title: Dick Morris

text: Since leaving Clinton's employ in 1996, Morris has said he has become profoundly "disillusioned" with the actions of the Clintons in the late 1990s. He has since formed a career as a political commentator and critic of the Clintons (particularly Hillary), appearing on Fox News programs such as "Hannity & Colmes", "Hannity", and "The O'Reilly Factor", and on various local and nationally syndicated radio talk shows. Morris is also a regular columnist and Pundits Blogger for The Hill, a nonpartisan daily newspaper based in Washington, D.C., and for Newsmax, a conservative online news website. Morris regularly makes predictions about candidates' chances of winning elections during these appearances.


title: Dick Morris

text: Regarding the 2004 Democratic presidential nomination, he initially stated that Howard Dean's candidacy could be written off right away. He had earlier discussed the likelihood of Dean defeating John Kerry after early strong showings by the former Vermont governor. Kerry defeated Dean and all his other rivals and won the nomination.


title: Dick Morris

text: In a column in "The Hill" on June 22, 2005, Morris predicted that Hillary Clinton would face her "worst nightmare" in her 2006 Senate race against Republican candidate Judge Jeanine Pirro, whose campaign subsequently collapsed within a matter of two months after repeated crushing defeats in the opinion polls due to her husband's alleged Mafia ties. He even went so far as to suggest that Hillary Clinton would drop out to focus on her 2008 presidential campaign.


title: Dick Morris

text: In 2005 Morris wrote that Hurricane Katrina "has the capacity to shape the second Bush term in the same way September 11 shaped his first term—not only in rebuilding New Orleans but in taking preventative steps around the nation to bolster our defenses against natural and man-made disasters and terror strikes. Responding to disasters is a source of presidential strength and popularity, and Bush is about to show how it is done."


title: Dick Morris

text: In a 2005 book on the 2008 presidential campaign, Morris stated that it was most likely that Hillary Clinton would face Condoleezza Rice for the presidency. Morris's critics reacted by mocking his mistaken predictions of past races. Appearing on Fox News' "Hannity and Colmes" on January 29, 2008, Morris said that those voting for John Edwards were "at the moment... those that can't decide which they don't like more—a black or a woman getting elected". Morris elaborated that exit polls showed some Edwards voters were unsure if a woman or an African-American, in reference to then Democratic Primary front runners Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama, could get elected to the Presidency for the first time in 2008.


title: Dick Morris

text: After Obama won the 2008 election, Morris was critical of him. In early 2009, Morris said: "Those crazies in Montana who say, 'We're going to kill ATF agents because the UN's going to take over'? Well, they're beginning to have a case." In April 2009, Morris keynoted an animated debate at the Yale Political Union on the topic "Resolved: Save Capitalism from President Obama".


title: Dick Morris

text: In March 2010, About.com, owned by The New York Times Company, named Morris one of the top 20 conservatives to follow on Twitter.


title: Dick Morris

text: In a March 2011 column for "The Hill", Morris predicted that Obama would not win a second term as president. For many years a "disillusioned Democrat," Dick Morris has stated he is now a Republican.


title: Dick Morris

text: In August 2011, Morris began a petition on his website opposing federal funding for the Park51 Muslim community center, claiming that the center is "designed to celebrate the attacks that killed 3,000 Americans", and that the center would "train the same kinds of terrorists who caused the... attacks".


title: Dick Morris

text: In August 2012 Morris claimed that Bill Clinton was going to vote for Mitt Romney, but that he would still speak in favor of Obama because "his wife is hostage."


title: Dick Morris

text: In October 2012, Morris was a speaker at a special meeting of the Republican Caucus of the Georgia House of Representatives to discuss claims that Obama was using 'mind-control' techniques to create a Communist dictatorship controlled by the United Nations under the guise of promoting sustainability and public transportation. Speaking at the event, Morris argued that Obama's aim was to join with the United Nations to "force everyone into the cities from whence our ancestors fled."


title: Dick Morris

text: In March 2021, it was reported by "The New York Times" that he was meeting with Donald Trump in New York, "encouraging him to take on the party he once led".


title: Dick Morris

text: As of November 5, the day before the 2012 U.S. presidential election, Morris predicted on his website and in an article in "The Hill" that the Republican candidate, Mitt Romney, would win the presidency in a landslide "approaching the magnitude of Obama's against McCain." Specifically, he stated that Romney would win 325 electoral votes and that Obama would win 213. Obama ended up winning 332 electoral votes with Romney winning 206, meaning Morris was off by 119 electoral votes. He explained the logic behind his prediction in a video posted at his website. He made this prediction in the face of an overwhelming consensus among expert pollsters leading up to election night that Obama would win at least the Electoral College and likely the popular vote. Morris wrote on his website, "On Sunday, we changed our clocks. On Tuesday, we'll change our president." With regard to his prognostications, Morris announced on "Fox and Friends" two days before the election that after the election "either I'm gonna have to go through a big reckoning, or they [the mainstream pollsters] are." Jon Stewart mocked the idea on "The Daily Show", calling Dick Morris the "King of Wrong Mountain" and claiming that pundits live in a "reckoning-free zone." Morris was the least accurate major pundit in predicting the 2012 presidential election.


title: Dick Morris

text: In Morris's article in "The Hill", he identified some "key mistakes" by the Obama campaign, which he stated would cost Obama the election:


title: Dick Morris

text: On November 7, 2012, the day after the election, Morris published an article in "The Hill" titled "Why I was wrong". Morris stated that he had "egg on his face" and that the "key reason for my bum prediction is that I believed, mistakenly, that the 2008 surge in black, Latino and young voter turnout would recede in 2012 to 'normal' levels. Didn't happen. These high levels of minority and young voter participation are here to stay. And, with them, a permanent reshaping of our nation's politics." In a subsequent interview on Fox News, Morris added: "I called it as I saw it from the polling and I did the best I could and I also worked very hard for Romney." He elaborated on the latter point by explaining that he thought it was his duty to help the Romney campaign by countering pessimism about Romney's chances.


title: Dick Morris

text: According to FEC disclosures, Morris' Super PAC For America disbursed approximately $1.7mm for "fundraising" to Newsmax, whom Morris is closely affiliated with. Emails from both Morris and Newsmax were paid for by Super PAC for America. Some media outlets speculate that Morris took advantage of Super PAC For America donations by paying Newsmax for fundraising which in turn paid Morris large sums of money to 'rent' his email list.


title: Dick Morris

text: After the election, Morris did not appear on Fox News for almost three months. On February 5, 2013, Fox announced that it would not renew Morris' contract. In addition to his numerous inaccurate predictions, Morris had been criticized for accepting paid ads on his Website from candidates whom he discussed on the air, a clear conflict of interest.


title: Dick Morris

text: Morris worked with the United Kingdom Independence Party in their campaign before the 2004 European Parliament election. The party, which advocated withdrawal from the European Union, won 12 of the United Kingdom's 78 seats.


title: Dick Morris

text: In 2004 and 2005, he and his wife had acted as campaign consultants to the successful Yushchenko Presidential campaign in Ukraine. Morris reports that he insisted on the use of exit polls as a means of potentially exposing ballot tampering. He argues this played a significant role in forcing the government of then President Leonid Kuchma to acquiesce to a new poll when the official results of the first varied materially from the exit surveys. Faced with a similar (though smaller) divergence between exit polling and election returns, he took the opposite stance in a 2004 article in "The Hill" when he suspected "foul play" on the part of the exit pollsters in the US presidential race.


title: Dick Morris

text: In a November 13, 2007 press conference in Nairobi, Kenya, Morris announced that he would be offering his consultancy services pro bono for the campaign to elect Raila Odinga as President of Kenya in the 2007 Presidential election running on the Orange Democratic Movement ticket. With four weeks to the national elections, an editorial in one of the leading dailies called into question the legalities of Morris' consulting work from the perspective of his presence in and lack of legal ability to work in Kenya "pro bono" or "through the back door".


title: Dick Morris

text: The outcome of the December 27, 2007, elections in Kenya is still disputed due to allegations of electoral fraud and rigging by the incumbent president, Mwai Kibaki, the Party of National Unity and erroneous reporting by the Electoral Commission of Kenya (ECK). Massive protests and tribal tensions have since erupted between the president's Kikuyu tribe and the majority of other tribes not favorably aligned to the outcome. Major mediations have commenced between concerned parties, including possible formation of a coalition and/or interim government until reelections are held.


title: Dick Morris

text: Morris was host of a daily radio talk show on WPHT in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, from 2013 to 2015. Morris cited his desire to campaign for 2016 Republican candidates as his reason for leaving.


title: Dick Morris

text: In 2021, Morris launched a weekly half-hour show on Newsmax TV, "Dick Morris Democracy". He's also a regular guest on other Newsmax shows, such as "American Agenda", "Greg Kelly Reports" and "Spicer & Co.". In 2021 Morris also launched a one-hour radio program on WABC in New York City, aired from noon to 1 PM on Sundays.


title: Dick Morris

text: Morris has appeared in, and wrote the screenplay for, the documentary film "FahrenHYPE 9/11". The film was a response to Michael Moore's 2004 film, "Fahrenheit 9/11".


title: Dick Morris

text: Morris failed to pay a variety of state and federal taxes beginning in 1996. In 2010, he declared that he had reached an agreement with the State of Connecticut, and that he is committed to paying his taxes: "Following a difficult period in my life, I fell into arrears. But since then, I have paid almost $3 million in state and federal taxes." In 2012, the lien that had been placed on his house was lifted.


title: Dick Morris

text: Morris has written several books, many co-authored with his wife, Eileen McGann. He authored "Condi vs. Hillary" in which he argues that only Condoleezza Rice could block Hillary Clinton's anticipated 2008 bid for the White House.


title: Dick Morris

text: "Rewriting History" was published in May 2004 as a rebuttal to Hillary Clinton's book, "Living History" (). In it, he argues that Hillary Clinton has presented a false "nice" persona in the book. Morris instead remembers her as manipulative, cold, and single-minded in her pursuit of power. Similarly, Morris and McGann wrote "Because He Could" in response to Bill Clinton's memoir "My Life" ().


title: Navillera (TV series)

text: Navillera () is a 2021 South Korean television series starring Park In-hwan, Song Kang, Na Moon-hee, and Hong Seung-hee. Based on the Daum webtoon of the same name written by Hun and illustrated by Ji-min between 2016 and 2017, it aired on tvN from March 22 to April 27, 2021. It is also available for streaming on Netflix. The series follows the challenges faced by a 70 year old retired mailman attempting to learn ballet and dance Swan Lake despite his deteriorating Alzheimer's condition.


title: Navillera (TV series)

text: "Navillera" tells the story of Shim Deok-chul (Park In-hwan), a 70-year-old retired mailman who decides to pursue his life-long dream of learning ballet, which does not please his family. At the dance academy, he meets Lee Chae-rok (Song Kang), a 23-year-old dancer who became interested in ballet after trying out different sports — his mother was a ballet dancer before she died of disease when he was young. He is struggling financially and thinks of giving up ballet until meeting Deok-chul, which changes his mind.


title: Navillera (TV series)

text: Sim Deok-chul's commitment to his dream inspires people with different genders, ages, and social status trying to achieve their dreams and do what makes them happy. The South China Morning Post states in their review of the series that "Navillera deals with relatable issues of old age, whether you're the one approaching it or your loved ones are, but while the fear that a diagnosis like Alzheimer’s can cause is clearly evoked by the series, it steers clear of the day-to-day realities of the condition".


