title: Roy Harper (character)

text: The Earth-Two version of Speedy was a member of the Seven Soldiers of Victory and All-Star Squadron in the 1940s along with Green Arrow. Aside from their origin, having been trained on a mesa top together, their history nearly parallels the history of the Earth-One versions up until the point when Arrow and Speedy along with their teammates were thrown into various periods of time during a battle with the Nebula Man. He and his teammates were later retrieved by the Justice Society and the Justice League in order to assist them in saving Earth-Two from the machinations of their old foe the Iron Hand. Speedy had been sent to the Island of Circe in the past and turned into a centaur controlled by Circe, but was restored. During the "Crisis on Infinite Earths" a new solitary universe was created at the dawn of time, a universe whose history fused together the histories of several universes, including Earth-Two. Whether he ceased to exist or exists only as an aspect of the post-Crisis Earth has not been determined, although his mentor died during the final part of the Crisis defending the new Earth from the Anti-Monitor. Both this version of Speedy and Green Arrow were wiped from existence in Crisis on Infinite Earths.


title: Roy Harper (character)

text: A Bizarro version of Arsenal appears as one of the heroes of Bizarro World. In addition to sporting a robotic left arm (as opposed to his right one), the Bizarro Arsenal is shown wearing a quiver filled with dead cats, which he uses as weapons.


title: Roy Harper (character)

text: In the alternate timeline of the "Flashpoint" event, Roy Harper is a member of mercenary squad working for industrialist Oliver Queen. Very early in the story, however, Roy and his fellow mercenaries were killed by an unshown explosion set off by Vixen and a group of anti-Queen activists. The explosion actually kills everyone in the facility save for Vixen and Oliver Queen, who is remarkably unscathed even though he had been standing right next to Roy, discussing the possibility of becoming a group of actual heroes rather than mercenaries, at the time the explosion went off.


title: Roy Harper (character)

text: Roy Harper is featured in the "Smallville" Season 11 digital comic based on the TV series, where he is shown as a member of the Outsiders, alongside Grace Choi and other heroes.


title: Roy Harper (character)

text: In the "Titans Tomorrow" future Roy Harper took on the role of Green Arrow and was killed in battle. It is hinted that his rivalry with Deathstroke developed fiercely over the years.


title: Roy Harper (character)

text: The "Elseworlds" story "Batman: Thrillkiller" features Roy as a supporting character. Set in the 1960's, Roy Harper is depicted as a biker who buys drugs in order to get friendly with schoolgirl Hayley Fitzpatrick (aka Harley Quinn), but a terrifying ordeal with drug runners leads him to alert the police after being helped by Batman and Black Canary. He is later shown practicing archery, though it is not clear if it is part of a rehab scheme or training for vigilantism.


title: Roy Harper (character)

text: During the "Convergence" event, the New Earth version of Roy Harper is shown following the events of the "Titans" series. Still struggling with Lian's death, he has now devoted himself to helping the community to make amends for his time with Deathstroke. When the Extremists attack the city, he dons his Arsenal costume and helps his former teammates from the Teen Titans fight off the villains. Dreamslayer then uses his powers to pull Lian out of the timestream shortly before her death, and offers to return her to Roy in exchange for him turning on the Titans. Using trickery, Roy pretends to betray his friends, but instead scrambles Dreamslayer's teleportation field. As the Extremists retreat, Roy stays behind with Lian, finally reunited with his daughter.


title: Roy Harper (character)

text: Speedy has also made eight appearances in the comic book series "Teen Titans Go!" (based on the 2003 cartoon). His first appearance in issue #10 was a cameo. He made a reappearance with the rest of Titans East in #20 & #25. A super-deformed version of him posed as Cupid in #27. One of the two stories in issue #30 focuses on him and Aqualad. Thus far, he and Aqualad both have made appearances in each tenth issue. He appeared in issue #39 and after being struck by Larry's arrows falls in love with Cheshire, similar to the comics. In issue #48 he appeared as Arsenal in an alternate reality in a group called the Teen Tyrants.


title: Roy Harper (character)

text: Speedy was a regular character in the "Teen Titans Go! To Camp" comic book series, which is a tie-in comic to the "Teen Titans Go!" cartoon. In the comic, Speedy is part of the summer camp with several other Titans members, and his rivalry with Robin is further developed as the two compete in various camp competitions. Speedy's relationship with Green Arrow is shown for the first time in this continuity here, as Speedy writes a letter from camp to Green Arrow in one of the issues.


title: Roy Harper (character)

text: Roy Harper appears in the "Arrow" tie-in comic, "Season 2.5". In the comic, Roy as Arsenal goes with Oliver on mission to stop "drug plane". While Oliver puts an autopilot device on plane's controls and kicks other enemies, one of the thugs fires on Roy and begins falling from the plane, but Oliver managed to rescue him and is put in hospital. While recovering, Felicity is kidnapped by Church of Blood and mercenary group Renegades. Oliver calls Roy for help and gives him kevlar-lined suit after he recovered from injury. Heading to the Church's base of operations, they are contacted by Clinton Hogue, a new church's leader, who demands Oliver in exchange for Felicity, which Oliver accepts despite Roy's advice not to. Roy goes to Lyla Michaels for help and they, along with another backup released from prison named Helena Bertinelli, go to Bludhaven where Felicity is held. Infiltrating their base, Roy fights against Cyrus Vanch and Winnick Norton, but after taking them down, he is knocked out by Lyle Bolton electrocuting them and taking the hostages, only to be knocked out by Helena who saves them. Roy and his friends bound the mercenaries and leave for helicopter piloted by Oliver. However, Hogue comes in helipack and attempts to kill Roy. In the middle of the air, the two are knocked out of the plane, held by Roy and Hogue attached to his leg. Roy kicks him and Hogue falls to the ground to his death.


title: Marion Barber III

text: Marion Sylvester Barber III (June 10, 1983 – June 1, 2022) was an American football running back for seven seasons in the National Football League (NFL). After playing college football for the Minnesota Golden Gophers, he was drafted by the Dallas Cowboys in the fourth round of the 2005 NFL Draft. He was selected to the Pro Bowl in 2007 during his six-year tenure with the Cowboys. He played for the Chicago Bears in 2011.


title: Marion Barber III

text: He was the older brother of former Houston Texans safety Dominique Barber and Minnesota Golden Gophers linebacker Thomas Barber, and the son of former New York Jets running back Marion Barber Jr. He was also a cousin of Peyton Barber.


title: Marion Barber III

text: Barber attended Wayzata High School in Wayzata, Minnesota, and was a standout in football, baseball, and track. In football, he was a SuperPrep and PrepStar All-Midwest and consensus All-State honoree as a senior running back and as a defensive back. During his last season with the Trojans, Barber amassed 1,778 rushing yards with 18 touchdowns and led his team with 10 interceptions (three of which came against Gatorade National Player of the Year and future Minnesota Twins catcher Joe Mauer). In baseball, he was an Honorable Mention All-Conference center fielder. In his first and only track season, Barber qualified for the 2001 Minnesota State Class AA Championships in the 100 meters. He finished the season with a 100m time of 10.9 seconds.


title: Marion Barber III

text: Like his father, Barber attended the University of Minnesota where he played college football for the Minnesota Golden Gophers. The coaches originally wanted him to play safety, but after seeing him run, they kept him at running back where he eventually ranked fourth on the school's all-time rushing list with 3,276 yards, second with 4,495 all-purpose yards, and second in rushing touchdowns with 35, one better than his father, Marion Barber Jr. Also beginning in his sophomore year, he teamed up with running back Laurence Maroney to form one of the best running back duos in college football, becoming the first-teammates in Division I (NCAA) history to each rush for 1,000 yards in consecutive seasons. He was an All-Big Ten Conference selection in 2003 as a redshirted sophomore.


title: Marion Barber III

text: After forgoing his senior season of college, the Dallas Cowboys selected Barber in the fourth round, with the 109th overall selection, of the 2005 NFL Draft. A toe infection that required surgery and some preseason fumbles left him at the bottom of the depth chart. An injury to Julius Jones and the ineffectiveness of Anthony Thomas allowed Barber to emerge, and he responded with 95 yards rushing against Seattle and 127 yards against Arizona. Along with his pass-blocking and special teams abilities, this solidified his position as the backup running back for the Cowboys.


title: Marion Barber III

text: Although he was the backup to Julius Jones in 2006, Barber found a niche as a third-down rusher and a closer of games, emerging as an excellent red-zone running back. He led the NFC with 14 rushing touchdowns in 2006 and was the first non-placekicker since 2000 to lead the Cowboys in scoring (96 points).


title: Marion Barber III

text: During the 2007 season, Barber's power running back style earned him the nickname Marion the Barbarian and he was the league leader in breaking tackles, reflecting his personal mantra of "hit or get hit". Barber rushed for 975 yards on 204 carries and 10 rushing touchdowns with a 4.8 yards-per-carry rushing average. He caught 44 passes for 282 yards and two touchdowns.


title: Marion Barber III

text: On December 18, 2007, he was named to his first Pro Bowl despite officially being a backup. Barber received the start in the divisional playoff loss to the New York Giants.


title: Marion Barber III

text: Dallas offered Barber, now as a starter, the highest tender as a restricted free agent in 2008. On May 20, 2008, he signed a seven-year deal for $45 million with the Cowboys with $16 million guaranteed. Before becoming a starter, there was already a worry as to whether his running style could shortened his career; with the additional work, his career longevity was discussed more often, as his yards per carry started to drop down.


title: Marion Barber III

text: During the 2009 season, the emergence of Tashard Choice and Felix Jones, and injury problems limited his success. However, he played in 15 games despite a torn quadriceps muscle. Barber had a disappointing 2010 season as the entire Cowboys team struggled from game one. In 13 games, Barber rushed for 374 yards on 113 carries for a 3.3 yard per carry average, the lowest of his career. His four rushing touchdowns were also the lowest of his career.


title: Marion Barber III

text: Barber was released by Dallas on July 28, 2011. On July 30, 2011, the Chicago Bears signed Barber to a two-year, $5 million contract. Barber beat out Chester Taylor for the Chicago Bears' second string running back position after Matt Forte.


title: Marion Barber III

text: On August 27 in the third pre-season game, Barber hurt his calf muscle and missed the first three games of the regular season due to the injury. In Week 14 against the Denver Broncos, replacing an injured Forte, Barber scored a touchdown and had his first 100-yard game since 2009. However, he ran out of bounds when the Bears needed to run out the clock, allowing the Broncos enough time to overtake the Bears and win the game.


title: Marion Barber III

text: In the 2011 season Barber had 422 yards on 114 carries. Following the 2011 season, Barber announced his retirement from the NFL on March 23, 2012.


