title: Jasmine Jobson

text: Jobson began her acting career in theatre, performing in plays such as "Phoenix: A Girl on Fire" and "Wild Diamonds" at the Hackney Down Studios in 2013. From 2014, Jobson performed in several short films "Flea," "A Generation of Vipers," and "The King", before debuting on television in 2016 as Kia Hopkins in a single episode of "Suspects (TV series). " Since then she has made minor appearances in "The Break (TV series) ", "Five by Five " and "Dark Heart (TV series) " as Sally Watkins, before landing a main character role in the 2019 Netflix British television crime drama series "Top Boy. " In 2019, Jobson was nominated for and won the "Best emerging talent" at the Movie and Video Awards (MVISA).


title: Jasmine Jobson

text: In 2020, Jobson starred as Lily in feature film "Surge," which premiered in January 2020 at the Sundance Film Festival in Salt Lake City. Jobson purported to be comfortable in an airport environment, the setting for "Surge", as she once worked as a bartender in Wetherspoons at Heathrow's Terminal 2.


title: Rabid (1977 film)

text: Rabid is a 1977 independent body horror film written and directed by David Cronenberg. An international co-production of Canada and the United States, the film stars Marilyn Chambers in the lead role, supported by Frank Moore, Joe Silver, and Howard Ryshpan. Chambers plays a woman who, after being injured in a motorcycle accident and undergoing a surgical operation, develops an orifice under one of her armpits that hides a phallic/clitoral stinger she uses to feed on people's blood. Those she feeds upon become infected. Their bite spreads the disease, and they cause massive chaos starting in the Quebec countryside and ending up in Montreal. "Rabid" grossed $1 million in Canada, making it one of the highest-grossing Canadian films of all time. A remake of the same name, directed by Jen and Sylvia Soska, was released in 2019.


title: Rabid (1977 film)

text: Rose and her boyfriend Hart get into a motorcycle accident in the Quebec countryside, caused by a van parked in the middle of the road. While Hart suffers a broken hand, a separated shoulder and a concussion, Rose is severely injured and burned by the incident. They are both transported to the nearby Keloid Clinic for Plastic Surgery, where head doctor Dan Keloid decides to perform a radical new procedure on Rose. He uses morphogenetically neutral grafts to her chest and abdomen in the hope that it will differentiate and replace the damaged skin and organs. One month later, Hart is released while Rose remains in a coma.


title: Rabid (1977 film)

text: Rose abruptly awakens from her coma screaming, prompting patient Lloyd Walsh to calm her down and hold her hand, but she pierces his skin as she holds him. When asked, Lloyd cannot remember anything afterwards and the doctor does not know what caused the injury on his right arm; it is only known that his blood is not clotting from the wound and he cannot feel anything on his right side. While Keloid transfers him to Montreal General Hospital for further evaluation, his experimental procedures on Rose have caused a mutation in her body that made her able to only subsist on human blood. A new organ resembling a red stinger emerges from a small orifice below Rose's armpit; it pierces her victims and draws their blood. One night, Rose leaves the clinic to feed upon a nearby cow's blood, which makes her vomit. A drunken farmer tries to attack her, but she pierces and feeds on him before calling Hart to pick her up.


title: Rabid (1977 film)

text: The next day, the farmer turns into a pale zombie-like monster and attacks a waitress at a nearby diner. Lloyd discharges himself from the clinic. While taking a taxi to the airport, he begins foaming at the mouth and attacks the driver. The car crashes into the freeway before a nearby truck kills them both. At the clinic, Keloid is infected by Rose's stinger and attacks from within, which causes panic. During this time, Rose escapes from the hospital despite calling Hart to come to her aid, and hitchhikes rides from various people to Montreal. She infects one of the truck drivers, causing the driver to attack his colleague. Hart and Keloid's business partner, Murray Cypher, while searching for Rose, meet up with police chief Claude LePointe and public health officials in talks about an upcoming epidemic. During this time, Hart witnesses an officer become infected before being shot by uninfected police officers. He calls Rose's friend Mindy and asks her to keep Rose in her apartment if she appears until he can come over. Rose arrives in the city and stays in Mindy's apartment.


