title: Rock Band

text: Harmonix aimed to provide a wide range of music to players through additional content, stating that "Rock Band" is a music platform for discovering music. The developer released new songs, compatible with both games, through regular weekly downloadable content (DLC). including various singles, artist packs featuring three or more songs from the artists, and full albums. Downloadable songs are compatible with "Rock Band" and "Rock Band 2". A portion of the downloadable song catalog is also compatible with "Lego Rock Band", based on the songs' appropriateness for the game's family-friendly content rating. While "The Beatles: Rock Band" also supports downloadable content, the game does not share such content with the other "Rock Band" games, nor can it use content from the other "Rock Band" games. "Green Day: Rock Band" does not have its own catalog of downloadable content but a select number of songs from the "21st Century Breakdown" album were released to the Music Store prior to the game's release. These songs integrate with "Green Day: Rock Band", enabling the player to play the complete "21st Century Breakdown" album in the game. Downloadable content released on or after October 26, 2010 is restricted for use with "Rock Band 3", "Rock Band Blitz", and "Rock Band 4" while content released on or after October 6, 2015 is restricted for use with "Rock Band 4" only.


title: Rock Band

text: The standard price for individual song downloads is US$1.99 per song, while some songs cost US$0.99, and some even for free. Downloads are available through PlayStation Network, Xbox Live, and Nintendo WFC. Song packs and certain singles are available at discounted prices. The price for downloadable albums varies, according to how many songs are on the album. The music can be purchased either directly from the console's online store, or through the "Rock Band" games directly via its own "Music Store", which allows users to preview the music prior to purchase. The Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 versions of both games support downloading; the Wii version of "Rock Band 2" also has this feature, and Harmonix has re-released existing downloaded content on the Wii over time. Wii users are only able to purchase songs through the game's Music Store, and not through the Wii Shop Channel.


title: Rock Band

text: With the introduction of new features in "Rock Band 3", DLC includes support, where appropriate, for vocal harmonies, keyboards, and Pro drums and Pro keyboards, and remain at the same price. Additional support for Pro guitar and bass depends on the band or song; according to MTV's Paul DeGooyer, "[many bands'] guitar parts wouldn't rise to the level that they would need to have pro mode authoring associated with them". Furthermore, the Pro guitar portion of DLC costs extra, due to the complexity of charting, which Harmonix has said takes as long as authoring the rest of the song. Older DLC can be upgraded by Harmonix to include newer features, but which songs will be a function of licensing, band cooperation, and players' preferences.


title: Rock Band

text: By the release of "Rock Band 3", there were over 2,000 songs from over 250 different artists available for the "Rock Band" series through on-disc songs, imported track packs, the "Rock Band" Network and downloadable content, including 21 complete albums. The song "Are You Experienced?" by The Jimi Hendrix Experience, released as part of the release of the album of the same name, is credited by Harmonix as the 2,000th song for the series. Over 100 million downloadable song purchases have been made through the "Rock Band" music store service through May 2011.


title: Rock Band

text: On April 26, 2011, Harmonix released a list of the top ten selling downloadable artists. The list included The Beatles, The Who and Red Hot Chili Peppers. Other popular fan-requested bands, including Guns N' Roses and Muse, were difficult to obtain the proper licensing for and could not get additional songs into downloadable content.


title: Rock Band

text: Harmonix announced that the initial run of regular DLC releases would end on April 2, 2013, as the company began to transition to other projects for next-generation consoles. The final song released on its regular download release schedule was the Don McLean song "American Pie". The company did not rule out future DLC releases, and starting in January 2015, provided one-off releases of new content for the series. While Harmonix has not committed to a future "Rock Band" title, Rigopoulos has stated that reuse of existing downloadable content on future titles for next-generation consoles will be a priority, stating "that investment that players have made over the years in those libraries is something that we would want to take great pains to protect".


title: Rock Band

text: With the announcement of "Rock Band 4" on March 5, 2015, Harmonix also added that the majority of existing DLC purchases would convert to the next generation. Only legacy downloadable content for "Rock Band 4" is forward compatible from within the same system family (Xbox 360 downloadable content can be claimed on the Xbox One and PlayStation 3 downloadable content on the PlayStation 4) as long as the user was previously entitled to it. Premium DLC content and upgrades are still not transferable to "Rock Band 4", with no intent to honor those purchases for this entire console generation.


title: Rock Band

text: Harmonix has created a series of "Track Packs" that contain up to twenty songs previously featured as downloadable content that can be played as a standalone title with reduced features (such as no character customization and limited game modes). These titles were initially intended for users of "Rock Band" on platforms that lacked network capabilities, specifically the PlayStation 2 and the Wii. However, the second Track Pack was made available for all four console systems, and allows users on the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 to download these songs for use in the main games. A third Track Pack provides all the tracks from AC/DC's "Live at Donington" album in a similar manner to the second Track Pack, including exporting them to the main games. More recent Track Packs have been genre-specific such as classic rock, country, and metal. Some Track Packs have included songs not yet available through downloadable content, though Harmonix has released the exclusive tracks from the Country Track Pack and the Metal Track Pack in Music Store for purchase.


title: Rock Band

text: The "Rock Band" Network is a downloadable content service designed by Harmonix and Microsoft to allow artists and labels to author ("chart") their own songs for play in "Rock Band". Using special software provided by Harmonix, these songs are peer-reviewed for content before being put on the Network, and users will be able to browse through the available songs by several means. The Network will augment the songs added by Harmonix as downloadable content for the game. The Network became publicly available to Xbox 360 players on March 4, 2010, with all of the songs immediately available to the Network Store for Xbox 360, and certain selections of songs available to the PlayStation 3 and Wii. A major update of the Network was released early in 2011, after "Rock Band 3" release, to including authoring tools for normal and Pro keyboards and vocal harmonies, but will not initially support Pro guitar/bass authoring until Harmonix is able to judge the support required for these tools. Harmonix also plans to better support the PlayStation 3 through this iteration. Due to lack of interest and difficulties with Nintendo's Wii storefront, Harmonix has discontinued making Network songs available for the Wii. Xbox 360 players will still be able to create and add songs to the "Rock Band Network" following the April 2, 2013 end of regular DLC, but Harmonix has stated that while these mechanisms are generally automated, they are based on third-party technology like Microsoft XNA, and should those services cease, so will the functionality of the "Network". As release of "Network" songs for the PlayStation 3 require Harmonix to be fully involved, no further "Network" songs will be available for the PlayStation 3 after April 2, 2013. The Network was fully shuttered in September 2014 to allow Harmonix to move forward on other projects. "Rock Band" Network songs are incompatible with "Rock Band 4" at launch; however, Harmonix has stated they will explore the logistics of bringing RBN songs into "Rock Band 4" after completing the transition of all official DLC, packs, and disc exports. All RBN content was delisted on the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 platforms in February 2018. In May 2018, Harmonix announced that they have secured licensing for a portion of the "Rock Band" Network library to be released as regular DLC for "Rock Band 4"; however, entitlements for re-released RBN content are not supported due to technical and licensing restrictions.


title: Rock Band

text: Like "Guitar Hero", "Rock Band" has influenced the music culture. Alex Rigopulos and Eran Egozy, the founders of Harmonix, were together named in "Time Magazine"'s list of the 100 most influential people of 2008 for their creation of "Rock Band". In the article, guitarist Steven Van Zandt claims, "in the history of rock 'n' roll, "Rock Band" may just turn out to be up there with the rise of FM radio, CDs or MTV." Both were awarded the 2009 Game Developers Choice Pioneer Award for their influence on music video games culminating with "Rock Band", and the 2010 USA Network's "Character Approved" Award for New Media in 2010 for the impact that their vision and leadership for "Rock Band" has had on the social nature of the game. A reality television show, "Rock Band 2: The Stars", was created by VH1, featuring several players performing and being eliminated by judges Alice Cooper and Sebastian Bach. The Pennsylvania-based band, The Jellybricks, released a viral video of their song "Ruin Us" which is overplayed on footage from "Rock Band 2" using avatars resembling the band members.


title: Rock Band

text: "Rock Band" appeared briefly in the "Whale Whores" episode of the "South Park" animated TV series, where Cartman, along with Kyle and Kenny, sang to Lady Gaga's "Poker Face"; about 5 months after the airing, Harmonix announced "Poker Face" with vocals by Cartman would be available as downloadable content for the game, along with other Lady Gaga songs featuring her vocals. An episode of the sitcom "The Office", "The Chump", alluded to "Rock Band: Billy Joel", to which "Entertainment Weekly"s Darren Franich commented that "let’s hope never actually exists ever". Billy Joel, on reading this review, contacted his agents and authorized his songs to be used within the game as a means to snub Franich. The "Los Angeles Times" suggests that "Rock Band", particularly "The Beatles: Rock Band", has influenced many of the contestants in the preliminaries for the 9th season of "American Idol" to use songs that have appeared in these games for their auditions.


title: Rock Band

text: In terms of sales, "Rock Band" trailed the "Guitar Hero" series, selling only 4 million units in 2007 compared to "Guitar Hero"s 11.8 million. In 2008, "Rock Band" was the third highest brand, trailing "Guitar Hero" and the "Mario" series, with $662M in total sales for the year. Over 5.3 million copies of the games were sold in 2008, with 3.8 million of those in instrument-bundled packages. Wedbush Securities gaming analyst Michael Pachter believed that both game series would sell another 3 million units each by early 2009. Regardless, "Rock Band" did not generate profits for Viacom due to the cost of developing and selling the instrument peripherals. As a result, Viacom, MTV Games, and Harmonix shifted the "Rock Band" series into one that focused on selling songs through additional software discs and downloadable content, letting others, such as Activision, handle the creation of the game controllers.


title: Rock Band

text: Sales of downloadable songs have been in favor of hard rock bands; Mötley Crües single "Saints of Los Angeles", debuting as a "Rock Band" track at the same time as the release of the album of the same name, saw 48,000 "Rock Band" downloads and 14,000 iTunes downloads during its first week of release. The popularity of some tracks have also led to groups considering releasing more material for the game. Rushs alternate version of "Working Man" released only for "Rock Band" was met with so much praise from players of "Rock Band" that the group released the song for download through iTunes, as well as considered making full albums available, which they in turn did when they released their album "Moving Pictures" in full on the platform soon after. Guns N' Roses had delayed their long-awaited album "Chinese Democracy" so often, many doubted it would ever be released; however, the "Rock Band 2" debut of the song "Shackler's Revenge" was thought to be the precursor to the release of "Chinese Democracy"; the album was indeed released in November 2008 and was later made available as a downloadable album for the "Rock Band" games.