The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (IAST: "vaigyanik tathā audyogik anusandhāna pariṣada"), abbreviated as CSIR, was established by the Government of India in September 1942 as an autonomous body that has emerged as the largest research and development organisation in India.


title: Council of Scientific and Industrial Research

text: , it runs 37 laboratories/institutes, 39 outreach centres, 3 Innovation Centres and 5 units throughout the nation, with a collective staff of over 14,000, including a total of 4,600 scientists and 8,000 technical and support personnel. Although it is mainly funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology, it operates as an autonomous body through the Societies Registration Act, 1860.


text: The research and development activities of CSIR include aerospace engineering, structural engineering, ocean sciences, life sciences and healthcare including diagnostics, metallurgy, chemicals, mining, food, petroleum, leather, and environmental science.


text: In terms of Intellectual property, CSIR has 2971 patents in force internationally and 1592 patents in force in India. CSIR is granted more than 14000 patents worldwide since its inception. CSIR was awarded the National Intellectual Property (IP) Award 2018 in the category "Top R&D Institution / Organisation for Patents and Commercialisation" by Indian Patent Office.


text: In late 2007, the Minister of Science and Technology, Kapil Sibal stated, in a Question Hour session of the Parliament, that CSIR has developed 1,376 technologies/knowledgebase during the last decade of the 20th century.


text: In the 1930s, the need for establishing research organisations for the development of natural resources and new industries in India began to emerge. Eminent citizens such as C. V. Raman, Lt. Col. Seymour Sewell and J. C. Ghosh had proposed the creation of an advisory board of scientific research. Sir Richard Gregory, then editor of "Nature", was among the first people who officially reported to the British Government. After visiting scientific departments and universities in India in 1933, Gregory submitted to Samuel Hoare, Secretary of State for India, regarding the need of scientific organisation similar to the DSIR in Britain. Indian scientists at Calcutta and Bangalore initiated schemes to launch a National Institute of Sciences and an Indian Academy of Sciences, respectively. At the Fifth Industries Conference in 1933, the Provincial Governments of Bombay, Madras, Bihar and Orissa unanimously reiterated their demand for a co-ordinating forum for industrial research. Hoare advised the Viceroy, Lord Willingdon, to support the demand. However, in May 1934, Willingdon replied to Hoare saying, "The creation of a Department of Scientific and Industrial Research in India to promote the application of research to natural resources does not appear to be necessary." While the Indian DSIR was rejected, the colonial government provided a small concession. It instead offered to create an Industrial Intelligence and Research Bureau, which came into operation in April 1935 under the Indian Stores Department. The Bureau's limited resources (with a budget of ₹1.0 lakh per annum) made it impossible to initiate major research and industrial activities as had been hoped for; it was mainly concerned with testing and quality control.


text: At the onset of World War II in 1939, the bureau was proposed to be abolished. Arguably, Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar became the most instrumental in the creation of CSIR in India. As a member of Viceroy's executive council, and also of Commerce, he recommended that the Bureau should be terminated, not as a measure of economy, but to make room for a Board of Scientific and Industrial Research, which should be endowed with greater resources and wider objectives. It was by this persistence that the Board of Scientific and Industrial Research (BSIR) was created on 1 April 1940 for a period of two years. Mudaliar became the chair of the board. It was at this point that Bhatnagar was appointed to pilot the board, as the Director. The BSIR was allocated an annual budget of ₹5,00,000 under the Department of Commerce. By the end of 1940, about 80 researchers were engaged, of whom one-quarter was directly employed. Major achievements of BSIR included development of the techniques for the purification of Baluchistan sulphur anti-gas cloth manufacture, vegetable oil blends as fuel and lubricants, plastic packing cases for army boots and ammunition, dyes for uniforms and the preparation of vitamins, and the invention of a pyrethrum emulsifier and cream. In early 1941 Bhatnagar persuaded the government to set up an Industrial Research Utilisation Committee (IRUC) for translating results into application. The government then agreed to make a separate fund out of the royalties received from industry for further investment into industrial research. Mudaliar recommended that an Industrial Research Fund should be constituted, which would have an annual grant of ₹10,00,000 for a period of five years. This was accepted by the Central Assembly in Delhi at its session on 14 November 1941.


text: Then the constitution of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) as an autonomous body was prepared under Mudaliar and Bhatnagar. Thus, CSIR came into operation on 26 September 1942. The BSIR and IRUC were incorporated into the advisory bodies to the governing body of the CSIR. In 1943 the governing body of CSIR approved the proposal of Bhatnagar to establish five national laboratories — the National Chemical Laboratory, the National Physical Laboratory, the Fuel Research Station, the Glass & Ceramics Research Institute and the National Metallurgical Laboratory. In 1944 in addition to its annual budget of ₹10 lakh, CSIR received a grant of ₹1 crore for the establishment of these laboratories. The Tata Industrial House donated ₹20 lakh for the chemical, metallurgical and fuel research laboratories. The foundation for the Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute at Kolkata was the first to be laid, in December 1945; National Metallurgical Laboratory at Jamshedpur in November 1946; and that for the National Chemical Laboratory at Pune was the last, on 6 April 1947, four months before India became independent. All the five establishments were completed by 1950.


text: The Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize was established by CSIR in 1958. The prize is named after the Founder Director Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar.


text: The nominees for the award are filtered out from the research categories of - Biological Sciences, Chemical Sciences, Earth Sciences, Atmosphere, Ocean and Planetary, Engineering, Mathematical Sciences, Medical Sciences & Physical Sciences.


text: The Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize comes up with a Citation, a Plaque & a Cash Award of 5 Lakh Rupees with the addition of a stipend of ₹15,000/- per month (till the age of 65).


text: Every year, the Award Selection Committee of CSIR presents the award to maximum 2 individuals from each research category. As per the stats, the SSB Prize has been awarded to 525 individuals for their exemplary work in Science & Technology.


text: The above criteria help CSIR Committee to select the eligible candidates for the award but the selection will be based on the results of selection procedure which is conducted by the Advisory Committee of CSIR.


text: 18 journals and 3 popular science magazines (Science Reporter and its Hindi, Urdu editions) are available under open access from NOPR website.


title: John Hopkins (actor)

text: John Hopkins (born 1975) is an English actor. Some of his best-known roles include Sgt. Dan Scott on "Midsomer Murders" (2004–2005), Lowell in Tim Burton's "Alice in Wonderland" (2010), and Sir Francis Basset in the British TV series "Poldark" (2017–2018). Journalists and teachers have always admired his acting skills. In addition to his television and film work, he has never stopped acting on stage and exploring other forms of professional entertainment, such as doing voiceovers for video games, television and radio.


title: John Hopkins (actor)

text: John Hopkins was born in Luton, England, a town close to London. There is little publicly available information about his family or childhood. He attended secondary school at Manshead CofE Upper School in Dunstable, Bedfordshire, and later studied at the University of Leeds (1993-1996), majoring in English. After this, Hopkins started to show interest in the theatre. He joined a drama group and took part in various productions.


title: John Hopkins (actor)

text: Hopkins received a “Sunday Times” for student-actors for his role in "A Short Play About Sex and Death". After graduation from the University of Leeds, he attended the Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts (1997-2000). He was noticed by the Royal Shakespeare Company and had his first repertory season there (2001-2002). That was the beginning of his professional acting career.


title: John Hopkins (actor)

text: Around 2002, John Hopkins began receiving offers for television roles. Some of the first were minor parts in "Trial and Retribution 7" and “Love in a Cold Climate”. After those, he accepted an offer to play the role of Detective Sergeant Dan Scott in the British television series “Midsomer Murders”. His involvement with the show continued from the beginning of the 7th series (2004) to the end of the 8th series. Hopkins' character was conceived as a "ladies' man" because of his appearance. During this time, John Nettles was playing the lead role of "Barnaby". Because the actors shared the same first name, Hopkins was assigned the nickname "Hoppers". The two formed a friendship while working together. From 2004 to 2005 Hopkins left the show, returning to the Royal Shakespeare Company to participate in the 2006-2007 London and Stratford-upon-Avon season. At that time, he played Caesar opposite Patrick Stewart in “Antony and Cleopatra”. He also appeared in Patrick Barlow’s comedic version of “The 39 Steps” as a Richard Hannay, Richard I at the Shakespeare’s Globe in the "Holy Warriors", and Benedick in “Much Ado About Nothing”. He has also continued to work in television; his credits there include “Stan Lee’s Lucky Man” and the BBC drama “Poldark” as Sir Francis Basset. Billington in 2018 for "The Guardian" referred to Hopkins as "one of our best Shakespearean actors", and he was named one of "10 best British actors on stage now" in the Times article by Dominic Maxwell.


title: John Hopkins (actor)

text: Hopkins thinks that the whole concept of the “Midsomer Murders” series is based on the idea of presenting serenity in an issued society. He considers that show is crucial for almost everyone because it demonstrates how all the problems can be solved, where good wins over evil, and everyone returns to the ordinary life once all is done. John Hopkins joined the TV show when it already had vast popularity. Therefore, as he states, "a bit more pressure was on me (John Hopkins) than the other guys". Hopkins describes his character as a person who is unwelcoming towards the countryside. He prefers city life and always looks for the method to escape but never achieves it. The relationship between Sergeant Scott (John Hopkins’s role) and Detective chief inspector (DCI) Barnaby (John Nettles's role) was tense at the beginning, but eventually became smoother, despite Barnaby’s disapproval of Scott’s ways. The character Scott and the actor Hopkins have quite different attitudes towards country life.; Hopkins feels delighted about spending time in the country. “Midsomer Murders” allowed him to get to know other great British actors including Diana Quick and Steve Redgrave. While filming the show, John got a chance to participate in a movie made by his friends in Prague. His character was a man who woke up in Prague with amnesia. He said he enjoyed playing an "action hero".


