title: Pinoy

text: The desire to self-identify can likely be attributed to the diverse and independent history of the archipelagic country – comprising 7,107 islands in the western Pacific Ocean – which trace back 30,000 years before being colonized by Spain in the 16th century and later occupied by the United States, which led to the outbreak of the Philippine–American War (1899–1902). The Commonwealth of the Philippines was established in 1935 with the country gaining its independence in 1946 after hostilities in the Pacific Theatre of the Second World War had ended. The Philippines have over 170 languages indigenous to the area, most of which belong to the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian language family. In 1939, then-president Manuel L. Quezon renamed the Tagalog language as the "Wikang Pambansa" ("national language"). The language was further renamed in 1959 as "Filipino" by Secretary of Education Jose Romero. The 1973 constitution declared the Filipino language to be co-official, along with English, and mandated the development of a national language to be known as Filipino. Since then, the two official languages are Filipino and English.


title: Pinoy

text: As of 2003 there are more than eleven million overseas Filipinos worldwide, equivalent to about 11% of the total population of the Philippines.


title: Pinoy

text: "Pinoy" is first used by Filipino poet Carlos Bulosan, in his 1946 semi-autobiography, "America Is in the Heart" – "The Pinoys work every day in the fields but when the season is over their money is in the Chinese vaults." The book describes his childhood in the Philippines, his voyage to America, and his years as an itinerant laborer following the harvest trail in the rural West. It has been used in American ethnic studies courses to illustrate the racism experienced by thousands of Filipino laborers during the 1930s and 40s in the United States.


title: Pinoy

text: In the early 1970s, Pinoy music or "Pinoy pop" emerged, often sung in Tagalog – it was a mix of rock, folk and ballads – marking a political use of music similar to early hip hop but transcending class. The music was a "conscious attempt to create a Filipino national and popular culture" and it often reflected social realities and problems. As early as 1973, the Juan De la Cruz Band was performing "Ang Himig Natin" ("Our Music"), which is widely regarded as the first example of Pinoy rock. "Pinoy" gained popular currency in the late 1970s in the Philippines when a surge in patriotism made a hit song of Filipino folk singer Heber Bartolome's "Tayo'y mga Pinoy" ("We are Pinoys"). This trend was followed by Filipino rapper Francis Magalona's "Mga Kababayan Ko" ("My Countrymen") in the 1990s and Filipino rock band Bamboo's "Noypi" ("Pinoy" in reversed syllables) in the 2000s. Nowadays, "Pinoy" is used as an adjective to some terms highlighting their relationship to the Philippines or Filipinos. Pinoy rock was soon followed by Pinoy folk and later, Pinoy jazz. Although the music was often used to express opposition to then Philippine president Ferdinand Marcos and his use of martial law and the creating of the Batasang Bayan, many of the songs were more subversive and some just instilled national pride. Perhaps because of the cultural affirming nature and many of the songs seemingly being non-threatening, the Marcos administration ordered radio stations to play at least one – and later, three – Pinoy songs each hour. Pinoy music was greatly employed both by Marcos and political forces who sought to overthrow him.


title: Copper(II) oxide

text: Copper(II) oxide or cupric oxide is an inorganic compound with the formula CuO. A black solid, it is one of the two stable oxides of copper, the other being CuO or copper(I) oxide (cuprous oxide). As a mineral, it is known as tenorite. It is a product of copper mining and the precursor to many other copper-containing products and chemical compounds.


title: Copper(II) oxide

text: It is produced on a large scale by pyrometallurgy, as one stage in extracting copper from its ores. The ores are treated with an aqueous mixture of ammonium carbonate, ammonia, and oxygen to give copper(I) and copper(II) ammine complexes, which are extracted from the solids. These complexes are decomposed with steam to give CuO.


title: Copper(II) oxide

text: For laboratory uses, pure copper(II) oxide is better prepared by heating copper(II) nitrate, copper(II) hydroxide, or basic copper(II) carbonate:


title: Copper(II) oxide

text: Copper(II) oxide dissolves in mineral acids such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid or nitric acid to give the corresponding copper(II) salts:


title: Copper(II) oxide

text: When cupric oxide is substituted for iron oxide in thermite the resulting mixture is a low explosive, not an incendiary.


title: Copper(II) oxide

text: Copper(II) oxide belongs to the monoclinic crystal system. The copper atom is coordinated by 4 oxygen atoms in an approximately square planar configuration.


title: Copper(II) oxide

text: As a significant product of copper mining, copper(II) oxide is the starting point for the production of other copper salts. For example, many wood preservatives are produced from copper oxide.


title: Copper(II) oxide

text: Cupric oxide is used as a pigment in ceramics to produce blue, red, and green, and sometimes gray, pink, or black glazes.


title: Copper(II) oxide

text: It is incorrectly used as a dietary supplement in animal feed. Due to low bioactivity, negligible copper is absorbed.


title: Copper(II) oxide

text: A copper oxide electrode formed part of the early battery type known as the Edison–Lalande cell. Copper oxide was also used in a lithium battery type (IEC 60086 code "G").


title: Copper(II) oxide

text: Used as moderate blue coloring agent in blue flame compositions with additional chlorine donors and oxidizers such as chlorates and perchlorates. Providing oxygen it can be used as flash powder oxidizer with metal fuels such as magnesium, aluminium, or magnalium powder. Sometimes it is used in strobe effects and thermite compositions as crackling stars effect.


title: Shawn Stockman

text: Shawn Patrick Stockman (born September 26, 1972) is an American singer, songwriter and record producer. He is best known as a member of the vocal group Boyz II Men.


title: Shawn Stockman

text: In addition to Boyz II Men, Stockman was a member of the group Black Men United. He was also a judge on the NBC television show "The Sing-Off" for five seasons (2009-2014).


title: Shawn Stockman

text: Stockman, a native of Southwest Philadelphia, started singing with the Philadelphia Boys Choir & Chorale at the age of 8. He attended CAPA (Creative and Performing Arts High School) in South Philadelphia, where he met the other members of Boyz II Men, originally calling themselves Unique Attraction.


title: Shawn Stockman

text: Stockman recorded a solo album as a side project during the late 1990s, but the LP was never released.


title: Shawn Stockman

text: Stockman appeared in the group Black Men United with his group Boyz II Men, while recording their "II" album for the hit single "U Will Know" which appeared on the "Jason's Lyric" soundtrack (1994). He also wrote and sang the song "Visions of a Sunset" for the "Mr. Holland's Opus" soundtrack (1996).


title: Shawn Stockman

text: Stockman wrote the songs "Forever", "Hot Thing" and "Let It Go" (which was played during the Showtime film "Seventeen Again"). He also recorded a cover version of Beyoncé's hit song "If I Were a Boy", and contributed vocals on the title track of the Foo Fighters album "Concrete and Gold" (2017).


title: Shawn Stockman

text: Stockman started his own record label called Soul Chemistry Projects. He released solo albums "Shawn" in 2018, and "Forward" in April 2020.


title: Shawn Stockman

text: Stockman is married to Sharonda Jones. He is the cousin of Atlanta-based neo soul singer Anthony David.


title: Paranoid Android

text: "Paranoid Android" is a song by English alternative rock band Radiohead, released as the lead single from their third studio album "OK Computer" (1997) on 26 May 1997. The lyrics were written by singer Thom Yorke following an unpleasant experience in a Los Angeles bar. The song is over six minutes long and contains four sections. The name is taken from Marvin the Paranoid Android from the science fiction series "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy."


title: Paranoid Android

text: "Paranoid Android" charted at number three on the UK Singles Chart, their highest-charting position in the UK to date, and received acclaim from music critics, many of whom compared it to the songs "Happiness Is a Warm Gun" by The Beatles and "Bohemian Rhapsody" by Queen. The track has appeared regularly on lists of the best songs of all time, including "NME"s and "Rolling Stone"s respective 500 Greatest Songs of All Time lists. Its animated music video, directed by Magnus Carlsson, was placed on heavy rotation on MTV, although the network censored portions containing nudity in the US. At the 1998 Brit Awards, the song was nominated for Best British Single. The track has been covered by artists in a variety of genres. It was included in the 2008 "."


title: Paranoid Android

text: Along with most of the rest of "OK Computer", "Paranoid Android" was recorded in actress Jane Seymour's 15th-century mansion near the village of St Catherine, near Bath, Somerset. Inspired by the through-composed musical structure (a non-repeating narrative of musical ideas) of the Beatles' "Happiness Is a Warm Gun", Radiohead fused parts from three different songs. Further reference points during composition were Queen's "Bohemian Rhapsody" and the work of the Pixies. The first version was over 14 minutes long and included a long Hammond organ outro performed by Jonny Greenwood. Guitarist Ed O'Brien said: "We'd be pissing ourselves while we played. We'd bring out the glockenspiel and it would be really, really funny." Singer Thom Yorke sarcastically referred to the version as "a Pink Floyd cover". Greenwood said later that the organ solo was "hard to listen to without clutching the sofa for support". Producer Nigel Godrich said: "Nothing really happened with the outro. It just spun and spun and it got very Deep Purple and went off." An early extended version was included on the 2019 compilation "MiniDiscs [Hacked]".


title: Paranoid Android

text: Influenced by the editing of the Beatles' "Magical Mystery Tour", Radiohead shortened the song to six and a half minutes, with the organ solo replaced with a shorter guitar outro. Bassist Colin Greenwood said the band "felt like irresponsible schoolboys ... nobody does a six-and-a-half-minute song with all these changes. It's ridiculous." Godrich edited the parts together with tape. He said: "It’s a very hard thing to explain, but it’s all on 24-track and it runs through ... I was very pleased with myself. I sort of stood there and said, 'You guys have "no idea" what I’ve just done.' It was pretty clever."


title: Paranoid Android

text: "Paranoid Android" is described as alternative rock, art rock, progressive rock and neo-progressive rock. It has four distinct sections, each played in standard tuning, and a time signature, although several three-bar segments in the second section are played in timing. Yorke's vocals span from G3 to C5.


title: Paranoid Android

text: The opening is played in the key of G minor with a tempo of 82 beats per minute (BPM), and begins with a mid-tempo acoustic guitar backed by shaken percussion before layered with electric guitar and Yorke's vocals. The melody of the opening vocal lines spans an octave and a third.


title: Paranoid Android

text: The second section is written in the key of A minor and begins about two minutes into the song. Although the second section retains the tempo of the first, it differs rhythmically. Ending the second section is a distorted guitar solo played by Jonny Greenwood, which lasts from 2:43 to 3:33.


