title: Effects of high altitude on humans

text: Full acclimatization requires days or even weeks. Gradually, the body compensates for the respiratory alkalosis by renal excretion of bicarbonate, allowing adequate respiration to provide oxygen without risking alkalosis. It takes about four days at any given altitude and can be enhanced by drugs such as acetazolamide. Eventually, the body undergoes physiological changes such as lower lactate production (because reduced glucose breakdown decreases the amount of lactate formed), decreased plasma volume, increased hematocrit (polycythemia), increased RBC mass, a higher concentration of capillaries in skeletal muscle tissue, increased myoglobin, increased mitochondria, increased aerobic enzyme concentration, increase in 2,3-BPG, hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, and right ventricular hypertrophy. Pulmonary artery pressure increases in an effort to oxygenate more blood.


title: Effects of high altitude on humans

text: Full hematological adaptation to high altitude is achieved when the increase of red blood cells reaches a plateau and stops. The length of full hematological adaptation can be approximated by multiplying the altitude in kilometres by 11.4 days. For example, to adapt to of altitude would require 45.6 days. The upper altitude limit of this linear relationship has not been fully established.


title: Effects of high altitude on humans

text: Even when acclimatized, prolonged exposure to high altitude can interfere with pregnancy and cause intrauterine growth restriction or pre-eclampsia. High altitude causes decreased blood flow to the placenta, even in acclimatized women, which interferes with fetal growth. Consequently, children born at high-altitudes are found to be born shorter on average than children born at sea level.


title: Effects of high altitude on humans

text: For athletes, high altitude produces two contradictory effects on performance. For explosive events (sprints up to 400 metres, long jump, triple jump) the reduction in atmospheric pressure means there is less resistance from the atmosphere and the athlete's performance will generally be better at high altitude. For endurance events (races of 800 metres or more), the predominant effect is the reduction in oxygen, which generally reduces the athlete's performance at high altitude. One way to gauge this reduction is by monitoring VOmax, a measurement of the maximum capacity of an individual to utilize O during strenuous exercise. For an unacclimated individual, VOmax begins to decrease significantly at moderate elevation, starting at 1,500 metres and dropping 8 to 11 percent for every additional 1000 metres.


title: Effects of high altitude on humans

text: Sports organizations acknowledge the effects of altitude on performance: for example, the governing body for the sport of athletics, World Athletics, has ruled that performances achieved at an altitude greater than 1,000 metres will be approved for world record purposes, but carry the notation of "A" to denote they were set at altitude.


title: Effects of high altitude on humans

text: The 1968 Summer Olympics were held at altitude in Mexico City. The world records in most short sprint and jump records were broken there. Other records were also set at altitude in anticipation of those Olympics. Bob Beamon's record in the long jump held for almost 23 years and has only been beaten once without altitude or wind assistance. Many of the other records set at Mexico City were later surpassed by marks set at altitude.


title: Effects of high altitude on humans

text: An elite athletics meeting was held annually in Sestriere, France, from 1988 to 1996, and again in 2004. The advantage of its high altitude in sprinting and jumping events held out hope of world records, with sponsor Ferrari offering a car as a bonus. One record was set, in the men's pole vault by Sergey Bubka in 1994; the men's and women's records in long jump were also beaten, but wind assisted.


title: Effects of high altitude on humans

text: Athletes can also take advantage of altitude acclimatization to increase their performance. The same changes that help the body cope with high altitude increase performance back at sea level. However, this may not always be the case. Any positive acclimatization effects may be negated by a de-training effect as the athletes are usually not able to exercise with as much intensity at high altitudes compared to sea level.


title: Effects of high altitude on humans

text: This conundrum led to the development of the altitude training modality known as "Live-High, Train-Low", whereby the athlete spends many hours a day resting and sleeping at one (high) altitude, but performs a significant portion of their training, possibly all of it, at another (lower) altitude. A series of studies conducted in Utah in the late 1990s showed significant performance gains in athletes who followed such a protocol for several weeks. Another study from 2006 has shown performance gains from merely performing some exercising sessions at high altitude, yet living at sea level.


title: Effects of high altitude on humans

text: The performance-enhancing effect of altitude training could be due to increased red blood cell count, more efficient training, or changes in muscle physiology.


title: Effects of high altitude on humans

text: In 2007, FIFA issued a short-lived moratorium on international football matches held at more than 2,500 metres above sea level, effectively barring select stadiums in Bolivia, Colombia, and Ecuador from hosting World Cup qualifiers, including their capital cities. In their ruling, FIFA’s executive committee specifically cited what they believed to be an unfair advantage possessed by home teams acclimated to the elevation. The ban was reversed in 2008.


title: Barycenter

text: In astronomy, the barycenter (or barycentre; ) is the center of mass of two or more bodies that orbit one another and is the point about which the bodies orbit. A barycenter is a dynamical point, not a physical object. It is an important concept in fields such as astronomy and astrophysics. The distance from a body's center of mass to the barycenter can be calculated as a two-body problem.


title: Barycenter

text: If one of the two orbiting bodies is much more massive than the other and the bodies are relatively close to one another, the barycenter will typically be located within the more massive object. In this case, rather than the two bodies appearing to orbit a point between them, the less massive body will appear to orbit about the more massive body, while the more massive body might be observed to wobble slightly. This is the case for the Earth–Moon system, whose barycenter is located on average from Earth's center, which is 75% of Earth's radius of . When the two bodies are of similar masses, the barycenter will generally be located between them and both bodies will orbit around it. This is the case for Pluto and Charon, one of Pluto's natural satellites, as well as for many binary asteroids and binary stars. When the less massive object is far away, the barycenter can be located outside the more massive object. This is the case for Jupiter and the Sun; despite the Sun being a thousandfold more massive than Jupiter, their barycenter is slightly outside the Sun due to the relatively large distance between them.


title: Barycenter

text: In astronomy, barycentric coordinates are non-rotating coordinates with the origin at the barycenter of two or more bodies. The International Celestial Reference System (ICRS) is a barycentric coordinate system centered on the Solar System's barycenter.


title: Barycenter

text: The barycenter is one of the foci of the elliptical orbit of each body. This is an important concept in the fields of astronomy and astrophysics. If "a" is the semi-major axis of the system, "r" is the semi-major axis of the primary's orbit around the barycenter, and is the semi-major axis of the secondary's orbit. When the barycenter is located "within" the more massive body, that body will appear to "wobble" rather than to follow a discernible orbit. In a simple two-body case, the distance from the center of the primary to the barycenter, "r", is given by:


title: Barycenter

text: The following table sets out some examples from the Solar System. Figures are given rounded to three significant figures. The terms "primary" and "secondary" are used to distinguish between involved participants, with the larger being the primary and the smaller being the secondary.


title: Barycenter

text: If Jupiter had Mercury's orbit (), the Sun–Jupiter barycenter would be approximately 55,000 km from the center of the Sun (). But even if the Earth had Eris's orbit (), the Sun–Earth barycenter would still be within the Sun (just over 30,000 km from the center).


title: Barycenter

text: To calculate the actual motion of the Sun, only the motions of the four giant planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune) need to be considered. The contributions of all other planets, dwarf planets, etc. are negligible. If the four giant planets were on a straight line on the same side of the Sun, the combined center of mass would lie at about 1.17 solar radii, or just over 810,000 km above the Sun's surface.


title: Barycenter

text: The calculations above are based on the mean distance between the bodies and yield the mean value "r". But all celestial orbits are elliptical, and the distance between the bodies varies between the apses, depending on the eccentricity, "e". Hence, the position of the barycenter varies too, and it is possible in some systems for the barycenter to be "sometimes inside and sometimes outside" the more massive body. This occurs where


title: Barycenter

text: In classical mechanics (Newtonian gravitation), this definition simplifies calculations and introduces no known problems. In general relativity (Einsteinian gravitation), complications arise because, while it is possible, within reasonable approximations, to define the barycenter, we find that the associated coordinate system does not fully reflect the inequality of clock rates at different locations. Brumberg explains how to set up barycentric coordinates in general relativity.


title: Barycenter

text: The coordinate systems involve a world-time, i.e. a global time coordinate that could be set up by telemetry. Individual clocks of similar construction will not agree with this standard, because they are subject to differing gravitational potentials or move at various velocities, so the world-time must be synchronized with some ideal clock that is assumed to be very far from the whole self-gravitating system. This time standard is called Barycentric Coordinate Time (TCB, sic).


title: Barycenter

text: For objects at such high eccentricity, barycentric coordinates are more stable than heliocentric coordinates for a given epoch because the barycentric osculating orbit is not as greatly affected by where Jupiter is on its 11.8 year orbit.


title: Sarah Jessica Parker filmography

text: Sarah Jessica Parker is an American actress and television producer who has been acting in film, television and theater since the 1970s. She is known for her role as Carrie Bradshaw on the HBO television series "Sex and the City" (1998–2004), for which she won two Emmy Awards, four Golden Globe Awards for Best Actress in a Comedy Series and three Screen Actors Guild Awards. The character was widely popular during the airing of the series and was later recognized as one of the greatest female characters in American television. She later reprised the role in films "Sex and the City" (2008) and "Sex and the City 2" (2010), as well as the television show "And Just Like That..." (2021–present).


title: Sarah Jessica Parker filmography

text: She made her first major film appearances in the 1984 dramas "Footloose" and "Firstborn". Her other film roles include "The Ryan White Story" (1989), "L.A. Story" with Steve Martin (1991), "Honeymoon in Vegas" with Nicolas Cage (1992), "Hocus Pocus" with Bette Midler (1993), "Ed Wood" with Johnny Depp (1994), "The First Wives Club" again with Midler (1996), "The Family Stone" with Diane Keaton (2005), "Failure to Launch" with Matthew McConaughey (2006), "Did You Hear About the Morgans?" with Hugh Grant (2009), and "New Year's Eve" with Abigail Breslin (2011).


title: Sarah Jessica Parker filmography

text: In 2012, Parker returned to television for the first time since "Sex and the City", portraying Isabelle Wright in three episodes of the musical television series "Glee". She starred as Frances Dufresne in the HBO series "Divorce" alongside Thomas Haden Church (2016–2019), for which she was nominated for a Golden Globe Award. Since 2005, she has run her own production company, Pretty Matches, which has been creating content for HBO and other channels.


title: Sarah Jessica Parker filmography

text: Parker made her Broadway debut at the age of 11 in the 1976 revival of "The Innocents", before going on to star in the title role of the Broadway musical "Annie" in 1979.


title: About Time (TV series)

text: About Time () is a 2018 fantasy romance South Korean television series starring Lee Sang-yoon and Lee Sung-kyung. It aired from May 21 to July 10, 2018, on tvN's Mondays and Tuesdays at 21:30 (KST) time slot.