title: Rock Band

text: "Rock Band"'s downloadable content has been given away as part of promotions tied in with the game. Playable tracks from Disturbed and Pearl Jam were given to customers that had purchased new albums from the respective bands in certain stores. During the summer of 2009, customers of specially marked Pepsi products had a chance to win a token to select one downloadable track out of about 300 for "Rock Band" in addition to other "Rock Band" related-prizes.


title: Rock Band

text: "Rock Band" and "Guitar Hero" have been stated to provide significant benefits for music labels and artists through exposure of their songs to new, younger audiences. However, not all record labels believe there are benefits; Edgar Bronfman Jr., chairman and chief executive for Warner Music Group, stated that "The amount being paid to the industry, even though their games are entirely dependent on the content that we own and control, is far too small." While industry rumors stated that MTV Games was boycotting artists under the Warner Music label over the music company's stance on licensing the issue has been stated by both MTV Games and Warner Music Group to be a present dispute over increased costs of licensed music as the two companies seek a new deal. Since then, MTV Games and Warner Music Group have entered into licensing agreements allowing music from the label, such as the band Green Day, to be used within the game.


title: Black Dynamite (TV series)

text: Black Dynamite is an American adult animated television series based on the 2009 film of the same name, although the series follows a separate continuity, with some back-references to the film. The series was announced shortly after the release of the film, the 10-minute pilot episode was released on Adult Swim Video on August 8, 2011, and the full series premiered on Cartoon Network's late night programming block, Adult Swim, on July 15, 2012. It ended on January 10, 2015 with a total of 20 episodes. Most episodes of the show were rated TV-MA (akin to the R rating of the movie itself) for bloody, stylized violence, strong sexual references (including nudity, references to prostitution, and depictions of sex acts), profanity and humor derived from racism and discrimination.


title: Black Dynamite (TV series)

text: Michael Jai White, Byron Minns, Tommy Davidson and Kym Whitley reprise their film roles as Black Dynamite, Bullhorn, Cream Corn and Honeybee, respectively. Throughout the first and second seasons, Cedric Yarbrough also reprised his film role as Chocolate Giddy-Up, along with Jimmy Walker Jr. as the restaurant owner Roscoe and Arsenio Hall as Tasty Freeze. It was produced by Ars Nova, Jon Steingart, Carl Jones and Jillian Apfelbaum are executive producers, with Brian Ash as co-executive producer. Scott Sanders, White and Minns are producers. Monica Jones is associate producer. LeSean Thomas is creative producer/supervising director. The original music is by Adrian Younge (who also composed score for the hit film) for season 1 and Fatin "10" Horton for season 2.


title: Black Dynamite (TV series)

text: The show, set in the 1970s, is predominantly a parody of and tribute to blaxploitation cinema. The show continues the story of Black Dynamite, Bullhorn, Cream Corn, and Honey Bee as they engage in dangerous and over-the-top misadventures sometimes involving famous celebrities such as Michael Jackson, O. J. Simpson, Bill Cosby, Sidney Poitier, Richard Pryor, Don Cornelius, Dick Clark, Spike Lee, Mr. T, Orphan Arnold, James Brown, Isaac Hayes, Bob Marley, Bo Derek, Rick James, Elvis Presley, Fred Rogers, John Wayne Gacy, J. Edgar Hoover and many others as well as Black Dynamite's recurring nemesis President Richard Nixon, who was also the main villain from the film. The show makes references to the original "Black Dynamite" film, such as Fiendish Dr. Wu as the leader of a group of ninjas; the show is set before the events of the movie, as some characters from the film who were killed off are alive in the series (notably Bullhorn and Cream Corn). This is reinforced in one episode, where Cream Corn predicts his own future manner of death while in a helicopter.


title: Black Dynamite (TV series)

text: The pilot episode features only an eleven-minute run time and was released on Adult Swim Video on August 8, 2011, and made its television debut over a year later on September 2, 2012.


title: Brazing

text: Brazing is a metal-joining process in which two or more metal items are joined together by melting and flowing a filler metal into the joint, with the filler metal having a lower melting point than the adjoining metal.


title: Brazing

text: Brazing differs from welding in that it does not involve melting the work pieces. Brazing differs from soldering through the use of a higher temperature and much more closely fitted parts than when soldering. During the brazing process, the filler metal flows into the gap between close-fitting parts by capillary action. The filler metal is brought slightly above its melting (liquidus) temperature while protected by a suitable atmosphere, usually a flux. It then flows over the base metal (in a process known as wetting) and is then cooled to join the work pieces together. A major advantage of brazing is the ability to join the same or different metals with considerable strength.


title: Brazing

text: High-quality brazed joints require that parts be closely fitted with base metal surfaces exceptionally clean and free of oxides. In most cases, joint clearances of are recommended for the best capillary action and joint strength; in some brazing operations, however, it is not uncommon to have joint clearances around . Cleanliness of the brazing surfaces is also important, as any contamination can cause poor wetting (flow). The two main methods for cleaning parts, prior to brazing, are chemical cleaning and abrasive or mechanical cleaning. In the case of mechanical cleaning it is important to maintain the proper surface roughness, as wetting on a rough surface occurs much more readily than on a smooth surface of the same geometry.


title: Brazing

text: Another consideration is the effect of temperature and time on the quality of brazed joints. As the temperature of the braze alloy is increased, the alloying and wetting action of the filler metal increases as well. In general, the brazing temperature selected must be above the melting point of the filler metal. However, several factors influence the joint designer's temperature selection. The best temperature is usually selected to:


title: Brazing

text: In some cases, a worker may select a higher temperature to accommodate other factors in the design (e.g., to allow use of a different filler metal, or to control metallurgical effects, or to sufficiently remove surface contamination). The effect of time on the brazed joint primarily affects the extent to which these effects are present. In general, however, most production processes are selected to minimize brazing time and associated costs. This is not always the case, however, since in some non-production settings, time and cost are secondary to other joint attributes (e.g., strength, appearance).


title: Brazing

text: Unless brazing operations are contained within an inert or reducing atmosphere environment (i.e. Nitrogen), a flux such as borax is required to prevent oxides from forming while the metal is heated. The flux also serves the purpose of cleaning any contamination left on the brazing surfaces. Flux can be applied in any number of forms including flux paste, liquid, powder or pre-made brazing pastes that combine flux with filler metal powder. Flux can also be applied using brazing rods with a coating of flux, or a flux core. In either case, the flux flows into the joint when applied to the heated joint and is displaced by the molten filler metal entering the joint. Excess flux should be removed when the cycle is completed because flux left in the joint can lead to corrosion, impede joint inspection, and prevent further surface finishing operations. Phosphorus-containing brazing alloys can be self-fluxing when joining copper to copper.


title: Brazing

text: Fluxes are generally selected based on their performance on particular base metals. To be effective, the flux must be chemically compatible with both the base metal and the filler metal being used. Self-fluxing phosphorus filler alloys produce brittle phosphides if used on iron or nickel. As a general rule, longer brazing cycles should use less active fluxes than short brazing operations.


title: Brazing

text: A variety of alloys are used as filler metals for brazing depending on the intended use or application method. In general, braze alloys are composed of three or more metals to form an alloy with the desired properties. The filler metal for a particular application is chosen based on its ability to: wet the base metals, withstand the service conditions required, and melt at a lower temperature than the base metals or at a very specific temperature.


title: Brazing

text: Braze alloy is generally available as rod, ribbon, powder, paste, cream, wire and preforms (such as stamped washers). Depending on the application, the filler material can be pre-placed at the desired location or applied during the heating cycle. For manual brazing, wire and rod forms are generally used as they are the easiest to apply while heating. In the case of furnace brazing, the alloy is usually placed beforehand since the process is usually highly automated. Some of the more common types of filler metals used are


title: Brazing

text: As brazing work requires high temperatures, oxidation of the metal surface occurs in an oxygen-containing atmosphere. This may necessitate the use of an atmospheric environment other than air. The commonly used atmospheres are


title: Brazing

text: Torch brazing is by far the most common method of mechanized brazing in use. It is best used in small production volumes or in specialized operations, and in some countries, it accounts for a majority of the brazing taking place. There are three main categories of torch brazing in use: manual, machine, and automatic torch brazing.


title: Brazing

text: "Manual torch brazing" is a procedure where the heat is applied using a gas flame placed on or near the joint being brazed. The torch can either be hand held or held in a fixed position depending on whether the operation is completely manual or has some level of automation. Manual brazing is most commonly used on small production volumes or in applications where the part size or configuration makes other brazing methods impossible. The main drawback is the high labor cost associated with the method as well as the operator skill required to obtain quality brazed joints. The use of flux or self-fluxing material is required to prevent oxidation. Torch brazing of copper can be done without the use of flux if it is brazed with a torch using oxygen and hydrogen gas, rather than oxygen and other flammable gases.


title: Brazing

text: "Machine torch brazing" is commonly used where a repetitive braze operation is being carried out. This method is a mix of both automated and manual operations with an operator often placing brazes material, flux and jigging parts while the machine mechanism carries out the actual braze. The advantage of this method is that it reduces the high labor and skill requirement of manual brazing. The use of flux is also required for this method as there is no protective atmosphere, and it is best suited to small to medium production volumes.


title: Brazing

text: "Automatic torch brazing" is a method that almost eliminates the need for manual labor in the brazing operation, except for loading and unloading of the machine. The main advantages of this method are: a high production rate, uniform braze quality, and reduced operating cost. The equipment used is essentially the same as that used for Machine torch brazing, with the main difference being that the machinery replaces the operator in the part preparation.


title: Brazing

text: Furnace brazing is a semi-automatic process used widely in industrial brazing operations due to its adaptability to mass production and use of unskilled labor. There are many advantages of furnace brazing over other heating methods that make it ideal for mass production. One main advantage is the ease with which it can produce large numbers of small parts that are easily jigged or self-locating. The process also offers the benefits of a controlled heat cycle (allowing use of parts that might distort under localized heating) and no need for post braze cleaning. Common atmospheres used include: inert, reducing or vacuum atmospheres all of which protect the part from oxidation. Some other advantages include: low unit cost when used in mass production, close temperature control, and the ability to braze multiple joints at once. Furnaces are typically heated using either electric, gas or oil depending on the type of furnace and application. However, some of the disadvantages of this method include: high capital equipment cost, more difficult design considerations and high power consumption.


