title: Workers' compensation

text: The laws also provide benefits for dependents of those workers who are killed in work-related accidents or illnesses. Some laws also protect employers and fellow workers by limiting the amount an injured employee can recover from an employer and by eliminating the liability of co-workers in most accidents. In the United States, state statutes establish this framework for most types of employment, while federal statutes are limited to federal employees or to workers employed in some significant aspect of interstate commerce.


title: Workers' compensation

text: The exclusive remedy provision states that workers’ compensation is the sole remedy available to injured workers, thus preventing employees from also making tort liability claims against their employers.


title: Workers' compensation

text: In common law nations, the system was motivated by an "unholy trinity" of tort defenses available to employers, including contributory negligence, assumption of risk, and the fellow servant rule.


title: Workers' compensation

text: Common law imposes obligations on employers to provide a safe workplace, provide safe tools, give warnings of dangers, provide adequate co-worker assistance (fit, trained, suitable "fellow servants") so that the worker is not overburdened, and promulgate and enforce safe work rules.


title: Workers' compensation

text: As Australia experienced a relatively influential labour movement in the late 19th and early 20th century, statutory compensation was implemented very early in Australia. Each territory has its own legislation and its own governing body.


title: Workers' compensation

text: A typical example is Work Safe Victoria, which manages Victoria's workplace safety system. Its responsibilities include helping employees avoid workplace injuries occurring, enforcing Victoria's occupational and safety laws, providing reasonably priced workplace injury insurance for employers, assisting injured workers to return to the workforce, and managing the workers' compensation scheme by ensuring the prompt delivery of appropriate services and adopting prudent financial practices.


title: Workers' compensation

text: Compensation law in New South Wales has recently (2013) been overhauled by the state government. In a push to speed up the process of claims and to reduce the amount of claims, a threshold of 11% WPI (whole person impairment) was implemented for physical injuries and 15% for psychiatric injuries


title: Workers' compensation

text: Every employer must comply with the state, territory or commonwealth legislation, as listed below, which applies to them:


title: Workers' compensation

text: The National Social Insurance Institute (in Portuguese, – INSS) provides insurance for those who contribute. It is a public institution that aims to recognize and grant rights to its policyholders. The amount transferred by the INSS is used to replace the income of the worker taxpayer when he or she loses the ability to work due to sickness, disability, age, death, involuntary unemployment, or even pregnancy or imprisonment. During the first 15 days, the worker's salary is paid by the employer. After 15 days, the salary is paid by the INSS, as long as the employee is unable to work. Although the worker's income is guaranteed by the INSS, the employer is still responsible for any loss of working capacity, temporary or permanent, when found negligent or when its economic activity involves risk of accidents or developing labour-related diseases.


title: Workers' compensation

text: Workers' compensation was Canada's first social program to be introduced as it was favoured by both workers' groups and employers hoping to avoid lawsuits. The system arose after an inquiry by Ontario Chief Justice William Meredith, who outlined a system in which workers were to be compensated for workplace injuries if they gave up their right to sue their employers. It was introduced in the various provinces at different dates. Ontario and Nova Scotia were first and second in 1915, Manitoba in 1916, British Columbia in 1917, Alberta and New Brunswick in 1918, and Saskatchewan adopted the program in 1930. It remains a provincial responsibility, and thus the rules vary from province to province. In some provinces, such as in Ontario's Workplace Safety and Insurance Board, the program also has a preventative role ensuring workplace safety. In British Columbia, the occupational health and safety mandate (including the powers to make regulation, inspect and assess administrative penalties) is legislatively assigned to the Workers' Compensation Board of British Columbia (WorkSafeBC). In most provinces, the workers' compensation board or commission remains concerned solely with insurance. The workers' compensation insurance system in every province is funded by employers based on their payroll, industry sector, and history of injuries (or lack thereof) in their workplace (usually referred to as "experience rating").


title: Workers' compensation

text: The German worker's compensation law of 6 July 1884, initiated by Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, was passed only after three attempts and was the first of its kind in the world. Similar laws passed in Austria in 1887, Norway in 1894, and Finland in 1895.


title: Workers' compensation

text: The law paid indemnity to all private wage earners and apprentices, including those who work in the agricultural and horticultural sectors and marine industries, family helpers and students with work-related injuries, for up to 13 weeks. Workers who are totally disabled get continued benefits at 67 percent after 13 weeks, paid by the accident funds, financed entirely by employers.


title: Workers' compensation

text: The Workmen's Compensation Act 1923 was introduced on 5 March 1923. It includes Employer's liability compensation, amount of compensation. Workmen Compensation Insurance covers employees under Workmen Compensation Act, Fatal Accident Act and common law.


title: Workers' compensation

text: Workers' accident compensation insurance is paired with unemployment insurance and referred to collectively as labour insurance. Workers' accident compensation insurance is managed by the Labor Standards Office.


title: Workers' compensation

text: The Workmen's Compensation Act, 1952 is modelled on the United Kingdom's Workmen's Compensation Act 1906. Adopted before Malaysia's independence from the UK, it is now used only by non-Malaysian workers, since citizens are covered by the national social security scheme.


title: Workers' compensation

text: The Mexican Constitution of 1917 defined the obligation of employers to pay for illnesses or accidents related to the workplace. It also defined social security as the institution to administer the right of workers, but only in 1943 was the Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS) created. IMSS manages the Work Risks Insurance in a vertically integrated fashion, including registration of workers and firms, collection, classification of risks and events, and medical and rehabilitation services. A reform in 1997 defined that contributions are related to the experience of each employer. Public sector workers are covered by social security agencies with corporate and operative structures similar to those of IMSS.


title: Workers' compensation

text: In New Zealand, all companies that employ staff and in some cases others, must pay a levy to the Accident Compensation Corporation, a Crown entity, which administers New Zealand's universal no-fault accidental injury scheme. The scheme provides financial compensation and support to citizens, residents, and temporary visitors who have suffered personal injuries.


title: Workers' compensation

text: Great Britain followed the German model. Joseph Chamberlain, leader of the Liberal Unionist party and coalition with the Conservatives, designed a plan that was enacted under the Salisbury government in 1897. The Workmen's Compensation Act 1897 was a key domestic achievement. It served its social purpose at no cost to the government, since compensation was paid for by insurance which employers were required to take out. The system operated from 1897 to 1946. It was expanded to include industrial diseases by the Workmen's Compensation Act 1906 and replaced by a state compensation scheme under the National Insurance (Industrial Injuries) Act 1946. Since 1976, this state scheme has been set out in the UK's Social Security Acts.


title: Workers' compensation

text: Work related safety issues in the UK are supervised by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE), who provide the framework by which employers and employees are able to comply with statutory rules and regulations.


title: Workers' compensation

text: Employer duties enforced by the HSE include protecting the health and safety of workers at workplace, risk assessment and training of workers. If an employer fails to fulfil these responsibilities, resulting in injury to an employee, then the employee has a legal right to make a workers' compensation claim against the employer and to sue their employer.


title: Workers' compensation

text: With the exception of the following, all employers are obliged to purchase compulsory Employer's Liability Insurance in accordance with the Employer's Liability (Compulsory Insurance) Act 1969. The current minimum limit of indemnity required is £5,000,000 per occurrence. Market practice is to usually provide a minimum £10,000,000 with inner limits to £5,000,000 for certain risks, e.g. workers on oil rigs and acts of terrorism.


title: Workers' compensation

text: "Employees" are defined as anyone who has entered into or works under a contract of service or apprenticeship with an employer. The contract may be for manual labour, clerical work or otherwise, it may be written or verbal and it may be for full-time or part-time work.


title: Workers' compensation

text: Employees need to establish that their employer has a legal liability to pay compensation. This will principally be a breach of a statutory duty or under the tort of negligence. If the employer is insolvent or no longer in existence, then compensation can be sought directly from the insurer under the terms of the Third Parties (Rights against Insurers) Act 2010.


title: Workers' compensation

text: For the history of worker's compensation in the UK, see Workmen's Compensation Act 1897 and following acts.


title: Workers' compensation

text: In the United States, some form of workers' compensation is typically compulsory for almost all employers in most states (depending upon the features of the organization), with the notable exception of Texas as of 2018. Regardless of compulsory requirements, businesses may purchase insurance voluntarily, and in the United States policies typically include Part One for compulsory coverage and Part Two for non-compulsory coverage. In many states, employers that can prove they have sufficient funds to cover their workers' compensation liabilities are allowed to engage in self-insurance, a term meaning forgoing the purchase of insurance. By 1949, every state had enacted a workers' compensation program.


title: Workers' compensation

text: In most states, workers' compensation claims are handled by administrative law judges, who often act as triers of fact.


title: Workers' compensation

text: Workers' compensation statutes which emerged in the early 1900s were struck down as unconstitutional until 1911 when Wisconsin passed a law that was not struck down; by 1920, 42 states had passed workers' compensation laws.


title: Oda clan

text: The is a Japanese samurai family who were daimyo and an important political force in the unification of Japan in the mid-16th century. Though they had the climax of their fame under Oda Nobunaga and fell from the spotlight soon after, several branches of the family continued as daimyo houses until the Meiji Restoration. After the Meiji Restoration, all four houses of the clan were appointed Viscount in the new system of hereditary peerage.


title: Oda clan

text: The Oda family in the time of Nobunaga claimed descent from the Taira clan, by Taira no Chikazane, a grandson of Taira no Shigemori (1138–1179).


title: Oda clan

text: Taira no Chikazane established himself at Oda (Echizen Province) and took its name. His descendants, senior retainers of the Shiba clan (Seiwa Genji), "shugo" (governors) of Echizen, Owari and other provinces, followed the latter to Owari Province and received Inuyama Castle in 1435. This castle was built towards 1435, by Shiba Yoshitake who entrusted its safety to the Oda family. The Oda had been "shugo-dai" (vice-governor) for several generations.


title: Oda clan

text: In 1452, after the death of Shiba Yoshitake the vassals of the Shiba, like the Oda in Owari Province and the Asakura clan in Echizen Province, refused the succession of Shiba Yoshitoshi (1430–1490) and supported Shiba Yoshikado (died ca. 1480), and began to divide the large domains of their suzerains among themselves, and had become gradually independent in the domains which had been ceded to them. In 1475, the Oda had occupied the greater portion of Owari Province, but the Shiba would continue to try to regain authority until Shiba Yoshikane (1540–1600), who had to leave Owari.


title: Oda clan

text: The other famous castle of the Oda is Kiyosu Castle, built between 1394 and 1427 by Shiba Yoshishige who entrusted the castle to the Oda clan, and named Oda Toshisada vice-governor of the province. Toshisada had four sons. The fourth son, Nobusada, who lived in Katsubata Castle, was the father of Nobuhide and the grandfather of Oda Nobunaga.