title: John Hopkins (actor)

text: John Hopkins stated that he enjoys getting away on Christmas holidays to Lake District, Peak District or Wales. He and his friends climb mountains between Boxing Day and New Year’s Eve. Those days remind him of childhood. Before the trip, Hopkins visits his family. Together they eat and watch “Midsomer Murders”, and recount stories from the past. However, one Christmas he had to spend shooting for the TV show. The shooting was in an old abandoned house which was reputed to be haunted. Hopkins recalled wondering what story was behind the house and the atmosphere it created by sudden sounds and changes in temperature. Hopkins mentioned in the interview that he gained some weight during the winter episodes.


title: John Hopkins (actor)

text: John Hopkins has been nominated for several awards during his career. He received two nominations for his voice in the video game Horizon Zero Dawn (2017) for the voiceover of "Erend".


title: B – The Beginning

text: In a world powered by advanced technology, crime and action sweep through the archipelagic nation of Cremona, (inspired by the real city of Cremona in Italy, and other cities of Lombardy such as Milan). Chief among the major players is "Killer B", a vigilante serial killer who has thrown the city into chaos. The stories of the protagonist Koku; Keith, a legendary investigator of the Royal Investigation Service (RIS); and a mysterious criminal organization intertwines on the path to reach their objectives.


title: B – The Beginning

text: Koku is a demihuman with the ability to shape shift parts of his body into wings and blades, Attempting to save his childhood friend Yuna, Keith Flick is attempting to solve the murder of his sister 8 years ago. Both of them are up against the Market Maker, a hidden organization that controls the government of the island to understand the magical powers that Koku has and where they came from.


title: B – The Beginning

text: Netflix announced the series on February 24, 2016, stating that the series would air 12 episodes and debut in 190 countries around the world. It was originally titled "Perfect Bones". The title was later revealed to be "B: The Beginning". Kazuto Nakazawa directed the series and designed the characters while also serving as key animation supervisor, Yoshinobu Yamakawa also directed the series alongside Nakazawa, Katsuya Ishida wrote the scripts, and Yoshihiro Ike composed the music.


title: B – The Beginning

text: The theme song "The Perfect World" was performed by Marty Friedman in collaboration with Man with a Mission's vocalist Jean-Ken Johnny, bass guitarist KenKen, and Kōji Fujimoto. The series premiered on March 2, 2018.


title: B – The Beginning

text: Anime Limited acquired the series for home video distribution in the United Kingdom and Ireland. It was announced on May 30 in the Anime Matsuri Panel that it'll also see a North American release. Shout! Factory would co-distribute it. It was released on October 2, 2020.


title: B – The Beginning

text: During the 2018 Annecy International Animated Film Festival, Netflix announced that a second season is in production. The second season, titled "B: Succession", was released on March 18, 2021. Itsuro Kawasaki is directing the series, with Kazuto Nakazawa serving as chief director, and the rest of the staff and cast are reprising their roles.


title: Geraldine Somerville

text: Geraldine Margaret Agnew-Somerville (born 19 May 1967) is an Irish actress. She is known for her roles in the film "Gosford Park" (2001) and the "Harry Potter" film series (2001–2011). Her other roles have included "My Week with Marilyn" (2011) and "Grace of Monaco" (2014).


title: Geraldine Somerville

text: In 1995, Somerville was nominated for a BAFTA Award for playing Jane Penhaligon in the television series "Cracker" from 1993 to 1995.


title: Geraldine Somerville

text: Somerville was born in County Meath, Ireland, the daughter of Sir Quentin Charles Agnew-Somerville, 2nd Baronet, and Hon. Margaret April Irene Drummond, an antiques dealer, but was brought up on the Isle of Man. Her mother is a daughter of John Drummond, 15th Baron Strange, and sister of the late Cherry Drummond, 16th Baroness Strange.


title: Geraldine Somerville

text: She has an elder sister, Amelia Rachel (who owns and works in a restaurant with her husband in the Australian rainforest), and a younger brother, James Lockett Charles Agnew-Somerville, who worked in Hong Kong and writes poetry. Somerville attended dance classes from the age of six and, at eight, was sent to the Arts Educational School, a boarding school in Tring, Hertfordshire, where she was taught ballet, music, and drama. She left at 16, but continued her studies in London.


title: Geraldine Somerville

text: Somerville trained at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama and graduated in 1989. She did stage work and appeared on TV in episodes of "Agatha Christie's Poirot" and "Casualty" (1993) before landing the role of Penhaligon in "Cracker", which she held from the show's inception in 1993 until its demise in 1995.


title: Geraldine Somerville

text: Somerville played Lady Stockbridge in "Gosford Park" (2001) and Harry Potter's mother Lily in all the "Potter" movies. In May 2007, she played author Daphne du Maurier in the BBC TV drama "Daphne". She played a leading role as fictional Louisa, Countess of Manton in the 2012 ITV mini-series "Titanic".


title: Geraldine Somerville

text: In 2014, Somerville played Princess Antoinette of Monaco in the film "Grace of Monaco". In 2014, she played Sarah Griffin in the BBC One mini-series "Quirke".


title: National Honor Society

text: The National Honor Society (NHS) is a nationwide organization for high school students in the United States and outlying territories, which consists of many chapters in high schools. Selection is based on four criteria: scholarship (academic achievement), leadership, service, and character. The National Honor Society requires some sort of service to the community, school, or other organizations. The time spent working on these projects contributes towards the monthly service hour requirement. The National Honor Society was founded in 1921 by the National Association of Secondary School Principals. The Alpha chapter of NHS was founded at Fifth Avenue High School by Principal Edward S. Rynearson in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.


title: National Honor Society

text: National Honor Society groups are commonly active in community service activities both in the community and at the school. Many chapters maintain a requirement for participation in such service activities.


title: National Honor Society

text: In addition, NHS chapters typically elect officers, who, under the supervision of the chapter adviser, coordinate and manage the chapter as a student organization.


title: National Honor Society

text: Over one million students are estimated to participate in the National Honor Society. NHS and NJHS chapters are found in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, many U.S. territories, and Canada. They can also be found in areas of Asia; Pakistan has three schools, each maintaining an active chapter. Furthermore, they can be found in international and American schools throughout the globe.


title: National Honor Society

text: The NHS motto is "noblesse oblige" (French: "nobility obligates"). The "Dictionnaire de l'Académie française" defines it thus:


title: National Honor Society

text: Since 1946, the National Honor Society has given out more than US$15 million in scholarship awards. In the 2018-19 school year, 600 awards were to be distributed, including 1 National Winner ($25,000), 24 national finalists ($5,625 each), and 575 national semifinalists ($3,200 each).


title: Carl Clemons-Hopkins

text: Carl Clemons-Hopkins is an American actor, best known for portraying Marcus on the HBO Max comedy-drama series "Hacks" (2021–present). They were nominated for the 2021 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series for the role.


title: Carl Clemons-Hopkins

text: Clemons-Hopkins has acted in numerous stage plays. In 2014, they were nominated for a Barrymore Award for Excellence in Theater, which honors Philadelphia-area theater productions, in the category of "Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Musical" for their performance in "Little Shop of Horrors". Their performances in 2016 included "Time Is On Our Side", in which they were hailed as "immensely likable and sympathetic," and "Richard III". In September 2016, they began performing as an original cast member in the new Chicago company of "Hamilton".


title: Carl Clemons-Hopkins

text: Clemons-Hopkins began pursuing television and film opportunities after watching the 2016 film "Moonlight". After seeing the film, they wrote in their journal, "I know there will never be another Moonlight, but if there’s another opportunity like this, I want to be ready."


title: Carl Clemons-Hopkins

text: In 2021, Clemons-Hopkins began starring on the HBO Max comedy-drama series "Hacks". For the role, they received a nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series. They starred in the slasher film "Candyman", which was released on August 27, 2021. In 2022, they starred as James Baldwin opposite Crystal Dickinson as Nikki Giovanni in "Lessons in Survival: 1971" at the Vineyard Theatre. The play follows when Giovanni interviewed Baldwin on the TV show "Soul!"


title: Carl Clemons-Hopkins

text: Prior to being cast in "Hacks", Clemons-Hopkins had planned to stop acting and was actively preparing to apply for business school.


title: The Last American Virgin

text: The Last American Virgin is a 1982 American sex comedy film written and directed by Boaz Davidson. It is a remake of Davidson's 1978 Israeli film "Eskimo Limon (Lemon Popsicle)".


title: The Last American Virgin

text: After the success of the original film and its sequels in Israel, Davidson re-teamed with producers Golan-Globus to attempt to recreate the same success in the United States. Though the film's plot and characters remained largely the same, the setting was updated from 1950s Israel to then-present day suburban Los Angeles. The soundtrack, a major facet of both films, was also updated from the original's golden oldies to more contemporary new wave rock.


title: The Last American Virgin

text: The plot closely follows the original Israeli film "Eskimo Limon" ("Lemon Popsicle"), and revolves around protagonist Gary, a typical high school student and pizza delivery boy, and his friends Rick—the slick talking ladies' man—and David--obese and bumbling, but popular and confident.


title: The Last American Virgin

text: Most of the plot involves their numerous attempts to have sex, which are usually successful for Rick and David, but never for Gary. Early in the film, the three boys pick up three girls with the promise of cocaine (instead they use Sweet'n Low). They go over to Gary's house where he gets stuck with the homely and overweight Millie, a friend of the other two more attractive girls. But their party is interrupted when Gary's parents return home and pandemonium ensues.


title: The Last American Virgin

text: A love triangle develops between Gary, Rick, and Karen, a beautiful new virginal student who Rick is determined to have sex with. Gary first sees her one night at an ice cream parlor, then in the school lunchroom, and asks David to find out where she lives. The next morning, in an attempt to get closer to her, he punctures her bike tires and invites her to ride to school with him. During and after the ride, he makes multiple attempts to woo her, much to her indifference. That evening, Gary attends a party at David's house and is devastated to find Karen there, in close company with Rick. He tries to entice her away from his friend but she treats him with blank disinterest. He becomes drunk and makes a fool of himself, falling about, then creates an embarrassing scene in front of his parents' dinner guests when he goes home.


title: The Last American Virgin

text: One day Gary delivers pizza to Carmela, a glamorous Latina woman whose sailor boyfriend is never home, and she tells him she wants more than just pizza. Being too afraid to follow up on it, he goes away and convinces his friends to go along with him. She promptly copulates with Rick and David, but her boyfriend Paco returns home just as Gary is about to have his turn, prompting them to flee.


