title: Triptan

text: The history of triptans began with the proposed existence of then unknown serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT). In the late 1940s two groups of investigators, one in Italy and the other in the United States, identified a substance that was called "serotonin" in the US and "enteramine" in Italy. In the early 1950s it was confirmed that both substances were the same. In the mid-1950s it was proposed that serotonin had a role as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS) of animals. Investigations of the mechanism of action were not very successful as experimental techniques were lacking.


title: Triptan

text: Later in the 1960s, studies showed that vasoconstriction caused by 5-HT, noradrenaline and ergotamine could reduce migraine attacks. Patrick P.A. Humphrey among others at Glaxo started researching the 5-HT receptor to discover a more direct 5-HT agonist with fewer side effects.


title: Triptan

text: They continued developing and working on a desirable action on 5-HT by 5-HT receptor activation for an anti-migraine drug. Continued work led to the development of sumatriptan, now known as the first 5-HT agonist, selective for the 5-HT receptors and also the 5-HT receptor with less affinity. By 1991 sumatriptan became available in clinical use in the Netherlands and in the US in 1993. However, there was always a debate about its mechanism of action, and it still remains unclear today. Later, Mike Moskowitz proposed a theory about "neuronal extravasation", and this was the first clue that sumatriptan might have a direct neuronal effect in migraine attacks.


title: Triptan

text: Sumatriptan became a prototype for other triptans that have been developed for improved selectivity for the 5-HT receptors.


title: Triptan

text: These drugs have been available only by prescription (US, Canada and UK), but sumatriptan became available over-the-counter in the UK in June 2006. The brand name of the OTC product in the UK is Imigran Recovery. The patent on Imitrex STATDose expired in December 2006, and injectable sumatriptan became available as a generic formula in August 2008. Sumavel Dosepro is a needle-free delivery of injectable sumatriptan that was approved in the US by the FDA in July 2009. Sumatriptan became available as a generic in the US in late 2009. It used to be sold over-the-counter in Romania under the Imigran brand; however, as of August 2014 prescription is required. Zecuity, a sumatriptan transdermal patch, was approved by the US FDA in January 2013. The sumatriptan nasal powder was approved by the FDA in January 2016 and became available in the U.S. May 2016. Naratriptan is available OTC in Germany and Brazil.


title: HMS Erebus (1826)

text: HMS "Erebus" was a constructed by the Royal Navy in Pembroke dockyard, Wales, in 1826. The vessel was the second in the Royal Navy named after Erebus, the personification of darkness in Greek mythology.


title: HMS Erebus (1826)

text: The 372-ton ship was armed with two mortars – one and one – and 10 guns. The ship took part in the Ross expedition of 1839–1843, and was abandoned in 1848 during the third Franklin expedition. The sunken wreck was discovered by the Canadian in September 2014.


title: HMS Erebus (1826)

text: After two years' service in the Mediterranean Sea, "Erebus" was refitted as an exploration vessel for Antarctic service, and on 21 November 1840 – captained by James Clark Ross – she departed from Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania) for Antarctica in company with HMS "Terror". In January 1841, the crews of both ships landed on Victoria Land, and proceeded to name areas of the landscape after British politicians, scientists, and acquaintances. Mount Erebus, on Ross Island, was named after one ship and Mount Terror after the other.


title: HMS Erebus (1826)

text: The crew then discovered the Ross Ice Shelf, which they were unable to penetrate, and followed it eastward until the lateness of the season compelled them to return to Van Diemen's Land. The following season, 1842, Ross continued to survey the "Great Ice Barrier", as it was called, continuing to follow it eastward. Both ships returned to the Falkland Islands before returning to the Antarctic in the 1842–1843 season. They conducted studies in magnetism, and returned with oceanographic data and collections of botanical and ornithological specimens. The plants were described in the resulting "The Botany of the Antarctic Voyage of H.M. Discovery Ships Erebus and Terror in the years 1839–1843, under the Command of Captain Sir James Clark Ross".


title: HMS Erebus (1826)

text: Birds collected on the first expedition were described and illustrated by George Robert Gray and Richard Bowdler Sharpe in "The Zoology of the Voyage of HMS Erebus & HMS Terror. Birds of New Zealand", 1875. The revised edition of Gray (1846) (1875). The future botanist Joseph Dalton Hooker, then aged 23, was assistant-surgeon to Robert McCormick.


title: HMS Erebus (1826)

text: In 1845 HMS "Erebus" and HMS left Greenhithe, England on May 19, 1845, on a voyage of exploration to the Canadian Arctic, under Sir John Franklin. Both ships were outfitted with steam engines from the London and Greenwich Railway steam locomotives. That of "Erebus" was rated at and could propel the ship at . The ships carried 12 days' supply of coal. The ships had iron plating added to their hulls.


title: HMS Erebus (1826)

text: Sir John Franklin sailed in "Erebus", in overall command of the expedition, and "Terror" was again commanded by Francis Crozier. The expedition was ordered to gather magnetic data in the Canadian Arctic and to complete a crossing of the Northwest Passage, which had already been partly charted from both the east and west but had never been entirely navigated.


title: HMS Erebus (1826)

text: The ships were last seen by Europeans entering Baffin Bay in August 1845, by two whaling vessels. The disappearance of the Franklin expedition set off a massive search effort in the Arctic. The broad circumstances of the expedition's fate were first revealed when Hudson's Bay Company doctor John Rae collected artefacts and testimony from local Inuit in 1853. Later expeditions up to 1866 confirmed these reports.


title: HMS Erebus (1826)

text: Both ships had become icebound and had been abandoned by their crews, totaling about 130 men, all of whom died from a variety of causes, including hypothermia, scurvy and starvation while trying to trek overland to the south. Subsequent expeditions until the late 1980s, and autopsies of crew members, also revealed that "Erebus" and "Terror"s shoddily canned rations may have been tainted by both lead and botulism. Oral reports by local Inuit that some of the crew members resorted to cannibalism were at least somewhat supported by forensic evidence of cut marks on the skeletal remains of crew members found on King William Island during the late 20th century.


title: HMS Erebus (1826)

text: In April 1851 the British transport ship "Renovation" spotted two ships on a large ice floe off the coast of Newfoundland. The identities of the ships were not confirmed. It was suggested over the years that these might have been "Erebus" and "Terror", though it is now certain they could not have been and were most likely abandoned whaling ships.


title: HMS Erebus (1826)

text: On 15 August 2008, Parks Canada, an agency of the Government of Canada, announced a Can$ 75,000 six-week search deploying the icebreaker , with the goals of finding the ships and reinforcing Canada's claims regarding sovereignty over large portions of the Arctic. The search was headed by underwater archeologist Robert Grenier, of Parks Canada, and local historian Louie Kamookak, who had collected Inuit oral histories related to the wreck, as well as working with the written records. Kamookak, who died in 2018 at the age of 58, was made an officer of the Order of Canada and a member of the Order of Nunavut for his work.


title: HMS Erebus (1826)

text: The wreckage of one of Franklin's ships was found on 2 September 2014 by a Parks Canada team led by Ryan Harris and Marc-André Bernier. On 1 October 2014, it was announced that the remains were those of "Erebus". Recovery of the ship's bell was announced on 6 November 2014. On 4 March 2015, it was announced that a diving expedition on "Erebus", by Parks Canada and Royal Canadian Navy divers, would begin in April.


title: HMS Erebus (1826)

text: Although the exact location has not been released, Nancy Anilniliak, the Field Unit Superintendent of the Nunavut Field Unit, has restricted access to a rectangular area in Wilmot and Crampton Bay, to the west of the Adelaide Peninsula. The area runs from Point A () to Point B () to Point C () to Point D ().


title: HMS Erebus (1826)

text: On 12 September 2016, it was announced that the wreck of HMS "Terror" had been found submerged in Terror Bay, off the south-west coast of King William Island. The wrecks are designated a National Historic Site of Canada with the precise location of the designation in abeyance.


title: HMS Erebus (1826)

text: On 23 October 2017, British Defence Minister Sir Michael Fallon announced that the United Kingdom would transfer the ownership of both ships to Canada, retaining only a few relics and any gold, along with the right to repatriate any human remains.


title: HMS Erebus (1826)

text: In September 2018, Parks Canada announced that "Erebus" condition had deteriorated significantly, with a section of the upper deck detaching from the ship, flipping over, and moving towards the stern. Parks Canada attributed the deterioration to "an upwards buoyant force acting on the decking combined with storm swell in relatively shallow water". It was then confirmed that the United Kingdom will own the first 65 artifacts brought up from "Erebus" while the wrecks of both ships and other artifacts will be owned by Canada and the Inuit. Taking advantage of "sublime" weather conditions in the summer of 2019, Parks Canada were able to recover a number of artifacts from "Erebus", namely personal items belonging to members of the crew, which were unveiled at Parks Canada's conservation lab in Ottawa in February 2020. The planned exploration of the wreck sites in 2020 was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with access to the wrecks restricted to the Inuit Guardians keeping watch on the sites and for those with harvesting rights in the surrounding waters. Underwater archaeology team leader Marc-Andre Bernier remarked that Parks Canada was "concerned about "Erebus"", given the wreck's shallower depths and the earlier reports of damage. Parks Canada's Underwater Archaeology Team returned to the wrecks in May 2022, after a two-year postponement caused by the pandemic; particular attention would be paid to any further damage to "Erebus", due to her shallower depths.


title: HMS Erebus (1826)

text: On 5 September 2019, passengers of Adventure Canada on were the first members of the public to visit the site of the wreck of the "Erebus". The wreck site is within the Wrecks of HMS "Erebus" and HMS "Terror" National Historic Site and is managed jointly by Parks Canada and local Inuit, and public access to the site is not usually allowed. The visit by Adventure Canada passengers was a trial by Parks Canada in creating a visitor experience for the wreck site.


title: HMS Erebus (1826)

text: HMS "Erebus" is featured, often alongside HMS "Terror", in fictional works that use the Franklin expedition in their backstories, such as:


title: Eastern Hemisphere

text: The Eastern Hemisphere is the half of the planet Earth which is east of the prime meridian (which crosses Greenwich, London, United Kingdom) and west of the antimeridian (which crosses the Pacific Ocean and relatively little land from pole to pole). It is also used to refer to Afro-Eurasia (Africa and Eurasia) and Australia, in contrast with the Western Hemisphere, which includes mainly North and South America. The Eastern Hemisphere may also be called the "Oriental Hemisphere", and may in addition be used in a cultural or geopolitical sense as a synonym for the "Old World."