title: Rabid (1977 film)

text: While Mindy watches a television broadcast detailing a new strain of rabies now all over Montreal, Rose goes to a sex cinema and infects a leering patron. Mindy notices an infected woman while riding the subway and attempts to avoid eye-contact. The rabid woman attacks a nearby passenger by biting off part of his ear in a bloody frenzy, culminating in a panic of fleeing passengers. LePointe, while riding a limousine with local health officials, is attacked by two infected crewmen who use a jackhammer through the vehicle door and drag the driver out to feed on him. The other official and LePointe, forced to leave their driver behind, escape by driving in reverse. With the infection becoming worse in the city, and the standard rabies treatment having no effect, Dr. Royce Gentry advises a shoot-to-kill policy to prevent future infections. As Christmas approaches, martial law is declared within Montreal, and the doctor works on developing a cure. National Guard road blocks are set to check for infected people, and a convoy of NBC-suited soldiers ride into the city to assist the authorities with body disposal.


title: Rabid (1977 film)

text: Murray and Hart arrive at the former's home and as Hart drives away in Murray's car, Murray calls for his wife, but there is no answer. Murray wanders into his baby's nursery where he finds what is left of his baby and is attacked by his infected wife. Hart goes into the deserted city to search for Rose. An infected civilian jumps onto Hart's car before being shot, and the bio-warfare suited soldiers spray disinfectant on his car before permitting him to continue driving.


title: Rabid (1977 film)

text: Mindy watches a report which says that a possible carrier of the infection may be immune and has been traced back to the Keloid Clinic. Rose walks into the room and feeds on Mindy. Hart finds Rose in the act and tries to reason with her about treatment, but she refuses to believe him and is in denial that she is responsible for the epidemic that has now claimed many people. He chases her in the apartment, but he is rendered unconscious and she infects a man waiting in the apartment lobby. When Hart awakens, Rose brings the newly infected man to his apartment and locks herself inside the room before calling Hart about her plan; she wants to test Hart's accusation and see if the man turns infected or not. While Hart frantically tells her to leave the apartment and hopelessly sits at the receiver, the infected man awakens and attacks Rose. The next morning, Rose's corpse is found by the bio-warfare suited soldiers in an alleyway and they dump her in a garbage truck.


title: Rabid (1977 film)

text: The film, originally titled "Mosquitoes", was financed by the Canadian Film Development Corporation. The CFDC publicly distanced itself from the film because of the controversy over Cronenberg's previous film "Shivers" but could not deny him funding because his films were among its only profitable productions.


title: Rabid (1977 film)

text: Cronenberg stated that he wanted to cast Sissy Spacek in the film lead, but the studio vetoed his choice because of her Texan accent. Spacek's film "Carrie" was released during this film's production and proved to be a massive hit (and a movie poster for "Carrie" appears in "Rabid" when the main character walks by a movie theater). The director says that the idea of casting Chambers came from executive producer Ivan Reitman, who had heard that Chambers was looking for a mainstream role. Reitman felt that it would be easier to market the film in different territories if the well-known porn star portrayed the main character. Cronenberg stated that Chambers put in a lot of hard work on the film and that he was impressed with her. Cronenberg further states he had not seen Chambers' most well-known film, "Behind the Green Door", prior to casting her. The film was shot in Montreal.


title: Rabid (1977 film)

text: "Rabid" opened in Montreal, Canada, in June 1977. It was released theatrically in the United States by New World Pictures in 1977.


title: Rabid (1977 film)

text: "Rabid" grossed $100,000 in the first ten days after opening in Montreal in June 1977. The film was one of the highest-grossing Canadian films of all time, grossing $1 million in Canada.


title: Rabid (1977 film)

text: The staff of "Variety" called the film "an extremely violent, sometimes nauseating, picture". Les Wedman of "The Vancouver Sun" criticized the film for "relying heavily on shocking special effects" as opposed to suspense; Wedman called its story "dreadful", and, with the exception of Joe Silver, wrote that "there isn't a decent performance in the movie."


title: Rabid (1977 film)

text: Conversely, a reviewer for "Time Out" called the film "far better staged" in comparison to Cronenberg's preceding work, the 1975 film "Shivers", and concluded: "None of the other recent apocalypse movies has shown so much political or cinematic sophistication."


title: Rabid (1977 film)

text: Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 77% of 26 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating is 6.3/10.