title: Brazing

text: There are four main types of furnaces used in brazing operations: batch type; continuous; retort with controlled atmosphere; and vacuum.


title: Brazing

text: A "batch" type furnace has relatively low initial equipment costs, and can heat each part load separately. It can turned on and off at will, which reduces operating expenses when it's not in use. These furnaces are suited to medium to large volume production, and offer a large degree of flexibility in type of parts that can be brazed. Either controlled atmospheres or flux can be used to control oxidation and cleanliness of parts.


title: Brazing

text: "Continuous type" furnaces are best suited to a steady flow of similar-sized parts through the furnace. These furnaces are often conveyor fed, moving parts through the hot zone at a controlled speed. It is common to use either controlled atmosphere or pre-applied flux in continuous furnaces. In particular, these furnaces offer the benefit of very low manual labor requirements and so are best suited to large scale production operations.


title: Brazing

text: "Retort-type" furnaces differ from other batch-type furnaces in that they make use of a sealed lining called a "retort". The retort is generally sealed with either a gasket or is welded shut and filled completely with the desired atmosphere and then heated externally by conventional heating elements. Due to the high temperatures involved, the retort is usually made of heat resistant alloys that resist oxidation. Retort furnaces are often either used in a batch or semi-continuous versions.


title: Brazing

text: "Vacuum furnaces" is a relatively economical method of oxide prevention and is most often used to braze materials with very stable oxides (aluminum, titanium and zirconium) that cannot be brazed in atmosphere furnaces. Vacuum brazing is also used heavily with refractory materials and other exotic alloy combinations unsuited to atmosphere furnaces. Due to the absence of flux or a reducing atmosphere, the part cleanliness is critical when brazing in a vacuum. The three main types of vacuum furnace are: single-wall hot retort, double-walled hot retort, and cold-wall retort. Typical vacuum levels for brazing range from pressures of 1.3 to 0.13 pascals (10 to 10 Torr) to 0.00013 Pa (10 Torr) or lower. Vacuum furnaces are most commonly batch-type, and they are suited to medium and high production volumes.


title: Brazing

text: ', sometimes known as a ', is brazing using a silver alloy based filler. These silver alloys consist of many different percentages of silver and other metals, such as copper, zinc and cadmium.


title: Brazing

text: Brazing is widely used in the tool industry to fasten "hard metal" (carbide, ceramics, cermet, and similar) tips to tools such as saw blades. "Pretinning" is often done: the braze alloy is melted onto the hard metal tip, which is placed next to the steel and remelted. Pretinning gets around the problem that hard metals are difficult to wet.


title: Brazing

text: Brazed hard metal joints are typically two to seven mils thick. The braze alloy joins the materials and compensates for the difference in their expansion rates. It also provides a cushion between the hard carbide tip and the hard steel, which softens impact and prevents tip loss and damage—much as a vehicle's suspension helps prevent damage to the tires and the vehicle. Finally, the braze alloy joins the other two materials to create a composite structure, much as layers of wood and glue create plywood. The standard for braze joint strength in many industries is a joint that is stronger than either base material, so that when under stress, one or other of the base materials fails before the joint. Silver brazing may cause defects in certain alloys, e.g. stress-induced inter-granular cracking in copper-nickel.


title: Brazing

text: One special silver brazing method is called ' or '. It has been developed especially for connecting cables to railway track or for cathodic protection installations. The method uses a silver- and flux-containing brazing pin, which is melted in the eye of a cable lug. The equipment is normally powered from batteries.


title: Brazing

text: "Braze welding" is the use of a bronze or brass filler rod coated with flux to join steel workpieces. The equipment needed for braze welding is basically identical to the equipment used in brazing. Since braze welding usually requires more heat than brazing, acetylene or methylacetylene-propadiene gas (MAPP gas) fuel is commonly used. The name comes from the fact that no capillary action is used.


title: Brazing

text: Braze welding has many advantages over fusion welding. It allows the joining of dissimilar metals, minimization of heat distortion, and can reduce the need for extensive pre-heating. Additionally, since the metals joined are not melted in the process, the components retain their original shape; edges and contours are not eroded or changed by the formation of a fillet. Another effect of braze welding is the elimination of stored-up stresses that are often present in fusion welding. This is extremely important in the repair of large castings. The disadvantages are the loss of strength when subjected to high temperatures and the inability to withstand high stresses.


title: Brazing

text: Carbide, cermet and ceramic tips are plated and then joined to steel to make tipped band saws. The plating acts as a braze alloy.


title: Brazing

text: The "welding" of cast iron is usually a brazing operation, with a filler rod made chiefly of nickel being used although true welding with cast iron rods is also available.


title: Brazing

text: Ductile cast iron pipe may be also "cadwelded," a process that connects joints by means of a small copper wire fused into the iron when previously ground down to the bare metal, parallel to the iron joints being formed as per hub pipe with neoprene gasket seals. The purpose behind this operation is to use electricity along the copper for keeping underground pipes warm in cold climates.


title: Brazing

text: Vacuum brazing is a material joining technique that offers significant advantages: extremely clean, superior, flux-free braze joints of high integrity and strength. The process can be expensive because it must be performed inside a vacuum chamber vessel. Temperature uniformity is maintained on the work piece when heating in a vacuum, greatly reducing residual stresses due to slow heating and cooling cycles. This, in turn, can significantly improve the thermal and mechanical properties of the material, thus providing unique heat treatment capabilities. One such capability is heat-treating or age-hardening the workpiece while performing a metal-joining process, all in a single furnace thermal cycle.


title: Brazing

text: Products that are most commonly vacuum-brazed include aluminum cold plates, plate-fin heat exchangers, and flat tube heat exchangers.


title: Brazing

text: Vacuum brazing is often conducted in a furnace; this means that several joints can be made at once because the whole workpiece reaches the brazing temperature. The heat is transferred using radiation, as many other methods cannot be used in a vacuum.


title: Brazing

text: Dip brazing is especially suited for brazing aluminium because air is excluded, thus preventing the formation of oxides. The parts to be joined are fixtured and the brazing compound applied to the mating surfaces, typically in slurry form. Then the assemblies are dipped into a bath of molten salt (typically NaCl, KCl and other compounds), which functions as both heat transfer medium and flux. Many dip brazed parts are used in heat transfer applications for the aerospace industry.


title: Brazing

text: There are many heating methods available to accomplish brazing operations. The most important factor in choosing a heating method is achieving efficient transfer of heat throughout the joint and doing so within the heat capacity of the individual base metals used. The geometry of the braze joint is also a crucial factor to consider, as is the rate and volume of production required. The easiest way to categorize brazing methods is to group them by heating method. Here are some of the most common:


title: Brazing

text: These heating methods are classified through localised and diffuse heating techniques and offer advantages based on their different applications.


title: Brazing

text: Brazing may entail exposure to hazardous chemical fumes. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health in the United States recommends that exposure to these fumes is controlled to levels below the allowed exposure limit.


title: Brazing

text: Brazing has many advantages over other metal-joining techniques, such as welding. Since brazing does not melt the base metal of the joint, it allows much tighter control over tolerances and produces a clean joint without the need for secondary finishing. Additionally, dissimilar metals and non-metals (i.e. metalized ceramics) can be brazed. In general, brazing also produces less thermal distortion than welding due to the uniform heating of a brazed piece. Complex and multi-part assemblies can be brazed cost-effectively. Welded joints must sometimes be ground flush, a costly secondary operation that brazing does not require because it produces a clean joint. Another advantage is that the brazing can be coated or clad for protective purposes. Finally, brazing is easily adapted to mass production and it is easy to automate because the individual process parameters are less sensitive to variation.


title: Brazing

text: One of the main disadvantages is the lack of joint strength as compared to a welded joint due to the softer filler metals used. The strength of the brazed joint is likely to be less than that of the base but greater than the filler metal. Another disadvantage is that brazed joints can be damaged under high service temperatures. Brazed joints require a high degree of base-metal cleanliness when done in an industrial setting. Some brazing applications require the use of adequate fluxing agents to control cleanliness. The joint color is often different from that of the base metal, creating an aesthetic disadvantage.


title: Brazing

text: Some brazes come in the form of trifoils, laminated foils of a carrier metal clad with a layer of braze at each side. The center metal is often copper; its role is to act as a carrier for the alloy, to absorb mechanical stresses due to e.g. differential thermal expansion of dissimilar materials (e.g. a carbide tip and a steel holder), and to act as a diffusion barrier (e.g. to stop diffusion of aluminium from aluminium bronze to steel when brazing these two).


title: Brazing

text: Brazing alloys form several distinct groups; the alloys in the same group have similar properties and uses.


title: Brazing

text: Some additives and impurities act at very low levels. Both positive and negative effects can be observed. Strontium at levels of 0.01% refines grain structure of aluminium. Beryllium and bismuth at similar levels help disrupt the passivation layer of aluminium oxide and promote wetting. Carbon at 0.1% impairs corrosion resistance of nickel alloys. Aluminium can embrittle mild steel at 0.001%, phosphorus at 0.01%.


title: Brazing

text: In some cases, especially for vacuum brazing, high-purity metals and alloys are used. 99.99% and 99.999% purity levels are available commercially.


title: Brazing

text: Care must be taken to not introduce deleterious impurities from joint contamination or by dissolution of the base metals during brazing.


title: Brazing

text: Alloys with larger span of solidus/liquidus temperatures tend to melt through a "mushy" state, during which the alloy is a mixture of solid and liquid material. Some alloys show tendency to liquation, separation of the liquid from the solid portion; for these the heating through the melting range must be sufficiently fast to avoid this effect. Some alloys show extended plastic range, when only a small portion of the alloy is liquid and most of the material melts at the upper temperature range; these are suitable for bridging large gaps and for forming fillets. Highly fluid alloys are suitable for penetrating deep into narrow gaps and for brazing tight joints with narrow tolerances but are not suitable for filling larger gaps. Alloys with wider melting range are less sensitive to non-uniform clearances.


title: Brazing

text: When the brazing temperature is suitably high, brazing and heat treatment can be done in a single operation simultaneously.