title: About Time (TV series)

text: Choi Michaela (Lee Sung-kyung) is an aspiring musical actress who has the special ability to see people's life spans. One day, while she's heading off to an audition, she becomes involved in a minor car accident and meets Lee Do-ha (Lee Sang-yoon), a chaebol son and the president of cultural foundation MK Entertainment. After an unexpected discovery that her life clock stops whenever she's with him, she becomes determined to keep him close at all costs. Things take an interesting and painful turn as the two begin to fall in love.


title: Alessandro Moreschi

text: Alessandro Moreschi (11 November 1858 – 21 April 1922) was an Italian chorister of the late 19th century and the only castrato to make solo recordings.


title: Alessandro Moreschi

text: Alessandro Moreschi was born on 11 November 1858 to Luigi Lorenzo Moreschi (1840–1897) and Rosa Maria Potelli, a Roman Catholic family in the town of Monte Compatri in the Papal States, near Frascati (Lazio). It is possible that he was born with an inguinal hernia, for which castration was still thought to be a cure in 19th-century Italy. Another possibility is that he was castrated later, around 1865, which would have been more in line with the centuries-old practice of castrating vocally talented boys well before puberty. In any case, much later in life, he referred to his enjoyment of singing as a boy in the chapel of the Madonna del Castagno, just outside his native town.


title: Alessandro Moreschi

text: It seems likely that Moreschi's singing abilities came to the notice of Nazareno Rosati, formerly a member of the Sistine Chapel choir, who was acting as a scout for new talent, and took him to Rome in about 1870. Moreschi became a pupil at the Scuola di San Salvatore in Lauro, where he was taught by Gaetano Capocci, "maestro di cappella" of the Papal basilica of St John Lateran. In 1873, aged only fifteen, he was appointed First Soprano in the choir of that basilica, and also became a regular member of the groups of soloists hired by Capocci to sing in the "salons" of Roman high society. His singing at such "soirées" was vividly described by Anna Lillie de Hegermann-Lindencrone, the American wife of the Danish Ambassador to the Holy See:


title: Alessandro Moreschi

text: In 1883, Capocci presented a special showcase for his "protégé": the first performance in Italy of the oratorio "Christus am Ölberge" by Beethoven, in which Moreschi sang the demanding "coloratura" role of the Seraph. On the strength of this performance, he became known as "l'Angelo di Roma", and shortly after, having been auditioned by all the members of the Sistine Chapel Choir, he was appointed First Soprano there, a post he held for the next thirty years.


title: Alessandro Moreschi

text: Moreschi's Director at the Sistine was Domenico Mustafà, himself once a fine castrato soprano, who realised that Moreschi was, amongst other things, the only hope for the continuation of the Sistine tradition of performing the famous setting of the "Miserere" by Gregorio Allegri during Holy Week. When Moreschi joined the Sistine choir, there were still six other castrato members, but none of them was capable of sustaining this work's taxing soprano "tessitura". Moreschi's star status sometimes seems to have turned his head: "Moreschi's behaviour was often capricious enough to make him forget a proper professional bearing, as on the occasion after a concert when he paraded himself among the crowd like a peacock, with a long, white scarf, to be congratulated ..."


title: Alessandro Moreschi

text: The Sistine Chapel Choir was run on traditional lines centuries old, and had a strict system of hierarchies. In 1886, the senior castrato, Giovanni Cesari, retired, and it was probably then that Moreschi took over as "Direttore dei concertisti" (Director of soloists). In 1891 Moreschi took his turn as "segretario puntatore", being responsible for the day-book of the choir's activities, and the following year was appointed "maestro pro tempore", a largely administrative post concerned with calling choir meetings, fixing rehearsals, granting leave of absence and the like. During this year, Alessandro was also responsible for overseeing the choir's correct performance of its duties in the Sistine Chapel. Artistically speaking, the job involved him in choosing soloists and in developing repertoire. This entire period was one of great upheaval within the Sistine choir's organisation as well as Catholic church music at large: the reforming movement known as Cecilianism, which had originated in Germany, was beginning to have its influence felt in Rome. Its calls for the Church's music to return to the twin bases of Gregorian chant and the polyphony of Palestrina were a direct threat to both the repertoire and the practice of the Sistine Chapel. These were resisted by Mustafà, but time was against him. In 1898, he celebrated fifty years as a member of the Sistine, but also appointed Lorenzo Perosi as joint Perpetual Director. This 26-year-old priest from Tortona in Piedmont turned out to be a real thorn in Mustafà's side. Moreschi was very much a silent witness to the struggles between the forces of tradition and reform, but was also caught up in secular matters: on 9 August 1900, at the express request of the Italian royal family, he sang at the funeral of the recently assassinated king, Umberto I. This was all the more extraordinary because the Papacy still had no formal contact with the Italian secular state, which it regarded as a mere usurper (see Unification of Italy).


title: Alessandro Moreschi

text: In the spring of 1902, in the Vatican, Moreschi made the first of his recordings for the Gramophone & Typewriter Company of London. He made additional recordings in 1904: there are seventeen tracks in all. Between these two sessions, several most fateful events occurred: in 1903 the aged Mustafà finally retired, and a few months later Pope Leo XIII, a strong supporter of Sistine tradition, died. His successor was Pope Pius X, an equally powerful advocate of Cecilianism. One of the new pontiff's first official acts was the promulgation of the "motu proprio", "Tra le sollecitudini" ("Amidst the Cares"), which appeared, appropriately enough, on St Cecilia's Day, 22 November 1903. This was the final nail in the coffin of all that Mustafà, Moreschi and their colleagues stood for, since one of its decrees stated: "Whenever ... it is desirable to employ the high voices of sopranos and contraltos, these parts must be taken by boys, according to the most ancient usage of the Church." Perosi, a fanatical opponent of the castrati, had triumphed and Moreschi and his few remaining colleagues were to be pensioned off and replaced by boys. A singing pupil of Moreschi's, Domenico Mancini, was such a good imitator of his master's voice that Perosi took him for a castrato (for all that castration had been banned in Italy in 1870), and would have nothing to do with him. Mancini became a professional double-bass player.


title: Alessandro Moreschi

text: Officially, Alessandro was a member of the Sistine choir until Easter 1913 (at which date he qualified for his pension after thirty years' service), and remained in the choir of the Cappella Giulia of St Peter's, Rome until a year after that. Around Easter 1914 he met the Viennese musicologist Franz Haböck, author of the important book "Die Kastraten und ihre Gesangskunst" (The Castrati and their Art of Singing, published in Berlin in 1927), who had plans to cast Moreschi in concerts reviving the repertoire of the great eighteenth-century castrato Farinelli. These never came to fruition: by this date Moreschi (now fifty-five years old) no longer had the required high soprano range, and in any case he had never had the necessary virtuoso operatic training.


title: Alessandro Moreschi

text: In retirement, Moreschi lived in his apartment at 19 Via Plinio, a few minutes' walk from the Vatican, where he died at the age of 63, possibly of pneumonia. His funeral Mass was a large and public affair in the church of San Lorenzo in Damaso, and was conducted by Perosi, who, in spite of his antipathy towards castrati, felt a "great friendship which bound them together". Moreschi was buried in the family vault in the Cimitero del Verano, the great "city of the dead" not far from Rome's Tiburtina station. His colleague Domenico Salvatori lies in the same tomb.


title: Alessandro Moreschi

text: According to Haböck, "Moreschi's external appearance differs little from that usual for a singer. He is of medium or rather small stature. His likeable face is completely beardless; his chest remarkably broad and powerful. His speaking voice has a metallic quality, like a very high-speaking tenor. His voice and demeanour make a youthful impression, reinforced by his lively conversation, which add to the altogether charming picture that the singer presents."


title: Alessandro Moreschi

text: All of Moreschi's recordings were made in Rome in two sets of recording sessions for the Gramophone & Typewriter Company. The first series of recordings was made on 3 and 5 April 1902 by Will and Fred Gaisberg. Eighteen usable sides by the members of the Sistine Chapel Choir were captured on wax, four of them solos by Moreschi. Decades later Fred Gaisberg recalled making these historic first recordings in the Vatican: "Selecting a great salon with walls covered with Titians, Raphaels, and Tintorettos, we mounted our grimy machine right in the middle of the floor." The second set of recordings was made in Rome in April 1904, under the direction of W. Sinkler Darby. CDs on the Opal and Pearl labels reproduce the recordings.


title: Alessandro Moreschi

text: Critical opinion is divided about Moreschi's recordings: some say they are of little interest other than the novelty of preserving the voice of a castrato, and that Moreschi was a mediocre singer, while others detect the remains of a talented singer unfortunately past his prime by the time he recorded, as Moreschi was in his mid-forties when he made his recordings. Still others feel that he was a very fine singer indeed, and that much of the "difficulty" in listening to Moreschi's recordings stems from changes in taste and singing style between his time and ours. His vocal technique can certainly seem to grate upon modern ears, but many of the seemingly imperfect vocal attacks, for example, are in fact grace notes, launched from as much as a tenth below the note – in Moreschi's case, this seems to have been a long-standing means of drawing on the particular acoustics of the Sistine Chapel itself. The dated aesthetic of Moreschi's singing, involving extreme passion and a perpetual type of sob, often sounds bizarre to the modern listener, and can be misinterpreted as technical weakness or symptomatic of an aging voice.


title: Alessandro Moreschi

text: The standard of his recordings is certainly variable; Moreschi recorded two versions of Rossini's "Crucifixus". In the first, Moreschi's first side from his first recording session in 1902, he sings off key, and continues to do so for several bars. Whatever modern opinion may be of his recordings, the enthusiastic applause of his colleagues attests to their appreciation on at least one occasion, as can be heard at the end of his rendering of Tosti's song "Ideale".


title: Alessandro Moreschi

text: The best-known piece Moreschi recorded is the Bach/Gounod "Ave Maria" (though the Sistine Chapel choir recorded Mozart's "Ave verum corpus", Moreschi's voice is not individually audible). Perhaps only here does Moreschi's singing approach the type of star quality that the great castrato performances of the Baroque era must have possessed; there is great fervour in the singing – the above-mentioned "tear in every note" – and Moreschi takes the climactic high B natural without apparent effort.


title: Nice Côte d'Azur Airport

text: Nice Côte d'Azur Airport () is an international airport located southwest of Nice, in the Alpes-Maritimes "départment" of France. It is the third busiest airport in France and serves as a focus city for Air France and an operating base for easyJet. In 2019, it handled 14,485,423 passengers. The airport is positioned west of the city centre, and is the principal port of arrival for passengers to the Côte d'Azur.


