title: Silchar

text: The Burmese army attacked Cachar in 1824 and the British declared war on them. Eventually, the two armies clashed in the Burmese stronghold of Dudpatil, 15 km from Silchar and the British were able to drive the Burmese away to Manipur in 1825. The clash in Cachar was the start of the First Anglo-Burmese War, which ended with the Treaty of Yandabo, wherein the Kingdom of Ava agreed to stop attacking Cachar, amongst other areas. Gobinda Chandra was reinstated on the throne but had to pay an annual tribute of Rs.10,000 to the British as per the Treaty of Badarpur, which adversely affected the post-Burmese occupation Cachar's economy.


title: Silchar

text: Gobinda Chandra was assassinated without any heir on 24 April 1830. Though Gambhir Singh of Manipur, who was suspected to be behind the assassination, laid claim on Cachar, it passed onto British hands as per the Treaty of Badarpur. Captain Thomas Fisher, an army officer took charge of Cachar on 30 June 1830 with the headquarters in Cherrapunji. On 14 August 1832 Cachar came under formal British occupation and in 1833 Silchar was made the headquarters. Cachar was part of the Bengal province from 1832 to 1874, when the district was transferred to the new Assam province.


title: Silchar

text: There is no mention of any place called 'Silchar' before the annexation of Cachar. Its constituent areas such as Tarapur, Ambikapur, Kanakpur, and Rangpur have been mentioned as villages under Gobinda Chandra, but not 'Silchar'. The earliest mention of Silchar was in 1835 in a report by R.B. Pamberton, and since then it was mentioned in British official documents. Silchar was founded as the administrative headquarters of Cachar around the Janiganj-Sadarghat area of the town. After shifting the district headquarters to Silchar in 1832, Captain Fisher started building Sadar Station in Janiganj. Janiganj existed prior to the British as part of a taluk under the Mirasdars of Ambikapur before being taken over by Gobinda Chandra. In this respect, Captain Thomas Fisher was the founder of Silchar. The Sadar Station and the District Court are still located in and around present day Janiganj.


title: Silchar

text: According to a theorist, Fisher's reasons for choosing Silchar as the administrative centre for Cachar included 'the strategic location of Silchar, its accessibility from Sylhet, availability of land and labour, approach routes to neighbouring hills and prospects of riverine commerce'. The establishment of the Sadar Station was followed by the construction of the treasury and a kutchery. A jail and a police outpost for the Sylhet Light Infantry was constructed in Fatak Bazar, while offices and residential quarters were made in Janiganj. Parts of Janiganj were also allotted to officers and traders.


title: Silchar

text: John Edgars, the successor to Captain Fisher, added to the urban growth of the city. He prepared a blueprint for the planned development of Silchar, paved the roads, and supervised the construction of office buildings, residential quarters, circuit house and the Deputy Commissioner's office. The latter two still survive. Under him, the jail was shifted from Fatak Bazar to its present site, and traders from nearby areas in Bengal were encouraged to settle in the town. Communication facilities were strengthened with the steamer service between Silchar and Kolkata in 1850, the establishment of the Head Post Office in 1852, and the introduction of telegraph in 1861. While Tarapur, Malugram and Itkhola were part of the older settled areas, newer localities such as Central Road, Nazirpatty, Premtola, Tulapatty, and Narshingtola emerged.


title: Silchar

text: Due to the initiatives of Captain Fisher, a medical centre was established in Silchar in 1835, which became a hospital in 1864. The tea industry in Cachar was growing by 1855, which lead to Silchar's emergence as a centre of trade and commerce. The town got its first English education institution in 1863 when Reverend Pyrse started the High Grammar School, which later became the Government Boys Higher Secondary School. In 1864, a charitable dispensary was set up, which later became the Civil Hospital. Silchar got its very first body for self governance In 1882, when a Town Committee was established under the Bengal Municipal Act, 1876. Keating Library, the first library in Silchar, was established in 1876 and was renamed to Arun Chanda Granthagar after Independence. The earliest newspaper in Cachar, called 'Silchar', appeared in 1883. In 1891, the town became a municipality and in 1899 the Assam-Bengal railways reached Silchar, providing easier access to the Chittagong sea port. Silchar was connected to Kolkata through steamers as well.


title: Silchar

text: Silchar witnessed major flooding in June 1929 because of incessant rains and flooding of river Barak. N. G. A. Edgley, District and Sessions Judge of Sylhet and Cachar, was present in Silchar during the floods and supervised the relief activities till 19 June when the Commissioner and Deputy Commissioner returned from Shillong and Haflong, where they were stranded. Buildings in the town sustained major damages and the supply of filtered water was absent from 12 June to 5 July.


title: Silchar

text: By 1934, Silchar town had grown because of good connectivity through road, river, and rail. The population in the town had grown by 60% since 1901 and had access to water supply. The town now had increased amenities, including 'presses, motor woks, druggist shop, oil mills, ice factory'. This led to the increase in revenue rates in 1934 by the then Deputy Commissioner P.C. Chatterjee. 1935 saw the establishment of G.C. College as the Guardian College. In 1937, the Cachar Branch of the Kishan Sabha was established with Dwijen Sen as first General Secretary. In 1940, a conference of the Sabha was organised in Silchar to demand better conditions for farmers. The Tebhaga movement of Bengal was organised in Cachar district as well by the Sabha where the local peasants participated. In 1942, the Japanese forces dropped a bomb on Derby Tea Estate 20 km from the town and the Second World War led to the shortage of water, electricity, paper, wood, kerosene. and clothes. Cycle rickshaws were introduced in Silchar the same year.


title: Silchar

text: In the 1850s, the British observed exiled Manipuri princes in Silchar play Sagol Kangjei, the predecessor to modern polo which was already popular in nearby Manipur. Captain Robert Stewart, then assistant deputy commissioner, participated in the game with the Manipuri players. In 1859, Stewart, now the deputy commissioner, and Major General Joseph Sherer, assistant deputy commissioner, established the world's first polo club in Silchar, called the Silchar Kangjei Club. It was later renamed to Silchar Polo Club and survives today as the Cachar Club, though no polo is played anymore. The first competitive modern form of polo was played in Silchar as well, and the plaque for this feat still stands behind the local District Library.


title: Silchar

text: After the Partition of Assam and Independence of India, the town of Silchar saw a large increase of 10.5% in its population in the decade of 1941–51. This was largely because of the in migration of Hindu refugees from the adjacent district of Sylhet went to East Pakistan. The effect of the partition was felt administratively as well. The Sessions Court of Sylhet had a Circuit Court present in Silchar till Independence. After that, Silchar and the rest of Cachar came under the District & Sessions Judge, Jorhat till 1955 when the District & Sessions Judge of Cachar District took over in Silchar. S. K. Dutta became the first District & Sessions Judge of Cachar District Judiciary.


title: Silchar

text: Apart from the refugees from East Pakistan, Silchar also saw a lot of migration from neighbouring states in Northeast due to political disturbances which added to the population growth. The 1971 Bangladesh liberation war saw more in migration from then East Pakistan.


title: Silchar

text: Silchar saw one of the uprisings in favor of the Bengali language. When the Assam government, under Chief Minister Bimala Prasad Chaliha, passed a circular to make Assamese mandatory, Bengalis of Barak Valley protested. On 19 May 1961, Assam police opened fire on unarmed protesters at Silchar railway station. Eleven people (listed below) were killed.


title: Silchar

text: After the popular revolt, the Assam government had to withdraw the circular and Bengali was ultimately given official status in the three districts of Barak Valley. Section 5 of Assam Act XVIII, 1961, safeguards the use of Bengali in the Cachar district. It says, “Without prejudice to the provisions contained in Section 3, the Bengali language shall be used for administrative and other official purposes up to and including district level.”


title: Silchar

text: In 1985, Air India created history by operating the world's first all-women crew flight in the Kolkata-Silchar route. It was a Fokker Friendship F-27 flight which was piloted by Saudamini Deshmukh and co-piloted by Nivedita Bhasin, and had two airhostesses.


title: Silchar

text: Silchar Municipal Board is responsible for the municipal governance of the town. The municipal history of Silchar goes back to 1865 when the town was made a municipality under the Bengal District Town Improvement Act, 1864. The municipality was composed to 8 European and 3 Indian members, in addition to the chairperson and the vice-chairperson. This was later withdrawn in 1868. In January 1882, Silchar got a Town Committee under the Bengal Municipal Act, 1876. Mr. Wright, the Deputy Commissioner, was the chairperson and Babu Jagat Bandhu Nag was elected by the committee members as the vice-chairperson. Silchar had been divided into four wards - Janiganj, Ambicapur, Tarapur, and Malugram - but each ward had only 20-50 voters.


title: Silchar

text: The Town Committee had limited powers to impose taxes, which constrained its funds and municipal activities. Yet it carried out some important activities: road construction, creating tanks and cleaning older ones, making public latrines, removable of 'objectional' houses such as distillery and slaughter houses out the town, and draining of swamps to prevent diseases. In 1891, on recommendation of the Deputy Commissioner to the Assam Government, Silchar was turned into a municipality. The first Municipal elections in Silchar were held in February 1900 but only 14.6% of the town was eligible to vote. 12 members were elected, who joined 2 ex-officio members and 6 nominated members to form the municipality. Of these 20 members, 16 were Indians and 4 were Europeans.


title: Silchar

text: From 1882 to 1912, the Deputy commissioners were the chairpersons of the municipality. The chairpersons began to be elected from 1913 onwards. Kamini Kumar Chanda and Mahesh Chandra Dutta were the first elected chairperson and vice-chairperson of the Silchar municipality. The municipality took decisions like construction and repair of roads, buying medicines and taking public health preventive steps, sanitation, and setting prices to guard again inflation. As the pro-Independence sentiments grew, the municipality started to participate as well; reception plans for the Viceroy Chelmsford's visit to Silchar in 1919 were cancelled because of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, a resolution was passed after the death of Chittaranjan Das in 1925, and members of the municipality proposed a hartal to protest against the Simon Commission's visit to India in 1928. In 1930, the then chairperson Dhirendra Kumar Gupta and member Satindra Mohan Deb were arrested because of their participation in the Civil Disobedience Movement. The municipality took out a resolution in July 1947 against including Cachar within Pakistan and sent a member to Kolkata to submit a memorandum in front of the Boundary Commission.


title: Silchar

text: By 1952, when the first post Independence municipal elections took place, Madhurban was added to the ward list and the town now had 5 wards in total. This period also saw the municipality giving over the control of the fire brigade to the state government, and donation of land to establish educational institutes.