title: Eastern Hemisphere

text: The almost perfect circle (the earth is an oblate spheroid that is fatter around the equator), drawn with a line, demarcating the Eastern and Western Hemispheres must be an arbitrarily decided and published convention, unlike the Equator (an imaginary line encircling Earth, equidistant from its poles), which divides the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The prime meridian at 0° longitude and the antimeridian, at 180° longitude, are the conventionally accepted boundaries, since they divide eastern longitudes from western longitudes. This convention was established in 1884 at the International Meridian Conference held in Washington, D.C. where the standard time concepts of Canadian railroad engineer Sir Sandford Fleming were adopted. The Hemispheres agreed do not correspond with exact continents. Portions of Western Europe, West Africa, Oceania, and extreme northeastern Russia are in the Western Hemisphere, divorcing it from the continents which form the touchstone for most geopolitical constructs of "the East" and "the West".


title: Eastern Hemisphere

text: Consequently, the meridians of 20°W and the diametrically opposed 160°E are often used outside of matters of physics and navigation, which includes all of the European and African mainlands, but also includes a small portion of northeast Greenland (typically reckoned as part of North America) and excludes more of eastern Russia and Oceania (e.g., New Zealand). Prior to the global adoption of standard time, numerous prime meridians were decreed by various countries where time was defined by local noon (thereby, local ).


title: Eastern Hemisphere

text: The center of the Eastern Hemisphere is located in the Indian Ocean at the intersection of the equator and the 90th meridian east, 910 km west of Indonesia in the Ninety East Ridge. The nearest land is Simeulue Island at .


title: Eastern Hemisphere

text: The land mass of the Eastern Hemisphere is larger than that of the Western Hemisphere and has a wide variety of habitats.


title: NextEra Energy

text: NextEra Energy, Inc. is an American energy company with about 58 GW of generating capacity (24 GW of which were from fossil fuel sources), revenues of over $18 billion in 2020, and about 14,900 employees throughout the US and Canada. It is the largest electric utility holding company by market capitalization. Its subsidiaries include Florida Power & Light (FPL), NextEra Energy Resources (NEER), NextEra Energy Partners, Gulf Power Company, and NextEra Energy Services.


title: NextEra Energy

text: FPL, the largest of the subsidiaries, delivers rate-regulated electricity to approximately 5 million customer accounts, or an estimated 10 million people, across nearly half of Florida and is the third largest electric utility company in the United States. NEER, together with its affiliated entities, is the world's largest generator of renewable energy from the wind and sun. In addition to wind and solar, NextEra Energy Resources owns and operates generating plants powered by natural gas, nuclear energy, and oil. As of 2020, approximately 41% of NextEra Energy's generating capacity was from fossil fuels and non-renewables.


title: NextEra Energy

text: The company ranked 167th on the 2018 Fortune 500 of the largest United States corporations by revenue.


title: NextEra Energy

text: The predecessor company Florida Power & Light Company was founded in 1925. It reorganized as the company FPL Group Inc. in 1984, as part of efforts to diversify its business. FPL Group changed its name to NextEra Energy Inc. in March 2010. At this time, the stock ticker symbol also changed from FPL to NEE.


title: NextEra Energy

text: During the 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries, NextEra Energy donated $1 million to a Super PAC supporting Jeb Bush's presidential candidacy.


title: NextEra Energy

text: In January 1998, FPL Group announced that it would purchase 35 generating plants from Central Maine Power Company for $846 million. It later went to court in an attempt to cancel the transaction, citing an adverse regulatory ruling on access to the electric transmission network. After that effort failed, FPL completed the purchase in 1999.


title: NextEra Energy

text: In March 2000, FPL Group and Spanish company Iberdrola SA were reported to be in "extensive merger discussions". The talks were terminated and the merger transaction was not consummated due to opposition from Iberdrola's board, according to news reports.


title: NextEra Energy

text: In July 2000, FPL Group and Entergy Corporation announced plans to merge. The companies terminated the merger in April 2001.


title: NextEra Energy

text: In June 2005, FPL Energy, a subsidiary of FPL Group, acquired Houston-based Gexa Energy in June 2005 for $80.6 million.


title: NextEra Energy

text: In December 2005, FPL Group announced an $11 billion all-stock acquisition of Maryland-based Constellation Energy Group. The companies mutually agreed to terminate the sale in October 2006 due to uncertainty over regulatory and judicial matters in Maryland.


title: NextEra Energy

text: On December 4, 2014, NextEra Energy announced its plans to purchase Hawaiian Electric Industries for $4.3 billion. However, in July 2016, Hawaii's Public Utilities Commission rejected the offer in a 2-0 vote over doubts of NextEra Energy's commitment to the state's renewable energy goal, which terminated the merger agreement. The proposed merger had support from over 25 local groups, including the Hawaii State AFL–CIO and the Hawaii Chamber of Commerce.


title: NextEra Energy

text: NextEra Energy and Energy Future Holdings, parent company of Texas-based utility Oncor Electric Delivery, reached a $18.7 billion merger agreement on July 29, 2016, but the agreement was terminated in July 2017 after the Texas Public Utility Commission rejected the offer over disagreement on the control of Oncor's board of directors. Two other competing bids were submitted in July 2017 for purchasing Oncor, including a $17.5 billion bid from Berkshire Hathaway Energy and a $18.5 billion bid from Elliott Management Corporation.


title: NextEra Energy

text: In January 2018, NextEra Energy expressed interest with members of the South Carolina Senate over a possible purchase of SCANA and Santee Cooper. Dominion Energy offered $14.6 billion to buy SCANA, but South Carolina lawmakers harshly criticized the proposal over a lack of future taxpayer relief. In February 2018, NextEra Energy floated a $15.9 billion proposal to buy Santee Cooper and briefed South Carolina lawmakers.


title: NextEra Energy

text: In May 2018, NextEra Energy announced that it planned to buy Gulf Power Company, the largest electricity producer in Northwest Florida, from Southern Company in a $6.4 billion deal, pending approval from regulators. The acquisition, which expanded NextEra Energy's combined residential customer base in Florida to approximately 51 percent of the state's population and also included Florida City


title: NextEra Energy

text: In 2016, New Hampshire Transmission, a subsidiary of NextEra Energy, was fined $6.8M for illegally charging millions of dollars worth of development costs to New England ratepayers.


title: NextEra Energy

text: In January 2018, NextEra Energy, along with Entergy, withdrew from the Nuclear Energy Institute (NEI) over disagreements on the trade group's agenda. In February 2018, NextEra Energy filed a lawsuit against NEI, accusing the trade group of "retaliatory action" and "extortion", claiming that NEI revoked its ability to access the Personnel Access Data System (PADS), the nuclear industry personnel database, unless $860,000 was paid. The president and CEO of NEI responded that the organization "vehemently denies all of the allegations in NextEra’s lawsuit and will vigorously defend our position in court" and that "NextEra lost the ability to participate in PADS upon choosing to discontinue its NEI membership".


title: NextEra Energy

text: In June 2018, the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit rejected NextEra Energy's claim for a $97 million tax deduction for $200 million paid in contract fees to the federal government toward the Nuclear Waste Fund. NextEra Energy sought to deduct payments made between 2003 and 2010 for "the disposal of radioactive waste produced by nuclear power plants operated by subsidiaries Florida Power & Light Co. and NextEra Energy Resources", but the court reasoned that the contract fees "do not qualify as specified liability losses".


title: NextEra Energy

text: In August 2018, NextEra Energy received a cease and desist order by Oklahoma state officials concerning the construction of wind turbines violating state law. The Oklahoma state law, which took effect in May 2018 to protect open air space, states that developers obtain either a "no hazard" determination for each turbine from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) or work out a mitigation plan with the United States Department of Defense (DoD), and then submit notification of such with the Oklahoma Corporation Commission before construction may begin. NextEra Energy had filed obstruction evaluation cases for the construction of wind turbines in Oklahoma with the FAA in March 2018, but the FAA had yet to issue determinations at the time that the cease and desist order was issued. In 2022, NextEra paid $8 million for missing eagle permits.


title: NextEra Energy

text: For the fiscal year 2017, NextEra Energy reported earnings of US$5.378 billion, with an annual revenue of US$17.195 billion, an increase of 6.4% over the previous fiscal cycle. NextEra Energy's shares traded at over $261 per share, and its market capitalization was valued at over US$117 billion at the end of 2019.


title: NextEra Energy

text: In 2021, NextEra was accused of lobbying heavily against a transmission line project proposed by Avangrid, Inc. The 145-mile line, to be known as New England Clean Energy Connect (NECEC), would have delivered hydroelectric power from Quebec to utilities in Massachusetts and Maine. In a complaint to federal regulators, the rival company said NextEra had “taken every opportunity, both in the open and behind the scenes, to oppose, delay, and derail” the project, including funding opposition groups because the hydropower would have provided competition to NextEra's oil-fired power plant in Yarmouth. “In doing so,” Avangrid wrote, “NextEra is purposely trying to thwart the goals of Maine and Massachusetts to obtain more renewable power.” According to Daily Energy Insider, Avangrid had obtained every regulatory approval required at the state and federal levels, and the project was supported by Maine Gov. Janet Mills, Massachusetts Gov. Charlie Baker, U.S. Energy Secretary Jennifer Granholm, and the stateʻs major newspapers. In November 2021, the voters of Maine approved a ballot initiative to prohibit construction of the $1 billion transmission line project, which had been represented as a choice between clean energy and the protection of pristine woodlands.


title: NextEra Energy

text: NextEra Energy has backed failed ballot amendment campaigns to impose fees and barriers to installations of rooftop solar panels. In 2016, Florida Power & Light, which is a subsidiary of NextEra Energy, joined forces with Devon Energy, and Tampa Electric Company. As a group they spent $20 million promoting a failed ballot initiative in Florida that would have curbed rooftop solar installations. It drew criticism from Al Gore. “Over the last several years, NextEra has been very aggressive against customer-owned solar,” says Alissa Schafer, a researcher with the Energy and Policy Institute, a clean energy advocacy group.


title: NextEra Energy

text: In 2021, investigative reporting by the "Miami Herald" revealed that NextEra Energy had lobbied Florida legislators to undermine rooftop solar by preventing homeowners and businesses to engage in net metering (selling excess power back to FPL). NextEra Energy, made a $10,000 donation to Women Building the Future, drafted a bill, had their lobbyist deliver the bill to Florida legislator Jennifer Bradley, and subsequently donated $10,000 to her re-election campaign. “This is a tired tactic that utilities have used to maintain their monopoly grip on electricity markets,” said Will Giese, southeast regional director for the Solar Energy Industries Association.