title: Nice Côte d'Azur Airport

text: Due to its proximity to the Principality of Monaco, it also serves as the city-state's airport, with helicopter service linking the principality and airport. Some airlines market Monaco as a destination via Nice Airport.


title: Nice Côte d'Azur Airport

text: The airport covers an area of over partially reclaimed from the sea, with used by its two parallel runways and the three passenger terminals and freight terminal. The airport's theoretical capacity is 13 million annual passengers and 52 movements (26 landings) per hour. Terminals 1 and 2 are linked by a tram service. The route stops at the airport and connects with the city centre via the “Jean Médecin” station, and with the port via the “Port Lympia” station. Buses that also connect the car parks with the terminals.


title: Nice Côte d'Azur Airport

text: Terminal 1 features 25 gates on a space of . It features flights to domestic, Schengen and non-Schengen destinations and has a capacity of 4.5 million passengers per year. A business center is located at Terminal 1 containing eight rooms and a conference room with a capacity of 250 people.


title: Nice Côte d'Azur Airport

text: Terminal 2 is the newer and larger facility and is equipped to handle flights to all destinations. There are 29 gates on a space of . The terminal has a capacity of 8.5 million passengers per year.


title: Nice Côte d'Azur Airport

text: The Business Aviation Terminal, located next to Terminal 2, covers an area of . Opened in 2010, this terminal contains the operations rooms, VIP lounges, crew lounges and offices of several business aviation companies.


title: Nice Côte d'Azur Airport

text: The airport is located on the western end of the Promenade des Anglais. Since December 2018, Nice tramway line 2 connects the airport to the Port of Nice (Lympia Port) via the Grand Arénas interchange (where additionally the relocated regional train station Nice-Saint-Augustin is situated), replacing two former bus routes (98 and 99) to the airport. The tram runs every 8 minutes during the day. There's also tramway line 3 which runs form the airport to the western suburbs. Additionally, bus route 12 connects the airport with Promenade des Artes via the old town.


title: Nice Côte d'Azur Airport

text: In 1969 an experimental and short-lived ferry service utilized two N.300 Naviplane hovercraft. The airport was connected to Cannes, Saint-Tropez, Monaco and San-Remo.


title: Fat Bottomed Girls

text: "Fat Bottomed Girls" is a song by the British rock band Queen. Written by guitarist Brian May, the song appears on the band's seventh studio album "Jazz" (1978) and later on their compilation album "Greatest Hits". When released as a single with "Bicycle Race", the song reached number 11 in the UK Singles Chart and number 24 in the "Billboard" Hot 100 in the US.


title: Fat Bottomed Girls

text: The song is formed around an open bluesy, metallic guitar tuning, and opens with its chorus. It was one of the few Queen songs played in an alternative (drop D) guitar tuning. The song's music video was filmed at the Dallas Convention Center in Texas in October 1978.


title: Fat Bottomed Girls

text: The two songs were released together on a double A-sided single, and both songs refer to each other. Near the end of "Fat Bottomed Girls", the song references "Bicycle Race", with Mercury shouting, "Get on your bikes and ride!" "Bicycle Race" reciprocates with the line "fat bottomed girls, they'll be riding today".


title: Fat Bottomed Girls

text: Queen performed "Fat Bottomed Girls" in concert from 1978 to 1982. Since its release, the song has appeared on television and film, and has been covered by a number of artists.


title: Fat Bottomed Girls

text: The song was performed on the setlists of their Queen + Adam Lambert tours in 2012, 2014–2015, 2016 and 2017–2018 featuring Adam Lambert and at the iHeartRadio Music Festival 2013 as Queen + Adam Lambert featuring Fun.


title: Fat Bottomed Girls

text: The song featured a different vocal arrangement from the studio recording when performed live. In live performances, the lead vocals during the chorus were sung by Freddie Mercury and harmonized with an upper voice (Roger Taylor) and a lower voice (Brian May). In the studio version, there is no higher harmony. The lead vocals on the verses are sung by Freddie Mercury, while Brian May sings the lead vocals on the chorus.


title: Fat Bottomed Girls

text: The single version (which can be found on "Greatest Hits", but not the 1992 US "Red Cover" version) omits the extended guitar interludes between the verses and fades out before the ending.


title: Fat Bottomed Girls

text: During an interview with "The A.V. Club", Michael McKean stated that "Fat Bottomed Girls" was an influence for the song "Big Bottom" in the 1984 mockumentary film "This Is Spinal Tap."


title: Codeforces

text: Codeforces is a website that hosts competitive programming contests. It is maintained by a group of competitive programmers from ITMO University led by Mikhail Mirzayanov. Since 2013, Codeforces claims to surpass Topcoder in terms of active contestants. As of 2018, it has over 600,000 registered users. Codeforces along with other similar websites are used by top sport programmers like Gennady Korotkevich, Petr Mitrichev, Benjamin Qi and Makoto Soejima, and by other programmers interested in furthering their careers.


title: Codeforces

text: The Codeforces platform is typically used when preparing for competitive programming contests and it offers the following features:


title: Codeforces

text: Contestants are rated by a system similar to Elo rating system. There are usually no prizes for winners, though several times a year special contests are held, in which top performing contestants receive T-shirts. Some bigger contests are hosted on Codeforces base, among them "The Lyft Level 5 Challenge 2018", provided by Lyft or "Microsoft Q# Coding Contest — Summer 2018" provided by Microsoft.


title: Codeforces

text: Contestants are divided into ranks based on their ratings. Since May 2018, users with ratings between 1900 and 2099 can be rated in both Div. 1 and Div. 2 contests. At the same time, Div. 3 was created for users rated below 1600.


title: Codeforces

text: Codeforces was created by a group of competitive programmers from Saratov State University led by Mike Mirzayanov. It was originally created for those interested in solving tasks and taking part in competitions. The first Codeforces Round was held on the February 19, 2010 with 175 participants. As of the end of August 2022 over 800 rounds were held, with over 9000 registered competitors per round on average. Before 2012 Codeforces Rounds were titled "Codeforces Beta Rounds" to indicate that the system was still under development.


title: Codeforces

text: Codeforces is recommended by many universities. According to Daniel Sleator, professor of Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University, competitive programming is valuable in computer science education, because competitors learn to adapt classic algorithms to new problems, thereby improving their understanding of algorithmic concepts. He has used Codeforces problems in his class, 15-295: Competition Programming and Problem Solving.


title: Splenomegaly

text: Splenomegaly is an enlargement of the spleen. The spleen usually lies in the left upper quadrant (LUQ) of the human abdomen. Splenomegaly is one of the four cardinal signs of "hypersplenism" which include: some reduction in number of circulating blood cells affecting granulocytes, erythrocytes or platelets in any combination; a compensatory proliferative response in the bone marrow; and the potential for correction of these abnormalities by splenectomy. Splenomegaly is usually associated with increased workload (such as in hemolytic anemias), which suggests that it is a response to hyperfunction. It is therefore not surprising that splenomegaly is associated with any disease process that involves abnormal red blood cells being destroyed in the spleen. Other common causes include congestion due to portal hypertension and infiltration by leukemias and lymphomas. Thus, the finding of an enlarged spleen, along with caput medusae, is an important sign of portal hypertension.


title: Splenomegaly

text: Also, a cutoff of a craniocaudal height of 13 cm is also used to define splenomegaly. In addition, individual intervals have been established:


title: Splenomegaly

text: For children, the cutoffs for splenomegaly are given in this table, when measuring the greatest length of the spleen between its dome and its tip, in the coronal plane through its hilum while breathing quietly.


title: Splenomegaly

text: At autopsy, splenomegaly can be defined as a spleen weight above the upper limit of the standard reference range of .


title: Splenomegaly

text: Splenomegaly refers strictly to spleen enlargement, and is distinct from hypersplenism, which connotes overactive function by a spleen of any size. Splenomegaly and hypersplenism should not be confused. Each may be found separately, or they may coexist. Clinically, if a spleen is palpable (felt via external examination), it means it is enlarged as it has to undergo at least twofold enlargement to become palpable. However, the tip of the spleen may be palpable in a newborn baby up to three months of age.


title: Splenomegaly

text: Symptoms may include abdominal pain, chest pain, chest pain similar to pleuritic pain when stomach, bladder or bowels are full, back pain, early satiety due to splenic encroachment, or the symptoms of anemia due to accompanying cytopenia.


title: Splenomegaly

text: Signs of splenomegaly may include a palpable left upper quadrant abdominal mass or splenic rub. It can be detected on physical examination by using Castell's sign, Traube's space percussion or Nixon's sign, but an ultrasound can be used to confirm diagnosis. In patients where the likelihood of splenomegaly is high, the physical exam is not sufficiently sensitive to detect it; abdominal imaging is indicated in such patients.


title: Splenomegaly

text: In cases of infectious mononucleosis splenomegaly is a common symptom and health care providers may consider using abdominal ultrasonography to get insight into a person's condition. However, because spleen size varies greatly, ultrasonography is not a valid technique for assessing spleen enlargement and should not be used in typical circumstances or to make routine decisions about fitness for playing sports.


title: Splenomegaly

text: The most common causes of splenomegaly in developed countries are infectious mononucleosis, splenic infiltration with cancer cells from a hematological malignancy and portal hypertension (most commonly secondary to liver disease, and sarcoidosis). Splenomegaly may also come from bacterial infections, such as syphilis or an infection of the heart's inner lining (endocarditis). Splenomegaly also occurs in mammals parasitized by "Cuterebra fontinella".


title: Splenomegaly

text: Abdominal CT is the most accurate. The spleen needs to be 2–3 times larger than normal to be palpable below the costal margin in physical examination.


title: Splenomegaly

text: If the splenomegaly underlies hypersplenism, a splenectomy is indicated and will correct the hypersplenism. However, the underlying cause of the hypersplenism will most likely remain; consequently, a thorough diagnostic workup is still indicated, as, leukemia, lymphoma and other serious disorders can cause hypersplenism and splenomegaly. After splenectomy, however, patients have an increased risk for infectious diseases.


title: Splenomegaly

text: Patients undergoing splenectomy should be vaccinated against "Haemophilus influenzae", "Streptococcus pneumoniae", and "Meningococcus". They should also receive annual influenza vaccinations. Long-term prophylactic antibiotics may be given in certain cases.


title: Splenomegaly

text: An enlarged spleen may be an inherited, adaptive trait selected in populations that need extra oxygen carry capacity such as deep sea divers.