title: Brazing

text: Eutectic alloys melt at single temperature, without mushy region. Eutectic alloys have superior spreading; non-eutectics in the mushy region have high viscosity and at the same time attack the base metal, with correspondingly lower spreading force. Fine grain size gives eutectics both increased strength and increased ductility. Highly accurate melting temperature lets joining process be performed only slightly above the alloy's melting point. On solidifying, there is no mushy state where the alloy appears solid but is not yet; the chance of disturbing the joint by manipulation in such state is reduced (assuming the alloy did not significantly change its properties by dissolving the base metal). Eutectic behavior is especially beneficial for solders.


title: Brazing

text: Metals with fine grain structure before melting provide superior wetting to metals with large grains. Alloying additives (e.g. strontium to aluminium) can be added to refine grain structure, and the preforms or foils can be prepared by rapid quenching. Very rapid quenching may provide amorphous metal structure, which possess further advantages.


title: Brazing

text: For successful wetting, the base metal must be at least partially soluble in at least one component of the brazing alloy. The molten alloy therefore tends to attack the base metal and dissolve it, slightly changing its composition in the process. The composition change is reflected in the change of the alloy's melting point and the corresponding change of fluidity. For example, some alloys dissolve both silver and copper; dissolved silver lowers their melting point and increases fluidity, copper has the opposite effect.


title: Brazing

text: The melting point change can be exploited. As the remelt temperature can be increased by enriching the alloy with dissolved base metal, step brazing using the same braze can be possible.


title: Brazing

text: Nonhomogenous microstructure of the braze may cause non-uniform melting and localized erosions of the base metal.


title: Brazing

text: Wetting of base metals can be improved by adding a suitable metal to the alloy. Tin facilitates wetting of iron, nickel, and many other alloys. Copper wets ferrous metals that silver does not attack, copper-silver alloys can therefore braze steels silver alone won't wet. Zinc improves wetting of ferrous metals, indium as well. Aluminium improves wetting of aluminium alloys. For wetting of ceramics, reactive metals capable of forming chemical compounds with the ceramic (e.g. titanium, vanadium, zirconium...) can be added to the braze.


title: Brazing

text: Dissolution of base metals can cause detrimental changes in the brazing alloy. For example, aluminium dissolved from aluminium bronzes can embrittle the braze; addition of nickel to the braze can offset this.


title: Brazing

text: The effect works both ways; there can be detrimental interactions between the braze alloy and the base metal. Presence of phosphorus in the braze alloy leads to formation of brittle phosphides of iron and nickel, phosphorus-containing alloys are therefore unsuitable for brazing nickel and ferrous alloys. Boron tends to diffuse into the base metals, especially along the grain boundaries, and may form brittle borides. Carbon can negatively influence some steels.


title: Brazing

text: Care must be taken to avoid galvanic corrosion between the braze and the base metal, and especially between dissimilar base metals being brazed together. Formation of brittle intermetallic compounds on the alloy interface can cause joint failure. This is discussed more in-depth with solders.


title: Brazing

text: The potentially detrimental phases may be distributed evenly through the volume of the alloy, or be concentrated on the braze-base interface. A thick layer of interfacial intermetallics is usually considered detrimental due to its commonly low fracture toughness and other sub-par mechanical properties. In some situations, e.g. die attaching, it however does not matter much as silicon chips are not typically subjected to mechanical abuse.


title: Brazing

text: On wetting, brazes may liberate elements from the base metal. For example, aluminium-silicon braze wets silicon nitride, dissociates the surface so it can react with silicon, and liberates nitrogen, which may create voids along the joint interface and lower its strength. Titanium-containing nickel-gold braze wets silicon nitride and reacts with its surface, forming titanium nitride and liberating silicon; silicon then forms brittle nickel silicides and eutectic gold-silicon phase; the resulting joint is weak and melts at much lower temperature than may be expected.


title: Brazing

text: Metals may diffuse from one base alloy to the other one, causing embrittlement or corrosion. An example is diffusion of aluminium from aluminium bronze to a ferrous alloy when joining these. A diffusion barrier, e.g. a copper layer (e.g. in a trimet strip), can be used.


title: Brazing

text: A sacrificial layer of a noble metal can be used on the base metal as an oxygen barrier, preventing formation of oxides and facilitating fluxless brazing. During brazing, the noble metal layer dissolves in the filler metal. Copper or nickel plating of stainless steels performs the same function.


title: Brazing

text: In brazing copper, a reducing atmosphere (or even a reducing flame) may react with the oxygen residues in the metal, which are present as cuprous oxide inclusions, and cause hydrogen embrittlement. The hydrogen present in the flame or atmosphere at high temperature reacts with the oxide, yielding metallic copper and water vapour, steam. The steam bubbles exert high pressure in the metal structure, leading to cracks and joint porosity. Oxygen-free copper is not sensitive to this effect, however the most readily available grades, e.g. electrolytic copper or high-conductivity copper, are. The embrittled joint may then fail catastrophically without any previous sign of deformation or deterioration.


title: Brazing

text: A brazing preform is a high quality, precision metal stamping used for a variety of joining applications in manufacturing electronic devices and systems. Typical brazing preform uses include attaching electronic circuitry, packaging electronic devices, providing good thermal and electrical conductivity, and providing an interface for electronic connections. Square, rectangular and disc shaped brazing preforms are commonly used to attach electronic components containing silicon dies to a substrate such as a printed circuit board.


title: Brazing

text: Rectangular frame shaped preforms are often required for the construction of electronic packages while washer shaped brazing preforms are typically utilized to attach lead wires and hermetic feed-throughs to electronic circuits and packages. Some preforms are also used in diodes, rectifiers, optoelectronic devices and components packaging.


title: Brazing

text: Soldering involves joining of materials with a filler metal that melts below ~450 °C. It generally requires a relatively fine and uniform surface finish between the faying surfaces. The solder joints tend to be weaker due to the lower strength of the solder materials.


title: Brazing

text: Brazing utilizes filler materials with a melting temperature above ~450 °C. Surface finish tends to be less critical and the braze joints tend to be stronger.


title: Hobo with a Shotgun

text: Hobo with a Shotgun is a 2011 exploitation action black comedy film directed by Jason Eisener, written by John Davies, from a story by Eisener, and starring Rutger Hauer. It is based on a faux-trailer of the same title featured in the Quentin Tarantino and Robert Rodriguez film "Grindhouse".


title: Hobo with a Shotgun

text: An unnamed hobo arrives by boxcar in the city of Hope Town, its graffitied welcome sign reading "Scum Town". The city is ruled over by a crime lord named "The Drake" and his sadistic sons Ivan and Slick. The Hobo sees an amateur filmmaker shooting a "Bumfights"-style movie. A bloodied man named Logan, the Drake's younger brother, screams for help. The Drake and his sons arrive and label him a traitor to the townspeople before publicly decapitating him with a barbed-wire noose attached to a moving car.


title: Hobo with a Shotgun

text: Wishing to buy a lawnmower in a pawn shop, the Hobo begs for change on a sidewalk. However, after seeing a group of punks drag in a homeless man, he sneaks into the Drake's nightclub. Inside, the brothers and their henchmen torture and kill homeless people in arcade-style games. Slick begins harassing a boy named Otis, who owes him money, and Ivan snaps Otis' arm. A prostitute named Abby defends Otis. Slick prepares to kill her, but the Hobo knocks him unconscious and carries him to the police station. There, he learns of the police chief's corruption and complicity in criminal activities. The brothers and chief carve "scum" into his chest and throw him into a garbage bin. He meets Abby, who helps him recover.


title: Hobo with a Shotgun

text: The next day, the Hobo goes to the filmmaker and completes a series of degrading acts, including chewing glass, to get enough money to buy the lawn mower. After getting his money and entering the pawn shop, a trio of robbers enter and hold a woman and her baby hostage. The Hobo grabs a shotgun from the shelf and kills the robbers. Realizing that Hope Town needs justice, he buys the shotgun and proceeds to kill dozens of criminals, including the filmmaker, a pimp, a coke lord, and a pedophile dressed as Santa Claus.


title: Hobo with a Shotgun

text: The Drake, infuriated, lets his sons loose. They enter a school bus and kill the fourteen children inside with a flamethrower (who were friendly to hobos) and burst into a television station to kill the anchorman during a live broadcast for expressing his appreciation of the hobo. They demand that all homeless people be killed and a mass killing of the town's homeless is launched. The Drake then joins them and orders the Hobo be brought to him.


title: Hobo with a Shotgun

text: As Abby is walking home, a cop attempts to rape her. The Hobo kills him and Abby smuggles the Hobo past a group in a shopping cart covered with the cop's remains. The pair are spotted by Otis, who informs Slick and Ivan. Back at her apartment, the Hobo tells Abby of his plan to start a lawnmowing business, which she enthusiastically supports. Ivan and Slick enter and attack the two, wounding Abby. The Hobo overpowers Slick, holds him at gunpoint, and forces Ivan to leave. The Hobo then shoots Slick in the groin and takes Abby to the hospital. Slick manages to call the Drake before he is taken to hell in a burning school bus. The Drake, mourning the death of his favorite son, summons "The Plague", a duo of armor-clad demons named Rip and Grinder. While Abby is recovering, the Hobo visits the maternity ward and delivers a monologue to the babies. The Plague slaughter all staff who make assistance for the hobo. When he returns to Abby's room, the Plague capture and deliver him to the Drake, who plans to publicly execute him.


title: Hobo with a Shotgun

text: Recovered, Abby returns to the pawn shop for weapons. Attaching an axe to the Hobo's shotgun and retrofitting the lawnmower into a shield, she arms a crowd to free the Hobo and bring down the Drake. She confronts the Drake, holding Ivan hostage; the Drake shoots and denounces him a disappointment. In the ensuing fight, Abby kills Grinder. Although the Drake severs Abby's hand with the lawnmower shield, she stabs him repeatedly with her exposed arm bone and incapacitates him. Rip tries to persuade Abby to be his partner, but the Hobo drives him off.


title: Hobo with a Shotgun

text: The townspeople, motivated by Abby's bravery, show up with their own weapons and proceed to aim them at the shocked police, who demand that they leave the area. Seeing that the police will kill the people they failed to protect against the criminals, the Hobo tells the Drake that on their upcoming ride to Hell "You're riding shotgun," and blows his head off. The police shoot the Hobo, and the people avenge him and turn their guns on the police. Both groups shoot each other, while the Hobo dies and Abby's screams are heard. The corrupt police are killed and the Drake's influence in the town comes to an end.


title: Hobo with a Shotgun

text: In an extended ending that was taken out from the final cut of the film, Abby's hand is replaced by a gatling-style shotgun as she becomes a new member of the Plague.