title: Silchar

text: Till 1975, the municipality had elected members, but from 1975 to 1979, a government Executive Officer was in charge. 1975 to 1984 saw an elected body preside over the municipal board, but from 1984, it has been run by state government appointees.


title: Silchar

text: Silchar is located in the southernmost part of Assam. It is located between longitudes 92º24’ E and 93º15’ E and latitudes 24º22’N and 25º8’N East and is 35 meters above mean sea level. The city is located in an alluvial flat plain with swamps, streams, and isolated small hills (locally known as "tilla") marking its landscape. Apart from Barak river, the other major river is Ghagra river.


title: Silchar

text: Silchar is in Zone V on the Seismic Zonation Map and has witnessed major earthquakes. The earthquake in January 1869 was of magnitude of 7.5 on the Richter scale and caused heavy damage. Other significant earthquakes include those in 1947 (magnitude 7.7), 1957 (7.0) and 1984 (6.0).


title: Silchar

text: According to 2011 India census, Silchar municipal area has a population of 172,830. The sex ratio of Silchar is 989 females per 1,000 males, which is above the national ratio of 940 females per 1,000 males. Silchar municipal area has an average literacy rate of 82.33%, higher than the national average of 74.04%, with male literacy at 84.15% and female literacy at 80.49%.


title: Silchar

text: Hinduism is the majority religion in Silchar city with around "154,381" followers. Islam is the second most popular religion in Silchar with approximately "21,759" followers. Jainism is practiced by "1,408" people, Christianity by "1,052" people, Sikhism by "77" people and Buddhism by "39" people in Silchar city. Around "145" people did not state their religion.


title: Silchar

text: According to 2011 census, Silchar city having a population of 172,830 persons, of which Bengali is spoken by 158,606 people, Hindi is spoken by 9,263 people, Manipuri is spoken by 3,543 people, Bishnupriya Manipuri is spoken by 1,244 people, while other languages constitute 0.1% of the city's population according to 2011 census.


title: Silchar

text: Silchar has a borderline tropical monsoon climate (Köppen "Am") slightly too hot in the “winter” or “cool” season to qualify as a humid subtropical climate ("Cwa"). During this “cool” season the weather is generally warm and dry with cool to mild mornings; however, the “wet” season begins early as the monsoon moves into the region during April, with the result that for seven months of the year Silchar has very hot and humid weather with heavy thunderstorms almost every afternoon until the middle of October, when there is usually a brief period of hot and relatively dry weather before the “cool” season sets in during November.


title: Silchar

text: Silchar is home to the main campus of Assam University, a central university that imparts education in both the general and the professional streams. The university, which came into existence in 1994, has 17 schools and 35 post graduate departments. It has 56 colleges affiliated to it. All the colleges in Silchar city are affiliated to the Assam University. Apart from the university, Silchar also has multiple colleges; G.C. College established in 1935, Cachar College, A.K.Chanda Law College, Teacher's Training College established in 1960, Women's College in 1963, Silchar Medical College in 1968, National Institute of Technology (Regional Engineering College) in 1969, and Radha Madhab College in 1971.


title: Silchar

text: Silchar Airport (IXS) is located at Kumbhirgram, about 22 km from Silchar. It was built during World war II and the current ATC services are provided by Indian Air Force. Silchar has been selected as one of the towns for the construction of 51 low-cost airports across the country. Silchar Airport is the 2nd busiest airport (70 civilian flights/week) in Assam and 4th busiest in North east after Guwahati, Agartala and Imphal and handles approximately 200,000 PAX yearly.


title: Silchar

text: In December 1985, Air India operated the first all-woman crew flight in the world from Kolkata to Silchar which was commanded by Captain Saudamini Deshmukh on a Fokker F-27 Friendship aircraft.


title: Silchar

text: Silchar is part of the Silchar (Lok Sabha constituency) and Silchar (Vidhan Sabha constituency). The current member of Parliament from Silchar is Dr. Rajdeep Roy of the BJP and current MLA is Dipayan Chakraborty of the BJP.


title: The First Time (2012 film)

text: The First Time is a 2012 American teen romantic comedy film written and directed by Jon Kasdan, starring Britt Robertson, Dylan O'Brien (in his film debut), James Frecheville, and Victoria Justice.


title: The First Time (2012 film)

text: Dave Hodgman (O'Brien) is a high school senior who spends most of his time pining away over his best friend, Jane Harmon (Justice), a girl he cannot have. Aubrey Miller (Robertson), a junior at a different high school, has an older boyfriend, Ronny (Frecheville) who does not quite understand her or seem to care. A casual conversation between Dave and Aubrey sparks an instant connection, and, over the course of a weekend, things turn magical, romantic, complicated, and funny as Aubrey and Dave discover what it is like to fall in love for the first time.


title: The First Time (2012 film)

text: Dave, a senior in high school, is in a back alley at a house party, rehearsing a confession of love for his best friend Jane, when he's interrupted by a junior named Aubrey. They talk, and when he practices the speech to get her opinion, she is not impressed. When he offers to dance with her she refuses, explaining that public displays of affection (PDA) are distasteful, in her opinion. She eventually gives in and starts to dance with him, minutes before the police raid the party. Aubrey invites Dave to walk home with her and into her house, noting that she has a boyfriend. She then invites him to her bedroom. They share some wine and a meaningful conversation. Aubrey asks him if he's ever had sex, and Dave admits he hasn't, but she refuses to answer the same question. They talk while lying side by side on the floor and both accidentally fall asleep. The next morning, Aubrey's mother knocks on the door, awakening and surprising both of them. Dave goes through the window to get out of the house, spilling his glass of wine on the carpet in the process.


title: The First Time (2012 film)

text: Dave meets with his friends, the cocky and British Simon and quiet Big Corporation, in a diner for breakfast, telling them about Aubrey. They suggest that claiming to have a boyfriend could be a strategic lie, and tell him he should contact her. Dave receives her home number through a mutual friend and calls her house, catching Aubrey as her parents are berating her about the wine on the rug. Dave informs her that he and his friends are catching a movie that evening, and Aubrey tells Dave she's going to the same theater with her boyfriend Ronny.


title: The First Time (2012 film)

text: Jane and her friends happen to be at the theatre. Aubrey persuades Ronny to go to the same movie as Dave and Jane, as she is feeling a touch of jealousy. Jane repeatedly flirts with Dave inside the theater, sitting next to him, taking off her jacket and attempting to hold his hand. Confused and upset, Aubrey leaves the theater during the film, and a concerned Dave follows her. In the lobby, she apologizes for being strange on the phone and having him jump off the roof. They have another conversation, in which Dave gets her cell phone number and invites her and Ronny to Jane's friend's house afterwards.


title: The First Time (2012 film)

text: At the friend's house, Aubrey and Jane end up together at the pool, and talk about Dave. Jane has high praise for Dave, but clearly takes him for granted while complaining about all the awful guys she's been with. Aubrey seems to suggest that sometimes the right guy is right in front of them, but stops and pretends to have forgotten what she was about to say.


title: The First Time (2012 film)

text: Meanwhile, inside the house, a jealous and tipsy Ronny brags to Dave that he and Aubrey are planning to have sex that night in his van. This annoys and worries Dave, who finds Aubrey and tells her not to have sex with Ronny, and that her first time shouldn't be with a guy like him. Aubrey denounces the romantic notion of the first time being so important, and tells him it's none of his business. Things take a flirtatious turn but Ronny appears, telling Aubrey they need to go. Dave intervenes, nearly leading to a fight before Simon and Big Corporation intervene, stopping it. Aubrey leaves with Ronny.


title: The First Time (2012 film)

text: At the end of the small party, Dave ends up in a bedroom with Jane, where she half flirts with him before starting to complain about her latest sexual misadventures. Jane notes that something weird is going on with Dave. He realizes he'd rather be with Aubrey and leaves. On his way home, he gets a text from Aubrey asking him to pick her up. Smiling, he obliges. They drive around, she tells him that she's just dumped Ronny. They eventually pass a van that they both recognize, which turns out to be one in which they interacted with the teenagers inside on the night of the party where they met. The van appears to have crashed, and the teenagers inside are no where to be found. This greatly upsets Aubrey, who says she's going to be sick and Dave pulls over. Throughout this, they gradually reveal and discover their feelings for each other, ending in them kissing in the parking lot where Dave pulled over.


title: The First Time (2012 film)

text: They talk on the phone the next day and meet at a park with Dave's little sister, Stella. Aubrey learns that her parents are going out and invites Dave over that night. Dave struggles with himself before deciding to not bring a condom.


title: The First Time (2012 film)

text: That night they make out, then hesitate before deciding to have sex. Dave awkwardly puts on a condom that Aubrey has, and the scene fades out as they decide to have sex.


title: The First Time (2012 film)

text: Afterwards, both of them are upset because it hasn't gone well, and they don't know how to talk about it. Everything they say seems to make it worse, and they decide it was all a mistake and they should not see each other.


title: The First Time (2012 film)

text: Later that night, Aubrey keeps looking at her phone hoping Dave will call, while Dave repeatedly picks up his phone to call but backs down. He meets with Simon and Big Corporation, telling them that the idea of sex was better than the experience. Simon tells him its no big deal, but Big Corporation reminds him that they spend every weekend looking for someone special and it never happens, but this time it did. He says Dave and Aubrey hit a speed bump because it was their first time, but Dave should be a man and give it another try.


title: The First Time (2012 film)

text: In the following morning, Aubrey tells her parents that she found a great guy and messed it up by pushing him away. Her parents try to make her feel better. Dave is waiting for her in the driveway, declaring his feelings and wants to try again. She leads him to believe she's not interested, but asks for a ride to school. In the car, she expresses her desire to be together and a need to work on the sex, which he happily agrees to. He drops her off and they say goodbye awkwardly, but she runs back to him, breaking her no PDA rule with a warm, passionate kiss in front of the other students.


title: The First Time (2012 film)

text: Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a 47% rating based on 19 reviews and an average rating of 5.62/10. Metacritic gives the film a score of 55 out of 100, based on 10 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews." Among the negative reviews, Mark Olsen of the "Los Angeles Times" wrote, "There is much to like here, a sense of nuance and non-judgmental emotional openness, yet Kasdan's teenage miniaturism never quite blooms," whilst Joshua Rothkopf of "Time Out New York" said, "Writer-director Jonathan Kasdan can't even bother to satisfy the buildup with a real moment of consummation (welcome to the fade to black) or believable postcoital complications." Todd McCarthy of "The Hollywood Reporter" was similarly unimpressed, remarking, "Despite intermittent laughs and charm, "The First Time" feels slight and pretty ordinary by the end, with no edge or compelling insights".