title: Oda clan

text: Nobuhide took Nagoya Castle in 1525 (it was given to Nobunaga in 1542), and built Furuwatari Castle. Oda Nobutomo held Kiyosu Castle, but he was besieged and killed in 1555 by his nephew Oda Nobunaga who operated from Nagoya Castle. This led to the family being divided into several branches, until the branch led by Oda Nobunaga eclipsed the others and unified its control over Owari.


title: Oda clan

text: Then turning to neighboring rivals, it, one by one achieved dominance over the Imagawa, Saitō, Azai, Asakura, Takeda and other clans, until Nobunaga held control over central Japan. However, Nobunaga's plans for national domination were thwarted when he fell victim to the treachery of his vassal Akechi Mitsuhide who forced Nobunaga into suicide during the Incident at Honnō-ji in the summer of 1582. The Oda remained titular overlords of central Japan for a short time, before being surpassed by the family of one of Nobunaga's chief generals, Hashiba Hideyoshi.


title: Oda clan

text: Though the Oda were effectively eclipsed by Toyotomi Hideyoshi following Nobunaga's death, it is not often known that the Oda continued to be a presence in Japanese politics. One branch of the family became "hatamoto" retainers to the Tokugawa shōgun, while other branches became minor "daimyō" lords. As of the end of the Edo period, these included Tendō Domain (also known as Takahata Domain, Dewa Province, 20,000 "koku"), Yanagimoto han (Yamato Province, 10,000 "koku"), Kaiju han (also known as Shibamura han; Yamato Province, 10,000 "koku"), and Kaibara han (Tanba Province, 20,000 "koku").


title: Oda clan

text: During the reign of the "daimyō" Nobutoshi, the Oda of Tendō Domain were signatories to the pact that created the Ōuetsu Reppan Dōmei.


title: Oda clan

text: After the Meiji Restoration in 1871, the feudal domains were abolished, and all the four houses of the Oda clan were appointed Viscount in the new hereditary peerage ("kazoku").


title: Princess Leia's bikini

text: Princess Leia's bikini (also known as Princess Leia's metal bikini) is an iconic costume worn by actress Carrie Fisher as Princess Leia in the 1983 "Star Wars" film "Return of the Jedi".


title: Princess Leia's bikini

text: Costume designer Aggie Guerard Rodgers built the costume as part of the Industrial Light & Magic visual effects company, along with Nilo Rodis-Jamero. Rodgers said that Lucas gave her only general instructions about the scene in Jabba's palace, but wanted a special costume. She originally "wanted 25 yards of fabric to be flowing through the scene", but could not make it work.


title: Princess Leia's bikini

text: The outfit was first developed in sketches by Rodis-Jamero, assistant art director of visual effects for "The Empire Strikes Back" and the "Return of the Jedi" costume designer. Rodgers said in 2006 that the costume's design was inspired by the work of science fiction artist Frank Frazetta, saying "He really loved [the female] form. The fact that [Leia's costume is] such a female sensual costume, I think is terrific." Author Rikke Schubart wrote in 2007 that the final design was inspired by "Fantastic Story Magazine" cover illustrator Earle K. Bergey drawings of women in metal bikinis that served as putative armors. The costume is a type that can be traced to earlier films, such as Myrna Loy’s turn as the native dancing girl in "The Desert Song" from 1929, Yvonne De Carlo in "Slave Girl", 1947, and Maria Montez adventure films from the 1940s. The bikini was also worn by stuntwoman Tracy Eddon for the film. In the 1997 PlayStation game "", Leia wears the outfit as "Slave Leia", an unlockable playable character.


title: Princess Leia's bikini

text: Rodgers and the staff created multiple versions of the metal bikini string to accommodate different scenes in the film, including a hard metal piece (original bronze bra by Sculptor Richard Miller who is credited as "head jeweler" in the film credits) for scenes in which Fisher remained still, and a rubber outfit she and stuntwoman Tracy Eddon could wear comfortably while performing stunts. The costume designers made a mold of Carrie Fisher's torso so it could be designed to a custom fit. Fisher said of the material, "It was like steel, not steel, but hard plastic, and if you stood behind me you could see straight to Florida. You'll have to ask Boba Fett about that." She also said the bikini is "what supermodels will eventually wear in the seventh ring of hell."


title: Princess Leia's bikini

text: Featured only in two scenes, the "Slave Leia" costume has nonetheless made Carrie Fisher an iconic sex symbol. The outfit has been elevated to pop culture icon status, spawning various spoofs and parodies and even a dedicated fansite. "Wired" wrote that the only reason for the costume's fame is "no doubt that the sight of Carrie Fisher in the gold sci-fi swimsuit was burned into the sweaty subconscious of a generation of fanboys hitting puberty in the spring of 1983." Noah Berlatsky argued in "The Guardian" for a deeper significance to the costume beyond its function as a sex symbol, stating that the outfit represents an important stage in Princess Leia's complicated relationship with Han Solo. Peter W. Lee argues that the bikini connotes Leia's hopelessness and helplessness, but even in that demeaning costume she retains her dignity and remains an icon of feminism.


title: Princess Leia's bikini

text: The costume is a popular cosplay at "Star Wars" Celebrations and comic conventions, and has become a popular Halloween costume. Various celebrities have also been shown wearing the costume. Melissa Joan Hart, the star of the shows "Clarissa Explains It All" and "Sabrina, the Teenage Witch", was photographed wearing the outfit during a costume party. Kerri Kasem, a radio and television host, has been photographed wearing the costume. Actress/model Phoebe Price wore it at the San Diego Comic-Con International in 2010. Liana K, the Canadian co-host of "Ed & Red's Night Party" and a well-known cosplayer, appeared at 2008 Calgary Comic and Entertainment Expo dressed in Princess Leia's slave girl outfit. Comedian Amy Schumer wore a replica of Leia's slave outfit for the August 2015 cover of "GQ".


title: Princess Leia's bikini

text: With Disney's 2012 acquisition of Lucasfilm, merchandise featuring the costume ceased to be made, apparently in response to a Fox News segment in which parents described difficulties explaining toys featuring the costume (including a chain around Leia's neck) to their children. Fisher called Disney's decision "stupid," saying, "Tell [the kids] that a giant slug captured me and forced me to wear that stupid outfit, and then I killed him because I didn't like it."


title: Princess Leia's bikini

text: In 2015, Fisher said "I am not a sex symbol, so that’s an opinion of someone. I don’t share that", and told Daisy Ridley to "fight for your outfit. Don’t be a slave like I was".


title: Asajj Ventress

text: Asajj Ventress () is a character from the "Star Wars" franchise. Originally intended to appear as an antagonist in the 2002 film "", she was first introduced in the 2003 micro-series "" (voiced by Grey DeLisle), which has since been removed from the "Star Wars" canon and is part of the "Star Wars Legends" continuity. A different version of Ventress was featured in the 2008 animated film and the subsequent , in which she is voiced by Nika Futterman. The character also appears in tie-in "Star Wars" media such as books, comics, and video games, and has become a favorite among fans.


title: Asajj Ventress

text: In the "Star Wars" universe, Ventress is a former member of the Nightsisters, a cult of witches from the planet Dathomir, who was sold into slavery as a child, and was subsequently taken in as a Jedi Padawan by the Jedi Master who saved her. Following her master's death in battle, Ventress falls to the dark side of the Force and becomes Count Dooku's informal Sith apprentice and personal assassin. As a Sith assassin, she wields two lightsabers with curved handles that can attach together and form a double bladed weapon with a curve in the middle. Originally a villain opposing the Jedi and the Galactic Republic, she is eventually betrayed by Dooku and, after a failed attempt to exact revenge on him, tries to distance herself from her old life by turning to bounty hunting. Despite her efforts, however, Ventress finds herself drawn back into the Clone Wars when she helps her former Jedi enemies in various situations, slowly redeeming herself. In the 2015 novel "", adapted from an eight-episode arc intended for the seventh season of "The Clone Wars", Ventress works with the Jedi Quinlan Vos in a secret mission to assassinate Dooku, and ultimately sacrifices her life to save Vos from him.


title: Asajj Ventress

text: Before the character of Count Dooku was developed, the art department for "" developed a villainess as a potential main antagonist.


title: Asajj Ventress

text: When the "Star Wars" expanded universe resurrected this female Sith idea as one of Dooku's underlings who could appear more frequently throughout the Clone Wars, this nameless Separatist Commander was dubbed Juno Eclipse but the name was rejected as "not villainous enough", and she was renamed Asajj Ventress. The name Juno Eclipse was later given to a character from the video game "", with no relation to Ventress.


title: Asajj Ventress

text: LucasArts's Leland Chee suggested using "Asajj" as the character's first name, naming her after the character Asaji from Akira Kurosawa's "Throne of Blood".


title: Asajj Ventress

text: Asajj Ventress was voiced by Grey DeLisle in the 2003 micro-series, and by Nika Futterman in the 2008 animated film "" and its , as well most of her video game and other animated appearances.


title: Asajj Ventress

text: Ventress is an antagonist in the 2008 "" film. As the disciple of Count Dooku, she helps him with his plan to turn Jabba the Hutt against the Galactic Republic by kidnapping his son Rotta. Ventress fights Jedi Knight Anakin Skywalker and apprentice Ahsoka Tano, who rescue Rotta, and later also battles Jedi Master Obi-Wan Kenobi, who defeats her, forcing her to flee.


title: Asajj Ventress

text: Ventress is a lead character in all five broadcast seasons of the subsequent "" animated series. In season one, Ventress travels to the moon of Rugosa as Dooku's emissary to form an alliance between the planet Toydaria and the Separatists. The king of Toydaria is reluctant, but allows her forces to face Yoda in battle to prove which side is superior. When the king decides to side with the Republic, Dooku gives his assassin permission to kill the king so they may have a better chance with the successor. Yoda thwarts her attempt, however, and she is forced to flee. Dooku orders Ventress to spy on the planet Kamino for the Separatist forces, planning an invasion with General Grievous to destroy the clone production facilities while stealing Jango Fett's DNA template from the production facility. Ventress then frees Trade Federation Viceroy Nute Gunray from the custody of Luminara Unduli and Ahsoka, fighting the two Jedi before ultimately succeeding in her mission.


title: Asajj Ventress

text: In season three, Ventress' back story is explained: she hails from the planet Dathomir and was sold by the Nightsisters to criminals. She would have likely been killed in a pirate raid if not for Jedi Ky Narec, who had crashed on Rattatak. Narec sensed her potential and trained her in the ways of the Force. However, warlord Osika Kirske killed Narec before Ventress could become a full-fledged Jedi. She developed an implacable hatred of the Jedi Order, which she believes abandoned her master and ignored the bloodshed on her planet.


