title: Mr. Right (2015 film)

text: Richard enlists Von and Johnny to stay and defend their house, defeating their plans to rule the family as sole survivors; in frustration, they abuse Martha in response to her mockery. After kicking her against a wall, she says she will kill them if Munch doesn't, as she now feels "motivated." Outside, Munch takes Steve by surprise; chatting, Steve tells him how many are inside, and they share gummy bears. Munch distracts Von and Richard's bodyguards and shoots them when threatened, but declines to shoot either Von or Richard themselves. In frustration, Von begins monologuing about his desire to kill his brother. When Munch leaves, both leap for the gun, but Von successfully kills Richard. In another room, Richard's consigliere Bruce (Kaine) confronts Munch but is disarmed. Bruce mistakenly arms a grenade, and Munch helps him disarm it without them both dying.


title: Mr. Right (2015 film)

text: Munch rescues and begins to escape with Martha, but is shot with beanbag ammunition by Hopper. Moon grabs Martha and tells her he puts more dangerous people off their game by killing their weaker loved ones. Her precognitive combat abilities awaken, and she dodges Moon's attacks, then strikes him with his own knife and kills him with a statue. While escaping, she disarms and shoots Von with his own gun.


title: Mr. Right (2015 film)

text: Hopper and Munch confront each other, Hopper handcuffs himself to Munch, intending to "re-program" Munch into a killer. Munch shoots the handcuffs off. Before Hopper can shoot Munch in the back, Steve shoots Hopper dead, and is ecstatic to learn of Hopper's $5 million bounty. Munch meets Martha at the entrance, notes her dilated pupils, and asks Steve to help him get them to the hospital.


title: Mr. Right (2015 film)

text: Two months later, two military-style teams are pursuing Munch and Martha as they visit different countries for Martha's paleological interests; Munch shows a sign to a sniper asking "where's the girl?" as the scene cuts to Martha, who has snuck up to shoot the sniper.


title: Mr. Right (2015 film)

text: The project was announced on October 8, 2011, by "Variety", that Paco Cabezas would direct the action-comedy film "Mr. Right" scripted by Max Landis, produced by Circle of Confusion's David Alpert and Lawrence Mattis. On May 5, 2014, Sam Rockwell and Anna Kendrick were announced for the lead roles. Michael Helfant and Bradley Gallo would finance the film for Amasia Entertainment and co-produce along with Circle of Confusion's Mattis and Rick Jacobs. On October 6, rapper RZA joined the cast. On October 7, Tim Roth joined the film. On October 8, James Ransone joined the film. On October 10, Anson Mount, Michael Eklund and Katie Nehra joined the cast.


title: Mr. Right (2015 film)

text: In October 2014, Lakeshore Entertainment announced its acquiring international distribution rights to the film, while Sierra/Affinity would handle international sales of the film at American Film Market. The film had its world premiere at the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival on September 19, as the closing night film. Before that, Focus World had acquired U.S. distribution rights to the film. The film was released in the U.S. on April 8, 2016.


title: Mr. Right (2015 film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 44%, based on 52 reviews, with an average rating of 4.94/10 and the site's consensus: "Sam Rockwell and Anna Kendrick work well together, but "Mr. Right" is too much of a tonal jumble to take advantage of their chemistry". On Metacritic the film has a score of 52 out of 100, based on reviews from 17 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Mr. Right (2015 film)

text: Richard Roeper of the "Chicago Sun-Times" described the film as "hard-R violent comedy in the tradition of "Grosse Pointe Blank". He also praised the lead performances, and the strong supporting performances. Kendrick's performance was praised by Alan Scherstuhl of "The Village Voice", saying it was "a role that Anna Kendrick kills with such flamboyant style it makes all the movie's shootings look even more rote." Andy Webster in his "New York Times" review comments that "Anna Kendrick's star shows no sign of dimming".


title: Mr. Right (2015 film)

text: Peter Debruge of "Variety" gave the film a negative review, writing, "Not an especially sustainable work model, professionally speaking (it’s murder on word-of-mouth, for starters), but then, this fixer is ready to make some changes in his own life, maybe even find romance with an on-the-rebound Anna Kendrick—which is where Max Landis’ ultra-cutesy script picks up, asking whether a character like that can find and sustain love ... or else die trying. For about a decade after "Pulp Fiction", such quirky hit-man comedies were all the rage, though in the post-"Gigli" era, (the eerily similar) "Mr. Right" just feels wrong." Katie Walsh of the "Los Angeles Times" wrote: "It feels at once overwritten and thematically thin, coasting on a cutesy concept before descending into relentless, and therefore meaningless, violence."


title: Columba Bush

text: Columba Bush (née Garnica Gallo; ; born August 17, 1953) is a Mexican-American philanthropist. As the wife of former Florida Governor Jeb Bush, she served as the First Lady of Florida from 1999 to 2007.


title: Columba Bush

text: Columba Garnica Gallo was born in the community of Arperos, in the city of León, Guanajuato, Mexico, the daughter of José María Garnica Rodríguez (1925–2013), a migrant worker and waiter from Arperos, Guanajuato, and Josefina Gallo Esquivel (born 1920), from León, who were married in February 1949. Columba's father emigrated to the United States in 1956 when she was 3 years old and her parents divorced in 1963. Following the departure of her father, Columba and her mother remained in León.


title: Columba Bush

text: Garnica attended Instituto Antonia Mayllen, a private Catholic school in the historic center of León.


title: Columba Bush

text: She met Jeb Bush in 1970 in León when she was 16 years old and he was 17. Bush was teaching English as a second language and assisting in the building of a school in the small nearby village of Ibarrilla as part of a class at Andover called "Man and Society".


title: Columba Bush

text: Garnica and Bush married on February 23, 1974, in Austin, Texas at the chapel in the Catholic student center on the campus of the University of Texas. At the time of the wedding, she did not yet speak English fluently and a part of the wedding ceremony was conducted in Spanish.


title: Columba Bush

text: In 1988, she appeared in a Spanish-language campaign commercial for her father-in-law, George H. W. Bush, in his campaign for President and she presented a nominating speech for him, also in Spanish, at the Republican National Convention in New Orleans. But, for the most part, she tends to be uninvolved in politics.


title: Columba Bush

text: As First Lady of Florida, Bush advocated for Florida Coalition Against Domestic Violence, the Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse, and Arts for Life, a group that gives scholarships to young artists.


title: Columba Bush

text: Columba Bush has been active in promoting the arts. In 1999, she worked with Arts for a Complete Education/Florida Alliance for Arts Education (ACE/FAAE) to create "Arts for Life!", a program devoted to increasing the importance of art in the education system.


title: Columba Bush

text: As First Lady she put together various art exhibitions focusing on Salvador Dalí, Diego Rivera, and Frida Kahlo, and Florida artists.


title: Columba Bush

text: Bush has been active in programs to warn young people of the dangers of drug abuse. She has worked on treatment and prevention programs such as the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). She has served as co-chair of the NIAAA initiative, Leadership to Keep Children Alcohol Free, and has served on the board of the Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University.


title: Columba Bush

text: As First Lady, she visited shelters, studied reports on addiction in adolescence, put together exhibitions, and connected donors with charities.


title: Columba Bush

text: In 2003, as First Lady of Florida, Bush was part of a delegation to Rome to celebrate John Paul II's 25th anniversary as Pope, at St. Peter's Basilica.


title: Columba Bush

text: Bush used her platform to become an advocate on issues like domestic violence, substance abuse, and the arts, and she has been involved with organizations that advocate substance abuse treatment and prevention.


title: Columba Bush

text: During her husband's 2016 presidential election campaign, Bush visited women's shelters in Iowa and New Hampshire.


title: Columba Bush

text: Columba has been known to be quiet and reserved, and before marrying Jeb Bush, she had wanted to live a quiet life.


title: Columba Bush

text: Bush and her husband reside in Coral Gables, Florida. Columba Bush's relationship with her mother was the subject of a brief profile in the book "Mamá: Latina Daughters Celebrate Their Mothers" by María Pérez-Brown. Her sister, Lucila del Carmen Schmitz (born October 1951), and her mother live near her in the Miami area.


title: Columba Bush

text: The couple has three children: George Prescott Bush (born April 24, 1976, in Texas), Noelle Lucila Bush (born July 26, 1977, in Texas), and John Ellis "Jeb" Bush Jr. (born December 13, 1983, in Miami).


title: Columba Bush

text: Their eldest son, George, went to Gulliver Preparatory School, studied at Rice University, and earned a Juris Doctor degree from the University of Texas School of Law. He is an attorney, U.S. Navy Reserve officer, real estate investor, and politician, who serves as the Commissioner of the Texas General Land Office.


title: Columba Bush

text: In addition to her three children, Columba Bush has four grandchildren: two by George P. and two by Jeb Jr.


title: Columba Bush

text: Columba Bush has two older brothers, including Francisco Jose Garnica (born December 1949), who currently lives in Puerto Vallarta, Mexico, and a sister, Lucila del Carmen Garnica Gallo (born in 1951).


title: Columba Bush

text: A practicing Roman Catholic, she is a member of Regnum Christi. In 2007, with her husband Jeb, she attended the Regnum Christi Family Convention in Atlanta.


title: Dominic Rains

text: Dominic Rains (; born Amin Nazemzadeh, , March 1, 1982) is an American actor, best known for his roles in independent films, including "The Taqwacores" (2010) and "A Girl Walks Home Alone at Night" (2014), as well as his role as Dr. Crockett Marcel in "Chicago Med" (introduced in season 5) and as Kasius, the main antagonist of the first part of the fifth season of "Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.".


title: Dominic Rains

text: Rains was born in Tehran, Iran, moved to London, England, as a young child and then to the United States, where he was reared in Dallas, Texas. Rains attended The Colony High School (The Colony, TX). He is the younger brother of actor Ethan Rains. Rains began his acting career starring in the well known TV Movie, "Saving Jessica Lynch" in 2003. He later appeared in 2006 in the popular TV movie, "Flight 93". From July 12 to October 4, 2007, Rains appeared as Dr. Leo Julian in SOAPnet's "", a 13-episode prime time spin-off of the ABC daytime soap opera "General Hospital". The character had first been introduced on "General Hospital" on July 2, 2007. With Rains unavailable for the series' second season in July, 2008, his brother Ethan was cast in the role starting July 22, 2008. Following his role in "General Hospital", he has continued to appear in a number of television series including "24", "Flash Forward", "Burn Notice", "NCIS", "Cane" and "Anger Management".