title: NextEra Energy

text: Opponents of the legislation claim that if such bills pass, the fast-growing green power industry would quickly start to collapse. "It's going to be a crusher for the solar industry," said Rutherford, founder of Tampa Bay Solar. According to him, he would have to lay off much of his workforce. "For 90% of the people that work for me, this will be a significant blow for their pocketbooks." Only the state of Nevada has tried such legislation before. In 2015, state regulators opted to cut the net-metering rate to a mere fraction of what it was. Travis Miller, owner of Great Solar Basin claims the solar industry went down overnight. California-based SolarCity did away with 550 jobs, holding the revised net-metering rate accountable. Other companies abandoned the state entirely. "Most of the local shops went out of business and closed their doors," Miller said. "There wasn't an industry at all." Two years of public outcries and lobbying by Tesla were needed for Nevada to reverse course. But the damage was done and further investment was slow to take off.


title: NextEra Energy

text: In 2021, investigative reporting by the "Orlando Sun Sentinel" revealed that FPL funded political consultants more than $3 million to promote "ghost" spoiler candidates in key Florida legislature races. The spoiler candidates were on the ballot as a no-party option and were intended to confuse voters and dilute support for the Democratic candidate in each race. Former senator Frank Artiles and his accomplice were each charged with three third-degree felony charges related to violating campaign finance law, conspiracy to make campaign contributions in excess of legal limits, also making these excess contributions, and false swearing in connection to an election. The ploy was for the accomplice named "Rodriguez" to run as a sham candidate and siphon away votes from Democratic candidate: Senator Rodriguez. The mailing campaign employed the language of the Democratic candidate and had the accomplice focusing on fixing health care, and fighting climate change, all paid for by new, out-of-state political committees. The Democrats lost by a mere thirty two votes.


title: NextEra Energy

text: Court documents obtained by the Miami Herald, as part of the state attorney’s investigation, revealed that in the context of a ghost candidate scheme the organization "Let’s Preserve the American Dream" awarded $125,000 to former state Sen. Frank Artiles for “research”. His accomplice was promised $50K. Artiles has for years associated with Florida utilities, including NextEra and its subsidiary FPL. Artiles obtained over $30,000 in political contributions from Florida utilities throughout his time in office, which included $6,000 from NextEra, $4,500 from TECO, and $4,000 from Duke Energy, all direct contributions. Veterans for Conservative Principles, his political committee, accepted close to $13,000 from NextEra and $5,000 from Duke.


title: NextEra Energy

text: On April 21, 2017, Frank Artiles resigned from the Florida Senate after being caught using the N-word while in front of black co-workers. Not long after resigning, the "Miami Herald" nailed him for employing Hooters waitresses in the form of campaign "consultants." Prior to his resignation, Artiles fast-tracked pro-utility bills as former chairman of the Florida Senate’s Communications, Energy and Public Utilities Committee, including a bill that would have permitted NextEra to charge its fracking costs to Florida ratepayers.


title: NextEra Energy

text: In 2018, Senator Keith Perry won re-election against Democrat Kayser Enneking by around 2,000 votes, due to independent Charles Goston pulling votes away from Enneking. According to the Sentinel, FPL donated $14.15 million to a political ad nonprofit whose consultants were connected to one of the groups that paid for Goston's ads. FPL has also donated $20,000 to Perry’s political committee, Building a Prosperous Florida, while TECO has donated $2,500. The year before, Perry voted in support of NextEra’s exploratory fracking legislation while serving on the committee chaired by Artiles. Perry has accepted $13,500 in direct political donations from Florida utilities, including $1,000 from NextEra, $2,500 from NextEra company Gulf Power, $4,500 from Duke Energy, and $5,500 from TECO, according to campaign finance filings.


title: NextEra Energy

text: In 2007, Florida's Public Service Commission rejected a plan by NextEra Energy to build a coal-burning power plant on in Moore Haven, Florida, near the Everglades National Park. The National Park Service raised concerns that the coal plant would contaminate Lake Okeechobee with mercury and harm the Everglades.


title: NextEra Energy

text: On 5 January 2009, 30 environmental activists staged a five-day vigil along the Barley Barber Swamp to draw attention to what they claimed were damages being wrought by the power company's 3,705 megawatt Martin County plant. The activists claimed that the Martin County power plant's water use had caused the forest's health to decline. Much of the evidence behind such claims came from research conducted by Hydro-ecologist Dr. Sydney Bacchus. Dr. Bacchus claimed that the power plant's water use had caused "surficial aquifer drawdown". According to Dr Bacchus, the ecosystem perishes when the roots of the trees become exposed due to the lower water table.


title: NextEra Energy

text: In 2018, the 11th Circuit in Atlanta rejected NextEra's request for a $97M refund on costs related to the cleaning up of nuclear waste between 1969 and 1995.


title: NextEra Energy

text: In 2019, the Florida Supreme Court concluded that NextEra Energy could charge Florida ratepayers for over $132M in nuclear waste cleanup costs. The damage comes from its Turkey Point plant which funnels nuclear waste through a 5,900-acre series of cooling canals that stretch out across Biscayne Bay. But those canals date were constructed in 1972 and have since sprung some substantial leaks.


title: Alopecia universalis

text: Alopecia universalis (AU), also known as alopecia areata universalis, is a medical condition involving the loss of all body hair, including eyebrows, eyelashes, chest hair, armpit hair, and pubic hair. It is the most severe form of alopecia areata. People with the disease are usually healthy and have no other symptoms and a normal life expectancy.


title: Alopecia universalis

text: Alopecia universalis can occur at any age, and is currently believed to be an autoimmune disorder, in which a person's immune system attacks the hair follicles. Genetic factors may contribute to AU, as about 20% of those affected have a family member with alopecia.


title: Alopecia universalis

text: Many treatments have been explored, including immunomodulatory agents such as imiquimod. Tofacitinib citrate may also have benefits. In June 2014, a 25-year-old man with almost no hair on his body was reported to have grown full head of hair, as well as eyebrows, eyelashes, and facial, armpit, and other hair, following eight months of treatment.


title: Alopecia universalis

text: Contact immunotherapy involves the use of contact allergens, such as diphencyprone and squaric acid dibutylester, to induce an immune response that is thought to oppose the action of cells causing hair loss. A review that combined and analyzed the findings of 45 studies comprising 2,227 patients showed any hair regrowth in 54.5% and complete hair regrowth in 24.9% of patients with AT and AU using contact immunotherapy. In addition to its helpful effects in treating AU, it can have side effects that can be very serious, such as severe dermatitis.


title: Alopecia universalis

text: Topical and intralesional corticosteroids, such as clobetasol propionate, have also shown to be an effective treatment for AT and AU patients. A controlled study comprising 28 patients found positive terminal hair growth in eight of the patients (28.5%) using a 0.05% clobetasol propionate ointment. This is very similar to the results obtained from immunotherapy treatment trials. Additionally, studies suggest that intralesional applications are much more effective than topical applications of steroids. However, the main side effect is increased risk of cutaneous atrophy at the site of treatment; folliculitis is also an occasional complication.


title: Alopecia universalis

text: Janus kinase inhibitors, previously used in the treatment of cancer and other diseases, such as arthritis, have successfully shown to be effective in the initial trials of treatment for alopecia patients. Multiple cases of treatments have been successful, one of them being of a 22-year-old man with a history of AU and atopic dermatitis (AD). This man was treated with JAK inhibitor tofacitinib, and after ten months, he experienced hair regrowth on all of his affected body parts and subsequent improvement of his AD. Current research and findings suggest that systemic JAK inhibitors eliminate and prevent the development of AA, while topical JAK inhibitors promote hair regrowth and reverse the established disease. Many clinical trials are ongoing involving JAK inhibitors such as ruxolitinib and tofacitinib.


title: Matka gambling

text: Matka" gambling or satta" is a form of betting and lottery which originally involved betting on the opening and closing rates of cotton transmitted from the New York Cotton Exchange to the Bombay Cotton Exchange. It originates from before the era of Indian independence when it was known as "Ankada Jugar" ("figures gambling"). In the 1960s, the system was replaced with other ways of generating random numbers, including pulling slips from a large earthenware pot known as a "matka", or dealing with playing cards.


title: Matka gambling

text: Matka gambling is illegal in India. As per the Public Gambling Act, 1867 both betting establishments and satta matka houses were outlawed completely. Whoever is caught playing the game will be punished.


title: Matka gambling

text: In the original form of the game, betting would take place on the opening and closing rates of cotton as transmitted to the Bombay Cotton Exchange from the New York Cotton Exchange, via teleprinters.


title: Matka gambling

text: In 1961, the New York Cotton Exchange stopped the practice, which caused the punters to look for alternative ways to keep the matka business alive. A Sindhi migrant from Karachi, Pakistan, Ratan Khatri introduced the idea of declaring opening and closing rates of imaginary products and playing cards. Numbers would be written on pieces of paper and put into a "matka", a large earthen pitcher. One person would then draw a chit and declare the winning numbers. Over the years, the practice changed, so that three numbers were drawn from a pack of playing cards, but the name "matka" was kept.


title: Matka gambling

text: In 1962, Kalyanji Bhagat started the Worli matka. Ratan Khatri then introduced the "New Worli" matka in 1964, with slight modifications to the rules of the game with odds that were more favourable to the public. Kalyanji Bhagat's matka ran every day of the week, whereas Ratan Khatri's matka ran only five days a week, from Monday to Friday and later as it gained immense popularity and became synonymous with his name, it began to be called Main Ratan matka.


title: Matka gambling

text: During the flourishing of textile mills in Mumbai, many mill workers played matka, resulting in bookies opening their shops in and around the mill areas, predominantly located in Parel in Central Mumbai and Kalbadevi in South Mumbai.


title: Matka gambling

text: The decades of 1980s and 1990s saw the matka business reach its peak. Betting volumes in excess of Rs. 500 crore would be laid every month. The Mumbai Police’s massive crackdown on the matka dens forced dealers to shift their hideouts to the city’s outskirts. Many of them moved to Gujarat, Rajasthan and other states. With no major source of betting in the city, many punters were attracted to other forms of gambling such as online and zhatpat lotteries. Meanwhile, some rich punters began to explore betting on cricket matches.


title: Matka gambling

text: In 1995 there were more than 2,000 big and medium-time bookies in the city and neighboring towns, but since then the numbers have declined substantially to less than 300. During the 2000s, the average monthly turnover has remained around Rs. 100 crore. The modern matka business is centred around Maharashtra.