title: Asajj Ventress

text: Eventually, Darth Sidious comes to see Ventress as a liability, and orders Dooku to eliminate her. Dooku attempts, unsuccessfully, to kill her, as she engages Anakin and Obi-Wan in one final duel, in which she is wounded. She turns to the Nightsisters of Dathomir for help, and they engineer Savage Opress to serve as Dooku's new apprentice in order to earn his trust, before ultimately killing him on Ventress' behalf. The scheme fails, however, when Opress turns on both Dooku and Ventress and attempts to kill them both.


title: Asajj Ventress

text: In season four, Ventress returns to the Nightsisters. She undergoes the ritual to become a full-fledged Nightsister, but is thwarted when Grievous' droid army slaughter the Nightsisters while their matriarch Mother Talzin is rendered incorporeal. Told by Talzin to find her own path, Ventress later helps Boba Fett's team of bounty hunters in a dangerous but profitable mission. She then finally makes peace with her past with an ideal future as a bounty hunter. While still haunted by Opress, she tracks him to Raydonia to collect a bounty on him. When she arrives on Opress’ spaceship, she confronts him and Darth Maul as they are about to kill Obi-Wan. Ventress teams up with her old nemesis to fight Maul and Opress, but they are ultimately forced to escape in their shuttle.


title: Asajj Ventress

text: In season five's final arc, Ventress nearly apprehends Ahsoka, who has been framed for attempting to destroy the Jedi Temple. She ultimately helps Ahsoka escape on the condition that she would be exonerated. Ventress later helps Anakin to find out that Barriss Offee, who stole her lightsabers, framed Ahsoka.


title: Asajj Ventress

text: In the 2015 novel "", based on unfinished episodes from "The Clone Wars", Ventress teams up with undercover Jedi Master Quinlan Vos in an "un-Jedi like" mission to kill Dooku. Ventress falls in love with Vos. After Vos is turned to the dark side by Dooku, Ventress ultimately manages to redeem him, but she is killed by Dooku with Force lightning shortly after. Vos later returns Ventress' body to Dathomir so that she may rejoin her fallen sisters in spirit.


title: Asajj Ventress

text: "Star Wars Resistance" executive producer/head writer Brandon Auman revealed in 2021 that prior to its cancellation the series had almost featured a duel between Ventress and sequel trilogy antagonist Kylo Ren (respectively the first and last characters to use the titles of "Supreme Leader" in the "Star Wars" universe). How Ventress would still be alive after the events of "Dark Disciple" has not been revealed.


title: Asajj Ventress

text: With the 2012 acquisition of Lucasfilm by The Walt Disney Company, most of the licensed "Star Wars" novels and comics produced since the originating 1977 film "Star Wars" were rebranded as "Star Wars Legends" and declared non-canon to the franchise in April 2014.


title: Asajj Ventress

text: Ventress first appeared as a supporting villain in the 2003 micro-series "". When Sith Lord Count Dooku arrives to add the planet Rattatak to his Separatist movement, he witnesses Ventress fighting several opponents in a large arena, defeating them all before claiming to be a Sith warrior. When Dooku laughs aside the notion that she could be a Sith, Ventress tries to attack him, but the Sith Lord renders her unconscious with Force lightning. After she awakens, Dooku attacks her again, but she jumps backwards and ignites her lightsabers. In her quarters, a short duel takes place to which Dooku cuts her two lightsabers in half, rendering her defenseless. Although Ventress is defeated, Dooku is impressed by her abilities and recruits her to be his apprentice by appealing to her hatred of the Jedi.


title: Asajj Ventress

text: Darth Sidious later personally assigns Ventress to kill Anakin Skywalker, and Dooku presents the Dark Jedi with a new pair of lightsabers with curved hilts. After Ventress leaves, Sidious remarks that she is certain to fail, but that she will serve as a useful test for Anakin. Ventress then engages the Republic fighter forces in orbit of the planet Muunilinst and lures Anakin into a chase. Ventress and Anakin go to Yavin IV, and a fierce battle from the forest to the Massassi temple takes place. Though she initially gains the upper hand in their duel, Anakin calls upon his immense connection to the Force and brutally overpowers her, causing her to fall over the edge of a cliff.


title: Asajj Ventress

text: As portrayed in the novel "The Cestus Deception", Ventress appears on Ord Cestus during the Bio-Droid Crisis. She is behind the X'Ting criminal Trillot's dealings with Obi-Wan. Ventress also destroys the Republic Cruiser carrying Barrister Doolb Snoil returning to the Republic; however, Snoil survives. Ventress later challenges Kenobi and his fellow Jedi Master Kit Fisto to a duel. Ventress disarms Fisto but is then engaged by Kenobi. Their duel leads them into an underwater chamber and Ventress is forced to escape after Kenobi slices her across her abdomen. She lets loose a smoke bomb and flees back to the Confederacy and Dooku.


title: Asajj Ventress

text: In the "Star Wars: Republic" story "The New Face of War", Ventress joins forces with the bounty hunter Durge on the invasion of Naboo's moon, Ohma-D'un. Together they use swamp gas to wipe out the Gungan colony and prepare to launch a biological attack on Naboo. In the ensuing battle with Republic forces, Ventress makes her first public appearance in the war (in the chronological timeline). Ventress kills Jedi Master Glaive in the battle and cuts off his apprentice Zule's left arm. She engages Obi-Wan and the pair are evenly matched. Ventress escapes with Durge after ARC Trooper Alpha destroys their fueling station.


title: Asajj Ventress

text: In "Star Wars: Jedi - Mace Windu", Dooku sends Ventress to Ruul to help frame Mace Windu. Ventress briefly confronts Sora Bulq, who had been secretly corrupted by Dooku, as a ruse. Ventress kills Mira in the battle and then engages Jedi Masters Sian Jeisel, K' Kruhk and Rhad Tarn all of whom she defeats singlehandedly. After framing Windu for the crime, Ventress corrupts Tarn. While Tarn fights against Jeisel, Ventress defeats K'Kruhk in combat. Windu's timely arrival saves the Jedi; Ventress finds that she is no match for Windu's power and is forced to flee.


title: Asajj Ventress

text: In the "Republic" story "Blast Radius", Ventress and Durge again engage the Jedi taskforce in a facility on the planet Queyta. Ventress briefly fights against Kenobi and Fay. Durge kills Jon Antilles and Knol Ven'Nari. After Ven'nari is killed in an explosion, Durge pushes Antilles into a lava pit. Ventress uses her lightsabers to collapse the ceiling, sending a shower of lava onto Diath's head. Although the Separatists claim a victory, Ventress spares Obi-Wan's life under Dooku's orders, though she impales Fay in the chest with her lightsabers. Fay gives Obi-Wan the last of her strength to escape the facility.


title: Asajj Ventress

text: In "The Battle of Jabiim", Ventress captures Obi-Wan and Alpha from Jabiim and transports them to Rattatak for torture and interrogation. Obi-Wan and Alpha escape in the following story, "Hate & Fear", and the Jedi Master takes Ky Narec's lightsaber, making the animosity between him and Ventress deeply personal.


title: Asajj Ventress

text: In "Dreadnoughts of Rendili", Ventress and fellow Dark Jedi Tol Skorr fight Obi-Wan and Quinlan Vos on Titavian IV. Obi-Wan unleashes a rancor to distract Ventress, but she manipulates it via the dark side. Obi-Wan fights Ventress after killing the rancor but he escapes with Vos before the duel is settled. Grievous arrives to rescue the two Dark Jedi, shaming Ventress in their master Dooku's eyes.


title: Asajj Ventress

text: Ventress then travels to Coruscant to kill Vos and Obi-Wan. During the mission, she discovers Anakin's secret marriage to Senator Padmé Amidala. Enraged, Anakin engages Ventress. During the duel, Ventress scars Skywalker's face but she is once again overpowered and suffers another huge fall. Republic Intelligence assumes that she is dead.


title: Asajj Ventress

text: "Obsession" marks the character's final appearance in "Republic". Ventress survives her encounter with Anakin on Coruscant but is badly injured. She is sent to Boz Pity where Dooku places her in a bacta tank and fits her with cybernetic modifications. One month later, Obi-Wan infiltrates the facility. Ventress wakes up and subsequently attacks him. She fights against both Obi-Wan and Anakin but is abandoned when Dooku orders an IG-100 MagnaGuard to kill her as she runs towards Dooku's shuttle. Enraged and badly wounded, Ventress tries to kill Obi-Wan as he tries to help her. Anakin slashes her from behind, mortally wounding her. As she lies dying, she tells him the location of the Separatists' next target. Believing Ventress to be dead, Obi-Wan puts her on a ship bound for Coruscant. However, Ventress survives by placing herself in a Sith trance. While on the shuttle, she emerges from her trance and orders the pilots to take her as far away as possible from Dooku, the Jedi, and the war.


title: Asajj Ventress

text: Ventress is a playable hero character in "". She is available for the Separatists on Saleucami and Sullust.


title: Asajj Ventress

text: Ventress appears in several "Star Wars: The Clone Wars" video game spin-offs, including as a playable character in "" and "", and as a boss in "" and "". Nika Futterman reprises her role as Ventress in all these games.


title: Asajj Ventress

text: Ventress has a non-canon appearance in the PlayStation 2, Wii, and PlayStation Portable versions of "" as a costume skin that can be used on Starkiller. In the Wii version, she is also a playable character in the 2-player fighting game mode called Duel Mode. She is also playable in the multiplayer mode for the Wii version of the sequel, "". Ventress is voiced by Grey DeLisle in the first game and by Nika Futterman in the second game.


title: Asajj Ventress

text: The character is featured in several "Star Wars" games that were released after Disney's acquisition of Lucasfilm:


title: Cuirass

text: A cuirass (; , ) is a piece of armour that covers the torso, formed of one or more pieces of metal or other rigid material. The word probably originates from the original material, leather, from the French "cuirace" and Latin word "coriacea". The use of the term "cuirass" generally refers to both the chest plate (or breastplate) and the back piece together; whereas a breastplate only protects the front, a cuirass protects both the front and the back.


title: Cuirass

text: In Hellenistic and Roman times, the musculature of the male torso was idealized in the form of the muscle cuirass or "heroic cuirass" (in French the "cuirasse esthétique") sometimes further embellished with symbolic representation in relief, familiar in the Augustus of Prima Porta and other heroic representations in official Roman sculpture. As parts of the actual military equipment of classical antiquity, cuirasses and corsets of bronze, iron, or some other rigid substance were used. Secondary protection for the breast was worn in earlier times by men-at-arms in addition to mail hauberks and reinforced coats. It was not until the 14th century that the plate armour became an established part of medieval armour.