title: Dominic Rains

text: In 2010, he gained recognition for his role in the discussion-sparking independent film "The Taqwacores" based on a 2004 novel by an American convert to Islam, Michael Muhammad Knight. "The New York Times" praised his performance as "particularly eye-catching" and NBC reviewed that his role is "reminiscent of Adrien Brody's career-launching turn in "Summer of Sam". Rains is just operating at an entirely higher level as the heart and soul of this film." This role also won him an award for best actor at the Festival de Cine Internacional de Ourense international film festival.


title: Dominic Rains

text: Later in 2010, he began filming and starring as the lead role in Exxodus Pictures' supernatural thriller "Jinn". The film was released nationwide in April, 2014. He played Shawn Walker, a young automotive designer from Detroit who uncovers an ancient secret that threatens to wipe out his entire family.


title: Dominic Rains

text: Rains appeared as Saeed in the Sundance Film Festival favorite horror film "A Girl Walks Home Alone at Night". Highly praised by many critics after its debut, it was acquired by Kino Lorber for mainstream US distribution and released in late 2014. "This stunning and stinging cinematic marvel left us speechless at its premiere," wrote founder Richard Lorber.


title: Dominic Rains

text: Also in 2014 Rains collaborated on a short film written and directed with his brother Ethan, "Still Here" with Shohreh Aghdashloo and Alan Rosenberg, that was inspired by real life events of their cousin who was fatefully misdiagnosed with cancer. The film is produced by the Rains Brothers in association with Exxodus Pictures.


title: Dominic Rains

text: In 2019, Rains began starring in the NBC medical drama "Chicago Med" in the fifth season as Dr. Crockett Marcel, a new trauma surgeon to the hospital. Coming straight from New Orleans as an amazing yet reckless surgeon, and stirring many changes as he becomes accustomed to Chicago and his new setting, his cavalier attitude takes the reins and causes him, and others, to continually get into hot water.


title: Dominic Rains

text: Besides television and film, Rains is active in the Los Angeles theater community and is a member of the Los Angeles-based Elephant Theatre Company. He has appeared on stage with the Elephants in the critically acclaimed productions of "Desert Sunrise", "Block Nine", "Love Sick", "Baby Doll", "Cycles", and "The North Plan."


title: Fortuna Sittard

text: Fortuna Sittard (; ) is a football club in Sittard, Netherlands. The club currently plays its football in the 12,500 capacity Fortuna Sittard Stadion and features in the Eredivisie. The club was established through a merger of former clubs Fortuna 54 and Sittardia, which merged as the Fortuna Sittardia Combinatie on 1 July 1968.


title: Fortuna Sittard

text: The club experienced mixed fortunes throughout its history although they were a regular fixture in the Eredivisie in the 1990s, with players such as Kevin Hofland, Mark van Bommel and Fernando Ricksen emerging from its youth system. These players later joined PSV Eindhoven and Rangers, and featured for the Netherlands national team. The team also signed Wilfred Bouma and Patrick Paauwe from the youth setup of PSV. Both players developed under manager Bert van Marwijk, before breaking into the Dutch national side and moving towards bigger clubs.


title: Fortuna Sittard

text: Fortuna 54 won the KNVB Cup in the 1956–57 season, and finished the Eredivisie season in second place behind champions Ajax. Sittardia were less successful and battled against relegation for many seasons. Fortuna 54 won the KNVB Cup again in 1964 before the merging of the two clubs in 1968 due to financial difficulties.


title: Fortuna Sittard

text: At the end of the 1999–2000 season, manager Bert van Marwijk left to join Feyenoord and the team was relegated to the First Division in the 2001–02 season. Financial irregularities were discovered and the team faced bankruptcy over several seasons. In the winter of 2003, two of the club's fans won the Dutch lottery and donated all of the prize money to the club. The club cleared most of their debts by selling off their new stadium, the Wagner & Partners stadium.


title: Fortuna Sittard

text: On 19 May 2009, the KNVB announced it would withdraw the club's license to play for the 2010–11 season. After going to civil court, this decision was revoked. Even though financial troubles kept plaguing the club, recent years have seen a slow but steady return to financial health, with sporting successes following suit. In the 2011–2012 season they missed qualification for the playoffs for promotion to the Eredivisie by a hair's breadth, conceding an equalizer in the dying seconds of the season in the home match against the Go Ahead Eagles, seeing them take the final playoff spot instead. In 2012–13 and 2013–14 they were successful in qualifying, having a first chance at returning to the Eredivisie since their relegation in 2002, but they lost both first round matches against De Graafschap.


title: Fortuna Sittard

text: In 2018, after 16 years in the Eerste Divisie, Fortuna won promotion to the Eredivisie again after beating Jong PSV 1–0 to stay clear from NEC and finishing runner-up to champions Jong Ajax, who are not allowed to promote.


title: Fortuna Sittard

text: The 2019–20 season ended with Fortuna in 16th place. But with the season being declared void, they will participate in Eredivisie in 2020–21.


title: Fortuna Sittard

text: Below is a table with Fortuna Sittard's domestic results since the introduction of professional football in 1956.


title: Fortuna Sittard

text: On January 25, 2022 Fortuna announced they were beginning a women's football department. The club will start in the Dutch women's Eredivisie in season 2022/23.


title: Marcia Fudge

text: Marcia Louise Fudge (born October 29, 1952) is an American attorney and politician serving as the 18th United States secretary of housing and urban development since 2021. A member of the Democratic Party, she served as the U.S. representative for from 2008 to 2021. The district includes most of the black-majority precincts between Cleveland and Akron.


title: Marcia Fudge

text: Following the death of Stephanie Tubbs Jones in 2008, Fudge ran unopposed in the special election to replace her. She was chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 113th Congress. She considered running for Speaker of the United States House of Representatives at the start of the 116th Congress but eventually announced she would back Nancy Pelosi.


title: Marcia Fudge

text: Then president-elect Joe Biden nominated Fudge as Secretary of Housing and Urban Development on December 10, 2020. The U.S. Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs advanced her nomination by a vote of 17–7 on February 4, 2021. She was confirmed by the United States Senate on March 10, 2021, by a vote of 66–34. She was virtually sworn in by Vice President Kamala Harris on March 10, 2021. Upon taking her oath of office, she became the second African-American woman to serve as secretary of housing and urban development.


title: Marcia Fudge

text: Fudge was born in Cleveland, Ohio, on October 29, 1952. A 1971 graduate of Shaker Heights High School, she earned her Bachelor of Science in business from the Ohio State University in 1975. In 1983, she earned a Juris Doctor from Cleveland State University Cleveland–Marshall College of Law.


title: Marcia Fudge

text: After college, she worked as a law clerk and studied legal research. She also worked in the Cuyahoga County prosecutor's office as Director of Budget and Finance. Fudge has also worked as an auditor for the county's estate tax department and has occasionally served as a visiting judge and as a chief referee for arbitration.


title: Marcia Fudge

text: Fudge was the mayor of Warrensville Heights, Ohio, from 2000 to November 18, 2008. Her 1999 campaign was her first run for any elected office. She was the town's first female and first African American mayor.


title: Marcia Fudge

text: Fudge served as chief of staff to U.S. Representative Stephanie Tubbs Jones during Jones's first term in Congress. She has also served on the board of trustees for the Cleveland Public Library.


title: Marcia Fudge

text: After Stephanie Tubbs Jones's death on August 20, 2008, a committee of local Democratic leaders selected Fudge as her replacement on the November ballot. This virtually assured her election in the heavily Democratic, black-majority district. Fudge won the November4 general election, defeating Republican Thomas Pekarek with 85% of the vote. She was unopposed in a November 18 special election for the balance of Jones's fifth term, and won with fewer than nine thousand votes cast. She was sworn in on November 19, 2008, giving her almost two months' more seniority than the rest of the 2008 House freshman class.


title: Marcia Fudge

text: After the 2018 midterms, Fudge considered running for Speaker of the House in the 2019 election. She later abandoned the bid and supported Nancy Pelosi.


title: Marcia Fudge

text: After the 2020 United States presidential election, Fudge and allies including Representative Jim Clyburn argued that she should be appointed as Secretary of Agriculture in the Biden administration. Fudge was quoted as saying, "You know, it's always 'we want to put the Black person in Labor or HUD'." Biden eventually selected Tom Vilsack as his agriculture secretary; he chose Fudge as Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.


title: Marcia Fudge

text: Fudge resigned from the House of Representatives after being confirmed by the Senate as Secretary of Housing and Urban Development on March 10, 2021. A special election to replace her was held on November 2, 2021, with Shontel Brown elected to the seat.


title: Marcia Fudge

text: During a presentation at the Congressional Black Caucus Foundation's 44th Annual Legislative Conference in September 2014, Fudge said the CBC would mobilize Black voters in the 2014 midterm elections by underscoring Republican attacks on President Obama, such as claims that he was not born in the United States.


title: Marcia Fudge

text: On December 10, 2020, President Biden announced his plan to nominate Fudge for Secretary of Housing and Urban Development. She appeared before the Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs on January 28, 2021. On February 4, committee chairman Sherrod Brown advanced her nomination after a 17–7 vote in favor.


title: Marcia Fudge

text: On March 10, 2021, Fudge was confirmed by the Senate by a vote of 66–34, garnering the support of every senator caucusing with the Democratic Party and 16 senators from the Republican caucus. She was sworn in by Vice President Kamala Harris hours after her confirmation.


title: Marcia Fudge

text: In March 2021, during a White House press conference, Fudge made comments on the upcoming Senate election in her home state of Ohio suggesting that Democrats could win it. As a result, she was accused of violating the Hatch Act of 1939. After an investigation, the Office of Special Counsel determined she had violated the Hatch Act. Fudge received a warning.


title: Marcia Fudge

text: In one of her first acts as secretary, Fudge discussed the effects of homelessness on people of color, evictions in the United States, and creating avenues for fair housing with civil rights leaders including Marc Morial and Al Sharpton.


title: Marcia Fudge

text: Fudge was the president of the Delta Sigma Theta sorority from 1996 to 2000, co-chair of the sorority's National Social Action Commission, and a member of its Greater Cleveland Alumnae Chapter. In 2003, she was a member of the Shaker Heights Alumni Association's Hall of Fame Class.


title: Marcia Fudge

text: Fudge has been a member of the Glenville Church of God, and is now a member of Zion Chapel Baptist Church.