title: Rabid (1977 film)

text: Warner Home Video released the film on VHS in 1983. It was later re-released on DVD by New Concorde Home Entertainment in 2000. The DVD itself was re-released again in a Special Edition version by E1 Entertainment in 2004. The film was released on dual format Blu-ray Disc/DVD by Arrow Video in the UK on February 16, 2015, and Scream Factory released the film on Blu-ray on November 22, 2016.


title: Rabid (1977 film)

text: A remake of the film, directed by Jen and Sylvia Soska and starring Laura Vandervoort as Rose, was released on December 13, 2019.


title: Rabid (1977 film)

text: A novelization by Richard Lewis was released in 1978, while in 2002, the film's script was published by Faber & Faber in the collection "David Cronenberg: Collected Screenplays 1: Stereo, Crimes of the Future, Shivers, Rabid".


title: Settlement hierarchy

text: A settlement hierarchy is a way of arranging settlements into a hierarchy based upon their population or some other criteria. The term is used by landscape historians and in the National Curriculum for England. The term is also used in the planning system for the UK and for some other countries such as Ireland, India, and Switzerland. The term was used without comment by the geographer Brian Roberts in 1972.


title: Settlement hierarchy

text: In Europe, centuries-old settlements were surrounded by farmland and tended not to be wider than 30 minutes' walk from one end to the other, with wealthier people monopolizing the "town center", and poorer people living on the town's outskirts or nearby countryside (the "sphere of influence"). With the advent of decentralization technologies (e.g., bicycles, trains, cars, etc.), American settlements reversed this trend before reaching their saturation point, with vast farmlands managed by homesteads located dozens of miles away from the nearest settlement; lower-income communities occupied the "center" as the middle-income and upper-income migrated into suburbia. This created a phenomenon known as urban decay.


title: Settlement hierarchy

text: A settlement's population size, its geographic area, its status, and the availability of services can all affect this hierarchy. Position in a settlement hierarchy can also depend on the sphere of influence. This is how far people will travel to use the services in the settlement: if people travel further the town becomes more important and ranks higher in the settlement hierarchy.


title: Settlement hierarchy

text: Using the title of a settlement can be misleading in the absence of any widely accepted definition. For example, city status in the United Kingdom historically arose from its place in the ecclesiastic hierarchy. (In modern times, city status is awarded for secular reasons but without reference to size.) Thus, some cathedral cities in England (e.g., Ely, Cambridgeshire) have a much smaller populations than some towns (e.g., Luton). In the United States, the distinction between town and city is a matter of a decision by local government to incorporate. In addition, there is no agreement as to the number of levels in the hierarchy or what they should be called. Many terms used to describe settlements (e.g., village) have no legal definition, or may have contradictory legal definitions in different jurisdictions.


title: Settlement hierarchy

text: Position in an accepted settlement hierarchy can imply status, which in turn reinforces the position of the settlement in the hierarchy. Status can derive from being the residence of a King or high-ranking member of the nobility or from being the location of a major religious establishment. A formal hierarchy of settlements, known as a multiple estate, appears to have been common in 10th-century England. The centre of an estate (often called a "caput") could be supported by subsidiary settlements, which were sometimes given specialised roles. For example, a Saxon royal estate might be supported by settlements specialising in the production of cheese or barley or maintaining flocks of sheep.


title: Settlement hierarchy

text: In this example, a roadhouse is at the lowest level while the ecumenopolis is at the top with the greatest number of residents:


title: Settlement hierarchy

text: This is only an example, and in other contexts, the population criteria for each category of settlement might be different.


title: Settlement hierarchy

text: Note: This settlement hierarchy is adapted from the work of Konstantinos Apostolos Doxiadis for the actual current world situation as of 2010 as opposed to Doxiadis' idealized settlement hierarchy for the year 2100 that he outlined in his 1968 book "Ekistics".


title: Settlement hierarchy

text: , the World Bank estimates that 56% of the world's population lives in cities, so if these were linked, the total population of this area would be about 4.4 billion people.