title: Hobo with a Shotgun

text: "Hobo with a Shotgun", directed by Jason Eisener, was initially a fake trailer made for an international contest to promote the release of Quentin Tarantino and Robert Rodriguez's double feature "Grindhouse". It won the contest, and was screened in some areas of Canada as part of the actual release of "Grindhouse". A feature-length version of "Hobo With a Shotgun" began principal photography in Halifax on April 19, 2010.


title: Hobo with a Shotgun

text: A teaser trailer (including behind-the-scenes and test footage) was released on April 26, 2010. David Brunt, who played the homeless man in the trailer, cameos in the film as a cop. It was the second of "Grindhouse"s fake trailers to be turned into a feature film, the first being "Machete".


title: Hobo with a Shotgun

text: The opening theme music was borrowed from the exploitation film "Mark of the Devil". The song "Run with Us", performed by Lisa Lougheed, from the 1980s animated series "The Raccoons", is played in the end credits.


title: Hobo with a Shotgun

text: "Hobo with a Shotgun" had a world premiere at the 2011 Sundance Film Festival. The film was released on a limited basis to Canadian theatres on March 25, 2011, and American ones on May 6, 2011. The film was also released via OnDemand services such as Xbox Live, PlayStation Network, and iTunes on April 1, 2011.


title: Hobo with a Shotgun

text: The film received its Australian premiere on the opening night of the Sydney Film Festival on June 8, 2011. It was later released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc in the United States on July 5, 2011 and in the UK on July 15, 2011.


title: Hobo with a Shotgun

text: Reviews of the film upon its release were generally mixed-to-positive, and it currently holds a 66% approval rating out of 119 reviews on the review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes with an average rating of 5.7 out of 10 and with the consensus being, "It certainly isn't subtle – or even terribly smart – but as a gleefully gory homage to low-budget exploitation thrillers, "Hobo with a Shotgun" packs plenty of firepower." In his review for National Public Radio, Scott Tobias wrote "There's something pure about the crude pleasures of "Hobo with a Shotgun", a pre-fab cult film that aspires to nothing more (or less) than the red-meat feeding of a feral midnight-movie audience", and that the film is "just raw sensation, built on a series of shocks that keep topping themselves for cartoonish grotesquerie". Writing in "Film Journal International", Maitland McDonagh described the film as "a pitch-perfect recreation of the brutal, low-budget crime films of the 70s, which is simultaneously the best and the worst thing about it". In his negative review of the film Ty Burr wrote in "The Boston Globe" that although it "revels in the trash aesthetic of ’70s trash cinema, from its over-saturated colors to its intentionally bad acting", the film "illustrates a modern B-movie principle: If you set out to parody junk, you will more than likely end up with junk".


title: Tom Coughlin

text: Thomas Richard Coughlin ( ; born August 31, 1946) is a former American football coach and executive. He was the head coach for the New York Giants from 2004 to 2015. He led the Giants to victory in Super Bowl XLII and Super Bowl XLVI, both times against the New England Patriots. Coughlin was also the inaugural head coach of the Jacksonville Jaguars, serving from 1995 to 2002 and leading the team to two AFC Championship Games. Prior to his head coaching career in the NFL, he was head coach of the Boston College Eagles football team from 1991 to 1993, and served in a variety of coaching positions in the NFL as well as coaching and administrative positions in college football.


title: Tom Coughlin

text: Coughlin was born in Waterloo, New York in 1946, and played football and basketball in high school. He once played a high school basketball game against Jim Boeheim, who played for Lyons High School at the time. He idolized Heisman Trophy winner Ernie Davis and wished to play at Syracuse.


title: Tom Coughlin

text: Coughlin attended Syracuse University when he was offered a scholarship by assistant coach Jim Shreve. He played halfback for the Syracuse Orange football team. Coughlin was teammates with future Hall of Famers Larry Csonka and Floyd Little. In 1967, he set the school's single-season pass receiving record. Jim Boeheim was Coughlin's residence advisor (RA) during Coughlin's senior year at Syracuse. He stayed at Syracuse after graduation and obtained his master's degree while working as a graduate assistant.


title: Tom Coughlin

text: Coughlin was mentored by Bill Parcells while Coughlin was on Parcells' Giants staff as wide receivers coach. Like his mentor, Coughlin is known as a stern disciplinarian and for his meticulous attention to detail, earning him the nickname "Colonel Coughlin". He was known for moving the clocks at team facilities anywhere from five to 15 minutes ahead in order to ensure players arrived ahead of time for team meetings. Early in his Giants tenure, he fined players for being two minutes early to team meetings, saying they should have arrived at least five minutes early per his new rules.


title: Tom Coughlin

text: Coughlin's first head coaching job was at the Rochester Institute of Technology from 1970 to 1973. He then returned to his alma mater where he was eventually promoted to offensive coordinator, a position he also held at Boston College where he coached Doug Flutie. He returned to the staff after his stint at the Rochester Institute of Technology. Coughlin's second stint started in 1974, and ended in 1980. He left the collegiate level to become a wide receivers coach in the NFL for the Philadelphia Eagles, and later the Green Bay Packers and New York Giants.


title: Tom Coughlin

text: While at New York, he was an assistant to Bill Parcells, and helped the Giants win Super Bowl XXV. Coughlin and Parcells both made the NFL playoffs five times as Giants head coach, and the two Super Bowl titles they each won with the Giants occurred in their fourth and eighth seasons with the franchise, respectively. Coughlin's record and two Super Bowl titles put him in history as one of the greatest coaches of all time.


title: Tom Coughlin

text: After the 1990 season, Coughlin returned to Boston College to take on his second job as a head coach. In three seasons at Boston College, he turned the program into a consistent winner. Coughlin's tenure was capped with a 41–39 victory over #1 ranked Notre Dame in 1993, the first time Boston College defeated Notre Dame.


title: Tom Coughlin

text: Coughlin's success at Boston College led to his subsequent hiring as the first head coach of the NFL's expansion Jacksonville Jaguars. He also had near-complete authority over football matters, effectively making him the team's general manager as well.


title: Tom Coughlin

text: In eight seasons at Jacksonville, Coughlin helmed the most successful expansion team in league history. During Coughlin's tenure, the Jaguars made four consecutive playoff appearances and went to the AFC Championship Game twice. The first time, in only the second year of the team's existence (1996), the Jaguars qualified for the playoffs on the last day of the season and upset the heavily favored Buffalo Bills and Denver Broncos on the road. He was named NFL Coach of the Year by United Press International. Coughlin would again take the Jaguars to the AFC Championship Game in 1999 after achieving a league-high 14–2 regular season record; the 14 wins stood as the most won by the current wave of expansion teams (the Jaguars, Carolina Panthers, Baltimore Ravens and Houston Texans) until the Panthers surpassed it in 2015. However, in both appearances in the championship game, the Jaguars were defeated: in 1996 by the New England Patriots, and in 1999, by the Tennessee Titans. Both the losses in the Jaguars' 14-2 1999 regular season were also to the Titans.


title: Tom Coughlin

text: Coughlin's Jaguars won 49 regular season games in his first five years as head coach, a remarkable average for an expansion team of nearly ten wins per year. But the Jaguars' record for the next three years was only 19–29, and after a 6–10 finish in 2002, Coughlin was fired by owner Wayne Weaver. He finished his eight-year career in Jacksonville with a 68–60 regular season record and a 4–4 playoff record.


title: Tom Coughlin

text: In 2011, after selling the Jaguars to Shahid Khan, Weaver said when looking back on his tenure as owner, one of his biggest regrets was firing Coughlin.


title: Tom Coughlin

text: After being out of football in 2003, Coughlin was hired to replace Jim Fassel as head coach of the New York Giants in January 2004. He inherited a team that finished 4–12 in 2003.


title: Tom Coughlin

text: As Coughlin took over, the Giants were trying to put together a trade for the first pick in the draft. That year, the San Diego Chargers held that pick, and the expected selection was Mississippi quarterback Eli Manning, who had made clear that he had no interest in playing for San Diego and would not negotiate with them. On draft day the Giants drafted NC State's Philip Rivers with the fourth pick and traded him to the Chargers for Manning. Coughlin's incumbent quarterback, Kerry Collins, was incensed by the move and demanded his release, leaving the team without a veteran who could hold the fort until Manning was ready. To fill that role the Giants signed Kurt Warner, the former league MVP who had been cut by the St. Louis Rams after he lost his starting job to Marc Bulger.


title: Tom Coughlin

text: Behind Warner, Coughlin led the Giants to five wins in their first seven games. However, with the team having lost their next two, Coughlin decided that Warner, who had been struggling, could no longer do the job and began starting the highly touted Manning beginning in the tenth game. The coach received criticism from some who felt the move amounted to a surrender of the 2004 season, as their 5–4 record meant the Giants were still in playoff contention. Manning did in fact struggle and the Giants' losing streak reached eight games before Manning defeated the Dallas Cowboys in the final game of the season.


title: Tom Coughlin

text: Another major effect Coughlin would have on the Giants was star running back Tiki Barber's fumbling problems. In the 2000–2004 seasons, Barber lost the ball 19 times. By simply teaching Barber to use a different grip on the ball, Coughlin reduced Barber's fumbles to only one in the 2005 season. Barber also saw his production increase significantly, setting career highs in rushing and total yards each year under Coughlin.


title: Tom Coughlin

text: Coughlin's early move to Manning, though, would pay dividends in 2005, as Manning and the Giants went 11–5 in Coughlin's second season and won the NFC East for the first time since 2000. It was also the Giants' first postseason appearance since making it as a wild card in 2002. However, a very poor performance by Manning, and a defense missing three starting linebackers, saw the Giants get shut out 23–0 at the hands of the Carolina Panthers at Giants Stadium. Following the game, Tiki Barber called out Coughlin and his offensive coordinator, partially because a Panthers player said that "We knew what they were going to do before they did it." Coughlin and Barber have yet to reconcile their differences, with Coughlin even refusing an interview by Barber, then a sideline reporter for NBC, which would have been held prior to a Panthers–Giants game in 2008.


title: Tom Coughlin

text: Heading into the 2006 season, expectations for the Giants were high. In just over two years as the Giants head coach, Coughlin transformed the Giants from an underachieving, last place team into a possible Super Bowl contender.