title: Marcia Fudge

text: In 2015, Fudge wrote a letter asking for leniency in the sentencing of Cleveland politician Lance Mason on felony assault and domestic violence charges. Fudge described Mason as "kind", and wrote that "Lance [...] has assured me that something like this will never happen again." Mason subsequently attacked and killed his ex-wife, in 2018, stabbing her 59 times. After the murder, Fudge released a statement saying she condemned the crimes committed by Mason.


title: Jerry Zucker

text: Jerry Gordon Zucker (born March 11, 1950) is an American film producer, director, and writer known for his role in directing comedy spoof films such as "Airplane!" and "Top Secret!", and the Best Picture-nominated supernatural drama film "Ghost". He and his older brother, David Zucker, collaborated on several films.


title: Jerry Zucker

text: Zucker was born to a Jewish family in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, the son of Charlotte A. (Lefstein) (d. 2007) and Burton C. Zucker, who was a real estate developer. He graduated from Shorewood High School. His paternal grandfather was Leonard Zucker who emigrated from Russia to the United States and became a naturalized citizen.


title: Jerry Zucker

text: Zucker's early career work started with Jim Abrahams and brother David Zucker. The trio performed in Madison, Wisconsin as a sketch and comedy troupe called "Kentucky Fried Theater". From there the three went on and together co-directed "Airplane!" in 1980 and then went on to do "Top Secret!" in 1984, and "Ruthless People" in 1986. In 1987, both Jerry and David Zucker through Zucker Brothers Productions had inked an agreement with Paramount Pictures for a two-year non-exclusive production agreement and development deal with the studio. The brothers had anticipated cranking out four comedies for Paramount Pictures during the life of the pact; the first film was a feature film version of the early 1980s television show "Police Squad!", which was originally cancelled after six episodes on the air. In 1990, he lent his directorial skills to the dramatic genre with "Ghost", which was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Picture. Zucker's most recent directorial effort is the 2001 film "Rat Race".


title: Jerry Zucker

text: Zucker's films have been ranked among the greatest comedies of all time: "Airplane!" was ranked at the top of "Entertainment Weekly's" list of best comedy films and AFI listed it as #10; "Top Secret!" made "Entertainment Weekly"'s Top 100 list.


title: Jerry Zucker

text: Like his brother David Zucker, Jerry often cast his mother, Charlotte (who died in 2007), and his sister, Susan Breslau, in small roles in his films. Along with Jim Abrahams, the Zuckers constitute the "ZAZ" team of directors.


title: Piccolo

text: The piccolo ( ; Italian for 'small') is a half-size flute and a member of the woodwind family of musical instruments. Sometimes referred to as a "baby flute" the modern piccolo has similar fingerings as the standard transverse flute, but the sound it produces is an octave higher. This has given rise to the name ottavino (), by which the instrument is called in Italian and thus also in scores of Italian composers.


title: Piccolo

text: Piccolos are often orchestrated to double the violins or the flutes, adding sparkle and brilliance to the overall sound because of the aforementioned one-octave transposition upwards. The piccolo is a standard member in orchestras, marching bands, and wind ensembles.


title: Piccolo

text: Since the Middle Ages, evidence indicates the use of octave transverse flutes as military instruments, as their penetrating sound was audible above battles. In cultured music, however, the first piccolos were used in some of Jean Philippe Rameau's works in the first half of the 18th century. Still, the instrument began to spread, and therefore to have a stable place in the orchestra, only at the beginning of 1800 A.D. During the Baroque period, the indication "flautino" or also "flauto piccolo" usually denoted a recorder of small size (soprano or sopranino). In particular, this is the case of the concertos that Antonio Vivaldi wrote for "flautino".


title: Piccolo

text: Until the end of the 19th century, the piccolo maintained the same construction. Historically, the piccolo had no keys. The piccolo should not be confused with the fife, which is traditionally one-piece, has a smaller, cylindrical bore, and produces a more strident sound. At the end of the century, the piccolo began to be built with the Boehm mechanism, which would become the standard during the 1900s. However, it cannot wholly transition to the Boehm system since the bore has remained conical, as in the old system flute, and the first bottom note is D, like in the baroque flute.


title: Piccolo

text: It is a myth that one of the earliest pieces to use the piccolo was Ludwig van Beethoven's Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, which premiered in December 1808. Although neither Joseph Haydn nor Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart used it in their symphonies, some of their contemporaries did, including Franz Anton Hoffmeister, Franz Xaver Süssmayr, and Michael Haydn. Also, Mozart used the piccolo in his opera "Idomeneo". Opera orchestras in Paris sometimes included small transverse flutes at the octave as early as 1735 as existing scores by Jean-Philippe Rameau show.


title: Piccolo

text: Piccolos are now mainly manufactured in the key of C. In the early 20th century, piccolos were manufactured in D as they were an earlier model of the modern piccolo. For this D piccolo, John Philip Sousa wrote the famous solo in the final repeat of the closing section (trio) of his march "The Stars and Stripes Forever".


title: Piccolo

text: Although once made of wood, glass, or ivory, piccolos today are made from plastic, resin, brass, nickel silver, silver, and a variety of hardwoods, most commonly grenadilla. Finely made piccolos are often available with a variety of options similar to the flute, such as the split-E mechanism. Most piccolos have a conical body with a cylindrical head, like the Baroque flute and later flutes before the popularization of the Boehm bore used in modern flutes. Unlike other woodwind instruments, in most wooden piccolos, the tenon joint that connects the head to the body has two interference fit points surrounding the cork and metal side of the piccolo body joint.


title: Piccolo

text: The piccolo is used alongside marching drums in traditional formations at the Carnival of Basel, Switzerland.


title: Piccolo

text: In 2014, a festival was born entirely dedicated to the piccolo, the International Piccolo Festival, which takes place annually in July in Grado, Italy.


title: Piccolo

text: There are a number of pieces for piccolo alone by such composers as Samuel Adler, Miguel del Aguila, Robert Dick, Michael Isaacson, David Loeb, Stephen Hough, Polly Moller, Vincent Persichetti, Karlheinz Stockhausen, and Brian Ferneyhough.


title: Piccolo

text: Repertoire for piccolo and piano, many of which are sonatas, has been composed by Miguel del Águila, Robert Baksa, Robert Beaser, Rob du Bois, Howard J. Buss, , Pierre Max Dubois, Raymond Guiot, Lowell Liebermann, Peter Schickele, Michael Daugherty, and Gary Schocker.


title: Piccolo

text: Concertos have been composed for piccolo, including those by Lowell Liebermann, Sir Peter Maxwell Davies, Todd Goodman, Martin Amlin, Will Gay Bottje, Bruce Broughton, Valentino Bucchi, Avner Dorman, Jean Doué, Michael Easton, Egil Hovland, Guus Janssen, Daniel Pinkham, and Jeff Manookian.


title: Piccolo

text: Additionally, there is now a selection of chamber music that uses the piccolo. One example is Stockhausen's "", for piccolo and two euphoniums (or one synthesizer), with an optional percussionist and dancer. Another is George Crumb's Madrigals, Book II for soprano, flute (doubling piccolo/alto flute), and percussion. Other examples include a trio for piccolo, contrabassoon, and piano, 'Was mit den Tränen geschieht' by Stephen Hough, the Quintet for Piccolo and String Quartet by Graham Waterhouse, and "Malambo" for piccolo, double bass, and piano by Miguel del Aguila. Currently published trios for three piccolos include "Quelque Chose canadienne" (Something Canadian) by Nancy Nourse and "Bird Tango" by Crt Sojar Voglar for three piccolos with piano. "Petrushka's Ghost" for eight piccolos by Melvin Lauf, Jr. and "Una piccolo sinfonia" for nine piccolos by Matthew King are two more examples.


title: Alludu Adhurs

text: Alludu Adhurs () is a 2021 Indian Telugu-language action comedy film written and directed by Santosh Srinivas and produced by Gorrela Subrahmanyam. The film stars Bellamkonda Sreenivas, Nabha Natesh, Anu Emmanuel, Sonu Sood and Prakash Raj. The film was released on 15 January 2021 coinciding with Sankranthi. The film received negative reviews from critics and audiences and became a box office flop.


title: Alludu Adhurs

text: Sreenu meets Vasu at school and falls in love with her. They become close friends and later she leaves. After which he and his friends vow to never fall for girls.


title: Alludu Adhurs

text: 20 years later he meets Vasu at a business meeting, later he learns she is in love with Gaja, her father's enemy, who wants to avenge his father and sister's death with his uncle Brahmaji.Before that Sreenu falls in love with Koumadi.While helping his friend from Koumadi's father as he proposed Koumadi and learns she is sister of Vasu


title: Alludu Adhurs

text: It is later revealed that Vasu tried to commit suicide but was saved by some villagers and then taken home. Even though she learns that Gaja was only using her for his revenge, she believes that he loves her, so Seenu acts as if he was possessed by Vasu's ghost, as everyone believes she is dead. After a series of incidents, Gaja and Vasu, along with Seenu and Koumudi get married.


title: Alludu Adhurs

text: Principal photography of the film began in January 2020. Later in March 2020, a promotional poster was released announcing the film's release on 30 April 2020. But due to the COVID-19 lockdown in India, the filming was paused. The filming was then resumed in September 2020. In December 2020, the film was announced to be releasing on 14 January 2021.


title: Alludu Adhurs

text: The film was released on 15 January 2021 coinciding with Sankranthi, alongside other Telugu films including "Krack" and "Red".


title: Alludu Adhurs

text: In his review for "Firstpost", Hemanth Kumar rated the film 1 of 5 and termed it, "silly, outdated, and a nonsensical film." "The Hindu" critic Sangeetha Devi wrote: "The writer has weaved multiple sub-plots to fill the two-and-a-half-hour slot. The story appears tailor-made for the front-benchers and one feels a sense of deja vu at the comedy." "The Times of India" which rated 2.5 stars out of five, stated: "A film with too many elements and very litle substance, "Alludu Adhurs" is letdown by its predictability"


title: Surface roughness

text: Surface roughness, often shortened to roughness, is a component of surface finish (surface texture). It is quantified by the deviations in the direction of the normal vector of a real surface from its ideal form. If these deviations are large, the surface is rough; if they are small, the surface is smooth. In surface metrology, roughness is typically considered to be the high-frequency, short-wavelength component of a measured surface. However, in practice it is often necessary to know both the amplitude and frequency to ensure that a surface is fit for a purpose.