title: Matka gambling

text: To play, a gambler chooses three numbers between 0 and 9. The three chosen numbers are added together and the second digit of this resulting number is noted down alongside the original three chosen numbers. This leaves the gambler with four numbers, from which point they may bet on the various likelihoods of the numbers or number sequences appearing or being chosen from the pot.


title: Matka gambling

text: Kalyanji Bhagat was born a farmer in the village of Ratadia, Games Wala in Kutch, Gujarat. Kalyanji's family name was Gala and the name "Bhagat", a modification of "bhakt", was a title given to their family by the King of Kutch for their religiousness.


title: Matka gambling

text: He arrived as a migrant in Bombay in 1941 and initially did odd jobs such as "masala ferriwala" (spice seller) to managing a grocery store. In the 1960s, when Kalyanji Bhagat was running a grocery shop in Worli, he began the first rudimentary form of matka gambling by accepting bets based on the opening and closing rates of cotton traded on the New York wholesale market. He used to operate from the compound of his building Vinod Mahal, in Worli. After his death in the early 1990s, his son Suresh Bhagat eventually took over his business.


title: Matka gambling

text: Ratan Khatri, known as the original "Matka King", from the early 1960s to mid-1990s controlled a nationwide illegal gambling network with international connections which involved several lakh punters and dealt with crores of rupees.


title: Matka gambling

text: Khatri's matka syndicate started in the bustling business area of Dhanji Street in Mumbadevi where idlers used to wager on the daily trickle of the fluctuating cotton rates from the New York market. Gradually, it became a big gambling hub as the quantum of bets and betters increased. Due to a row over a winning number plus the New York market's five-day week schedule, compulsive betters began looking for alternatives. Based on the requests of his friends, Khatri started his own syndicate and started drawing three cards to decide the day's number. Khatri used to draw three cards, twice daily at 9.00pm (the 'open') and at midnight (the 'close'). The value of the open and close cards would be totalled to arrive at a winning number. The numbers would be relayed all across the betting hubs in the country and overseas. For a 25 paise bet the returns were at least Rs. 2.25 or more.


title: Matka gambling

text: Khatri's betting was considered more genuine as the cards were reportedly opened in the presence of patrons. During the emergency in India, Khatri was jailed and served 19 months behind bars. In the early 1990s, he retired from the gambling business and was living near Tardeo; however, he still continued to visit the Mahalaxmi Racecourse to bet on his favourite horses. He died on May 9, 2020.


title: Matka gambling

text: The matka business and the lives of the matka kings also had an influence on Bollywood. Prem Nath played Ratan Khatri in the Feroz Khan film "Dharmatma", which was based on the life of Khatri. Khatri himself financed and even acted in the movie "Rangila Ratan".


title: Serial number

text: A serial number is a unique identifier assigned incrementally or sequentially to an item, to "uniquely" identify it.


title: Serial number

text: Serial numbers need not be strictly numerical. They may contain letters and other typographical symbols, or may consist entirely of a character string.


title: Serial number

text: Serial numbers identify otherwise identical individual units, thereby serving various practical uses. Serial numbers are a deterrent against theft and counterfeit products, as they can be recorded, and stolen or otherwise irregular goods can be identified. Banknotes and other transferable documents of value bear serial numbers to assist in preventing counterfeiting and tracing stolen ones.


title: Serial number

text: They are valuable in quality control, as once a defect is found in the production of a particular batch of product, the serial number will identify which units are affected. Some items with serial numbers are automobiles, firearms, electronics, and appliances.


title: Serial number

text: In smartphones, serial numbers are extended to the integrated components in addition to the electronic device as a whole, also known as serialization. This gives unique individual parts such as the screen, battery, chip and camera a separate serial number. This is queried by the software for proper release for use. This practice by manufacturers limits the right to repair electronic devices.


title: Serial number

text: Serial numbers may be used to identify individual physical or intangible objects (for example computer software or the right to play an online multiplayer game). The purpose and application is different. A software serial number, otherwise called a product key, is usually not embedded in the software, but is assigned to a specific user with a right to use the software. The software will function only if a potential user enters a valid product code. The vast majority of possible codes are rejected by the software. If an unauthorised user is found to be using the software, the legitimate user can be identified from the code. It is usually not impossible, however, for an unauthorised user to create a valid but unallocated code either by trying many possible codes, or reverse engineering the software; use of unallocated codes can be monitored if the software makes an Internet connection.


title: Serial number

text: The term "serial number" is sometimes used for codes which do not identify a single instance of something. For example, the International Standard Serial Number or ISSN used on magazines, journals and other periodicals, an equivalent to the International Standard Book Number (ISBN) applied to books, is assigned to each "periodical". It takes its name from the library science use of the word "serial" to mean a periodical.


title: Serial number

text: Certificates and certificate authorities (CA) are necessary for widespread use of cryptography. These depend on applying mathematically rigorous serial numbers and serial number arithmetic, again not identifying a single instance of the content being protected.


title: Serial number

text: The term "serial number" is also used in military formations as an alternative to the expression "service number". In air forces, the serial number is used to uniquely identify individual aircraft and is usually painted on both sides of the aircraft fuselage, most often in the tail area, although in some cases the serial is painted on the side of the aircraft's fin/rudder(s). Because of this, the serial number is sometimes called a "tail number".


title: Serial number

text: In the UK Royal Air Force (RAF) the individual serial takes the form of two letters followed by three digits, e.g., "BT308"—the prototype Avro Lancaster, or "XS903"—an English Electric Lightning F.6 at one time based at RAF Binbrook. During the Second World War RAF aircraft that were secret or carrying secret equipment had "/G" (for "Guard") appended to the serial, denoting that the aircraft was to have an armed guard at all times while on the ground, e.g., "LZ548/G"—the prototype de Havilland Vampire jet fighter, or "ML926/G"—a de Havilland Mosquito XVI experimentally fitted with H2S radar. Prior to this scheme the RAF, and predecessor Royal Flying Corps (RFC), utilised a serial consisting of a letter followed by four figures, e.g., "D8096"—a Bristol F.2 Fighter currently owned by the Shuttleworth Collection, or "K5054"—the prototype Supermarine Spitfire. The serial number follows the aircraft throughout its period of service.


title: Serial number

text: In 2009, the U.S. FDA published draft guidance for the pharmaceutical industry to use serial numbers on prescription drug packages. This measure is intended to enhance the traceability of drugs and to help prevent counterfeiting.


title: Serial number

text: Serial numbers are often used in network protocols. However, most sequence numbers in computer protocols are limited to a fixed number of bits, and will wrap around after sufficiently many numbers have been allocated. Thus, recently allocated serial numbers may duplicate very old serial numbers, but not other recently allocated serial numbers. To avoid ambiguity with these non-unique numbers, "Serial Number Arithmetic", defines special rules for calculations involving these kinds of serial numbers.


title: Serial number

text: Lollipop sequence number spaces are a more recent and sophisticated scheme for dealing with finite-sized sequence numbers in protocols.


title: Woodstock, New York

text: Woodstock is a town in Ulster County, New York, United States, in the northern part of the county, northwest of Kingston, NY. It lies within the borders of the Catskill Park. The population was 5,884 at the 2010 census, down from 6,241 in 2000.


title: Woodstock, New York

text: The first non-indigenous settler arrived around 1770, and the town of Woodstock was established in 1787. Later, territory from Woodstock was contributed to form the towns of Middletown (1789), Windham (1798), Shandaken (1804), and Olive (1853).


title: Woodstock, New York

text: Woodstock played host to numerous Hudson River School painters during the late 1800s. The Arts and Crafts Movement came to Woodstock in 1902, with the arrival of Ralph Radcliffe Whitehead, Bolton Brown and Hervey White, who formed the Byrdcliffe Colony. In 1906, L. Birge Harrison and others founded the Summer School of the Art Students League of New York in the area, primarily for landscape painting. Ever since, Woodstock has been considered an active artists colony. From 1915 through 1931, Hervey White's Maverick Art Colony held the Maverick Festivals, "in which hundreds of free spirits gathered each summer for music, art, theater and drunken orgies in the woods."


title: Woodstock, New York

text: A series of Woodstock Sound-Outs were staged at Pan Copeland's Farm just over the town line in Saugerties from 1967 to 1970. These featured folk and rock acts like Richie Havens, Paul Butterfield, Dave van Ronk and Van Morrison and were identified with Woodstock's reputation as a summer arts colony. The Sound-Outs inspired the original Woodstock Festival's organizers to plan their concert at the Winston Farm in Saugerties. ‘’The Sound-Outs just had a great feel,” said Woodstock Festival producer Michael Lang. “And it was in the country and it provided all the guidelines that I needed." However, the town turned down their permit, and the "Woodstock" Festival was actually held almost away at Max Yasgur's Farm in the town of Bethel.


title: Woodstock, New York

text: Woodstock is also home to the Karma Triyana Dharmachakra Buddhist monastery, situated at the top of Mead's Mountain Road.


title: Woodstock, New York

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and , or 0.80%, is water.


title: Woodstock, New York

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 6,241 people, 2,946 households, and 1,626 families residing in the town. The population density was 92.5 people per square mile (35.7/km). There were 3,847 housing units at an average density of 57.0 per square mile (22.0/km). The racial makeup of the town was 94.25% white, 1.30% black or African American, 0.21% Native American, 1.57% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.79% from other races, and 1.87% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.56% of the population.


title: Woodstock, New York

text: There were 2,946 households, out of which 21.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.2% were married couples living together, 7.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 44.8% were non-families. 35.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.10 and the average family size was 2.71.


title: Woodstock, New York

text: In the town, the population was spread out, with 18.0% under the age of 18, 3.7% from 18 to 24, 23.0% from 25 to 44, 38.0% from 45 to 64, and 17.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 48 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.1 males.


title: Woodstock, New York

text: The median income for a household in the town was $49,217, and the median income for a family was $65,938. Males had a median income of $41,500 versus $33,672 for females. The per capita income for the town was $32,133. About 6.9% of families and 10.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.8% of those under age 18 and 3.9% of those age 65 or over.


title: Woodstock, New York

text: The town is famous for lending its name to the Woodstock Festival, which was actually held at Max Yasgur's dairy farm almost away in Bethel in Sullivan County. The festival was never planned to be held in or near the town of Woodstock; instead, it was first planned for Wallkill, New York, but was relocated to Bethel after Wallkill withdrew.