title: The Last American Virgin

text: In order to keep Rick and Karen apart, Gary and David persuade Rick to join them in patronizing a tart-tongued streetwalker known to work a busy highway corner in the neighborhood. Gary's encounter with her is awkward and unpleasant, causing him to vomit. The next day at school, all three boys realize they've contracted crab lice from the prostitute, and after trying unsuccessfully to drown them in a public swimming pool, they have to bring their problem to an amused middle-aged pharmacist.


title: The Last American Virgin

text: Eventually, after Karen and Rick have sex, she becomes pregnant, and he callously dumps her. Enraged Gary confronts Rick in the school library and a physical fight occurs, with Rick calling Gary jealous and Gary denouncing Rick as a lowlife. Gary decides to help Karen pay for an abortion by selling most of his possessions and borrowing money from his boss. After the abortion, Gary and Karen spend the remainder of the weekend alone together in Gary's grandmother's house. While nursing her back to health, Gary tells Karen that he sincerely loves her. Karen appears to reciprocate and they both share a tender kiss. Karen invites Gary to her 18th birthday party the following week. Gary scrapes up a few more dollars and buys Karen a gold locket for her birthday.


title: The Last American Virgin

text: When Gary arrives at the party, his dreams of a lasting romance with Karen are shattered when he walks in on her making out with Rick again. Despite what Rick had put Karen through, and despite Gary's devotion and support, she's rejected Gary to reunite with the slick-talking ladies' man. Gary sadly leaves the party without saying a word to either of them, taking Karen's gift with him. Tears streaming down his face, Gary drives home alone, emotionally broken and defeated.


title: The Last American Virgin

text: The Region 1 DVD was first released in 2002 by MGM Home Entertainment. The only audio option is a 2.0 stereo mix in either English or French. The film was released on Blu-ray in 2015 by Olive Films.


title: The Last American Virgin

text: The 1982 Japanese release of the soundtrack (Polydor 28MM 0206) replaced the Tommy Tutone track with The Human League's recording of "Love Action (I Believe in Love)". While "Just Once", which featured prominently over the final scene, was not included on the soundtrack album, Ingram was nominated for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance at the 1982 Grammy Awards.


title: The Last American Virgin

text: On all DVD and Blu-ray releases, at request of the band themselves, Love Action has been omitted and replaced with a repeated use of Whip It by DEVO in one scene. The original MGM VHS tape has the original song intact though.


title: The Last American Virgin

text: Responding to criticism dismissing "The Last American Virgin" as distasteful, critic Noel Murray of "The A.V. Club" commented "Really, the film's frankness makes it more honest than its dreamy-eyed descendants; even the shallow treatment of girls captures the point of view of a luckless teenage boy."


title: The Last American Virgin

text: In an essay written a quarter-century later, critic Andy Selsberg noted that, unlike the other teen sex comedies of the 1980s, "The Last American Virgin" was the only one truthful enough to have a "main character... left longing for his dream girl", whereas all the others were "acheless".


title: Olivia (singer)

text: Olivia Theresa Longott (born February 15, 1981) is an American R&B singer. She is best known for performing with the hip-hop group G-Unit and also known as a cast member on the VH1 reality television series "".


title: Olivia (singer)

text: Olivia Theresa Longott was born on February 15, 1981, in Brooklyn, New York. Longott is mixed of Indian, Jamaican, and Cuban descent. She studied music at Bayside High School, in Queens and at Five Towns College in Dix Hills, New York. She began her performing career in her teenage years.


title: Olivia (singer)

text: In 2000, Olivia became the first artist signed to Clive Davis' J Records. Her self-titled debut album "Olivia" was released in 2001 and featured the singles "Bizounce" which made #15 on the charts, and "Are U Capable". The album debuted at No. 55 on the "Billboard" 200.


title: Olivia (singer)

text: Olivia was signed to G-Unit from 2004 to 2007. Her best known song from this period is "Candy Shop" with 50 Cent. She also released the singles "So Sexy" and "Twist It" (with Lloyd Banks) on the label.


title: Olivia (singer)

text: In 2007, it was announced Olivia and G-Unit Records had parted ways. Her second studio album "Behind Closed Doors" was shelved, but leaked a year later on several mixtape websites. In 2009, Olivia did a feature for Congolese singer Fally Ipupa on his song "Chaise Électrique" which was on the top of the Congolese and African Hits. On April 12, 2011, she released her first music video for "December" the first single from her then-upcoming album, "Show the World". The song peaked at No. 76 on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs Chart, higher than her G-Unit debut single, "Twist It".


title: Olivia (singer)

text: In December 2011, she released her second single "Walk Away". During this time, she became a cast member on VH1's "Love & Hip Hop", which chronicled her career struggles as an independent artist.


title: Olivia (singer)

text: Olivia declined a record deal from label EMI and in April 2012, signed a deal with Jerry Wonda's Wonda Music. She has since released two promotional songs: "Soldier Girl" (featuring Mavado) and "Sun Don't Shine" (featuring Sean Kingston). In 2013, Olivia's song "Where Do I Go from Here?" hit iTunes at the No. 10 spot on the R&B/Soul charts.


title: Colorado Buffaloes football

text: The Colorado Buffaloes football program represents the University of Colorado Boulder in college football at the NCAA Division I FBS level. The team is a member of the Pac-12 Conference, having previously been a charter member of the Big 12 Conference. Before joining the Big 12, they were members of the Big Eight Conference. The CU football team has played at Folsom Field since 1924. The Buffs all-time record is 716–520–36 (.577 winning percentage) as of the 2022 season. Colorado claims the 1990 National Championship. The football program is 27th on the all-time win list and 40th in all-time winning percentage.


title: Colorado Buffaloes football

text: Beginning in 1890, Colorado football has enjoyed much success throughout its more than 135 years of competitive play.


title: Colorado Buffaloes football

text: The Buffaloes have appeared in numerous bowl games (28 appearances in bowl games (12–16), 36th all-time), and won 27 conference championships, 5 division championships and an AP national championship in 1990.


title: Colorado Buffaloes football

text: Folsom Field was built in 1924, and since then, Colorado has a 308–169–14 record at home through the 2016 season. The road game against the Nebraska Cornhuskers on November 24, 2006, was Colorado's 1,100th football game. The game on September 12, 2015, against Massachusetts was the school's 1,200th football game.


title: Colorado Buffaloes football

text: Colorado won the national championship in 1990 under the direction of head coach Bill McCartney, who helmed the team from 1982 to 1994. The national title was split with Georgia Tech who won the United Press International Coaches Poll, whereas Colorado won the Associated Press and Football Writers Association of America polls. The largest arguments against Colorado were that they had a loss and a tie, whereas Georgia Tech had a tie and no losses, and Colorado's "unfair" win in the Fifth Down Game against Missouri. Another major controversy was a Colorado's Orange Bowl win over Notre Dame, which Colorado won in part because of a controversial clipping call that brought back a Notre Dame touchdown. The major argument for Colorado was that they played a more difficult schedule than Georgia Tech. Colorado capped the season with a 10–9 win over Notre Dame in the Orange Bowl, a rematch of the 1989 season Orange Bowl Game which Notre Dame won 21–6. Colorado's tie came against Tennessee, who was ranked No. 8, the first week of the season when Colorado was ranked No. 5. The second week gave the Buffs a scare, scoring with 12 seconds left in the game on a 4th and Goal attempt. The next week gave Colorado its only loss of the season, losing 23–22 to Illinois and dropping Colorado to No. 20 in the polls. Colorado then went on to beat teams ranked (at the time) No. 22 Texas, No. 12 Washington, No. 22 Oklahoma, and No. 3 Nebraska. They ended the season 7–0 in the Big Eight Conference for the second straight season. They then capped the season with a win over Notre Dame who were number 1 until a loss in their second to last game of the regular season.


title: Colorado Buffaloes football

text: Colorado has won 26 conference championships in over a century of college play, spanning through five conferences.


title: Colorado Buffaloes football

text: The Buffaloes have played in 1,109 games during their 125 seasons, through 2014. In those seasons, 11 coaches have led Colorado to postseason bowl games: Bunny Oakes, Dallas Ward, Marcel M. Mazur, Bud Davis, Eddie Crowder, Bill Mallory, Bill McCartney, Rick Neuheisel, Gary Barnett, Dan Hawkins, Mike MacIntyre and Karl Dorrell. Ten coaches have won conference championships with the Buffaloes: Fred Folsom, Myron Witham, William Saunders, Oakes, Jim Yeager, Sonny Grandelius, Mallory, McCartney and Barnett. The Buffaloes won the national championship in 1990, and have won a total of 28 conference championships.


title: Colorado Buffaloes football

text: McCartney is the all-time leader in games coached with 153, total wins with 93, and conference wins with 58. Folsom had the longest tenure as head coach, remaining in the position for 15 seasons. Harry Heller and Willis Keinholtz are tied for the highest overall winning percentage. Each served a single season and won eight of his nine games for a winning percentage of .889. Of coaches who served more than one season, Folsom leads with a .765 winning percentage. Davis, in terms of overall winning percentage, is the worst coach the Buffaloes have had with a .200 winning percentage. No Colorado coach has been inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame, although McCartney was inducted into the Orange Bowl Hall of Fame in 1996.


title: Colorado Buffaloes football

text: Mike MacIntyre had brief success with the program. Hired on Dec. 10, 2012, MacIntyre compiled a 30–44 record over five-plus seasons at Colorado. In 2016, MacIntyre lead Colorado to a 10-2 regular season and a trip to the Pac-12 Championship Game. It was the first winning season for Colorado since 2005, ending a 10-year streak of finishing below .500. 2016 was also the best season for the Buffaloes since 2001. As well, it marked their first time playing in a conference championship game since the 2005 Big 12 Championship Game. The team also went 8–2 in the Pac-12 after having five conference wins in the previous five seasons. Mike MacIntyre was named the Walter Camp 2016 Coach of the Year by the Walter Camp Foundation, the second Colorado football coach to earn the honor (Bill McCartney in 1989). MacIntyre was also awarded the 2016 Pac-12 Coach of the Year, American Football Coaches Association's coach of the year and comeback coach of the year awards, the Associated Press coach of the year, and the Eddie Robinson coach of the year by the Football Writers Association of America. In 2018, the Buffaloes started out the season 5–0 with wins against rivals Colorado State, Nebraska, Arizona State, and UCLA - however, MacIntyre was fired as the head coach on November 18, 2018, after a six-game losing streak.


title: Colorado Buffaloes football

text: Mike Sanford was named interim Head Coach after Karl Dorrell was fired during the 2022 season, Sanford was previously the Buffaloes Offensive Coordinator for the start of the 2022 campaign. On December 3, Colorado announced Deion Sanders as Head Football Coach.