title: Surface roughness

text: Roughness plays an important role in determining how a real object will interact with its environment. In tribology, rough surfaces usually wear more quickly and have higher friction coefficients than smooth surfaces. Roughness is often a good predictor of the performance of a mechanical component, since irregularities on the surface may form nucleation sites for cracks or corrosion. On the other hand, roughness may promote adhesion. Generally speaking, rather than scale specific descriptors, cross-scale descriptors such as surface fractality provide more meaningful predictions of mechanical interactions at surfaces including contact stiffness and static friction.


title: Surface roughness

text: Although a high roughness value is often undesirable, it can be difficult and expensive to control in manufacturing. For example, it is difficult and expensive to control surface roughness of fused deposition modelling (FDM) manufactured parts. Decreasing the roughness of a surface usually increases its manufacturing cost. This often results in a trade-off between the manufacturing cost of a component and its performance in application.


title: Surface roughness

text: Roughness can be measured by manual comparison against a "surface roughness comparator" (a sample of known surface roughness), but more generally a surface profile measurement is made with a profilometer. These can be of the contact variety (typically a diamond stylus) or optical (e.g.: a white light interferometer or laser scanning confocal microscope).


title: Surface roughness

text: However, controlled roughness can often be desirable. For example, a gloss surface can be too shiny to the eye and too slippery to the finger (a touchpad is a good example) so a controlled roughness is required. This is a case where both amplitude and frequency are very important.


title: Surface roughness

text: A roughness value can either be calculated on a profile (line) or on a surface (area). The profile roughness parameter (formula_1, formula_2, ...) are more common. The area roughness parameters (formula_3, formula_4, ...) give more significant values.


title: Surface roughness

text: The profile roughness parameters are included in BS EN ISO 4287:2000 British standard, identical with the ISO 4287:1997 standard. The standard is based on the ″M″ (mean line) system.


title: Surface roughness

text: There are many different roughness parameters in use, but formula_1 is by far the most common, though this is often for historical reasons and not for particular merit, as the early roughness meters could only measure formula_1. Other common parameters include formula_7, formula_2, and formula_9. Some parameters are used only in certain industries or within certain countries. For example, the formula_10 family of parameters is used mainly for cylinder bore linings, and the "Motif parameters" are used primarily in the French automotive industry. The MOTIF method provides a graphical evaluation of a surface profile without filtering waviness from roughness. A "motif" consists of the portion of a profile between two peaks and the final combinations of these motifs eliminate ″insignificant″ peaks and retains ″significant″ ones. Please note that formula_1 is a dimensional unit that can be micrometer or microinch.


title: Surface roughness

text: Since these parameters reduce all of the information in a profile to a single number, great care must be taken in applying and interpreting them. Small changes in how the raw profile data is filtered, how the mean line is calculated, and the physics of the measurement can greatly affect the calculated parameter. With modern digital equipment, the scan can be evaluated to make sure there are no obvious glitches that skew the values.


title: Surface roughness

text: Because it may not be obvious to many users what each of the measurements really mean, a simulation tool allows a user to adjust key parameters, visualizing how surfaces which are obviously different to the human eye are differentiated by the measurements. For example, formula_1 fails to distinguish between two surfaces where one is composed of peaks on an otherwise smooth surface and the other is composed of troughs of the same amplitude. Such tools can be found in app format.


title: Surface roughness

text: By convention every 2D roughness parameter is a capital formula_13 followed by additional characters in the subscript. The subscript identifies the formula that was used, and the formula_13 means that the formula was applied to a 2D roughness profile. Different capital letters imply that the formula was applied to a different profile. For example, formula_1 is the arithmetic average of the roughness profile, formula_16 is the arithmetic average of the unfiltered raw profile, and formula_3 is the arithmetic average of the 3D roughness.


title: Surface roughness

text: Each of the formulas listed in the tables assume that the roughness profile has been filtered from the raw profile data and the mean line has been calculated. The roughness profile contains formula_18 ordered, equally spaced points along the trace, and formula_19 is the vertical distance from the mean line to the formula_20 data point. Height is assumed to be positive in the up direction, away from the bulk material.


title: Surface roughness

text: Amplitude parameters characterize the surface based on the vertical deviations of the roughness profile from the mean line. Many of them are closely related to the parameters found in statistics for characterizing population samples. For example, formula_1 is the arithmetic average value of filtered roughness profile determined from deviations about the center line within the evaluation length and formula_22 is the range of the collected roughness data points.


title: Surface roughness

text: The arithmetic average roughness, formula_1, is the most widely used one-dimensional roughness parameter.


title: Adam's Peak

text: Adam's Peak is a tall conical mountain located in central Sri Lanka. It is well known for the Sri Pada (), i.e., "sacred footprint", a rock formation near the summit, which in Buddhist tradition is held to be the footprint of the Buddha, in Hindu tradition that of Hanuman or Shiva (), i.e., "Mountain of Shiva's Light", and in some Islamic and Christian traditions that of Adam, or that of St. Thomas.


title: Adam's Peak

text: The mountain is located in the southern reaches of the Central Highlands in the Ratnapura District and Nuwara Eliya District of the Sabaragamuwa Province and Central Province —lying about northeast of Ratnapura and southwest of Hatton. The surrounding region is largely forested hills, with no mountain of comparable size nearby. The region along the mountain is a wildlife reserve, housing many species varying from elephants to leopards, and including many endemic species.


title: Adam's Peak

text: Adam's Peak is important as a watershed. The districts to the south and the east of Adam's Peak yield precious stones—emeralds, rubies and sapphires, for which the island has been famous, and which earned for it the ancient name of Ratnadvipa.


title: Adam's Peak

text: Adam's Peak is the source of three major rivers in Sri Lanka: Kelani River, Walawe River, and the Kalu Ganga (river).


title: Adam's Peak

text: Access to the mountain is possible by 6 trails: Ratnapura-Palabaddala, Hatton-Nallathanni, Kuruwita-Erathna, Murraywatte, Mookuwatte and Malimboda. The Nallathanni and Palabaddala routes are most favored by those undertaking the climb, while the Kuruwita-Erathna trail is used less often. These trails are linked to major cities or town by bus, accounting for their popular use. The Murraywatte, Mookuwatte and Malimboda routes are seldom used, but do intersect with the Palabaddala road midway through the ascent. The usual route taken by most pilgrims is ascent via Hatton and descent via Ratnapura. Although the Hatton trail is the steepest, it is also shorter than any of the other trails by approximately five kilometers.


title: Adam's Peak

text: Once one of the starting 'nodes' of Palabadalla, Nallathanni or Erathna are reached, the rest of the ascent is done on foot through the forested mountainside on the steps built into it. The greater part of the track leading from the base to the summit consists of thousands of steps built in cement or rough stones. The trails are illuminated with electric light, making night-time ascent possible and safe to do even when accompanied by children. Rest stops and wayside shops along the trails serve refreshments and supplies.


title: Adam's Peak

text: Whilst there are many ancient monuments on the mountain, there is an important Peace Pagoda located halfway up, built by Nipponzan Myohoji in 1978.


title: Adam's Peak

text: Due to its significance to the various people that inhabit the country, the mountain is referred to by a variety of names.


title: Adam's Peak

text: The often used "Sri Pada" is derived from Sanskrit, used by the Sinhalese people in a religious context; this name also has meaning in Pāli, and may be translated roughly as "the sacred foot". It refers to the footprint-shaped mark at the summit, which is believed by Buddhists to be that of the Buddha. Christian and Islamic traditions assert that it is the footprint of Adam, left when first setting foot on Earth after having been cast out of paradise, giving it the name "Adam's Peak". Hindu tradition refers to the footprint as that of the Hindu deity Shiva, and thus names the mountain "Shiva padam" (Shiva's foot) in Tamil. Tamils may also use the name "Shivanolipatha Malai" to refer to the mountain.


title: Adam's Peak

text: Another Sinhala name for the mountain is "Samanalakanda", which refers either to the deity Saman, who is said to live upon the mountain, or to the butterflies ("samanalayā") that frequent the mountain during their annual migrations to the region. The name Sri Paada, however, is the more commonly used.


title: Adam's Peak

text: Other local and historic names include "Ratnagiri" ("jewelled hill"), "Samantakuta" ("Peak of Saman"), "Svargarohanam" ("the climb to heaven"), "Mount Rohana" and other variations on the root "Rohana".


title: Adam's Peak

text: Sri Pada is first mentioned (as Samanthakuta) in the Deepawamsa, the earliest Pali chronicle, (4th century), and also in the 5th century chronicle Mahawamsa, where it is stated that the Buddha visited the mountain peak. The chronicle "Rajavaliya" states that the King Valagamba (1st century BCE) had taken refuge in the forests of Adam's Peak against invaders from India, and later returned to Anuradhapura. The Mahawamsa again mentions the visit of King Vijayabahu I (1058–1114) to the mountain. The famous Chinese pilgrim and Buddhist traveler Fa Hien stayed in Sri Lanka in 411–12 CE and mentions Sri Pada although it is not made clear whether he actually visited it.


title: Adam's Peak

text: The Italian merchant Marco Polo in his "Travels" of 1298 CE noted that Adam's Peak was an important place of pilgrimage but did not mention a footprint in the rock. The Arab traveler Ibn Battuta climbed to the summit of the mountain which he called "Sarandīb" in 1344 CE. In his description he mentions a stairway and iron stanchions with chains to help the pilgrims. The first ascent of the peak by an Englishman was made by Lieutenant William Malcolm of the 1st Ceylon Regiment on 26 April 1815, from the Ratnapura side; his account of the ascent was published in the Government Gazette on 10 May 1815. John Davy, brother of the noted chemist Sir Humphry Davy, visited the peak in 1817. He recorded observing an oversized foot print carved in stone and ornamented with a single margin of brass and studded with gems.


title: Adam's Peak

text: It is revered as a holy site by Buddhists, Hindus, some Muslims and Christians. It has specific qualities that cause it to stand out and be noticed, including its dominant and outstanding profile, and the boulder at the peak containing an indentation resembling a footprint. As the 1910 Encyclopædia Britannica notes:


title: Adam's Peak

text: "For a long period Adam’s Peak was supposed to be the highest mountain in Ceylon, but actual survey makes it only 7353 ft. above sea-level. This elevation is chiefly remarkable as the resort of pilgrims from all parts of the East. The hollow in the lofty rock that crowns the summit is said by the Brahmans to be the footstep of Siva, by the Buddhists of Buddha, by the Mahommedans of Adam, whilst the Portuguese Christians were divided between the conflicting claims of St Thomas and the eunuch of Candace, queen of Ethiopia. The footstep is covered by a handsome roof, and is guarded by the priests of a rich monastery half-way up the mountain, who maintain a shrine on the summit of the peak."