title: Paranoid Android

text: The third section was written by Jonny Greenwood, and reduces the tempo to 62 BPM. The harmonies form a looped chord progression resembling a Baroque passacaglia, with the tonality split between C minor and D minor. This section uses multi-tracked, choral vocal arrangement and according to Dai Griffiths, a "chord sequence [that ordinarily] would sound seedy, rather like something by the band Portishead".


title: Paranoid Android

text: The fourth and final section, which begins at 5:35, is a brief instrumental reprise of the second movement that serves as a coda. After a second solo, a brief guitar riff is introduced, which Jonny Greenwood says "was something I had floating around for a while and the song needed a certain burn. It happened to be the right key and the right speed and it fit right in." The song ends, as does the second section, with a short chromatically descending guitar motif.


title: Paranoid Android

text: "Paranoid Android" is categorised by three distinct moods written in what Yorke referred to as three different states of mind. The lyrics tie in with a number of themes common in "OK Computer", including insanity, violence, slogans, and political objection to capitalism. Yorke's lyrics were based on an unpleasant experience at a Los Angeles bar during which he was surrounded by strangers who were high on cocaine. In particular, Yorke was frightened by a woman who became violent after someone spilled a drink on her. Yorke characterised the woman as "inhuman", and said "There was a look in this woman's eyes that I'd never seen before anywhere. ... Couldn't sleep that night because of it." The woman inspired the line "kicking squealing Gucci little piggy" in the song's second section. Yorke, referring to the line "With your opinions, which are of no consequence at all", said that "Again, that's just a joke. It's actually the other way around – it's actually "my" opinion that is of no consequence at all."


title: Paranoid Android

text: The title is taken from Marvin the Paranoid Android from the science fiction series "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy." Yorke said the title was a joke: "It was like, 'Oh, I'm so depressed.' And I just thought, that's great. That's how people would "like" me to be ... The rest of the song is not personal at all."


title: Paranoid Android

text: While Colin Greenwood said the song was "hardly the radio-friendly, breakthrough, buzz bin unit shifter [radio stations] have been expecting," Capitol supported the band's choice for the song as a lead single. Radiohead premiered "Paranoid Android" on the BBC Radio 1 programme "The Evening Session" in April 1997, nearly a month before its release as a single. "Melody Maker" revealed that a Radio 1 producer had to "have a bit of a lie down" after first hearing the song. It was released as a single on 26 May 1997, chosen by the band to prepare listeners for the musical direction of its parent album. Despite an initial lack of radio play, "Paranoid Android" charted at number three on the UK Singles Chart, giving Radiohead their highest singles chart position. As the song's popularity grew, Radio 1 played it up to 12 times a day. Yorke described the song's appearance on Radio 1 as one of his proudest moments of the "OK Computer" era. The track also spent two weeks on Australia's ARIA Singles Chart, where it charted at number 29.


title: Paranoid Android

text: "Paranoid Android" received acclaim from music critics. "NME" chose it as its "Single of the Week", and journalist Simon Williams described how the song "[s]prawls out like a plump man on a small sofa, featuring all manner of crypto-flamenco shufflings, medieval wailings, furiously wrenched guitars and ravishingly over-ambitious ideas. Possesses one of the most unorthodox 'axe' solos known to mankind." The style of the song was compared to that of Queen by "Rolling Stone"s Mark Kemp, while other critics, including David Browne of "Entertainment Weekly", Jon Lusk of the BBC and Simon Williams of "NME" wrote about its similarity to Queen's "Bohemian Rhapsody". Years later, "NME" noted the song made "Bohemian Rhapsody" "look like child’s play." Williams described the song as being "not unlike 'Bohemian Rhapsody' being played backwards by a bunch of Vietnam vets high on Kings Cross-quality crack". Kemp praised the song's mix of acoustic and electronic instrumentation, which he believed were melded to produce "complex tempo changes, touches of dissonance, ancient choral music and a King Crimson-like melodic structure". Meanwhile, Browne wrote of "celestial call-and-response vocal passages, dynamically varied sections, and Thom Yorke's high-voiced bleat". "The A.V. Club" called the song unforgettable and an "amazing epic single".


title: Paranoid Android

text: Several reviewers noted the record's ambition. "Slant Magazine" described the song's lyrics as a "multipart anti-yuppie anthem whose ambition is anything but ugly", and Andy Gill wrote in "The Independent" that "Paranoid Android" could be the most ambitious single since Jimmy Webb's "MacArthur Park". Craig McLean of "The Sydney Morning Herald" described "Paranoid Android" as "a titanic guitar opera in three movements and 6 [and a half] minutes". PopMatters' Evan Sawdey called the song "OK Computer"s "sweeping, multi-tiered centerpiece", Peter and Jonathan Buckley wrote in "The Rough Guide to Rock" that it was the album's "breathtaking high point". Allmusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine called "Paranoid Android" "complex, multi-segmented ... tight, melodic, and muscular", and said it displayed Radiohead at their most adventurous. Browne admitted that, partially because of "Paranoid Android", "OK Computer" was significantly more expansive than "The Bends". "Rolling Stone" placed the song at number 257 on its list of "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time", and "Pitchfork" included the song at number 4 on their "Top 200 Tracks of the 90s". In 2019, "American Songwriter" ranked the song number three on their list of the 20 greatest Radiohead songs, and in 2020, "The Guardian" ranked the song number one on their list of the 40 greatest Radiohead songs.


title: Paranoid Android

text: The anime "Ergo Proxy" uses Paranoid Android as the main theme. The song is featured in the credits. When Radiohead were asked about it being featured as the theme, they originally declined, but after being shown a preview of the anime they obliged and allowed it to be used.


title: Paranoid Android

text: Remarking on the band's goals for the "Paranoid Android" music video, Yorke said that, "When it came time to make the video for that song, we had lots of people saying, 'Yeah, great, we can have another video like "Street Spirit", all moody and black and dark.' Well, no. We had really good fun doing this song, so the video should make you laugh. I mean, it should be sick, too." Magnus Carlsson, Swedish creator of the animated series "Robin", was commissioned by the band to make the video. Radiohead were fans of the show, and connected with the Robin character; Jonny Greenwood described him as "affectionate" and "vulnerable", while Yorke admitted that he found Robin "quite the vulnerable character, but he's also violently cynical and quite tough and would always get up again." At first Carlsson sought to work on a video for "No Surprises" and was uncertain as to how to approach "Paranoid Android". Eventually he devised a scenario to the band's liking after he locked himself in his office for over 12 hours to stare out of the window, while listening to the song on repeat while jotting down visual ideas. As Carlsson did not have access to the lyrics at the time, the concept for the video was based entirely on the song's sound. According to Yorke, the band "deliberately didn't send Magnus the lyrics" because they "didn't want [the video] to be too literal."


title: Paranoid Android

text: Like "Robin", the "Paranoid Android" video is drawn in a simplistic style that emphasises bold colours and clear, strong lines. It features Robin and his friend Benjamin venturing into the world, running into miserable EU representatives, bullying pub patrons, a prostitute, two kissing leathermen, a drug addict, deranged businessmen, mermaids and an angel who plays table tennis with Robin. The band appears in cameo at a bar, where they are shown drinking while watching a man with a head coming out of his belly dancing on their table. However, in this cameo only the versions of Yorke and Jonny Greenwood resemble themselves; O'Brien said "If you freeze-frame it on the video, the guy with the five strands of hair slicked back, that's Colin. It looks nothing like him." Colin Greenwood said "there was no way that we could appear in it to perform in it because that would be so Spinal Tap" and that having animations that did not resemble the band members allowed the video to be "twisted and colourful which is how the song is anyway". Yorke was ultimately pleased with the video, saying that it "is really about the violence around [Robin], which is exactly like the song. Not the same specific violence as in the lyrics, but everything going on around him is deeply troubling and violent, but he's just drinking himself into oblivion. He's there, but he's not there. That's why it works. And that's why it does my head in every time I see it."


title: Paranoid Android

text: While the single did not receive significant radio play in the US, MTV placed its video on high rotation. The version most often shown was edited to remove the mermaids' bare breasts. Greenwood said, "we would've understood if they had a problem with some guy chopping his arms and legs off, but I mean, a woman's breasts! And mermaids as well! It's fucked up." MTV Europe played the video uncut for two weeks because the channel's official censor was ill and unable to work; after that time the channel ran the cut version of the video. A later US version of the video saw the mermaids wear bathing suits, while the uncut version was later compiled along with other Radiohead videos on the DVD and home video release "7 Television Commercials" and .


title: Paranoid Android

text: Evan Sawdey of PopMatters described the video as "bizarre-yet-fitting", and "Melody Maker" said it represented a stunning "psycho-cartoon". Adrian Glover of "Circus" called the animation incredible and the video "really cool". MTV vice president of music Lewis Largent told "Spin" "You can watch 'Paranoid Android' a hundred times and not figure it all out."


title: Paranoid Android

text: Stanley Donwood worked with Yorke to design the artwork for most of the "Paranoid Android" releases, although both the images and design were ultimately credited to "dumb computers". The cover illustration accompanying the single depicts a hand-drawn dome that contains the phrase "God loves his children, yeah!", the last line of the song, written above on the uppermost plane. Images from the "OK Computer" artwork reappear, including a pig and two human figures shaking hands. Writer Tim Footman suggested that these images are borrowed from Pink Floyd, respectively corresponding to the Pink Floyd pigs and "Wish You Were Here" cover. The cover of the CD2 single is tinted differently from the CD1 single. The UK vinyl release did not include the dome artwork found on the CD singles, but feature images taken from the "OK Computer" release across the top banner area, along with the phrase "against demons".


title: Paranoid Android

text: The two versions of the single have different messages on the reverse. Both the CD1 and Japanese releases state:


title: Paranoid Android

text: Each release of "Paranoid Android" included one or more B-sides. "Polyethylene (Parts 1 & 2)", included on the CD1, 7-inch vinyl, and Japanese releases of the single, were a multi-section piece formatted much like "Paranoid Android" itself. The first part of the song consists of Yorke's vocals over acoustic guitar; the second part contains distorted guitar and organ and uses complex time signature changes. "Pearly*", featured on the CD1 and Japanese releases of the single, was described by Yorke as a "dirty song for people who use sex for dirty things". "A Reminder", which appears on the CD2 release, features fuzzed guitar, thumping drums, and electric piano. According to Yorke, this song was inspired by "this idea of someone writing a song, sending it to someone, and saying: 'If I ever lose it, you just pick up the phone and play this song back to remind me.'" "Melatonin", also on the CD2 release, is a synthesiser-based song with lyrics similar to that of a lullaby, but with an undercurrent of menace in lines like "Death to all who stand in your way". The "OK Computer" track "Let Down" is also included on the Japanese single.