title: Marion Barber III

text: In 2019, Barber was arrested on two counts of criminal mischief for causing damage to two cars while he was running. He pleaded no contest and was sentenced to one year of probation, 60 hours of community service, and a $2,000 fine in April 2022.


title: Marion Barber III

text: Barber was found dead in his Frisco, Texas, apartment on June 1, 2022, at the age of 38. An autopsy revealed that Barber died of heat stroke; according to police, he often exercised in "sauna-like conditions", and he had set the thermostat in his apartment to before he died. His death was ruled an accident.


title: Composite video

text: Composite video is an analog video signal format that carries standard-definition video (typically at 525 lines or 625 lines) as a single channel. Video information is encoded on one channel, unlike the higher-quality S-Video (two channels) and the even higher-quality component video (three or more channels). In all of these video formats, audio is carried on a separate connection.


title: Composite video

text: Composite video is also known by the initials CVBS for composite video baseband signal or color, video, blanking and sync, or is simply referred to as "SD video" for the standard-definition television signal it conveys.


title: Composite video

text: There are three dominant variants of composite video signals, corresponding to the analog color system used: NTSC, PAL, and SECAM. Usually composite video is carried by a yellow RCA connector, but other connections are used in professional settings.


title: Composite video

text: A composite video signal combines, on one wire, the video information required to recreate a color picture, as well as line and frame synchronization pulses. The color video signal is a linear combination of the "luminance" (formula_1) of the picture and a modulated subcarrier which carries the "chrominance" or color information (formula_2), a combination of hue and saturation. Details of the combining process vary between the NTSC, PAL and SECAM systems.


title: Composite video

text: The frequency spectrum of the modulated color signal overlaps that of the baseband signal, and separation relies on the fact that frequency components of the baseband signal tend to be near harmonics of the horizontal scanning rate, while the color carrier is selected to be an odd multiple of half the horizontal scanning rate; this produces a modulated color signal that consists mainly of harmonic frequencies that fall between the harmonics in the baseband luma signal, rather than both being in separate continuous frequency bands alongside each other in the frequency domain. The signals may be separated using a comb filter. In other words, the combination of luma and chrominance is indeed a frequency-division technique, but it is much more complex than typical frequency-division multiplexing systems like the one used to multiplex analog radio stations on both the AM and FM bands.


title: Composite video

text: A gated and filtered signal derived from the color subcarrier, called the burst or colorburst, is added to the horizontal blanking interval of each line (excluding lines in the vertical sync interval) as a synchronizing signal and amplitude reference for the chrominance signals. In NTSC composite video, the burst signal is inverted in phase (180° out of phase) from the reference subcarrier. In PAL, the phase of the color subcarrier alternates on successive lines. In SECAM, no colorburst is used since phase information is irrelevant.


title: Composite video

text: The combining of component signals to form the composite signal does the same, causing a checkerboard video artifact known as dot crawl. Dot crawl is a defect that results from crosstalk due to the intermodulation of the chrominance and luminance components of the signal. This is usually seen when chrominance is transmitted with high bandwidth, and its spectrum reaches into the band of the luminance frequencies. Comb filters are commonly used to separate signals and eliminate these artifacts from composite sources. S-Video and component video avoid this problem as they maintain the component signals separately.


title: Composite video

text: Most home analog video equipment record a signal in (roughly) composite format: LaserDiscs store a true composite signal, while consumer videotape formats (including VHS and Betamax) and commercial and industrial tape formats (including U-matic) use modified composite signals (generally known as "color-under"). The professional D-2 videocassette format digitally records and reproduces composite video signals using PCM encoding of the analog signal on the magnetic tape.


title: Composite video

text: A number of so-called "extensions" to the visible TV image can be transmitted using composite video. Since TV screens hide the vertical blanking interval of a composite video signal, these take advantage of the unseen parts of the signal. Examples of extensions include teletext, closed captioning, information regarding the show title, a set of reference colors that allows TV sets to automatically correct NTSC hue maladjustments, widescreen signaling (WSS) for switching between and display formats, etc.


title: Composite video

text: In home applications, the composite video signal is typically connected using an RCA connector, normally yellow. It is often accompanied with red and white connectors for right and left audio channels respectively. BNC connectors and higher quality coaxial cable are often used in professional television studios and post-production applications. BNC connectors were also used for composite video connections on early home VCRs, often accompanied by either RCA connector or a 5-pin DIN connector for audio. The BNC connector, in turn, post dated the PL-259 connector featured on first-generation VCRs.


title: Composite video

text: Video cables are 75 ohm impedance, low in capacitance. Typical values run from 52 pF/m for an HDPE-foamed dielectric precision video cable to 69 pF/m for a solid PE dielectric cable.


title: Composite video

text: Some devices that connect to a TV, such as VCRs, older video game consoles and home computers, output a composite signal. This may then be converted to RF with an external box known as an RF modulator that generates the proper carrier (often for channel 3 or 4 in North America, channel 36 in Europe). Sometimes this modulator was built into the product (such as video game consoles, VCRs, or the Atari, Commodore 64, or TRS-80 CoCo home-computers) and sometimes it was an external unit powered by the computer (in the case of the TI-99/4A or some Apple modulators) or with an independent power supply.


title: Composite video

text: Because of the digital television transition most TV sets sold these days no longer have analog television tuners and cannot accept a signal from an analog modulator. But because composite video has a well-established market for both devices that convert it to channel 3/4 outputs, as well as devices that convert things like VGA to composite, it has offered opportunities to repurpose older composite monitors for newer devices.


title: Composite video

text: The process of modulating RF with the original video signal, and then demodulating the original signal again in the TV, introduces losses including added noise or interference. For these reasons, it is best to use composite connections instead of RF connections if possible. Older video equipment and some very low-end modern televisions have only RF input (essentially the antenna jack). While RF modulators are no longer common, they are still available to translate composite signals for older equipment.


title: Baadshaho

text: Baadshaho () is a 2017 Indian Hindi-language action-adventure film written by Rajat Arora, and directed and co-produced by Milan Luthria. It features Ajay Devgn, Emraan Hashmi, Ileana D'Cruz, Vidyut Jammwal, Esha Gupta and Sanjay Mishra in the lead roles. The film is set in the emergency era of 1975–77.


title: Baadshaho

text: In 1973, Maharani Gitanjali is a princess to a royal family in Rajasthan. Although every royal family was required to turn over their wealth at the end of the ancestral reign, her ancestors did not hand it over to the government. Two years later, in 1975, the then Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi, declares a state of emergency in the country. Sanjeev, an influential person in the Congress government, plots revenge against Gitanjali after he was snubbed badly by her in 1973. Sanjeev asks army officer Colonel Rudra Pratap Singh to confiscate all the gold in Gitanjali's possession and to put her behind bars. Rudra follows Sanjeev's instructions and imprisons Gitanjali after forcibly taking possession of her gold.


title: Baadshaho

text: Rudra asks his trusted lieutenants, Major Seher Singh and Captain Somesh, to transfer all the gold to Delhi into the government's safekeeping. For this purpose, he gives Seher Singh a custom-made truck with a powerful safe to transport the confiscated gold. As Rudra and Seher Singh are discussing, Sanjana, Gitanjali's trusted aide, is sent by her to eavesdrop on their conversation and get a whiff of their plan. Gitanjali then plans an entire scheme; she wants Sanjana to accompany Bhawani Singh in getting all the gold back and eventually release her from jail.


title: Baadshaho

text: Gitanjali briefs Bhawani Singh, her trusted lieutenant, about the gold and her reasons for keeping it - she needs the money to look after the people in her village. The loyal Bhawani Singh promises to retrieve the gold and return it to Gitanjali, with whom he shares a romantic relationship.


title: Baadshaho

text: Bhawani Singh, along with Daliya, Guruji, and Sanjana, chalk out their plan and set out on the mission. The four follow the truck in which Seher Singh and his deputy, Somesh, are carrying the gold to Delhi. The group takes control of the truck after throwing out Seher Singh and Somesh. The job now is to open the strong safe, something at which Guruji is adept. Meanwhile, Seher Singh, boss Rudra Pratap Singh, and other army and police officers are hot on the trail of Bhawani Singh and the truck. At one point, the army officers seek the help of police officer Durjan, but Bhawani Singh and his team members outwit him.


title: Baadshaho

text: Before Bhawani Singh can return the gold to Gitanjali Devi, he learns that Gitanjali used him for her personal happiness and motives, and that Seher was her aide. Bhawani reveals that he already knew the dark truth about Gitanjali, and his team decided to distribute gold among poor people who suffered from Gitanjali's wrath. After the war between Seher and Bhawani's team ends, Gitanjali realizes that she is alone in the desert with a low chance of survival, while Bhawani and his team escape.


title: Baadshaho

text: In January 2015, Ajay Devgn signed Milan Luthria's "Baadshaho", marking his fourth collaboration with the director after "Kachche Dhaage" (1999), "Chori Chori" (2003) and "Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai" (2010). This was the third collaboration of Emraan Hashmi with the director after "Once Upon A Time in Mumbaai" and "The Dirty Picture" (2012). Luthria stated that besides directing he was also co-producing the film along with Bhushan Kumar's T-Series. Ankit Tiwari was music director.


title: Baadshaho

text: Actresses Aishwarya Rai, Kareena Kapoor, Katrina Kaif, Shruti Hassan and Priyanka Chopra were speculated as the lead actress opposite Ajay Devgn. Though Kareena Kapoor and Katrina Kaif liked the script, they declined the offer due to non-availability. The film was to star Diljit Dosanjh initially, though he opted out of the project subsequently and was replaced by Emraan Hashmi.


title: Baadshaho

text: Later in June 2016, actors Vidyut Jammwal, Ileana D'Cruz and Esha Gupta were officially confirmed to be in the cast. Priyanshu Chatterjee was cast in a special appearance for the role of the politician Sanjeev, modelled after Sanjay Gandhi.


title: Baadshaho

text: Principal photography commenced on 15 August 2016 in Mumbai. The second schedule started on 1 December 2016 in Jodhpur, Rajasthan. The third schedule commenced on 19 January 2017.


title: Baadshaho

text: Ileana D'Cruz wrapped her part of filming on 5 March 2017. The Rajasthan schedule was wrapped up on 9 March 2017.


title: Baadshaho

text: The makers of the film earlier announced that the films worldwide release would be on 22 December 2016. However, upon request from producers Ritesh Sidhwani and Rakesh Roshan of the films "Raees" and "Kaabil" respectively, Bhushan Kumar moved the worldwide release date to 12 May 2017. In early December 2016, Devgn announced 1 September 2017 as the worldwide release date.