title: Colorado Buffaloes football

text: A traditional college football rivalry with the Nebraska Cornhuskers restarted in the 1980s (many historical documents show the importance of this game going back to 1898) when Bill McCartney declared the conference opponent to be their rival. His theory was since Nebraska was such a powerhouse team, if Colorado was able to beat them then they would be a good team. Colorado began to repeatedly threaten Nebraska in the late 1980s, following their win over the Huskers in 1986, and then surpassed the Huskers for the Big 8 crown in 1989.


title: Colorado Buffaloes football

text: In 1990, Colorado beat Nebraska 27–12 in Lincoln for the first time since 1967, en route to their first national title. From 1996 to 2000, the series was extremely competitive, with the margin of victory by NU in those five years being only 15 points combined. The rivalry was further buoyed by the introduction of the Big 12 Conference in 1996, which moved Oklahoma and Oklahoma State to the southern division with the four new schools from Texas, formerly in the Southwest Conference. Nebraska had traditionally finished the Big 8 conference schedule with a rivalry game with Oklahoma, but the two were now in different divisions, which meant they met every other year in the regular season. Colorado replaced Oklahoma as Nebraska's final conference game of the regular season, which further intensified the rivalry. In 2001 No. 1 Nebraska came to Folsom Field undefeated and left at the short end of a nationally televised 62–36 blowout. Both teams departed the Big 12 in 2011, as NU headed east to join the Big Ten and the future of the rivalry was in doubt. On February 7, 2013, Colorado and Nebraska agreed to renew the rivalry. Colorado traveled to Lincoln in 2018 and won 33–28 (winning against Nebraska for the first time since 2007 and the first time in Lincoln since 2004). On September 7, 2019, Colorado mounted an improbable comeback after being down 17–0 at half, to win the game in overtime, 34–31. After a 3-year break, Nebraska will go to Boulder in 2023 and then host CU again the next year to finish the series. Nebraska leads the series 49–20–2 through the 2019 season.


title: Colorado Buffaloes football

text: Colorado's in-state rival is the Colorado State Rams of the Mountain West Conference, located north of Boulder in Fort Collins. The two schools are separated by 45 miles (72 km) and both consider it important and noteworthy to beat the other for bragging rights for the next year. The two football teams annually compete in the Rocky Mountain Showdown for the Centennial Cup, played in Denver, Fort Collins, and Boulder. The trophy takes its name from the state of Colorado's nickname of "The Centennial State". Colorado leads the series 67–22–2 through the 2019 season.


title: Colorado Buffaloes football

text: The rivalry with Utah ran from 1903 to 1962, in which Utah and Colorado played each other nearly every year; through 1962 they had met 57 times. At the time, it was the second-most played rivalry for both teams (Utah had played Utah State 62 times; Colorado had played Colorado State 61 times). The rivalry was dormant until 2011, when both teams joined the Pac-12, renewing the rivalry on an annual basis. The Colorado–Utah rivalry remains the fifth-most played rivalry in Utah's history, and eighth-most in Colorado's history. Utah leads the series 34-32-3 through the 2022 season.


title: Colorado Buffaloes football

text: Others beyond 2030: vs. Missouri, Aug. 30, 2031; at SMU, Sept. 6, 2031; vs. North Texas, Sept. 4, 2032; at North Texas, Sept. 3, 2033; vs. Colorado State, Sept. 17, 2033; at Colorado State, Sept. 16, 2034; at Oklahoma State, Sept. 13, 2036; vs. Oklahoma State, Sept. 12, 2037; vs. Colorado State, Sept. 19, 2037; at Colorado State, Sept. 18, 2038.


title: John I of Portugal

text: John I ( ]; 11 April 1357 – 14 August 1433), also called John of Aviz, was King of Portugal from 1385 until his death in 1433. He is recognized chiefly for his role in Portugal's victory in a succession war with Castile, preserving his country's independence and establishing the Aviz (or Joanine) dynasty on the Portuguese throne. His long reign of 48 years, the most extensive of all Portuguese monarchs, saw the beginning of Portugal's overseas expansion. John's well-remembered reign in his country earned him the epithet of Fond Memory ("de Boa Memória"); he was also referred to as "the Good" ("o Bom"), sometimes "the Great" ("o Grande"), and more rarely, especially in Spain, as "the Bastard" ("Bastardo").


title: John I of Portugal

text: John was born in Lisbon as the natural son of King Peter I of Portugal by a woman named Teresa, who, according to the royal chronicler Fernão Lopes in the Chronicle of the King D. Pedro I, was a noble Galician. In the 18th century, António Caetano de Sousa found a 16th-century document in the archives of the Torre do Tombo in which she was named as Teresa Lourenço. In 1364, by request of Nuno Freire de Andrade, a Galician Grand Master of the Order of Christ, he was created Grand Master of the Order of Aviz.


title: John I of Portugal

text: On the death without a male heir of his half-brother, King Ferdinand I, in October 1383, strenuous efforts were made to secure the succession for Beatrice, Ferdinand's only daughter. As heir presumptive, Beatrice had married king John I of Castile, but popular sentiment was against an arrangement in which Portugal would have been virtually annexed by Castile. The 1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum followed, a period of political anarchy, when no monarch ruled the country.


title: John I of Portugal

text: On 6 April 1385, the Council of the Kingdom (the Portuguese Cortes) met in Coimbra and declared John, then Master of Aviz, to be king of Portugal. This was followed by the liberation of almost all of the Minho in the course of two months as part of a war against Castile in opposition to its claims to the Portuguese throne. Soon after, the king of Castile again invaded Portugal with the purpose of conquering Lisbon and removing John I from the throne. John I of Castile was accompanied by French allied cavalry while English troops and generals took the side of John of Aviz (see Hundred Years' War). John and Nuno Álvares Pereira, his constable and talented supporter, repelled the attack in the decisive Battle of Aljubarrota on 14 August 1385. John I of Castile then retreated. The Castilian forces abandoned Santarém, Torres Vedras and Torres Novas, and many other towns were delivered to John I by Portuguese nobles from the Castilian side. As a result, the stability of the Portuguese throne was permanently secured.


title: John I of Portugal

text: On 14 February 1387, John I married Philippa of Lancaster, daughter of John of Gaunt, who had proved to be a worthy ally. The marriage consolidated an Anglo-Portuguese Alliance that endures to the present day.


title: John I of Portugal

text: John I of Castile died in 1390 without issue from his wife Beatrice, which meant that a competing legitimate bloodline with a claim to the throne of Portugal died out. John I of Portugal was then able to rule in peace and concentrate on the economic development and territorial expansion of his realm. The most significant military actions were the siege and conquest of the city of Ceuta by Portugal in 1415, and the successful defence of Ceuta from a Moroccan counterattack in 1419. These measure were intended to help seize control of navigation off the African coast and trade routes from the interior of Africa.


title: John I of Portugal

text: The raids and attacks of the Reconquista in the Iberian Peninsula created captives on both sides who were either ransomed or sold as slaves. The Portuguese crown extended this practice to North Africa. After the attack on Ceuta, the king sought papal recognition of the military action as a Crusade. Such a ruling would have enabled those captured to be legitimately sold as slaves. In response to John's request, Pope Martin V issued the Papal bull "Sane charissimus" of 4 April 1418, which confirmed to the king all of the lands he might win from the Moors. Under the auspices of Prince Henry the Navigator, voyages were organized to explore the African coast. These led to the discovery of the uninhabited islands of Madeira in 1417 and the Azores in 1427; all were claimed by the Portuguese crown.


title: John I of Portugal

text: Contemporaneous writers describe John as a man of wit who was very keen on concentrating power on himself, but at the same time possessed a benevolent and kind demeanor. His youthful education as master of a religious order made him an unusually learned king for the Middle Ages. His love for knowledge and culture was passed on to his sons, who are often referred to collectively by Portuguese historians as the "illustrious generation" ("Ínclita Geração"): Edward, the future king, was a poet and a writer; Peter, the Duke of Coimbra, was one of the most learned princes of his time; and Prince Henry the Navigator, the duke of Viseu, invested heavily in science and the development of nautical pursuits. In 1430, John's only surviving daughter, Isabella, married Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, and enjoyed an extremely refined court culture in his lands; she was the mother of Charles the Bold.


title: John I of Portugal

text: On 2 February 1387, John I married Philippa of Lancaster, daughter of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, in Porto. From that marriage were born several famous princes and princesses of Portugal "(infantes)" that became known as the "illustrious generation".


title: Frappé coffee

text: A frappé coffee, Greek frappé, Nescafé frappé, or just frappé (, , ) is a Greek iced coffee drink made from instant coffee (generally, spray-dried Nescafé), water, sugar, and milk. The word is often written frappe (without an accent). The frappé was invented through experimentation by Dimitris Vakondios, a Nescafe representative, in 1957 in Thessaloniki. Frappés are among the most popular forms of coffee in Greece and Cyprus and have become a hallmark of postwar outdoor Greek coffee culture.


title: Frappé coffee

text: The name "frappé" comes from French, where it describes drinks chilled with ice. Beginning in the 19th century, a variety of cold coffee drinks named are documented, some similar to slushes, others more like iced coffee.


title: Frappé coffee

text: The Greek version of , using instant coffee, was invented in 1957 at the Thessaloniki International Fair. A representative of the Nestlé company, Giannis Dritsas, was exhibiting a new product for children, a chocolate beverage produced instantly by mixing it with milk and shaking it in a shaker. Dritsas' employee Dimitris Vakondios was looking for a way to have his usual instant coffee during his break but could not find any hot water, so, he mixed the coffee with cold water and ice cubes in a shaker.


title: Frappé coffee

text: This improvised experiment established the frappé which quickly grew in popularity in Greece. Nestlé capitalized on the drink with intense marketing campaigns in the 1980s that broadened the drink's popularity and left the brand name Nescafé inextricably linked with the frappé. While today the drink is usually simply called a 'frappé' in Greece, in the past it was often called a 'Nescafé frappé'.


title: Frappé coffee

text: A frappé can be made with a cocktail shaker or, more commonly today, with an electric milk frother or milkshake machine. First, instant coffee (traditionally Nescafe), sugar (optionally), and a little water are shaken or blended together until a thick foam is made. This is poured into the serving glass and ice cubes, cold water, and, optionally, milk (traditionally evaporated milk) are added to it. The drink is almost always served with a drinking straw, as the thick foam which forms on top is considered unpleasantly bitter by many.