title: Paranoid Android

text: All songs were written by Thom Yorke, Jonny Greenwood, Ed O'Brien, Colin Greenwood, and Philip Selway.


title: Dalziel and Pascoe (TV series)

text: Dalziel and Pascoe is a British television crime drama based on the mystery novels of the same name, written by Reginald Hill. The series was first broadcast on 16 March 1996, with Warren Clarke being cast as Dalziel (pronounced "dee-ell", ) and Colin Buchanan being cast as Pascoe. The series is primarily set in the fictional town of Wetherton in Yorkshire, and "follows the work of two detectives who are thrown together as partners. Complete opposites. Different backgrounds, different beliefs, different styles. They get on each other's nerves. They are continually embarrassed by each other. But their differences make them a stunningly brilliant crime-solving team."


title: Dalziel and Pascoe (TV series)

text: The series was produced by BBC Birmingham, and broadcast on BBC One until 22 June 2007, running for a total of eleven series. The first three series, comprising eleven episodes, were entirely based on Hill's novels, as were the first two episodes of series four. However, all subsequent stories, with the exception of "Dialogues of the Dead", are stories written exclusively for television, and have not appeared as subsequent novels. The series was axed in 2008, citing falling viewing figures as the main reason. It was one of a number of dramas axed in a mass cull by newly appointed station controller Peter Fincham.


title: Dalziel and Pascoe (TV series)

text: Episodes listed beside a character with a "–" indicate the character's regular appearance in the show. Episodes listed separately are guest appearances made by the character before or after their regular stint.


title: Dalziel and Pascoe (TV series)

text: The entire series has been released in Australia (Region 4, as below). There was a three year delay between Series Two and Three and also Series Ten and Series Eleven.


title: Traceroute

text: In computing, codice_1 and codice_2 are computer network diagnostic commands for displaying possible routes (paths) and measuring transit delays of packets across an Internet Protocol (IP) network. The history of the route is recorded as the round-trip times of the packets received from each successive host (remote node) in the route (path); the sum of the mean times in each hop is a measure of the total time spent to establish the connection. Traceroute proceeds unless all (usually three) sent packets are lost more than twice; then the connection is lost and the route cannot be evaluated. Ping, on the other hand, only computes the final round-trip times from the destination point.


title: Traceroute

text: The command codice_1 is available on many modern operating systems. On Unix-like systems such as FreeBSD, macOS, and Linux it is available as a command line tool. Traceroute is also graphically accessible in macOS within the "Network Utilities" suite; these utilities have been deprecated since the release of macOS Big Sur.


title: Traceroute

text: Microsoft Windows and ReactOS provide a program named codice_2 that performs the same route-tracing function. Windows NT-based operating systems also provide PathPing, with similar functionality. The ReactOS version was developed by Ged Murphy and is licensed under the GPL.


title: Traceroute

text: On Unix-like operating systems, traceroute sends, by default, a sequence of User Datagram Protocol (UDP) packets, with destination port numbers ranging from 33434 to 33534; the implementations of traceroute shipped with Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, DragonFly BSD, and macOS include an option to use ICMP Echo Request packets ("-I"), or any arbitrary protocol ("-P") such as UDP, TCP using TCP SYN packets, or ICMP.


title: Traceroute

text: On Windows, tracert sends ICMP Echo Request packets, rather than the UDP packets traceroute sends by default.


title: Traceroute

text: The time-to-live (TTL) value, also known as "hop limit", is used in determining the intermediate routers being traversed towards the destination. Traceroute sends packets with TTL values that gradually increase from packet to packet, starting with TTL value of one. Routers decrement TTL values of packets by one when routing and discard packets whose TTL value has reached zero, returning the ICMP error message ICMP Time Exceeded. For the first set of packets, the first router receives the packet, decrements the TTL value and drops the packet because it then has TTL value zero. The router sends an ICMP Time Exceeded message back to the source. The next set of packets are given a TTL value of two, so the first router forwards the packets, but the second router drops them and replies with ICMP Time Exceeded. Proceeding in this way, traceroute uses the returned ICMP Time Exceeded messages to build a list of routers that packets traverse, until the destination is reached and returns an ICMP Destination Unreachable message if UDP packets are being used or an ICMP Echo Reply message if ICMP Echo messages are being used.


title: Traceroute

text: The timestamp values returned for each router along the path are the delay (latency) values, typically measured in milliseconds for each packet.


title: Traceroute

text: The sender expects a reply within a specified number of seconds. If a packet is not acknowledged within the expected interval, an asterisk is displayed. The Internet Protocol does not require packets to take the same route towards a particular destination, thus hosts listed might be hosts that other packets have traversed. If the host at hop #N does not reply, the hop is skipped in the output.


title: Traceroute

text: If a network has a firewall and operates both Windows and Unix-like systems, more than one protocol must be enabled inbound through the firewall for traceroute to work and receive replies.


title: Traceroute

text: Some traceroute implementations use TCP packets, such as "tcptraceroute" and layer four traceroute (lft). PathPing is a utility introduced with Windows NT that combines ping and traceroute functionality. MTR is an enhanced version of ICMP traceroute available for Unix-like and Windows systems. The various implementations of traceroute all rely on ICMP Time Exceeded (type 11) packets being sent to the source.


title: Traceroute

text: On Linux, "tracepath" is a utility similar to traceroute, with the primary difference of not requiring superuser privileges.


title: Traceroute

text: Cisco's implementation of traceroute also uses a sequence of UDP datagrams, each with incrementing TTL values, to an invalid port number at the remote host; by default, UDP port 33434 is used. An extended version of this command (known as the "extended traceroute" command) can change the destination port number used by the UDP probe messages.


title: Traceroute

text: Most implementations include at least options to specify the number of queries to send per hop, time to wait for a response, the hop limit and port to use. Invoking traceroute with no specified options displays the list of available options, while "man traceroute" presents more details, including the displayed error flags. An example on Linux:


title: Traceroute

text: In the example above, selected options are to wait for three seconds (instead of five), send out only one query to each hop (instead of three), limit the maximum number of hops to 16 before giving up (instead of 30), with "example.com" as the final host. On line 8 and 9 (TTLs 8 and 9) it shows asterisks where the router did not respond within the timeout.


title: Traceroute

text: Traceroute can be used to help identify incorrect routing table definitions or firewalls that may be blocking ICMP traffic, A correct traceroute response does not guarantee connectivity for applications as a firewall may permit ICMP packets but not permit packets of other protocols.


title: Traceroute

text: Traceroute is also used by penetration testers to gather information about network infrastructure and IP address ranges around a given host.


title: Traceroute

text: It can also be used when downloading data, and if there are multiple mirrors available for the same piece of data, each mirror can be traced to get an idea of which mirror would be the fastest to use.


title: Traceroute

text: The traceroute manual page states that the original traceroute program was written by Van Jacobson in 1987 from a suggestion by Steve Deering, with particularly cogent suggestions or fixes from C. Philip Wood, Tim Seaver and Ken Adelman. The author of the ping program, Mike Muuss, states on his website that traceroute was written using kernel ICMP support that he had earlier coded to enable raw ICMP sockets when he first wrote the ping program.


title: Traceroute

text: Traceroute limitations are well known and should be taken into account when using the tool. For example, traceroute does not discover paths at the router level, but at the interface level. Another limitation appears when routers do not respond to probes or when routers have a limit for ICMP responses. In the presence of traffic load balancing, traceroute may indicate a path that does not actually exist; to minimize this problem there is a traceroute modification called Paris-traceroute, which maintains the flow identifier of the probes to avoid load balancing.


title: Youth Olympic Games

text: The Youth Olympic Games (YOG) is an international multi-sport event for athletes between 15 and 18 years old, organized by the International Olympic Committee. The games are held every four years in staggered summer and winter events consistent with the current Olympic Games format, though in reverse order with Olympic Winter Games held in leap years instead of Summer Olympic Games. The first summer version was held in Singapore from 14 to 26 August 2010 while the first winter version was held in Innsbruck, Austria from 13 to 22 January 2012.


title: Youth Olympic Games

text: The idea of such an event was introduced by Johann Rosenzopf from Austria in 1998. On 6 July 2007, International Olympic Committee (IOC) members at the 119th IOC session in Guatemala City approved the creation of a youth version of the Olympic Games, with the intention of sharing the costs of hosting the event between the IOC and the host city, whereas the travelling costs of athletes and coaches were to be paid by the IOC. These Games will also feature cultural exchange programs and opportunities for participants to meet Olympic athletes.


title: Youth Olympic Games

text: Several other Olympic events for youth, like the European Youth Olympic Festival held every other year with summer and winter versions, and the Australian Youth Olympic Festival, have proven successful. The Youth Games are modelled after these sporting events. The YOG are also a successor to the discontinued World Youth Games.


title: Youth Olympic Games

text: The Summer Youth Olympic Games of Singapore in 2010 and Nanjing in 2014 each played host to 3600 athletes and lasted 13 days, whereas the Winter YOG of Innsbruck in 2012 had 1059 athletes and Lillehammer in 2016 had 1100 athletes and lasted 10 days. Even though this exceeded initial estimates, the YOG are still both smaller in size as well as shorter than their senior equivalents. The most recent Summer YOG was the 2018 Summer Youth Olympic Games of Buenos Aires. The most recent Winter YOG was the 2020 Winter Youth Olympic Games of Lausanne. The next Summer YOG to take place will be the 2026 Summer Youth Olympics of Dakar, Senegal while the 2024 Winter Youth Olympics will take place in Gangwon, South Korea.


title: Youth Olympic Games

text: The concept of the Youth Olympic Games came from Austrian industrial manager Johann Rosenzopf in 1998. This was in response to growing global concerns about childhood obesity and the dropping participation of youth in sport activities, especially amongst youth in developed nations. It was further recognized that a youth version of the Olympic Games would help foster participations in the Olympic Games. Despite these reasons for having an Olympic event for young people, the IOC's response of holding a purely sporting event was negative. IOC delegates wanted the event to be as much about cultural education and exchange as it was about sports, which is why the Culture and Education Program (CEP) was developed as a component of each celebration of the Games. Jacques Rogge, IOC President, formally announced plans for the Youth Olympic Games at the 119th IOC session in Guatemala City on 6 July 2007. There are several goals for the YOG, and four of them include bringing together the world's best young athletes, offering an introduction into Olympism, innovating in educating and debating Olympic values. The city of Singapore was announced as the host of the inaugural Summer Youth Olympics on 21 February 2008. On 12 December 2008 the IOC announced that Innsbruck, host of the 1964 and 1976 Winter Olympics, would be the host of the inaugural Winter Youth Olympics in 2012.