title: Baadshaho

text: The soundtrack was released on 19 August 2017 by T-Series, which consists of eight songs, composed by Tanishk Bagchi, Ankit Tiwari, Abhijit Vaghani, DJ Chetas and Traditional Folk. The songs "Mere Rashke Qamar" and "Socha Hai" ("Kehdoon Tumhe" from the 1975 film "Deewaar") are recreations for the film by lyricist Manoj Muntashir and composer Tanishk Bagchi. Their originals were written by Fana Buland Shehri and Sahir Ludhianvi, and were composed by Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan and R. D. Burman respectively.


title: Baadshaho

text: The song "Piya More" (first version) is a remake from Ankit Tiwari's old tune "Nasha Shar Pe Chadke Bhole" (from the film ""Dee Saturday Night""). Then, Tiwari changed the tune and some lyrics cause the controversy. This song appearance Sunny Leone and Emraan Hashmi. Sung by Neeti Mohan and Mika Singh.


title: Baadshaho

text: The song "Socha Hai" was later changed to the lyrics due to copyright issues. The song changed without "Socha Hai", "Kehdoon Tumhe". Sung by Jubin Nautiyal and Neeti Mohan without Kishore Kumar and Asha Bhoshle's additional vocals. You can listen the new version of Socha Hai in Jubin's Compilation Album: "Best Of Jubin Nautiyal" (2016) & "Best Of Jubin Nautiyal" (2020). But, the song is not available on some online music player like Spotify, Gaana and JioSaavn.


title: Baadshaho

text: T-Series later private the official video of the song "Socha Hai" and Jukebox audio video of the film.


title: Gojek

text: PT Gojek Indonesia (stylized in all lower case and stylized "j" as goȷek, formerly styled as GO-JEK) is an Indonesian on-demand multi-service platform and digital payment technology group based in Jakarta. Gojek was first established in Indonesia in 2009 as a call center to connect consumers to courier delivery and two-wheeled ride-hailing services. Gojek launched its application in 2015 with only four services: GoRide, GoSend, GoShop, and GoFood. Valued at US$10 billion today, Gojek has transformed into a super app, providing more than 20 services.


title: Gojek

text: Gojek operates in 5 countries; Indonesia, Vietnam, Singapore, Thailand, and Philippines (through the acquisition of "Coins.ph"). Gojek is the first Indonesian unicorn company, as well as the country's first "decacorn" company. It is the only company in Southeast Asia that is included in Fortune's "50 Companies That Changed the World" in 2017 and 2019, ranked at 17 and 11, respectively. As of June 2020, it has about 170 million users throughout Southeast Asia.


title: Gojek

text: On 17 May 2021, Gojek and Tokopedia announced the completion of their merger and established a new holding company called GoTo.


title: Gojek

text: Gojek has won financial backing from investors including Astra International, Blibli, Google, Facebook, PayPal, Mitsubishi, Sequoia, Northstar Group, Temasek Holdings, KKR, Warburg Pincus, Visa, Parallon, Siam Commercial Bank, Chinese Internet giant Tencent, JD.com, meituan.com, "Capital Group", among others.


title: Gojek

text: The name Gojek comes from the term “Ojek” or motorbike taxis commonly found throughout Indonesia. It was founded in 2010 with 20 motorbike drivers. Gojek app was launched in January 2015, and in less than two years, the app racked up nearly 30 million downloads. Gojek has partnered with Singapore's biggest bank DBS.


title: Gojek

text: Gojek was co-founded by Nadiem Makarim and Michaelangelo Moran. Nadiem, a native Indonesian, holds degrees from Brown University and Harvard Business School. He worked at McKinsey and Co. consulting for three years before starting Gojek from a tiny call centre with only 20 ojek drivers, who later became recruiters. As a loyal ojek user, Nadiem discovered that ojek drivers spend most of their times waiting for customers, while customers waste time walking around looking for an available ojek. Gojek was built to solve this problem, by providing a platform where drivers and riders can connect efficiently and allowing those drivers to improve their income. The other co-founder and long time high school friend, Michaelangelo Moran, aside from serving as the company's Brand Director, is also known for designing the company's first iconic logo and branding the whole company.


title: Gojek

text: As of May 2018, the app offers 18 services, with 2 upcoming new services in the online content business, which makes for a total of 20 on-demand services under one platform. Being an Indonesian-run startup played to Gojek's advantage in navigating the local regulatory environment, as well as understanding the local market. This enabled them to bundle features into its app that better suit both local drivers and local consumers. Gojek recruited 100 new graduates in engineering domain from India in 2017.


title: Gojek

text: In 2020, the company launched GoStore, a solution that helps local micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) set up online stores with ease.


title: Gojek

text: Gojek's journey in becoming a unicorn startup started in late-2014 when it secured its first financing round from NSI Ventures (now Openspace Ventures), the venture capital fund in the Northstar Group. Due to rapid growth in early 2015, Gojek attracted additional investments from Sequoia India and Northstar's private equity fund.


title: Gojek

text: After closing a round of funding in August 2016 that raised up to $550 million, two of Indonesia's biggest companies, Astra International, and Blibli.com, invested in Gojek. International investors include tech giants such as American firm Google and Chinese Tencent, along with the global investment company Temasek. A survey revealed Gojek as the most popular ride-hailing app in Indonesia. The company is valued at about $5 billion as of February 2018, which exceeds the total market cap of all transportation companies in Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX).


title: Gojek

text: In May 2018, it was announced that Gojek is investing $500 million towards its international expansion strategy. In January 2019, the startup closed another round of financing for $2 billion. The total valuation of the company reached $9.5 billion.


title: Gojek

text: In March 2020, Gojek announced it has received $1.2 Billion in funding for its Series F round. The valuation it was seeking for was U$10 Billion USD.


title: Gojek

text: In June 2020, Facebook's messaging platform WhatsApp and PayPal announced they had invested in Gojek as part of the ongoing fundraising round. The size and nature of the investments were not disclosed, but they were described as "meaningful".


title: Gojek

text: The company's rapid growth triggered a chain of acquisitions and partnerships. In 2016, Gojek announced acquisition of two engineering startups based in India, C42 Engineering and CodeIgnition, and established a development centre in Bangalore, India. They also acquired Leftshift, an Indian mobile application developer, and Pianta, an Indian home healthcare startup.


title: Gojek

text: In 2017, Gojek acquired Loket.com, one of Indonesia's biggest online ticket booking and event management system company. In the same year, it acquired three large network fintech firm in Indonesia; Kartuku, Midtrans, and Mapan, in order to expand its payments business.


title: Gojek

text: In January 2019, Gojek acquired a majority stake in mobile wallet Coins.ph. Gojek later sold its stake in Coins.ph in 2022.


title: Gojek

text: In March 2020, Gojek confirmed to acquire Moka, the leading SaaS Point of Sales provider in Indonesia. The talks had been in discussion since 2019 and finalized in March 2020.


title: Gojek

text: In December 2020, Gojek was reportedly in talks with Grab to combine their businesses in what would be the biggest Internet merger in southeast Asia.


title: Gojek

text: In February 2021, Gojek was reported to be close to a merger with Tokopedia, shortly before publicly listing in the U.S. and Indonesian stock markets.


title: Gojek

text: On 17 May 2021, Tokopedia and Gojek confirmed a merger with the establishment of a new entity, GoTo. The establishment of GoTo would make it one of Southeast Asia's largest technology conglomerates. GoTo's gross transaction volume (GTV) was over $22 billion in 2020, across more than 1.8 billion transactions.


title: Gojek

text: In July 2021, AirAsia announced that the company will be acquiring Gojek's business in Thailand via an all-stock deal. Upon the acquisition, Gojek will hold a 4.76% stake in AirAsia's superapp business.


title: Gojek

text: In 2016, it announced a collaboration with Blue Bird, a major Indonesian taxi company. The same year it launched Go-Car, expanding ride-hailing from motorbike fleet to cars, and launched Go-Auto, providing on-demand mechanic services. By August 2016, it had become Indonesia's first online transportation system.


title: Gojek

text: In running their GPS, it partnered with Google Maps. Other partnerships include entertainment; Google Play and MNC Vision. Bill Payment; AEON Credit Service & Suzuki Finance Indonesia. And the national electricity provider PLN, as well as the national health insurance BPJS Kesehatan.


title: Gojek

text: In February 2019, Garuda Indonesia CEO Ari Ashkara told Reuters that Garuda is in advanced discussions with Gojek for the delivery of products sold on Gojek across 17,000 Indonesian Islands.


title: Gojek

text: In August 2019, the Wall Street Journal reported that Gojek had held "preliminary talks" with Amazon on a partnership that would involve the retail giant making a sizable investment in Gojek to tap into the company's delivery infrastructure in order to expand Amazon's market reach in Indonesia.


title: Gojek

text: In September 2020, Gojek announced a partnership with Unilever. As part of this collaboration, Gojek partners with Unilever through the recently launched GoToko. GoToko is a B2B digital platform that connects micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in Indonesia with leading consumer goods companies. This cooperation allows MSME players to use GoToko to access a complete range of daily necessities products from various brands, including Unilever, at competitive prices and affordable shipping costs.


title: Gojek

text: A research study reports that the average income of full-time driver partners (Rp 3.48 million per month) is 1.25 times higher than the average minimum wage in Indonesia (Rp 2.8 million per month). The average income of driver partners (Rp 3.31 million) is higher than professional employees in general (Rp 3.10 million for transportation sector employees; Rp 2.34 million for industrial sector employees; Rp 2.66 million for staff employees).


title: Gojek

text: As per Temasek Digital's YouTube channel, Gojek has contributed an estimated Rp 9.9 trillion (US$732 million) annually to the Indonesian economy


title: Gojek

text: Another research article reported that Gojek contributed Rp 8.2 trillion annually into the Indonesian economy through the income of driver partners, an additional Rp 138.6 billion per month are contributed into national economy since SME merchant partners join Go-Food, and Rp 1.7 trillion into Indonesian economy through the income of SME merchant partners.


title: Gojek

text: On 22 July 2019, Gojek unveiled a new logo. Its new icon, which nicknamed as "Solv", symbolized Gojek's transformation from being a ride-hailing service to become a super app that provides a variety of smart ways to eliminate hassles.


title: Gojek

text: Yayasan Anak Bangsa Bisa (YABB)/ Anak Bangsa Bisa Foundation is a non-profit organization founded by Gojek to advance equal opportunities and help build more sustainable livelihoods for those who rely on daily income. Established in March 2020 during the onset of COVID-19 pandemic, the initial funding of the foundation was from 25% of annual salary of Gojek senior management team and the budgeted salary increases for all Gojek employees in 2020.


title: Gojek

text: In December 2019, due to stagnant growth, Gojek announced plan to discontinue most of its lifestyle services operating under its Golife brand. GoLaundry and GoDaily services discontinued on 31 December 2019, while GoFix, GoGlam and Service Marketplace services discontinued by mid-January 2020. Gojek still retained GoClean and GoMassage by that time where 90% of lifestyle services order come from. Due to effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on its business, Gojek further discontinued all of its lifestyle services that was still left, namely GoClean and GoMassage, on 27 July 2020. Gojek also discontinued GoFood Festival around the same time period.