title: Adam's Peak

text: It is an important pilgrimage site, especially for Buddhists. Pilgrims walk up the mountain, following a variety of difficult routes up thousands of steps. The journey takes several hours at least.


title: Adam's Peak

text: The mountain is most often scaled from December to May. During other months it is hard to climb the mountain due to very heavy rain, extreme wind, and thick mist. The peak pilgrimage season is in April, and the goal is to be on top of the mountain at sunrise, when the distinctive shape of the mountain casts a triangular shadow on the surrounding plain and can be seen to move quickly downward as the sun rises.


title: Adam's Peak

text: For Buddhists, the footprint mark is the left foot of the Buddha, left behind when Buddha visited Sri Lanka, as a symbol for worship at the invitation of Buddhist God Saman.


title: Adam's Peak

text: Tamil Hindus consider it as the footprint of Lord Shiva. It is also fabled that the mountain is the legendary mount Trikuta, the capital of Ravana during the Ramayana times from where he ruled Lanka.


title: Adam's Peak

text: A bell lies on top of the temple and tradition goes that pilgrims can ring it as many times as they have achieved the pilgrimage to the top of the peak.


title: Adam's Peak

text: Some Muslims and Christians in Sri Lanka ascribe it to where Adam, the first ancestor, set foot as he was exiled from the Garden of Eden. The legends of Adam are connected to the idea that Sri Lanka was the original Eden, and in the Muslim tradition that Adam was 60 cubits tall.


title: Adam's Peak

text: A shrine to Saman, a Buddhist "deity" (people who have spent spiritual lives during their life on earth and done pacificism service to regions are deified by Sri Lankan Buddhists) charged with protecting the mountain top, can be found near the footprint.


title: Samantha Maloney

text: Samantha Maloney (born December 11, 1975) is an American musician best known for playing in the bands Hole and Mötley Crüe. She has also performed live with Eagles of Death Metal and Peaches.


title: Samantha Maloney

text: Maloney received her first drum-kit at the age of five. Drumming immediately became a significant part of her life. At the age of fourteen she enrolled at Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts in New York City, and for the next three years studied percussion extensively.


title: Samantha Maloney

text: At the age of sixteen, she auditioned for the post-hardcore band Shift as a replacement drummer and the band gave her the position permanently.


title: Samantha Maloney

text: While playing in Shift, Maloney excelled on her school's basketball team, and in 1993, had to decide whether or not to pursue a serious basketball career with college scholarship offers or to continue drumming in her band Shift. Samantha chose to stick with Shift who released two independent records on Equal Vision Records in 1994 and 1995. Two years later, Shift signed to Columbia Records and made their major-label debut album titled, "Get In". Following the album's release the band toured.


title: Samantha Maloney

text: In 1998, Maloney was offered an audition in Los Angeles for the role of drummer in Hole, a position vacated by Patty Schemel. With her audition a success she was accepted by the band and so officially joined up with Hole, leaving Shift behind to join the band. At 22, Maloney was on the road with Hole at the height of their popularity, playing sold out arenas and touring extensively in the U.S., Australia, Japan, and the United Kingdom whilst also appearing on television and in magazines, as well as Hole's recordings and videos.


title: Samantha Maloney

text: In 2000, Hole went on hiatus and Maloney was offered the drum chair for Mötley Crüe to fill in for then-drummer Randy Castillo, who was out of action due to a duodenal ulcer. She is the drummer on the live DVD of the New Tattoo tour, "Motley Crue – Lewd, Crued & Tattooed".


title: Samantha Maloney

text: In 2004, Maloney, alongside Melissa Auf der Maur (The Smashing Pumpkins/Hole), Paz Lenchantin (A Perfect Circle), and Radio Sloan (The Need) created a new band called The Chelsea. The all-female group only played one show before quickly going their separate ways.


title: Samantha Maloney

text: Having worked with and for others on their music, the drummer decided to start composing her own album, and in mid-2003 she began to turn down high-profile gigs in order to start her solo project, pausing briefly on July 7, 2004, to fill in as the drummer for a band on Sympathy for the Record Industry called Scarling. in order to perform live at a group art show at the Copro/Nason Gallery (Santa Monica, California).


title: Samantha Maloney

text: In 2004, just as she had completed her first batch of songs, Maloney was asked by former Hole frontwoman Courtney Love to fly to France (after drummer Patty Schemel departed for the second time) and add drums to Love's otherwise complete solo debut, "America's Sweetheart".


title: Samantha Maloney

text: Returning to the States, Maloney was asked to assemble a live band for Courtney Love, reconnecting with guitarist Radio Sloan, finding guitarist Lisa Leveridge and bassist Dvin to form the core of the band. After playing with the band for a few weeks Love decided to call her new band "The Chelsea" after Maloney's previous musical endeavour. Love added Violinist Emilie Autumn to the band at a later date. The band was put on hiatus after a small number of gigs, including Love's bizarre appearance on the "Late Show with David Letterman", where the singer bared her breasts, lit up a cigarette and rambled about Nicole Kidman, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and her legal problems and after performing at Plaid in New York where Love was arrested Thursday morning (March 18) at 2:30 am, after allegedly throwing a blunt object into the audience, hitting a 24-year-old man in the head.


title: Samantha Maloney

text: However, Maloney was soon approached by old friend Josh Homme to drum for his side-project Eagles of Death Metal. Maloney accepted the gig and toured with Eagles of Death Metal opening for Queens of the Stone Age all over the world.


title: Samantha Maloney

text: In 2006, Samantha toured with Electroclash punk artist Peaches' live band, The Herms along with JD Samson and Radio Sloan in support of her 2006 release "Impeach My Bush".


title: Samantha Maloney

text: In January 2009, Samantha joined with Allison Robertson (of The Donnas), former Playboy model/Disk-Jockey and Huntress singer Jill Janus, and Corey Parks (ex. Nashville Pussy), to form the Chelsea Girls. The band is an all-girl cover band. The band's name references an Andy Warhol flick and a premise—the greatest anthems from the likes of AC/DC, Judas Priest, Blondie and even some Madonna. In the spirit of Camp Freddy, they brought in special guests including Lemmy from Motörhead and Carmen Electra who is now the unofficial fifth member as the band's emcee.


title: Samantha Maloney

text: In August 2007, a new project was announced: The Ingenues. According to their MySpace page, they are “a select group of uber talented femmes who have collaborated with up and coming producer extraordinaire Samantha Maloney (Hole, Eagles of Death Metal, The Herms, Mötley Crüe, Scarling.) to make a collection of songs to bring to their masses". The project will include Jessicka (Scarling./Jack Off Jill), Radio Sloan (The Need, The Chelsea, The Herms, Le Tigre), and Lisa Leveridge.


title: Samantha Maloney

text: Maloney is working on new material along with singer Jessicka for The Ingenues. They have released one single titled "Happy For You" available on iTunes.


title: Samantha Maloney

text: On June 30, 2010, Billy Ray Cyrus released on his Facebook account information about the new alternative rock group, Brother Clyde, with the old members substituted by Samantha Maloney, Jamie Miller, Dan Knight and Dave Henning. He also stated that their single, "Lately", was available on iTunes and that their debut album would be out on August 10, 2010.


title: Samantha Maloney

text: In February 2001, she contributed to music for Daryl Hannah's documentary about a stripper called "Stripnotes". In May, she worked on The Desert Sessions Vol. 7 & 8 with Josh Homme (Queens of the Stone Age), Mark Lanegan (Screaming Trees), and Chris Goss (Masters of Reality).


title: Samantha Maloney

text: In June 2003, she and Scott Ian from Anthrax composed music for the Mr. Show movie "Run Ronnie Run" as "Titanica". During this time Maloney also added live drums to the score for the film "Black Hawk Down".


title: Samantha Maloney

text: She once managed the Los Angeles-based all-girl teenage rock group, Cherri Bomb. She made the decision to manage the band after seeing them perform as the opening act at the first Chelsea Girls show. On October 29, 2012, Maloney resigned from her position as the band's manager.


title: Samantha Maloney

text: In 2008, Maloney guest starred as "Sam", Lew Ashby's chauffeur on three episodes of the Showtime series "Californication".


title: Samantha Maloney

text: She played the part of Maureen Tucker in the 2006 film "Factory Girl", starring Sienna Miller as Edie Sedgwick.


title: Three-legged crow

text: The three-legged (or tripedal) crow is a mythological creature in various mythologies and arts of East Asia. It is believed to inhabit and represent the Sun.


title: Three-legged crow

text: Evidence of the earliest bird-Sun motif or totemic articles excavated around 5000 BCE. from the lower Yangtze River delta area. This bird-Sun totem heritage was observed in later Yangshao and Longshan cultures. Also, in Northeast Asia, artifacts of birds and phoenix observed to be a symbol of leadership was excavated to be around 5500 BCE in Xinle culture and later Hongshan culture from Liao river basin.


title: Three-legged crow

text: The Chinese have several versions of crow and crow-Sun tales. But the most popular depiction and myth of the Sun crow is that of the Yangwu or Jinwu, the "golden crow". It has also been found figured on ancient coins from Lycia and Pamphylia.


title: Three-legged crow

text: In Chinese mythology and culture, the three-legged crow is called the sanzuwu (; Cantonese: "samzukwu"; Shanghainese: sae tsoh u) and is present in many myths. It is also mentioned in the Shanhaijing. The earliest known depiction of a three-legged crow appears in Neolithic pottery of the Yangshao culture.


title: Three-legged crow

text: The sanzuwu in a disc represents the sun and is also one of the "Twelve Ornaments" that is used in the decoration of formal imperial garments in ancient China.


title: Three-legged crow

text: The most popular depiction and myth of a sanzuwu is that of a sun crow called the Yangwu () or more commonly referred to as the Jīnwū () or "golden crow". Even though it is described as a crow or raven, it is usually coloured red instead of black. A silk painting from the Western Han excavated at the Mawangdui archaeological site also depicts a "golden crow" in the sun.


title: Three-legged crow

text: In ancient Chinese depictions, the Chinese god of creation, Fuxi, is often depicted carrying the sun disk with the jīnwū () while the Chinese goddess of creation, Nüwa, holds the moon disk which contains a gold-striped toad.