title: The Blueprint 3

text: The Blueprint 3 is the eleventh studio album by American rapper Jay-Z, released September 8, 2009, on Roc Nation, through distribution from Asylum Records and Atlantic Records. It is the third album in the "Blueprint" series, preceded by "The Blueprint" (2001) and "" (2002). Production for the album took place during 2008 to 2009 at several recording studios and was handled by Kanye West, No I.D., The Neptunes, Jeff Bhasker, Al Shux, Jerome "J-Roc" Harmon, The Inkredibles, Swizz Beatz, and Timbaland. The album also features guest appearances by Kanye West, Rihanna, Drake, Kid Cudi, Young Jeezy, J. Cole and Alicia Keys among others.


title: The Blueprint 3

text: "The Blueprint 3" produced six singles: "D.O.A. (Death of Auto-Tune)", "Run This Town", " "Empire State of Mind", "On to the Next One", "Young Forever" and "A Star Is Born". All singles achieved chart success excluding the latter. The album received generally positive reviews from music critics and was a commercial success. It debuted at number one on the US "Billboard" 200 chart, selling 476,000 copies in its first week. It became Jay-Z's eleventh US number-one album, breaking the record he had previously shared with Elvis Presley. The album received a nomination for Best Rap Album, while four of its singles "D.O.A. (Death of Auto-Tune)", "Run This Town", "On to the Next One", and "Empire State of Mind" won a combined number of six Grammys at both the 52nd Annual Grammy Awards and 53rd Annual Grammy Awards.


title: The Blueprint 3

text: The earliest hype over "The Blueprint 3" came when DJ Clue released in January 2008 a mixtape song called "Ain't I", produced by Timbaland. In the intro, Clue says, "Off that "Blueprint 3" baby!" However, a spokesperson for Jay-Z said that it was an old, unreleased song and that the recording of "The Blueprint 3" had not yet started. On July 20, Timbaland, a frequent contributor to previous Jay-Z albums, told MTV News that he would be producing the whole album. But in an interview with the "Rolling Stone" magazine, Jay-Z called the statement "premature". In July 2009, Jay-Z confirmed "The Blueprint 3" as the album's title during an interview with radio station Shade 45.


title: The Blueprint 3

text: By November 2008, he had finished the album but with lengthy negotiations with Def Jam, he went on to reworking it. In January 2009, Jay-Z confirmed continued production of the album and admitted the leak of several songs. In a "Billboard" magazine interview, Jay-Z confirmed "What We Talkin' About", the album's intro, "Thank You", and "Already Home" as song names and collaborations with Australian dance group Empire of the Sun, rappers Drake and Kid Cudi and singer Rihanna. He also mentioned in an interview with DJ Semtex that his favorite song on the album is "Empire State of Mind". The official track list for "Blueprint 3" was revealed on August 18, confirming the guest appearances from Kanye West, Rihanna, Drake, Kid Cudi, Young Jeezy, J. Cole, Alicia Keys, and more.)


title: The Blueprint 3

text: The cover consists of a large number of all-white instruments and recording tools stacked in a corner, with three red lines across the image. Rather than simply using Photoshop, the album's design team carefully stacked all the equipment in a corner then used a projector to create the bars. They then painted red onto the equipment where the projection of the bars was, and replaced the projector with a camera to achieve the correct perspective for the image. "Blueprint 3" would be Jay-Z's first album cover that did not feature his face on it.


title: The Blueprint 3

text: Most of the album's recording sessions took place in Hawaii at Avex Honolulu Studio, in an effort to avoid leakage. West's protégé Mr Hudson explained to "The Times" that he "won't get bothered there" compared to a major city such as New York or Los Angeles. Sessions for the album took place during 2008 to 2009 at Avex Honolulu Studio and several other recording studios, including Germano Studios, Oven Studios, and Roc The Mic in New York City, Kingdom Studios and Lava Studios in Cleveland, Midnight Blue Studios and South Beach Studios in Miami, The Holy Chateau in Perth, Australia, and Westlake Studio in Los Angeles.


title: The Blueprint 3

text: Jay-Z told "Rolling Stone" his method of selecting producers: "If Timbaland makes ten great tracks then he produces the album, if Kanye West makes ten great tracks then he produces the album; if he makes three, I'll take three. I let the music dictate the direction." However, the final track listing reveals, that West produced the majority of tracks on the album, and three done by Timbaland. West confirmed two songs, "A Star Is Born" and "Young Forever", during an appearance on "The Wake Up Show" in February 2009. Mr Hudson, who is the featured artist on the latter, described it as a flip on the Alphaville record of a similar name. During a joint interview with Hudson, West confirmed that the pop artist would be featured on three songs. Pharrell stated that he emailed "So Ambitious" to Jay-Z the day he was mastering the album. He loved the track so much that he put off the mastering.


title: The Blueprint 3

text: The album was released September 8, 2009 on Roc Nation in the United States. It was also released digitally on September 11, 2009, in the US, and its United Kingdom and international release followed on September 14 that same year. Prior to its official release, the album leaked in its entirety on August 31, 2009. When asked about the leak, Jay-Z stated "It's a preview. I'm excited for people to hear the album. I'm very proud of the work I've done, so enjoy it".


title: The Blueprint 3

text: The album's first single "D.O.A. (Death of Auto-Tune)" was premiered on June 5, 2009, via New York radio station Hot 97. On June 7, 2009, Jay-Z made a guest appearance at Hot 97's Summer Jam concert, and performed D.O.A. live on stage, for the first time. On May 20, 2009, Jay-Z confirmed that he bought out the remainder of his contract from Def Jam Records in order to start his contract with Live Nation, as "The Blueprint 3" was set to be released under Roc Nation and distributed by Atlantic Records. In August 2008, Jay-Z performed the Kanye West–produced song "Jockin' Jay-Z" during the latter's Glow in the Dark Tour.


title: The Blueprint 3

text: "The Blueprint 3" received generally positive reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 65, based on 22 reviews. In his review for MSN Music, Robert Christgau called the album "fairly superb" and gave it an A− rating, indicating "the kind of garden-variety good record that is the great luxury of musical micromarketing and overproduction". AllMusic writer John Bush compared the album to its predecessors, describing it as "somewhere between the two, closer to the vitality and energy of the original but not without the crossover bids and guest features of the latter (albeit much better this time)". Leah Greenblatt of "Entertainment Weekly" commented that the album succeeds at its goal of "reaching maximum commercial blast radius while maintaining its street bona fides".


title: The Blueprint 3

text: "The Daily Telegraph" gave the album four out of five stars and complimented its modern sound. "The A.V. Club" gave it a B+ rating and stated, "Jay-Z sounds liberated by his legacy rather than weighed down by expectations". Despite noting inconsistency in Jay-Z's rapping, Jon Caramanica of "The New York Times" complimented the album's varied musical elements and called it "an unexpected blend of maturity and youth". Pete Cashmore of "NME" commented that it "delivers because of hefty beats and quality rapsmanship, nothing else. And, ultimately, that'll do just fine". Kiilian Fox of "The Observer" commented that Jay-Z is "maturing into a responsible elder statesman". Zach Baron of "The Village Voice" viewed that "much of "Blueprint 3" is about the weird, meta-rap work of redefining what it is to be a boss" and stated "Jay-Z's midlife crisis is over. Which doesn't make "The Blueprint 3" a classic. But we'll take it. For now".


title: The Blueprint 3

text: In a mixed review, "Slant Magazine"s William McBee found "The Blueprint 3" "predictable", "complacent", and "a hip-hop feast, for sure, filled to the brim with elite production and elite rapping, but it lacks the hungriness, the spirit, and the craziness that marks a classic album". "Rolling Stone"s Jody Rosen called it "a catchy, pop-friendly record", but viewed that it lacks the "electric charge" of Jay-Z's previous albums and that he is "stuck for a subject [...] But he says it well". Alexis Petridis of "The Guardian" wrote that it "peters out in a mass of indistinct tracks" following its first four songs. "The Sunday Times" criticized the music's "insistent straining for a crossover, pop-coloured sheen", writing that it "mires much of the album in insipidness, coating stale braggadocio (without, mostly, any compensating humour)." "Pitchfork"s Ian Cohen commented that it is "so certainly Jay-Z's weakest solo album, you'll be tempted to wonder if "Kingdom Come" was somehow underrated". Greg Kot of the "Los Angeles Times" gave the album two-and-a-half out of four stars and viewed Jay-Z's celebrity and older age as somewhat of a flaw, stating:


title: The Blueprint 3

text: "The Blueprint 3" was ranked the best album of the year by "Billboard", and seventh best album of the year by MTV. "Rolling Stone" named it the fourth best album of 2009 in its year-end list.


title: The Blueprint 3

text: "The Blueprint 3" debuted at number one on the US "Billboard" 200 chart selling 476,000 copies in its first week. This became Jay-Z eleventh consecutive number one album, breaking the record he had previously shared with Elvis Presley. It also serves as the third-highest first-week sales of 2009. In its second week, the album remained at number one on the chart, selling an additional 298,000 copies. In its third week, the album dropped to number two on the chart, selling 134,000 more copies. In its fourth week, the album dropped to number six on the chart, selling 89,000 more copies. On November 13, 2009, the album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipments of over one million copies. In 2009, the album was the ninth best-selling album in the US, selling over 1.52 million copies in four months. As of August 2012, the album has sold 1,933,000 copies in the United States. The album sold over 3 million records worldwide.


title: Antonia Lofaso

text: Antonia Lofaso (born 1976) is an American celebrity chef and restaurateur. She has appeared on the reality television shows "Top Chef", "Chopped", "Cutthroat Kitchen" and "Restaurant Startup", among others. Lofaso owns the restaurants "Black Market Liquor Bar", "Scopa Italian Roots", and "DAMA" in Los Angeles, California.


title: Antonia Lofaso

text: Lofaso attended the French Culinary Institute (now known as the International Culinary Center) in New York City; during that time she was also a manager at Sean Combs' restaurant, Justin. She then worked as a chef at the Los Angeles restaurants Spago and Foxtail.


title: Antonia Lofaso

text: Lofaso is currently a co-owner and the executive chef of the Los Angeles restaurants Black Market Liquor Bar, DAMA, and Scopa Italian Roots.


title: Antonia Lofaso

text: In 2008, Lofaso appeared as a contestant on season four of the competition series "Top Chef", also known as ""; she came in 4th place. She appeared on season eight of "Top Chef", known as "Top Chef: All-Stars", from 2010 to 2011, coming in 3rd place. In 2014 she appeared on an episode of "Top Chef Duels", competing against Mike Isabella, who had beaten her on ""; she won the "duel."


title: Antonia Lofaso

text: In 2012, Lofaso appeared on the short-lived Game Show Network show "Beat the Chefs"; she was one of three professional chefs that the amateur chef contestants had to compete against. The show ran for four episodes.