title: Gojek

text: Gojek operates in many large and medium-size Indonesian cities, and also in rural areas within Indonesia;


title: Gojek

text: Gojek launched its ride-hailing service in Singapore on 10 January 2019 as part of "an enhancement of its beta phase". Its president, Andre Soelistyo, said that it is committed to "bringing choice back to the ride-hailing market in Singapore". In February 2019, Gojek Singapore appointed management consultant and mountain climber Lien Choong Luen as the GM of its Singapore operations.


title: Gojek

text: Gojek has an office in Singapore, with data science and engineering capabilities, and Bangalore, India, which was created with the acquisitions of C42 and CodeIgnition, and focuses on product, engineering and design.


title: Gojek

text: In May 2018, Gojek announced investing $500 million in its international expansion strategy to Vietnam, Thailand, Singapore and the Philippines, starting with ride-hailing, then further replicating the multiple-service business model in Indonesia. These companies will be run by local founding teams, with Gojek providing technological support and expertise.


title: Gojek

text: Gojek ranks number 17 in Fortune's 2017 list of "56 Companies that Changed the World," making it the only company from South East Asia to make the list. In 2019 Gojek once again made it to Fortune's Top 50 Companies That Changed The World, and was the only Southeast Asian company to have been included twice in the list – leaping to number 11 out of 52 global companies. Other international recognition includes Top Performer in ASEAN Award 2017, Entrepreneur of The Year award from Ernst & Young, and Superior Products and Services Awards 2016.


title: Gojek

text: National recognition includes The BrandZ Top 15 Most Valuable Indonesian Brands 2019, Top 3 Brand Performer and Top 3 Most Powerful Transportation/Logistic brands, Top 3 Netizen Choice in Online Transportation, The Best Indonesia Mobile App 2015, Best Startup Category Work Life Balance, Indonesia's Most Admired CEO 2017, and Most Creative in Solving Economic Challenges 2017.


title: Gojek

text: Gojek has more than 3,000 employees, including 210 engineers in its three Jakarta-based headquarters, a data science office in Singapore, and an engineering facility in India. The company announced $500 million investment to expand in South East Asia, starting with ride-hailing service in 4 new countries mid-2018. This expansion will add to their number of existing partners, which as of May 2018 includes a fleet of over 1,000,000 drivers, 125,000 merchants for Go-FOOD, and 30,000 professionals for their Go-MASSAGE, Go-GLAM, Go-CLEAN and Go-AUTO service.


title: Gojek

text: The Gojek headquarters in Jakarta revamped an old mall into a modern working space with a cinema, a playroom with arcade games and pool tables, as well as office cafes and nap rooms.


title: Gojek

text: Gojek's rapid growth and market dominance in Indonesia has led to prominent media coverage, including criticism primarily stemming from conventional taxi and ojek services. Go-Jek was briefly banned from operations by the Ministry of Transportation, along with other ride-hailing services. The ban was opposed by a huge number of Indonesians, mustering public support with the hashtag #SaveGojek that became a top trending topic on Twitter in Indonesia. The ban was lifted the very same day after President Joko Widodo criticized it, stating the government should not prohibit innovation and asserting the ban would adversely affect the lives of many Indonesians who rely on Gojek's services.


title: Gojek

text: In October 2018, the Indonesian Minister of Transportation, Budi Karya Sumadi, applied a new rule for online taxis. PM 108 replaced the previous PM 26, regulating the use of private cars being used for public transportation.


title: Gojek

text: Since its inception, Gojek has seen a number of large-scale demonstrations by their drivers. In June 2021, just a few days before the official merger of Gojek and Tokopedia, Gojek drivers announced that they were going on a three-day strike due to a change in GoKilat's (Gojek's courier service vertical) incentive scheme, resulting in significantly reduced tariff for the drivers. As part of the resistance, the drivers planned not to accept any GoKilat orders in Greater Jakarta and Bandung.


title: Gojek

text: In March 2018, only weeks after the firm raised a new round of capital, thousands of drivers showed up on foot along the road across the Presidential palace in a demonstration against the tariff, which was roughly 1600 rupiah (15 cents) per kilometer then. The demand was continued in a future protest in January 2020, where the drivers demanded action from the Ministry of Transportation who had promised to evaluate the tariffs that were set by these firms. Drivers felt that these tariffs should be handled on a provincial level as each provincial government has the autonomy to set their own minimum wages.


title: Gojek

text: One of the earliest demonstrations by Gojek drivers was back in 2015 when they protested in front of Gojek's first headquarter in Kemang, Jakarta, insisting that they meet Nadiem Makarim, co-founder and then-CEO, demanding for transparency in the incentive scheme. Drivers felt it was unfair that their pay was slashed for an inventory deposit they were not aware of such as the Gojek driver jacket that was initially lent to them on a rental mechanism, but was eventually being billed to them.


title: Gojek

text: Gojek sponsored the Liga 1 from 2017 to 2018 (in 2017 with Traveloka). Gojek also sponsored Persib Bandung from 2019.


title: Gamaliel

text: Gamaliel the Elder (; also spelled Gamliel; "Rabban Gamlīʾēl hazZāqēn"; "Gamaliēl ho Presbýteros"), or Rabban Gamaliel I, was a leading authority in the Sanhedrin in the early first century CE. He was the son of Simeon ben Hillel and grandson of the great Jewish teacher Hillel the Elder. He fathered Simeon ben Gamliel, who was named for Gamaliel's father, and a daughter, who married a priest named Simon ben Nathanael.


title: Gamaliel

text: In the Christian tradition, Gamaliel is recognized as a Pharisee doctor of Jewish Law. Acts of the Apostles, 5 speaks of Gamaliel as a man held in great esteem by all Jews and as the Jewish law teacher of Paul the Apostle in . Gamaliel encouraged his fellow Pharisees to show leniency to the apostles of Jesus Christ in .


title: Gamaliel

text: In the Talmud, Gamaliel is described as bearing the titles Nasi (Hebrew: נָשִׂיא "Nāśīʾ") "prince" and "Rabban" "our master", as the president of the Great Sanhedrin in Jerusalem; although some dispute this, it is not doubted that he held a senior position in the highest court in Jerusalem.


title: Gamaliel

text: Gamaliel holds a reputation in the Mishnah for being one of the greatest teachers in all the annals of Judaism: "Since Rabban Gamaliel the Elder died, there has been no more reverence for the law, and purity and piety died out at the same time".


title: Gamaliel

text: Gamaliel's authority on questions of religious law is suggested by two Mishnaic anecdotes in which "the king and queen" ask for his advice about rituals. The identity of the king and queen in question is not given, but is generally thought to either be Herod Agrippa and his wife Cypros the Nabataean, or Herod Agrippa II and his sister Berenice.


title: Gamaliel

text: As rabbinic literature always contrasts the school of Hillel the Elder to that of Shammai and only presents the collective opinions of each of these opposing schools of thought without mentioning the individual nuances and opinions of the rabbis within them, these texts do not portray Gamaliel as being knowledgeable about the Jewish scriptures, nor do they portray him as a teacher. For this reason, Gamaliel is not listed as part of the chain of individuals who perpetuated the Mishnaic tradition. Instead the chain is listed as passing directly from Hillel to Yohanan ben Zakkai.


title: Gamaliel

text: Nevertheless, the Mishnah mentions Gamaliel's authorship of a few laws about community welfare and conjugal rights. He argued that the law should protect women during divorce, and that, for the purpose of remarriage, a single witness was sufficient evidence for the death of a husband.


title: Gamaliel

text: Various pieces of classical rabbinic literature additionally mention that Gamaliel sent out three epistles, designed as notifications of new religious rulings, and which portray Gamaliel as the head of the Jewish body for religious law. Two of these three were sent, respectively, to the inhabitants of Galilee and "the Darom" (southern Judea), and were on the subject of the first tithe. The third epistle was sent to the Jews of the diaspora and argued for the introduction of an intercalary month.


title: Gamaliel

text: Since the Hillel school of thought is presented collectively, there are very few other teachings which are clearly identifiable as Gamaliel's. There is only a cryptic dictum, comparing his students to classes of fish:


title: Gamaliel

text: In some manuscripts of Dunash ibn Tamim's tenth-century Hebrew commentary on the "Sefer Yetzirah", the author identifies Gamaliel with the physician Galen. He claims to have seen an Arabic medical work translated from Hebrew entitled "The Book of Gamaliel the Prince (Nasi), called Galenos among the Greeks". However, since Galen lived in the second century and Gamaliel died during the mid-first century, this is unlikely.


title: Gamaliel

text: The Acts of the Apostles introduces Gamaliel as a Pharisee and celebrated doctor of the Mosaic Law in . In the larger context (vs.), Peter and the other apostles are described as being prosecuted before the Sanhedrin for continuing to preach the gospel despite the Jewish authorities having previously prohibited it. The passage describes Gamaliel as presenting an argument against killing the apostles, reminding them about the previous revolts of Theudas and Judas of Galilee, which had collapsed quickly after the deaths of those individuals. Gamaliel's advice was accepted after his concluding argument:


title: Gamaliel

text: The Book of Acts later goes on to describe Paul the Apostle recounting that although "born in Tarsus", he was brought up in Jerusalem "at the feet of Gamaliel, "[and]" taught according to the perfect manner of the law of the fathers" (). No details are given about which teachings Paul adopted from Gamaliel, as it is assumed that as a Pharisee, Paul was already recognized in the community at that time as a devout Jew. Also, how much Gamaliel influenced aspects of Christianity is unmentioned. However, there is no other record of Gamaliel ever having taught in public, but the Talmud does describe Gamaliel as teaching a student who displayed "impudence in learning", which a few scholars identify as a possible reference to Paul. The relationship of Paul the Apostle and Judaism continues to be the subject of scholarly debate. Helmut Koester, Professor of Divinity and of Ecclesiastical History at Harvard University, questions if Paul studied under this famous rabbi, arguing that there is a marked contrast in the tolerance that Gamaliel is said to have expressed about Christianity with the "murderous rage" against Christians that Paul is described as having prior to his conversion ().


title: Gamaliel

text: The "Gospel of Gamaliel" is a hypothetical book speculated to exist by some scholars, perhaps a part of Pilate apocrypha. While no ancient sources directly refer to such a gospel, Paulin Ladeuze and Carl Anton Baumstark first proposed that such a book existed in 1906. Scholars who believe such a book once existed have reconstructed it from a homily, the "Lament of Mary" ("Laha Maryam") by a bishop named Cyriacus. They believe "Laha Maryam" extensively quotes the Gospel of Gamaliel; the Lament includes a section that leads with "I, Gamaliel" which caused the speculation that these sections were actually quoting an existing gospel. Other scholars believe that such inference that the author was "plagiarizing" a lost gospel is unwarranted, and these sections are simply written by Cyriacus from the perspective of Gamaliel. The hostile view derisively calls it an "imaginary work".