title: Frappé coffee

text: The spray-dried instant coffee used to make a frappé contains nearly no oil; this allows the frappé's characteristically thick layer of foam to form. Frappé foam is similar to "crema", the foam found in espresso, but thicker and longer lasting due to its oilless composition. It is a three-phase colloid of air bubbles, coffee solids, and water. Depending on the initial size of the foam's bubbles, and the frappé's sugar content, water drains from the foam over the course of 2–10 minutes, thickening until it forms a nearly solid foam, which then slowly dissipates. Frappés made with freshly brewed coffee or freeze-dried instant coffee, both of which contain significantly more oils than spray-dried instant coffee, produce only short lived foams. Even the way in which the frappé is prepared can impact the bubbles on top of the coffee. For example, making a frappé by using a handheld shaker produces finer, longer lasting, and more stable bubbles.


title: Frappé coffee

text: In Greece, a frappé is generally ordered by specifying sweetness, and the inclusion of milk if desired. The usual sweetness levels are, for 2 spoonfuls of instant coffee:


title: Frappé coffee

text: Milk, usually evaporated milk, is generally not added unless explicitly requested with the phrase ( 'with milk'); it can be explicitly requested without milk ( , 'without milk').


title: Frappé coffee

text: A frappé with milk is occasionally called ( 'frappé-milk'). Sometimes, particularly in Cyprus, frappés are made with milk instead of water (besides the water used in the foam). At some establishments, particularly beach bars, alcoholic liqueurs such as Kahlúa or Baileys Irish Cream are added to frappés; other restaurants have the option of adding a ball of vanilla ice cream to a frappé instead of milk. Though not technically frappés (since they are not shaken) some variations are stirred with a spoon when a shaker is not available, creating a different texture and taste. These variations are generally referred to as ( , ) or ( , ) because of their association with sailors at sea.


title: Frappé coffee

text: The freddo espresso is a Greek iced espresso which was first made in Athens in 1991 and has grown in popularity since. It is often seen as a "higher quality frappé". The freddo cappuccino is a freddo espresso topped with a cold milk-based foam called ().


title: Frappé coffee

text: Although frappés are commonly associated with Greece, in recent years their popularity has grown in other nations. Frappés first became broadly known outside of Greece as a result of the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, during which many tourists became fond of them and an article in the "Los Angeles Times" was published about them. Immigrants and tourists in Greece have also helped to take the frappé abroad. Today, local variations of the frappé have become popular in places like Bulgaria, where Coca-Cola is sometimes used instead of water (possibly inspired by Coca-Cola Blāk); Denmark, where milk is used instead of water; and Serbia where frappés (also called , "cold instant coffee") are made with ice cream and whipped cream on top. Other Balkan countries have similar variations to the Greek version, such as Albania. The Albanian version is usually made with water or a milk/water mix and a more bitter coffee.


title: Cromwell (film)

text: Cromwell is a 1970 British historical drama film written and directed by Ken Hughes. It is based on the life of Oliver Cromwell, who rose to lead the Parliamentary forces during the later parts of the English Civil War and, as Lord Protector, ruled Great Britain and Ireland in the 1650s. It features an ensemble cast, led by Richard Harris as Cromwell and Alec Guinness as King Charles I, with Robert Morley as Edward Montagu, 2nd Earl of Manchester and Timothy Dalton as Prince Rupert of the Rhine.


title: Cromwell (film)

text: The film received two Oscar nominations during the 43rd Academy Awards held in 1971, winning one for Best Costume Design by Vittorio Nino Novarese, but losing another for Best Original Score, composed by Frank Cordell which echoed Walton (battle scenes) and Copland (everything else). It was also nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Costume Design and a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score. At the 7th Moscow International Film Festival in 1971 it won the award for Best Actor (Richard Harris), and was nominated for the Golden Prize as Best Picture (Ken Hughes). The film received negative reviews for its many historical inaccuracies; however, much praise went to the acting (particularly Harris and Guinness), the score, and the costume design.


title: Cromwell (film)

text: Oliver Cromwell is a devout Puritan, a country squire, magistrate and former Member of Parliament. King Charles I's policies, including the enclosing of common land for the use of wealthy landowners and the introduction of "Romish" rituals into the Church of England, have become increasingly grating to many, including Cromwell. In fact, Charles regards himself as a devout Anglican, though permitting his French Queen to practise Roman Catholicism in private and forbidding her to bring up the young Prince of Wales in that faith. Cromwell plans to take his family to the New World, but, on the eve of their departure, he is persuaded to stay and resume a role in politics.


title: Cromwell (film)

text: Charles has unenthusiastically summoned Parliament for the first time in twelve years, as he needs money to fight wars against both the Scots and the Irish. Although to appease the Commons he agrees to execute his belligerent adviser, the Earl of Strafford, Parliament will still not grant his requests unless he agrees to reforms that could lead to a constitutional monarchy. Committed to belief in the divine right of kings, and under pressure from his queen to stand firm, Charles refuses. When he enters the parliamentary chamber with an armed guard and attempts to arrest five members of Parliament [of which in reality Cromwell was not one], war breaks out in England, with those who side with Parliament arming against the King's supporters, both parties convinced that God is on their side.


title: Cromwell (film)

text: When the Parliamentary forces in which Cromwell is a cavalry officer prove ineffective at the Battle of Edgehill, he, along with Sir Thomas Fairfax, sets up the New Model Army that eventually turns the tide against the king’s forces. The army's discipline and training secure victory at the Battle of Naseby against superior numbers and Cromwell's cavalry proves to be the deciding factor, though one of his sons is killed in battle. The king is eventually encircled in his headquarters at Oxford and has his fervent supporter and nephew, Prince Rupert of the Rhine, banished after he fails to hold the port of Bristol. He is finally defeated in a second conflict after attempting to negotiate for help from Catholic nations with the help of the queen and his eldest son, who are sent abroad for this purpose.


title: Cromwell (film)

text: Cromwell later hears from Sir Edward Hyde, the king's once-loyal adviser, of Charles’ secret plans to raise a wholly Catholic army to support him, obstinately refusing to give in to the demands of Cromwell and his associates for a system of government in which Parliament will have as much say in the running of the country as the king. Cromwell therefore uses Parliament to have Charles tried for treason. At the resulting trial, which takes place in the Parliament building, the king refuses to recognise any authority higher than his own, but is found guilty and sentenced to death. After a farewell to his younger children, he faces execution bravely and even his most ardent critics are moved by his dignity and the fact that he has forgiven his captors. There is little celebration or satisfaction over his death, even on Cromwell's part.


title: Cromwell (film)

text: In fact Cromwell has retired moodily to his estate and reacts with anger to a request from his radical colleague Henry Ireton to become king himself. However, Parliament soon proves self-serving in governing the country until, like the late king, Cromwell is forced to undertake a coup d'etat. But where Charles failed, Cromwell succeeds: his troops remove the MPs from the House of Commons, leaving Cromwell sitting symbolically alone in the Chamber as virtual dictator, where he outlines to the viewer his vision for The Protectorate. The film ends with a voice-over stating that Cromwell served very successfully for five years as Lord Protector before Charles I's son returned as king of an England "never to be the same again".


title: Cromwell (film)

text: In 1960, Hughes read John Buchan's biography, "Oliver Cromwell" and more books before touring England and researching from historic sites to museums and archives. In September 1960, Warwick purchased the screen rights to Buchan's book and Hughes was announced as writer and director. During the next few years, it was reported Peter Finch and Tony Hancock were under consideration for the title role before Richard Harris was finally cast in 1968.


title: Cromwell (film)

text: Hughes originally wrote the script in 1961. Richard Harris liked it and wanted to star but financiers did not consider him a big enough star at the time to finance the film. They wanted Charlton Heston but Hughes did not think he was appropriate. (Heston wrote in his diaries on 2 November 1961 that he turned down "Warwick's "Cromwell" script.")


title: Cromwell (film)

text: In April 1967, Irving Allen announced that John Briley had rewritten Ken Hughes' script and that Peter Hall was going to direct. Allen hoped to get Paul Scofield to play Charles I and Albert Finney to play Cromwell. Columbia were going to finance with filming to take place the following year. Hughes had tried to get Richard Burton to read the script but Burton was not interested. Hughes later said he almost succeeded in making the film in 1968 but finance fell through at the last minute.


title: Cromwell (film)

text: In February 1969, it was announced Hughes would write and direct for Irving Allen. In April, it was reported Ronald Harwood was working on the script with Ken Hughes. Hughes eventually succeeded in raising the money from Columbia in the US. After $600,000 had been spent they were tempted to pull out but changed their mind. The budget started at $6 million and grew to $9 million.


title: Cromwell (film)

text: Most of the film was shot in England, and London's Parliament Square was constructed at Shepperton Studios, but the battle scenes were shot in Spain. The original cut went for three hours fifteen minutes but Hughes cut it down to two hours twenty four minutes. "I think it's the best thing I've ever done," said Hughes in 1970.


title: Cromwell (film)

text: Although publicity for the film boasted that it had been made "after ten years of research", the film has been criticised for its historical inaccuracies. In its defence, George MacDonald Fraser has written, "Inevitably there are historical queries all the way through, as there are bound to be in a picture which takes its subject seriously and tries to cover so much in less than two and a half hours. The main thrust of "Cromwell" is true, it gets a great deal of history, and the sense of history, right". Costumes, locations (e.g. the layout of the House of Commons) and the appearance of actors were generally accurate but as in many historical films – as much as for practical film making purposes as anything else – liberties were taken with the course of events.


title: Cromwell (film)

text: "Cromwell" was released in 2017 on Blu-ray in Germany and 2020 in France. Still not released on Blu-ray in the USA, UK or other English speaking countries, but available digitally on online platforms, e.g. Amazon and iTunes.


title: Cromwell (film)

text: The film was generally received unfavourably, with criticism of the historical inaccuracies; however the performances of its two leads, production values and score were praised.


title: Cromwell (film)

text: "FilmInk" said the film "does have some good things about it: Alec Guinness is superb as Charles I, and the production design is amazing. But it’s dull. So dull. Every time Richard Harris walks on screen he looks as though he’s about to give a speech and he does."


title: John Byrne (comics)

text: John Lindley Byrne (; born July 6, 1950) is a British-born American writer and artist of superhero comics. Since the mid-1970s, Byrne has worked on many major superheroes; with noted work on Marvel Comics' "X-Men", "She-Hulk" and "Fantastic Four". Byrne also facilitated the 1986 relaunch of DC Comics' "Superman" franchise, the first issue of which featured comics' first variant cover. Coming into the comics profession as penciller, inker, letterer and writer on his earliest work, Byrne began co-plotting the "X-Men" comics during his tenure on them, and launched his writing career in earnest with "Fantastic Four" (where he also served as penciler and inker). During the 1990s he produced a number of creator-owned works, including "Next Men" and "Danger Unlimited". He scripted the first issues of Mike Mignola's "Hellboy" series and produced a number of "Star Trek comics" for IDW Publishing. In 2015, Byrne and his X-Men collaborator Chris Claremont were entered into the Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame.