title: The First Time (2012 film)

text: However, "New York Times" critic Neil Genzlinger wrote a positive review, stating, "The list of temptations a filmmaker can fall into when making a movie about high school students and virginity is quite long, but Jonathan Kasdan avoids most of them in his sweet, low-key comedy “The First Time.” No gratuitous raunchiness here and only a few tired caricatures in a genre usually jammed with them." And Daniel Fienberg of "HitFix" enthused, ""The First Time" doesn't look or feel like a Sundance competition entry, but if you overlook it due to that television pedigree, you'll miss out on an effectively sweet, frequently clever offering buoyed by an attractive group of stars".


title: The First Time (2012 film)

text: "The First Time" received a limited release in the United States on October 19, 2012, grossing $22,836 domestically and $92,654 worldwide. It was released on DVD and digital download on March 12, 2013.


title: Nima Denzongpa

text: Nima Denzongpa was an Indian Hindi-language social drama series that aired on Colors TV from 23 August 2021 to 2 September 2022. It starred Surabhi Das, Mohammed Iqbal Khan, Manish Raisinghan and Akshay Kelkar.


title: Nima Denzongpa

text: Nima Denzongpa is a young, kind-hearted and innocent girl from Sikkim. Suresh Mane, a young spot boy from Mumbai, comes to Sikkim for a shoot with his manager. Eventually, Nima and Suresh fall in love and form a tight bond. A day before leaving, Suresh asks Nima to come with him to Mumbai, leaving Nima in dilemma. Nima's mother learns the truth and tells her to do what she feels is right. Nima chooses to love and goes to Mumbai, where she faces many insults. Suresh's mother, Sunita has fixed a relationship for him. But, Suresh managed to marry Nima in court. Later, Sunita pretends to accept Nima to save her reputation.


title: Nima Denzongpa

text: Nima is shown to be a mother of two daughters, Siya and Manya. Sunita doesn't want a girl child and fixes Suresh's marriage with a Marathi girl Tulika. But on the engagement, it is revealed that Nima is pregnant with her third child. Suresh managed to take some time from Sunita and Tulika. He agrees to marry Tulika only if Nima's child would not a boy.


title: Nima Denzongpa

text: Nima gives birth to her third daughter, Naari. She is left alone with her daughters. Tulika and Suresh are married as per the deal. Tulika and Sunita create many difficulties for Nima. Soon, Tulika and Suresh have a son, Varun. Tulika fakes Varun's kidnapping with Sunita's help. Suresh angrily throws Nima out of the house. Nima gets a job at a tea stall. However, Manya is lost but is rescued and returned to Nima by a rich family named Goenka. Soon, Nima gets a job as a maid at Goenkas and buys a home in Suresh's neighbourhood. Sarla, Nima's friend helps her with the house arrangements. Meanwhile, Suresh decides to divorce Nima tired of quarrels with Tulika and Sunita. Nima too agrees and they parted ways.


title: Nima Denzongpa

text: Siya, Manya and Naari have grown up. Tulika, Varun and Sunita are jealous of seeing Nima and her daughters' success. Siya gets a job in a bank where she meets Shiv. Soon they both become friends. Manya aspires to be a model and Naari is studying at a college. Manya is kidnapped but rescued by Paras Goenka, who is later revealed to be the son of the Goenka family where Nima works. He offers Manya a job. Suresh gets a driving job at Goenkas'.


title: Nima Denzongpa

text: Eventually, Shiv-Siya and Paras-Manya fall in love. Shiv is forced to marry Kanchan, leaving Siya heartbroken. Tulika throws Suresh and Sunita out of the house. Nima shelters them making Sunita realize her value. Meanwhile, Goenkas forces Paras to marry Mitali. Nima, Suman and Babita learn about Paras' relationship and help him, unaware that it's Manya. Paras runs away from the wedding and marries Manya in the temple. However, Manya is revealed to be pregnant and Goenkas' have to accept her. Thus, Manya and Paras get married. Tulika realizes her mistakes and moves with Suresh.


title: Nima Denzongpa

text: Later, Nima takes care of Virat's son, Krish. After some days Virat's family returns. On Krish's request, Nima and Virat marry. Nima tells the truth to her family about marrying Virat. Virat's fiancée, Priyal and sister-in-law, Mona try to create problems between Krish, Virat and Nima, but in vain. Manya meets with an accident and miscarries due to Priyal. Sia marries Shiv after he divorced Kanchan.


title: Nima Denzongpa

text: Virat's brother, Alok, who is jealous of him, fakes his death and frames Virat, who goes missing. Suresh and Tulika return and help Nima to expose Alok, who is arrested. Later, Nima finds Virat, who has lost his memory and lives as Manav Deshmukh. He lives with a woman named Sujata, who claims as his wife. Eventually, Virat regains his memory. Sujata is revealed to be a serial killer and holds Virat captive. Nima saves Virat from her, risking her life and gets Sujata arrested. Finally, Nima and Virat reunite to live happily.


title: The Legend (2022 film)

text: The Legend is a 2022 Indian Tamil-language science-fiction action film written and directed by J. D.–Jerry. The film stars Saravanan Arul (in his film debut), Geethika Tiwary (in her film debut), Urvashi Rautela (in her Tamil film debut) with Vivek (in his final appearance before his demise), Suman and Nassar. The film's music was composed by Harris Jayaraj, while cinematography and editing were handled by R. Velraj and Ruben, respectively. The plot revolves around Dr. Saravanan, a scientist who focuses on using his education and expertise to help his people and the nation.


title: The Legend (2022 film)

text: The film's title was announced on 3 March 2022, along with a first look and motion poster. The film was shot at various locations abroad, apart from Chennai, Pollachi, and the Himalayas.


title: The Legend (2022 film)

text: The film was initially scheduled for release on 1 July 2022 but got postponed to 15 July 2022 before postponing again. "The Legend" was released theatrically on 28 July 2022 and mostly received negative reviews from critics and audiences.


title: The Legend (2022 film)

text: The story revolves around Dr. Saravanan, an apparently world-renowned scientist who has revolutionised the antibiotics field, who chooses to work from his village for the sake of his people. Spurred by the death of his diabetic friend, he decides to invent a cure for the disease. But this spells bad news for the pharma mafia, which has already suffered a lot because of Saravanan's earlier research - antibiotic requirement test. So, their Indian operatives decide to sabotage Saravanan's research, even causing him a very personal loss. The challenges faced by the scientist to go ahead with his research and succeed in his endeavour forms rest of the story.


title: The Legend (2022 film)

text: The Legend New Saravana Stores Productions company announced a project with J. D.–Jerry as the directors which marks their comeback to directing and with Legend Saravanan in the lead role which would mark his debut as an actor in this film after he previously appeared in ad films of his store with multiple heroines of the film industry present in the ad. It would also marks the first production venture of the businessman-turned actor's production. On 3 March 2022, the title of the film was announced to be "The Legend" along with the first look and motion poster of the film being released. It was reported that the first look of the film would be released at Cannes Film Festival.


title: The Legend (2022 film)

text: Pattukkottai Prabakar was announced to be writing the dialogues and Harris Jayaraj was announced to compose the music which marks his comeback to composing after "Kaappaan" while R. Velraj and Ruben were announced to be handling cinematography and editing respectively. It was also reported that SS Moorthy was bought in as the art director, while Raju Sundaram, Brindha, and Dinesh have been roped in as choreographers of the film. Initially, it was reported that the film would be a bilingual film made in Tamil and Hindi languages, however these reports proved to be false.


title: The Legend (2022 film)

text: Legend Saravanan was reported to play the role of a scientist, while Urvashi Rautela who appeared predominantly in Hindi films, was cast as the female lead, marking her debut in Tamil cinema. She will be seen playing the role of a microbiologist — an IITian in the film. Suman is also playing a negative role in this film called VJ a flithy medical mafia who is very evil and cruel. Actress Geethika Tiwari was also announced to play another female lead in this film. The film also has an ensemble cast of actors including Nassar, Vivek, Vijayakumar, Prabhu, Livingston, Yogi Babu, Robo Shankar, Sachu, Vamsi Krishna, Latha, Deepa Shankar, Hareesh Peradi, Singampuli, Mayilswamy, Besant Ravi and Mansoor Ali Khan in other pivotal roles. Actresses Raai Laxmi and Yashika Aannand were signed on to make special appearances in the songs "Vaadi Vaasal" and "Mosalo Mosalu" respectively.


title: The Legend (2022 film)

text: The film has been shot at various locations abroad, apart from Chennai, Pollachi, and the Himalayas. The team shot a song at a set made on a cost of 30 crore.


title: The Legend (2022 film)

text: The music of the film is composed by Harris Jayaraj, making his comeback to composing after "Kaappaan", which marks his first collaboration with both Legend Saravanan and J. D.–Jerry. The audio rights of the film were purchased by Think Music India. The first single titled "Mosalu Mosalu" was released on 9 April 2022. The second single titled "Vaadi Vaasal" was released on 20 May 2022. The entire soundtrack album was released on 30 May 2022.


title: The Legend (2022 film)

text: The moster of the film was unveiled on 3 March 2022 at the film’s poster launch held at 2022 Cannes Film Festival.


title: The Legend (2022 film)

text: The theatrical trailer of the film was released on 29 May 2022 in the occasion of the music release of the film. Within 24 hours days, the trailer crosses over 14 million views. Reviewing the trailer of the film "Cinema Express" wrote "The film directed by the duo JD-Jerry looks like a typical mass entertainer with colourful songs, gravity-defying action, comedy tracks and a mandatory social message in it. From the slick-looking trailer, it is evident that the film boasts of an excellent technical team, rich production values and a stellar ensemble." "Indiaglitz" too wrote after reviewing the trailer that "The trailer promised a mass entertainer with some gravity-defying action sequences, beautiful locations, colourful songs, comedy tracks and a mandatory social message."


title: The Legend (2022 film)

text: The film's music release took place in Chennai on 29 May 2022. It was also reported that ten more female lead actresses would be a part of the film's audio launch. Another pre-release event was also held in Cochin to promote the film.


title: The Legend (2022 film)

text: "The Legend" was released theatrically on 28 July 2022. It was initially slated that the film would be released theatrically on 1 July 2022. However, there were reports suggesting that the film would release on


title: The Legend (2022 film)

text: The theatrical rights of the film in Tamil Nadu was brought by Gopuram Cinemas. The distribution rights of the film in Kerala was brought by Magic Frames, while the worldwide distribution of the film has been bagged by AP International.