title: Cuirass

text: The Roman emperor Galba donned a cuirass just before he went to his death. Suetonius records in "12 Caesars" that, "As [Galba] was offering sacrifice on the morning before he was killed, a soothsayer warned him again and again to look out for danger, since assassins were not far off. Not long after this he learned that Otho held possession of the camp, and when several advised him to proceed thither as soon as possible – for they said that he could win the day by his presence and prestige – he decided to do no more than hold his present position and strengthen it by getting together a guard of the legionaries, who were encamped in many different quarters of the city. He did however put on a linen cuirass, though he openly declared that it would afford little protection against so many swords."


title: Cuirass

text: The latter portion of the 14th century saw the cuirass gradually come into general use in connection with plate armour for the limbs until, at the close of the century, mail was phased out among the nobles (e.g., knights) except in the camail of the bascinet and at the edge of the hauberk. The cuirass was almost universally worn throughout its lifespan as a form of armour. The globule form of the breast-armour of the Black Prince, in his effigy in Canterbury Cathedral, 1376, intimates that a cuirass (as well as a hauberk) is to be considered to have been covered by the royalty-emblazoned jupon (surcoat) of the Prince.


title: Cuirass

text: Historical cuirass, contrary to many modern reproductions, did not rest on the hips. Historical cuirass usually stopped somewhere around the midriff or navel in order to allow a sufficient range of movement to the wearer. A cuirass ending at the waist would severely limit the ability of the wearer to lean forward, backward or sideways. Thus, to protect the rest of the torso, mail or fauld were used, depending on the time period.


title: Cuirass

text: Early in the 15th century, plate armour, including the cuirass, began to be worn without any surcoat; but in the concluding quarter of the century the short surcoat, with full short sleeves, known as a "tabard", was in general use over the armour. While the surcoat was being phased out, small plates of various forms and sizes (and not always made in pairs, i.e., the plate for the sword-arm often being smaller and lighter than the one for the off-hand) were attached to the armour in front of the shoulders, to defend the otherwise vulnerable points where the plate defenses left a gap.


title: Cuirass

text: About the middle of the 15th century, the breastplate of the cuirass was made in two parts; the lower adjusted to overlap the upper, held together with a strap or sliding rivet in order to add flexibility to the advantages plate armour had over mail. In the second half of the 15th century, the cuirass was occasionally superseded by the brigandine jacket, the medieval forerunner of the flak jacket. In essence, the brigandine jacket was constructed of metal plates sewn into a fabric jacket. The fabric was generally a rich material, and was lined throughout with overlapping scales of metal which were attached to the jacket by rivets, having their heads, like studs, visible on the outside.


title: Cuirass

text: About 1550, the breast-piece of the cuirass was characterized by a vertical central ridge, called the "tapul", having near its center a projecting point. Somewhat later, the "tapul" was moved lower on the breast. Eventually, the profile of the plate began to resemble a pea pod and, as such, was referred to as the peascod cuirass. During the English Civil War, only the wealthiest and physically strongest of men could afford this form of armour.


title: Cuirass

text: Corslets, provided with both breast and back pieces, were worn by foot-soldiers in the 17th century, while their mounted comrades were equipped with heavier and stronger cuirasses. These defenses continued in use longer than any other single piece of armour. Their use never altogether ceased and in modern armies mounted cuirassiers, armed with breast and back plates as in the earlier days, have, to some degree, emulated the martial splendour of the body armour of the era of medieval chivalry.


title: Cuirass

text: British, French, German, and Russian heavy cavalry wore cuirasses as part of their parade uniforms leading up to World War I. Although in the early part of the conflict French still used cuirasses, for the most part they were covered with canvas for protection and reduced visibility, as well as their ornate neo-Roman style helmets. All other militaries have taken them out of combat use.


title: Cuirass

text: Some years after the Battle of Waterloo, certain historical cuirasses were taken from their repose in the Tower of London and adapted for ceremonial service by the Life Guards and the Blues and Royals of the British Army's Household Cavalry.


title: Cuirass

text: For parade purposes, the Prussian Gardes du Corps and other corps wore cuirasses of richly decorated leather. The Pontifical Swiss Guard still wear cuirasses for swearing-in ceremonies, Christmas and Easter.


title: Cuirass

text: Cuirasses were manufactured in Japan as early as the 4th century. "Tankō", worn by foot soldiers, and "keikō", worn by horsemen, were both pre-samurai types of early Japanese cuirass constructed from iron plates connected by leather thongs. During the Heian period (794 to 1185), Japanese armourers started to use leather as a material and lacquer for weatherproofing.


title: Cuirass

text: By the end of the Heian period, the Japanese cuirass had arrived at the shape recognized as part of iconic samurai armour. Scales of iron and leather, bound together by silk lace, were used to construct samurai armours. The introduction of firearms to Japan in 1543 resulted in the development of a cuirass constructed of solid iron plates. The use of the samurai cuirass lasted until the 1860s when a national army using conventional uniforms was established. Samurai armour (and cuirasses) were last used in 1877 during the Satsuma rebellion.


title: CNET

text: CNET (short for "Computer Network") is an American media website that publishes reviews, news, articles, blogs, podcasts, and videos on technology and consumer electronics globally. "CNET" originally produced content for radio and television in addition to its website and now uses new media distribution methods through its Internet television network, CNET Video, and its podcast and blog networks.


title: CNET

text: Founded in 1994 by Halsey Minor and Shelby Bonnie, it was the flagship brand of CNET Networks and became a brand of CBS Interactive through that unit's acquisition of CNET Networks in 2008. It has been owned by Red Ventures since October 30, 2020.


title: CNET

text: Other than English, "CNET"'s region- and language-specific editions include Chinese, French, German, Japanese, Korean, and Spanish.


title: CNET

text: and Shelby Bonnie launched "CNET" in 1994, after website Yahoo! was launched. With help from Fox Network co-founder Kevin Wendle and former Disney creative associate Dan Baker, "CNET" produced four pilot television programs about computers, technology, and the Internet. CNET TV was composed of "CNET Central", "The Web", and "The New Edge". "CNET Central" was created first and aired in syndication in the United States on the USA Network. Later, it began airing on USA's sister network Sci-Fi Channel along with "The Web" and "The New Edge". These were later followed by "TV.com" in 1996. Media personality Ryan Seacrest first came to national prominence at "CNET", as the host of "The New Edge" and doing various voice-over work for "CNET".


title: CNET

text: In addition, "CNET" produced another television technology news program called "News.com" that aired on CNBC beginning in 1999.


title: CNET

text: From 2001 to 2003, "CNET" operated CNET Radio on the Clear Channel-owned KNEW (910) in the San Francisco Bay Area, WBPS (890) in Boston, and XM Satellite Radio. CNET Radio offered technology-themed programming. After failing to attract a sufficient audience, CNET Radio ceased operating in January 2003 due to financial losses.


title: CNET

text: In July 1999, CNET, Inc. acquired the Swiss-based company GDT, later renamed to CNET Channel. In 1998, CNET, Inc. granted the right to "Asiacontent.com" to set up "CNET Asia" and the operation was brought back in December 2000. In January 2000, the same time CNET, Inc. became CNET Networks, they acquired comparison shopping site mySimon for $736 million. In October 2000, CNET Networks acquired ZDNet for approximately $1.6 billion. In January 2001, Ziff Davis reached an agreement with CNET Networks to regain the URLs lost in the 2000 sale of Ziff Davis to SoftBank, a publicly traded Japanese media and technology company. In April 2001, CNET acquired TechRepublic, which provides content for IT professionals from Gartner, for $23 million in cash and stock. In May 2002, CNET Networks acquired Smartshop, an automated product catalog and feature comparison technology company, for an undisclosed amount.


title: CNET

text: On July 14, 2004, CNET Networks announced that it would acquire photography website Webshots for $70 million ($60 million in cash, $10 million in deferred consideration), completing the acquisition that same month.


title: CNET

text: In October 2007, they sold Webshots to American Greetings for $45 million. In August 2005, CNET Networks acquired Metacritic, a review aggregation website, for an undisclosed amount.


title: CNET

text: In December 2006, James Kim, an editor at "CNET", died in the Oregon wilderness. "CNET" hosted a memorial show and podcasts dedicated to him.


title: CNET

text: On March 1, 2007, "CNET" announced the public launch of BNET, a website targeted towards business managers. BNET had been running under beta status since 2005.


title: CNET

text: On May 15, 2008 it was announced that CBS Corporation would buy CNET Networks for US$ 1.8 billion. On June 30, 2008, the acquisition was completed. Former CNET Networks properties were managed under CBS Interactive at the time. CBS Interactive acquired many domain names originally created by CNET Networks, including download.com, downloads.com, upload.com, news.com, search.com, TV.com, mp3.com, chat.com, computers.com, shopper.com, com.com, and cnet.com. It also held radio.com until CBS Radio was sold to Entercom in 2017. On September 19, 2013 CBS Interactive launched a Spanish language sister site under the name "CNET en Español". It focuses on topics of relevance primarily to Spanish-speaking technology enthusiasts. The site offered a "new perspective" on technology and is under the leadership of managing editor Gabriel Sama. The site not only offered news and tutorials, but also had a robust reviews section that it was led by Juan Garzon. After Red Ventures' acquisition, the company announced the closing of "CNET en Español" on November 11, 2020, leaving the largest tech site in Spanish in the US out of the market. In March 2014, "CNET" refreshed its site by merging with "CNET UK" and vowing to merge all editions of the agency into a unified agency. This merge brought many changes, foremost of which would be a new user interface and the renaming of CNET TV as CNET Video. On September 14, 2020, Red Ventures announced that it would acquire CNET from ViacomCBS for $500 million. The transaction was completed on October 30, 2020.


title: CNET

text: "CNET" launched a website to cover video games, "CNET Gamecenter", in the middle of 1996. According to the "San Francisco Chronicle", it was "one of the first Web sites devoted to computer gaming news". It became a leading game-focused website; in 1999, "PC Magazine" named it one of the hundred-best websites in any field, alongside competitors "IGN" and "GameSpot". According to "Gamecenter" head Michael Brown, the site received between 50,000 and 75,000 daily visitors by late 2000. In May 2000, "CNET" founded the Gamecenter Alliance network to bring "Gamecenter" and four partner websites, including Inside Mac Games, under one banner. Nielsen//NetRatings ranked Gamecenter the sixth-most-popular gaming website in the United States by mid-2000.