title: Youth Olympic Games

text: The scale of the Youth Olympic Games is smaller than that of the Olympics, which is intentional and allows for smaller cities to host an Olympic event. Potential host cities are required to keep all events within the same city and no new sports venues should be built. Exceptions to this building moratorium include a media centre, amphitheatre facilities for classes and workshops, and a village for coaches and athletes. This village is to be the heart of the Games for the athletes, and the hub of activity. No new or unique transportation systems are required as all athletes and coaches will be transported by shuttles. According to bid procedures, the track and field stadium for the opening and closing ceremonies must hold 10,000 people, and a city must have a 2,500-seat aquatics facility (for Summer editions).


title: Youth Olympic Games

text: The original estimated costs for running the Games were US$30 million for the Summer and $15 million to $20 million for Winter Games (these costs did not include infrastructure improvements for venue construction). The IOC has stipulated that costs for infrastructure and venues is to be paid by the host city. The IOC will pay travel costs to the host city and room and board for the athletes and judges, estimated at $11 million. The funding will come from IOC funds and not revenues. The budgets for the final two bids for the inaugural Summer Games as submitted by the IOC came in at $90 million, much higher than the estimated costs. The cost of the first games in Singapore escalated to an estimated S$387 million ($284 million). Sponsors have been slow to sign on for the YOG, due to the fact that it is a new initiative and corporations are not sure what level of exposure they will get. The budget for the inaugural Winter Games to be held in Innsbruck has been estimated at $22.5 million, which does not include infrastructure improvements and venue construction.


title: Youth Olympic Games

text: Over 200 countries and 3,600 athletes participated in the inaugural 2010 Youth Summer Olympics. Participants are placed in the following age groups: 15–16 years, 16–17 years, and 17–18 years. The athlete's age is determined by how old they are by 31 December of the year they are participating in the YOG. Qualification to participate in the Youth Olympics is determined by the IOC in conjunction with the International Sport Federations (ISF) for the various sports on the program. To ensure that all nations are represented at the YOG the IOC instituted the concept of Universality Places. A certain number of spots in each event are to be left open for athletes from under-represented nations regardless of qualifying marks. This is to ensure that every nation will be able to send at least four athletes to each Youth Olympic Games. For team tournaments one team per continent will be allowed to compete along with a sixth team either representing the host nation or as proposed by the IF with IOC approval. There is a cap of two teams (one boys' and one girls') per nation. Finally, no nation may enter more than 70 athletes in individual sports.


title: Youth Olympic Games

text: There have been 37 sports from the 2010 to 2026 Olympic programs at one point to another. Twenty-seven sports were introduced in the 2010 Games. Two new sports were introduced in 2014 Games, which were beach volleyball (replacing volleyball) and field hockey. In the 2018 Games, six sports were introduced: beach handball (replacing handball), breakdancing, futsal (replacing football), karate, roller speed skating and sport climbing. 28 core sports are expected to feature in the 2026 Games, being confirmed in 2019. In July 2020, it was agreed by both host nation Senegal and the International Olympic Committee that the 2022 Summer Youth Olympics would not be held and would instead be pushed back to 2026.


title: Youth Olympic Games

text: There have been 46 disciplines across 16 sports in the Winter Youth Olympics between the 2012 Games to the 2020 Games. In the 2012 Games at Innsbruck and the 2016 Games at Lillehammer, there were only 15 sports. In the next Games, the 2020 Games at Lausanne,


title: Youth Olympic Games

text: Education and culture are also key components for the Youth edition. Not only does the education/culture aspect apply to athletes and participants, but also youth around the world and inhabitants of the host city and surrounding regions. To this end, a Culture and Education Program (CEP) will be featured at each Games. The first CEP at the 2010 Singapore Games featured events that fostered cooperation amongst athletes of different nations. It had classes on topics ranging from health and fitness to the environment and career planning. Local students from Singapore made booths at the World Culture Village that represented each of the 205 participating National Olympic Committee. The Chat with Champions sessions were the most popular portion of the program. Participants were invited to hear inspirational talks given by former and current Olympic athletes.


title: Youth Olympic Games

text: Also part of the CEP is the Young Ambassadors Programme, Young Reporters Programme and Athlete Role Models. Under the Young Ambassadors Programme, a group of youths aged 18 to 25 years old are nominated by the NOCs to help promote the YOG in their regions and communities, and encourage the athletes to participate in the CEP programmes.


title: Youth Olympic Games

text: The Young Reporters Programme provides journalism students or those who have recently started their journalism careers a cross-platform journalist-training programme and on-the-job experience during the YOG. Young Reporters, between the ages of 18 and 24, are selected by the Continental Associations of National Olympic Committees and will represent each of the five continents.


title: Youth Olympic Games

text: Acting as mentors to help support and advise young Olympians are the Athlete Role Models, who are typically active or recently retired Olympians nominated by the IFs, such as Japanese wrestler Kaori Icho, Italian Simone Farina and Namibian Frank Fredericks.


title: Youth Olympic Games

text: Emphasis on exchange goes beyond the CEP. Another unique feature of the Youth Olympic Games is mixed-gender and mixed-national teams. Triathlon relays, fencing, table tennis, archery and mixed swimming relays are a few of the sports in which athletes from different nations and mixed genders can compete together. YOG organizers are also using social media such as Facebook, Flickr, and Twitter as key platforms for engaging young athletes before, during, and after each celebration of the Games. Multi-lingual, multi-cultural, and multi-age requirements are the targets of the program, which stress the themes of "Learning to know, learning to be, learning to do, and learning to live together".


title: Youth Olympic Games

text: In early November 2007, Athens, Bangkok, Singapore, Moscow, and Turin were selected by the IOC as the five candidate cities to host the inaugural Youth Olympic Games. In January 2008, the candidates were further pared down to just Moscow and Singapore. Finally, on 21 February 2008, Singapore was declared host of the inaugural Youth Olympic Games 2010 via live telecast from Lausanne, Switzerland, winning by a tally of 53 votes to 44 for Moscow.


title: Youth Olympic Games

text: On 2 September 2008 IOC announced that the executive board had shortlisted four cities among the candidates to host the first Winter Youth Olympic Games in 2012. The four candidate cities were Harbin, Innsbruck, Kuopio, and Lillehammer. IOC president Jacques Rogge appointed Pernilla Wiberg to chair the commission which analysed the projects. As with the Summer Games, the list was then shortened to two finalists, Innsbruck and Kuopio, in November 2008. On 12 December 2008, it was announced that Innsbruck beat Kuopio to host the games. Nanjing, China was selected by the IOC over Poznan, Poland to be the host-city of the 2014 Youth Olympics. The election was held on 10 February 2010, two days before the start of the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver. Lillehammer, Norway hosted the 2016 Winter Youth Olympics.


title: Syriac alphabet

text: The Syriac alphabet ( ) is a writing system primarily used to write the Syriac language since the 1st century AD. It is one of the Semitic abjads descending from the Aramaic alphabet through the Palmyrene alphabet, and shares similarities with the Phoenician, Hebrew, Arabic and Sogdian, the precursor and a direct ancestor of the traditional Mongolian scripts.


title: Syriac alphabet

text: Syriac is written from right to left in horizontal lines. It is a cursive script where most—but not all—letters connect within a word. There is no letter case distinction between upper and lower case letters, though some letters change their form depending on their position within a word. Spaces separate individual words.


title: Syriac alphabet

text: All 22 letters are consonants, although there are optional diacritic marks to indicate vowels and other features. In addition to the sounds of the language, the letters of the Syriac alphabet can be used to represent numbers in a system similar to Hebrew and Greek numerals.


title: Syriac alphabet

text: Apart from Classical Syriac Aramaic, the alphabet has been used to write other dialects and languages. Several Christian Neo-Aramaic languages from Turoyo to the Northeastern Neo-Aramaic dialect of Suret, once vernaculars, primarily began to be written in the 19th century. The variant specifically has recently been adapted to write Western Neo-Aramaic, traditionally written in a square Aramaic script closely related to the Hebrew alphabet. Besides Aramaic, when Arabic began to be the dominant spoken language in the Fertile Crescent after the Islamic conquest, texts were often written in Arabic using the Syriac script as knowledge of the Arabic alphabet was not yet widespread; such writings are usually called "Karshuni" or "Garshuni" (). In addition to Semitic languages, Sogdian was also written with Syriac script, as well as Malayalam, which form was called Suriyani Malayalam.


title: Syriac alphabet

text: The oldest and classical form of the alphabet is (). The name of the script is thought to derive from the Greek adjective "strongýlē" (, 'rounded'), though it has also been suggested to derive from (, 'gospel character'). Although ʾEsṭrangēlā is no longer used as the main script for writing Syriac, it has received some revival since the 10th century. It is often used in scholarly publications (such as the Leiden University version of the Peshitta), in titles, and in inscriptions. In some older manuscripts and inscriptions, it is possible for any letter to join to the left, and older Aramaic letter forms (especially of and the lunate ) are found. Vowel marks are usually not used with , being the oldest form of the script and arising before the development of specialized diacritics.


title: Syriac alphabet

text: The East Syriac dialect is usually written in the (, 'Eastern') form of the alphabet. Other names for the script include (, 'conversational' or 'vernacular', often translated as 'contemporary', reflecting its use in writing modern Neo-Aramaic), (, 'Assyrian', not to be confused with the traditional name for the Hebrew alphabet), (, 'Chaldean'), and, inaccurately, "Nestorian" (a term that was originally used to refer to the Church of the East in the Sasanian Empire). The Eastern script resembles ʾEsṭrangēlā somewhat more closely than the Western script.


title: Syriac alphabet

text: The Eastern script uses a system of dots above and/or below letters, based on an older system, to indicate vowel sounds not found in the script:


title: Syriac alphabet

text: It is thought that the Eastern method for representing vowels influenced the development of the "niqqud" markings used for writing Hebrew.


title: Syriac alphabet

text: In addition to the above vowel marks, transliteration of Syriac sometimes includes "ə", "e̊" or superscript "" (or often nothing at all) to represent an original Aramaic schwa that became lost later on at some point in the development of Syriac. Some transliteration schemes find its inclusion necessary for showing spirantization or for historical reasons. Whether because its distribution is mostly predictable (usually inside a syllable-initial two-consonant cluster) or because its pronunciation was lost, both the East and the West variants of the alphabet traditionally have no sign to represent the schwa.