title: Woodstock, New York

text: The 1903 Byrdcliffe art colony is one of the nation's oldest Arts & Crafts colonies. It brought the first artists to Woodstock to teach and produce furniture, metal works, ceramics, and weaving and established Woodstock's first painting school. Byrdcliffe forever changed the cultural landscape of the Town of Woodstock.


title: Woodstock, New York

text: In 1916, utopian philosopher and poet Hervey White built a "music chapel" in the woods. This became the home of the Maverick music festival, the longest-running summer chamber music festival in the country, still held annually as of 2019. Composers such as Henry Cowell, John Cage, Robert Starrer and Peter Schickele created works that were premiered there. Today, this hand-built concert hall with perfect acoustics is a multi-starred attraction on the National Register of Historic Places with world-class musicians playing there from June to September. Hervey White also hosted numerous young artists at the Maverick colony, including Lucile Blanch, Arnold Blanch, John Bernard Flannagan, Eugene Ludins, and Hannah Small.


title: Woodstock, New York

text: The town is home to the Woodstock Artists Association and Museum (WAAM), founded in 1919 by John F. Carlson, Frank Swift Chase, Andrew Dasburg, Carl Eric Lindin, and Henry Lee McFee. The WAAM Permanent Collection features work by important American artists associated with the region, including Milton Avery, George Bellows, Edward Leigh Chase, Frank Swift Chase, Florence Ballin Cramer, Arnold Blanch, Doris Lee, Marion Greenwood, Philip Guston, Yasuo Kuniyoshi, Paul Meltsner, and many others. The Art Students League of New York's summer school was in Woodstock from 1906 until 1922, and again after World War II, from 1947 until 1979. The Woodstock School of Art has been operating since 1980.


title: Woodstock, New York

text: The Woodstock Guild, founded by Byrdcliffe artists in 1939, is now the steward of the Byrdcliffe Colony. It is a multicultural organization which sponsors exhibitions, classes, concerts, dance and theatre events and runs the oldest craft shop in Woodstock, the Fleur de Lis Gallery, which features over 60 artists. Voice Theatre currently has permanent residency at the Byrdcliffe Theater, which they renovated in 2015. Byrdcliffe is on the National Register of Historic Places and is a haven for today's artists.


title: Woodstock, New York

text: In 1981, the town hosted the Woodstock Jazz Festival, a celebration of the Creative Music Studio, an organization founded in 1971 by Karl Berger and Ornette Coleman. The show featured Jack Dejohnette, Chick Corea, Pat Metheny, Anthony Braxton, Lee Konitz, and Miroslav Vitouš, among others.


title: Woodstock, New York

text: On April 19–22, 2012, Woodstock hosted the Woodstock Writers Festival. Ann Hood, Augusten Burroughs, Shalom Auslander, Kurt Andersen and Ned Leavitt spoke and offered workshops on a variety of topics related to literature.


title: Woodstock, New York

text: The town has long been a mecca for artists, musicians, actors, and writers, even before the music festival made the name "Woodstock" famous. The town has a separate "Artist's Cemetery". Film and art festivals attract big names, and hundreds of musicians have come to Woodstock to record.


title: Velayudham

text: Velayudham is a 2011 Indian Tamil-language superhero film written and directed by Mohan Raja. It stars Vijay in titular role with Genelia in the lead, while Hansika, Santhanam, Saranya Mohan, Soori, Abhimanyu Singh, and Vineet Kumar in other prominent roles. The music was composed by Vijay Antony and cinematography by Priyan.


title: Velayudham

text: The film revolves around a villager who arrives in the city to collect money and is persuaded by a journalist to take on the disguise of "Velayudham", a superhero, to eradicate the evils in the society, such as corruption and terrorism. Its story was adapted from the 2000 Telugu film "Azad".


title: Velayudham

text: "Velayudham" was released on 26 October 2011, and became commercially successful. The film collected 60 crore.


title: Velayudham

text: A young journalist named Bharathi, along with two of her friends, investigates a series of terrorist attacks which have taken place in Chennai and also illegal activities like human trafficking. When they are caught video-recording illicit activities happening in a secluded house one night by a group of thugs, they attempt to flee from them. While Bharathi's friends are killed, Bharathi manages to escape despite being stabbed by one of the thugs, but after the attack on Bharathi and her friends, the thugs' vehicle explodes due to a small mishap when a lit cigarette falls over petrol packets stored in the vehicle, killing all the thugs. Bharathi comes up with a new idea to eradicate society's evils by creating and propagating a fictional character called "Velayudham" who wants to clean up the city of terrorism and other illegal activities.


title: Velayudham

text: It shifts to a village called Pavunoor, where a milk vendor named Velayudham alias Velu is residing with his younger sister Kaveri, whom he loves dearly along with his cousin Vaidehi. One day, Velu, Kaveri, and Vaidehi leave for Chennai to collect money from a chit fund for Kaveri's marriage. At the Chennai Egmore railway station, Velu's handbag is stolen by Speedu, a petty thief. Velu pursues Speedu on a motorbike parked at the station and manages to get back his money, but moments after alighting from the bike, the bike explodes. The parked bike had a bomb which was meant to ensure a terrorist attack at the railway station, and thus, Velu inadvertently thwarted a deadly terrorist attack which would have killed several people. After a few more incidents where Velu unknowingly prevents more terrorist attacks, he comes to Bharathi's attention. At first she hates him due to various incidents But when she saw him unknowingly handing over the terrorists to the police, she falls in love with him without knowing that Vaidehi also loves him. When she learns that he unknowingly prevented the attacks, she convinces him to take up the role of Velayudham and provide hope to the people. But he refuses to do it and tells her to finish of the avatar of Velayudham. Soon he learns that his money is stolen and the company where he insured the money was a corrupt company. The people gets angry when they learn that the company is a corrupt company and their money stolen. One of them commits suicide by burning himself alive as he need money for his daughter's operation and if he didn't get the money his daughter would die. Velu tries to save him but it fails. When the villagers tells that Velayudham will come and help them he plans to take the role of Velayudham. He kills the person who stole his and the people's money and returns the money to the people. In the avatar of Velayudham, Velu starts to eradicate the evils that pertain within the society, such as corruption, prostitution, and terrorism, among others. He soon gains wide support and acceptance among the public and even the police.


title: Velayudham

text: A few months later, Velu returns to Pavunoor with Bharathi for Kaveri's marriage. Unknown to Velayudham, Musafir Ibrahim, who is the leader of a terrorist group followed him to his village. Ibrahim wants to kill him since he, in the guise of Velayudham had thwarted every terrorist attack that he had planned in Chennai. On the day of Kaveri's marriage, a bomb planted by Ibrahim at Velu's house explodes, killing Kaveri.


title: Velayudham

text: A few days after Kaveri's death, a grieving Velu learns from Bharathi that Ulaganathan, the corrupt Home Minister of Tamil Nadu, is indirectly responsible for the terrorist attacks and Kaveri's death. Ulaganathan allowed Ibrahim to carry out terrorist attacks in exchange for money. He even tries to gain popularity by claiming Velayudham as his idea, planning to reveal Ibrahim as Velayudham's real identity in a function at the Nehru Stadium, Chennai. Velu returns to Chennai, kills Ibrahim, exposes Ulaganathan's misdeeds. Ulaganathan is killed in a stampede and Velu returns to his village, promising that he will return as Velayudham again.


title: Velayudham

text: The film was launched on 15 July 2010 at the Madras University campus. Genelia D'Souza was chosen for the role of a journalist, and Hansika Motwani was chosen for a secondary protagonist. while Saranya Mohan would play the sister of Vijay's character. Art director Veera Samar also was roped in to play a journalist. While Santhanam and M. S. Baskar were chosen to play the comedy leads in the film, Sayaji Shinde, Vineetkumar and Abhimanyu Singh were selected to play negative roles. Tom Delmar, who had worked as a stunt coordinator in several Hollywood films, joined the crew to choreograph the stunts in the film. Due to his commitment to "Velayudham", Vijay almost lost his role in S. Shankar's "Nanban". He had walked out of "Nanban", since the two films demanded two completely different looks; however, he joined the film later as the scenes involving the protagonist were reserved to be shot later. R. T. Neason who earlier directed "Muruga" (2007) and went on to direct Vijay in "Jilla" (2014), worked as a second unit director.


title: Velayudham

text: Filming was carried out primarily at three locations, Southern Tamil Nadu, Kerala and the last schedule in Chennai. A song sequence choreographed by Shobi that was originally to be shot in Switzerland was canned in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, with Genelia and Hansika filming alongside Vijay.


title: Velayudham

text: Tom Delmar, the stunt co-ordinator of projects such as "Braveheart", was behind the shooting of an extremely tricky train sequence for Velayudham. It was shot on a train moving on a bridge Vijay performed the risky sequence coolly. The director said, "A slight miss and the actor could fall 100 feet below! A very risky sequence, but Vijay did it coolly. My heart was in my mouth when it was being filmed". This stunt was performed in the location Rayagada in Orissa. Another fight sequence was filmed at Golkonda fort, Hyderabad.


title: Velayudham

text: The audiography was done by M. R. Rajakrishnan, and the film's dubbing was done in Four Frames Recording Studio in Chennai.


title: Velayudham

text: The film has been widely reported to be a remake of the 2000 Telugu film "Azad" that starred Soundarya as a journalist and Nagarjuna as a villager, incidentally the roles played by Genelia and Vijay, respectively. However, director M. Raja claimed that it was not a remake but his own story. He later admitted that "Azad" served as the inspiration and that he had penned a new screenplay. Vijay had signed up to appear in a village action story titled "Velan" in 2001 to be directed by Thirupathisamy, the director of "Azad", which was postponed indefinitely after the death of the director. Raja told his cast that it was inspired by "Azad" and requested them to not watch the original. It became Raja's first Tamil venture which did not include his brother in the cast and while writing the script, Raja analysed Vijay's popularity amongst children and women audience to insert certain scenes into the script. The film told the tale of a milkman who turns into a vigilante, with a human interest story as a backdrop. Post the film's release, Raja said that his brother Jayam Ravi had help him in improving the script. Another reported influence for the film was the superhero costume worn by Vijay's character, which was believed to have been borrowed from the "Assassin's Creed" video game series, bearing a resemblance to the robes of young Altaïr, one of the protagonists in the series, leading to criticism of the film being "copied" from the video game. The film "7aum Arivu", which had released alongside "Velayudham" was also compared with the game. Sudhish Kamath compared "Velayudham" to the "Pink Panther" films for featuring a series of "unintentional world-saving incidents".