title: Antonia Lofaso

text: She was one of a rotating group of judges on the 2013 to 2017 Food Network competition show "Cutthroat Kitchen". She also competed in (and won) "Cutthroat"s special 2016 "Judging Judges" episode, beating fellow regular judges Simon Majumdar and Jet Tila as well as Iron Chef Geoffrey Zakarian.


title: Antonia Lofaso

text: She is a judge on "Guy's Grocery Games", which premiered in 2013. She has also competed (and won) frequently on that show, beginning a long-standing association with Guy Fieri.


title: Antonia Lofaso

text: Lofaso served as one of the restaurant culinary consultants for the CNBC television show "Restaurant Startup" (seasons 2 and 3), in 2015 and 2016.


title: Antonia Lofaso

text: In 2020, she appeared on Selena Gomez's cooking show, "Selena + Chef". She also made an appearance on the 16th season of "The Bachelorette", during the hometown episode.


title: Antonia Lofaso

text: Lofaso was one of four chefs featured in the Fieri-produced documentary film "", focusing on how the COVID-19 pandemic affected their lives and businesses. She returned for the film’s sequel documentary, "."


title: Antonia Lofaso

text: She was the head judge on the Food Network competition show "The Julia Child Challenge", which aired in March and April 2022.


title: Antonia Lofaso

text: In June and July 2022, she hosted "Beachside Brawl", and in August, she began serving as co-host of "Guy's Ultimate Game Night".


title: Antonia Lofaso

text: Lofaso was born in 1976 and she was born and raised in Northridge in Los Angeles, California. Lofaso has Italian (Sicilian), and Jewish roots.


title: Antonia Lofaso

text: Lofaso's daughter Xea Myers was born in 2000 from her relationship with the late Jamaican rapper Heavy D. She is known for her health and fitness lifestyle that includes hot and cold exposure via sauna and ice baths and heavy weightlifting.


title: Triple Nine Society

text: The Triple Nine Society (TNS) is an international high IQ society for adults whose score on a standardized test demonstrates an IQ at or above the 99.9th percentile of the human population. The society recognizes scores from over 20 different tests of adult intelligence.


title: Triple Nine Society

text: The society was founded in 1978 and is a non-profit, 501(c)(7) organization incorporated in Virginia, USA. , it reports a member base of over 1,900 adults in 50 countries.


title: Triple Nine Society

text: Executive Committee Officers serve for two-year terms. Six are elected and three are appointed. In 2015 TNS established a 501(c)(3) subsidiary charitable organization, the Triple Nine Society Foundation, to provide scholarships to intellectually gifted students pursuing higher education goals, to educate the public about the needs of very intellectually gifted people, and for other charitable work.


title: Triple Nine Society

text: TNS publishes a bimonthly journal, "Vidya", which contains articles, poetry and other creative content contributed by members conversant with a variety of subjects, as well as Officers' Reports and other official business of the Society. TNS members communicate with one another online through email lists, a Facebook group, two Yahoo! Groups, a LinkedIn group and a scheduled weekly IRC chat; European members have established a group in XING and a French language members-only Yahoo! Group. In the autumn, the society sponsors an annual meeting in the United States called the "ggg999" meeting, with "ggg" referring to "Global General Gathering". A European meeting ("egg999") is arranged in the spring.


title: Triple Nine Society

text: To qualify for membership, an applicant must submit a qualifying score earned on any of the standardized tests recognized by the Society; these include IQ tests as well as various college admissions exams and military classification tests.


title: Triple Nine Society

text: For IQ tests, a qualifying score corresponds to an IQ of at least 146 for tests with standard deviation of 15 (e.g., WAIS-III/IV/V, , Raven's APM), at least 149 for tests with a standard deviation of 16 (e.g., Stanford-Binet IV and CTMM), or at least 173 for tests with a standard deviation of 24 (e.g., Cattell III-B).


title: Triple Nine Society

text: The society also accepts applicants based on standardized test scores that have well-established psychometric correlations with IQ, including pre-2005 SAT (1450 or 1520 depending on year taken), pre–November 2001 GRE (1460 or 2180 depending on year taken), LSAT (46, 48, 173 or 730 depending on year taken), ACT (32 or 34 depending on year taken), and the Miller Analogies Test (472 scaled or 85 raw).


title: Vajiravudh

text: Vajiravudh (, , 1 January 188126 November 1925) was the sixth monarch of Siam under the Chakri dynasty as Rama VI. He ruled from 23 October 1910 until his death in 1925. King Vajiravudh is best known for his efforts to create and promote Siamese nationalism. His reign was characterized by Siam's movement further towards democracy and minimal participation in World War I. He had keen interests in Siamese history, archaeology, and literature, as well as economics, politics and world affairs, and founded the country's first university, Chulalongkorn University.


title: Vajiravudh

text: Vajiravudh was born on 1 January 1881 to Chulalongkorn and one of his four queens and half sister Saovabha Phongsri. In 1888, upon coming of age, Vajiravudh received the title "Krom Khun" Thep Dvaravati (Prince of Ayutthaya).


title: Vajiravudh

text: Prince Vajiravudh was first educated in the royal palace in Thai and English. His full siblings were Bahurada Manimaya, Tribejrutama Dhamrong, Chakrabongse Bhuvanath, Siriraj Kakudhabhand, Asdang Dejavudh, Chudadhuj Dharadilok and Prajadhipok, who succeeded him as King Rama VII. In 1895, his half-brother Crown Prince Vajirunhis died and Vajiravudh was appointed the new Crown Prince of Siam. In 1898, he continued his education in Britain at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst and was commissioned as a captain in the Durham Light Infantry, which he served with for three months of exercises in the south of England upon graduation. He studied law and history at Christ Church, Oxford in 1899, where, coming from a royal household, he was a member of the exclusive Bullingdon Club. However, he suffered from appendicitis, which barred him from graduating in 1901. He visited other European countries while he lived in England, including Belgium where he inspected Blegny fort. He went to Berlin, Germany in May 1902 and Copenhagen, Denmark in September 1902. He attended the 15 May 1902 enthronement ceremonies for King Alfonso XIII of Spain in Madrid).[19] On behalf of his father, King Chulalongkorn, he attended the coronation of King Edward VII on 9 August 1902.


title: Vajiravudh

text: Crown Prince Vajiravudh left England in October 1902 and returned to Siam in January 1903, traveling via USA and Japan. In 1904 became a temporary monk, in accordance with Siamese tradition. In 1906, his father Chulalongkorn travelled to Europe to seek treatment for his lung disease, and Chulalongkorn made Vajiravudh Regent of Siam. One of Crown Prince Vajiravudh's accomplishments during this regency was his supervision of the construction of the equestrian statue of King Chulalongkorn.


title: Vajiravudh

text: Even before his coronation, Vajiravudh initiated several reforms. He organized Siam's defence and established military academies. He created the rank of "general" for the first time in Siam, with his uncle, Prince Bhanurangsi Savangwongse as the first Siamese Field Marshal. On 11 November 1910, Vajiravudh underwent a provisional coronation ceremony, with a more lavish one planned for after the funerary rites of his father were complete.


title: Vajiravudh

text: His first act following his accession to the throne was to build the Royal Pages College, subsequently renamed Vajiravudh College by King Prajadhipok to honour his brother. It was built as an all-boy's boarding school in the same tradition as English public schools such as Eton and Harrow. The school was built instead of a royal monastery, formerly a custom of Thai kings, as King Vajiravudh deemed that there were already too many temples in Bangkok. In his own hand written letter, King Vajiravudh wrote that "In the Royal Pages College, what I want is not so much to turn out model boys, all of the same standard, all brilliant scholars with thousands of marks each, as to turn out efficient young men— young men who will be physically and morally clean, and who will be looking forward keenly to take up whatever burden the future of our state may lay upon them". Later he also raised the Civil Servant School to "Chulalongkorn Academy for Civil Officials", then Chulalongkorn University. Both Vajiravudh College and Chulalongkorn University still benefit from the funds that King Vajiravudh set aside for the use of the two elite institutions. He also improved Siamese healthcare systems and set up some of the earliest public hospitals in Siam, Vajira Hospital in 1912 and Chulalongkorn Hospital in 1914.


title: Vajiravudh

text: In 1911, he established the Wild Tiger Corps []) a para-military corp outside of the established military hierarchy. Initially a ceremonial guard, it became a military force of 4,000 within its first year and consumed much of the King's time and energy. It became the source of deep dissatisfaction between the army and the King. A branch for children was also established known as ( ) which became the Boy Scouts.


title: Vajiravudh

text: On 28 November 1911 Vajiravudh's second and formal coronation was held with visiting royals from Europe and Japan as guests, a first for Siam, which festivities took 13 days. Later that year, the first airplane was flown in Siam.


title: Vajiravudh

text: The early years of Vajiravudh's administration were largely dominated by his two uncles, Prince Damrong and Prince Devawongse, both of them Chulalongkorn's right hand men. However, the king disagreed with Prince Damrong, Minister of Interior, over Damrong's negotiation of the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 that ceded four sultanates to the British Empire.


title: Vajiravudh

text: Vajiravudh reformed his father's monthon system by creating the "paks" () or "regions" over the administrative monthons. Each pak was governed by an Uparaja (viceroy) directly responsible to the king. The "Uparaja" presided over the intendants of monthons in the region—thus concentrating local administrative powers in his hands—much to the dismay of Prince Damrong.


title: Vajiravudh

text: Radicals expected a new constitution upon the coronation of Vajiravudh. However, no constitution was forthcoming. In 1911, the Wuchang Uprising that led to the fall of Qing dynasty prompted Siamese radicals to act. So, for the first time in Siam, an attempt was made to overthrow the monarchy and establish democracy.


title: Vajiravudh

text: The immediate cause, however, occurred even before Vajiravudh's coronation. In 1909, Crown Prince Vajiravudh ordered a Thai Royal Military Academy student who had had an argument with one of Vajiravudh's pages to be caned. Academy alumni were further provoked by Vajiravudh's creation of the Wild Tiger Corps, seen by the army as a threat to their prerogatives.


title: Vajiravudh

text: The plotters were relatively young army and naval officers, students during the 1909 incident. The coup was planned for 1 April—the traditional Siamese New Year's Day. They planned to elevate one of Vajiravudh's half brothers, Prince Raphi Phatthanasak, to be the first President of Siam. They believed that, if the absolute monarchy were removed, Siam would achieve modernization as in Japan under Emperor Taishō. The coup leaders accused the king of devoting his time to writing and acting in theatrical plays with his companions. They also accused him of living a luxurious Western-style life, building Sanam Chan Palace and Lumphini Park, and owning expensive horses from Australia, while preaching austerity and nationalism to his subjects. The counter-argument is that the assertions were political and his developments were for the good of the state, in terms of impressing visiting dignitaries, or developing assets for the nation. Rama VI donated Lumphini Park, originally an exhibition ground on royal land, to the public in 1925 at his expense.