title: Syriac alphabet

text: The West Syriac dialect is usually written in the or (, 'line') form of the alphabet, also known as the (, 'simple'), 'Maronite' or the 'Jacobite' script (although the term "Jacobite" is considered derogatory). Most of the letters are clearly derived from ʾEsṭrangēlā, but are simplified, flowing lines. A cursive chancery hand is evidenced in the earliest Syriac manuscripts, but important works were written in ʾEsṭrangēlā. From the 8th century, the simpler Serṭā style came into fashion, perhaps because of its more economical use of parchment.


title: Syriac alphabet

text: The Western script is usually vowel-pointed, with miniature Greek vowel letters above or below the letter which they follow:


title: Syriac alphabet

text: The Syriac alphabet consists of the following letters, shown in their isolated (non-connected) forms. When isolated, the letters , , and are usually shown with their initial form connected to their final form (see below). The letters , , , , , , and (and, in early ʾEsṭrangēlā manuscripts, the letter ) do not connect to a following letter within a word; these are marked with an asterisk (*).


title: Syriac alphabet

text: Three letters act as "matres lectionis": rather than being a consonant, they indicate a vowel. (), the first letter, represents a glottal stop, but it can also indicate a vowel, especially at the beginning or the end of a word. The letter "waw" () is the consonant "w", but can also represent the vowels "o" and "u". Likewise, the letter represents the consonant "y", but it also stands for the vowels "i" and "e".


title: Syriac alphabet

text: In modern usage, some alterations can be made to represent phonemes not represented in classical phonology. A mark similar in appearance to a tilde (~), called "majlīyānā" (), is placed above or below a letter in the "Maḏnḥāyā" variant of the alphabet to change its phonetic value (see also: "Geresh"):


title: Syriac alphabet

text: In addition to foreign sounds, a marking system is used to distinguish (, 'hard' letters) from (, 'soft' letters). The letters , , , , , and , all stop consonants ('hard') are able to be 'spirantized' (lenited) into fricative consonants ('soft'). The system involves placing a single dot underneath the letter to give its 'soft' variant and a dot above the letter to give its 'hard' variant (though, in modern usage, no mark at all is usually used to indicate the 'hard' value):


title: Syriac alphabet

text: The mnemonic () is often used to remember the six letters that are able to be spirantized (see also: "Begadkepat").


title: Syriac alphabet

text: In the East Syriac variant of the alphabet, spirantization marks are usually omitted when they interfere with vowel marks. The degree to which letters can be spirantized varies from dialect to dialect as some dialects have lost the ability for certain letters to be spirantized. For native words, spirantization depends on the letter's position within a word or syllable, location relative to other consonants and vowels, gemination, etymology, and other factors. Foreign words do not always follow the rules for spirantization.


title: Syriac alphabet

text: Syriac uses two (usually) horizontal dots above a letter within a word, similar in appearance to diaeresis, called (, literally 'placings', also known in some grammars by the Hebrew name [], 'plural'), to indicate that the word is plural. These dots, having no sound value in themselves, arose before both eastern and western vowel systems as it became necessary to mark plural forms of words, which are indistinguishable from their singular counterparts in regularly-inflected nouns. For instance, the word (, 'king') is consonantally identical to its plural (, 'kings'); the above the word () clarifies its grammatical number and pronunciation. Irregular plurals also receive even though their forms are clearly plural: e.g. (, 'house') and its irregular plural (, 'houses'). Because of redundancy, some modern usage forgoes points when vowel markings are present.


title: Syriac alphabet

text: There are no firm rules for which letter receives ; the writer has full discretion to place them over any letter. Typically, if a word has at least one , then are placed over the that is nearest the end of a word (and also replace the single dot above it: ). Other letters that often receive are low-rising letters—such as and —or letters that appear near the middle or end of a word.


title: Syriac alphabet

text: Syriac uses a line, called (, literally 'concealer', also known by the Latin term "linea occultans" in some grammars), to indicate a silent letter that can occur at the beginning or middle of a word. In Eastern Syriac, this line is diagonal and only occurs above the silent letter (e.g. , 'city', pronounced , not *, with the over the , assimilating with the ). The line can only occur above a letter , , , , , , , or (which comprise the mnemonic , 'the works of light'). In Western Syriac, this line is horizontal and can be placed above or below the letter (e.g. , 'city', pronounced , not *).


title: Syriac alphabet

text: Classically, was not used for silent letters that occurred at the end of a word (e.g. , '[my] lord'). In modern Turoyo, however, this is not always the case (e.g. , '[my] lord').


title: Syriac alphabet

text: In the 1930s, following the state policy for minority languages of the Soviet Union, a Latin alphabet for Syriac was developed with some material promulgated. Although it did not supplant the Syriac script, the usage of the Latin script in the Syriac community has still become widespread because most of the Assyrian diaspora is in Europe and the Anglosphere, where the Latin alphabet is predominant.


title: Syriac alphabet

text: In Syriac romanization, some letters are altered and would feature diacritics and macrons to indicate long vowels, schwas and diphthongs. The letters with diacritics and macrons are mostly upheld in educational or formal writing.


title: Syriac alphabet

text: The Latin letters below are commonly used when it comes to transliteration from the Syriac script to Latin:


title: Syriac alphabet

text: The Syriac alphabet was added to the Unicode Standard in September, 1999 with the release of version 3.0.


title: Syriac alphabet

text: The Syriac Abbreviation (a type of overline) can be represented with a special control character called the Syriac Abbreviation Mark (U+070F).


title: Syriac alphabet

text: The Unicode block for Suriyani Malayalam specific letters is called the Syriac Supplement block and is U+0860–U+086F:


title: Syriac alphabet

text: Note: HTML numeric character references can be in decimal format (&#"DDDD";) or hexadecimal format (&#x"HHHH";). For example, ܕ and ܕ (1813 in decimal) both represent U+0715 SYRIAC LETTER DALATH.


title: Neo-feudalism

text: Neo-feudalism or new feudalism is a theorized contemporary rebirth of policies of governance, economy, and public life, reminiscent of those which were present in many feudal societies. Such aspects include, but are not limited to: Unequal rights and legal protections for common people and for nobility, dominance of societies by small and powerful elite groups of society, and relations of lordship and serfdom between the elite and the people. Often the former are rich and the latter poor.


title: Neo-feudalism

text: Generally, the term refers to a 21st century form of feudalism—akin in some respects to what was seen in Medieval Europe, but unfolding as an emerging phenomenon in modern times. In its early use, the term was deployed as both a criticism of the political Left and of the Right.


title: Neo-feudalism

text: An early example critical of the Left is the essay "Neo-Feudalism" by John Kenneth Galbraith, published in 1961.


title: Neo-feudalism

text: On the other hand, Jürgen Habermas used the term "Refeudalisierung" ("refeudalisation") in his 1962 "The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere" to criticise the privatisation of the forms of communication that he believed had produced an Enlightenment-era public sphere. While not talking about "neo-feudalism" as such, later commentators have noted that these ideas are similar to the idea of neo-feudalism. Correspondingly, in 1992 Immanuel Wallerstein expressed views on global development, listing neo-feudalism among three other variants. By "neo-feudalism", Wallerstein referred to autarky regions with a localised hierarchy and hi-tech goods available only for the elite.


title: Neo-feudalism

text: The concept of neo-feudalism may focus on economics, though it is not limited to it. Among the issues claimed to be associated with the idea of neo-feudalism in contemporary society, are: class stratification, globalization, neoconservative foreign policy, mass immigration and illegal immigration, open borders policies, multinational corporations, and "neo-corporatism".


title: Neo-feudalism

text: According to Les Johnston, Clifford Shearing's theoretical approach of neo-feudalism has been influential. Shearing "use[s] this term in a limited sense to draw attention to the emergence of domains of mass private property that are 'gated' in a variety of ways".


title: Neo-feudalism

text: Lucia Zedner responds that this use of neo-feudalism is too limited in scope; Shearing's comparison does not draw parallels with earlier governance explicitly enough. Zedner prefers more definitive endorsements.


title: Neo-feudalism

text: Neo-feudalism entails an order defined by commercial interests and administered in large areas, according to Bruce Baker, who argues that this does not fully describe the extent of cooperation between state and non-state policing. The significance of the comparison to feudalism, for Randy Lippert and Daniel O'Connor, is that corporations have power similar to states' governance powers. Similarly, Sighard Neckel has argued that the rise of financial-market-based capitalism in the later twentieth century has represented a 'refeudalisation' of the economy.


title: Neo-feudalism

text: The widening of the wealth gap, as poor and marginalized people are excluded from the state's provision of security, can result in neo-feudalism, argues Marina Caparini, who says this has already happened in South Africa. Neo-feudalism is made possible by the commodification of policing, and signifies the end of shared citizenship, says Ian Loader. A primary characteristic of neo-feudalism is that individuals' public lives are increasingly governed by business corporations, as Martha K. Huggins finds.


title: Neo-feudalism

text: John Braithwaite notes that neo-feudalism brings a different approach to governance since business corporations, in particular, have this specialized need for loss reduction.


title: Neo-feudalism

text: Author Jonathan Bluestein has written about neo-feudalism as a feature of social power: economic, political and martial alike. He defines the neo-feudal sovereigns as those who, while not directly referred to as lords, aristocrats, kings or emperors, still hold an equivalent power in a modern sense. That is, people who are not subject to everyday laws, can create their own laws to an extent, dominate large markets, employ immense swathes of individuals, have the means to hold a private military force, wield the economic might equivalent of entire nations, and own assets, especially real-estate, on a massive scale. In his books, Bluestein both criticizes this phenomenon, and proposes social and economic solutions for it.