title: The Legend (2022 film)

text: The satellite rights of the film sold to Star Vijay and the digital rights are acquired by Disney+ Hotstar.


title: The Legend (2022 film)

text: On the first day of its release the film collected over 2 crore. On the opening week of its release the film made a box office collection of 6 crore.


title: The Legend (2022 film)

text: Avinash Ramachandran of "Cinema Express" gave the film 2 out of 5 stars and wrote "For the uninitiated, the film might be just one big joke, but honestly, Saravanan and team clearly know what they wanted to do with The Legend. They are all in on the joke, and so are we." "Pinkvilla" gave the film’s rating 2 out of 5 and stated "Harris Jayaraj's music is pretty decent. R Velraj's cinematography is another plus. SS Moorthy's art direction is respectable. The dance choreographers (Raju Sundaram, Brinda, Dinesh) is better than the stock stunts by Anl Arasu." M Suganth of "The Times of India" gave the film 1.5 out of 5 and stated that "The one thing that JD-Jery get right is in glossing their product to hide its two major shortcomings - writing and lead performances. The film is mounted on a scale that reminds us of big-star movies from the 2000s, and even the plastic visual tone (R Velraj is the cinematographer), and grand but empty score (by Harris Jayaraj) are from that time. Alas, if only had they spent some of the money that they have splashed on the needless songs and stunts for the writing! Forget a wannabe star like Saravanan, even a bona fide superstar like Rajinikanth wouldn't have managed to save this vanity project." Bharathy Singaravel of "The News Minute" rated the film 1.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Such as putting on display every possible stunt sequence Kollywood has conceived of over the years. To keep pace, Harris Jayraj’s music desperately tries to inflate all the mass moments Saravanan desires. At a run-time of 2 hours 40 minutes, The Legend starts off laughable and quickly becomes unendurably grating. Opinions may differ, but even as a film so awful it could become iconically bad, it fails. It has its utterly charmless hero to thank for that." Bhuvaneshvar Chander of "The Hindu" wrote "Sadly, The Legend also fails to consistently be hilarious in its long 160-minute runtime. On top of it all, this is also a film that ridiculously uses Vivekh, even making one feel guilty for disliking the role of the late legendary actor." Kirubhakar Prabhakaran of "The Indian Express" gave the film 1 out of 5 stars and wrote "The innate problem of The Legend is that it’s not a movie but a set piece to propel Saravanan into stardom. Even the well-intended story about taking on the medical mafia is exploited to serve the hero. All the scenes are carefully crafted to exalt the hero, and it is saddening and excruciating to see these renowned actors reduced to auxiliary templates with only one objective – to hype up the hero. JD and Jerry have made much better ad films, and The Legend ends up as an elaborate and expensive addition to their stable. The pseudo movie aims to sell Saravanan Arul as a star. Unfortunately, the attempt is in vain since stars – both cinematic and celestial – cannot be designed." Jayadeep Jayesh of "Deccan Herald" rated the film 1 out of 5 and wrote "Haris Jayaraj’s music does not reflect his best work. Sloppy VFX and over-saturated cinematography are also minuses of the film. A few self-aware jokes would have made ‘The Legend’ a moderately enjoyable spoof of the vintage ‘masala film’. But the film takes itself way too seriously.".


title: Promethium

text: Promethium is a chemical element with the symbol Pm and atomic number 61. All of its isotopes are radioactive; it is extremely rare, with only about 500–600 grams naturally occurring in Earth's crust at any given time. Promethium is one of only two radioactive elements that are followed in the periodic table by elements with stable forms, the other being technetium. Chemically, promethium is a lanthanide. Promethium shows only one stable oxidation state of +3.


title: Promethium

text: In 1902 Bohuslav Brauner suggested that there was a then-unknown element with properties intermediate between those of the known elements neodymium (60) and samarium (62); this was confirmed in 1914 by Henry Moseley, who, having measured the atomic numbers of all the elements then known, found that atomic number 61 was missing. In 1926, two groups (one Italian and one American) claimed to have isolated a sample of element 61; both "discoveries" were soon proven to be false. In 1938, during a nuclear experiment conducted at Ohio State University, a few radioactive nuclides were produced that certainly were not radioisotopes of neodymium or samarium, but there was a lack of chemical proof that element 61 was produced, and the discovery was not generally recognized. Promethium was first produced and characterized at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in 1945 by the separation and analysis of the fission products of uranium fuel irradiated in a graphite reactor. The discoverers proposed the name "prometheum" (the spelling was subsequently changed), derived from Prometheus, the Titan in Greek mythology who stole fire from Mount Olympus and brought it down to humans, to symbolize "both the daring and the possible misuse of mankind's intellect". However, a sample of the metal was made only in 1963.


title: Promethium

text: The two sources of natural promethium are rare alpha decays of natural europium-151 (producing promethium-147) and spontaneous fission of uranium (various isotopes). Promethium-145 is the most stable promethium isotope, but the only isotope with practical applications is promethium-147, chemical compounds of which are used in luminous paint, atomic batteries and thickness-measurement devices. Because natural promethium is exceedingly scarce, it is typically synthesized by bombarding uranium-235 (enriched uranium) with thermal neutrons to produce promethium-147 as a fission product.


title: Promethium

text: A promethium atom has 61 electrons, arranged in the configuration [Xe] 4f 6s. The seven 4f and 6s electrons are valence. In forming compounds, the atom loses its two outermost electrons and one of the 4f-electrons, which belongs to an open subshell. The element's atomic radius is the second largest among all the lanthanides but is only slightly greater than those of the neighboring elements. It is the most notable exception to the general trend of the contraction of lanthanide atoms with the increase of their atomic numbers (see lanthanide contraction). Many properties of promethium rely on its position among lanthanides and are intermediate between those of neodymium and samarium. For example, the melting point, the first three ionization energies, and the hydration energy are greater than those of neodymium and lower than those of samarium; similarly, the estimate for the boiling point, ionic (Pm) radius, and standard heat of formation of monatomic gas are greater than those of samarium and less than those of neodymium.


title: Promethium

text: Promethium has a double hexagonal close packed (dhcp) structure and a hardness of 63 kg/mm. This low-temperature alpha form converts into a beta, body-centered cubic (bcc) phase upon heating to 890 °C.


title: Promethium

text: Promethium belongs to the cerium group of lanthanides and is chemically very similar to the neighboring elements. Because of its instability, chemical studies of promethium are incomplete. Even though a few compounds have been synthesized, they are not fully studied; in general, they tend to be pink or red in color. Treatment of acidic solutions containing ions with ammonia results in a gelatinous light-brown sediment of hydroxide, , which is insoluble in water. When dissolved in hydrochloric acid, a water-soluble yellow salt, , is produced; similarly, when dissolved in nitric acid, a nitrate results, . The latter is also well-soluble; when dried, it forms pink crystals, similar to . The electron configuration for is [Xe] 4f, and the color of the ion is pink. The ground state term symbol is I. The sulfate is slightly soluble, like the other cerium group sulfates. Cell parameters have been calculated for its octahydrate; they lead to conclusion that the density of is 2.86 g/cm. The oxalate, , has the lowest solubility of all lanthanide oxalates.


title: Promethium

text: Unlike the nitrate, the oxide is similar to the corresponding samarium salt and not the neodymium salt. As-synthesized, e.g. by heating the oxalate, it is a white or lavender-colored powder with disordered structure. This powder crystallizes in a cubic lattice upon heating to 600 °C. Further annealing at 800 °C and then at 1750 °C irreversibly transforms it to monoclinic and hexagonal phases, respectively, and the last two phases can be interconverted by adjusting the annealing time and temperature.


title: Promethium

text: Promethium forms only one stable oxidation state, +3, in the form of ions; this is in line with other lanthanides. According to its position in the periodic table, the element cannot be expected to form stable +4 or +2 oxidation states; treating chemical compounds containing Pm ions with strong oxidizing or reducing agents showed that the ion is not easily oxidized or reduced.


title: Promethium

text: Promethium is the only lanthanide and one of only two elements among the first 83 that has no stable or long-lived (primordial) isotopes. This is a result of a rarely occurring effect of the liquid drop model and stabilities of neighbor element isotopes; it is also the least stable element of the first 84. The primary decay products are neodymium and samarium isotopes (promethium-146 decays to both, the lighter isotopes generally to neodymium via positron decay and electron capture, and the heavier isotopes to samarium via beta decay). Promethium nuclear isomers may decay to other promethium isotopes and one isotope (Pm) has a very rare alpha decay mode to stable praseodymium-141.


title: Promethium

text: The most stable isotope of the element is promethium-145, which has a specific activity of and a half-life of 17.7 years via electron capture. Because it has 84 neutrons (two more than 82, which is a magic number which corresponds to a stable neutron configuration), it may emit an alpha particle (which has 2 neutrons) to form praseodymium-141 with 82 neutrons. Thus it is the only promethium isotope with an experimentally observed alpha decay. Its partial half-life for alpha decay is about 6.3 years, and the relative probability for a Pm nucleus to decay in this way is 2.8 %. Several other promethium isotopes such as Pm, Pm, and Pm also have a positive energy release for alpha decay; their alpha decays are predicted to occur but have not been observed. In total, 41 isotopes of promethium are known, ranging from Pm to Pm.


title: Promethium

text: The element also has 18 nuclear isomers, with mass numbers of 133 to 142, 144, 148, 149, 152, and 154 (some mass numbers have more than one isomer). The most stable of them is promethium-148m, with a half-life of 43.1 days; this is longer than the half-lives of the ground states of all promethium isotopes, except for promethium-143 to 147. In fact, promethium-148m has a longer half-life than its ground state, promethium-148.


title: Promethium

text: In 1934, Willard Libby reported that he had found weak beta activity in pure neodymium, which was attributed to a half-life over 10 years. Almost 20 years later, it was claimed that the element occurs in natural neodymium in equilibrium in quantities below 10 grams of promethium per one gram of neodymium. However, these observations were disproved by newer investigations, because for all seven naturally occurring neodymium isotopes, any single beta decays (which can produce promethium isotopes) are forbidden by energy conservation. In particular, careful measurements of atomic masses show that the mass difference Nd-Pm is negative (−87 keV), which absolutely prevents the single beta decay of Nd to Pm.


title: Promethium

text: In 1965, Olavi Erämetsä separated out traces of Pm from a rare earth concentrate purified from apatite, resulting in an upper limit of 10 for the abundance of promethium in nature; this may have been produced by the natural nuclear fission of uranium, or by cosmic ray spallation of Nd.