title: CNET

text: On July 19, 2000, CNET, Inc. made public its plan to buy Ziff-Davis and its ZDNet Internet business for $1.6 billion. Because ZDNet had partnered with SpotMedia—parent company of "GameSpot"—in late 1996, the acquisition brought both "GameSpot" and "Gamecenter" under CNET, Inc.'s ownership. Later that year, "The New York Times" described the two publications as the ""Time" and "Newsweek" of gaming sites". The paper reported that "Gamecenter" "seem[ed] to be thriving" amid the dot-com crash, with its revenue distributed across online advertising and an affiliate sales program with "CNET"s "Game Shopper" website, launched in late 1999.


title: CNET

text: Following an almost $400 million loss at "CNET" as a result of the dot-com crash, the company ended the Gamecenter Alliance network in January 2001. On February 7, "Gamecenter" itself was closed in a redundancy reduction effort, as "GameSpot" was the more successful of the two sites. Around 190 jobs were cut from "CNET" during this period, including "at least 20" at "Gamecenter", according to the "San Francisco Chronicle". Discussing the situation, Tom Bramwell of Eurogamer reported, "It is thought [...] that very few if any of the website's staff will move sideways into jobs at "GameSpot", now the company's other gaming asset." "The Washington Post" later noted that "Gamecenter" was among the "popular video-game news sites" to close in 2001, alongside Daily Radar.


title: CNET

text: With a catalog of more than 400,000 titles, the Downloads section of the website allows users to download popular software. "CNET"s download.com provides Windows, Macintosh, and mobile software for download. "CNET" claims that this software is free of spyware, but independent sources have confirmed that this is not the case. While Download.com is overall a safe place to download programs, precautions should be taken before downloading from the site, as some downloads do contain malware.


title: CNET

text: In 1998, CNET, Inc. was sued by Snap Technologies, operators of the education service CollegeEdge, for trademark infringement relating to CNET, Inc.'s ownership of the domain name Snap.com, due to Snap Technologies already owning a trademark on its name.


title: CNET

text: In 2005, Google representatives refused to be interviewed by all "CNET" reporters for a year after "CNET" published Google's CEO Eric Schmidt's salary and named the neighborhood where he lives, as well as some of his hobbies and political donations. All the information had been gleaned from Google searches.


title: CNET

text: On October 10, 2006, Shelby Bonnie resigned as chairman and CEO, in addition to two other executives, as a result of a stock options backdating scandal that occurred between 1996 and 2003. This would also cause the firm to restate its financial earnings over 1996 to 2003 for over $105 million in resulting expenses. The Securities and Exchange Commission later dropped an investigation into the practice. Neil Ashe was named as the new CEO.


title: CNET

text: In 2011, "CNET" and CBS Interactive were sued by a coalition of artists (led by FilmOn founder Alki David) for copyright infringement by promoting the download of LimeWire, a popular peer to peer downloading software. Although the original suit was voluntarily dropped by Alki David, he vowed to sue at a later date to bring "expanded" action against CBS Interactive. In November 2011, another lawsuit against CBS Interactive was introduced, claiming that "CNET" and CBS Interactive knowingly distributed LimeWire, the file sharing software.


title: CNET

text: In January 2013, "CNET" named Dish Network's "Hopper with Sling" digital video recorder as a nominee for the CES "Best in Show" award (which is decided by "CNET" on behalf of its organizers), and named it the winner in a vote by the site's staff. However, CBS abruptly disqualified the Hopper, and vetoed the results because the company was in active litigation with Dish Network. "CNET" also announced that it could no longer review any product or service provided by companies that CBS are in litigation with (which also includes Aereo). The new vote subsequently gave the Best in Show award to the Razer Edge tablet instead.


title: CNET

text: Dish Network's CEO Joe Clayton said that the company was "saddened that "CNET"s staff is being denied its editorial independence because of CBS' heavy-handed tactics." On January 14, 2013, editor-in-chief Lindsey Turrentine addressed the situation, stating that "CNET"s staff were in an "impossible" situation due to the conflict of interest posed by the situation, and promised that she would do everything within her power to prevent a similar incident from occurring again. The conflict also prompted one "CNET" senior writer, Greg Sandoval, to resign.


title: CNET

text: The decision also drew the ire of staff from the Consumer Electronics Association, the organizers of CES; CEO Gary J. Shapiro criticized the decision in a "USA Today" op-ed column and a statement by the CEA, stating that "making television easier to watch is not against the law. It is simply pro-innovation and pro-consumer." Shapiro felt that the decision also hurt the confidence of "CNET"s readers and staff, "destroying its reputation for editorial integrity in an attempt to eliminate a new market competitor." As a result of the controversy and fearing damage to the show's brand, the CEA announced on January 31, 2013 that "CNET" will no longer decide the CES Best in Show award winner due to the interference of CBS (the position has been offered to other technology publications), and the "Best in Show" award was jointly awarded to both the Hopper with Sling and Razer Edge.


title: Calliope (music)

text: A calliope (see below for pronunciation) is an American and Canadian musical instrument that produces sound by sending a gas, originally steam or, more recently, compressed air, through large whistles—originally locomotive whistles.


title: Calliope (music)

text: A calliope is typically very loud. Even some small calliopes are audible for miles. There is no way to vary tone or loudness. Musically, the only expression possible is the pitch, rhythm, and duration of the notes.


title: Calliope (music)

text: The steam calliope is also known as a steam organ ("orgue à vapeur" in Quebec) or steam piano ("piano à vapeur" in Quebec). The air-driven calliope is sometimes called a calliaphone, the name given to it by Norman Baker, but the "Calliaphone" name is registered by the Miner Company for instruments produced under the Tangley name.


title: Calliope (music)

text: In the age of steam, the steam calliope was particularly used on riverboats and in circuses. In both cases, a steam supply was readily available for other purposes. Riverboats supplied steam from their propulsion boilers. Circus calliopes were sometimes installed in steam-driven carousels, or supplied with steam from a traction engine. The traction engine could also supply electric power for lighting, and tow the calliope in the circus parade, where it traditionally came last. Other circus calliopes were self-contained, mounted on a carved, painted and gilded wagon pulled by horses, but the presence of other steam boilers in the circus meant that fuel and expertise to run the boiler were readily available. Steam instruments often had keyboards made from brass. This was in part to resist the heat and moisture of the steam, but also for the golden shine of the highly polished keys.


title: Calliope (music)

text: Calliopes can be played by a player at a keyboard or mechanically. Mechanical operation may be by a drum similar to a music box drum, or by a roll similar to that of a player piano. Some instruments have both a keyboard and a mechanism for automated operation, others only one or the other. Some calliopes can also be played via a MIDI interface.


title: Calliope (music)

text: The whistles of a calliope are tuned to a chromatic scale, although this process is difficult and must be repeated often to maintain quality sound. Since the pitch of each note is largely affected by the temperature of the steam, accurate tuning is nearly impossible; however, the off-pitch notes (particularly in the upper register) have become something of a trademark of the steam calliope. A calliope may have anywhere from 25 to 67 whistles, but 32 is traditional for a steam calliope.


title: Calliope (music)

text: Joshua C. Stoddard of Worcester, Massachusetts patented the calliope on October 9, 1855, though his design echos previous concepts, such as an 1832 instrument called a "steam trumpet," later known as a train whistle. In 1851, William Hoyt of Dupont, Indiana claimed to have conceived of a device similar to Stoddard's calliope, but he never patented it. Later, an employee of Stoddard's American Music, Arthur S. Denny, attempted to market an "Improved Kalliope" in Europe, but it did not catch on. In 1859, he demonstrated this instrument in Crystal Palace, London. Unlike other calliopes before or since, Denny's Improved Kalliope let the player control the steam pressure, and therefore the volume of the music, while playing.


title: Calliope (music)

text: While Stoddard originally intended the calliope to replace bells at churches, it found its way onto riverboats during the paddlewheel era. While only a small number of working steamboats still exist, each has a steam calliope. These boats include the "Delta Queen", the "Belle of Louisville", and "President". Their calliopes are played regularly on river excursions. Many surviving calliopes were built by Thomas J. Nichol, Cincinnati, Ohio, who built calliopes from 1890 until 1932. The Thomas J. Nichol calliopes featured rolled sheet copper (as used in roofing) for the resonant tube (the bell) of the whistle, lending a sweeter tone than cast bronze or brass, which were the usual materials for steam whistles of the day. David Morecraft pioneered a resurgence in the building of authentic steam calliopes of the Thomas J. Nichol style beginning in 1985 in Peru, Indiana. These calliopes are featured in Peru's annual Circus City Parade. Morecraft died on December 5, 2016.


title: Calliope (music)

text: Stoddard's original calliope was attached to a metal roller set with pins in the manner familiar to Stoddard from the contemporary clockwork music box. The pins on the roller opened valves that admitted steam into the whistles. Later, Stoddard replaced the cylinder with a keyboard, so that the calliope could be played like an organ.


title: Calliope (music)

text: Starting in the 1900s calliopes began using music rolls instead of a live musician. The music roll operated in a similar manner to a piano roll in a player piano, mechanically operating the keys. Many of these mechanical calliopes retained keyboards, allowing a live musician to play them if needed. During this period, compressed air began to replace steam as the vehicle of producing sound.


title: Calliope (music)

text: Most calliopes disappeared in the mid-20th century, as steam power was replaced with other power sources. Without the demand for technicians that mines and railroads supplied, no support was available to keep boilers running. Only a few calliopes have survived, and, unless converted to a modern power source, are rarely played. One such example is the Prairie Rose Carousel containing Band Organ #125 from the Johnson Organ Co. located at Chahinkapa Zoo in Wahpeton, North Dakota.


title: Calliope (music)

text: The pronunciation of the word has long been disputed, and often it is pronounced differently inside and outside the groups that use it. The Greek muse by the same name is pronounced , but the instrument was usually pronounced by people who played it. A nineteenth-century magazine, "Reedy's Mirror", attempted to settle the dispute by publishing this rhyme:


title: Calliope (music)

text: In the song "Blinded by the Light", written in 1972, Bruce Springsteen used the four-syllable ( ) pronunciation commonly used in the United States when referring to a fairground organ; this was also used by the British Manfred Mann's Earth Band in their 1976 cover.


title: Calliope (music)

text: The pyrophone is a calliope-like instrument that uses internal combustion within its whistles to power their notes, rather than externally produced.


title: Calliope (music)

text: At 1998's Burning Man, a pyrophone referred to as "Satan's Calliope" was powered by ignition of propane inside resonant cavities. This device was incorrectly referred to as a "calliope", since a calliope is an external combustion instrument.