title: Gamaliel

text: Reasonably complete manuscripts of "Laha Maryam" exist in both Ethiopian (Ge'ez) and Karshuni (Arabic) language versions. Regardless of whether "Laha Maryam" is quoting a lost gospel or not, Gamaliel does feature in it. He is a witness to a miracle of healing in the raising of a dead man at Jesus's tomb; Jesus's abandoned grave-cloths have miraculous powers. Gamaliel also talks with Pontius Pilate, who is portrayed highly positively as a Christian himself.


title: Gamaliel

text: Ecclesiastical tradition claims that Gamaliel had embraced the Christian faith and his tolerant attitude toward early Christians is explained by this. According to Photios I of Constantinople, he was baptised by Saint Peter and John the Apostle, together with his son Abibon (Abibo, Abibas, Abibus) and Nicodemus. The Clementine Literature suggested that he maintained secrecy about the conversion and continued to be a member of the Sanhedrin for the purpose of covertly assisting his fellow Christians. Some scholars consider the traditions to be spurious, and the passage in which Gamaliel is mentioned does not state that he became a Christian either implicitly or explicitly.


title: Gamaliel

text: The Eastern Orthodox Church venerates Gamaliel as a saint, and he is commemorated on August 2, the date when tradition holds that his relics were found, along with those of Stephen the Protomartyr, Abibon (Gamaliel's son), and Nicodemus. The traditional liturgical calendar of the Catholic Church celebrates the same feast day of the finding of the relics on August 3. It is said that in the fifth century, by a miracle, his body had been discovered and taken to Pisa Cathedral.


title: Internet Information Services

text: Internet Information Services (IIS, formerly Internet Information Server) is an extensible web server software created by Microsoft for use with the Windows NT family. IIS supports HTTP, HTTP/2, HTTPS, FTP, FTPS, SMTP and NNTP. It has been an integral part of the Windows NT family since Windows NT 4.0, though it may be absent from some editions (e.g. Windows XP Home edition), and is not active by default.


title: Internet Information Services

text: The first Microsoft web server was a research project at the European Microsoft Windows NT Academic Centre (EMWAC), part of the University of Edinburgh in Scotland, and was distributed as freeware. However, since the EMWAC server was unable to handle the volume of traffic going to Microsoft.com, Microsoft was forced to develop its own web server, IIS.


title: Internet Information Services

text: All versions of IIS prior to 7.0 running on client operating systems supported only 10 simultaneous connections and a single website.


title: Internet Information Services

text: Microsoft was criticized by vendors of other web server software, including O'Reilly & Associates and Netscape, for its licensing of early versions of Windows NT; the "Workstation" edition of the OS permitted only ten simultaneous TCP/IP connections, whereas the more expensive "Server" edition, which otherwise had few additional features, permitted unlimited connections but bundled IIS. It was implied that this was intended to discourage consumers from running alternative web server packages on the cheaper edition. Netscape wrote an open letter to the Antitrust Division of the U.S. Department of Justice regarding this distinction in product licensing, which it asserted had no technical merit. O'Reilly showed that the user could remove the enforced limits meant to cripple NT 4.0 Workstation as a web server with two registry key changes and other trivial configuration file tweaking.


title: Internet Information Services

text: IIS 7.0 has a modular architecture. Modules, also called extensions, can be added or removed individually so that only modules required for specific functionality have to be installed. IIS 7 includes native modules as part of the full installation. These modules are individual features that the server uses to process requests.


title: Internet Information Services

text: Authentication changed slightly between IIS 6.0 and IIS 7, most notably in that the anonymous user which was named "IUSR_{machinename}" is a built-in account in Vista and future operating systems and named "IUSR". Notably, in IIS 7, each authentication mechanism is isolated into its own module and can be installed or uninstalled.


title: Internet Information Services

text: IIS 8.5 has several improvements related to performance in large-scale scenarios, such as those used by commercial hosting providers and Microsoft's own cloud offerings. It also has several added features related to logging and troubleshooting. The new features are:


title: Internet Information Services

text: IIS Express, a lightweight (4.5–6.6 MB) version of IIS, is available as a standalone freeware server and may be installed on Windows XP with Service Pack 3 and subsequent versions of Microsoft Windows. IIS 7.5 Express supports only the HTTP and HTTPS protocols. It is portable, stores its configuration on a per-user basis, does not require administrative privileges and attempts to avoid conflicting with existing web servers on the same machine. IIS Express can be downloaded separately or as a part of WebMatrix or Visual Studio 2012 and later. (In Visual Studio 2010 and earlier, web developers developing ASP.NET apps used ASP.NET Development Server, codenamed "Cassini".) By default, IIS Express only serves local traffic.


title: Internet Information Services

text: IIS releases new feature modules between major version release to add new functionality. The following extensions are available for IIS 7.5:


title: Internet Information Services

text: According to Netcraft, in February 2014, IIS had a "market share of all sites" of 32.80%, making it the second most popular web server in the world, behind Apache HTTP Server at 38.22%. Netcraft showed a rising trend in market share for IIS, since 2012. On 14 February 2014, however, the W3Techs shows different results. According to W3Techs, IIS is the third most used web server behind Apache HTTP Server (1st place) and Nginx. Furthermore, it shows a consistently falling trend for IIS use since February 2013.


title: Internet Information Services

text: Netcraft data in February 2017 indicates IIS had a "market share of the top million busiest sites" of 10.19%, making it the third most popular web server in the world, behind Apache at 41.41% and nginx at 28.34%.


title: Internet Information Services

text: IIS 4 and IIS 5 were affected by the CA-2001-13 security vulnerability which led to the infamous Code Red attack; however, both versions 6.0 and 7.0 have no reported issues with this specific vulnerability. In IIS 6.0 Microsoft opted to change the behaviour of pre-installed ISAPI handlers, many of which were culprits in the vulnerabilities of 4.0 and 5.0, thus reducing the attack surface of IIS. In addition, IIS 6.0 added a feature called "Web Service Extensions" that prevents IIS from launching any program without explicit permission by an administrator.


title: Internet Information Services

text: By default IIS 5.1 and earlier run websites in a single process running the context of the System account, a Windows account with administrative rights. Under 6.0 all request handling processes run in the context of the Network Service account, which has significantly fewer privileges, so should there be a vulnerability in a feature or custom code it won't necessarily compromise the entire system given the sandboxed environment these worker processes run in. IIS 6.0 also contained a new kernel HTTP stack (codice_1) with a stricter HTTP request parser and response cache for both static and dynamic content.


title: Internet Information Services

text: According to Secunia, , IIS 7 had a total of six resolved vulnerabilities while IIS 6 had a total of eleven vulnerabilities, out of which one was still unpatched. The unpatched security advisory has a severity rating of 2 out of 5.


title: Internet Information Services

text: In June 2007, a Google study of 80 million domains concluded that while the IIS market share was 23% at the time, IIS servers hosted 49% of the world's malware, the same as Apache servers whose market share was 66%. The study also observed the geographical location of these dirty servers and suggested that the cause of this could be the use of unlicensed copies of Windows that could not obtain security updates from Microsoft. In a blog post on 28 April 2009, Microsoft noted that it supplies security updates to everyone without genuine verification.


title: Internet Information Services

text: The 2013 mass surveillance disclosures made it more widely known that IIS is particularly bad in supporting perfect forward secrecy (PFS), especially when used in conjunction with Internet Explorer. Possessing one of the long term asymmetric secret keys used to establish a HTTPS session should not make it easier to derive the short term session key to then decrypt the conversation, even at a later time. Diffie–Hellman key exchange (DHE) and elliptic curve Diffie–Hellman key exchange (ECDHE) are in 2013 the only ones known to have that property. Only 30% of Firefox, Opera, and Chromium Browser sessions use it, and nearly 0% of Apple's Safari and Microsoft Internet Explorer sessions.


title: Polyoxymethylene

text: Polyoxymethylene (POM), also known as acetal, polyacetal, and polyformaldehyde, is an engineering thermoplastic used in precision parts requiring high stiffness, low friction, and excellent dimensional stability. As with many other synthetic polymers, it is produced by different chemical firms with slightly different formulas and sold variously by such names as Delrin, Kocetal, Ultraform, Celcon, Ramtal, Duracon, Kepital, Polypenco, Tenac and Hostaform.


title: Polyoxymethylene

text: POM is characterized by its high strength, hardness and rigidity to −40 °C. POM is intrinsically opaque white because of its high crystalline composition but can be produced in a variety of colors. POM has a density of 1.410–1.420g/cm.


title: Polyoxymethylene

text: Typical applications for injection-molded POM include high-performance engineering components such as small gear wheels, eyeglass frames, ball bearings, ski bindings, fasteners, gun parts, knife handles, and lock systems. The material is widely used in the automotive and consumer electronics industry. POM's electrical resistivity is 14×10 Ω⋅cm making it a dielectric with a 19.5MV/m breakdown voltage.


title: Polyoxymethylene

text: Polyoxymethylene was discovered by Hermann Staudinger, a German chemist who received the 1953 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. He had studied the polymerization and structure of POM in the 1920s while researching macromolecules, which he characterized as polymers. Due to problems with thermostability, POM was not commercialized at that time.


title: Polyoxymethylene

text: Around 1952, research chemists at DuPont synthesized a version of POM, and in 1956 the company filed for patent protection of the homopolymer. DuPont credits R. N. MacDonald as the inventor of high-molecular-weight POM. Patents by MacDonald and coworkers describe the preparation of high-molecular-weight hemiacetal-terminated (~O−CHOH) POM, but these lack sufficient thermal stability to be commercially viable. The inventor of a heat-stable (and therefore useful) POM homopolymer was Stephen Dal Nogare, who discovered that reacting the hemiacetal ends with acetic anhydride converts the readily depolymerizable hemiacetal into a thermally stable, melt-processable plastic.


title: Polyoxymethylene

text: In 1960, DuPont completed construction of a plant to produce its own version of acetal resin, named "Delrin", at Parkersburg, West Virginia. Also in 1960, Celanese completed its own research. Shortly thereafter, in a limited partnership with the Frankfurt firm Hoechst AG, a factory was built in Kelsterbach, Hessen; from there, "Celcon" was produced starting in 1962, with "Hostaform" joining it a year later. Both remain in production under the auspices of Celanese and are sold as parts of a product group now called 'Hostaform/Celcon POM".