title: Vajiravudh

text: The coup plan was leaked. Captain Yut Kongyu, who was selected as the assassin by lottery, told "Mom Chao" Prawatpan, and then Prince Chakrabongse, of the intended coup. Prince Chakrabongse arrested all the conspirators. Their sentences were severe, ranging from execution to long-term imprisonment. However, Vajiravudh rescinded the punishments and released the plotters, saying that what they did was for the sake of the kingdom.


title: Vajiravudh

text: Rama VI inherited his father's plan of building a modern nation although he was more skeptical of outside methods. Disagreements occurred incessantly with "old aristocrats", many of whom were his relatives such as the celebrated Prince Damrong, his uncle, who took charge of the Ministry of Interior. As more and more corruption in the newly created provinces was reported, Rama VI created a viceroy system. Viceroys, appointed directly by the king, were sent to supervise provincial governors and local officials.


title: Vajiravudh

text: In 1912, Vajiravudh announced the change in the solar calendar era from the Rattanakosin Era (R.S.) designated by Chulalongkorn to the Buddhist Era with the year beginning 1 April 2455 BE (1912 CE).


title: Vajiravudh

text: In 1914, Vajiravudh, having determined that the act providing for the invocation of martial law, first promulgated by his father in 1907, was not consistent with modern laws of war nor convenient for the preservation of the external or internal security of the state, changed to the modern form that, with minor amendments, continues in force.


title: Vajiravudh

text: Also in 1914, the construction of Don Mueang Airport began. In the same year the Siamese government borrowed from the Federated Malay States to extend railways to the south. In 1915, Vajiravudh himself visited the southern provinces to oversee railway construction. The Bangkok railway station at Hua Lamphong was then established as a center of Siamese railroads. Prince Damrong eventually left the Ministry of Interior in 1915. In 1916, Vajiravudh appointed his half-brother, Prince of Kamphang Phet, as the Head of the Railway Department.


title: Vajiravudh

text: The king continued his father's rice varieties competition. He also continued the overall royal encouragement of development of rice varieties, founding the Rangsit Rice Experiment Station in 1916 (now called Pathum Thani Rice Research Center and run by the Ministry of Agriculture).


title: Vajiravudh

text: In 1917, Vajiravudh established the Nakorn Sri Thammarat Regiment as his personal guard. In the same year Vajiravudh founded Chulalongkorn University, the first university in Siam, named in honor of his father. In 1918, Vajiravudh founded the Dusit Thani near Dusit Palace as an experimental site for democracy. The democratic institutions were imitated including elections, parliament, and the press. Vajiravudh himself acted as one of the citizens of Dusit Thani, yet the city was criticized by others as another of Vajiravudh's theatrical conceits.


title: Vajiravudh

text: During 1918-1919 the price of rice soared. The government faced public criticism due to its tepid response. The major cause of the problem was the hoarding of rice. Chinese millers and rice merchants bought huge amounts of rice from farmers for export to Singapore, the largest rice market in the region. Price speculation was rampant. The government imposed a ban on rice exports. At the same time, public servants asked for higher wages due to the rising cost of living. The public, mainly the urban "middle-class", and Chinese traders became more and more unhappy with the government.


title: Vajiravudh

text: On 22 July 1917 Vajiravudh declared war on Germany and Austria-Hungary. He aligned Siam with the Allied Powers and expelled German and Austrian officials from the Railway Department and Siam Commercial Bank. He also put the properties of the Central Powers under a Siamese government protectorate. Vajiravudh saw the war as an opportunity to create and promote Siamese nationalism. He changed the Flag of Siam from the elephant banner to the tricolor banner. King Vajiravudh is considered by some writers to be the father of Thai nationalism, which was later built upon by Field Marshal Phibunsongkhram and Sarit Dhanarajata. The alternative view is that the idea of nationalism by Rama VI was a later political construct. Prince Chula Chakrabongse classified him as a liberal.


title: Vajiravudh

text: Vajiravudh wrote a letter (held in the Gloucestershire Archives, England) to his friend Maynard Colchester Wemyss setting out his reasons for going to war, dated 18 September 1917. Wemyss was guardian to King Bhumipol's father and two of his brothers. Vajiravudh described the presence of Imperial German spy activity in Bangkok, allying with business groups for economic arrangements after a German take-over of Siam. Wemyss and the King also corresponded about Kaiser Wilhelm II's Asian aggression, on atrocities involving the Kaiser's army in Belgium (the Rape of Belgium) and the killing of British civilians by naval bombardment during the raid on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby. In 1921, Rama VI wrote to Wemyss that in avoiding the "German militaristic spirit . . . Thai people had been protected as free minds".


title: Vajiravudh

text: Vajiravudh introduced the practice of using the name Rama for the Chakri kings in deference to the dynasty and following western practice, being then himself Rama VI.


title: Vajiravudh

text: Other than 140,000 Vietnamese colonial troops and workers drafted by the French, Siamese troops were the only Southeast Asians in the European theatre of World War I. However, the Siamese troops did not see much action, as they arrived in Europe towards the end of the war. Participation in the war allowed Siam to later negotiate with the Western powers as a partner, albeit a junior one. Although the Siamese pilots who trained in France did not see combat because the war ended, Siam's participation in the First World war led to the founding of the Royal Thai Airforce and the airborne postal service. The Royal Siamese Transport Corps (Ror Yor) and Medical Corps did see front line action, but not in combat. Nineteen soldiers died, some in accidents, but mainly from the Spanish Flu.


title: Vajiravudh

text: In 1917, the price of silver rose and exceeded the face value of silver coins. The coins were then melted down and sold. The government solved this by changing the pure silver coin to alloy. Vajiravudh eventually forbade exports of Siamese coins. In 1918, the usage of 1-baht coins was nullified and 1-baht banknotes were introduced. Coins were recalled and kept as a national reserve. In 1919, Vajuravudh imposed a military-exemptation tax () nationwide including on the royal members. As the need for huge capital increased, a new bank, later known as the "Government Savings Bank", was founded in 1923.


title: Vajiravudh

text: Though the Siamese forces that joined the march at Versailles returned triumphant in 1919, the worldwide economic problems caused by World War I were serious. In the same year, drought hit Siam and rice shortages ensued. The government forbade the export of rice, the main Siamese export since the Bowring Treaty. Queen Mother Saovabha, Vajiravudh's mother, died in 1919. Siamese participation in World War I opened the way to reconciliation, first with the United States in 1920, then to redress the unequal treaties imposed by Western powers in the 19th century.


title: Vajiravudh

text: In spite of the financial crisis, railway constructions continued. The railway reached Narathiwat and was expanded north and east. The construction of the Rama VI Bridge carrying the railway over the Chao Phraya River in Bangkok began in 1922 and the same year the railway reached Chiang Mai. However, the treasury was in such straits that a large loan from Britain was negotiated. Also in 1922, an insurgency occurred in Pattani over new taxation policies. It was readily suppressed by the Nakorn Sri Thammarat Regiment. In 1923, Vajiravudh announced his six principles in the governance of Pattani Province, emphasizing local freedom and tax measures.


title: Vajiravudh

text: King Vajiravudh was one of Thailand's most highly renowned artists, writing modern novels, short stories, newspaper articles, poems, plays, and journals. He translated many of English literature and French literature into Thai, Among his works were translations of three Shakespeare plays: "The Merchant of Venice", "As You Like It", and "Romeo and Juliet". He wrote many other pieces promoting Thai nationalism, one of his nationalistic works is "" () based on ancient French chivalric rhyme "Mon âme â Dieu, Ma vie au Roi, Mon coeur aux Dames, L'honneur pour moi.", and might also be influenced by Alexandre Dumas's "The Three Musketeers". King Vajiravudh also composed nonfiction such as “The War of Polish Succession”, which he wrote while he was Crown Prince (see also external links below).


title: Vajiravudh

text: The king was among those writers who introduced mysteries and detective stories to the Thai reading public. He translated Agatha Christie's Hercule Poirot novels into Thai, and created the character "Nai Thong-In" () as a Siamese consulting detective, using Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes and Edgar Allan Poe's Dupin as a archetypes. He translated Sax Rohmer's "The Golden Scorpion".


title: Vajiravudh

text: The king was well-versed in Sanskrit and Hindu literature, including the Ramayana and the Mahabharata epics. He translated many stories from the two epics into Thai and also wrote plays inspired by Hindu literature. He was influenced by Rama, the incarnation of Lord Vishnu and hero of the Ramayana epic, to the extent that he systemized and promoted the use of the name "Rama" as the (English) reign names of all Thai kings of the Bangkok (Rattanakosin) era. His own reign was dubbed as "Rama VI". (See Rama (Kings of Thailand))


title: Vajiravudh

text: As a homage to his great, great, great grandfather, Tao Sên-pom, King Vajiravudh published a fictional play in Thai, based on the Prince and designed for performance with musical accompaniment in 1913. Prince Sên-pom was the father of Chao Praya Chakri, Rama I. The drama centres on a tale of Siamese courtly romance. It is absorbing fun and well-written. A copy of the play was given as a present to the Armstrong family in Cragside House, Rothbury, where it remains in the library. On a trip to the English Lake District, Vajiravudh directed the performance of a play at the Stonehenge-like setting of Castlerigg Stone Circle, in the mountains near Keswick.


title: Vajiravudh

text: In 1914 King Vajiravudh published in a Thai newspaper an article titled "Jews of the Orient" (). It was written in the context of a recent strike by Chinese merchants and workers which had paralyzed Bangkok, and may also have been the product of Vajiravudh's exposure to European anti-Semitism. The article described Chinese immigrants in Thailand as having excessive "racial loyalty and astuteness in financial matters." The king wrote, "Money is their God. Life itself is of little value compared with the leanest bank account."


title: Vajiravudh

text: Vajiravudh had been a king without a queen for about ten years. In 1920, he met "Her Serene Highness" Princess Varnvimol at his theatre at Phayathai Palace. They were engaged and Princess Vanbimol was elevated to "Her Royal Highness "Princess Vallabhadevi. However, four months later in 1921, Vajiravudh nullified the engagement and pursued Princess Vallabha's sister, Princess Lakshamilavan, whom he engaged. However, the marriage was never held and the couple then separated. Princess Vallabha Devi was house-arrested in the Grand Palace from then on.