title: Calliope (music)

text: The Calliaphone is an compressed air powered, easily transported, instrument developed by early 20th century American inventor Norman Baker.


title: Calliope (music)

text: The "lustre chantant" (literally "singing chandelier") or musical lamp was invented by Frederik Kastner. It was a large chandelier with glass pipes of varying lengths each illuminated and heated by an individual gas jet. A keyboard allowed the player to turn down individual jets; as the glass tube cooled, a note was produced. Kastner installed several such instruments in Paris.


title: Calliope (music)

text: The Beatles, in recording "Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite!" from the album "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band," used tapes of calliope music to create the atmosphere of a circus. Beatles producer George Martin recalled, "When we first worked on 'Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite!' John had said that he wanted to 'smell the sawdust on the floor', wanted to taste the atmosphere of the circus. I said to him, 'What we need is a calliope.' 'A what?' 'Steam whistles, played by a keyboard. Unable to find an authentic calliope, Martin resorted to tapes of calliopes playing Sousa marches. "[I] chopped the tapes up into small sections and had Geoff Emerick throw them up into the air, re-assembling them at random."


title: Bad Day at Black Rock

text: Bad Day at Black Rock is a 1955 American neo-Western film directed by John Sturges with screenplay by Millard Kaufman. It stars Spencer Tracy and Robert Ryan with support from Anne Francis, Dean Jagger, Walter Brennan, John Ericson, Ernest Borgnine and Lee Marvin. The film is a crime drama set in 1945 that contains elements of the revisionist Western genre. In the plot, a one-armed stranger (Tracy) comes to a small desert town and uncovers an evil secret that has corrupted the entire community.


title: Bad Day at Black Rock

text: The film was based on a short story called "Bad Time at Honda" by Howard Breslin, published by "The American Magazine" in January 1947. Filming began in July 1954 and the movie went on national release in January 1955. It was a box office success and was nominated for three Academy Awards in 1956. In 2018, it was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry.


title: Bad Day at Black Rock

text: In late 1945, one-armed John J. Macreedy gets off a train at the isolated Californian desert hamlet of Black Rock. The residents immediately appear suspicious, as this is the first time in four years that the train has stopped there. After Macreedy states he is looking for a man named Komoko, several of the local men become hostile. Hastings, the telegraph agent, tells him there are no cabs. The hotel desk clerk, Pete Wirth, claims he has no vacant rooms. Hector David threatens him. Later, Reno Smith informs Macreedy that Komoko, a Japanese-American, was interned during World War II.


title: Bad Day at Black Rock

text: Macreedy visits the local sheriff, Tim Horn, but the alcoholic lawman is of no help. The veterinarian and undertaker, Doc Velie, advises Macreedy to leave town immediately, but lets slip that Komoko is dead. Pete's sister Liz rents Macreedy a Jeep. He drives to nearby Adobe Flat, where he finds a homestead burned to the ground, and wildflowers growing nearby. As Macreedy drives back, Coley Trimble tries to run him off the road. Macreedy tries to leave town, but Liz, having been confronted by Smith earlier, refuses to rent him the Jeep again. When Smith asks about his lost left arm, Macreedy discloses that he lost it fighting in Italy. Macreedy says the wildflowers at the Komoko place lead him to suspect that a body is buried there. Smith reveals that he is virulently anti-Japanese; he tried to enlist the day after the attack on Pearl Harbor, but failed the physical.


title: Bad Day at Black Rock

text: Macreedy tries to telephone the state police, but Pete refuses to put the call through. Doc Velie admits that something terrible happened four years ago, but Smith has everyone too terrified to speak up. Velie offers Macreedy his old hearse to leave town, but Hector disables it. Macreedy writes a telegram to the state police and gives it to Hastings. Macreedy goes to the diner where Trimble provokes a fight with him but Macreedy, though disabled, easily beats him up by using martial arts. Macreedy confronts Smith and accuses him of killing Komoko with the help of others. Hastings arrives and tries to give Smith a piece of paper, but Macreedy snatches it away. It is his unsent telegram. Macreedy and Velie tell Hastings he has broken the law and demand that Horn take action. Horn stands up to arrest Hastings, but Smith pulls the sheriff's badge off Horn's shirt and pins it on Hector, who casually tears up the telegram.


title: Bad Day at Black Rock

text: After Smith and Hector leave, Macreedy reveals that the loss of his arm had left him wallowing in self-pity, but Trimble's attempt to kill him has reinvigorated him. Macreedy finally reveals that Komoko's son died in combat (with the 442nd Infantry Regiment) while saving his life. Macreedy came to town intending to give the man's medal to Komoko. Macreedy learns that the elder Komoko had leased some farmland from Smith, who was sure there was no water. Komoko dug a well and found water. After Smith was rejected for military service, he and the other men got to drinking, then decided to scare Komoko. The old man barricaded himself inside his home, but the men set it on fire. When Komoko emerged ablaze, Smith shot and killed him.


title: Bad Day at Black Rock

text: Doc and Pete enlist Liz to help Macreedy escape under cover of darkness. Hector is standing guard outside the hotel; Pete lures him into the office, where Doc Velie knocks him unconscious. Liz drives Macreedy out of town, but stops at Adobe Flat. Macreedy realizes he has been set up. When Smith starts shooting at him, Macreedy shelters behind the Jeep. Liz rushes to Smith despite Macreedy's warning. Smith tells her that she has to die along with the rest of his accomplices. Smith shoots her in the back as she flees. Macreedy finds a bottle and fills it with gas from the Jeep. When Smith climbs down for a better shot, Macreedy throws the Molotov cocktail, setting Smith on fire. Macreedy drives back to town with Smith's and Liz's bodies. The state police are called in and several arrests are made. As Macreedy is leaving town, Doc Velie requests Komoko's medal to help Black Rock heal. Macreedy gives it to him just before boarding the train.


title: Bad Day at Black Rock

text: The small cast included three past and two future Academy Award winners; one past Academy Award nominee; and one future Golden Globe winner. Brennan (1936, 1938, 1940), Jagger (1950) and Tracy (1938, 1939) had all won Academy Awards. Ryan (1948) had been nominated for one. In later years, Borgnine (1956) and Marvin (1965) both won Academy Awards; and Francis (1965) won a Golden Globe.


title: Bad Day at Black Rock

text: "Bad Day at Black Rock" originated as a short story by Howard Breslin with full-color illustrations by Robert Fawcett. Entitled "Bad Time at Honda", it was published by "The American Magazine" in January 1947. It was adapted into a script by Don McGuire and pitched to MGM production head Dore Schary, who was known for championing films that addressed social problems. Schary had previously produced "Go for Broke!" (1951), based on the exploits of the segregated Japanese-American 442nd Regimental Combat Team. Breslin novelised the script, using the pseudonym Michael Niall. His book was published in 1954 by Fawcett Publications.


title: Bad Day at Black Rock

text: Schary acquired the film rights for MGM, but he brought in Millard Kaufman to rewrite McGuire's script. The producers were worried about the title because "Bad Time at Honda" was similar to "Hondo", recently made by John Wayne. Kaufman suggested changing the name of the town to Black Rock, after a real town in Arizona. Kaufman finished the script in the fall of 1953. Although Spencer Tracy was 55 and much older than the platoon leader in the original story, Schary wanted Tracy to play the lead role. John Sturges was hired as director in June 1954 and shooting began the following month near Lone Pine, California, where the small town set had been quickly constructed. Just before shooting began, an indecisive Tracy tried to back out of the picture. Schary made clear that he was willing to sue the actor if he quit the film. Budget for the film was $1.3 million and it was shot in color using Cinemascope as Schary thought widescreen would emphasise the menace of the isolated town. Temperatures on location were over . On August 9, the cast and crew moved to the studio lot in Culver City. André Previn was hired to write the score.


title: Bad Day at Black Rock

text: While the film is essentially a crime drama set in 1945, it is recognised as a neo-Western with strong links to the revisionist Western genre. The premiere was at Loew's 72nd Street Theater in New York City on December 8, 1954. The film went on national release in January 1955. According to MGM records, it earned US$1,966,000 in the US and Canada and $1,822,000 elsewhere, making the studio a profit of $947,000.


title: Bad Day at Black Rock

text: Though essentially a crime drama with revisionist Western overtones, the film is one of the first to recognise discrimination against Japanese Americans in World War II. No Japanese American characters are portrayed, though Komoko and his son, both dead, are central to the plot. In her 1991 documentary film, "", Rea Tajiri uses footage from "Bad Day at Black Rock" to illustrate prevailing attitudes towards the Japanese. Tajiri's family were among those interned after the Attack on Pearl Harbor.


title: Bad Day at Black Rock

text: John Streamas describes the film as an indictment of both racism and McCarthyism. He comments on the unusual means of denunciation that it employs because, with no Japanese American characters taking part, there is no liberation of an oppressed victim. Instead, the film delivers justice for the victim of a murder that took place four years earlier.


title: Bad Day at Black Rock

text: When "Bad Day at Black Rock" was released, the reviews were almost universally positive with, for example, John O'Hara in "Collier's" hailing it as "one of the finest motion pictures ever made". Many reviewers noted the film's Western-like elements, comparing it favorably with "High Noon" and cinematographer William C. Mellor was widely praised for his use of widescreen. Film critic Bosley Crowther of the "New York Times" wrote: "Slowly, through a process of guarded discourse, which director John Sturges has built up by patient, methodical pacing, an eerie light begins to glimmer". At the end of 1955, the "New York Times" included the film in its best ten of the year.


title: Bad Day at Black Rock

text: Despite a storyline she called "crudely melodramatic", Pauline Kael heaped praise on the film for its direction and cinematography, calling it "a very superior example of motion picture craftsmanship". "Variety" magazine's reviewer wrote: "Considerable excitement is whipped up in this suspense drama, and fans who go for tight action will find it entirely satisfactory. Besides telling a yarn of tense suspense, the picture is concerned with a social message on civic complacency".


title: Bad Day at Black Rock

text: "Bad Day at Black Rock" was nominated for three Academy Awards at the 1956 ceremony: Tracy for Best Actor, Sturges for Best Director, and Kaufman for Best Screenplay. Tracy won the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actor at the 1955 Cannes Film Festival.


title: Bad Day at Black Rock

text: In 2018, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".


title: Streets of Rage 4

text: Streets of Rage 4 is a side-scrolling beat 'em up game developed by Dotemu, Lizardcube, and Guard Crush Games and published by Dotemu. The game is a continuation of Sega's "Streets of Rage" trilogy, originally released for the Sega Genesis during the 1990s. It was released for Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, macOS, and Linux in 2020, for Stadia in 2021, and iOS and Android in 2022. "Streets of Rage 4" received generally positive reviews and sold over copies by April 2021. An expansion, "Mr. X Nightmare", was released in July 2021.


