage of various ESPN and ABC covered events, including a stint on ESPN's "Monday Night Countdown" (previously known as "NFL Prime Monday") from 1993 to 2001 and ABC's NBA studio shows. He also broadcast NBA games on ESPN/ABC and play-by-play for the NBA Finals on ESPN Radio. He anchored the 2009 U.S. Open (tennis) and co-anchored the 2010 FIFA World Cup, the 2014 FIFA World Cup, and UEFA Euro 2016 (his last assignment at ESPN/ABC).


title: Mike Tirico

text: On May 9, 2016, after a leak the prior month, it was officially announced that Mike Tirico would join NBC Sports effective July 1, 2016. Tirico signed off for the last time on ESPN on June 30, 2016, during the conclusion of that day's coverage of the UEFA Euro 2016 soccer tournament. Tirico's first on-air appearance on an NBC property came during the 2016 Open Championship on NBC's Golf Channel, calling play-by-play for the first three hours of first and second round coverage. Tirico moved to the studio host role in the afternoons on both Thursday and Friday, and he hosted all on the coverage on NBC proper over the weekend.


title: Mike Tirico

text: Tirico served as a studio host and contributor for NBC's broadcasts of the 2016 Summer Olympics from Rio de Janeiro in August. Richard Deitsch of "Sports Illustrated" suggested that Tirico could potentially succeed Bob Costas as the primetime host of NBC's Olympics coverage. NBC Sports chairman Mark Lazarus explained following the 2014 Winter Olympics that the division had begun to "think about what life after Bob might be, whether post-Rio, post-Pyeongchang, post-Tokyo, whenever he does not want to do it anymore." Deitsch also felt that Tirico's experience in radio could allow him to contribute to the NBC Sports Radio network.