title: Three-legged crow

text: According to folklore, there were originally ten sun crows which settled in 10 separate suns. They perched on a red mulberry tree called the Fusang (), literally meaning "the leaning mulberry tree", in the East at the foot of the Valley of the Sun. This mulberry tree was said to have many mouths opening from its branches. Each day one of the sun crows would be rostered to travel around the world on a carriage, driven by Xihe, the 'mother' of the suns. As soon as one sun crow returned, another one would set forth in its journey crossing the sky. According to Shanhaijing, the sun crows loved eating two grasses of immortality, one called the Diri (), or "ground sun", and the other the Chunsheng (), or "spring grow". The sun crows would often descend from heaven on to the earth and feast on these grasses, but Xihe did not like this; thus, she covered their eyes to prevent them from doing so. Folklore also held that, at around 2170 BC, all ten sun crows came out on the same day, causing the world to burn; Houyi, the celestial archer, saved the day by shooting down all but one of the sun crows. (See Mid-Autumn Festival for variants of this legend.)


title: Three-legged crow

text: The sanzuwu is also depicted with the Queen Mother of the West () who are believed to be her messengers.


title: Three-legged crow

text: In Chinese mythology, there are other three-legged creatures besides the crow, for instance, the "yu" "a three-legged tortoise that causes malaria".


title: Three-legged crow

text: The three-legged crow symbolizing the sun has a yin yang counterpart in the "chánchú" "three-legged toad" symbolizing the moon (along with the moon rabbit). According to an ancient tradition, this toad is the transformed Chang'e lunar deity who stole the elixir of life from her husband Houyi the archer, and fled to the moon where she was turned into a toad.


title: Three-legged crow

text: The "Fènghuáng" is commonly depicted as being two-legged but there are some instances in art in which it has a three-legged appearance.


title: Three-legged crow

text: Xi Wangmu (Queen Mother of the West) is also said to have three green birds () that gathered food for her and in Han-period religious art they were depicted as having three legs. In the Yongtai Tomb dating to the Tang dynasty Era, when the Cult of Xi Wangu flourished, the birds are also shown as being three-legged.


title: Three-legged crow

text: In Japanese mythology, this flying creature is a raven or a jungle crow called and the appearance of the great bird is construed as evidence of the will of Heaven or divine intervention in human affairs.


title: Three-legged crow

text: Although Yatagarasu is mentioned in a number of places in Shintō, the depictions are primarily seen on Edo wood art, dating back to the early 1800s wood-art era. Although not as celebrated today, the crow is a mark of rebirth and rejuvenation; the animal that has historically cleaned up after great battles symbolized the renaissance after such tragedy.


title: Three-legged crow

text: Yatagarasu as a crow-god is a symbol specifically of guidance. This great crow was sent from heaven as a guide for legendary Emperor Jimmu on his initial journey from the region which would become Kumano to what would become Yamato, (Yoshino and then Kashihara). It is generally accepted that Yatagarasu is an incarnation of Kamotaketsunumi no Mikoto, but none of the early surviving documentary records are quite so specific.


title: Three-legged crow

text: In more than one instance, Yatagarasu appears as a three legged crow not in "Kojiki" but in "Wamyō Ruijushō".


title: Three-legged crow

text: Both the Japan Football Association and subsequently its administered teams such as the Japan national football team use the symbol of Yatagarasu in their emblems and badges respectively. The winner of the Emperor's Cup is also given the honor of wearing the Yatagarasu emblem the following season.


title: Three-legged crow

text: Although the Yatagarasu is commonly perceived as a three-legged crow, there is in fact no mention of it being such in the original "Kojiki". Consequently, it is theorised that this is a result of a later possible misinterpretation during the Heian period that the Yatagarasu and the Chinese "Yangwu" refer to an identical entity.


title: Three-legged crow

text: In Korean mythology, it is known as Samjogo (hangul: ; hanja: - literally "three-legged crow"). During the Goguryo period, the ancient Korean people thought the Samjok-o to be a symbol of the sun and of great power, often representing the Taewang (hangul: 태왕; hanja: 太王 - literally "Emperor" or "Greatest of Kings") and Goguryeo's sovereignty. It was also believed that the three-legged crow lived in the sun while a toad lived in the moon. The Samjok-o is such a highly respected symbol of power, even superior to both the dragon and the Korean bonghwang, that it carried into Silla, Goryeo, Joseon, and modern Korea.


title: Three-legged crow

text: Samjoko appeared in the story Yeonorang Seonyeo. A couple, Yeono and Seo, lived on the beach of the East Sea in 157 (King Adalala 4), and rode to Japan on a moving rock. The Japanese took two people to Japan as kings and noblemen. At that time, the light of the sun and the moon disappeared in Silla. King Adalala sent an official to Japan to return the couple, but Yeono said to take the silk that was made by his wife, Seo, and sacrifice it to the sky. As he said this, the sun and moon were brighter again.


title: Three-legged crow

text: In modern Korea, Samjok-o is still found especially in dramas such as Jumong. The three-legged crow was one of several emblems under consideration to replace the "bonghwang" in the Korean seal of state when its revision was considered in 2008. The Samjok-o appears also in Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors FC's current emblem. There are some Korean companies using Samjok-o as their corporate logos.


title: Climate of Africa

text: The climate of Africa is a range of climates such as the equatorial climate, the tropical wet and dry climate, the tropical monsoon climate, the semi-arid climate (semi-desert and steppe), the desert climate (hyper-arid and arid), the humid subtropical climate, and the subtropical highland climate. Temperate climates are rare across the continent except at very high elevations and along the fringes. In fact, the climate of Africa is more variable by rainfall amount than by temperatures, which are consistently high. African deserts are the sunniest and the driest parts of the continent, owing to the prevailing presence of the subtropical ridge with subsiding, hot, dry air masses. Africa holds many heat-related records: the continent has the hottest extended region year-round, the areas with the hottest summer climate, the highest sunshine duration, and more.


title: Climate of Africa

text: Owing to Africa's position across equatorial and subtropical latitudes in both the northern and southern hemisphere, several different climate types can be found within it. The continent mainly lies within the intertropical zone between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn, hence its interesting density of humidity. Precipitation intensity is always high, and it is a hot continent. Warm and hot climates prevail all over Africa, but mostly the northern part is marked by aridity and high temperatures. Only the northernmost and the southernmost fringes of the continent have a Mediterranean climate. The equator runs through the middle of Africa, as do the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn, making Africa the most tropical continent.


title: Climate of Africa

text: Globally, heating of the earth near the equator leads to large amounts of upward motion and convection along the monsoon trough or Intertropical Convergence Zone. The divergence over the near-equatorial trough leads to air rising and moving away from the equator aloft. As it moves towards the Mid-Latitudes, the air cools and sinks, which leads to subsidence near the 30th parallel of both hemispheres. This circulation is known as the Hadley cell and leads to the formation of the subtropical ridge. Many of the world's deserts are caused by these climatological high-pressure areas, including the Sahara Desert.


title: Climate of Africa

text: Temperatures are hottest within the Sahara regions of Algeria and Mali, and coolest across the south and at elevation within the topography across the eastern and northwest sections of the continent. The hottest average temperature on Earth is at Dallol, Ethiopia, which averages a temperature of throughout the year. The hottest temperature recorded within Africa, which was also the world record, was at 'Aziziya, Libya on 13 September 1922. This was later proven to be false, being derived from an inaccurate reading of a thermometer. The world's hottest place is in fact Death Valley, in California. Apparent temperatures, combining the effect of the temperature and humidity, along the Red Sea coast of Eritrea and Gulf of Aden coast of Somalia range between and during the afternoon hours. The lowest temperature measured within Africa was at Ifrane, Morocco on 11 February 1935. Nevertheless, the major part of Africa experiences extreme heat during much of the year, especially the deserts, semi-deserts, steppes and savannas. The African deserts are arguably the hottest places on Earth, especially the Sahara Desert and the Danakil Desert, located in the Horn of Africa.


title: Climate of Africa

text: The low-level easterly African jet stream is considered to play a crucial role in the southwest monsoon of Africa, and helps form the tropical waves which march across the tropical Atlantic and the eastern part of the Pacific during the warm season. The jet exhibits both barotropic and baroclinic instability, which produces synoptic-scale, westward-propagating disturbances in the jet known as African easterly waves, or tropical waves. A small number of mesoscale storm systems embedded in these waves develop into tropical cyclones after they move from west Africa into the tropical Atlantic, mainly during August and September. When the jet lies south of normal during the peak months of the Atlantic hurricane season, tropical cyclone formation is suppressed.


title: Climate of Africa

text: Great parts of North Africa and Southern Africa as well as the whole Horn of Africa mainly have a hot desert climate, or a hot semi-arid climate for the wetter locations. The Sahara Desert in North Africa is the largest hot desert in the world and is one of the hottest, driest and sunniest places on Earth. Located just south of the Sahara is a narrow semi-desert steppe (a semi-arid region) called the Sahel, while Africa's most southern areas contain both savanna plains, and its central portion contains very dense jungle (rainforest) regions. The equatorial region near the Intertropical Convergence Zone is the wettest portion of the continent. Annually, the rain belt across the continent moves northward into Sub-Saharan Africa by August, then passes back southward into south-central Africa by March. Areas with a savannah climate in Sub-Saharan Africa, such as Ghana, Burkina Faso, Darfur, Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Botswana have a distinct rainy season. El Nino results in drier-than-normal conditions in Southern Africa from December to February, and wetter-than-normal conditions in equatorial East Africa over the same period.


title: Climate of Africa

text: In Madagascar, trade winds bring moisture up the eastern slopes of the island, which is deposited as rainfall, and bring drier downsloped winds to areas south and west, leaving the western sections of the island in a rain shadow. This leads to significantly more rainfall over northeast sections of Madagascar than its southwestern portions. Southern Africa receives most of its rainfall from summer convective storms and with extratropical cyclones moving through the Westerlies. Once a decade, tropical cyclones lead to excessive rainfall across the region.


title: Climate of Africa

text: Snow is an almost annual occurrence on some of the mountains of South Africa, including those of the Cedarberg and around Ceres in the South-Western Cape, and on the Drakensberg in Natal and Lesotho. Tiffendell Resort in the Drakensberg is the only commercial skiing that takes place in South Africa, and has "advanced snow-making capability" allowing skiing for three months of the year. The Mountain Club of South Africa (MCSA) and the Mountain and Ski Club (MSC) of the University of Cape Town both have equipped ski huts in the Hex River mountains. Skiing including snowboarding in the Cape is a hit-and-miss affair, both in terms of timing of snowfalls, and whether there is sufficient snow to cover the rocks.