title: Polyoxymethylene

text: To make polyoxymethylene homopolymer, anhydrous formaldehyde must be generated. The principal method is by reaction of the aqueous formaldehyde with an alcohol to create a hemiformal, dehydration of the hemiformal/water mixture (either by extraction or vacuum distillation) and release of the formaldehyde by heating the hemiformal. The formaldehyde is then polymerized by anionic catalysis, and the resulting polymer stabilized by reaction with acetic anhydride. Due to the manufacturing process, large-diameter cross-sections may have pronounced centerline porosity. A typical example is DuPont's Delrin.


title: Polyoxymethylene

text: To make polyoxymethylene copolymer, formaldehyde is generally converted to trioxane (specifically 1,3,5-trioxane, also known as trioxin). This is done by acid catalysis (either sulfuric acid or acidic ion-exchange resins) followed by purification of the trioxane by distillation and/or extraction to remove water and other active hydrogen-containing impurities. Typical copolymers are Hostaform from Celanese and Ultraform from BASF.


title: Polyoxymethylene

text: The co-monomer is typically dioxolane, but ethylene oxide can also be used. Dioxolane is formed by reaction of ethylene glycol with aqueous formaldehyde over an acid catalyst. Other diols can also be used.


title: Polyoxymethylene

text: Trioxane and dioxolane are polymerized using an acid catalyst, often boron trifluoride etherate, BFOEt. The polymerization can take place in a non-polar solvent (in which case the polymer forms as a slurry) or in neat trioxane (e.g. in an extruder). After polymerization, the acidic catalyst must be deactivated and the polymer stabilized by melt or solution hydrolysis to remove unstable end groups.


title: Polyoxymethylene

text: Stable polymer is melt-compounded, adding thermal and oxidative stabilizers and optionally lubricants and miscellaneous fillers.


title: Polyoxymethylene

text: POM is supplied in a granulated form and can be formed into the desired shape by applying heat and pressure. The two most common forming methods employed are injection molding and extrusion. Rotational molding and blow molding are also possible.


title: Polyoxymethylene

text: Typical applications for injection-molded POM include high-performance engineering components (e.g. gear wheels, ski bindings, yoyos, fasteners, lock systems). The material is widely used in the automotive and consumer electronics industry. There are special grades that offer higher mechanical toughness, stiffness or low-friction/wear properties.


title: Polyoxymethylene

text: POM is commonly extruded as continuous lengths of round or rectangular section. These sections can be cut to length and sold as bar or sheet stock for machining.


title: Polyoxymethylene

text: When supplied as extruded bar or sheet, POM may be machined using traditional methods such as turning, milling, drilling etc. These techniques are best employed where production economics do not merit the expense of melt processing. The material is free-cutting, but does require sharp tools with a high clearance angle. The use of soluble cutting lubricant is not necessary, but is recommended.


title: Polyoxymethylene

text: Because the material lacks the rigidity of most metals, care should be taken to use light clamping forces and sufficient support for the work piece.


title: Polyoxymethylene

text: As can be the case with many polymers, machined POM can be dimensionally unstable, especially with parts that have large variations in wall thicknesses. It is recommended that such features be "designed-out" e.g. by adding fillets or strengthening ribs. Annealing of pre-machined parts before final finishing is an alternative. A rule of thumb is that in general, small components machined in POM suffer from less warping.


title: Polyoxymethylene

text: POM is typically very difficult to bond, with the copolymer typically responding worse to conventional adhesives than the homopolymer. Special processes and treatments have been developed to improve bonding. Typically these processes involve surface etching, flame treatment, using a specific primer/adhesive system, or mechanical abrasion.


title: Polyoxymethylene

text: Typical etching processes involve chromic acid at elevated temperatures. DuPont uses a patented process for treating acetal homopolymer called satinizing that creates a surface roughness sufficient for micromechanical interlocking. There are also processes involving oxygen plasma and corona discharge. In order to get a high bond strength without specialized tools, treatments, or roughening, one can use Loctite 401 prism adhesive combined with Loctite 770 prism primer to get bond strengths of ~1700psi.


title: Polyoxymethylene

text: Once the surface is prepared, a number of adhesives can be used for bonding. These include epoxies, polyurethanes, and cyanoacrylates. Epoxies have shown shear strength. Cyanoacrylates are useful for bonding to metal, leather, rubber, cotton, and other plastics.


title: Polyoxymethylene

text: Solvent welding is typically unsuccessful on acetal polymers, due to the excellent solvent resistance of acetal.


title: Polyoxymethylene

text: Thermal welding through various methods has been used successfully on both homopolymer and copolymer.


title: Polyoxymethylene

text: Acetal resins are sensitive to acid hydrolysis and oxidation by agents such as mineral acid and chlorine. POM homopolymer is also susceptible to alkaline attack and is more susceptible to degradation in hot water. Thus low levels of chlorine in potable water supplies (1–3 ppm) can be sufficient to cause environmental stress cracking, a problem experienced in both the US and Europe in domestic and commercial water supply systems. Defective mouldings are most sensitive to cracking, but normal mouldings can succumb if the water is hot. Both POM homopolymer and copolymer are stabilized to mitigate these types of degradation.


title: Polyoxymethylene

text: In chemistry applications, although the polymer is often suitable for the majority of glassware work, it can succumb to catastrophic failure. An example of this would be using the polymer clips on hot areas of the glassware (such as a flask-to-column, column-to-head or head-to-condenser joint during distillation). As the polymer is sensitive to both chlorine and acid hydrolysis, it may perform very poorly when exposed to the reactive gases, particularly hydrogen chloride (HCl). Failures in this latter instance can occur with seemingly unimportant exposures from well sealed joints and do so without warning and rapidly (the component will split or fall apart). This can be a significant health hazard, as the glass may open or smash. Here, PTFE or a high-grade stainless steel may be a more appropriate choice.


title: Polyoxymethylene

text: In addition, POM can have undesirable characteristics when burned. The flame is not self-extinguishing, shows little to no smoke, and the blue flame can be almost invisible in ambient light. Burning also releases formaldehyde gas, which irritates nose, throat, and eye tissues.


title: Exit Wounds

text: Exit Wounds is a 2001 American action film directed by Andrzej Bartkowiak, and starring Steven Seagal and DMX. The film is based on the book of the same name by John Westermann. The book takes place on Long Island, while the film is set in Detroit. Steven Seagal plays Orin Boyd, a police detective notorious for pushing the limits of the law in his quest for justice.


title: Exit Wounds

text: It is the second of three films directed by Andrzej Bartkowiak and produced by Joel Silver that focus on martial arts based action in an urban setting with a hip-hop soundtrack and featuring many of the same cast. The film received mixed reviews from critics. It earned $19 million in its opening weekend, and went on to gross a worldwide total of $79.9 million against a budget of $33 million. "Exit Wounds" was the final film under Steven Seagal's exclusive contract with Warner Bros.


title: Exit Wounds

text: Detroit Police Department's detective Orin Boyd (Steven Seagal) is a cop in Detroit's 21st precinct, who saves the Vice President of the United States (Christopher Lawford) from a right-wing Michigan militant group trying to kill him. As Boyd saved the Vice President's life via disobeying orders and killing all the militants, captain Frank Daniels (Bruce McGill) transfers Boyd to the 15th precinct — Detroit's worst precinct.


title: Exit Wounds

text: Boyd's new captain, former internal affairs officer Annette Mulcahy (Jill Hennessy), knows of his reputation, and she tells him that she will not tolerate it. Annette sends Boyd to an anger management class where he meets Henry Wayne (Tom Arnold), the high-strung host of a local talk show called "Detroit AM". Boyd comes across local drug dealer Latrell Walker (Earl "DMX" Simmons) and his fast-talking sidekick T.K. Johnson (Anthony Anderson) doing a shady deal with a man named Matt Montini (David Vadim). After a brief fight, Boyd discovers that Montini has been working undercover trying to nail Walker and Boyd ruined the sting, and that does not sit well with Montini's musclebound partner Useldinger (Matthew G. Taylor).


title: Exit Wounds

text: Sergeant Lewis Strutt (Michael Jai White) steps in to cool things down when Boyd gets in a fight with Useldinger. After Boyd stumbles upon the theft of $5,000,000 worth of heroin from evidence storage, Boyd and new partner George Clark (Isaiah Washington) begin focusing their efforts on Walker and T.K. Intrigued by what little they have on Walker, they investigate why he has been visiting Shaun Rollins (Mel Jason "Drag-On" Smalls). Henry discovers is that Walker is not a drug dealer. Walker is a computer expert and billionaire whose real name is Leon Rollins — he is Shaun Rollins' brother. Boyd confronts Leon, who explains that a group of corrupt cops needed a fall guy for a deal gone bad and pinned it on Shaun. It is further revealed that Strutt is the leader of the group, which also includes Montini and Useldinger. Leon and his friend Trish (Eva Mendes) have been videotaping the activities of Strutt's gang, hoping that it might help prove Shaun's innocence and get him out of jail.


title: Exit Wounds

text: Boyd meets Mulcahy at a parking lot and to inform her what he has uncovered. Montini, Useldinger, and some other men try to kill Boyd and Annette. Mulcahy is killed in the chase and Boyd escapes. Boyd calls Frank and tells him that Strutt will be having a meeting at a warehouse in about an hour, to sell the heroin that was stolen. Strutt plans to try to sell it to Leon and T. K., not knowing that Leon is working against him. Frank promises that he will be there with some backup.


title: Exit Wounds

text: Boyd and Daniels show up, but Strutt tells Frank to keep Boyd under control. Boyd realizes that it is Frank who is behind everything. Clark blows open the door and barges in with backup, including police chief Hinges (Bill Duke). Useldinger shoots Boyd and as he is about to shoot him again, George shoots Useldinger dead. Chief Hinges kills Frank by shooting him four times with a shotgun. After a fight with Boyd, Strutt grabs a case full of money and runs up to the roof, where a helicopter is waiting. Montini gets the upper hand in his fight with Leon after he damages Leon's vision with indigo fabric dye. Leon manages to stab Montini in the leg with a piece of broken glass, before killing him by having his neck impaled on a clothes rack. As the helicopter ladder is dragging Boyd across the roof with Strutt hanging on to the ladder, Boyd hooks the ladder to the roof; Strutt falls and is impaled on a metal pipe.


title: Exit Wounds

text: At dawn, Leon gives Hinges the videotape that proves the corruption, hoping that the tape will help prove Shaun's innocence. Hinges does not believe the courts will care about the tape, so Hinges had Shaun released from county jail about an hour before. Boyd decides to stay with the 15th precinct with George as his partner, and T.K. becomes Henry's television co-host.