title: Vajiravudh

text: In 1921, Vajiravudh married Prueang Sucharitakul, who was a daughter of Lord Suthammamontri and elevated her to Lady Sucharitsuda. He then married Sucharitsuda's sister, Prabai Sucharitakul, with the title of Lady Indrani. In 1922, Lady Indrani was elevated to Princess and Queen Indrasakdisachi. However, the queen suffered two miscarriages. In 1924, Vajiravudh married Krueakaew Abhaiwongse (Later "Suvadhana"), a daughter of Lord Aphaiphubet. Queen Indrasakdisachi was then demoted to Princess Consort in 1925.


title: Vajiravudh

text: Vajiravudh had only one child, a daughter with Suvadhana, Princess Bejaratana Rajasuda (; 1925–2011). In his influential book "Imagined Communities", Anglo-Irish political scientist and historian Benedict Anderson speculated that the king was homosexual and that this would prevent him from accession if the law of succession was not reformed. Anderson was the first modern scholar to break the taboo and write about king's personal preferences.


title: Vajiravudh

text: In 1924, Vajiravudh promulgated his Law of Succession, which has since become the code for Chakri dynasty successions. According to the law, the throne would be passed to the king's sons and grandsons. However, in the case of Vajiravudh who had no sons, the throne would pass to his eldest "true" or full brother, that is, a brother who shared both the same father and mother, Queen Saovabha. The law gave priority to the descendants of princes born to Queen Saovabha, then to Queen Savang Vadhana, and then to Queen Sukumalmarsri. The law also forbade princes whose mother was foreign from the throne. This referred to his brother, Prince Chakrabongse, who had married a Russian woman. His son, Prince Chula Chakrabongse, was therefore barred from the throne.


title: Vajiravudh

text: In 1924, King Vajiravudh, accompanied by Suvadhana, visited the Federated Malay States. The reconciliation with European powers on unequal treaties progressed gradually, while the financial crisis was taking a great toll on Siam as another loan was taken from Britain and the firing of numerous government officials occurred. In 1925 Vajiravudh had to dissolve his Nakorn Sri Thammarat Regiment and merged provinces into larger units to lower maintenance costs.


title: Vajiravudh

text: In November 1925, it was announced that Vajiravudh fell ill. Princess Consort Suvadhana was then pregnant. Vajiravudh then announced his succession instructions: if Princess Suvadhana gave birth to a son, the throne would go to him. If not, the throne would pass to his surviving brother, Prince Prajadhipok of Sukhothai. He barred Princess Inthrasaksachi from being interred with him in the future and instead granted that right to Princess Suvadhana. And Vajiravudh also barred his uncle, Prince Damrong, from the government.


title: Vajiravudh

text: On the night of 25 November, Princess Suvadhana gave birth to a princess only two hours before Vajiravudh's death. Vajiravudh glimpsed his sole daughter for the first and only time before his demise on the 26 November 1925. The throne passed to his brother, Prajadhipok, who named Vajiravudh's daughter as Princess Bejaratana.


title: Babylon's Ashes

text: Babylon's Ashes is a science fiction novel by James S. A. Corey, the pen name of Daniel Abraham and Ty Franck, and the sixth book in their "The Expanse" series. The title of the novel was announced in early July 2015 and the cover and brief synopsis were revealed on September 14, 2015. It won the 2017 Dragon Award for Best Science Fiction Novel.


title: Babylon's Ashes

text: Following the events of "Nemesis Games", the so-called Free Navy, made up of Belters using stolen military ships, has been growing ever bolder. After the crippling attacks on Earth and the Martian Navy, the Free Navy turns its attention to the colony ships headed for the ring gates and the worlds beyond. The relatively defenseless ships are left to fend for themselves, as neither Earth nor Mars is powerful enough to protect them. James Holden and the crew of the "Rocinante" are called upon once again by what remains of the UN and Martian governments to go to Medina Station, now in the hands of the Free Navy, in the ring station. On the other side of the rings an alien threat is growing; the Free Navy may be the least of humanity's problems.


title: Babylon's Ashes

text: "Strange Dogs" is a short story published by James S. A Corey set between "Babylon's Ashes" and its sequel "Persepolis Rising". It consists of 103 pages.


title: Stained Class

text: Stained Class is the fourth studio album by English heavy metal band Judas Priest, released on 10 February 1978 by Columbia Records. It is the first of three Judas Priest albums to feature drummer Les Binks, as well as the first to feature the band's now well-known logo. The album features "Exciter", considered an early precursor to speed metal and thrash metal, as well as a cover version of "Better by You, Better than Me" by Spooky Tooth, which garnered the band a great deal of negative attention several years after its release when a pair of fans were allegedly influenced by the song to make a suicide pact. Nonetheless, "Stained Class" is regarded by some as one of Judas Priest's best albums.


title: Stained Class

text: "Stained Class" is the only Judas Priest album to feature songwriting by all five members of the band. Newly added drummer Les Binks earned a songwriting credit for "Beyond the Realms of Death", and bassist Ian Hill received his first songwriting credit for co-writing "Invader" with vocalist Rob Halford and lead guitarist Glenn Tipton.


title: Stained Class

text: Artist Rosław Szaybo's cover artwork introduced the now-classic Judas Priest logo, replacing the Gothic Script logo which appeared on all of the band's previous albums. "Stained Class" was the first Judas Priest album to crack the "Billboard" 200 chart and was eventually certified gold in the US.


title: Stained Class

text: Dennis MacKay was brought in by CBS Records to produce the album. His resume at the time consisted mainly of jazz fusion artists and more progressive rock artists such as David Bowie and Supertramp. The recording sessions for "Stained Class" took place in October and November 1977 at Chipping Norton Recording Studios in Oxfordshire.


title: Stained Class

text: "Better by You, Better than Me" was a last-minute addition to the album when CBS Records insisted on including something with commercial potential to liven up an album they felt had a very dark and sinister tone. The song was recorded with producer James Guthrie separately from the rest of the album, as MacKay had moved on to other projects and was no longer available. The band was reportedly so impressed with Guthrie's production on "Better by You, Better than Me" that they asked him to produce their next album, "Killing Machine".


title: Stained Class

text: In 2005, "Stained Class" was ranked number 307 in "Rock Hard" magazine's book of "The 500 Greatest Rock & Metal Albums of All Time". In 2017, it was ranked 43rd in "Rolling Stone"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s "100 Greatest Metal Albums of All Time".


title: Stained Class

text: After the success of subsequent Judas Priest albums in the US, "Stained Class" would eventually be certified Gold.


title: Stained Class

text: The song "Invader" was finally added to the band's setlists in 2021, making "Heroes End" the only song off the album that has never been performed live.


title: Stained Class

text: Twelve years after its release, "Stained Class" was the subject of a 1990 civil action brought against the band by the family of a teenager, James Vance, who entered into a suicide pact with his friend Ray Belknap after allegedly listening to "Better by You, Better than Me" on 23 December 1985. Belknap succeeded in killing himself, and Vance was left critically injured after surviving a self-inflicted gunshot to the face, eventually dying of a methadone overdose three years later. The suit alleged that Judas Priest recorded subliminal messages on the song that said "do it". The suit was eventually dismissed. The song was originally written and performed by the band Spooky Tooth.


title: Stained Class

text: Three weeks after the lawsuit wrapped up, the band kicked off their Painkiller Tour by playing "Better by You, Better than Me" on the first concert in Burbank, California on 13 September. It constitutes Judas Priest's only live performance of the song since 1979.


title: Stained Class

text: Comedian Bill Hicks ridiculed the lawsuit as part of his act, pointing out (as many others have also done) the absurdity of the notion that a successful band would wish to kill off their purchasing fanbase.


title: Nächstbereichschutzsystem MANTIS

text: MANTIS Air Defence System ("Modular, Automatic and Network Capable Targeting and Interception System"), formerly titled as NBS-C-RAM ( Counter Rocket, Artillery, and Mortar), is a very short-range air defence protection system of the German Air Force, intended for base-protection. It is produced by Rheinmetall Air Defence, a subsidiary of Rheinmetall of Germany. It is a part of the air force's future "SysFla" air-defence project.


title: Nächstbereichschutzsystem MANTIS

text: The NBS C-RAM system is supposed to detect, track and shoot down incoming projectiles before they can reach their target within very close range. The system itself is based on Oerlikon Contraves' Skyshield air defence gun system.


title: Nächstbereichschutzsystem MANTIS

text: An NBS C-RAM system consists of six 35mm automatic guns (capable of firing 1,000 rounds per minute), a ground control unit and two sensor units. The entire system is fully automated. The guns fire programmable AHEAD ammunition, developed by Rheinmetall Weapons and Munitions - Switzerland (formerly Oerlikon Contraves Pyrotec). The ammunition carries a payload of 152 tungsten projectiles weighing 3.3g (51gr) each.


title: Nächstbereichschutzsystem MANTIS

text: Originally, the German Army ordered a first batch of two systems in 2009, to be delivered in 2013, with two more systems planned to follow later, but were never bought. Both MANTIS systems have been transferred to the German Air Force, which is now responsible for all air defence tasks. The first two systems cost around €110.8 million, plus another €20 million for training and documentation purposes. In a follow-on contract, worth around €13.4 million, Rheinmetall will also deliver the corresponding ammunition to the Bundeswehr.


title: Clinton Correctional Facility

text: Clinton Correctional Facility is a New York State Department of Corrections and Community Supervision maximum security state prison for men located in the Village of Dannemora, New York. The prison is sometimes colloquially referred to as Dannemora (having once served as a massive insane asylum and named "Dannemora State Hospital for the Criminally Insane"), although its name is derived from its location in Clinton County, New York. The southern perimeter wall of the prison borders New York State Route 374. Church of St. Dismas, the Good Thief, a church built by inmates, is located within the walls. The prison is sometimes referred to as New York's Little Siberia, due to the cold winters in Dannemora and the isolation of the upstate area. It is the largest maximum security prison and the third oldest prison in New York. The staff includes about a thousand officers and supervisors.


title: Clinton Correctional Facility

text: In the post-"Furman v. Georgia" period and prior to the 2007 repeal of the death penalty, it housed New York State's death row for men.


title: Clinton Correctional Facility

text: Built in 1844, the prison originally served as a site where prisoners were used to supply labor to local mines in both Dannemora and nearby Lyon Mountain. This enterprise was not profitable, and by 1877, mining had ended with the prisoners being put to work on other trades.


title: Clinton Correctional Facility

text: As the population grew and more prisoners were housed there, in 1887 authorities had new 60-foot- high walls built, which still stands. In 1892, the first prisoner was executed in the electric chair at the prison. Twenty-six men were executed between 1892 and 1913. This period also saw many prisoners cured of tuberculosis, due in part to the clean air in the Adirondacks. (Antibiotics were not then available to treat the frequently fatal disease.) Prisoners diagnosed with the disease were frequently transferred from other prisons.