title: Promethium

text: Both isotopes of natural europium have larger mass excesses than sums of those of their potential alpha daughters plus that of an alpha particle; therefore, they (stable in practice) may alpha decay to promethium. Research at Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso showed that europium-151 decays to promethium-147 with the half-life of 5 years. It has been shown that europium is "responsible" for about 12 grams of promethium in the Earth's crust. Alpha decays for europium-153 have not been found yet, and its theoretically calculated half-life is so high (due to low energy of decay) that this process will probably not be observed in the near future.


title: Promethium

text: Promethium can also be formed in nature as a product of spontaneous fission of uranium-238. Only trace amounts can be found in naturally occurring ores: a sample of pitchblende has been found to contain promethium at a concentration of four parts per quintillion (4) by mass. Uranium is thus "responsible" for 560 g of promethium in Earth's crust.


title: Promethium

text: Promethium has also been identified in the spectrum of the star HR 465 in Andromeda; it also has been found in HD 101065 (Przybylski's star) and HD 965. Because of the short half-life of promethium isotopes, they should be formed near the surface of those stars.


title: Promethium

text: In 1902, Czech chemist Bohuslav Brauner found out that the differences in properties between neodymium and samarium were the largest between any two consecutive lanthanides in the sequence then known; as a conclusion, he suggested there was an element with intermediate properties between them. This prediction was supported in 1914 by Henry Moseley who, having discovered that atomic number was an experimentally measurable property of elements, found that a few atomic numbers had no known corresponding elements: the gaps were 43, 61, 72, 75, 85, and 87. With the knowledge of a gap in the periodic table several groups started to search for the predicted element among other rare earths in the natural environment.


title: Promethium

text: The first claim of a discovery was published by Luigi Rolla and Lorenzo Fernandes of Florence, Italy. After separating a mixture of a few rare earth elements nitrate concentrate from the Brazilian mineral monazite by fractionated crystallization, they yielded a solution containing mostly samarium. This solution gave x-ray spectra attributed to samarium and element 61. In honor of their city, they named element 61 "florentium". The results were published in 1926, but the scientists claimed that the experiments were done in 1924. Also in 1926, a group of scientists from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Smith Hopkins and Len Yntema published the discovery of element 61. They named it "illinium", after the university. Both of these reported discoveries were shown to be erroneous because the spectrum line that "corresponded" to element 61 was identical to that of didymium; the lines thought to belong to element 61 turned out to belong to a few impurities (barium, chromium, and platinum).


title: Promethium

text: In 1934, Josef Mattauch finally formulated the isobar rule. One of the indirect consequences of this rule was that element 61 was unable to form stable isotopes. From 1938, a nuclear experiment was conducted by H. B. Law "et al." at the Ohio State University. Nuclides were produced in 1941 which were not radioisotopes of neodymium or samarium, and the name "cyclonium" was proposed, but there was a lack of chemical proof that element 61 was produced and the discovery not largely recognized.


title: Promethium

text: Promethium was first produced and characterized at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (Clinton Laboratories at that time) in 1945 by Jacob A. Marinsky, Lawrence E. Glendenin and Charles D. Coryell by separation and analysis of the fission products of uranium fuel irradiated in the graphite reactor; however, being too busy with military-related research during World War II, they did not announce their discovery until 1947. The original proposed name was "clintonium", after the laboratory where the work was conducted; however, the name "prometheum" was suggested by Grace Mary Coryell, the wife of one of the discoverers. It is derived from Prometheus, the Titan in Greek mythology who stole fire from Mount Olympus and brought it down to humans and symbolizes "both the daring and the possible misuse of the mankind intellect". The spelling was then changed to "promethium", as this was in accordance with most other metals.


title: Promethium

text: In 1963, promethium(III) fluoride was used to make promethium metal. Provisionally purified from impurities of samarium, neodymium, and americium, it was put into a tantalum crucible which was located in another tantalum crucible; the outer crucible contained lithium metal (10 times excess compared to promethium). After creating a vacuum, the chemicals were mixed to produce promethium metal:


title: Promethium

text: The promethium sample produced was used to measure a few of the metal's properties, such as its melting point.


title: Promethium

text: In 1963, ion-exchange methods were used at ORNL to prepare about ten grams of promethium from nuclear reactor fuel processing wastes.


title: Promethium

text: Promethium can be either recovered from the byproducts of uranium fission or produced by bombarding Nd with neutrons, turning it into Nd which decays into Pm through beta decay with a half-life of 11 days.


title: Promethium

text: The production methods for different isotopes vary, and only those for promethium-147 are given because it is the only isotope with industrial applications. Promethium-147 is produced in large quantities (compared to other isotopes) by bombarding uranium-235 with thermal neutrons. The output is relatively high, at 2.6% of the total product. Another way to produce promethium-147 is via neodymium-147, which decays to promethium-147 with a short half-life. Neodymium-147 can be obtained either by bombarding enriched neodymium-146 with thermal neutrons or by bombarding a uranium carbide target with energetic protons in a particle accelerator. Another method is to bombard uranium-238 with fast neutrons to cause fast fission, which, among multiple reaction products, creates promethium-147.


title: Promethium

text: As early as the 1960s, Oak Ridge National Laboratory could produce 650 grams of promethium per year and was the world's only large-volume synthesis facility. Gram-scale production of promethium has been discontinued in the U.S. in the early 1980s, but will possibly be resumed after 2010 at the High Flux Isotope Reactor. In 2010, Russia was the only country producing promethium-147 on a relatively large scale.


title: Promethium

text: Most promethium is used only for research purposes, except for promethium-147, which can be found outside laboratories. It is obtained as the oxide or chloride, in milligram quantities. This isotope does not emit gamma rays, and its radiation has a relatively small penetration depth in matter and a relatively long half-life.


title: Promethium

text: Some signal lights use a luminous paint, containing a phosphor that absorbs the beta radiation emitted by promethium-147 and emits light. This isotope does not cause aging of the phosphor, as alpha emitters do, and therefore the light emission is stable for a few years. Originally, radium-226 was used for the purpose, but it was later replaced by promethium-147 and tritium (hydrogen-3). Promethium may be favored over tritium for nuclear safety reasons.


title: Promethium

text: In atomic batteries, the beta particles emitted by promethium-147 are converted into electric current by sandwiching a small promethium source between two semiconductor plates. These batteries have a useful lifetime of about five years. The first promethium-based battery was assembled in 1964 and generated "a few milliwatts of power from a volume of about 2 cubic inches, including shielding".


title: Promethium

text: Promethium is also used to measure the thickness of materials by evaluating the amount of radiation from a promethium source that passes through the sample. It has possible future uses in portable X-ray sources, and as auxiliary heat or power sources for space probes and satellites (although the alpha emitter plutonium-238 has become standard for most space-exploration-related uses).


title: Promethium

text: Promethium-147 is also used, albeit in very small quantities (less than 330nCi), in some Philips CFL (Compact Fluorescent Lamp) glow switches in the PLC 22W/28W 15mm CFL range.


title: Promethium

text: The element has no biological role. Promethium-147 can emit gamma rays during its beta decay, which are dangerous for all lifeforms. Interactions with tiny quantities of promethium-147 are not hazardous if certain precautions are observed. In general, gloves, footwear covers, safety glasses, and an outer layer of easily removed protective clothing should be used.


title: Promethium

text: It is not known what human organs are affected by interaction with promethium; a possible candidate is the bone tissues. Sealed promethium-147 is not dangerous. However, if the packaging is damaged, then promethium becomes dangerous to the environment and humans. If radioactive contamination is found, the contaminated area should be washed with water and soap, but, even though promethium mainly affects the skin, the skin should not be abraded. If a promethium leak is found, the area should be identified as hazardous and evacuated, and emergency services must be contacted. No dangers from promethium aside from the radioactivity are known.


title: Mark Lamarr

text: Mark Lamarr (born Mark Jones, 7 January 1967) is an English comedian, writer, radio DJ, and television presenter. He was a team captain on "Shooting Stars" from 1995 to 1997, and hosted "Never Mind the Buzzcocks" from 1996 to 2005.


title: Mark Lamarr

text: Lamarr was born in the Park South area of Swindon, Wiltshire. He has three elder sisters. His father is Irish. He passed five O-Levels at Park School (renamed Oakfield School) but dropped out of school at 17 and moved to Harrow, London, which was the centre of the early 1980s British rockabilly revival scene. After his poem "Too Fast to Live, Too Young to Work" was published in 1987, his act developed from poetry to stand-up comedy. He took to performing at London's Comedy Store in 1985, was spotted on the touring circuit for the launch of Channel 4's "The Big Breakfast" in 1992 and co-presented" The Word".


title: Mark Lamarr

text: Lamarr first came to the public's attention as a co-presenter of the early 1990s late night variety show "The Word". The magazine format of the series allowed for interviews, live music, features and even game shows. The flexible late-night format meant that guests could do just about anything to be controversial. Talking about his TV career to Jo Brown of "Cheers Magazine", Lamarr said "The Word" was:


title: Mark Lamarr

text: After leaving "The Word", Lamarr was an outside presenter on "The Big Breakfast" from 1992 to 1996. Between 1995 and 1997 he appeared as a team captain in the surreal panel show "Shooting Stars", where he displayed a mixture of dour boredom and contempt towards hosts Vic Reeves and Bob Mortimer who, in turn, mocked his "50s throw-back" appearance. Lamarr declined to return for the fourth series in 2002, claiming he did not want to be typecast for appearing on panel shows. He said of his experience on the show:


title: Mark Lamarr

text: Lamarr was host of "Never Mind the Buzzcocks" when the show launched in 1996 and continued in this role for 17 series until 2005. Under Lamarr, the show gained a reputation for scornful treatment of the boy bands and the pop music that had dominated the music scene since the early 1990s, a position that was maintained by his successor. Although Lamarr initially intended to return to "Buzzcocks" after one series away, he was ultimately replaced by Simon Amstell from the 19th series.


title: Mark Lamarr

text: The second series of the sitcom "15 Storeys High" was co-written by Lamarr with comedians Sean Lock and Martin Trenaman, although Lamarr was credited under his original name, Mark Jones. Lamarr made a cameo appearance in the fourth episode of series two.


title: Mark Lamarr

text: Lamarr has previously presented shows on BBC GLR, BBC Radio 5 and BBC Radio 1. He also often guest presented the late night BBC Radio 2 show, sitting in for Mark Radcliffe.