title: Tom Coughlin

text: The Giants struggled early during the 2006 campaign, going 1–2 in their first three games. After a particularly bad loss to the Seattle Seahawks, star tight end Jeremy Shockey stated that the Giants had been "outplayed and outcoached." The Giants rebounded by winning their next five games to go 6–2. However, the Giants suffered a stunning second half collapse, losing 6 of their next 7 games to fall to 7–8 heading into the last game of the season. After a late November loss to the Jacksonville Jaguars, Coughlin and his coaching staff were once again criticized by Tiki Barber. Barber also announced he was going to retire following the season, which provided another distraction for the sliding Giants. Things took another turn for the worse the next week when the Giants blew a 21-point fourth quarter lead and lost to the Tennessee Titans by a score of 24–21. After the game Coughlin had said to the media "I'm going to be sick about this one forever." Numerous injuries, excessive penalties, and a high number of turnovers were most responsible for the downward spiral of the 2006 Giants. The media hounded Coughlin with questions about Barber's announcement, and whether differences between Coughlin and Barber led to this point, and the team's fans and ownership were starting to get restless about the coach's performance; during a 30–7 loss to the New Orleans Saints late in the year a loud "Fire Coughlin" chant erupted at Giants Stadium. The Giants rebounded with a victory in the season's final game at the Washington Redskins, thereby securing a playoff berth and perhaps saving Coughlin's job in the process. However, Coughlin and the Giants lost to the Philadelphia Eagles, 23–20, in the first round of the playoffs.


title: Tom Coughlin

text: On January 10, 2007, it was announced that Coughlin would receive a one-year extension on his current contract through the 2008 season, but since the Giants' team policy is to never have a coach in the final year of his contract, this only guaranteed that Coughlin would remain as the Giants' head coach in 2007.


title: Tom Coughlin

text: On February 7, 2007, Tiki Barber officially followed through on his threat to retire from the Giants. He cited numerous complaints about Eli Manning's leadership skills and Coughlin's practice style as decisions to retire at what seemed the peak of his career.


title: Tom Coughlin

text: In the 2007 season, the Giants again started poorly with an 0–2 record. However, the team rebounded and won 6 straight games. The team compiled a 7-1 road record for the season, and they made it to the playoffs for the third year in a row. Coughlin and the Giants had their first playoff win in seven years when his team defeated the Tampa Bay Buccaneers on January 6, 2008, 24–14. The Giants immediately followed up their win against Tampa Bay by narrowly defeating the Dallas Cowboys in the Divisional Playoffs, winning 21–17, preventing Dallas from beating them for the third time in the season. The upset victory over the Cowboys was followed up by another upset victory against the Green Bay Packers in the NFC Championship Game. This victory set up Coughlin's first appearance in a Super Bowl as a head coach.


title: Tom Coughlin

text: Super Bowl XLII took place in Glendale, Arizona on February 3, 2008. The game pitted Coughlin's New York Giants (13–6) against the undefeated New England Patriots (18–0) coached by Bill Belichick. The Patriots were favored by 12 points. The underdog Giants trailed by four before a shocking pass play put the Giants in position to beat the Patriots 17–14 in one of the biggest upsets in NFL history. The upset would give Coughlin his first Super Bowl ring as a head coach.


title: Tom Coughlin

text: Prior to the start of Giants mini-camp in May 2008, Coughlin and the Giants were invited by President Bush to the White House to honor their victory in Super Bowl XLII. The Super Bowl win got Coughlin a four-year contract worth roughly $21 million to coach the Giants through 2011. The deal made him one of the NFL's highest-paid coaches. Fresh off their Super Bowl season, the team started off red hot going 11–1 through 12 games, but after the Plaxico Burress shooting incident, the team went 1–3 down the stretch and despite being the #1 seed they were eliminated in the divisional round of the playoffs by the Philadelphia Eagles. The Giants finished 8–8 in 2009, despite solid offensive play, however, their defense struggled throughout the season, and they missed the playoffs. In 2010, they began 1–2, and then began a five-game winning streak to finish 6–2 at the bye. The Giants headed into week 15 against the Eagles with a record of 9–4. In the final seconds the Giants were faced with a fourth down and Coughlin told his punter, Matt Dodge, to punt the ball out of bounds to effectively end the game. However, he punted the ball right to DeSean Jackson who took it the distance and won the Eagles the game in the Miracle at the New Meadowlands. The loss jeopardized the Giants' playoff bid and once again Coughlin's future was uncertain. However, on July 24, 2011, he signed a one-year contract extension to remain with the Giants through the end of the 2012 season.


title: Tom Coughlin

text: Following a very hectic free agency period when the Giants lost Pro Bowl wide receiver Steve Smith, defensive tackle Barry Cofield, and tight end Kevin Boss, expectations from many analysts and fans alike were very low. After losing the season opener to the Washington Redskins, the Giants went 6–2 before hitting a collapse, losing four straight games. At 6–6, the Giants won three of their last four games to finish at 9–7 with the NFC East championship. In their first playoff game since the 2008 NFC Divisional round, they defeated the Atlanta Falcons 24–2, with the Falcons' only points coming on a first quarter safety on Eli Manning. In the 2012 divisional game Coughlin coached the Giants to a 37–20 win over the heavily favored defending Super Bowl champion Green Bay Packers a team who finished the 2011 regular season with a league best 15–1 win–loss record. The following week, he coached the Giants to a 20–17 overtime victory over the San Francisco 49ers in the NFC Championship game to set up a Super Bowl rematch with the New England Patriots. On February 5, 2012, Coughlin's Giants defeated the Patriots 21–17 in Super Bowl XLVI, at the time, making Coughlin the oldest head coach to win a Super Bowl, until Patriots' head coach Bill Belichick won Super Bowl LIII at the age of 66. On June 6, 2012 it was announced he had signed a contract extension to keep him with the Giants until at least 2014. At the same time, Coughlin announced that he would like to coach into his seventies. In July 2012, Coughlin was the winner of the 2012 Best Coach/Manager ESPY Award.


title: Tom Coughlin

text: Unfortunately for Coughlin, the Giants failed to make the playoffs in the 2012 season, despite starting the season 6–2 and finishing once again at 9–7. This was due in large part to two lopsided losses to the NFC's number one seed Atlanta Falcons and Super Bowl champion Baltimore Ravens in weeks 15 and 16 respectively.


title: Tom Coughlin

text: Worse still, the Giants began the 2013 season 0–6 for the first time since 1976. John Mara, the Giants co-owner, stated that Coughlin's time with the Giants could be limited. Despite the difficult start, the team remained resilient and rebounded with wins against the Vikings and Eagles, hitting the bye week at 2–6. Victories against the Raiders and Packers coupled with a floundering NFC East left the Giants only one and half games behind the division-leading Eagles going into week 12. This resurgence was brought to an abrupt halt with a 24–21 loss against the division rival Cowboys. The Giants eventually finished the 2013 season with a record of 7–9, Coughlin's first losing record as head coach since his first season, and quarterback Eli Manning's rookie season, in 2004.


title: Tom Coughlin

text: On February 21, 2014, Coughlin told reporters at the 2014 NFL Combine that he agreed on a one-year extension to his contract. This move allowed him to remain the Giants' head coach throughout the 2015 season. On March 11, 2015, the Giants extended his contract through the 2016 season.


title: Tom Coughlin

text: The Giants stumbled in the 2015 season; through week 15, their record was 6–8, with many of the losses coming in the game's final minute of play; the Giants lost 6 out of their 8 losses by less than one touchdown with the final points being scored against them in the last 2 minutes. Criticism of Coughlin built throughout the season and peaked in week 15, after a 38–35 loss to the Carolina Panthers in which Coughlin left star receiver Odell Beckham Jr. in the game despite the latter's on-field behavior, including numerous scuffles with Panthers cornerback Josh Norman, resulting in a slew of personal foul penalties. Beckham's behavior in this game prompted the NFL to adopt a new rule for the next season which stated a player who accumulates two unsportsmanlike conduct penalties in the same game is ejected.


title: Tom Coughlin

text: On January 4, 2016, Coughlin announced his resignation as head coach for the Giants. In a statement released by the Giants that day, Coughlin wrote, "I met with John Mara and Steve Tisch this afternoon, and I informed them that it is in the best interest of the organization that I step down as head coach. I strongly believe the time is right for me and my family, and as I said, the Giants organization." The Giants finished the 2015 season at 6–10, their third straight losing season and a fourth straight season without a playoff appearance. Coughlin later revealed that the Giants had forced him to resign. He was replaced by then-offensive coordinator Ben McAdoo.


title: Tom Coughlin

text: Following his resignation as head coach of the Giants, Coughlin returned to the Jaguars as executive vice president of football operations. In this post, he had the final say in football matters, with general manager David Caldwell serving in an advisory role.


title: Tom Coughlin

text: In January 2018, the Jaguars reached the AFC Championship for the first time since he was the head coach of the Jaguars in 1999. On February 23, 2018, the Jaguars extended Coughlin's contract through 2021.


title: Tom Coughlin

text: On December 18, 2019, Coughlin was fired by Jaguars owner Shahid Khan. In a statement, Khan said he had already planned to fire Coughlin at the end of a lackluster season. However, he reportedly decided to oust Coughlin right away after the NFL Players Association announced it had won a grievance filed by linebacker Dante Fowler, now of the Dallas Cowboys. Fowler contended that the Jaguars had improperly fined him a total of $700,000 for not attending rehab and medical appointments in Jacksonville during the 2018 offseason that should have been optional under the collective bargaining agreement. The NFLPA took the unusual step of publicly warning free agents against signing with the Jaguars because of Coughlin's reported disregard for player rights. According to the NFLPA, over 25 percent of player grievances in the past two seasons had been filed against the Jaguars.


title: Tom Coughlin

text: Coughlin is the oldest of seven children. He and his wife Judy have two daughters, Keli and Katie, and two sons, Brian and Tim. Kate is married to former Giants lineman Chris Snee. He has eleven grandchildren. Coughlin is a practicing Roman Catholic. While with the Giants, Coughlin has been a resident of Park Ridge, New Jersey. Judy was diagnosed with progressive supranuclear palsy in 2021 and passed away on November 2, 2022.


title: Tom Coughlin

text: While on a USO–NFL coaches tour to Iraq in 2009, Coughlin and fellow coaches Jeff Fisher, Jon Gruden, Bill Cowher and John Harbaugh stayed in one of Saddam Hussein's former palaces.