title: Clinton Correctional Facility

text: In 1899, a mental health facility, the Dannemora State Hospital, was built on the grounds to house prisoners who became insane while serving their sentence. Such prisoners were retained in the facility if they remained insane following the completion of their sentence.


title: Clinton Correctional Facility

text: In 1929, Clinton Correctional was the site of a riot. Coupled with riots in other prisons in that year, it led to prison reform in New York State. Included was the construction of schools in the prison and the renovation or rebuilding of most of the structures within the prison walls in order to update the facilities to modern standards.


title: Clinton Correctional Facility

text: The Church of St. Dismas, the Good Thief was built from 1939 to 1941. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1991 as a significant structure. In the later half of the 20th century, the prison's mental institutions closed and were converted into an annex to house more prisoners.


title: Clinton Correctional Facility

text: On June 6, 2015, inmates Richard Matt and David Sweat, both serving sentences for murder, escaped from the facility. Two prison employees, Joyce Mitchell and Gene Palmer, were charged with aiding the escape. During the search, on June 26, Matt was shot and killed by a border patrol agent in the town of Malone, New York. Two days later, Sweat was shot by a New York State Trooper and subsequently captured. In the days after the escape, some prisoners reported having been beaten by guards in an attempt to obtain information as to the whereabouts and plans of the escaped inmates.


title: Therefore sign

text: In logical argument and mathematical proof, the therefore sign, , is generally used before a logical consequence, such as the conclusion of a syllogism. The symbol consists of three dots placed in an upright triangle and is read "therefore". While it is not generally used in formal writing, it is used in mathematics and shorthand.


title: Therefore sign

text: According to Cajori, "A History of Mathematical Notations," Johann Rahn used both the "therefore" and "because" signs to mean "therefore"; in the German edition of "Teutsche Algebra" (1659) the "therefore" sign was prevalent with the modern meaning, but in the 1668 English edition Rahn used the "because" sign more often to mean "therefore". Other authors in the 18th century also used three dots in a triangle shape to signify "therefore", but as with Rahn, there wasn't much in the way of consistency as to how the triangle was oriented; "because" with its current meaning appears to have originated in the 19th century. In the 20th century, the three-dot notation for 'therefore' became very rare in continental Europe, but it remains popular in Anglophone countries.


title: Therefore sign

text: In meteorology, the 'therefore' sign is used to indicate 'moderate rain' on a station model; the similar typographic symbol asterism (⁂, three asterisks) indicates moderate snow.


title: Therefore sign

text: In Freemasonry traditions, the symbol is used to indicate a Masonic abbreviation (rather than the period mark used conventionally with some abbreviations). For example, "R∴W∴ John Smith" is an abbreviation for "Right Worshipful John Smith" (the term Right Worshipful is an honorific and indicates that Brother Smith is a Grand Lodge officer).


title: Therefore sign

text: The character (visarga) in the Tamil script represents the āytam, a special sound of the Tamil language.


title: Therefore sign

text: An asterism, , is a typographic symbol consisting of three asterisks placed in a triangle. Its purpose is to "indicate minor breaks in text", to call attention to a passage, or to separate sub-chapters in a book. It is also used in meteorology to indicate 'moderate snowfall'.


title: Therefore sign

text: The graphically identical sign serves as a Japanese map symbol on the maps of the Geographical Survey Institute of Japan, indicating a tea plantation. On some maps, a version of the sign with thicker dots, , is used to signal the presence of a national monument, historic site or ruins; it has its own Unicode code point.


title: Therefore sign

text: In Norwegian and Danish, a superficially similar symbol was formerly used as an explanatory symbol ("forklaringstegnet"). It can be typeset using the open o followed by a colon, thus: . It is used for the meaning "namely", (i.e.), (viz.) or similar.


title: The Legend of Heroes: Trails from Zero

text: The Legend of Heroes: Trails from Zero, known as in Japan, is a 2010 role-playing video game developed by Nihon Falcom. The game is a part of the "Trails" series, itself a part of the larger "The Legend of Heroes" series. It takes place in Crossbell, a city-state located between two great powers fighting for control over it, and follows Lloyd Bannings and his colleagues Elie McDowell, Randy Orlando, and Tio Plato. The four form the Special Support Section, a newly formed department of the Crossbell police. The game and its 2011 sequel, "Trails to Azure", form the series' "Crossbell arc".


title: The Legend of Heroes: Trails from Zero

text: "Trails from Zero" was first released in Japan for the PlayStation Portable and was later ported to Windows for release in China in 2011. An enhanced port featuring improved visuals and additional voice acting was released for the PlayStation Vita in Japan as "Zero no Kiseki: Evolution" in 2012. The game received an English fan translation in 2020, which NIS America used as a base for an official version that was released worldwide for Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, and Amazon Luna in September 2022.


title: The Legend of Heroes: Trails from Zero

text: "Trails from Zero" is set three months after the end of "The Legend of Heroes: Trails in the Sky the 3rd", in the city-state of Crossbell. Uneasily situated between two great powers – the Erebonian Empire and the Calvard Republic, both of which claim sovereignty over Crossbell – the city is riven by political tensions, corruption and organized crime.


title: The Legend of Heroes: Trails from Zero

text: The protagonist, Lloyd Bannings, is a rookie police detective. At the beginning of "Zero", he is assigned to the Special Support Section (SSS), an odd-jobs branch of the city's police department, together with Elie McDowell, heiress to a political dynasty, Randolph "Randy" Orlando, a laid-back ex-soldier, and Tio Plato, a young girl and electronics genius. During "Zero", the SSS investigate the schemes of the city's competing crime syndicates, before stumbling over the plot of the centuries-old D∴G cult to raise a young girl, known as KeA, to godhood by turning her into the Sept-Terrion of mirage known as Demiourgos and through her, overthrow the continent's church and faith. The SSS defeat and arrest the cult's leaders and assume guardianship of KeA.


title: The Legend of Heroes: Trails from Zero

text: "Trails from Zero" was first released in Japan for the PlayStation Portable and was later ported to Windows for release in China in 2011. It was also released for the PlayStation Vita in Japan as "Zero no Kiseki: Evolution" in October 2012. This version features improved visuals and more voice acting. The "Evolution" version received a remaster for the PlayStation 4, releasing in Japan as "Zero no Kiseki Kai" in April 2020. It was also released for the Nintendo Switch in Asia by Clouded Leopard Entertainment in February 2021.


title: The Legend of Heroes: Trails from Zero

text: Due to a variety of reasons, "Trails from Zero" and its sequel, "Trails to Azure", were not localized by the time of the Japanese release of "Trails of Cold Steel". Falcom subsequently approached Xseed Games, who had previously localized "Trails in the Sky", and requested that a localization of "Trails of Cold Steel" be prioritized instead, resulting in "Trails from Zero" and "Trails to Azure" being skipped. An English fan translation was released by a team known as "Geofront" in March 2020. An official English version by NIS America, using this as the base of the translation, was announced in June 2021. It was released for the Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4 and Windows in North America on September 27, 2022, in Europe on September 30, and in Australasia on October 10. A version for Amazon Luna was made available on September 28, 2022.


title: The Legend of Heroes: Trails from Zero

text: "Trails from Zero" received "generally favorable" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic, with praise going to its story, cast of characters, combat mechanics, and music. Along with "Trails to Azure", "Comic Book Resources" highlighted the game's "persistent overarching storyline, immersive and detailed settings, masterful character development [and] unique battle system". They noted that despite the lack of an official localization at the time, the plot and characters were integral to understanding later games in the series.


title: Go Hyun-jung

text: Go Hyun-jung (; born March 2, 1971) is a South Korean actress. She debuted in the entertainment industry as a Miss Korea runner-up in 1989 and went on to star in "Sandglass "(1995), one of the highest-rated and critically acclaimed dramas in Korean television history. She retired after marrying chaebol Chung Yong-jin in 1995, then returned to acting after their divorce in 2003. Go has since regained her top star status in Korea, becoming the highest-paid actress on TV after the success of her series "Queen Seondeok" (2009) and "Daemul" (2010).


title: Go Hyun-jung

text: Go Hyun-jung graduated from Dongguk University with a degree in Performing Arts. She was a runner-up in the Miss Korea pageant in 1989, which launched her acting career. Her big break came in the 1995 SBS drama "Sandglass". The drama dealt with modern Korean history from 1970 to the 1990s and was one of the highest rated dramas in Korean television history, with average ratings of 50.8% and a peak of 64.5%. People would rush home just to see a new episode, saying “it's time to go home,” which meant they had to go home to watch "Sandglass". However, following her marriage, Go announced her retirement from the industry.


title: Go Hyun-jung

text: She staged a comeback in the 2005 melodrama "Spring Day", which she followed up with May–December romantic comedy "What's Up Fox?" and police procedural "H.I.T".


title: Go Hyun-jung

text: Not content with her small screen success, Go began her late-blooming movie career by going against her image and taking pay cuts to star in non-mainstream films. She was part of the ensemble cast in arthouse films "Woman on the Beach" and "Like You Know It All" by auteur Hong Sang-soo. She then starred in "Actresses", a semi-improvisational movie featuring six actresses each playing themselves. Director E J-yong, who was first inspired to make the film after going out for a drink with actresses Youn Yuh-jung and Go in 2007, said he focused on conveying the "reality" of the actresses' lives.


title: Go Hyun-jung

text: Go regained her reputation as Korea's top actress in 2009 after playing femme fatale royal concubine Lady Mishil in the hit historical drama "Queen Seondeok". She was not the titular lead character, but her interpretation of the power-hungry main rival to the queen was impressive enough to make viewers remember the show as Mishil's story. The drama reached ratings of over 40 percent and won her the highest award at the MBC Drama Awards and Baeksang Arts Awards. Go was named Gallup Korea's Television Actor of the Year for two consecutive years (2009–10).


title: Go Hyun-jung

text: That same year, Go surprised fans not only by appearing on a TV entertainment show (popular talk show "Golden Fishery" hosted by comedian Kang Ho-dong) for the first time in 15 years, but also by very frankly addressing rumors surrounding her shrouded personal life. Once notorious for declining to appear on entertainment programs other than dramas or films, she maintained a mysterious image for a long time. Her new easy-going, and down-to-earth attitude seemingly reflected a philosophical view of the many ups and downs in life. In interviews with print and online magazines, Go has even expressed her feelings towards her ex-husband and children.


title: Go Hyun-jung

text: Twenty-one years after making her acting debut, Go held her very first fanmeeting on June 13, 2010—she held a press conference beforehand, sang songs for the 500 fans present, answered questions, and prepared video clips.