title: John Byrne (comics)

text: He is the co-creator of such Marvel characters as Kitty Pryde/Shadowcat, Emma Frost, Sabretooth, Shadow King, Scott Lang, Bishop, Omega Red, and Rachel Summers, as well as the Canadian superhero team Alpha Flight.


title: John Byrne (comics)

text: Byrne was born in Walsall, Staffordshire, and raised in West Bromwich, also in Staffordshire, where he lived with his parents, Frank and Nelsie, and his maternal grandmother. While living there, prior to his family emigrating to Canada when Byrne was 8, he was first exposed to comics, saying in 2005,


title: John Byrne (comics)

text: His first encounter with Marvel Comics was in 1962 with Stan Lee and Jack Kirby's "Fantastic Four" #5. He later commented that "the book had an 'edge' like nothing DC was putting out at the time". Jack Kirby's work in particular had a strong influence on Byrne and he has worked with many of the characters Kirby created or co-created. Besides Kirby, Byrne was influenced by the naturalistic style of Neal Adams.


title: John Byrne (comics)

text: In 1970, Byrne enrolled at the Alberta College of Art and Design in Calgary. He created the superhero parody "Gay Guy" for the college newspaper, which poked fun at the campus stereotype of homosexuality among art students. "Gay Guy" is notable for featuring a prototype of the Alpha Flight character Snowbird. While there, he published his first comic book, "ACA Comix" #1, featuring "The Death's Head Knight".


title: John Byrne (comics)

text: Byrne left the college in 1973 without graduating. He broke into comics with a "Fan Art Gallery" piece in Marvel's promotional publication "FOOM" in early 1974 and by illustrating a two-page story by writer Al Hewetson in Skywald Publications' black-and-white horror magazine "Nightmare" #20 (Aug. 1974). He then began freelancing for Charlton Comics, making his color-comics debut with the "E-Man" backup feature "Rog-2000", starring a robot character he'd created in the mid-1970s that colleagues Roger Stern and Bob Layton named and began using for spot illustrations in their fanzine "CPL" ("Contemporary Pictorial Literature"). A Rog-2000 story written by Stern, with art by Byrne and Layton, had gotten the attention of Charlton Comics editor Nicola Cuti, who extended Byrne an invitation. Written by Cuti, "Rog-2000" became one of several alternating backup features in the Charlton Comics superhero series "E-Man", starting with the eight-page "That Was No Lady" in issue #6 (Jan. 1975). While that was Byrne's first published color-comics work, "My first professional comic book sale was to Marvel, a short story called Dark Asylum' ... which languished in a flat file somewhere until it was used as filler in "Giant-Size Dracula" #5 [(June 1975)], long after the first Rog story." The story was plotted by Tony Isabella and written by David Anthony Kraft.


title: John Byrne (comics)

text: After the Rog-2000 story, Byrne went on to work on the Charlton books "Wheelie and the Chopper Bunch", "", and "Emergency!", and co-created with writer Joe Gill the post-apocalyptic science-fiction series "Doomsday + 1". Byrne additionally drew a cover for the supernatural anthology "The Many Ghosts of Doctor Graves" #54 (Dec. 1975).


title: John Byrne (comics)

text: Byrne joined Claremont beginning with "X-Men" #108 (Dec. 1977), which was later renamed The Uncanny X-men with issue #114. Their work together, along with inker Terry Austin, on such classic story arcs as "Proteus", "Dark Phoenix Saga", and "Days of Future Past" would make them both fan favorites. Byrne insisted that the title keep its Canadian character, Wolverine, and contributed a series of story elements to justify Wolverine's presence which eventually made the character among the most popular in Marvel's publishing history. With issue #114, Byrne began co-plotting the series as well as penciling. Claremont recounted that "at that point in time John and I were, in a very real sense, true collaborators on the book. It was with very few exceptions, difficult, for me, anyway, to tell in the actual gestation of the book where one of us left off and the other began – because it involved one of us coming up with an idea and bouncing it off the other ..." The "Dark Phoenix Saga" in 1980 is one of the most notable stories in the title's history. Comics writers and historians Roy Thomas and Peter Sanderson observed that "'The Dark Phoenix Saga' is to Claremont and Byrne what the 'Galactus Trilogy' is to Stan Lee and Jack Kirby. It is a landmark in Marvel history, showcasing its creators' work at the height of their abilities." Byrne has repeatedly compared his working relationship with Claremont to Gilbert and Sullivan, and has said that they were "almost constantly at war over who the characters were." Byrne created the characters Alpha Flight, Proteus, and Kitty Pryde/Shadowcat during his run on "The X-Men". A new Brotherhood of Evil Mutants, led by Mystique, was introduced in the "Days of Future Past" storyline (#141–142, Jan.-Feb. 1981) in which a time-travelling Kitty Pryde tried to avert a dystopian future caused by the Brotherhood assassinating Presidential candidate Senator Robert Kelly. Byrne plotted the story wanting to depict the Sentinels as a genuine threat to the existence of the mutant race. Byrne left "The X-Men" with #143 (March 1981). During his tenure on the series, "The X-Men" was promoted from a bimonthly to a monthly publication schedule as sales steadily increased—a trend that continued long after Byrne left.


title: John Byrne (comics)

text: In the late 1970s, while serving as the regular penciller of "X-Men", Byrne began penciling another superhero team title, "The Avengers". Working for the most part with writer David Michelinie, he drew issues #164–166 and 181–191. Byrne and Michelinie co-created Scott Lang in "Avengers" #181 (March 1979). Byrne's nine-issue run of "Captain America", issues #247–255 (July 1980 – March 1981), with writer Roger Stern, included issue #250, in which the character mulled running for the office of President of the United States.


title: John Byrne (comics)

text: Byrne's post-"X-Men" body of work at Marvel includes his six-year run on "Fantastic Four" (#232–295, July 1981 – October 1986), which is generally considered a "second golden age" for the title. Byrne said his goal was to "turn the clock back ... get back and see fresh what it was that made the book great at its inception". He made a number of changes during his tenure: The Thing was temporarily replaced as a member of the quartet by the She-Hulk, while the Thing had adventures in his own comic (#1 – 22 also written by Byrne), and the Thing's longtime girlfriend Alicia Masters left him for his teammate the Human Torch; the Invisible Girl was developed into the most powerful member with her heightened control of her refined powers and the self-confident assertiveness to use it epitomized by her name change to the Invisible Woman; and headquarters the Baxter Building was destroyed and replaced with Four Freedoms Plaza. Byrne has cited multiple reasons for leaving the series, including "internal office politics" and that "it simply started to get old".


title: John Byrne (comics)

text: In 1983, while still at the helm of "Fantastic Four", Byrne began to write and draw "Alpha Flight", starring a Canadian superhero team that had been introduced "merely to survive a fight with the X-Men." Though the series proved initially very popular, with its first issue selling 500,000 copies, Byrne has said the title "was never much fun" and that he considered the characters two-dimensional. One of Alpha Flight's characters, Northstar, eventually became Marvel's first openly gay superhero. Though Byrne from the beginning intended the character to be gay, Northstar's homosexuality was only hinted at during Byrne's tenure on the series.


title: John Byrne (comics)

text: In 1983 Byrne also co-wrote and penciled issues 1 and 2 of "The Further Adventures of Indiana Jones," a two part story arc titled "The Ikons of Ikammanen".


title: John Byrne (comics)

text: In 1985, after issue #28 of "Alpha Flight", Byrne swapped series with Bill Mantlo, writer of "The Incredible Hulk". According to Byrne, he discussed his ideas with editor-in-chief Jim Shooter ahead of time, but once Byrne was on the title, Shooter objected to them. Byrne wrote and drew issues #314–319. The final issue of Byrne's run featured the wedding of Bruce Banner and Betty Ross.


title: John Byrne (comics)

text: In early 1980, Byrne did his first work for DC Comics, penciling the first issue of "The Untold Legend of the Batman" miniseries. Byrne had always wanted to draw "Batman", and had a three-month window of time during which he was not under contract to Marvel. Hearing about the "Untold Legend" series, Byrne contacted editor Paul Levitz to express interest. DC took him up on his offer, but it was not until the second month of his three-month window that Byrne received the plot for the first issue. Byrne told Levitz that he would not be able to finish the project due to time constraints despite DC then allegedly offering Byrne double his Marvel pay rate, after initially saying they could not match his Marvel rate. Byrne penciled the first issue, which was inked by Jim Aparo after being intended for Terry Austin. This experience soured Byrne on DC for quite some time.


title: John Byrne (comics)

text: Near the end of his time at Marvel, Byrne was hired by DC Comics to revamp its flagship character Superman. This was part of a company-wide restructuring of the history of the DC Universe and all of its characters following the limited series "Crisis on Infinite Earths". Byrne's reworking of Superman in particular gained widespread media coverage outside the comic book industry, including articles in "Time" and "The New York Times".


title: John Byrne (comics)

text: At the time, Byrne said, "I'm taking Superman back to the basics ... It's basically Siegel and Shuster's Superman meets the Fleischer Superman in 1986."


title: John Byrne (comics)

text: Byrne significantly reduced Superman's powers (though he was still one of the most powerful beings on Earth), eliminated the Fortress of Solitude and super-dog Krypto, and kept Jonathan and Martha Kent alive into Clark's adulthood to enjoy their adopted son's triumphs, as well as to provide him with support, grounding, and advice whenever he needed it. Byrne also used Marv Wolfman's idea of making Lex Luthor a wealthy business owner in addition to a scientific genius with a deadly vendetta against the superhero. Byrne did away with the childhood/teenage career as Superboy; in his revamped history, Clark Kent does not put on a costume and become a super-hero until adulthood. This approach to Kent's path to becoming Superman was later used in the TV series


title: John Byrne (comics)

text: In the Superman mythos, Byrne wrote Clark Kent as having a more aggressive and extroverted personality than previously depicted, even making him a top high-school football player. Byrne came up with explanations for how Superman's disguise works, such as the public simply does not realize that he has a secret identity since he is unmasked, that Superman would vibrate his face via his super speed in order to blur his image to photographers, and having Kent keep a weight training set around to explain how the human and presumably weaker Kent could have a frame as massive as Superman's. Byrne's Superman felt that his deepest roots were on Earth, and that his home planet of "Krypton is anathema to him".


title: John Byrne (comics)

text: The origin and early career of Byrne's version of Superman debuted in the six-issue miniseries "The Man of Steel" (July–Sept. 1986), the first issue of which was marketed with two different covers illustrated by Byrne, the first use of variant covers by the American comics industry.