title: Velayudham

text: The soundtrack was scored by Vijay Antony. The audio rights were bought by Sony Music for a huge amount. The soundtrack consisted of six tracks and was released on 31 August 2011, at CSI Grounds in Madurai, attended by thousands of Vijay fans. Vijay, Hansika Motwani, S. A. Chandrasekhar, Vijay Antony, Viveka, and several distributors and theatre owners were present in the function. In a press statement Ashok Parwani, Sony Music Entertainment Chennai, said, "We are overwhelmed with the response the movie and the music have received. Velayudham has broken all records and we have sold all our units within a day of its launch. The soundtracks are original, soulful and memorable. We're sure that the compositions will go down in history as some of the best melodies of our times."


title: Velayudham

text: Pavithra Srinivasan of Rediff gave it 3 out of 5, stating "Vijay Antony plays it safe mostly, with the result that there's nothing new." P. G. Devi from Behindwoods gave it 3 out of 5 and said, "Vijay Antony continues to flaunt his success this time around with Velayutham. The album has a bunch of entertaining soundtrack like, 'Molachu moonu', 'Mayam Seidhayo' and usual mass beat tracks 'Sonna Puriyadhu' and 'Vela Vela'." Prakash Upadhyaya from Oneindia.in said, "Vijay Antony's music has met the expectations of the audience. The album has all kinds of songs and the music director has targeted the mass as well as class listeners". Indiaglitz said "the music album [...] presents us a variety fare, however with the main target being the 'mass audience'", labelling it as a "food festival for the appetite of Vijay fans, who are craving for mass masala numbers from their hero".


title: Velayudham

text: The film was initially supposed to be released on 22 June, coinciding with Vijay's birthday, but was postponed due to a delay in production.


title: Velayudham

text: "Velayudham" released on 26 October 2011, during the Diwali festival and had a tough competition with "Ra.One" and "7aum Arivu". The film was released with over 820 prints worldwide. It also saw a release in about 100 theaters in Karnataka and 120 theaters in Kerala.


title: Velayudham

text: In the UK, the film was sent for censor certification and with a running time of 117 minutes, received a 12A classification from the British Board of Film Classification. However, the distributor added extra 22 minutes of uncensored footage for theatrical release, eventually resulting in all show cancellations at Cineworld.


title: Velayudham

text: Karnataka Rakshana Vedike (KRV), a pro-Kannada outfit, requested all the theatres in the state not to screen any non-Kannada film on the occasion of Kannada Rajyaotsava Day, but some of the cinema halls did not take their plea seriously, which irked the KRV activists to show their anger against the Tamil film. However, the theatre authorities realised that the situation might reach out of control and hence, they agreed to cancel all the shows of the day. The film was distributed by producer K Manju in Karnataka.


title: Velayudham

text: As per overseas distributor Ayngaran International, the film released in 17 theatres in UK. The US theatrical rights were acquired by GK Media.


title: Velayudham

text: The satellite rights of the film were sold to Jaya TV for a price of 4 crore. Overseas DVD were marketed by Ayngaran DVD. The satellite rights of the Malayalam dubbed version were given to Surya TV and the satellite rights to the Hindi dubbed version went to Colors Cineplex.


title: Velayudham

text: "Velayudham" received positive reviews from critics. "Sify" gave the film 4 out of 5 and called it a good value for the money (""paisa vassol""), stating that the film was a "perfect outing with family, but [is] far too long". "Rediff.com" gave the film 3.5 out of 5, and called it a "paisa vassol film" "CNN-IBN" defined the film as a "must watch" and "treat for Vijay fans". "Indiaglitz" labelled it a "racy entertainer this Deepavali season" and cited it was a "right choice for the festival mood". "The Times of India" gave the film 3.5 out of 5 stars, and concluded that "Velayudham" is sure to add to his box-office muscle. Behinds woods named the film a "Complete mass entertainer spiced up by Vijay" and gave the film 3 out of 5 as well. Similarly "Oneindia.in" described it as a "complete masala entertainer", highlighting its story and "amazing action-sequences" with a rating of 4 out of five stars. Nowrunning.com rated it 3.5/5, writing: ""Velayudham", part comedy part action sails through both streams smoothly until it is struck and sunk by crude melodrama". "The Hindu" stated that the film "simply enters and entertains" and that Raja had "churned out reasonably engaging fare", adding that it had a "strong story, a neat screenplay arresting action, admirable dance movements, one or two hum-worthy numbers and the ever-helpful sister sentiment". "Indo-Asian News Service" gave the film 3.5 out of 5, citing that it "defies all logic, but has the magic of the star called Vijay". "Ananda Vikatan" rated the film 42 out of 100.


title: Velayudham

text: "Velayudham" took a big opening on Diwali day. The film topped the overseas box office, forcing the producers to release more prints. In its opening weekend, spanning five days, the film grossed 2.1 crore in Chennai. According to trade sources, the film grossed 19 crore in Tamil Nadu and around 40 crore during the first week worldwide. On 28 October 2011, two days after its release, Vijay, Vijay Antony and director Raja met the press at a hotel in Chennai to celebrate the success of the film. The total collections in Chennai amounted to 7.75 crore in seven weeks. Velayudham also grossed 5.20 crore in Kerala during its complete run.


title: Velayudham

text: "Velayudham" was a relatively high grosser in Europe and North America, with Taran Adarsh, a Bollywood film critic highlighting that the film was "rocking internationally". "Velayudham" collected a total of £5,244 in UK. In Australia too, the film collected


title: Velayudham

text: Velayudham was honored with the Best Film Award at V4 Entertainment Awards 2011. Velayudham won the honours in the Best Musician category too. Actor Vijay received Edison Award for Best Actor and Superstar Rajini Award in the year 2012 for Velayudham.


title: Day Tripper

text: "Day Tripper" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles that was released as a double A-side single with "We Can Work It Out" in December 1965. The song was written primarily by John Lennon with some contributions from Paul McCartney and was credited to the Lennon–McCartney partnership. Both songs were recorded during the sessions for the band's "Rubber Soul" album. The single topped charts in Britain, Ireland, the Netherlands and Norway. In the United States, "Day Tripper" peaked at number five on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart and "We Can Work It Out" held the top position.


title: Day Tripper

text: "Day Tripper" is a rock song based around an electric guitar riff and drawing on the influence of American soul music. The Beatles included it in their concert set-list until their retirement from live performances in late August 1966. The single was the first example of a double A-side in Britain. Its success popularised the format and, in giving equal treatment to two songs, allowed recording artists to show their versatility. The band's use of promotional films to market the single anticipated the modern music video.


title: Day Tripper

text: In the UK, "Day Tripper" / "We Can Work It Out" was the seventh highest selling single of the 1960s. As of December 2018, it was the 54th best-selling single of all time in the UK – one of six Beatles singles included in the top sales rankings published by the Official Charts Company.


title: Day Tripper

text: "Day Tripper" was written early in the "Rubber Soul" sessions when the Beatles were under pressure to produce a new single for the Christmas market. John Lennon wrote the music and most of the lyrics, while Paul McCartney contributed some of the lyrics. Lennon based the song's guitar riff on that from Bobby Parker's "Watch Your Step", which had also been his model for "I Feel Fine" in 1964. In a 1980 interview, Lennon said of "Day Tripper": "That's mine. Including the lick, the guitar break and the whole bit." In the 1997 book "Many Years from Now", McCartney claims that it was a collaboration but Lennon deserved "the main credit".


title: Day Tripper

text: Lennon described "Day Tripper" as a "drug song" in 1970, and in a 2004 interview McCartney said it was "about acid" (LSD). The song title is a play on words referring to both a tourist on a day-trip and a "trip" in the sense of a psychedelic experience. Lennon recalled: "Day trippers are people who go on a day trip, right? Usually on a ferryboat or something. But [the song] was kind of ... 'you're just a weekend hippie.' Get it?" In "Many Years from Now", McCartney says that "Day Tripper" was about sex and drugs; he describes it as "a tongue-in-cheek song about someone who was ... committed only in part to the idea. Whereas we saw ourselves as full-time trippers ..."


title: Day Tripper

text: During the sessions for "Rubber Soul", a rift was growing between McCartney and his bandmates as he continued to abstain from taking LSD. After Lennon and George Harrison had first taken the drug in London early in 1965, Ringo Starr had joined them for their second experience, which took place in Los Angeles when the Beatles stopped there during their August 1965 US tour. Given McCartney's continued abstinence, author Ian MacDonald says that the song's lyric may well have been partly directed at him, as does music journalist Keith Cameron.<ref name="Alexander/Mojo"></ref>


title: Day Tripper

text: When writing and recording their new songs, the Beatles drew on their experiences from the recent US tour.<ref name="Lewisohn/MojoSpecial">Lewisohn, Mark. "High Times". In: .</ref> Throughout the summer, soul music had been one of the dominant sounds heard on American radio, particularly singles by acts signed to the Motown and Stax record labels. Author Jon Savage writes that in the British pop scene of late 1965, American soul music was "everywhere", and the Beatles readily embraced the genre in both "Day Tripper" and the "Rubber Soul" track "Drive My Car". According to MacDonald, Lennon possibly came up with the riff in an effort to improve on the Rolling Stones' 1965 hit single "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction", which similarly showed the influence of Stax soul.


title: Day Tripper

text: The main compositional feature of "Day Tripper" is its two-bar, single-chord guitar riff.<ref name="Pollack/Notes"></ref> The riff opens and closes the song, and forms the basis of the verses. In addition, the pattern is transposed to the IV chord during the verses and to the V chord for the bridge.


title: Day Tripper

text: [The] riff has both the overall shape of a non-symmetrical rising arch whose descent does not completely balance out its ascent, yet it makes an impression of upward bound saw-tooth angularity; note particularly the way it drops a full octave in the space of a single eighth note whenever it repeats. Harmonically it outlines a bluesy I9 chord (with the flat seventh!). Rhythmically, it places hard syncopations on the eighth note preceding both the first and third beat of the second measure, while its final three eighth notes provide momentum that effectively leads into the repeat.


title: Day Tripper

text: Musicologist Walter Everett highlights the riff as an example of the Beatles drawing inspiration from other artists and improving on the source material. He sees the "Day Tripper" riff as a combination of the ostinatos heard on Motown recordings such as the Temptations' "My Girl", Barrett Strong's "Money (That's What I Want)" and Marvin Gaye's "I'll Be Doggone", while also incorporating a rockabilly element that recalls Roy Orbison's "Oh, Pretty Woman".