title: Neo-feudalism

text: Being the first to coin the term: techno-capitalist-feudalism, or TCF for short, radical political economist, Michel Luc Bellemare, released the seminal tome on the subject, titled Techno-Capitalist-Feudalism, in early September 2020. Described as the political economy of Scientific Anarchist-Communism, or structural-anarchism, TCF is a compilation of 15 years of economic research by the author, which began in the mid 2000s. According to Bellemare, the epoch of techno-capitalist-feudalism is the epoch of totalitarian-capitalism, whereby the logic of capitalism attains totalitarian dimensions and authoritarian supremacy. One of the primary characteristics of the age of techno-capitalist-feudalism would be the degeneration of the old modern class-system into a post-modern micro-caste-system, wherein an insurmountable divide and stratum now exists in-between the "1 percent" and the "99 percent", or more specifically, the state-finance-corporate-aristocracy and the workforce/population. Moreover, according to Bellemare, in the age of techno-capitalist-feudalism, the determination of values, prices, and wages is no longer based upon the old Marxist notion of socially necessary labour-time, but rather upon the arbitrary use of force and influence, namely, through an underlying set of ruling capitalist power-relations and/or ideologies, which impose by force and influence, numeric values, prices, and wage-sums upon goods and services, devoid of all considerations pertaining to labour-time. Ultimately, in the age of techno-capitalist-feudalism, whatever a capitalist entity or a set of entities can get away with in the sphere of production and/or in the marketplace is deemed valid, legitimate, and normal, regardless of labour-time expenditures. According to Bellemare, in the age of TCF, contra Marx, workers can be paid below subsistence levels, wherefore, they must now work a multiplicity of jobs and more hours in order to make ends meet. In turn, according to Bellemare, in the age of TCF, most machine-technologies are capitalist in origin, meaning, these technologies are congealed power-relations and/or ideologies that are impregnated and programmed with capitalist biases. That is, a set of specific biases that maintain, reproduce, and expand, the power of the ruling capitalist relations and ideologies, undergirding the overall system. Thereby, in the age of TCF, most capitalist machine-technologies are used to maintain, reproduce, and expand, the divisions in-between the "1 percent" and the "99 percent", by keeping the "99 percent" predominantly bolted-down upon the lower-stratums of the system, all the while, keeping the "1 percent" perched atop the upper-stratums of the system, indefinitely. In sum, in the age of TCF, the new aristocracy, that is, the capitalist aristocracy, which is synonymous with the 1 percent, concerns itself first and foremost with the accumulation of power, control, and capital, as well as, reproducing hierarchical-stasis by any means necessary. As a result, in the age of TCF, the new capitalist aristocracy does not seek to steal units of unpaid labor-time from workers, but rather, it seeks to influence and control all aspects of the workers' everyday lives. Thus, the accumulation of power, control, and capital, orchestrated by the 1 percent, their corporations, and the State, is always at the expense of the workforce/population, which itself, is gradually impoverished, disempowered, and continually relegated to the margins of the system, namely, the margins of the techno-capitalist-feudal-edifice, as wage-serfs and debt-serfs.


title: Neo-feudalism

text: During the course of the years 2020-2021, Yanis Varoufakis has written and lectured much about his theory concerning neo-feudalism. He posits that traditional capitalism has evolved into a new feudal-like structure of economies and societies, which he refers to as 'techno-feudalism'. Varoufakis explains that unlike in capitalism, feudal economies have the quality of being dominated by very small groups of people, and predetermine the behaviour of markets as they see fit. Taking the example of massive online enterprises such as Facebook, Amazon and others, Varoufakis noted that such venues are primarily governed by the whims of single individuals and small teams, and thus are not truly capitalist markets of free trade, but rather feudal markets of stringent control. Others, such as Jeremy Pitt, have raised similar opinions and concerns, also noting that techno-feudalism threatens freedom of information over the Internet.


title: Neo-feudalism

text: In early September, 2022, the radical political economist, Michel Luc Bellemare, has offered a short and direct critique of "techno-feudalism", on the grounds that "techno-feudalism" skews the facts and daily realities of workers, toiling under the jackboot of totalitarian-capitalism, or more accurately, the jackboot of "techno-capitalist-feudalism". According to Bellemare, using the term “techno-feudalism”, instead of “techno-capitalist-feudalism” is a disservice to workers. To drop the term “capitalist” from techno-capitalist-feudalism, only muddies the clear blue waters of the terminal stage of capitalist development, namely, the new dawning epoch of totalitarian-capitalism, that is, the new dystopian age of techno-capitalist-feudalism, run-amok.


title: Neo-feudalism

text: Just because the old capitalist bourgeoisie has embraced digital algorithms and invasive surveillance technologies as its own, and abstracted itself at a higher-level of socio-economic existence, away from the workforce/population, whereby, it now appears invisible and increasingly distant from the everyday lives of workers, does not mean the old capitalist bourgeoisie has vanished into thin air, or has been usurped by a strictly technological aristocracy. What has happened is that the old capitalist bourgeoisie has become a techno-capitalist-feudal-aristocracy, since, the logic of capitalism, capitalist profit, and capitalist technological innovations continue to inform and motivate this authoritarian capitalist aristocracy and all its overlapping networks of large-scale ruling power-blocs. Thereby, the specter of capitalism haunts "techno-feudalism". The specter of capitalism haunts all the theoretical machinations and the minutia of "techno-feudalism", since, "techno-feudalism", or more accurately, "techno-capitalist-feudalism", is the result of the capital/labor relationship at its most lopsided, oppressive, and technologically dominating. The capital/labor relationship continues to hold; it continues to hold at the center of "techno-feudalism", or more accurately, "techno-capitalist-feudalism". In the sense that, the logic of capitalism pervades, envelops, infects, and poisons, all the aspects of "techno-feudalism", since, the logic of capitalism continues to be the foundation and the fundamental under-girder of "techno-feudalism", a foundation that "techno-feudalism" refuses to acknowledge, or even adequately address. Therefore, within the evolutionary whimper of "techno-feudalism", the logic of capitalism is thriving, laughing all the way to the bank, as "techno-feudalism" only empowers capitalist supremacy at the expense of workers’ liberation and self-management.


title: Neo-feudalism

text: After the financial crisis of 2007–2008, American technology billionaire Nick Hanauer stated that "our country [i.e. the United States] is rapidly becoming less a capitalist society and more a feudal society". His views were echoed by, amongst others, the Icelandic billionaire Björgólfur Thor Björgólfsson. The idea that the early 21st century boom and bust in Iceland saw the country returning to feudal structures of power was also expressed by a range of Icelandic novelists, among them Sigrún Davíðsdóttir in "Samhengi hlutanna", Bjarni Bjarnason in "Mannorð", Bjarni Harðarson in "Sigurðar saga fóts", Böðvar Guðmundsson in "Töfrahöllin", and Steinar Bragi in "".


title: Neo-feudalism

text: Similar ideas are found in some Anglophone fiction. For example, Frank Herbert's "Dune" series of novels is set in the distant future with a neo-feudalistic galactic empire known as the Imperium. In these novels, after a series of wars known as the Butlerian Jihad humanity has come to prohibit all kinds of "thinking machine technology", even its simpler forms. Subsequently, the political balance of power in the Dune Universe gradually became dominant by a myriad of royal houses, each dominating one or several planets. Albeit operating in the distant future, the social and political dynamics of said royal houses are similar in many respects to those previously seen in medieval times.


title: Neo-feudalism

text: In David Brin's near-future science fiction novel "Existence", American politicians campaign on legally transitioning the United States into a neo-feudalist society.


title: Neo-feudalism

text: In the year 2020, head of the World Economic Forum, Klaus Schwab published a book titled "". Some right wing conspiracies on websites such as 4chan and the Daily Stormer (among other right wing websites) claim the book argues that the COVID-19 pandemic is an opportunity for politicians and governments to change the world's economies, societies and structures of government, by introducing a system of "Stakeholder Capitalism", doing so via the guidelines of a plan known as 'The Great Reset'. Schwab also refers to his goals as "The Fourth Industrial Revolution". Many authors have criticized The Great Reset as being a form of Neo-Feudalism.


title: Wang Feng (singer)

text: Wang Feng (; born 29 June 1971 in Beijing) is a Chinese rock musician and composer. He was the founder and lead vocals of the rock band No. 43 Baojia Street. He also composed the music for Wang Xiaoshuai's 2001 film "Beijing Bicycle".


title: Wang Feng (singer)

text: After two albums "No. 43 Baojia Street" (1997) and "No. 43 Baojia Street 2" (1998), he signed a solo contract with Warner Music Beijing Co., Ltd. The third album "Fireworks" (2000) was the beginning of his solo career. With a number of songs like "Flying Higher" (飞得更高) (2004), and "Blooming Life" (怒放的生命) (2005) on his following albums, Wang Feng entered the media spotlight and became popular in China. His 2009 album "Belief Flies in the Wind" won him an award as the Most Popular Male Singer in China at the Channel V's 14th Chinese Music Awards. He is also a coach on "The Voice of China," and "Sing! China", both TV shows which helped him gain immense popularity.


title: Wang Feng (singer)

text: Wang Feng was born in Beijing to a musicians' family. Under his father's suggestion, Wang started practicing violin when he was five years old. He attended the middle school attached to the Central Conservatory of Music at the age of eleven. Wang did not understand the purpose of playing violin, or why he had to stay home practising while other kids of his age could play outside. At the age of 14, for the first time in his life, Wang realized the beauty of music through a piece composed by Tchaikovsky. After that experience, Wang decided to pursue music for the rest of his life.


title: Wang Feng (singer)

text: By the age of 17, Wang started listening to rock music. Wang studied in the Central Conservatory of Music majoring in violin and viola. In his college years Wang joined the Chinese Youth Orchestra and performed overseas. In his senior year in college (1994), Wang and his friends formed the band No. 43 Baojia Street.


title: Wang Feng (singer)

text: Wang Feng and the band No. 43 Baojia Street (鲍家街43号), which was named after the street address of the Central Conservatory of Music in Beijing. They released their first album in 1997, three years after the band was formed. During these three years the band practiced in a basement in the college and performed in local clubs and bars. To comply with his father's will and to have a stable income, Wang took the offer of the vice concertmaster of the National Ballet of China Symphony Orchestra. However Wang quit the job after a year even with a promotion of the concertmaster position, and put himself completely into Rock music. In the beginning, the band was sponsored by "Xiao Wei" (nickname), an alumnus of the Central Conservatory of Music. Xiao Wei's sponsorship allowed the band to practice and perform. They gradually built up their reputation in Beijing, which led the band to a record deal from Beijing Jingwen Record Co., Ltd on 31 May 1997. The band was not profitable under Xiao Wei's sponsorship. Wang couldn't even pay his rent at that time. The record deal with Beijing Jingwen Record was an opportunity for the band to officially enter the music business and to solve the money issue. Xiao Wei understood the benefit of the deal for Wang Feng and the whole band. He terminated the sponsorship himself and left Beijing.


title: Wang Feng (singer)

text: Later that year the band made their first studio album, "No. 43 Baojia Street" (1997). This album included songs like "Little Bird" and "Good Night Beijing", which became famous afterwards. One year later the band made their second album, "No. 43 Baojia Street 2 – Storm Approaching" (1998). While the albums were sold in the market, the economic issue of the band and Wang himself did not resolve. In other words, the band was not making a profit. Wang decided to terminate the contract with Beijing Jingwen Record. In 2000, the Warner Music Beijing Co., Ltd found Wang Feng and offered him a record deal but not the whole band. Wang signed the contract and put out the album "Fireworks' (2000) in the same year. The songs from this album were made before the band broke up..