title: Streets of Rage 4

text: Carrying on the style of gameplay from previous entries in the "Streets of Rage" series from the early 1990s, "Streets of Rage 4" is a side-scrolling beat 'em up in which up to four players locally or two players online fight against waves of enemies, aided by disposable weapons and item pickups. Alongside standard attacks, throws, and Blitz Moves, each player character has a set of special attacks that can be performed at the cost of some health. In this game, however, players can restore health spent on a special attack by performing successive follow-up attacks without getting hit. Each player character also has unique super combo, "Star Moves", which can be performed by collecting Stars in each level. A new combo system is introduced, along with the ability to juggle opponents against walls and other players, allowing players to earn extra points by stringing together long combos without getting hit. Each character has unique traits, such as Max's wall jump and grappling jump, Shiva's weapon parry mechanics and aerial rave/air combo, and Floyd's long-range grapple.


title: Streets of Rage 4

text: The main gameplay mode, Story Mode, sees players going through each level as the story is told, with a stage select unlocked after clearing Story Mode. Players have a limited number of lives depending on the difficulty setting, but can earn more by earning a certain number of points. If all players lose all of their lives, they will have to retry the level from the beginning, with the option to use assists that add extra lives and Star Moves at the cost of a reduced score. Upon clearing a level, players receive a rank based on how many points they scored. Points earned goes towards a lifetime score, which goes towards unlocking bonus player characters from past games, presented in pseudo 16-bit style. The game also features Arcade Mode, which tasks players with clearing the entire game with limited lives, a Boss Rush Mode and a competitive Battle Mode, which lets two players fight against each other. The game also features a retro audio option, featuring music tracks from both the Mega Drive/Genesis and Master System/Game Gear versions of the first two games.


title: Streets of Rage 4

text: The base game features five main playable characters; series veterans Axel Stone and Blaze Fielding, Adam Hunter who originally appeared in the first "Streets of Rage" game and is unlocked through playing the story, and two brand new characters; Cherry Hunter, Adam's daughter, and Floyd Iraia, a part-cybernetic apprentice of Dr. Zan. 16-bit versions of characters from the original trilogy, including Max Thunder, Skate, Dr. Zan, and Shiva, can be unlocked by raising the lifetime score. These characters feature movesets based on the games they came from (e.g. "SOR3" Axel can run, unlike the "SOR1" and "SOR2" versions of the same character). The Mr. X's Nightmare DLC adds three additional characters who appear as bosses in the main story; Max Thunder and Shiva, who were originally playable in "Streets of Rage 2" and "Streets of Rage 3" respectively, and brand new character Estel Aguirre. The "SOR3" version of Roo can also be unlocked through a cheat code.


title: Streets of Rage 4

text: Upon completing development on "", a 2017 remake of 1989's "", Lizardcube artist Ben Fiquet wanted to make a remaster of the original "Streets of Rage" games using the same techniques. However, the game's programmer, Omar Cornut, had moved onto a personal project, so Fiquet and publisher Dotemu approached Sega about creating a full sequel to the series instead. Sega agreed, licensed the franchise to Dotemu and production on the game began at the beginning of 2018, with the game publicly announced that August. The game was co-developed by Guard Crush Games, using a modified engine from their "Streets of Fury" game, with a core development team of five members across the three companies. Each playable "Streets of Rage 4" character has approximately 1,000 frames of animation, with enemies having between 300 and 400 frames each. Seaven Studio ported the game for PlayStation 4 and Nintendo Switch while BlitWorks ported it for Xbox One and Windows 10.


title: Streets of Rage 4

text: The game's score was primarily composed by Olivier Deriviere, with additional compositions from Yuzo Koshiro, Motohiro Kawashima, Yoko Shimomura, Keiji Yamagishi, Harumi Fujita, XL Middleton, Scattle, Das Mörtal, and Groundislava. The soundtrack is structured so that Deriviere wrote the primary themes, while each boss fight's theme was written by one of the guest composers. Koshiro was not a part of the project from the start, but joined in June 2019 after playing a demo of the game at BitSummit, an indie game showcase in Japan. He cited fan requests and how the game was coming along as reasons for joining. Hideki Naganuma was also originally set to contribute, but dropped out of the project due to scheduling conflicts before being replaced by Fujita. The game includes the ability to switch the soundtrack to that of "Streets of Rage" and "Streets of Rage 2".


title: Streets of Rage 4

text: The game's soundtrack was released digitally by Mutant Ninja Records and physically by Brave Wave Productions alongside the game on April 30, 2020, with a limited vinyl release produced by Limited Run Games. A CD soundtrack is included with certain physical releases of the game. Tee Lopes composed the soundtrack for the "Mr. X Nightmare" expansion.


title: Streets of Rage 4

text: The game was released for Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One on April 30, 2020. A limited physical release for the PlayStation 4 and Nintendo Switch versions by Limited Run Games was made available as both a standard edition with reversible box art and a classic edition with a steelbook case and a Genesis-style clam-shell case. A limited edition version including a CD soundtrack, a 7-inch statue, a chicken stress ball, and an artbook has also been offered. Another physical release for PS4, Switch, and Xbox One is being planned by Signature Edition, releasing the game in both a standard version include keyrings and an art booklet and a signature edition with a CD soundtrack, enamel pins, and a bandana. Following the announcement of other physical editions, Dotemu and Limited Run Games announced that all orders of their physical editions would include a complimentary soundtrack CD, as well as free Steam keys for those who ordered the limited edition.


title: Streets of Rage 4

text: A downloadable content (DLC) titled "Mr. X Nightmare" was released on July 15, 2021. The DLC adds three additional player characters who are also bosses in the game's main storyline; the current incarnations of "Streets of Rage 2" characters Max Thunder and Shiva, and a newcomer Estel Aguirre, and a survival mode in which players fight through waves of enemies to unlock new moves and weapons, as well as the "Streets of Rage 3" incarnation of Roo. The DLC features additional music tracks composed by Tee Lopes. A free update adding additional color palletes, a training mode, and a "New Mania+" difficulty was released alongside the DLC, along with a version of the game for Google Stadia. Retail releases of the PS4 and Switch versions were released by Merge Games Ltd. on September 24, 2021. A mobile port for iOS and Android, developed by Playdigious, was released on May 24, 2022.


title: Streets of Rage 4

text: "Streets of Rage 4" received "generally favorable" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic. Leo Faierman of "The Sydney Morning Herald" wrote that "the visuals, sounds and mechanics aren't as envelope-pushing in 2020 as the originals were in the early '90s, but the balance between embracing nostalgia and reformulating the brawler for the current decade is struck wonderfully". Heidi Kemps of "GameSpot" opined the game "looks great, sounds great, and plays very well" and that even "if the experience is relatively short, it's the sort of game you and your buddies can easily enjoy playing and re-playing".


title: Streets of Rage 4

text: Michael Huber of "Easy Allies" stated that "Streets of Rage 4" masterfully revitalized the series, describing the combat and soundtrack as high points, but criticized the online components at launch. Dale Driver of "IGN" wrote that "it's still a very conservative update to the quarter-century-old format that feels like a slave to the past". Joe Juba of "Game Informer" agrees that it "feels like an homage to the '90s, but it's also stuck in that era".


title: Streets of Rage 4

text: The game reached number 14 in the UK sales charts. It also reached 20th on the US downloads chart. By September 2020, the game had sold over digital copies worldwide. , the game has sold over copies worldwide.


title: Streets of Rage 4

text: It received a "Gold" award from "Famitsu". "Polygon" listed "Streets of Rage 4" among the 22 best games on the Switch. It was nominated for Best Action Game at The Game Awards 2020, but lost to "Hades". It received a Pegase Award in the 2021 edition for best music.


title: Richard Blair (patron)

text: Richard Horatio Blair (born 14 May 1944) is a British trustee and patron who is the only son of English author George Orwell.


title: Richard Blair (patron)

text: Blair was adopted by Eileen and Eric Blair (George Orwell), and after their deaths, lived with Avril Dunn (née Blair, Orwell's sister, his legal guardian) and Bill Dunn.


title: Richard Blair (patron)

text: Blair went to Loretto School from 1953 to 1960, and attended the agricultural colleges of Wiltshire College and Scotland's Rural College, before joining Massey Ferguson, where he worked in sales and marketing from 1975 to 1986. He married Eleanor in 1964 and they have two sons. Blair's stepmother Sonia died in 1980, passing the income from the Orwell estate on to him. In 1985, Blair became the proprietor of Loch Craignish (self-catering) Cottages, which he ran until 2008.


title: Richard Blair (patron)

text: Having sold his business in 2008, Blair dedicated his time to preserving the memory of his father, George Orwell, which he continues today. At the beginning of 2009, Blair published his first account of his life with his father, and spoke publicly for the first time about his childhood, in an interview with D.J. Taylor at the Sunday Times CNA Literary Awards. In the following year, he worked with a group of Orwell academics and enthusiasts, who inspired the founding of The Orwell Society, of which he is both patron and trustee. Two years later, Blair was elected trustee of The Orwell Foundation and Orwell Youth Prize, of which he is a patron.


title: Richard Blair (patron)

text: After 2012, Blair increased his public activity by performing ceremonial roles such as unveiling plaques, presenting literary prizes, opening international events, making guest appearances on radio and television, and dedicating a statue to his father installed outside Broadcasting House. Blair is also engaged in more hands-on roles by hosting lectures through both The Orwell Society and The Orwell Foundation, publishing articles, sponsoring the Orwell Prize, and conducting annual guided excursions to his childhood house at Barnhill, where his father wrote "Nineteen Eighty-Four".


title: Richard Blair (patron)

text: In 2017, The Orwell Society initiated a series of engagements with the local community in Wigan to increase awareness of Orwell's motives in writing "The Road to Wigan Pier", eighty years after the book was first published. Blair participated as one of the narrators in "Beyond Wigan Pier", an opera first performed in 2018 aimed at attracting funding for students to attend Music & Drama school, and bringing the community closer to his father.


title: Lizzy Greene

text: Elizabeth Anne Greene (born May 1, 2003) is an American actress known for her title role as Dawn Harper in the Nickelodeon sitcom "Nicky, Ricky, Dicky & Dawn" from 2014 to 2018. She has been starring as Sophie Dixon in the ABC family drama "A Million Little Things" since 2018.


title: Lizzy Greene

text: Elizabeth Anne Greene was born on May 1, 2003 in Dallas, Texas. She made her television debut in the Nickelodeon sitcom "Nicky, Ricky, Dicky & Dawn" in the title role of Dawn Harper, the only girl of quadruplets. The show ran from September 13, 2014 to August 4, 2018. In 2018, she was cast as Sophie Dixon in the ABC drama "A Million Little Things".