title: Tom Coughlin

text: In 2012, Coughlin was awarded the third highest honor within the Department of the Army Civilian Awards, the Outstanding Civilian Service Award, for substantial contributions to the U.S. Army community while serving as the New York Giants head coach.


title: Tom Coughlin

text: In July 2016, Coughlin was hired to be a senior advisor to the NFL's football operations department, and on November 14, 2016, during half time of the game between the Giants and the Cincinnati Bengals at MetLife Stadium, Coughlin was inducted into the Giants' "Ring of Honor".


title: Tom Coughlin

text: In January 2017, it was revealed that Coughlin had been re-hired by the Jacksonville Jaguars to be the team's executive vice president for football operations. In July 2017, Coughlin was awarded the "Arents Award", which is Syracuse University's highest alumni honor.


title: Tom Coughlin

text: On July 30, 2020, Coughlin broke four ribs, punctured a lung, and needed stitches on his head, after a getting into a biking accident with a fellow biker.


title: Tom Coughlin

text: Coughlin created the Jay Fund, officially the Tom Coughlin Jay Fund Foundation in 1996 while coaching at Jacksonville, Florida. The foundation is named after Jay McGillis, a Boston College player who had been diagnosed with and died from leukemia during Coughlin's tenure as head coach. The non-profit organization is devoted to assisting "children with leukemia and other cancers and their families by providing emotional and financial support to help reduce the stress associated with treatment and improve their quality of life", according to the foundation's mission statement. As of early 2020, the fund had disbursed in excess of $13 million while assisting over 5,000 families of children with cancer.


title: Gwadar

text: Gwadar (Balochi/) is a port city with located on the southwestern coast of Balochistan, Pakistan. The city is located on the shores of the Arabian Sea opposite Oman. Gwadar is the 100th largest city of Pakistan, according to the 2017 census. It was an overseas possession of Oman from 1783 to 1958. It is about southwest of Turbat, while the sister port city of Chabahar in Iran's Sistan and Baluchestan province is about to the west of Gwadar. On 2 April 2021, Gwadar was declared the capital of the South Balochistan region.


title: Gwadar

text: The main industrial concern is a fish-processing factory. Gwadar became part of the sultanate of Muscat and Oman in 1797, and it was not until 1958 that the town and adjoining hinterland were exchanged from Oman to Pakistan.


title: Gwadar

text: For most of its history, Gwadar was a small to medium-sized settlement with an economy largely based on artisanal fishing. The strategic value of its location was first recognized in 1954 when it was identified as a suitable site for a deep water port by the United States Geological Survey at the request of Pakistan while the territory was still under Omani rule. The area's potential to be a major deep water port remained untapped under successive Pakistani governments until 2001, when construction on the first phase of Gwadar Port was initiated. The first phase was inaugurated in 2007 at a total cost of $248 million. The port initially remained underutilized after construction for a variety of reasons, including lack of investment, security concerns, and the Government of Pakistan's failure to transfer land as promised to the port operator, Port of Singapore Authority.


title: Gwadar

text: In April 2015, Pakistan and China announced their intention to develop the $46 billion China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), which in turn forms part of China's ambitious One Belt, One Road. Gwadar features heavily in CPEC, and is also envisaged to be the link between the One Belt, One Road and Maritime Silk Road project. $1.153 billion worth of infrastructure projects will be invested into the city as part of CPEC, with the aim of linking northern Pakistan and western China to the deep water seaport. The city will also be the site of a floating liquefied natural gas facility that will be built as part of the larger $2.5 billion Gwadar–Nawabshah segment of the Iran–Pakistan gas pipeline project. In addition to investments directly under the aegis of CPEC in Gwadar city, the China Overseas Port Holding Company in June 2016 began construction on the $2 billion Gwadar Special Economic Zone, which is being modelled on the lines of the special economic zones of China. In September 2016 the Gwadar Development Authority published a request for tenders for the preparation of expropriation and resettlement of Old Town Gwadar.


title: Gwadar

text: The word "Gwadar" is a combination of two Balochi words – "guad" meaning "wind" and "dar" meaning "gateway" or "door", thus Gwadar means "the gate of wind".


title: Gwadar

text: The inhabitation of Gwadar, like most areas of Balochistan, appears to be ancient. The area shows inhabitation as early as the Bronze Age with settlements around some of the area's oasis. It is from this settlement pattern that the word Makran, the original name of Balochistan, is derived. For a period, it was a region of the Achaemenid Persian Empire. It is believed to have been conquered by the founder of the Persian Empire, Cyrus the Great. The capital of the "satrapy" of Gedrosia was Pura, which is thought to have been located near the modern Bampūr, in Iranian Balochistan. During the homeward march of Alexander the Great, his admiral, Nearchus, led a fleet along the modern-day Makran coast and recorded that the area was dry, mountainous, and inhabited by the "Ichthyophagoi" (or "fish-eaters"), an ancient Greek rendering of the ancient Persian phrase ""Mahi Khorana"," which has itself become the modern word ""Makran"". After the collapse of Alexander's empire the area was ruled by Seleucus Nicator, one of Alexander's generals. The region then came under Mauryan rule around 303 BCE, after Seleucus made peace with Emperor Chandragupta and ceded the territory to the Mauryans.


title: Gwadar

text: The region remained on the sidelines of history for a millennium until the Arab-Muslim army captured Makran in CE 643 and over the intervening (and nearly equivalent) amount of time the area was contested by various powers. This was then followed by almost two centuries of local rule by the various Baloch tribes. The city was visited by Ottoman Admiral Seydi Ali Reis in the 1550s and mentioned in his book "Mirat ul Memalik" (The Mirror of Countries), 1557. According to Seydi Ali Reis, the inhabitants of Gwadar were Baloch and their chief was Malik Jelaleddin, son of Malik Dinar.


title: Gwadar

text: In the 15th century the Portuguese conquered parts of India and Oman. They planned to proceed with annexation of the coastal area of Makran. They attacked Gwadar under the leadership of Vasco de Gama, but under the supervision of Commander Mir Ismaheel Baloch, the Portuguese were defeated by the Baloch. A few times the Portuguese looted and set the coastal villages on fire, but they failed to capture Gwadar. Cannons of the Portuguese army were found lying near the Central Jail of Gwadar. The grave of Mir Ismaheel Baloch is situated near the Mountain of Batal Gwadar, constructed by Mir Ismaheel Baloch himself during life. He died in 873 Hijri, heirless.


title: Gwadar

text: By the end of the 16th century, Mughal Emperor Akbar the Great conquered the city along with all of Balochistan after the Battle of Sehwan. It remained under Mughal control until early 18th century.


title: Gwadar

text: Towards the end of the 18th century, the Khan of Kalat, Mir Noori Naseer Khan Baloch, granted suzerainty over Gwadar to Said bin Ahmad, the ruler of Muscat. When the sultan subsequently retook Muscat, he was to continue his rule in Gwadar by appointing a "wali" (or "governor"). This "wali" was then ordered to subjugate the nearby coastal town of Chabahar (now in Iran). The Gwadar fort was built during Omani rule. In the middle of the 18th century, Mir Noori Naseer Khan Baloch captured Gwadar and its surrounding areas after defeating the Gichki Baloch tribe and included it in the Kalat Khanate. However, realizing that maintaining control of the area will be difficult without the support of the Gichkis, Mir Nasir entered into an agreement with the local Gichki Chief, which allowed the Gichkis to maintain administrative control of the area, in return for furnishing half the collected revenues to Kalat, this arrangement continued till 1783. When Saiad Sultan fell out with his brother, the ruler of Muscat, and asked for help, Mir Noori Naseer Khan handed over Gwadar, as part of his share of revenues, to Saiad Sultan for his maintenance with the understanding that the area be returned to Kalat, when Saiad Sultan acquires the throne. Saiad Sultan ascended to the throne of Muscat in 1797 but never returned Gwadar enclave to Kalat. The ensuing struggle between the heirs of the Sultan and Khan of Kalat for possession of Gwadar, allowed the British to intervene. Telegraph lines were later extended into the town courtesy of the British.


title: Gwadar

text: The British after extracting concessions from the Sultan for the use of the area facilitated Muscat to retain Gwadar. Later on, the British claimed that the area was granted to the Sultan by Mir Nasir, however, local accounts and the declassified documents of that time challenge this claim. From 1863 to 1879 Gwadar was the headquarters of a British Assistant Political Agent. Gwadar was a fortnightly port of call for the British India Steamship Navigation Company's steamers and included a combined Post & Telegraph Office.


title: Gwadar

text: Gwadar became part of Pakistan by negotiations led by Prime Minister of Pakistan Feroz Khan Noon and his wife Viqar-un-Nisa Noon with the Said bin Taimur, the Sultan of Oman. The Sultan of Oman agreed to hand Gwadar over to Pakistan for Rs. 5.5 billion, at the time equivalent to US$2 billion, which was largely paid by Aga Khan IV.


title: Gwadar

text: In 1948, Makran acceded to the newly created Dominion of Pakistan and was made a district – but Gwadar at that time was not included in Makran. In 1958, Gwadar and its surrounding areas were transferred by Oman to Pakistan by the efforts of Prime Minister of Pakistan Feroz Khan Noon and his wife Viqar-un-Nisa Noon. It was given the status of a Tehsil of Makran district. On 1 July 1977, Makran District was upgraded into a division and was divided into three districts of Turbat (Kech since 1994–95), Panjgur and Gwadar.


title: Gwadar

text: Gwadar underwent major development from 2002 to 2007. In 2002, Pakistan's National Highway Authority (NHA) began construction of the 653 km-long Makran Coastal Highway linking Gwadar with Karachi via Pasni and Ormara and onwards with the rest of the National Highways of Pakistan, which was completed in 2004. In 2003, the Gwadar Development Authority was established to oversee the planning and development of Gwadar and Gwadar Industrial Estate Development Authority was established to promote industrial activities in mega port city of Gwadar. In 2004, NHA began construction of the 820-km long M-8 motorway linking Gwadar with Ratodero in Sindh province via Turbat, Hoshab, Awaran, and Khuzdar and onwards with the rest of the Motorways of Pakistan. In 2006, the Gwadar Development Authority conceived, developed, and adopted a 50-year Master Plan for Gwadar, which was inspired by the Chinese port city of Shenzhen. In 2007, the Civil Aviation Authority of Pakistan acquired to construct a new greenfield airport, the New Gwadar International Airport , at an estimated cost of US$246 million.