title: Mark Lamarr

text: On 20 July 1998, Lamarr launched a new show on BBC Radio 2 called "Shake, Rattle and Roll", where he played tracks from his own sizeable record collection of obscure rock and roll gems. He also presented "The Reggae Show" series and "Mark Lamarr's Alternative Sixties", playing lesser known tracks from the 1960s.


title: Mark Lamarr

text: On 22 April 2006, Lamarr started a new Radio 2 show called "God's Jukebox". The show aired from midnight to 3.00am on Saturdays and featured a wide variety of music from the previous 70 years including soul, ska, reggae, country, gospel and rap. He also, with Jo Brand, regularly covered the Jonathan Ross Saturday morning show on Radio 2 when Ross was away. His final God's Jukebox show was broadcast on Christmas Eve/Day, 2010. At the end of 2010 Lamarr left Radio 2, claiming the station had lost interest in non-mainstream music. In a 2013 interview with music website “Famous Last Words”, Lamarr stated that he would return to radio in the future. However, Lamarr has since claimed on his official Twitter account that he is retired.


title: Mark Lamarr

text: Lamarr presented a music show for British Airways on-board listeners as part of their in-flight entertainment. In this show he presented a mix of rock and roll, blues, reggae, soul and R&B.


title: Mark Lamarr

text: Lamarr has continued to produce various compilation albums for several record labels, with an emphasis on lesser-known rock 'n' roll tracks. He produced a compilation for Vee-Tone Records in 2015. Lamarr joined Twitter in 2018 and uses the platform to showcase lesser known music.


title: Mark Lamarr

text: Lamarr made a return to comedy in September 2020, appearing in an episode of the BBC Radio 4 sitcom "Phil Ellis Is Trying" as the voice of Billy Bonker, the reclusive owner of a Cup-a-Soup factory.


title: Mark Lamarr

text: On 1 September 2018, the Metropolitan Police charged Lamarr with common assault and false imprisonment. He was due to appear at Uxbridge Magistrates' Court on 2 October 2018 to face the charges, but on 1 October 2018 the case was discontinued, with the Crown Prosecution Service confirming "there was insufficient evidence to provide a realistic prospect of conviction". On 22 March 2019, Lamarr received an apology from the Crown Prosecution Service about the discontinued case, where it was observed that "the prosecutor who authorised the charges... did so in error".


title: Local anesthetic

text: A local anesthetic (LA) is a medication that causes absence of pain sensation. In the context of surgery, a local anesthetic creates an absence of pain in a specific location of the body without a loss of consciousness, as opposed to a general anesthetic. When it is used on specific nerve pathways (local anesthetic nerve block), paralysis (loss of muscle power) also can be achieved.


title: Local anesthetic

text: Clinical LAs belong to one of two classes: aminoamide and aminoester local anesthetics. Synthetic LAs are structurally related to cocaine. They differ from cocaine mainly in that they have a very low abuse potential and do not produce hypertension or (with few exceptions) vasoconstriction.


title: Local anesthetic

text: The suffix "-caine" at the ends of these medication names was extracted from the word "cocaine", because cocaine was formerly used as a local anesthetic.


title: Local anesthetic

text: Acute pain may occur due to trauma, surgery, infection, disruption of blood circulation, or many other conditions in which tissue injury occurs. In a medical setting, pain alleviation is desired when its warning function is no longer needed. Besides improving patient comfort, pain therapy can also reduce harmful physiological consequences of untreated pain.


title: Local anesthetic

text: Acute pain can often be managed using analgesics. However, conduction anesthesia may be preferable because of superior pain control and fewer side effects. For purposes of pain therapy, LA drugs are often given by repeated injection or continuous infusion through a catheter. LA drugs are also often combined with other agents such as opioids for synergistic analgesic action. Low doses of LA drugs can be sufficient so that muscle weakness does not occur and patients may be mobilized.


title: Local anesthetic

text: Chronic pain is a complex and often serious condition that requires diagnosis and treatment by an expert in pain medicine. LAs can be applied repeatedly or continuously for prolonged periods to relieve chronic pain, usually in combination with medication such as opioids, NSAIDs, and anticonvulsants. Though it can be easily performed, repeated local anaesthetic blocks in chronic pain conditions are not recommended as there is no evidence of long-term benefits.


title: Local anesthetic

text: Virtually every part of the body can be anesthetized using conduction anesthesia. However, only a limited number of techniques are in common clinical use. Sometimes, conduction anesthesia is combined with general anesthesia or sedation for the patient's comfort and ease of surgery. However, many anaesthetists, surgeons, patients and nurses believe that it is safer to perform major surgeries under local anesthesia than general anesthesia. Typical operations performed under conduction anesthesia include:


title: Local anesthetic

text: Diagnostic tests such as bone marrow aspiration, lumbar puncture (spinal tap) and aspiration of cysts or other structures are made to be less painful upon administration of local anesthetic before insertion of larger needles.


title: Local anesthetic

text: Local anesthesia is also used during insertion of IV devices, such as pacemakers and implantable defibrillators, ports used for giving chemotherapy medications and hemodialysis access catheters.


title: Local anesthetic

text: Topical anesthesia, in the form of lidocaine/prilocaine (EMLA) is most commonly used to enable relatively painless venipuncture (blood collection) and placement of intravenous cannulae. It may also be suitable for other kinds of punctures such as ascites drainage and amniocentesis.


title: Local anesthetic

text: Surface anesthesia also facilitates some endoscopic procedures such as bronchoscopy (visualization of the lower airways) or cystoscopy (visualization of the inner surface of the bladder)


title: Local anesthetic

text: Edema of tongue, pharynx and larynx may develop as a side effect of local anaesthesia. This could be caused by a variety of reasons including trauma during injection, infection, an allergic reaction, haematoma or injection of irritating solutions such as cold-sterilisation solutions. Usually there is tissue swelling at the point of injection. This is due to puncturing of the vein which allows the blood to flow into loose tissues in the surrounding area. Blanching of the tissues in the area where the local anaesthetic is deposited is also common. This gives the area a white appearance as the blood flow is prevented due to vasoconstriction of arteries in the area. The vasoconstriction stimulus gradually wears off and subsequently the tissue returns to normal in less than 2 hours.


title: Local anesthetic

text: The side effects of inferior alveolar nerve block include feeling tense, clenching of the fists and moaning.


title: Local anesthetic

text: The duration of soft tissue anaesthesia is longer than pulpal anaesthesia and is often associated with difficulty eating, drinking and speaking.


title: Local anesthetic

text: The risk of temporary or permanent nerve damage varies between different locations and types of nerve blocks.


title: Local anesthetic

text: There is risk of accidental damage to local blood vessels during injection of the local anaesthetic solution. This is referred to as Haematoma and could result in pain, trismus, swelling and/or discolouration of the region. The density of tissues surrounding the injured vessels is an important factor for Haematoma. There is greatest chance of this occurring in a posterior superior alveolar nerve block or in a pterygomandibular block.


title: Local anesthetic

text: Giving local anaesthesia to patients with liver disease can have significant consequences. Thorough evaluation of the disease should be carried out to assess potential risk to the patient as in significant liver dysfunction, the half-life of amide local anaesthetic agents may be drastically increased thus increasing the risk of overdose.


title: Local anesthetic

text: Local anaesthetics and vasoconstrictors may be administered to pregnant patients however it is very important to be extra cautious when giving a pregnant patient any type of drug. Lidocaine can be safely used but bupivacaine and mepivacaine should be avoided.  Consultation with the obstetrician is vital before administrating any type of local anaesthetic to a pregnant patient.


title: Local anesthetic

text: Permanent nerve damage after a peripheral nerve block is rare. Symptoms are likely to resolve within a few weeks. The vast majority of those affected (92%–97%) recover within four to six weeks; 99% of these people have recovered within a year. An estimated one in 5,000 to 30,000 nerve blocks results in some degree of permanent persistent nerve damage.


title: Local anesthetic

text: General systemic adverse effects are due to the pharmacological effects of the anesthetic agents used. The conduction of electric impulses follows a similar mechanism in peripheral nerves, the central nervous system, and the heart. The effects of local anesthetics are, therefore, not specific for the signal conduction in peripheral nerves. Side effects on the central nervous system and the heart may be severe and potentially fatal. However, toxicity usually occurs only at plasma levels which are rarely reached if proper anesthetic techniques are adhered to. High plasma levels might arise, for example, when doses intended for epidural or intrasupport tissue administration are accidentally delivered as intravascular injection.


title: Local anesthetic

text: When patients are emotionally affected in the form of nervousness or fear, it can lead to vasovagal collapse. This is the anticipation of pain during administration that activates the parasympathetic nervous system while inhibiting the orthosympathetic nervous system. What results is a dilation of arteries in muscles which can lead to a reduction in circulating blood volume inducing a temporary shortness of blood flow to the brain. Notable symptoms include restlessness, visibly looking pale, perspiration and possible loss of consciousness. In severe cases, clonic cramps resembling an epileptic insult may occur.


title: Local anesthetic

text: On the other hand, fear of administration can also result in accelerated, shallow breathing, or hyperventilation. The patient may feel a tingling sensation in hands and feet or a sense of light-headedness and increased chest pressure.


title: Local anesthetic

text: Hence, it is crucial for the medical professional administrating the local anaesthesia, especially in the form of an injection, to ensure that the patient is in a comfortable setting and has any potential fears alleviated in order to avoid these possible complications.


title: Local anesthetic

text: Depending on local tissue concentrations of local anesthetics, excitatory or depressant effects on the central nervous system may occur.


title: Local anesthetic

text: Initial symptoms of systemic toxicity include ringing in the ears (tinnitus), a metallic taste in the mouth, tingling or numbness of the mouth, dizziness and/or disorientation.


title: Local anesthetic

text: At higher concentrations, a relatively selective depression of inhibitory neurons results in cerebral excitation, which may lead to more advanced symptoms include motor twitching in the periphery followed by grand mal seizures. It is reported that seizures are more likely to occur when bupivacaine is used, particularly in combination with chloroprocaine.


title: Local anesthetic

text: A profound depression of brain functions may occur at even higher concentrations which may lead to coma, respiratory arrest, and death. Such tissue concentrations may be due to very high plasma levels after intravenous injection of a large dose.


title: Local anesthetic

text: Another possibility is direct exposure of the central nervous system through the cerebrospinal fluid, i.e., overdose in spinal anesthesia or accidental injection into the subarachnoid space in epidural anesthesia.


title: Local anesthetic

text: Cardiac toxicity can result from improper injection of agent into a vessel. Even with proper administration, it is inevitable for some diffusion of agent into the body from the site of application due to unforeseeable anatomical idiosyncrasies of the patient. This may affect the nervous system or cause the agent to enter into general circulation. However, infections are very seldom transmitted.