title: Day Tripper

text: The song is in 4/4 time throughout and the home key is E major. It opens with the riff played in unison on lead and rhythm guitar, followed by a staggered entrance of bass guitar, tambourine and finally drums. After this extended intro, the song's structure comprises two verses, a bridge that serves as an instrumental break, then a final verse, and the outro.


title: Day Tripper

text: The verse adheres to the twelve-bar blues form for eight bars, with a change to the IV chord followed by the expected return to I. The chorus portion of the verse then departs from the form by moving to the parallel major version of the home key's relative minor. As throughout the song, only major chords are used in this portion: F7 for four bars, and one bar each of A7, G7, C7 and B7.


title: Day Tripper

text: The bridge remains on the B chord for its entirety and takes the form of a "rave-up". The section begins with repetitions of the main riff and ends with a blues-inflected guitar solo accompanied by wordless harmony singing. A 12-note rising guitar scale sounds on the second beat of each bar, starting with a mid-range B note and climbing over an octave to F. In Everett's view, the intensity of the bridge – the bass pedal, rising scale, guitar solos, cymbal playing, and increased attack on the vocalised "aah"s – conveys the realisation that the singer is being used by the female day-tripper and "express a gradually-arising, yet sudden sensation of, enlightenment".


title: Day Tripper

text: "Day Tripper" follows a strand of Lennon's writing style in which the lyrics put down a woman who claims to be more than what she delivers, a theme commonly found in rhythm and blues and blues songs. In the description of music critic Tim Riley, the song is about "being awakened and jilted all at once", as best conveyed in the singer's declaration that "It took me "so" long to find out". The line "She's a big teaser" was a code for "She's a prick teaser."


title: Day Tripper

text: The vocal line over the verses contrasts with the flowing and circular quality of the main riff by including downward and abrupt phrasing. Pollack cites this aspect as an example of the composition's manipulation of harmonic rhythm. He also highlights the judicious use of falsetto and change of wording in the final chorus – where the day tripper's "one-way ticket" becomes a reference to her as a "Sunday driver" – as examples of the song's avoidance of "rote consistency" and its ability to continually surprise. In music journalist Paul Du Noyer's view, the song reveals "multiple layers in play". He cites "the triple implication of 'day tripper' as flighty girlfriend, or weekend hop-head, or uncommitted disciple of the new wisdom", adding that the ascending wordless vocalisation in the bridge serves as a "self-reference to that defining Beatle moment" in their 1963 cover of "Twist and Shout".


title: Day Tripper

text: The Beatles recorded the song at their first session after completing "Drive My Car". The session took place at EMI Studios (now Abbey Road Studios) in London on 16 October 1965. Unusually for the time, the group allowed visitors into the studio, as Lennon's wife Cynthia and his half-sisters Julia Baird and Jacqui Dykins attended part of the session. The band rehearsed the song for much of the afternoon before taping the basic track. The line-up was Lennon and Harrison on rhythm and lead guitar, respectively, McCartney on bass and Starr on drums.


title: Day Tripper

text: Take 3 was selected for overdubs, having been the only take in which the performance did not break down. On the studio tapes from the session, Starr can be heard encouraging his bandmates to "really rock it this time" before take 1. MacDonald describes Starr's drumming over the choruses as "another in-joke", further to the Beatles' channelling of the Stax sound on "Drive My Car", as his reversion to fours on the bass drum recalls Al Jackson's playing with Booker T. & the M.G.'s.


title: Day Tripper

text: Lennon and McCartney overdubbed lead vocals, with McCartney the more prominent singer in the verses' first and third lines, and Harrison added a harmony vocal over the choruses and the instrumental bridge. Starr overdubbed the tambourine.


title: Day Tripper

text: Music journalist Rob Chapman views the guitar interplay on "Day Tripper" as an example of the Beatles' "baroque sonata" approach to musical arrangements. Harrison played the bridge's rising scale using a guitar volume-pedal effect, and overdubbed a second lead guitar part over the same section. Everett, Riley and authors Jean-Michel Guesdon and Philippe Margotin say that Harrison played the blues solo, while MacDonald credits Lennon. After completing the song late that evening, the band recorded the basic track for "If I Needed Someone" in a single take.


title: Day Tripper

text: "Day Tripper" had been conceived as the A-side of the Beatles' next single but the band came to favour "We Can Work It Out", which was predominantly written by McCartney and recorded later in the "Rubber Soul" sessions. Lennon continued to argue for "Day Tripper". To promote the upcoming release, the Beatles filmed mimed performances of the two songs on 1–2 November for inclusion in the Granada TV special "The Music of Lennon & McCartney". At the start of "Day Tripper", the band were accompanied by a group of go-go dancers.


title: Day Tripper

text: On 15 November, EMI announced that the A-side would be "We Can Work It Out", only for Lennon to publicly contradict this two days later. As a compromise, the single was marketed as a double A-side, the first of its kind in the UK. Lennon's championing of "Day Tripper" was based on his belief that the Beatles' rock sound should be favoured over the softer style of "We Can Work It Out".


title: Day Tripper

text: Further to the Granada filming, the Beatles decided to promote the single solely through pre-recorded film clips for the first time. On 23 November, they filmed three black-and-white promotional clips for each of the songs at Twickenham Film Studios in south-west London. The clips were designed to be sent to various television music and variety shows around the world, to air on those programmes in lieu of personal studio appearances. Directed by Joe McGrath and later known collectively as the "Intertel Promos", the filming also included mimed performances of "I Feel Fine", "Ticket to Ride" and "Help!" for inclusion in "Top of the Pops" round-up of the biggest hits of 1965.


title: Day Tripper

text: As with the other clips, the promos for "Day Tripper" showed the Beatles making minimal effort to appear as though they were performing the song. In the first clip, the band members are dressed in black and perform on a stage in front of shiny pillars. Following the song's bridge, Starr marches rather than plays, seated at his drum kit.


title: Day Tripper

text: For the second promo, they wore their military-style jackets from their August 1965 concert at New York's Shea Stadium. Surrounded by travel-themed props, they perform in front of a backdrop of tinsel and a New Year's greeting in French. Lennon and McCartney stand behind an aeroplane, while Harrison and Starr play through the windows of a railway carriage. With no drum kit visible, Starr discards his drumsticks in favour of a saw and begins sawing through the carriage. In music critic Richie Unterberger's view, Starr's antics lend the performance "a dash of surrealism (by 1965 pop group standards at any rate)".


title: Day Tripper

text: The single was released on EMI's Parlophone label in Britain (as Parlophone R 5389) on 3 December 1965, the same day as "Rubber Soul". On the front page of its issue published the previous day, "Melody Maker" confirmed the release dates as well as the dates for the promos' airing on British TV and for the band's UK tour; the editors called the week ahead "National Beatles Week". In the United States, Capitol Records issued the single on 6 December (as Capitol 5555).


title: Day Tripper

text: The release coincided with speculation in the UK press that the Beatles' superiority in the pop world since 1963 might be coming to an end, given the customary two or three years that most acts could expect to remain at the peak of their popularity. In addition, after receiving their MBEs for services to the national economy in October, the group were temporarily perceived as being part of the establishment. "Cash Box"s reviewer predicted that the Beatles would "quickly trip the [US] charts fantastic for the umpteenth time" with "We Can Work It Out" and described "Day Tripper" as a "hard-pounding, raunchy ode all about a gal who is somewhat of a tease". Derek Johnson of the "NME" said that "Day Tripper" "generates plenty of excitement" but it was "not one of the boys' strongest melodically", and "the other side is much more startling in conception." In his role as guest reviewer for "Melody Maker", the Animals' Eric Burdon said he preferred "Day Tripper" and especially admired Harrison's guitar contributions, saying that rather than musical prowess, "It's what he does and when he does it." Burdon also wrote: "It's fantastic that every Beatles record that comes out gets knocked, then two or three days after everybody likes it. But I like this immediately."


title: Day Tripper

text: "Day Tripper" / "We Can Work It Out" entered the UK Singles Chart (at the time, the "Record Retailer" chart) on 15 December, at number 2, before holding the top position for five consecutive weeks. The single also failed to top the national chart published by "Melody Maker" in its first week – marking the first occasion since December 1963 that a new Beatles single had not immediately entered at number 1. Although it was an immediate number 1 on the "NME"s chart, the "Daily Mirror" and "Daily Express" newspapers both published articles highlighting the apparent decline.


title: Day Tripper

text: The record was the Beatles' ninth consecutive chart-topping single in "Record Retailer" and their tenth on the country's other charts, and for the third year in succession they had the Christmas number 1 hit as well as the top-selling album. "Day Tripper" / "We Can Work It Out" was also the band's fastest-selling single in the UK since "Can't Buy Me Love" in 1964. Alan Smith, the reporter assigned to cover the Beatles' UK tour for the "NME", commented: "Anyone who says they're finished – particularly with 'Day Tripper' / 'We Can Work It Out' at No. 1 in the "NME" Chart in its first week – must be out of his head!"<ref name="Smith/OnTour"> Available at Rock's Backpages (subscription required).</ref>


title: Day Tripper

text: In the US, both songs entered the "Billboard" Hot 100 on the week ending 18 December. In early 1966, "We Can Work It Out" spent three non-consecutive weeks at number 1, while "Day Tripper" peaked at number 5. The single was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America, for sales of 1 million or over, on 6 January. The record topped charts in many other countries around the world, although "We Can Work It Out" was usually the favoured side.


title: Day Tripper

text: The Beatles included "Day Tripper" in the set list for their December 1965 UK tour. They continued to perform it live throughout 1966. When they played it at Cleveland's Municipal Stadium on 14 August, the song triggered a crowd invasion that some commentators likened to the race riots that had recently taken place in the east of Cleveland. Over 2,000 fans broke through the security barriers separating the audience from the open area housing the elevated stage, causing the Beatles to stop the performance and shelter backstage for half an hour until order was restored. The song prompted a similar response when the group returned to Shea Stadium on 23 August.


title: Day Tripper

text: During the band's final press conference as a performing act, held at the Capitol Tower in Los Angeles on 28 August, a reporter asked what they thought of "Time" magazine's recent dismissal of pop music, particularly the writers' contention that "Day Tripper" was about a prostitute and "Norwegian Wood" was a song about a lesbian. McCartney joked that "We were just trying to write songs about prostitutes and lesbians, that's all." When introducing the song at San Francisco's Candlestick Park the following night, during the Beatles' final commercial concert, Lennon described it as being "about the very naughty lady called Day Tripper".


title: Day Tripper

text: McCartney included the song in his tour set list from 2009 to 2012. A live version appears on his 2009 live album "Good Evening New York City".