title: Wang Feng (singer)

text: During his years with Warner Music, Wang had the boost of his career. Three albums were made, including "Fireworks" (2000), "Love is a Happy Bullet" (2002), and "Crying while Smiling" (2004). The song "Flying Higher", which became very popular in China after release, was included in the album "Crying while Smiling". Wang also took care of the entire soundtrack of the movie Beijing Bicycle (2001). In July 2005, Wang ended the five-year contract with Warner Music and started his own independent record label "Feng Sheng Music" ("Feng Sheng" is the Chinese translation for Feng's voice). In the same year, Wang released his fourth studio album "Blooming Life" (2005). The song "Blooming life", same as the name of the album, became famous quickly after the album was released and became the most downloaded ringtones in some regions in China. In the same album, Wang included another two famous patriotic pieces, "Our Dream" (《我们的梦》) and "I Love You, China" (《我爱你，中国》). "Our Dream" became the Beijing Olympic Top 10 Golden Songs; "I Love You, China" was considered a gift for the success of Shenzhou 6, the second human spaceflight of the People's Republic of China. In 2006 Wang was awarded the Pepsi Chart "Best Male Singer in China".


title: Wang Feng (singer)

text: In May 2007, Wang made a new record deal with the Hong Kong media company MusicNationGroup. One month later, Wang released his fifth studio album "Brave Heart" (2007). Wang claimed to be very satisfied with his work in this album, however one of the tracks was forced to be taken out by the authority. During the time the album was released, some people on the Internet claimed that the hit song "Brave Heart" was a copy of the song "Crazy" from the Canadian pop-punk band Simple Plan. Wang's response was, "I do not need to copy other people's work. It's just as simple as that. I do not need to do that at all."


title: Wang Feng (singer)

text: In 2009, after two years since the last album, Wang came back with the "Belief Flies in the Wind" (2009). The album brought Wang many awards. The song "In Spring" became No.1 on the 23rd of the Chinese Music Chart. In September, the song "Light" took the No.1 place again on the 32nd of the Chinese Music Chart. On 12 Nov., the song "When I Miss You" won the No.1 on the 42nd of the Chinese Music Chart. On the 9th Global Chinese Music Awards, the song "In Spring" won the Best Lyrics award. Wang Feng himself won the Best Producer, and the album "Belief Flies in the Wind" won the Best Album. In an interview with Changjiang Business Journal, Wang claimed that "This album is meant to let everyone to understand the true rock music. It's not about what the majority like or what's popular. I'm making mainstream rock music, and that's what I stand for."


title: Wang Feng (singer)

text: In 2011, after being signed to Rock Forward Entertainment, Wang Feng released "Life Asks for Nothing", the first ever double album in Chinese rock history, which phenomenally topped a wide variety of charts and earned him nationwide critical acclaims on the major Chinese music awards. The same year Wang Feng became the first ever Chinese artist who held concerts in grand stadiums twice a year, which again has proved that he is one of very few Chinese rock musicians who enjoy commercial success and mainstream recognition without discarding the famously rebellious roots. His uncompromisingly keen passion for life and independent spirit have radically altered the parameters of Chinese rock scene and have left a deep mark on Chinese popular culture for him as the true inspiring voice of his generation.


title: Wang Feng (singer)

text: In 2013, Wang Feng became a coach in "The Voice of China" Season 2, with Na Ying, Harlem Yu, and A-Mei Zhang. He continued to be a coach even till Season 4.


title: Wang Feng (singer)

text: In 2016, Wang Feng became a coach in the first season of the rebranded "Sing! China", where he became the winning mentor courtesy of Jiang Dunhao, who won the series. He did not return for another season in season 2 the following year.


title: Wang Feng (singer)

text: In 2018, Wang Feng was one of the seven first-round singers taking part in the sixth season of Hunan Television's singing competition "Singer" (which was previously named "I Am a Singer"). He made it to the finals and finished third, behind Hua Chenyu and winner Jessie J.


title: Wang Feng (singer)

text: His first wife was Qi Dan, a TV hostess. In 2004, he began a relationship with model Ge Huijie when she was aged 17; they have one daughter, Wang Manxi (born 2005). In 2007, he married his second wife, Kang Zuoru. They have one daughter, Wang Jingyi (born 2012). They divorced when their daughter was only 8 months old, due to Wang's cheating. He married for a third time in 2015 to Chinese actress Zhang Ziyi. They have a daughter, Wang Xingxing (born 2015) and a son (born 2020). Both children were born in the United States.


title: James Storm

text: James Allen Cox (born June 1, 1977) is an American professional wrestler better known by the ring name James Storm. He is best known for his time in Impact Wrestling.


title: James Storm

text: He started his career in 1997 and after working on several independent promotions, he began to wrestle for the newly created NWA Total Nonstop Action promotion. Storm participated in TNA's first event and became a tag team with Chris Harris, America's Most Wanted (AMW). AMW became one of the best tag teams in the promotion, winning 6 times the NWA World Tag Team Championship. He also won the NWA World Tag Team Championship one more time with Christopher Daniels. After the team disbanded in 2006, Storm started a singles career, crowning himself as the TNA World Beer Drinking Champion.


title: James Storm

text: In 2008, Storm formed Beer Money, Inc. with Bobby Roode. Together they became 4 time TNA World Tag Team Champions and joined the Fortune stable. In 2011, Storm defeated Kurt Angle to win the TNA World Heavyweight Championship, his first world title. During the following years, Storm won the TNA World Tag Team Championship two more times with Gunner in 2013 and Abyss in 2014, as well as the TNA King of the Mountain Championship once. He would leave TNA in 2015. Storm returned in 2016, winning the TNA World Tag Team Championship one more time with Bobby Roode as Beer Money. After leaving TNA in 2018, Storm worked for several independent promotions, most notably National Wrestling Alliance (NWA), where he won the NWA World Tag Team Championship once (with L. A. Knight), and NWA National Championship once.


title: James Storm

text: James Allen Cox was an amateur wrestler while in high school. In addition, he was a talented basketball player, and was awarded a scholarship to Austin Peay State University (which he was forced to relinquish after injuring his shoulder).


title: James Storm

text: Cox's professional wrestling career began when he was trained by Wolfie D, a veteran tag team wrestler, in 1995. His training was hampered by a broken shoulder, and Cox eventually dropped out of Slash's training school. He resumed training with Shane Morton after his shoulder had healed.


title: James Storm

text: Cox toured the south-east independent circuit before being signed to a World Championship Wrestling (WCW) developmental deal in 2000. Cox made several appearances for World Championship Wrestling on "WCW Worldwide" and "WCW Saturday Night" in 2000 as an enhancement talent, where he assumed the ring name "James Storm".


title: James Storm

text: Storm returned to the independent circuit after WCW was sold to the World Wrestling Federation in March 2001.


title: James Storm

text: Storm wrestled his future tag team partner, Chris Harris, on a "Legends Night" show on June 1, 2002. As a result of the match, both wrestlers were hired by the upstart Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) promotion. The pair were expected to wrestle as singles wrestlers, but were instead placed into a tag team. They named themselves "America's Most Wanted" (AMW) because, according to Storm the name was a reference to his "little trouble with the law".


title: James Storm

text: On the inaugural TNA pay-per-view on June 19, 2002, Storm and Harris were in two different matches in their TNA debuts (Storm teamed up with Psicosis against The Johnsons, while Harris took part in the Gauntlet for the Gold battle royal for the vacant NWA World Heavyweight Championship). The pair wrestled together for the first time on the second ever TNA pay-per-view a week later. Storm and Harris quickly became mainstays of the promotion and teamed regularly over the next few years. Splits were teased in early 2003 and again in 2004, but nothing came of them.


title: James Storm

text: America's Most Wanted turned heel in late 2005 by helping Jeff Jarrett defeat Raven for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship. They went on to join Jarrett's Army, acquiring the managerial skills of Gail Kim in the process. At Bound for Glory, AMW successfully retained their titles against The Naturals. Storm's penchant for wearing cowboy hats resulted in the team often being jeered as "Brokeback Mountain", a reference to the movie about homosexual cowboys, during their heel run. In mid-2006, they again teased their split due to miscommunication during their matches, most notably when Harris accidentally hit Storm with a garbage can during a No Disqualification match against Team 3D (Brother Ray and Brother Devon). During their run as a team, the duo won the NWA World Tag Team Championship six times.


title: James Storm

text: On the December 14, 2006 episode of "Impact!", America's Most Wanted came to an end after a feud-ending match with The Latin American Xchange (Homicide and Hernandez) when Storm hit Harris with a beer bottle, temporarily "blinding" Harris's right eye. Storm went on to feud with Petey Williams before turning on Gail Kim and aligning himself with the returning Jacqueline Moore. He then went on a huge winning streak, coming out victorious in matches against Petey Williams, Eric Young, and former partner Chris Harris in his return match, among several others. At the Sacrifice pay-per view, Storm was defeated by Harris in a Texas Death Match, which ended his long-running winning streak. The two faced each other again in a King of the Mountain qualifying match, in which both men hit each other with weapons and caused each other to bleed from the head. Harris speared Storm through the tunnel and both men were counted out.


title: James Storm

text: After this, he teamed with Robert Roode to defeat Eric Young and Rhino. He and Jacqueline celebrated a tag team victory against Rhino by pouring beer into his mouth, which set off Rhino due to the instant reminder of a history of alcohol abuse that he overcame, thus sparking a feud between them. As the weeks continued, Storm taunted Rhino about "knowing he likes alcohol" every chance he got, and continue to try and pour beer in Rhino's mouth any time he defeated him. Storm was able to defeat Rhino at the Victory Road 2007 after hitting Rhino with a beer bottle. Their feud continued with Storm again defeating Rhino in a Bar Room Brawl at Hard Justice. For several weeks, Storm would be included in vignettes where he would try to find Rhino at local bars. Rhino then challenged Storm to a match at No Surrender. Rhino defeated Storm by pinfall after he gored Storm through a table. At Bound for Glory, James Storm took part at the Reverse Battle Royal, which was won by Eric Young.