title: Local anesthetic

text: Cardiac toxicity associated with overdose of intravascular injection of local anesthetic is characterized by hypotension, atrioventricular conduction delay, idioventricular rhythms, and eventual cardiovascular collapse. Although all local anesthetics potentially shorten the myocardial refractory period, bupivacaine blocks the cardiac sodium channels, thereby making it most likely to precipitate malignant arrhythmias. Even levobupivacaine and ropivacaine (single-enantiomer derivatives), developed to ameliorate cardiovascular side effects, still harbor the potential to disrupt cardiac function. Toxicity from anesthetic combinations is additive.


title: Local anesthetic

text: Endocrine and metabolic systems only have slightly adverse effects with most cases being without clinical repercussions.


title: Local anesthetic

text: Adverse reactions to local anesthetics (especially the esters) are not uncommon, but legitimate allergies are very rare. Allergic reactions to the esters is usually due to a sensitivity to their metabolite, para-aminobenzoic acid, and does not result in cross-allergy to amides. Therefore, amides can be used as alternatives in those patients. Nonallergic reactions may resemble allergy in their manifestations. In some cases, skin tests and provocative challenge may be necessary to establish a diagnosis of allergy. Also cases of allergy to paraben derivatives occur, which are often added as preservatives to local anesthetic solutions.


title: Local anesthetic

text: Methemoglobinemia is a process where iron in hemoglobin is altered, reducing its oxygen-carrying capability, which produces cyanosis and symptoms of hypoxia. Exposure to aniline group chemicals such as benzocaine, lidocaine, and prilocaine can produce this effect, especially benzocaine. The systemic toxicity of prilocaine is comparatively low, but its metabolite, o-toluidine, is known to cause methemoglobinemia.


title: Local anesthetic

text: Application of local anesthetics during oocyte removal during in vitro fertilisation has been up to debate. Pharmacological concentrations of anesthetic agents have been found in follicular fluid. Clinical trials have not concluded any effects on pregnant women. However, there is some concern with the behavioral effects of lidocaine on offspring in rats.


title: Local anesthetic

text: During pregnancy, it is not common for local anesthetics to have any adverse effect on the fetus. Despite this, risks of toxicity may be higher in pregnancy due to an increase in unbound fraction of local anesthetic and physiological changes increase the transfer of local anesthetic into the central nervous system. Hence, it is recommended that pregnant women use a lower dose of local anesthetic to reduce any potential complications.


title: Local anesthetic

text: This method of toxicity treatment was invented by Dr. Guy Weinberg in 1998, and was not widely used until after the first published successful rescue in 2006. Evidence indicates Intralipid, a commonly available intravenous lipid emulsion, can be effective in treating severe cardiotoxicity secondary to local anesthetic overdose, including human case reports of successful use in this way (lipid rescue). However, the evidence at this point is still limited.


title: Local anesthetic

text: Though most reports to date have used Intralipid, a commonly available intravenous lipid emulsion, other emulsions, such as Liposyn and Medialipid, have also been shown effective.


title: Local anesthetic

text: Ample supporting animal evidence and human case reports show successful use in this way. In the UK, efforts have been made to publicise this use more widely and lipid rescue has now been officially promoted as a treatment by the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland. One published case has been reported of successful treatment of refractory cardiac arrest in bupropion and lamotrigine overdose using lipid emulsion.


title: Local anesthetic

text: Although lipid rescue mechanism of action is not completely understood, the added lipid in the blood stream may act as a sink, allowing for the removal of lipophilic toxins from affected tissues. This theory is compatible with two studies on lipid rescue for clomipramine toxicity in rabbits and with a clinical report on the use of lipid rescue in veterinary medicine to treat a puppy with moxidectin toxicosis.


title: Local anesthetic

text: All LAs are membrane-stabilizing drugs; they reversibly decrease the rate of depolarization and repolarization of excitable membranes (like nociceptors). Though many other drugs also have membrane-stabilizing properties, not all are used as LAs (propranolol, for example, though it has LA properties).


title: Local anesthetic

text: LA drugs act mainly by inhibiting sodium influx through sodium-specific ion channels in the neuronal cell membrane, in particular the so-called voltage-gated sodium channels. When the influx of sodium is interrupted, an action potential cannot arise and signal conduction is inhibited. The receptor site is thought to be located at the cytoplasmic (inner) portion of the sodium channel. Local anesthetic drugs bind more readily to sodium channels in an activated state, thus onset of neuronal blockade is faster in rapidly firing neurons. This is referred to as state-dependent blockade.


title: Local anesthetic

text: LAs are weak bases and are usually formulated as the hydrochloride salt to render them water-soluble. At a pH equal to the protonated base's pKa, the protonated (ionized) and unprotonated (unionized) forms of the molecule exist in equimolar amounts, but only the unprotonated base diffuses readily across cell membranes. Once inside the cell, the local anesthetic will be in equilibrium, with the formation of the protonated (ionized) form, which does not readily pass back out of the cell. This is referred to as "ion-trapping". In the protonated form, the molecule binds to the LA binding site on the inside of the ion channel near the cytoplasmic end. Most LAs work on the internal surface of the membrane - the drug has to penetrate the cell membrane, which is achieved best in the nonionised form. This is exemplified by the permanently ionised LA RAC 421-II which cannot diffuse across the cell membrane but, if injected into the cytosol of a nerve fibre, can induce NaKATPase blockage and anaesthetic effects.


title: Local anesthetic

text: Acidosis such as caused by inflammation at a wound partly reduces the action of LAs. This is partly because most of the anesthetic is ionized and therefore unable to cross the cell membrane to reach its cytoplasmic-facing site of action on the sodium channel.


title: Local anesthetic

text: All nerve fibers are sensitive to LAs, but due to a combination of diameter and myelination, fibers have different sensitivities to LA blockade, termed differential blockade. Type B fibers (sympathetic tone) are the most sensitive followed by type C (pain), type A delta (temperature), type A gamma (proprioception), type A beta (sensory touch and pressure), and type A alpha (motor). Although type B fibers are thicker than type C fibers, they are myelinated, thus are blocked before the unmyelinated, thin C fiber.


title: Local anesthetic

text: Local anesthetics can block almost every nerve between the peripheral nerve endings and the central nervous system. The most peripheral technique is topical anesthesia to the skin or other body surface. Small and large peripheral nerves can be anesthetized individually (peripheral nerve block) or in anatomic nerve bundles (plexus anesthesia). Spinal anesthesia and epidural anesthesia merge into the central nervous system.


title: Local anesthetic

text: Injection of LAs is often painful. A number of methods can be used to decrease this pain, including buffering of the solution with bicarbonate and warming.


title: Local anesthetic

text: The Vazirani-alkinosi technique is also known as the closed-mouth mandibular nerve block. It is mostly used in patients who have limited opening of the mandible or in those that have trismus; spasm of the muscles of mastication. The nerves which are anesthetised in this technique are the inferior alveolar, incisive, mental, lingual and mylohyoid nerves.


title: Local anesthetic

text: Dental needles are available in 2 lengths; short and long. As Vazirani-akinosi is a local anaesthetic technique which requires penetration of a significant thickness of soft tissues, a long needle is used. The needle is inserted into the soft tissue which covers the medial border of the mandibular ramus, in region of the inferior alveolar, lingual and mylohyoid nerves. The positioning of the bevel of the needle is very important as it must be positioned away from the bone of the mandibular ramus and instead towards the midline.


title: Local anesthetic

text: Intraligamentary infiltration, also known as periodontal ligament injection or intraligamentary injection (ILIs), is known as "the most universal of the supplemental injections". ILIs are usually administered when inferior alveolar nerve block techniques are inadequate or ineffective. ILIs are purposed for:


title: Local anesthetic

text: ILI utilization is expected to increase because dental patients prefer fewer soft tissue anesthesia and dentists aim to reduce administration of traditional inferior alveolar nerve block (INAB) for routine restorative procedures.


title: Local anesthetic

text: Injection methodology: The periodontal ligament space provides an accessible route to the cancellous alveolar bone, and the anesthetic reaches the pulpal nerve via natural perforation of intraoral bone tissue.


title: Local anesthetic

text: Advantages of ILI over INAB: rapid onset (within 30 seconds), small dosage required (0.2-1.0 mL), limited area of numbness, lower intrinsic risks such as neuropathy, hematoma, trismus/jaw sprain and self-inflicted periodontal tissue injury, as well as decreased cardiovascular disturbances. Its usage as a secondary or supplementary anesthesia on the mandible has reported a high success rate of above 90%.


title: Local anesthetic

text: Disadvantages: Risk of temporary periodontal tissue damage, likelihood of bacteriemia and endocarditis for at-risk populations, appropriate pressure and correct needle placement are imperative for anesthetic success, short duration of pulpal anesthesia limits the use of ILIs for several restorative procedures that require longer duration, postoperative discomfort, and injury on unerupted teeth such as enamel hypoplasia and defects.


title: Local anesthetic

text: Gow-Gates technique is used to provide anesthetics to the mandible of the patient's mouth. With the aid of extra and intraoral landmarks, the needle is injected into the intraoral latero-anterior surface of the condyle, steering clear below the insertion of the lateral pterygoid muscle. The extraoral landmarks used for this technique are the lower border of the ear tragus, corners of the mouth and the angulation of the tragus on the side of the face.


title: Local anesthetic

text: Biophysical forces (pulsation of the maxillary artery, muscular function of jaw movement) and gravity will aid with the diffusion of anesthetic to fill the whole pterygomandibular space. All three oral sensory parts of the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve and other sensory nerves in the region will come in contact with the anesthetic and this reduces the need to anesthetise supplementary innervation.


title: Local anesthetic

text: In comparison to other regional block methods of anestheising the lower jaw, the Gow-Gates technique has a higher success rate in fully anesthetising the lower jaw. One study found that out of 1,200 patients receiving injections through the Gow-Gate technique, only 2 of them did not obtain complete anesthesia.


title: Local anesthetic

text: Esters are prone to producing allergic reactions, which may necessitate the use of an amide. The names of each locally clinical anesthetic have the suffix "-caine".


title: Local anesthetic

text: Most ester LAs are metabolized by pseudocholinesterase, while amide LAs are metabolized in the liver. This can be a factor in choosing an agent in patients with liver failure, although since cholinesterases are produced in the liver, physiologically (e.g. very young or very old individual) or pathologically (e.g. cirrhosis) impaired hepatic metabolism is also a consideration when using esters.