title: Day Tripper

text: In June 1966, "Day Tripper" was included on "Yesterday and Today", an album configured by Capitol for the North American market. In November that year, a new stereo mix was created for the EMI compilation "A Collection of Beatles Oldies". "Day Tripper" later appeared on the band's "1962–1966" compilation, released in 1973. CD versions of that album used the November 1966 remix, as did the "Past Masters, Volume Two" compilation, released in 1988.


title: Day Tripper

text: Whereas in the 1965 stereo mix, one of the guitars is inaudible for the first couple of seconds of the intro, the remix has both guitars entering from the start. The 1966 stereo mix also adds extra reverb on the vocals and edits out a stray "yeah" from Lennon at the start of the coda. Both of these stereo mixes contain some engineering errors. Drop-outs occur in the track containing lead guitar and tambourine early in the third verse (after the line "Tried to please her") and in the coda. Riley comments on the significance of the first error, saying that "technical flaws are so rare on a Beatles recording that its inclusion is strange." The drop-outs were fixed for the release of the 2000 compilation "1", by copying the required sounds from another point in the song.


title: Day Tripper

text: One of the November 1965 promotional clips was included in the Beatles' 2015 video compilation "1", and two appear in the three-disc versions of the compilation, titled "1+".<ref name="Rowe/MortonReport"></ref> The mimed performance from "The Music of Lennon & McCartney" was also included on "1+".


title: Day Tripper

text: The success of "Day Tripper" / "We Can Work It Out" popularised the double A-side format and, in giving equal treatment to two songs, allowed recording artists to show their versatility.<ref name="White/OCC"></ref> The Beatles' decision to send out independently produced films to promote their music anticipated the modern music video and the rise of MTV in the 1980s. According to music journalist Robert Fontenot, "Since these performances [of 'Day Tripper' and 'We Can Work It Out'] were not filmed in front of an audience, they can be considered the world's first music videos as we understand the format today."<ref name="Fontenot/About"></ref>


title: Day Tripper

text: According to author and musician John Kruth, the guitar riff on "Day Tripper" was a part that every young guitarist in the UK and the US ""had" to learn". Lenny Kaye, an aspiring musician in 1965, later described it as one of the era's "great riffs" and highlighted the song as an example of how the Beatles' music was always harder to master than that of contemporaries such as the Rolling Stones and the Yardbirds. The song's use of an octave-doubled guitar riff anticipated a characteristic of Cream and Led Zeppelin later in the 1960s, particularly in their respective songs "Sunshine of Your Love" and "Good Times Bad Times" and "Heartbreaker". Lennon said that McCartney's riff-driven "Paperback Writer", the A-side of the Beatles' May 1966 single, was "son of 'Day Tripper'".


title: Day Tripper

text: Although Lennon expressed dissatisfaction with the song, it has remained popular with critics and fans. Dave Marsh described "Day Tripper" as the most authentic approximation of a genuine soul recording the Beatles had yet made. Tim Riley deems it "Lennon's guitar heaven", with a mid-song "rave-up to end all rave-ups" and a "brilliant yet coolly irreverent" riff. He also admires Starr's drumming, particularly over the coda, saying that it serves as one of "Ringo's finest moments" on record. Less impressed, Ian MacDonald says the track suggests that wit in the form of musical jokes had become the band's "new gimmick". He considers it to be "Musically uninspired by The Beatles' standards" and ruined by the engineering error in the third verse. Alex Petridis of "The Guardian" finds the song inferior to "We Can Work It Out", writing: "Its addictive riff aside, there is something unappealingly snooty about Day Tripper: the sound of an acid initiate sneering at someone insufficiently hip to have turned on, tuned in and dropped out."


title: Day Tripper

text: "Day Tripper" / "We Can Work It Out" was one of the "Treasure Island" singles listed in Greil Marcus's 1979 book "Stranded". It was also included in Marsh's 1989 book "The 1001 Greatest Singles Ever Made", ranked at number 382, and in Paul Williams' 1993 book "Rock and Roll: The 100 Best Singles of All Time". The "NME" ranked it at number 25 in the magazine's list of "The Top 100 Singles of All Time" in 1976, and "Mojo" ranked it 62nd in a similar list compiled in 1997.


title: Day Tripper

text: In 2010, "Rolling Stone" ranked "Day Tripper" 39th in its list of "The 100 Greatest Beatles Songs". In "Mojo"s list, published in 2006, the track appeared at number 74, a ranking that Keith Cameron bemoaned as too low in his commentary for the magazine. He said it was the most riff-oriented of all the Beatles' songs and praised the group's performance, highlighting Lennon and McCartney's "finest tag vocal melodrama", Starr's effective drum rolls, and Harrison's ascending sequence over the middle eight for "lur[ing] us to the verge of hysteria". "Day Tripper" was ranked the 30th best Beatles song by "Ultimate Classic Rock" in 2014 and by the music staff of "Time Out London" in 2017.


title: Day Tripper

text: By November 2012, the single had sold 1.39 million copies in the UK, making it the group's fifth million-seller in that country. As of December 2018, the double A-side was the 54th best-selling single of all time in the UK – one of six Beatles entries in the top sales rankings published by the Official Charts Company.<ref name="Myers/OCC"></ref>


title: Day Tripper

text: In 1966, the song was covered by Otis Redding,<ref name="Unterberger/AM"></ref> whose version peaked at number 43 on the "Record Retailer" chart in 1967. According to MacDonald, Redding was delighted by the Beatles' imitation of his sound in "Drive My Car" and responded by recording "his own, madly up-tempo" arrangement of "Day Tripper". Jon Savage cites Redding's covers of "Day Tripper" and the Rolling Stones' "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction" as part of a trend by Stax artists and other African-American soul musicians that acknowledged the Beatles, the Rolling Stones and Bob Dylan but was "also an assertion of pop equality – 'We're just as good as you.'" Having backed Redding on his cover, as the Stax house band, Booker T. & the M.G.'s also recorded the song for the label.


title: Day Tripper

text: Kruth highlights Mae West's 1966 version, on "Way Out West", for its sexual suggestiveness as she transposes the lyrics into a first-person perspective, singing "I'm a big teaser / I took him half the way there", and includes a "sizzling striptease groove" in the musical backing. According to Kruth, Nancy Sinatra provided another "hot" female reading on her album "Boots", which also includes a provocative interpretation of "Run for Your Life", Lennon's "sexist 'sermon'" from "Rubber Soul". Richie Unterberger pairs Jimi Hendrix with Redding as the major artists who realised "the inherent soulfulness of 'Day Tripper'" in their cover recordings. Described by Kruth as "red-hot", Hendrix's version was recorded for BBC Radio in 1967 and subsequently issued on his 1998 album "BBC Sessions".


title: Day Tripper

text: Lennon was indifferent about Redding's version; in his 1968 "Rolling Stone" review, Lennon said he especially liked José Feliciano's recording of the song. "Day Tripper" was the lead track on the Irish band Beethoven's 1989 "Him Goolie Goolie Man, Dem" EP. Steven Wells of the "NME" named the record "Single of the Week", writing that "The centrestone of this jewel of a record is the kidnapping, tarring and feathering, mugging, shagging and destruction of 'Day Tripper'."


title: Day Tripper

text: Pauline Oliveros's tape-delay collage piece "Rock Symphony", which she debuted at the San Francisco Tape Music Center in December 1965, used samples of "Day Tripper" and "Norwegian Wood", along with recent recordings by the Animals, the Bobby Fuller Four and Tammi Terrell. Rob Chapman cites the Oliveros composition as an example of mid-1960s avant-garde composers being quick to incorporate the latest pop sounds into their work, thereby expanding the scope of their medium.


title: Day Tripper

text: Eric Clapton included the riff from "Day Tripper" in the song "What'd I Say" on the 1966 album "Blues Breakers with Eric Clapton". That same year, Buffalo Springfield included the riff in "Baby Don't Scold Me", a track available on the original pressing of the band's debut album, "Buffalo Springfield". Yes used it in the introduction to their 1969 cover of the Beatles' "Every Little Thing". April Wine also used the riff, along with that of the Stones' "Satisfaction", at the end of their 1979 song "I Like to Rock".


title: Literary theory

text: Literary theory is the systematic study of the nature of literature and of the methods for literary analysis. Since the 19th century, literary scholarship includes literary theory and considerations of intellectual history, moral philosophy, social prophecy, and interdisciplinary themes relevant to how people interpret meaning. In the humanities in modern academia, the latter style of literary scholarship is an offshoot of post-structuralism. Consequently, the word "theory" became an umbrella term for scholarly approaches to reading texts, some of which are informed by strands of semiotics, cultural studies, philosophy of language, and continental philosophy.


title: Literary theory

text: The practice of literary theory became a profession in the 20th century, but it has historical roots that run as far back as ancient Greece (Aristotle's "Poetics" is an often cited early example), ancient India (Bharata Muni's "Natya Shastra"), and ancient Rome (Longinus's "On the Sublime"). In medieval times, scholars in the Middle East (Al-Jahiz's "al-Bayan wa-'l-tabyin" and "al-Hayawan", and ibn al-Mu'tazz's "Kitab al-Badi") and Europe continued to produce works based on literary studies. The aesthetic theories of philosophers from ancient philosophy through the 18th and 19th centuries are important influences on current literary study. The theory and criticism of literature are tied to the history of literature.


title: Literary theory

text: However, the modern sense of "literary theory" only dates to approximately the 1950s when the structuralist linguistics of Ferdinand de Saussure began to strongly influence English language literary criticism. The New Critics and various European-influenced formalists (particularly the Russian Formalists) had described some of their more abstract efforts as "theoretical" as well. But it was not until the broad impact of structuralism began to be felt in the English-speaking academic world that "literary theory" was thought of as a unified domain.


title: Literary theory

text: In the academic world of the United Kingdom and the United States, literary theory was at its most popular from the late 1960s (when its influence was beginning to spread outward from elite universities such as Johns Hopkins, Yale, and Cornell) through the 1980s (by which time it was taught nearly everywhere in some form). During this span of time, literary theory was perceived as academically cutting-edge, and most university literature departments sought to teach and study theory and incorporate it into their curricula. Because of its meteoric rise in popularity and the difficult language of its key texts, theory was also often criticized as faddish or trendy obscurantism (and many academic satire novels of the period, such as those by David Lodge, feature theory prominently). Some scholars, both theoretical and anti-theoretical, refer to the 1980s and 1990s debates on the academic merits of theory as "the theory wars".