title: Climate of Africa

text: Table Mountain gets a light dusting of snow on the Front Table and also at Devil's Peak every few years. Snowfalls on Table Mountain took place on 20 September 2013; 30 August 2013; 5 August 2011; and on 15 June 2010.


title: Climate of Africa

text: Snow is a rare occurrence in Johannesburg; it fell in May 1956, August 1962, June 1964, September 1981, August 2006, and on 27 June 2007, accumulating up to in the southern suburbs.


title: Climate of Africa

text: Additionally, snow regularly falls in the Atlas Mountains in the Maghreb. Snowfall is also a regular occurrence at Mount Kenya and Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania.


title: Climate of Africa

text: There have been permanent glaciers on the Rwenzori Mountains, on the border of Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. However, by the 2010s, the glaciers were in retreat, and they are under threat of disappearing through rising temperatures.


title: Climate of Africa

text: In chapter 9 of the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report, it is reported that although greenhouse gas emissions are among the lowest in Africa, anthropogenic climate change has severely threatened daily life. People experience extreme food insecurity, high mortality rates, major biodiversity loss, and more as a result of global warming. Additionally, because of reduced economic activity and growth and inequities in funding, the ability for adaptation to these conditions is also reduced.


title: Flight

text: Flight or flying is the process by which an object moves through a space without contacting any planetary surface, either within an atmosphere (i.e. air flight or aviation) or through the vacuum of outer space (i.e. spaceflight). This can be achieved by generating aerodynamic lift associated with gliding or propulsive thrust, aerostatically using buoyancy, or by ballistic movement.


title: Flight

text: Many things can fly, from animal aviators such as birds, bats and insects, to natural gliders/parachuters such as patagial animals, anemochorous seeds and ballistospores, to human inventions like aircraft (airplanes, helicopters, airships, balloons, etc.) and rockets which may propel spacecraft and spaceplanes.


title: Flight

text: The engineering aspects of flight are the purview of aerospace engineering which is subdivided into aeronautics, the study of vehicles that travel through the atmosphere, and astronautics, the study of vehicles that travel through space, and ballistics, the study of the flight of projectiles.


title: Flight

text: Humans have managed to construct lighter-than-air vehicles that raise off the ground and fly, due to their buoyancy in air.


title: Flight

text: An aerostat is a system that remains aloft primarily through the use of buoyancy to give an aircraft the same overall density as air. Aerostats include free balloons, airships, and moored balloons. An aerostat's main structural component is its envelope, a lightweight skin that encloses a volume of lifting gas to provide buoyancy, to which other components are attached.


title: Flight

text: Aerostats are so named because they use "aerostatic" lift, a buoyant force that does not require lateral movement through the surrounding air mass to effect a lifting force. By contrast, aerodynes primarily use aerodynamic lift, which requires the lateral movement of at least some part of the aircraft through the surrounding air mass.


title: Flight

text: Some things that fly do not generate propulsive thrust through the air, for example, the flying squirrel. This is termed gliding. Some other things can exploit rising air to climb such as raptors (when gliding) and man-made sailplane gliders. This is termed soaring. However most other birds and all powered aircraft need a source of propulsion to climb. This is termed powered flight.


title: Flight

text: The only groups of living things that use powered flight are birds, insects, and bats, while many groups have evolved gliding. The extinct pterosaurs, an order of reptiles contemporaneous with the dinosaurs, were also very successful flying animals. Each of these groups' wings evolved independently, with insects the first animal group to evolve flight. The wings of the flying vertebrate groups are all based on the forelimbs, but differ significantly in structure; those of insects are hypothesized to be highly modified versions of structures that form gills in most other groups of arthropods.


title: Flight

text: Bats are the only mammals capable of sustaining level flight (see "bat flight"). However, there are several gliding mammals which are able to glide from tree to tree using fleshy membranes between their limbs; some can travel hundreds of meters in this way with very little loss in height. Flying frogs use greatly enlarged webbed feet for a similar purpose, and there are flying lizards which fold out their mobile ribs into a pair of flat gliding surfaces. "Flying" snakes also use mobile ribs to flatten their body into an aerodynamic shape, with a back and forth motion much the same as they use on the ground.


title: Flight

text: Flying fish can glide using enlarged wing-like fins, and have been observed soaring for hundreds of meters. It is thought that this ability was chosen by natural selection because it was an effective means of escape from underwater predators. The longest recorded flight of a flying fish was 45 seconds.


title: Flight

text: Most birds fly ("see bird flight"), with some exceptions. The largest birds, the ostrich and the emu, are earthbound flightless birds, as were the now-extinct dodos and the Phorusrhacids, which were the dominant predators of South America in the Cenozoic era. The non-flying penguins have wings adapted for use under water and use the same wing movements for swimming that most other birds use for flight. Most small flightless birds are native to small islands, and lead a lifestyle where flight would offer little advantage.


title: Flight

text: Among living animals that fly, the wandering albatross has the greatest wingspan, up to ; the great bustard has the greatest weight, topping at .


title: Flight

text: Most species of insects can fly as adults. Insect flight makes use of either of two basic aerodynamic models: creating a leading edge vortex, found in most insects, and using clap and fling, found in very small insects such as thrips.


title: Flight

text: Mechanical flight is the use of a machine to fly. These machines include aircraft such as airplanes, gliders, helicopters, autogyros, airships, balloons, ornithopters as well as spacecraft. Gliders are capable of unpowered flight. Another form of mechanical flight is para-sailing, where a parachute-like object is pulled by a boat. In an airplane, lift is created by the wings; the shape of the wings of the airplane are designed specially for the type of flight desired. There are different types of wings: tempered, semi-tempered, sweptback, rectangular and elliptical. An aircraft wing is sometimes called an airfoil, which is a device that creates lift when air flows across it.


title: Flight

text: Supersonic flight is flight faster than the speed of sound. Supersonic flight is associated with the formation of shock waves that form a sonic boom that can be heard from the ground, and is frequently startling. This shockwave takes quite a lot of energy to create and this makes supersonic flight generally less efficient than subsonic flight at about 85% of the speed of sound.


title: Flight

text: Hypersonic flight is very high speed flight where the heat generated by the compression of the air due to the motion through the air causes chemical changes to the air. Hypersonic flight is achieved primarily by reentering spacecraft such as the Space Shuttle and Soyuz.


title: Flight

text: Some things generate little or no lift and move only or mostly under the action of momentum, gravity, air drag and in some cases thrust. This is termed "ballistic flight". Examples include balls, arrows, bullets, fireworks etc.


title: Flight

text: Essentially an extreme form of ballistic flight, spaceflight is the use of space technology to achieve the flight of spacecraft into and through outer space. Examples include ballistic missiles, orbital spaceflight, etc.


title: Flight

text: Spaceflight is used in space exploration, and also in commercial activities like space tourism and satellite telecommunications. Additional non-commercial uses of spaceflight include space observatories, reconnaissance satellites and other Earth observation satellites.


title: Flight

text: A spaceflight typically begins with a rocket launch, which provides the initial thrust to overcome the force of gravity and propels the spacecraft from the surface of the Earth. Once in space, the motion of a spacecraft—both when unpropelled and when under propulsion—is covered by the area of study called astrodynamics. Some spacecraft remain in space indefinitely, some disintegrate during atmospheric reentry, and others reach a planetary or lunar surface for landing or impact.


title: Flight

text: In 2018, researchers at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) managed to fly an aeroplane with no moving parts, powered by an "ionic wind" also known as electroaerodynamic thrust.


title: Flight

text: Many human cultures have built devices that fly, from the earliest projectiles such as stones and spears, the


title: Flight

text: George Cayley studied flight scientifically in the first half of the 19th century, and in the second half of the 19th century Otto Lilienthal made over 200 gliding flights and was also one of the first to understand flight scientifically. His work was replicated and extended by the Wright brothers who made gliding flights and finally the first controlled and extended, manned powered flights.


title: Flight

text: Spaceflight, particularly human spaceflight became a reality in the 20th century following theoretical and practical breakthroughs by Konstantin Tsiolkovsky and Robert H. Goddard. The first orbital spaceflight was in 1957, and Yuri Gagarin was carried aboard the first manned orbital spaceflight in 1961.


title: Flight

text: There are different approaches to flight. If an object has a lower density than air, then it is buoyant and is able to float in the air without expending energy. A heavier than air craft, known as an aerodyne, includes flighted animals and insects, fixed-wing aircraft and rotorcraft. Because the craft is heavier than air, it must generate lift to overcome its weight. The wind resistance caused by the craft moving through the air is called drag and is overcome by propulsive thrust except in the case of gliding.


title: Flight

text: A fixed-wing aircraft generates forward thrust when air is pushed in the direction opposite to flight. This can be done in several ways including by the spinning blades of a propeller, or a rotating fan pushing air out from the back of a jet engine, or by ejecting hot gases from a rocket engine. The forward thrust is proportional to the mass of the airstream multiplied by the difference in velocity of the airstream. Reverse thrust can be generated to aid braking after landing by reversing the pitch of variable-pitch propeller blades, or using a thrust reverser on a jet engine. Rotary wing aircraft and thrust vectoring V/STOL aircraft use engine thrust to support the weight of the aircraft, and vector sum of this thrust fore and aft to control forward speed.


title: Flight

text: In the context of an air flow relative to a flying body, the lift force is the component of the aerodynamic force that is perpendicular to the flow direction. Aerodynamic lift results when the wing causes the surrounding air to be deflected - the air then causes a force on the wing in the opposite direction, in accordance with Newton's third law of motion.


title: Flight

text: Lift is commonly associated with the wing of an aircraft, although lift is also generated by rotors on rotorcraft (which are effectively rotating wings, performing the same function without requiring that the aircraft move forward through the air). While common meanings of the word "lift" suggest that lift opposes gravity, aerodynamic lift can be in any direction. When an aircraft is cruising for example, lift does oppose gravity, but lift occurs at an angle when climbing, descending or banking. On high-speed cars, the lift force is directed downwards (called "down-force") to keep the car stable on the road.


title: Flight

text: For a solid object moving through a fluid, the drag is the component of the net aerodynamic or hydrodynamic force acting opposite to the direction of the movement. Therefore, drag opposes the motion of the object, and in a powered vehicle it must be overcome by thrust. The process which creates lift also causes some drag.