title: John Byrne (comics)

text: Byrne penciled the six-issue DC Universe crossover miniseries "Legends" (Nov. 1986 – May 1987) during this time. He wrote and drew two monthly Superman titles with the hero's present-day adventures: a new "Superman" title beginning with issue #1 (January 1987) and "Action Comics", in which, beginning with issue #584, Superman teamed up with other DC characters. The original "Superman" book was renamed "The Adventures of Superman" starting with issue #424 and was initially written by Marv Wolfman and drawn by Jerry Ordway, but the writing chores were taken over by Byrne after a year from issues #436–442 and 444. As 1988 marked the 50th anniversary year of Superman's creation, Byrne did more Superman-related projects while working on the core Superman monthly titles at the same time: he wrote the prestige format graphic novel, "Superman: The Earth Stealers" and three separate four-issue miniseries: "The World of Krypton", "The World of Metropolis", and "The World of Smallville". He supplied the cover art for the March 14, 1988, issue of "Time" magazine and an interior spread featuring Superman, where his pencils were inked by Ordway.


title: John Byrne (comics)

text: After his initial run on the Superman titles from 1986 to 1988, Byrne would make a return as a guest inker on "Adventures of Superman Annual" #2 (cover) and "Superman" #50 in 1990. He would return doing a Superman Elseworlds story as writer & artist in "Action Comics" Annual #6 in 1994. In 2004 "", an Elseworlds story, was a collaboration with former Monty Python member John Cleese and Kim Johnson, with art by Byrne and inker Mark Farmer. Byrne returned to draw Superman in "Action Comics" #827–835, working with writer Gail Simone, from 2005 to 2006.


title: John Byrne (comics)

text: Byrne spent about two years on the Superman titles before leaving. His dissatisfaction stemmed from his perception that there was a lack of "conscious support" for him at DC. Furthering the rift between the company and the artist was the fact that the version of Superman which DC licensed for merchandising was contrary to Byrne's representation in the comic books.


title: John Byrne (comics)

text: In 1986, Marvel began publication of a new line of superhero titles created by then-Editor-in-Chief Jim Shooter, which took place in a continuum removed from the Marvel Universe proper, called the New Universe. In 1987, the New Universe line saw a revamp under new Editor-in-Chief Tom DeFalco, and Byrne took over writing and art-breakdowns on the line's flagship title, "Star Brand" (renamed "The Star Brand" during Byrne's term on the book). Byrne's run started with issue #11 and continued until the series' cancellation eight issues later upon Marvel's discontinuation of the New Universe line.


title: John Byrne (comics)

text: In 1989, after leaving "Superman", Byrne returned to work on a number of titles for Marvel Comics. His work on "West Coast Avengers" (issues #42–57, soon renamed "Avengers West Coast") was contingent on his being allowed to do what he called "my Vision story". The Vision was a long-standing Marvel superhero and member of The Avengers, an android originally created by the villain Ultron constructed with the body of the original Human Torch. The Vision went on to join the team, marry his teammate the Scarlet Witch, and father two children by her. Byrne radically changed this, revealing that Immortus - who precedently revealed to the Avengers the synthezoid's origin - lied about the Vision's creation. The android Human Torch was found and joined the WCA. The Vision was disassembled and stripped of his emotions. The couple's twins were revealed to be pieces of the soul of the demon Mephisto. In addition to these changes, Byrne's run is remembered for the introduction of the Great Lakes Avengers, an eclectic group of new superheroes.


title: John Byrne (comics)

text: During She-Hulk's tenure with the Fantastic Four, she appeared in "Marvel Graphic Novel" #18 (Nov. 1985) in a story titled "The Sensational She-Hulk", which Byrne wrote and illustrated.


title: John Byrne (comics)

text: On the request of editor Mark Gruenwald, Byrne wrote and drew a new series in 1989, "The Sensational She-Hulk" (maintaining the 1985 graphic novel's title). Gruenwald directed that it be significantly different from the character's previous series, "The Savage She-Hulk". Byrne's take was comedic and the She-Hulk, who was aware she was in a comic book, regularly broke the fourth wall, developing a love-hate relationship with her artist/writer by criticizing his storylines, drawing style, character development, etc. Byrne left the book after writing and drawing the first eight issues. Byrne was asked for input on writer Dwayne McDuffie's "She-Hulk: Ceremony" limited series, and according to Byrne, most of his objections to the story and notations of errors were ignored, and his editor, Bobbie Chase, "was rewriting my stuff to bring it into line with" the story in "Ceremony". Upon complaining to DeFalco, Byrne says he was fired from his series. He later returned to write and draw issues #31–50 under new editor Renée Witterstaetter.


title: John Byrne (comics)

text: Byrne started a new series, "Namor, the Sub-Mariner" in April 1990. Byrne's take on the undersea antihero Namor cast him as the head of a surface company, Oracle, Inc., in order to help keep the ocean unpolluted, and had Namor involved in corporate intrigue. After writing and drawing the book for 25 issues, Byrne told editor Terry Kavanagh that he was starting to feel constrained on the book and thought having a different artist might inspire him to a fresh approach. Kavanagh suggested newcomer Jae Lee, and Byrne continued as strictly writer of the book up through issue #32. Byrne later said he has great fondness for the title character and was unhappy that circumstances forced him to leave the series.


title: John Byrne (comics)

text: Byrne took over writing "Iron Man" for issues #258–277 (July 1990-Feb. 1992), drawn by John Romita Jr. and later by Paul Ryan. Byrne launched a second "Armor Wars" story arc, restored the Mandarin as a major Iron Man nemesis, and featured the 1950s "pre-superhero Marvel" monster Fin Fang Foom. During the course of his run, Byrne became the first writer to retcon Iron Man's origin, removing explicit ties to the Vietnam War (while maintaining a Southeast Asia setting), and linking Wong-Chu, the man who captured Tony Stark, to the Mandarin.


title: John Byrne (comics)

text: In the early 1990s, Byrne began creating a series of original, creator-owned works for publisher Dark Horse Comics. This was during a general trend in the industry for established creators working for Marvel and DC to bring their original works to other publishers or create their own companies to publish the works themselves (one prominent example is Image Comics). A number of these creators, including Byrne, Frank Miller, Mike Mignola, and Art Adams, banded together to form the Legend imprint at Dark Horse.


title: John Byrne (comics)

text: Byrne's first title for Dark Horse was "Next Men", a work he considered darker and more realistic than his previous work. The Next Men were five young people who were the product of a secret government experiment. Byrne said, "I thought I would see what I could do with superheroes in the 'real world' " and "[e]xplore the impact their existence would have." Byrne's other Dark Horse titles were "Babe", and "Danger Unlimited", an all-age readers book about a team of heroes in the future fighting an alien occupation of Earth.


title: John Byrne (comics)

text: The "Next Men" lasted until issue 30 in 1994, when Byrne ended the series, intending to return "in no more than six months." Byrne says he "did not count on...the virtual collapse of the whole comic book industry, which seemed to occur at just the time I put "Next Men" on the shelf...In the present, very depressed marketplace, I don't feel "Next Men" would have much chance, so I leave the book hibernating until such time as the market improves."


title: John Byrne (comics)

text: IDW Publishing revived "John Byrne's Next Men" in 2010 following a series of trade paperbacks that collected the first series. The original storyline that had a cliffhanger ending in 1995 was continued.


title: John Byrne (comics)

text: In later years, Byrne has worked on titles for Marvel, DC, and other publishers, including the 1992 prestige format graphic novel "Green Lantern: Ganthet's Tale" with science fiction author Larry Niven at DC. In 1989, Byrne wrote "Batman" #433–435 (May–July 1989) and in the following year produced a 3-D graphic novel with 3-D effects by Ray Zone. He returned to the "X-Men" franchise at Marvel from 1991 to 1992, succeeding longtime writer Chris Claremont, who left after 17 years working on the various "X-Men" related titles. Byrne's return as the new writer was brief, as he only scripted "Uncanny X-Men" issues #281–285 and 288 with artist Whilce Portacio, and "" issues #4–5 with artist Jim Lee. In 1995, Byrne wrote and drew the Marvel/DC intercompany crossover "Darkseid vs. Galactus: The Hunger", which also featured the Jack Kirby creations the Silver Surfer and the New Gods. In 1996, another Marvel/DC intercompany crossover - "Batman/Captain America", one shot homage to Golden Age versions of both heroes.


title: John Byrne (comics)

text: He wrote and drew another of DC's signature series, the long-running "Wonder Woman," from 1995 to 1998. During that time, he elevated the super-heroine to the status of goddess who then ascended to Mount Olympus as the Goddess of Truth. Byrne then spotlighted supporting characters such as Queen Hippolyta in their own adventures but restored the series' "status quo" in his last issue. He additionally took over "New Gods" vol. 4 at the end of 1996, as writer-artist of issues #12–15, continuing with it as the series was rebooted with a new #1 as "Jack Kirby's Fourth World". That ran 20 issues from 1997 to 1998. During his tenure on the "New Gods", Byrne was writer of the four-issue miniseries crossover "Genesis", a story line published weekly by DC Comics in August 1997. The series was drawn by Ron Wagner and Joe Rubinstein. Byrne wrote a Wonder Woman prose novel, "Wonder Woman: Gods and Goddesses" (1997, Prima Lifestyles, ).


title: John Byrne (comics)

text: In the series "", Byrne retold some of Spider-Man's earliest adventures, changing some key aspects. In late 1998, Byrne became writer of the flagship series "The Amazing Spider-Man" at the end of the series with issue #440, by which time Marvel had decided to relaunch the book. The "last" issue of "The Amazing Spider-Man" was #441 (November 1998), with Marvel re-initiating the series with a new volume 2, issue #1 (Jan. 1999) with Howard Mackie as writer and Byrne on pencils. Byrne penciled issues #1–18 (from 1999 to 2000) and wrote #13–14. In 1999, Byrne, working with artist Ron Garney, wrote the first seven issues of a new Hulk series, as well as the summer annual.


title: John Byrne (comics)

text: From 1999 to 2001, Byrne returned to the X-Men to write and draw "" which ran for 22 issues. Byrne explained the title's cancellation by saying, "I was officially informed yesterday that, despite the fact that they are still profitable, several 'redundant' X-Titles are being axed." This disagreement factored in his decision to no longer work for Marvel Comics.


title: John Byrne (comics)

text: Like "X-Men: The Hidden Years", some other works of this period involved characters and events in time periods other than the present and, in some cases, considered "skipped over" (""), or alternate timelines (DC's ""); a feature some of these have in common is to have characters who actually age during the course of the series, which is uncommon for characters in ongoing comics.