title: Exit Wounds

text: The film is based on the book of the same name by John Westermann. The book is set in Long Island, New York, but the film moves the setting to Detroit. Steven Seagal plays Orin Boyd, a police detective notorious for pushing the limits of the law in his quest for justice.


title: Exit Wounds

text: Filming took place in Toronto, Ontario; Hamilton, Ontario and the Centre Street Bridge in Calgary, Alberta, Canada.


title: Exit Wounds

text: The club scene inside was filmed at Guvernment nightclub in Toronto. The exterior of the club was outside of Tonic nightclub in Toronto.


title: Exit Wounds

text: The film reunites actors DMX, Isaiah Washington, and Anthony Anderson with Polish film director Andrzej Bartkowiak, with whom they first worked together on the earlier 2000 film "Romeo Must Die". It is the second of three films directed by Andrzej Bartkowiak and produced by Joel Silver that focus on martial arts based action in an urban setting with a hip-hop soundtrack and featuring many of the same cast. Two years later they collaborated again on the film "Cradle 2 the Grave".


title: Exit Wounds

text: Stuntman Chris Lamon died of head injuries on August 23, 2000, six days after a stunt went wrong on the "Exit Wounds" set in Hamilton, Ontario. A van was being towed along a street upside-down as part of a chase scene; he was supposed to roll safely out, but apparently struck his head. Another stuntman suffered a concussion in the same incident.


title: Exit Wounds

text: A soundtrack containing hip hop music was released on March 20, 2001 by Virgin Records. It peaked at No. 8 on the "Billboard" 200 and #5 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums.


title: Exit Wounds

text: "Exit Wounds" debuted at number one at the box office, grossing $19 million at North American theaters from Friday through Sunday. It was considered a surprise hit movie, as it grossed over $50 million in America and almost $30 million throughout the rest of the world. It was hailed as Seagal's big "comeback".


title: Exit Wounds

text: On Rotten Tomatoes it has an approval rating of 32% based on 65 reviews. The site's critical consensus states: "It probably goes without saying that "Exit Wounds" is loaded with plotholes and bad dialogue." On Metacritic the film has a score of 39 out of 100 based on 9 reviews, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Exit Wounds

text: Lawrence Van Gelder of "The New York Times" gave the film 3 out of 5 and wrote: "For those in search of action-filled escapist entertainment who are willing to jettison expectations of credibility into the nearest popcorn tub, Exit Wounds ... will do to pass time on an inclement day." Entertainment Weekly's Owen Gleiberman wrote: "In its low grade way, this blithely brutal cops and drugs thriller is an efficient hot wire entertainment." Gleiberman singled out Jill Hennessy for praise saying she "takes the minor character of Seagal's precinct commander and invests her with an intelligence and a flirty warm panache that sparkles on screen."


title: Exit Wounds

text: Todd McCarthy of "Variety magazine" gave the film a negative review, particularly Seagal's performance saying he "makes one wonder how he ever managed to be regarded as anything resembling a movie star." McCarthy complained that the action scenes were "routine and unimaginative" lacking the flair director Bartkowiak had shown in Romeo Must Die. McCarthy was also critical of unconvincing use of easily recognizable Toronto locations as a stand in for Detroit.


title: Exit Wounds

text: Jonathan Foreman of the New York Post suggests that Barkowiak was trying to make a John Woo movie but simply did not have the skills. Foreman called the screenplay "embarrassingly clunky and inane". He concludes "It's hard to know which is more offensive, "Exit Wounds'" ineptitude or its disgusting, cynical brutality. But the people responsible for it are crass and shameless."


title: Jonathan Joestar

text: Manga author Hirohiko Araki noted that due to the weekly format of the series, Jonathan's initial regression when Dio turns Jonathan's happy life into hardships meant that Jonathan's growth remained in the negative for a few weeks after the series' premiere, leading to a negative feeling that Jonathan always loses. Araki implemented a similar growth curve for Dio, although with him rising towards evil. Despite following the rule of the ever-progressing hero, Araki decided to bend the rule and have Jonathan die to save his wife and child: he acknowledged that dying is as far negative as a hero can go, and called it unthinkable to do such a thing in a "shōnen" manga, but said that since he wanted to pass down the Joestar family's lineage, he needed Jonathan to die, and for his blood and spirit to be passed to Joseph, the protagonist of "Battle Tendency", the second part in the series. While calling it a gamble, he called this passing of the torch a positive that enables the extreme negative of killing the first protagonist.


title: Jonathan Joestar

text: Jonathan and Dio, the protagonist and antagonist, were created with the duality of light and shadow in mind, with the intention to have them contrast against each other: Dio was depicted as an embodiment of evil, and Jonathan as "fundamentally virtuous" and just. Araki also made use of black and white in his art to further contrast the two. Jonathan was designed to be a symbol for the story and setting, something Araki would continue doing with later protagonists in the series. Because Araki wanted the series to move on with new characters in the Joestar family, Jonathan was specifically written as "the first Joestar" that would function as a symbol of purity and dignity, and not as a unique character. This limited what Jonathan could do; in retrospect, Araki considered him passive and "a bit boring". Jonathan's physical transformation during the seven year skip was done with his upcoming battle with Dio in mind and inspired by muscular film actors popular at the time, such as Arnold Schwarzenegger and Sylvester Stallone. A fan of karate manga as a child, Araki also wanted JoJo to exude an aura of strength like in "Karate Baka Ichidai", leading to the character learning the supernatural Hamon technique.


title: Jonathan Joestar

text: In creating the manga's generational story, Araki thought much about death and the legacy people leave behind in their lives for their descendants, after the death of his grandfather. He took inspiration from the American television series "", and the novel "East of Eden". "Roots" follows the life of African-American slave Kunta Kinte and his descendants, which while watching Araki began to see as a story of family at heart as opposed to one about slavery and racial discrimination. "East of Eden"s story centered around the intertwined destiny and rivalry of two families, as they pass the torch down to their offspring. He thought highly of stories that could replace its protagonist and still do well. This influeneced Araki's decision to ultimately kill Jonathan Joestar and write a generational story as opposed to focusing on a single protagonist, passing on his "Spirit" to his own descendants.


title: Jonathan Joestar

text: The protagonist of "Phantom Blood", Jonathan is the son of George Joestar I who carries his surname with pride while striving to be a gentleman who never betrays his code of honor and defending those in need even when at a grave disadvantage. He is a passionate person, he wants to be the best at everything that he does, whether it is fighting or even table manners. Jonathan's life becomes one of misery when Dio Brando is adopted by George, eventually resulting in his father's death as Dio sought to kill both of them. This motivates Jonathan to learn how to utilize Hamon energy from Will A. Zeppeli to settle the score with Dio, though his power later increases drastically when a dying Zeppeli transfers his remaining Hamon into him. Though Jonathan defeats Dio and marries his childhood sweetheart, Erina Pendleton, who bears his son George Joestar II, he is nevertheless fatally wounded by Dio's severed head during an attempt to take his body. Jonathan ultimately dies of his injuries, but not before further injuring the already severely weakened Dio and using his Hamon to cause an explosion on the ship that they and Erina are traveling aboard, with Jonathan successfully persuading Erina to escape alongside an infant orphaned by Dio's zombies by using Dio's coffin as a makeshift lifeboat.


title: Jonathan Joestar

text: Despite his death, Jonathan nevertheless has an influence throughout almost the entirety of the series thereafter; this is most noticeable in "Stardust Crusaders", where it is revealed that Dio managed to remove Jonathan's head and gain his body as his own. Upon his return, Dio's awakens his Stand, although doing so directly awakened one within Jonathan's body and indirectly awakened Stands within Jonathan's descendants, which in turn sets the plot of the part in motion. However, Jonathan's final effort was not in vain, as it weakened Dio to the point of him requiring blood from a Joestar descendant in order to both fully fuse with Jonathan's body and gain proper control of his respective Stand.


title: Jonathan Joestar

text: In addition to "Stardust Crusaders", Jonathan's influence is present, yet very subtle, in three other parts of the series. In "Battle Tendency", his significantly potent Hamon results in his grandson Joseph not only inheriting the ability to use Hamon, but also having an inherent aptitude for it. The orphan that Jonathan requested Erina to rescue is also revealed to be Elizabeth "Lisa Lisa" Joestar, who became the wife of his deceased son George II, the mother of Joseph, and an expert in Hamon. In "Vento Aureo", it is revealed that Jonathan is the biological father of the part's protagonist, Giorno Giovanna, due to DIO's impregnation of a Japanese woman some time after his return. In "Stone Ocean", three antagonistic Stand users (Donatello Versus, Rikiel, and Ungalo) are revealed to also be Jonathan's biological sons, albeit with personalities that are based on specific facets of DIO's personality and lack any influence from Jonathan's personality. In addition, one of Jonathan's bones is an integral fail-safe for DIO's desire of "achieving Heaven".


title: Jonathan Joestar

text: Critical response to Jonathan's character was often mixed. "Weekly Shōnen Jump" readers were critical of the first few chapters, finding Jonathan unlikable as he kept losing against Dio at that point. Claire Napier of "ComicsAlliance" was critical of the romance Jonathan has with his girlfriend as she is more prominent in the narrative to make the character become more powerful to fight Dio. Napier claimed that Araki knew little about writing a realistic female character and only used her as a plot device for Jonathan's development. Despite the heavy criticism in regards to Part 1, Napier added "I liked when Jonathan lights his gloves on fire to punch Dio out. That's it. That's my full defense." Rebecca Silverman of "Anime News Network" described Jonathan as "not only the world's burliest pre-teen, he's also the sweetest, and having never before been faced with such cruelty, he doesn't know what to do" and views him as a weaker character than the villain Dio. Similarly, "Otaku USA" said that despite his innocence, Jonathan was a "bland, passive character suited" due to how weak he is written when dealing with Dio. Rice Digital referred to Jonathan's portrayal as "mildly generic anime hero beginning stuff" during early chapters of the manga. In retrospect, Comic Book Resources regards Jonathan as "overrated" and at the same time the best protagonist from Araki's series. Silverman felt positively about how strikingly different the protagonist Joseph is from Part 1's Jonathan due to the former's cockier personality. Kotaku described Joseph as a better main character than Jonathan for his display of intelligence when confronting antagonists.


title: Jonathan Joestar

text: Kory Cerjak at "The Fandom Post" still enjoyed the rivalry between the two characters despite the simplicity behind it. Takato at "Manga-News" also felt the rivalry between Jonathan and Dio was likable based on their different origins which led to their own characterizations. Silverman praised the growth Jonathan has with his powers as he comes as a more heroic figure when dealing with his enemy, with the appeal being something that influenced future mangas in retrospect. CGMagazine Online said that Jonathan and Dio's rivalry is the main appeal of Part 1, though the latter comes across as the "highlight". In regards to Jonathan, the reviewer commented that while Jonathan initially is seen as a typical shonen manga hero, his growth into a gentleman would make him more likable. As a result, he enjoyed how Jonathan comes to embarrass his rival in the story. Anime UK News noted that fans of the series often find Jonathan as the worst protagonist within the series, citing multiple "bland" features. However, Anime UK News felt that Jonathan was the only protagonist in the entire manga that undergoes a character arc and thus grows more sympathy for the viewer in his final fight against Dio.