title: Emanuel Augustus

text: Emanuel Augustus (born Emanuel Ya'kov Burton, January 2, 1975), is an American former professional boxer from Brownsville, Texas who competed from 1994 to 2011. He was known as The Drunken Master, taken from the Jackie Chan films of the same names, for his entertaining boxing style and showboating manner designed to confuse opponents. He faced top-level competition throughout his career, winning the IBA light welterweight title in 2004.


title: Emanuel Augustus

text: Born in Chicago, Illinois, Augustus (born as Burton) grew up in Louisiana and boxed out of Baton Rouge.


title: Emanuel Augustus

text: Augustus began boxing at age 17 under his birth name Emanuel Burton. In 2001, when his parents married, Burton adopted his father's last name of Augustus. He retained the nickname "YA", short for his middle name Ya'kov. Emanuel has frequently appeared on ESPN2's boxing programs "Tuesday Night Fights" and its counterpart "Friday Night Fights".


title: Emanuel Augustus

text: Augustus's televised bouts garnered him a cult following, in part due to his unique 'Drunken Master' style flair in the ring, and his willingness to take on all comers, taking fights on short notice as a last minute replacement even in opponents' hometowns. Augustus frequently clowned in the ring to frustrate his opponents, engaging in his trademark "string-puppet dance." Augustus was also known for losing close controversial decisions on the road.


title: Emanuel Augustus

text: Augustus achieved a measure of fame after his bout against Courtney Burton on July 6, 2004, which he lost by controversial close decision. The state of Michigan investigated the points verdict for Burton, but did not overturn the result. Augustus demanded a rematch, and got it, avenging his loss to Burton on September 1, 2006, when he stopped Burton in the eighth round on ESPN with the help of a left hook to the body. This was the opposite of result in their first fight, when Augustus was disallowed a knockdown from a left hook to the body after referee Dan Kelley incorrectly claimed the knockdown was a caused by an illegal low blow. The punch should have been permitted, because it actually landed on Burton's beltline, which is termed 'the border' in professional boxing refereeing.


title: Emanuel Augustus

text: The best win of Augustus' career ratings wise was against Carlos Wilfredo Vilches on July 19, 2002. Augustus took the fight on just 2 days' notice after Vilches' original opponent, Vince Phillips, pulled out due to injury. Vilches was 37-1-2 at the time and was a ranked fighter. During the bout, Vilches wanted to keep Augustus at bay with a stiff jab. Augustus continued to pressure Vilches, and landed counter right hands over the top of Vilches' left jab. A cut opened up near the left eye of Vilches, which eventually resulted in an upset eighth round stoppage win for Augustus. The win vaulted Augustus to the number two worldwide ratings position in the International boxing Federation light welterweight division. However, Augustus followed with four decision losses and one controversial draw to tough opponents, including Omar Gabriel Weis, over whom Vilches already held a victory.


title: Emanuel Augustus

text: At least one of Augustus' losses was questionable. On June 6, 1999, Danish boxer Allan Vester won his bout with Augustus with one second left in the twelfth and final round. Augustus was knocked down by a flurry of punches which occurred in the final seconds of the bout, and did not get up in time. Augustus later admitted he gave up out of frustration near the end of the bout, stating, "I just felt out of order, out of place."


title: Emanuel Augustus

text: On April 2, 2004, Augustus became the IBA light welterweight champion defeating Alex Trujillo by unanimous decision.


title: Emanuel Augustus

text: On December 9, 2006, he became the WBC Continental Americas light welterweight champion by defeating Russell Stoner Jones.


title: Emanuel Augustus

text: On July 4, 2008, he knocked out Jakkirt Suwunnalirt in Sydney, Australia, to win the WBO Oriental welterweight title.


title: Emanuel Augustus

text: Augustus was the IBA light welterweight champion between April 2, 2004, and June 18 of that year. Augustus lost his title when referee Laurence Cole disqualified him in his first title defense against Tomas Barrientes. At the time of disqualification, Augustus was ahead on all three judges' scorecards. He was disqualified for pushing, talking back to the referee, and not looking into his eyes when asked to.


title: Emanuel Augustus

text: His fight against "Irish" Micky Ward on July 13, 2001, was voted 2001 ESPN "Fight of the Year", as well as 2001 "Ring" magazine Fight of the Year. In June 2008 ESPN announced that this fight had been nominated for its "Fight of the Decade" award. Augustus was also named "ESPN's Most Memorable Fighter".


title: Emanuel Augustus

text: During a 2012 interview with boxing expert Dan Rafael, Floyd Mayweather Jr. stated Augustus was the toughest opponent he had faced in his career.


title: Emanuel Augustus

text: On the night of October 13, 2014, Augustus was critically wounded after being hit in the back of the head by a random gunshot and was on life support. Baton Rouge Police named 21-year-old Christopher Stills as a suspect in the crime, but subsequently dropped charges due to lack of witnesses or evidence of intent, as Stills was alleged to have fired a gun several times in the air but not at a target. Augustus eventually recovered, and was living with his sister in Baton Rouge. As of 2016, Augustus was engaged to be married, was in improved health and spirits, and had returned in training.


title: Emanuel Augustus

text: As a journeyman Augustus faced top talent his whole career and has an outstanding resume when it comes to experiencing the best the sport has to offer.


title: No Code

text: No Code is the fourth studio album by the American rock band Pearl Jam, released on August 27, 1996 through Epic Records. Following a troubled tour for its previous album, "Vitalogy" (1994), in which Pearl Jam engaged in a much-publicized boycott of Ticketmaster, the band went into the studio to record its follow-up. The music on the record was more diverse than what the band had done on previous releases, incorporating elements of garage rock and worldbeat.


title: No Code

text: Although "No Code" debuted at number one on the "Billboard" 200, making it Pearl Jam's third consecutive number one album, it left a large section of the band's fanbase unsatisfied and quickly fell down the charts. Critical reviews were also mixed, with praise to the musical variety but criticism to the album's inconsistency. The album became the first Pearl Jam album to not reach multi-platinum status, receiving a single platinum certification by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in the United States.


title: No Code

text: For its fourth album, Pearl Jam again worked with producer Brendan O'Brien, with whom they had worked on predecessors "Vs." (1993) and "Vitalogy" (1994). "No Code" was the band's first album with drummer Jack Irons, who had joined the band as "Vitalogy" was being completed. Following the summer U.S. leg of the band's Vitalogy Tour, the band began work on "No Code" at the Chicago Recording Company studios in Chicago for a week in July 1995 during the infamous Chicago heat wave. During a break in a string of make-up dates for the 1995 tour the band went into the studio for a week-long session in New Orleans, Louisiana, where the band recorded "Off He Goes". The rest of the recording took place in the first half of 1996 in Seattle at Studio Litho, which is owned by guitarist Stone Gossard. The album was then mixed by O'Brien at his mixing facility at Southern Tracks in Atlanta.


title: No Code

text: The sessions for the album began with strife and tension. Bassist Jeff Ament was not made aware that the band was recording until three days into the sessions, and said that he "wasn't super involved with that record on any level." Guitarist Mike McCready said, "I'm sure Jeff was pissed, but it was more about separating, because if we played all together nothing would get done. We'd all just get pissed off at each other." At one point Ament even walked out of the recording sessions, and considered quitting the band due to lead vocalist Eddie Vedder's control of the creation process. Due to Pearl Jam balancing recording and touring, Irons commented that the band was "more on-the-fly during the making of "No Code", and some good things happened out of that, but we were also really tired. It was difficult to tour and play these shows that were two or three hours long and then force ourselves to produce something in a studio."


title: No Code

text: McCready said that a lot of the songs were developed out of jam sessions, and said "I think we kind of rushed it a little bit." Ament said that the band members would bring in fragments of songs, and it would take hours before Vedder could have music to which he could add vocals. He added that "Ed's typically the guy who finishes off the songs...But by the end of "No Code", he was so burnt, it was so much work for him." The band's mood had gotten better by the time the album was finished, and the bandmembers gave credit for this to Irons. Regarding Irons, O'Brien stated that "everybody was on their best musical behavior around him." McCready said that Irons urged the band members to discuss their problems, and called him "a big spiritual influence, if not the biggest." Vedder said, "Making "No Code" was all about gaining perspective." Commenting upon the sessions as a whole, O'Brien said, "It was really a transitional record. We had a good time making it."


title: No Code

text: Two outtakes from the recording sessions ended up as B-sides, "Black, Red, Yellow" on the "Hail, Hail" single, and "Dead Man", which was originally intended for the film "Dead Man Walking", on "Off He Goes". Both songs were included on the 2003 "Lost Dogs" collection of rarities, along with four other tracks from the "No Code" sessions, two of which ended up on compilations – "Leaving Here", which appeared on "Home Alive", and "Gremmie Out of Control", featured on "Music for Our Mother Ocean Vol. 1". The other rejected songs were "All Night" and "Don't Gimme No Lip". "Olympic Platinum", written by the album's mixer Nick DiDia around the time of the 1996 Summer Olympics, was recorded by the band and released on its 1996 fan club Christmas single.


title: No Code

text: While "Vitalogy" had shifted away from the earlier albums' accessible compositions and polished production, "No Code" represented a deliberate break from "Ten"'s stadium sound, favoring experimental ballads and noisy garage rock songs. It stood out with its emphasis on subtle harmony ("Off He Goes"), Eastern influences ("Who You Are"), and spoken word ("I'm Open"). Irons lends a tribal drum sound on the songs "Who You Are" and "In My Tree". Irons stated, "To turn my drum music into a song is pretty challenging, but the guys have been really supportive of me doing it, and we've worked some things into a few songs." Vedder said, "We realized that we had an opportunity to experiment." David Browne of "Entertainment Weekly" stated that ""No Code" displays a wider range of moods and instrumentation than on any previous Pearl Jam album."


title: No Code

text: The lyrical themes on the album deal with issues of spirituality, morality, and self-examination. Vedder said, "I think there's a little self-examination in those songs, something that a lot of my friends are going through too, as they approach 30." Ament said, "In some ways, it's like the band's story. It's about growing up." The lyrics of "Hail, Hail" refer to two people in a troubled relationship struggling to hold it together. Vedder has said that he wrote the song "Off He Goes" about himself and how he is a "shit friend", adding, "I'll show up and everything's great and then all of the sudden I'm outta there..." "Lukin" is about the "pretty intense stalker problem" Vedder faced during the mid-1990s. "Around the Bend" was written by Vedder as a lullaby that Irons could sing to his son.