title: Flight

text: Aerodynamic lift is created by the motion of an aerodynamic object (wing) through the air, which due to its shape and angle deflects the air. For sustained straight and level flight, lift must be equal and opposite to weight. In general, long narrow wings are able deflect a large amount of air at a slow speed, whereas smaller wings need a higher forward speed to deflect an equivalent amount of air and thus generate an equivalent amount of lift. Large cargo aircraft tend to use longer wings with higher angles of attack, whereas supersonic aircraft tend to have short wings and rely heavily on high forward speed to generate lift.


title: Flight

text: However, this lift (deflection) process inevitably causes a retarding force called drag. Because lift and drag are both aerodynamic forces, the ratio of lift to drag is an indication of the aerodynamic efficiency of the airplane. The lift to drag ratio is the L/D ratio, pronounced "L over D ratio." An airplane has a high L/D ratio if it produces a large amount of lift or a small amount of drag. The lift/drag ratio is determined by dividing the lift coefficient by the drag coefficient, CL/CD.


title: Flight

text: The lift coefficient Cl is equal to the lift L divided by the (density r times half the velocity V squared times the wing area A). [Cl = L / (A * .5 * r * V^2)] The lift coefficient is also affected by the compressibility of the air, which is much greater at higher speeds, so velocity V is not a linear function. Compressibility is also affected by the shape of the aircraft surfaces.


title: Flight

text: The drag coefficient Cd is equal to the drag D divided by the (density r times half the velocity V squared times the reference area A). [Cd = D / (A * .5 * r * V^2)]


title: Flight

text: Lift-to-drag ratios for practical aircraft vary from about 4:1 for vehicles and birds with relatively short wings, up to 60:1 or more for vehicles with very long wings, such as gliders. A greater angle of attack relative to the forward movement also increases the extent of deflection, and thus generates extra lift. However a greater angle of attack also generates extra drag.


title: Flight

text: Lift/drag ratio also determines the glide ratio and gliding range. Since the glide ratio is based only on the relationship of the aerodynamics forces acting on the aircraft, aircraft weight will not affect it. The only effect weight has is to vary the time that the aircraft will glide for – a heavier aircraft gliding at a higher airspeed will arrive at the same touchdown point in a shorter time.


title: Flight

text: Air pressure acting up against an object in air is greater than the pressure above pushing down. The buoyancy, in both cases, is equal to the weight of fluid displaced - Archimedes' principle holds for air just as it does for water.


title: Flight

text: A cubic meter of air at ordinary atmospheric pressure and room temperature has a mass of about 1.2 kilograms, so its weight is about 12 newtons. Therefore, any 1-cubic-meter object in air is buoyed up with a force of 12 newtons. If the mass of the 1-cubic-meter object is greater than 1.2 kilograms (so that its weight is greater than 12 newtons), it falls to the ground when released. If an object of this size has a mass less than 1.2 kilograms, it rises in the air. Any object that has a mass that is less than the mass of an equal volume of air will rise in air - in other words, any object less dense than air will rise.


title: Flight

text: Thrust-to-weight ratio is, as its name suggests, the ratio of instantaneous thrust to weight (where weight means weight at the Earth's standard acceleration formula_1). It is a dimensionless parameter characteristic of rockets and other jet engines and of vehicles propelled by such engines (typically space launch vehicles and jet aircraft).


title: Flight

text: If the thrust-to-weight ratio is greater than the local gravity strength (expressed in "g"s), then flight can occur without any forward motion or any aerodynamic lift being required.


title: Flight

text: If the thrust-to-weight ratio times the lift-to-drag ratio is greater than local gravity then takeoff using aerodynamic lift is possible.


title: Flight

text: Flight dynamics is the science of air and space vehicle orientation and control in three dimensions. The three critical flight dynamics parameters are the angles of rotation in three dimensions about the vehicle's center of mass, known as "pitch", "roll" and "yaw" (See Tait-Bryan rotations for an explanation).


title: Flight

text: The control of these dimensions can involve a horizontal stabilizer (i.e. "a tail"), ailerons and other movable aerodynamic devices which control angular stability i.e. flight attitude (which in turn affects altitude, heading). Wings are often angled slightly upwards- they have "positive dihedral angle" which gives inherent roll stabilization.


title: Flight

text: To create thrust so as to be able to gain height, and to push through the air to overcome the drag associated with lift all takes energy. Different objects and creatures capable of flight vary in the efficiency of their muscles, motors and how well this translates into forward thrust.


title: Flight

text: The range that powered flight articles can achieve is ultimately limited by their drag, as well as how much energy they can store on board and how efficiently they can turn that energy into propulsion.


title: Flight

text: For powered aircraft the useful energy is determined by their fuel fraction- what percentage of the takeoff weight is fuel, as well as the specific energy of the fuel used.


title: Flight

text: All animals and devices capable of sustained flight need relatively high power-to-weight ratios to be able to generate enough lift and/or thrust to achieve take off.


title: Flight

text: Vehicles that can fly can have different ways to takeoff and land. Conventional aircraft accelerate along the ground until sufficient lift is generated for takeoff, and reverse the process for landing. Some aircraft can take off at low speed; this is called a short takeoff. Some aircraft such as helicopters and Harrier jump jets can take off and land vertically. Rockets also usually take off and land vertically, but some designs can land horizontally.


title: Flight

text: Navigation is the systems necessary to calculate current position (e.g. compass, GPS, LORAN, star tracker, inertial measurement unit, and altimeter).


title: Flight

text: In aircraft, successful air navigation involves piloting an aircraft from place to place without getting lost, breaking the laws applying to aircraft, or endangering the safety of those on board or on the ground.


title: Flight

text: The techniques used for navigation in the air will depend on whether the aircraft is flying under the visual flight rules (VFR) or the instrument flight rules (IFR). In the latter case, the pilot will navigate exclusively using instruments and radio navigation aids such as beacons, or as directed under radar control by air traffic control. In the VFR case, a pilot will largely navigate using dead reckoning combined with visual observations (known as pilotage), with reference to appropriate maps. This may be supplemented using radio navigation aids.


title: Flight

text: A guidance system is a device or group of devices used in the navigation of a ship, aircraft, missile, rocket, satellite, or other moving object. Typically, guidance is responsible for the calculation of the vector (i.e., direction, velocity) toward an objective.


title: Flight

text: A conventional fixed-wing aircraft flight control system consists of flight control surfaces, the respective cockpit controls, connecting linkages, and the necessary operating mechanisms to control an aircraft's direction in flight. Aircraft engine controls are also considered as flight controls as they change speed.


title: Flight

text: Air safety is a term encompassing the theory, investigation and categorization of flight failures, and the prevention of such failures through regulation, education and training. It can also be applied in the context of campaigns that inform the public as to the safety of air travel.


title: Ribose

text: Ribose is a simple sugar and carbohydrate with molecular formula CHO and the linear-form composition H−(C=O)−(CHOH)−H. The naturally-occurring form, , is a component of the ribonucleotides from which RNA is built, and so this compound is necessary for coding, decoding, regulation and expression of genes. It has a structural analog, deoxyribose, which is a similarly essential component of DNA. is an unnatural sugar that was first prepared by Emil Fischer and Oscar Piloty in 1891. It was not until 1909 that Phoebus Levene and Walter Jacobs recognised that was a natural product, the enantiomer of Fischer and Piloty's product, and an essential component of nucleic acids. Fischer chose the name "ribose" as it is a partial rearrangement of the name of another sugar, arabinose, of which ribose is an epimer at the 2' carbon; both names also relate to gum arabic, from which arabinose was first isolated and from which they prepared .


title: Ribose

text: Like most sugars, ribose exists as a mixture of cyclic forms in equilibrium with its linear form, and these readily interconvert especially in aqueous solution. The name "ribose" is used in biochemistry and biology to refer to all of these forms, though more specific names for each are used when required. In its linear form, ribose can be recognised as the pentose sugar with all of its hydroxyl functional groups on the same side in its Fischer projection. has these hydroxyl groups on the right hand side and is associated with the systematic name (2"R",3"R",4"R")-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentanal, whilst has its hydroxyl groups appear on the left hand side in a Fischer projection. Cyclisation of ribose occurs via hemiacetal formation due to attack on the aldehyde by the C4' hydroxyl group to produce a furanose form or by the C5' hydroxyl group to produce a pyranose form. In each case, there are two possible geometric outcomes, named as α- and β- and known as anomers, depending on the stereochemistry at the hemiacetal carbon atom (the "anomeric carbon"). At room temperature, about 76% of is present in pyranose forms (α:β = 1:2) and 24% in the furanose forms (α:β = 1:3), with only about 0.1% of the linear form present.


title: Ribose

text: The ribonucleosides adenosine, cytidine, guanosine, and uridine are all derivatives of β--ribofuranose. Metabolically-important species that include phosphorylated ribose include ADP, ATP, coenzyme A, and NADH. cAMP and cGMP serve as secondary messengers in some signaling pathways and are also ribose derivatives. The ribose moiety appears in some pharmaceutical agents, including the antibiotics neomycin and paromomycin.


title: Ribose

text: Ribose as its 5-phosphate ester is typically produced from glucose by the pentose phosphate pathway. In at least some archaea, alternative pathways have been identified.


title: Ribose

text: Ribose can be synthesized chemically, but commercial production relies on fermentation of glucose. Using genetically modified strains of "B. subtilis", 90 g/liter of ribose can be produced from 200 g of glucose. The conversion entails the intermediacy of gluconate and ribulose.


title: Ribose

text: Ribose is an aldopentose (a monosaccharide containing five carbon atoms that, in its open chain form, has an aldehyde functional group at one end). In the conventional numbering scheme for monosaccharides, the carbon atoms are numbered from C1' (in the aldehyde group) to C5'. The deoxyribose derivative found in DNA differs from ribose by having a hydrogen atom in place of the hydroxyl group at C2'. This hydroxyl group performs a function in RNA splicing.


title: Ribose

text: The "-" in the name -ribose refers to the stereochemistry of the chiral carbon atom farthest away from the aldehyde group (C4'). In -ribose, as in all -sugars, this carbon atom has the same configuration as in -glyceraldehyde.Relative abundance of forms of ribose in solution: β--ribopyranose (59%), α--ribopyranose (20%), β--ribofuranose (13%), α--ribofuranose (7%) and open chain (0.1%).


title: Ribose

text: For ribose residues in nucleosides and nucleotide, the torsion angles for the rotation encompassing the bonds influence the configuration of the respective nucleoside and nucleotide. The secondary structure of a nucleic acid is determined by the rotation of its 7 torsion angles. Having a large amount of torsion angles allows for greater flexibility.