title: Jonathan Joestar

text: For the anime's opening, "Sono chi no Sadame" "Billboard" said they "could almost feel the passion and ambition that Jonathan had in his fight against Dio through the music."


title: Criminal Minds (season 8)

text: The eighth season of "Criminal Minds" premiered on CBS on September 26, 2012. The series was renewed on March 14, 2012.


title: Criminal Minds (season 8)

text: On February 15, 2012, "Deadline Hollywood" reported that Paget Brewster (Emily Prentiss) would leave the show once season seven was over. All other main cast members had secured deals for the season. On June 13, 2012, CBS announced that Jeanne Tripplehorn would join the cast of the show.


title: Dragon King

text: The Dragon King, also known as the Dragon God, is a Chinese water and weather god. He is regarded as the dispenser of rain, commanding over all bodies of water. He is the collective personification of the ancient concept of the "lóng" in Chinese culture.


title: Dragon King

text: Besides being a water deity, the Dragon God frequently also serves as a territorial tutelary deity, similarly to Tudigong "Lord of the Earth" and Houtu "Queen of the Earth".


title: Dragon King

text: The Dragon King has been regarded as holding dominion over all bodies of water, and the dispenser of rain, in rituals practiced into the modern era in China. One of his epithets is Dragon King of Wells and Springs.


title: Dragon King

text: Dragon processions have been held on the fifth and sixth moon of the lunar calendar all over China, especially on the 13th day of the sixth moon, held to be the Dragon King's birthday, as ritualized supplication to the deity to make rain. In Changli County, Hebei Province a procession of sorts carried an image of the Dragon King in a basket and made circuit around nearby villages, and the participants would put out in front of their house a piece of yellow paper calligraphed with the text: "The position [=tablet] of the Dragon King of the Four Seas , Five Lakes, Eight Rivers and Nine Streams", sprinkle it with water using willow withes, and burning incense next to it. This ritual was practiced in North of China into the 20th century.


title: Dragon King

text: In the past, there used to be Dragon King miao shrines all over China, for the folk to engage in the worship of dragon kings, villages in farm countries would conduct rites dedicated to the Dragon Kings seeking rain.


title: Dragon King

text: Within the Daoist pantheon, the Dragon King is regarded the zoomorphic representation of the "yang" masculine power of generation. The dragon king is the king of the dragons and he also controls all of the creatures in the sea. The dragon king gets his orders from the Jade Emperor.


title: Dragon King

text: Historically there arose a cult of the Five Dragon Kings. The name "Wufang longwang" (, "Dragon Kings of the Five Regions/Directions") is registered in Daoist scripture from the Tang dynasty, found in the Dunhuang caves. Veneration of chthonic dragon god(s) of the five directions still persists today in southern areas, such as Canton and Fujian. It has also been conflated with the cult of Lord Earth, Tugong (Tudigong), and inscriptions on tablets invoke the "Wufang wutu longshen" (, "Dragon Spirits of the Five Directions and Five Soils") in rituals current in Southeast Asia (Vietnam).


title: Dragon King

text: The Azure Dragon or Blue-Green Dragon ( "Qīnglóng"), or Green Dragon ( "Cānglóng"), is the Dragon God of the east, and of the essence of spring. The Red Dragon ( "Chìlóng" or "Zhūlóng", literally "Cinnabar Dragon", "Vermilion Dragon") is the Dragon God of the south and of the essence of summer. The White Dragon ( "Báilóng") is the Dragon God of the west and the essence of autumn. The Yellow Dragon ( "Huánglóng") is the Dragon God of the center, associated with (late) summer. The Black Dragon ( "Hēilóng"), also called "Dark Dragon" or "Mysterious Dragon" ( "Xuánlóng"), is the Dragon God of the north and the essence of winter.


title: Dragon King

text: Dragons of the Five Regions/Directions existed in Chinese custom, established by the Former Han period (Cf. §Origins below) The same concept couched in "dragon king" ("longwang") terminology was centuries later, the term "dragon king" being imported from India (Sanskrit "naga-raja"), vis Buddhism, introduced in the 1st century AD during the Later Han.


title: Dragon King

text: The five "Dragon Kings" which were correlated with the Five Colors and Five Directions are attested uniquely in one work among Buddhist scriptures ("sūtra"), called the "Foshuo guanding jing" (; "Consecration Sūtra Expounded by the Buddha" early 4th century). Attributed to Po-Srimitra, it is a pretended translation, or "apocryphal sutra" (post-canonical text), but its influence on later rituals (relating to entombment) is not dismissable.


title: Dragon King

text: The dragon king cult was most active around the Sui-Tang dynasty, according to one scholar, but another observes that the cult spread farther afield with the backing of Song dynasty monarchs who built Dragon King Temples (or rather Taoist shrines), and Emperor Huizong of Song (12th century) conferred investiture upon them as local kings. But the dragon king and other spell incantations came to be discouraged in Buddhism within China, because they were based on eclectic (apocryphal) sutras and the emphasis grew for the orthodox sutras, or put another way, the quinary system (based on number 5) was being superseded by the number 8 or number 12 being held more sacred.


title: Dragon King

text: During the Tang period, the dragon kings were also regarded as guardians that safeguard homes and pacify tombs, in conjunction with the worship of Lord Earth. Buddhist rainmaking ritual learned Tang dynasty China by


title: Dragon King

text: The concept was transmitted to Japan alongside esoteric Buddhism, and also practiced as rites in "Onmyōdō" during the Heian Period.


title: Dragon King

text: The idea of associating the five directions/regions ("wufang"; ) with the five colors is found in Confucian classic text,


title: Dragon King

text: The apocryphal "Foshuo guanding jing" (; "Consecration Sūtra Expounded by the Buddha" early 4th century, attributed to Po-Srimitra ), which purports to be Buddhist teachings but in fact incorporates elements of Chinese traditional belief, associates five dragon kings with five colored dragons with five directions, as aforementioned.


title: Dragon King

text: The text gives the personal names of the kings. To the east is the Blue Dragon Spirit King () named Axiuhe (), with 49 dragon kings under him, with 70 myriad myllion lesser dragons, mountain spirits, and assorted "mei" demons as minions. The thrust of this scripture is that in everywhere in every direction, there are the minions causing poisonings and ailments, and their lord the dragon kings must be beseeched in prayer to bring relief. In the south is the Red Dragon Spirit King named Natouhuati (), in the west the White, called Helousachati (), in the north the Blue, called Nayetilou () and at center the Yellow, called Duluoboti (), with different numbers subordinate dragon kings, with minion hordes of lesser dragons and other beings. Though connection of poison to rainmaking may not be obvious, it has been suggested that this poison-banishing sutra could have viably been read as a replacement in the execution of the ritual to pray for rain ("shōugyōhō", ), in Japan. A medieval commentary ("Ryūō-kōshiki", copied 1310) has reasoned that since the Great Peacock (Mahāmāyūrī) sūtra mandates one to chant dragon names in order to detoxify, so shall offerings made to dragon lead to "sweet rain".


title: Dragon King

text: The "wangfang" ("five position") dragon kings are also attested in the "Taishang dongyuan shenzhou jing" (; "Most High Cavernous Abyss Divine Spells Scripture"), though not explicitly under the collective name of "five position dragon kings", but individually as "Eastern Direction's Blue Emperor Blue Dragon King ()", and so forth. It gives a laundry list of dragon kings by different names, stating that spells to cause rain can be performed by invoking dragon kings.


title: Dragon King

text: An ancient procedural instruction for invoking five-colored dragons to conduct rainmaking rites occurs in the "Luxuriant Dew of the Spring and Autumn Annals", under its "Seeking Rain" chapter (originally 2nd century B.C.). It prescribes earthenware figurines of greater and lesser dragons of a specific color according to season, namely blue-green, red, yellow, white, black, depending on whether it was spring, summer, late summer (), autumn, or winter. And these figures were to be placed upon the alter at the assigned position/direction (east, south, center, west, or north).


title: Dragon King

text: This Chinese folk rain ritual later became incorporated into Daoism. The rituals were codified into Daoist scripture or Buddhist sūtras in the post-Later Han () period, but Dragon King worship did not come into ascendancy until the Sui-Tang dynasties. The rain rituals in Esoteric Buddhism in the Tang Dynasty was actually an adaptation of indigenous Chinese dragon worship and rainmaking beliefs, rather than pure Buddhism.


title: Dragon King

text: As a point of illustration, a comparison can be made against Buddhist procedures for rainmaking during the Tang Dynasty. The rainmaking tract in the (Book 11, under the chapter for "Rain Prayer Altar Method, "qiyu tanfa"; ) prescribes an altar to be built, with mud figures of dragon kings placed on the four sides, and numerous mud-made lesser dragons arranged within and without the altar.


title: Dragon King

text: Each one of the four Dragon Kings of the Four Seas ( "Sìhǎi Lóngwáng") is associated with a body of water corresponding to one of the four cardinal directions and natural boundaries of China: the East Sea (corresponding to the East China Sea), the South Sea (corresponding to the South China Sea), the West Sea (Qinghai Lake), and the North Sea (Lake Baikal).


title: Dragon King

text: They appear in the classical novels like "The Investiture of the Gods" and "Journey to the West", where each of them has a proper name, and they share the surname Ao (, meaning "playing" or "proud").


title: Dragon King

text: As already mentioned, Esoteric Buddhists in Japan who initially learned their trade from Tang Dynasty China engaged in rainmaking ritual prayers invoking dragon kings, under system known as or "shōugyō" ["no"] "hō", established in the Shingon sect founded by priest Kūkai who learned Buddhism in Tang China. It was first performed by Kūkai in the year 824 at Shinsen'en according to legend, but the first occasion probably took place historically in the year 875, then a second time in 891. The rain ritual came to be performed regularly.


title: Dragon King

text: The "shōugyōhō" ritual used two mandalas that featured dragon kings. The Great Mandala which was hung up was of a design that centered around Sakyamuni Buddha, surrounded by the , the ten thousand dragon kings, Bodhisattvas (based on the "Dayunlun qingyu jing" , "Scripture of [Summoning] Great Clouds and Petitioning for Rain"). The other one was a "spread-out mandala”("shiki mandara" ) laid flat out on its back, and depicted five dragon kings, which were one-, three-, five-, seven-, and nine-headed (based on the "Collected Dhāraṇī Sūtras").