title: Local anesthetic

text: LA solutions for injection are sometimes mixed with vasoconstrictors (combination drug) to increase the duration of local anesthesia by constricting the blood vessels, thereby safely concentrating the anesthetic agent for an extended duration, as well as reducing hemorrhage. Because the vasoconstrictor temporarily reduces the rate at which the systemic circulation removes the local anesthetic from the area of the injection, the maximum doses of LAs when combined with a vasoconstrictor is higher compared to the same LA without any vasoconstrictor. Occasionally, cocaine is administered for this purpose. Examples include:


title: Local anesthetic

text: One combination product of this type is used topically for surface anaesthesia, TAC (5-12% tetracaine,/ (0.05%, 500 ppm, per mille) adrenaline, 4 or 10% cocaine).


title: Local anesthetic

text: The commonly held belief that LA with vasoconstrictor can cause necrosis in extremities such as the nose, ears, fingers, and toes (due to constriction of end arteries), is invalidated, since no case of necrosis has been reported since the introduction of commercial lidocaine with epinephrine in 1948.


title: Local anesthetic

text: Most naturally occurring local anesthetics with the exceptions of menthol, eugenol and cocaine are neurotoxins, and have the suffix -toxin in their names. Cocaine binds the intracellular side of the channels while saxitoxin, neosaxitoxin and tetrodotoxin bind to the extracellular side of sodium channels.


title: Local anesthetic

text: In Peru, the ancient Incas are believed to have used the leaves of the coca plant as a local anaesthetic in addition to its stimulant properties. It was also used for slave payment and is thought to play a role in the subsequent destruction of Incas culture when Spaniards realized the effects of chewing the coca leaves and took advantage of it. Cocaine was first used as a local anesthetic in 1884. The search for a less toxic and less addictive substitute led to the development of the aminoester local anesthetics stovaine in 1903 and procaine in 1904. Since then, several synthetic local anesthetic drugs have been developed and put into clinical use, notably lidocaine in 1943, bupivacaine in 1957, and prilocaine in 1959.


title: Local anesthetic

text: The invention of clinical use of local anaesthesia is credited to the Vienna School which included Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), Carl Koller (1857-1944) and Leopold Konigstein (1850-1942). They introduced local anaesthesia, using cocaine, through 'self-experimation' on their oral mucosa before introducing it to animal or human experimentation. The Vienna school first started using cocaine as local anaesthesia in ophthalmology and it was later incorporated into ophthalmologic practice. Dr. Halsted and Dr. Hall, in the United States in 1885 described an intraoral anaesthetic technique of blocking the inferior alveolar nerve and the antero-superior dental nerve using 4% cocaine.{


title: Local anesthetic

text: Shortly after the first use of cocaine for topical anesthesia, blocks on peripheral nerves were described. Brachial plexus anesthesia by percutaneous injection through axillary and supraclavicular approaches was developed in the early 20th century. The search for the most effective and least traumatic approach for plexus anesthesia and peripheral nerve blocks continues to this day. In recent decades, continuous regional anesthesia using catheters and automatic pumps has evolved as a method of pain therapy.


title: Local anesthetic

text: Intravenous regional anesthesia was first described by August Bier in 1908. This technique is still in use and is remarkably safe when drugs of low systemic toxicity such as prilocaine are used.


title: Local anesthetic

text: Spinal anesthesia was first used in 1885, but not introduced into clinical practice until 1899, when August Bier subjected himself to a clinical experiment in which he observed the anesthetic effect, but also the typical side effect of postpunctural headache. Within a few years, spinal anesthesia became widely used for surgical anesthesia and was accepted as a safe and effective technique. Although atraumatic (noncutting-tip) cannulae and modern drugs are used today, the technique has otherwise changed very little over many decades.


title: Local anesthetic

text: Epidural anesthesia by a caudal approach had been known in the early 20th century, but a well-defined technique using lumbar injection was not developed until 1921, when Fidel Pagés published his article "Anestesia Metamérica". This technique was popularized in the 1930s and 1940s by Achile Mario Dogliotti. With the advent of thin, flexible catheters, continuous infusion and repeated injections have become possible, making epidural anesthesia still a highly successful technique. Besides its many uses for surgery, epidural anesthesia is particularly popular in obstetrics for the treatment of labor pain.


title: Notebook (2019 film)

text: Notebook is a 2019 Indian Hindi-language romantic drama film produced by Salman Khan under Salman Khan Films and Murad Khetani and Ashwin Varde under Cine1 Studios and directed by Nitin Kakkar. A remake of the 2014 Thai film "The Teacher's Diary", it stars debutantes Zaheer Iqbal and Pranutan Bahl, daughter of actor Mohnish Bahl, in the lead roles, and tells the story of a young retired army officer who joins his father's school as a teacher to save it from closure, and falls in love with the previous teacher after reading through her memorabilia left behind in the drawers. The film was released on 29 March 2019 and received mixed response from critics with praises for leads performances.


title: Notebook (2019 film)

text: Captain Kabir Kaul, a young retired army officer, decides to teach in his late father's school, the Wular Public School as the school will be closed if there is no teacher to teach. At the school, he finds a diary left behind in the desk drawer by the previous teacher, Firdaus Quadri. Children start coming to school after learning that a new teacher has arrived. However, they disobey Kabir, leading him to think that he cannot teach, but after reading Firdaus's diary, he gains confidence and decides to try.


title: Notebook (2019 film)

text: Kabir's girlfriend breaks up with him, as she is cheating an affair and believes that Kabir is now unfit to marry her as he has left the army. He is heartbroken but takes solace in the schoolchildren and Firdaus's diary, writing comments in it. He learns about Imran, one of the schoolchildren, whose father, Yakub, wants him to help in the household rather than attending school. Using help from the diary, Kabir succeeds in bringing Imran back to school. He decides to burn Firdaus's diary after learning she is getting married, but retrieves it in a fit of epiphany.


title: Notebook (2019 film)

text: On her wedding day, Firdaus finds out that her fiancé was cheating on her and the other woman is carrying his child. She calls off the marriage and returns to Wular Public School. The children are overjoyed to have her back though Kabir is gone. She finds her diary in the same drawer she had left it in a year before and reads Kabir's comments. He had written that he was in love with the writer and had learned valuable lessons from her diary. Curious, Firdaus asks the principal about Kabir the same way he had asked about her. The principal tells her that he has gone to take a teaching course.


title: Notebook (2019 film)

text: One day, Firdaus confronts Yakub, who wants to take Imran back. Imran sees Kabir and runs to him, saying he doesn't want to leave the school. Yakub threatens Kabir with a gun and Imran, realizing Yakub might kill Kabir, takes the gun to shoot his father. Kabir stops him, asking him not to do so. Yakub realizes his mistake and lets go of the matter. At the end, it is shown that Firdaus sent the children back home so that she can talk and spend time with Kabir with whom she has fallen in love.


title: Notebook (2019 film)

text: Salman Khan unveiled the first poster of film on Valentine's Day. A special screening of the film was held for Bollywood stars and family on 28 March 2019. The makers chose not to release the film in Pakistan due to the 2019 Pulwama attack. The film was made available as VOD on Amazon Prime Video in June 2019.


title: Notebook (2019 film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film had scored based on reviews with an average rating of . Nandini Ramnath of Scroll.in writes, "Notebook has an unremarkable lead pair, an underwhelming dull love story in which the actors don't share the screen for nearly the entire duration of the narrative, some of the most ravishing views of Kashmir yet, a bunch of adorable children and a soundtrack with a few good tunes." Rachit Gupta of "The Times of India" rated the film with three stars out of five and says, ""Notebook" is an easy watch where you can appreciate the humour, drama and romance. But the film leaves you wanting for more. Perhaps with more creativity in writing, this young romantic saga could have achieved more." Writing for DNA Meena Iyer finds nothing wrong with the film but wished, "it hadn't been so antiseptic." She rates the film with three stars out of five. Jyoti Sharma Bawa of Hindustan Times rates the film with two and half stars out of five and praises the cinematographer Manoj Kumar Khatoi. She opines that the cinematographer has ensured that every frame is bursting with beauty and The visual portrayal would stay with the viewers long after they forget the sub-par love story. Charu Thakur of India Today gives two and half stars out of five and concludes the review as, "If you are looking for some old-world romance this weekend, Notebook is definitely a recommended watch for you." Bollywood Hungama while rating it with three stars out of five they feel that the film would appeal only to multiplex audience. They sum up review by saying, "On the whole, "NOTEBOOK" boasts of exemplary performances by the debutants and is beautifully shot while stressing on the importance of education."


title: Notebook (2019 film)

text: The music and background score of the film is composed by Vishal Mishra while the lyrics are penned by Manoj Muntashir, Kaushal Kishore, Akshay Tripathi, Abhayendra Kumar Upadhyay and Vishal Mishra. The song "Bhumro" is a recreation of the original song from the film "Mission Kashmir". "Main tare" was originally sung by Atif Aslam but then removed by Salman Khan. Atif Aslam version was unofficially released on YouTube.


title: Demon Hunter

text: Demon Hunter is an American Christian metal band from Seattle, Washington, started in 2000 by brothers Don Clark and Ryan Clark. Although the brothers created the band together, only Ryan remains, since Don left the band to take care of his family. As of early 2010, the band has sold over half a million albums. The band's style is known for combining nu metal sounds and qualities with ones heard in metalcore. The name references historic and folkloric demon hunters.


title: Demon Hunter

text: Demon Hunter was initially conceived as a project band by the Clarks, who had played together previously in the initially Coalesce and Neurosis influenced but later more experimental band Training for Utopia. Ryan had previously played guitar in hardcore band Focal Point, who released an album on Tooth & Nail/Solid State when Ryan was still in his teens.


title: Demon Hunter

text: Demon Hunter first appeared on "This is Solid State Vol. 3" with their first song "Through the Black" released in February 2002. Demon Hunter's self-titled album was released in October 2002 on Tooth and Nail Records subsidiary Solid State Records. Ryan and Don wrote all of the songs, performed the majority of the instruments (with Ryan singing as he had in TFU) and hired Jesse Sprinkle, formerly of Poor Old Lu, to record drum tracks.


title: Demon Hunter

text: At first, the members of the band chose to hide or obscure their identities in photos and in the press. Their names were revealed when they undertook their first tour, which featured Norwegian Christian metal band Extol, and death metal-influenced metalcore band The Agony Scene, and after they hired Jesse Sprinkle on drums, Jon Dunn on bass, and Kris McCaddon, formerly of Embodyment and Society's Finest, on lead guitar.