title: James Storm

text: After Rhino was injured, Storm started a feud with Eric Young over who was the better drinker. Young won Storm's World Beer Drinking Championship (a title unrecognised by TNA, actually a WWE Championship toy belt decorated with beer bottles) and held it for two months before losing it back to Storm in a ladder match. Following this, Rhino made his return from injury and proceeded to deliver a Gore to Storm, challenging him to an Elevation X match. As the ladder match with Eric Young had demonstrated, Storm had a (kayfabe) fear of heights, a major disadvantage in Elevation-X. After teasing a walk-out Storm did in fact compete in the match and after attempting to hide inside of the scaffold structure, Storm ended up losing the match and falling through a table in the ring below. Following a couple of weeks off to (kayfabe) heal his injuries, Storm returned on the live March 27 episode of "Impact!" and attacked Sting with a beer bottle. On the April 4 episode of "Impact!", Matt Morgan allowed Storm to join Team Tomko making it a five on four match (until Matt Morgan himself joined Team Cage). At Lockdown, Storm, along with Team Tomko lost their match against Team Cage. Storm was then announced as one of the "Egotistical Eight" to participate in the Deuces Wild Tournament, and he would have to team up with a random partner, who was later to be revealed as his bitter rival, Sting. Storm then faced Sting in a "No Disqualification" match that Sting won. At Sacrifice, Sting and Storm lost to Team 3D.


title: James Storm

text: On the June 12 episode of "Impact", Storm, alongside Robert Roode, challenged LAX for the TNA World Tag Team Championship. Storm and Roode were successful in winning the match following a "Last Call" from Storm to Hernandez with a belt wrapped around his boot. Hector Guerrero (LAX's manager), who was at ringside however, informed the referee about what happened and the match was restarted. LAX ended up retaining the titles following a Border Toss from Hernandez to Storm. After the match, Storm, Roode and Jacqueline handcuffed LAX to the ring posts, and then proceeded to whip them with leather belts. The next week on "Impact!", LAX challenged Storm and Roode to a Fan's Revenge Match at Victory Road for the titles. The team of Storm and Roode (now known as "Beer Money") lost to The Motor City Machine Guns (Alex Shelley and Chris Sabin) in one match and Samoa Joe and Kevin Nash in another match later in the July 3 episode of "Impact!". At Victory Road, LAX retained the titles. At Hard Justice, Beer Money defeated LAX after Storm hit Homicide with a beer bottle and won the TNA World Tag Team Championship for the first time individually and as a team. At No Surrender Beer Money, Inc. defeated LAX to retain the titles and two weeks later on "Impact!" they defeated LAX in a six-person tag team match and as a result Hector Guerrero was forced to leave LAX. At Bound for Glory IV, Beer Money, Inc. won the Monster's Ball Match against Matt Morgan and Abyss, Team 3D and LAX to retain the titles. On the January 8 episode of "Impact!" they lost the titles to Jay Lethal and Consequences Creed, after Lethal cashed in his "Feast or Fired" briefcase. At Genesis Beer Money Inc. won back the TNA World Tag Team Championships when James Storm and Robert Roode defeated Matt Morgan and Abyss and Jay Lethal and Consequences Creed in a 3-way match. Beer Money, Inc. faced Creed and Jay Lethal at Against All Odds, after Lethal and Creed won a number one contenders match against Matt Morgan and Abyss. Eventually Beer Money retained the title after Storm hit the "Last Call" on Lethal. At Lockdown 2009, Beer Money lost the TNA Tag Team titles to Team 3D in a Philadelphia Street Fight, where Team 3D's IWGP Tag Team Titles were also on the line.


title: James Storm

text: On May 15, 2009, Jeremy Borash announced that Cox had signed a new multi-year deal with TNA the previous day. That same month, Beer Money entered the Team 3D Invitational Tag Team Tournament, during which they turned face. At Sacrifice, Beer Money defeated The British Invasion (Brutus Magnus and Doug Williams) to win the tournament and earn the right to challenge Team 3D for the TNA World Tag Team Championship. At Slammiversary, Beer Money defeated Team 3D to win the World Tag Team Title for the third time. The following month at Victory Road, Beer Money lost the titles to Booker T and Scott Steiner of The Main Event Mafia. The two teams would see their feud intervene with that of Team 3D and The British Invasion, causing a four-way war that would last the next three months. Beer Money would go on to lose to the British Invasion in an IWGP Tag Team Championship match at Hard Justice, win a Lethal Lockdown match at No Surrender (teaming with Team 3D against the Mafia and the Invasion), and lose a four-way Full Metal Mayhem match at Bound for Glory for both the TNA and IWGP Tag Team Championships, with Team 3D winning the IWGP Tag Team Title and the British Invasion winning the TNA World Tag Team Title. Beer Money were permitted one last title shot the following "Impact!", where they fought the British Invasion in a Six Sides of Steel match. Brutus Magnus would have his team disqualified by punching the referee, causing him and Doug Williams to retain the championship. On the November 12 episode of "Impact!" Beer Money defeated the British Invasion in a non-title match to join the Motor City Machineguns in the Tag Team Title match at Turning Point. At the Pay-Per-View The British Invasion managed to retain their titles after Kevin Nash nailed Storm with the TNA Global Championship belt. At Genesis Storm and Roode scored an upset victory over The Band of Kevin Nash and Syxx-Pac.


title: James Storm

text: With Hulk Hogan and Eric Bischoff taking over TNA at the beginning of 2010, Beer Money's TV time was significantly reduced. Upon their return to "Impact!", Beer Money turned heel on the March 8 episode of "Impact!" by first volunteering to face Jeff Jarrett in a handicap match and then defeating him after a low blow and the DWI, claiming it was the only way they were going to get noticed by the new management. Storm and Roode have since acted as Bischoff's henchmen, taking on wrestlers he's had problems with, often in two-on-one situations. At Destination X Beer Money challenged Matt Morgan and Hernandez for the TNA World Tag Team Championship, but were unable to dethrone the defending champions. At Lockdown Beer Money, along with Sting and Desmond Wolfe, represented Team Flair in the annual Lethal Lockdown match, where they were defeated by Team Hogan (Abyss, Jeff Jarrett, Rob Van Dam and Jeff Hardy). They then started a feud with the newly formed team of Jeff Hardy and Mr. Anderson, known collectively as The Enigmatic Assholes, who would go on to defeat them at Slammiversary VIII. On the following episode of "Impact!" Ric Flair, who had aligned himself with Storm, Roode, A.J. Styles, Desmond Wolfe and Kazarian, announced that he would reform the Four Horsemen under the new name , stating that each of them would have to earn their spots in the group and that in order for Storm and Roode to earn their spots, they needed to become the Ole Anderson and Tully Blanchard of the group. After the TNA World Tag Team Championship was vacated in June, Beer Money entered a four–team, two–week-long tournament to decide who would get to face The Motor City Machine Guns for the titles at Victory Road. Beer Money advanced to the title match at the pay-per-view by defeating Team 3D and Ink Inc. (Jesse Neal and Shannon Moore). At Victory Road Beer Money was defeated by the Motor City Machine Guns in the match for the World Tag Team Championship. After Victory Road Beer Money entered a Best of Five Series with the Motor City Machine Guns, contested for the TNA World Tag Team Championship. Beer Money won the first two matches, a ladder match and a Street Fight, after knocking their opponents out with beer bottles. On the July 29 episode of "Impact!", Ric Flair announced that Storm and Roode, who were just one victory away from becoming four–time TNA World Tag Team Champions, had earned the right to join himself, Styles and Kazarian to become the final two members of . However, Shelley and Sabin came back to win the two following matches in the Best of Five Series, a steel cage match and an Ultimate X match, to even the score to 2–2 and set up a deciding match for the August 12 episode of "Impact!". On the August 12 episode of "Impact!" Beer Money, Inc. was defeated in a Two Out of Three Falls match and as a result lost the Best of Five Series 2–3. Later that night Douglas Williams and Matt Morgan were added to , as the stable attacked EV 2.0, a stable consisting of former Extreme Championship Wrestling performers. In the weeks leading to Bound for Glory, the stable's name was tweaked to Fortune to represent the expansion in the number of members in the group. At Bound for Glory Storm, Roode, Styles, Kazarian and Morgan were defeated in a Lethal Lockdown match by EV 2.0 members Tommy Dreamer, Raven, Rhino, Sabu and Stevie Richards. On the following episode of "Impact!" Fortune formed an alliance with Hulk Hogan's and Eric Bischoff's new stable, Immortal. At Turning Point Fortune defeated EV 2.0 in a ten-man tag team match and, as a result, EV 2.0's Sabu was released from TNA. The following month at Final Resolution, Storm and Roode returned to the TNA World Tag Team Championship picture by defeating Ink Inc. in a number one contender's match. On January 9, 2011, at Genesis, Beer Money, Inc. defeated the Motor City Machine Guns to win the TNA World Tag Team Championship for the fourth time.


title: James Storm

text: On the February 3 episode of "Impact!", Fortune turned face by attacking Immortal, when they interfered in a TNA World Heavyweight Championship match between Mr. Anderson and Jeff Hardy. Ric Flair, who did not take part in Fortune's turn due being out with a torn rotator cuff, returned at the February 14 tapings of the February 17 episode of "Impact!", turning on Fortune and jumping to Immortal. On April 17 at Lockdown, Storm, Roode, Kazarian and Christopher Daniels, who replaced an injured A.J. Styles, defeated Immortal representatives Ric Flair, Abyss, Bully Ray and Matt Hardy in a Lethal Lockdown match. The following month at Sacrifice, Beer Money, Inc. successfully defended the TNA World Tag Team Championship against Immortal representatives Matt Hardy and Chris Harris, who had made his surprise return to TNA on the previous episode of "Impact!". On the following episode of "Impact Wrestling", Immortal assaulted Roode, sidelining him with a storyline shoulder injury. Two weeks later, Eric Bischoff attempted to strip Beer Money, Inc. of their TNA World Tag Team Championship due to Roode's injury, but was interrupted by the champions' former rival Alex Shelley, who agreed to take Roode's spot in the title defense against the British Invasion at Slammiversary IX. At the pay-per-view, Storm and Shelley were successful in their title defense. Roode made his in-ring return on the June 23 episode of "Impact Wrestling", in a tag team match, where he and Storm were defeated by Crimson and Matt Morgan. On July 13, Beer Money, Inc. became the longest reigning TNA World Tag Team Champions in the title's history, breaking the previous record of 184 days set by A.J. Styles and Tomko in 2007. On August 7 at Hardcore Justice, Beer Money, Inc. successfully defended the TNA World Tag Team Championship against Mexican America (Anarquia and Hernandez). Two days later, at the tapings of the August 18 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Mexican America defeated Beer Money, Inc. in a rematch, following interference from Jeff Jarrett, to win the TNA World Tag Team Championship, ending Storm's and Roode's record-setting reign at 212 days.