title: Gwadar

text: On 3 June 2022, Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif inaugurated the 19.49 km, six-lane Gwadar East Bay Expressway, which was developed as an early harvest project under the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor. The expressway connects the Gwadar Port with the Makran Coastal Highway, thus improving connectivity and helping the transportation of goods towards Karachi.


title: Gwadar

text: Gwadar is situated on the southwestern Arabian Sea coast of Pakistan in Gwadar District of Balochistan province. Like Ormara further east, Gwadar is situated on a natural hammerhead-shaped tombolo peninsula forming two almost perfect, but naturally curved, semicircular bays on either side. The city is situated on a narrow and sandy isthmus which connects the Pakistani coast to rocky outcroppings in the Arabian sea known as the Gwadar Promontory, or "Koh-e-Batil," which reach an elevation of and extend east to west with a breadth of . The wide isthmus upon which Gwadar is located separates the two almost perfect semicircular bays from one another. The western bay is known as the "Paddi Zirr," and is generally shallow with an average depth of , and a maximum depth of . To the east of the isthmus is the deepwater "Demi Zirr" harbour, where the Gwadar Port was built.


title: Gwadar

text: As Gwadar was part of Sultanate of Oman during the British rule, it was excluded from all the censuses of British India. According to the records of Oman from 1945, the Gwadar city had a population of 5,875. The population of the city has risen to approximately 85,000 as of 2014. In the 2017 census, Gwadar city had a total population of 90,762. Currently in 2020 it is estimated to be 138,000.The population of Gwadar is predominantly Baloch.


title: Gwadar

text: Gwadar has a hot desert climate (Köppen "BWh"), characterised by little precipitation and high variation between summer and winter temperatures. Oceanic influence from the cool currents of the Arabian Sea moderates temperatures, resulting in notably cooler summer temperatures compared to areas inland and cities in the Persian Gulf such as Dubai. The Arabian Sea also moderates winter temperatures, resulting in warmer winter nights as compared to inland areas.


title: Gwadar

text: The mean temperature in the hottest month (June) remains between 31 °C and 32 °C. The mean temperature in the coolest month (January) varies from 18 °C to 19 °C. The uniformity of temperature is a unique characteristic of the Makran Coastal region. Occasionally, winds moving down the Balochistan plateau bring brief cold spells, otherwise the winter is pleasant. In Gwadar, winters are shorter than summers. Although Gwadar is situated outside the monsoon belt, it receives light monsoon showers in summer (June–August). However, in winter, Western Disturbance can cause heavy rainfall. Annual rainfall is only 100 mm (3 inches). In June 2010, Gwadar was lashed by Cyclone Phet with record-breaking rains of 372 mm and winds up to .


title: Gwadar

text: Gwadar serves as the headquarters for both the Gwadar District and Gwadar Tehsil. Gwadar Tehsil is administratively subdivided into five union councils.


title: Gwadar

text: On 2 April 2021, Gwadar was granted the title of capital of South Balochistan by the Balochistan government.


title: Gwadar

text: Gwadar's location and history have given it a unique blend of cultures. The Arabic influence upon Gwadar is strong as a consequence of the Omani era and its close proximity to the Arabian peninsula. Remnants of Oman era buildings can also be found in the city.


title: Gwadar

text: Central Asia and South Asia, encompassing the Caspian region, Central Asian republics, Afghanistan and Iran, and the energy-rich 'lake' called the Caspian Sea, is a significant region because of its huge monetary prospective and geographically vital positioning, which has formed the region as a centre piece in the international arena. Iran has also declared support for the development of Gwadar and its port.


title: Gwadar

text: The construction on a $20 billion 10-square kilometre tax exempt industrial zone began on 20 June 2016. The zone includes a 300MW plant exclusive for the industrial zone. Despite Chinese investment, much of this development, including the power plant, remains unfinished.


title: Gwadar

text: China has a great strategic interest in Gwadar. In 2013, the state-owned China Overseas Port Holdings Limited acquired Gwadar Port. The port is strategically important for China as sixty percent of China's oil comes from the Persian Gulf by ships traveling over in two to three months, confronting pirates, bad weather, political rivals, and other risks up to its only commercial port, Shanghai. Gwadar will reduce the distance to a mere and also operate year-round.


title: Gwadar

text: China is heavily dependent on Persian Gulf oil which passes through the Strait of Malacca all the way through the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Once the oil reaches China's east coast ports, it is transported thousands of kilometres inland to western China. The Gwadar port–Karakoram Highway (KKH) route is sometimes said to be safer, cheaper and shorter than transporting the oil by ocean tanker. However, research suggests that transporting oil by roadways from Gwadar to China would be very expensive, would encounter numerous logistical difficulties such as mountainous terrain, earthquakes, disputes with India, and potential terrorist attacks, and would barely make any impact on China's overall energy security, though Pakistan intends to build an oil pipeline to northern Pakistan that may allay much of these concerns.


title: Gwadar

text: Chinese goods flowing in the opposite direction may be able to find an easier, shorter and secure route to the Middle East. The city is also being developed as an export processing zone for foreign companies to manufacture in Gwadar before exporting to various countries in the region.


title: Gwadar

text: Due to the Chinese interest in the Gwadar Port, Pakistan believes that Gwadar will become a regional hub. Prime Minister Imran Khan laid down the foundation stone for the New Gwadar International Airport (NGIAP) at Gwadar on 29 March 2019. New Gwadar international airport is located in Gurandani which is around northeast of Gwadar city in Balochistan province. It is expected to cost $246 million with an area of and it will be able to handle big aircraft such as the Airbus A380. The new airport will cater to domestic and international flights and will have an open skies policy.


title: Gwadar

text: It will be a greenfield airport with a cargo terminal handling capacity of 30,000 tonnes a year. It will have a single runway of length and width of to accommodate wide body aircraft, however an option to build a second runway in future is also feasible. CAA Pakistan has awarded the design and construction contract to the China Communications Construction Company (CCCC), It is expected to be operational by September 2023.


title: Gwadar

text: Literacy rate in Gwadar is estimated to be 25%. According to Pakistan District Education Rankings, a report by Alif Ailaan, district Gwadar is ranked nationally at 61, with a education score of 59.47 and learning score of 62.65. Enrollment levels are low in Gwadar because of fewer schools in the district. And the level of enrollment declines as we move up the classes.


title: Gwadar

text: The school infrastructure score of Gwadar is 29.91, giving it a national rank of 122. 33% of all the schools in the district carter to girls as compared to 67% schools for boys, putting girls at a greater disadvantage. Lack of science labs and subject specialists teachers are also a major concern.


title: Gwadar

text: Overcrowding, teachers teaching two classes at the same time, lack of science teachers and lack of playing grounds are the issues faced by the residents of Gwadar.


title: I Knew You Were Trouble

text: "I Knew You Were Trouble" is a song by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift, from her fourth studio album "Red" (2012). She wrote the song along with the track's producers, Max Martin and Shellback. A dance-pop, pop rock, and teen pop song with a dubstep refrain, "I Knew You Were Trouble" features electric guitars and synthesizers, with lyrics that talk about self-blame after a toxic relationship. The dubstep production divided music critics, who noted it as a radical move from Swift's previous country pop songs.


title: I Knew You Were Trouble

text: Big Machine Records, in partnership with Republic Records, released "I Knew You Were Trouble" in the US as the album's second pop-radio single on November 27, 2012. The song peaked within the top five on record charts and received multi-platinum certifications in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the UK. In the US, the single peaked at number two on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and was certified seven times platinum. Its seven-week run at number one on the Mainstream Top 40 chart inspired Swift to transition from country for mainstream pop on her next studio album, "1989" (2014).


title: I Knew You Were Trouble

text: The song's music video, directed by Anthony Mandler, premiered on MTV on December 13, 2012. The video depicts Swift going through a tumultuous relationship with an unfaithful man, and it won an MTV Video Music Award for Best Female Video and the Phenomenon Award at the YouTube Music Awards in 2013. To promote the song, Swift performed on televised events including the American Music Awards, the ARIA Music Awards, and the Brit Awards. She included "I Knew You Were Trouble" on the set lists of two of her world tours, the Red Tour (2013–2014) and the 1989 World Tour (2015).


title: I Knew You Were Trouble

text: Swift released her third studio album, "Speak Now", in October 2010. She wrote the album by herself and co-produced it with Nathan Chapman. "Speak Now" was similar to Swift's previous album, "Fearless" (2008), in its country pop production style. On her fourth studio album, "Red" (2012), Swift wanted to experiment with other musical styles. To this end, she approached different producers beyond Nashville, Tennessee. She went to Los Angeles to meet with Swedish producer Max Martin, citing his songs for "how [they] can just land a chorus" as an inspiration. Martin and Shellback, another Swedish producer, co-wrote and produced three songs on "Red"—"22", "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together", and "I Knew You Were Trouble"—all of which feature a pop production and programmed keyboards. Swift developed "I Knew You Were Trouble" as a ballad on piano, and asked Martin and Shellback to convey its intense emotions with a "chaotic" sound. The two producers incorporated elements of dubstep, a subgenre of EDM, which she said was "Red" boldest experimentation.


title: I Knew You Were Trouble

text: "I Knew You Were Trouble" was written by Swift, Martin, and Shellback. The song was recorded by Michael Ilbert at MXM Studios in Stockholm, Sweden, and by Sam Holland at Conway Recording Studios in Los Angeles. It was mixed by Serban Ghenea at MixStar Studios in Virginia Beach, Virginia, and mastered by Tom Coyne at Sterling Sound Studio in New York City. In an interview with the Associated Press, Swift described Martin and Shellback as "dream collaborators" because they took her ideas in a different direction, which challenged her as a songwriter.


title: I Knew You Were Trouble

text: Swift premiered one "Red" album track each week on "Good Morning America", from September 24 until the album's release date of October 22, 2012, as part of a four-week countdown. "I Knew You Were Trouble" was the third song that Swift premiered, on October 8, 2012. The day after the "Good Morning America" premiere, Big Machine Records released the song onto the iTunes Store for digital download. Big Machine in partnership with Republic Records released "I Knew You Were Trouble" to US pop radio on November 27, 2012, as an official single. It was the second pop radio single from "Red", following "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together". A limited CD single edition featuring fan-exclusive merchandise was available through Swift's official website on December 13, 2012. "I Knew You Were Trouble" was released as a radio single in the U.K. on December 9, 2012, and in Italy on January 11, 2013.