title: Settlement hierarchy

text: More than one million residents. At this density, the settlement's population, spheres of influence, and GDP tends to exceed that of most countries with lesser density. The need for administrative divisions, public transportation, public infrastructure and other government public services is critically essential for the sustainable growth and continued prosperity of its citizens. High income jobs and non-essential luxury services are abundant (e.g. car dealerships, brain surgery centers, airports, financing, computer stores, coffee shops, etc.) as these cannot be sustained by lesser density. Medium income exceeds national average. The first city in recorded history to reach a population of one million residents was Ancient Rome in 133 B.C. During the Second Industrial Revolution, London, England reached the mark in 1810 and New York City, United States made it in 1875.


title: Settlement hierarchy

text: Less than one million residents. At this density, viable access to more specialize advanced services (e.g. doctors, mechanics, colleges, etc.) due to economies of scale being abundant. Average medium income is on par with national average.


title: Settlement hierarchy

text: Less than one hundred thousand residents. Common "city features" and services such as clinics, pharmacy, bank, supermarket, police station, fire station, schools, residential neighborhoods, restaurant, etc. become more prominent. Density is sufficient to support local commercial areas which may include a "Main Street" or a shopping mall. Average medium income below national average.


title: Settlement hierarchy

text: Less than one thousand residents. At this number, settlements are too small or scattered to be considered "urban", and services within these settlements (if any) are generally limited to bare essentials: e.g., church, grocery store, post office, etc. Throughout most of human history, very few settlements could support a population greater than 150 people.


title: Settlement hierarchy

text: The position of a settlement in the hierarchy is intended to inform decisions about new developments, such as housing. Rather than define the hierarchy by population, an alternative way to construct the hierarchy is based on the services that are available within each settlement. Settlements are described as "level 1", "level 2", etc. rather than using terms such as village or town. The Government planning statement (PPS3) does not specifically mention "settlement hierarchies", but talks about the availability of services to small rural settlements. The term is used a number of times in the guidance for preparing evidence for planning decisions; a settlement hierarchy starts with an isolated dwelling, then hamlet, then village, town, city then a conurbation.


title: Settlement hierarchy

text: The German planning system is based on the Central Place Theory developed by Walter Christaller in the 1930s and first applied in the Nazi Era, especially in Poland. Every settlement is categorized by function: highly central cities (e.g. Hamburg, with speciality clinics for tropical diseases), middle central cities (for periodic functions e.g. Homburg (Saar) with major schools (starting at 5th grade)) and basic central towns /Unterzentrum (e.g. Illingen with basic doctors and Supermarket). The number of inhabitants is less important: thus a city such as Kaiserslautern (100,000 people) can be a highly specialized city, because it is a centre for the surrounding rural area.


title: Settlement hierarchy

text: It is used at the federal level for the regional planning system of states and planning regions for the "State Development Programmes" (Landesentwicklungsprogramm ]) and the "Regional Spatial Structure Plans" (Regionaler Raumordnungsplamn ]). These are political plans to achieve goals such as equivalent living standards (Gleichwertige Lebensverhältnisse ]) in rural and urban areas in all of Germany, east and west.


title: Data collection

text: Data collection or data gathering is the process of gathering and measuring information on targeted variables in an established system, which then enables one to answer relevant questions and evaluate outcomes. Data collection is a research component in all study fields, including physical and social sciences, humanities, and business. While methods vary by discipline, the emphasis on ensuring accurate and honest collection remains the same. The goal for all data collection is to capture quality evidence that allows analysis to lead to the formulation of convincing and credible answers to the questions that have been posed. Data collection and validation consists of four steps when it involves taking a census and seven steps when it involves sampling.


title: Data collection

text: Regardless of the field of or preference for defining data (quantitative or qualitative), accurate data collection is essential to maintain research integrity. The selection of appropriate data collection instruments (existing, modified, or newly developed) and delineated instructions for their correct use reduce the likelihood of errors.


title: Data collection

text: A formal data collection process is necessary as it ensures that the data gathered are both defined and accurate. This way, subsequent decisions based on arguments embodied in the findings are made using valid data. The process provides both a baseline from which to measure and in certain cases an indication of what to improve.


title: Data collection

text: "Data management platform" (DMP) is a centralized storage and analytical system for data. Mainly used by marketers, DMPs exist to compile and transform large amounts of data into discernible information. Marketers may want to receive and utilize first, second and third-party data. DMPs enable this, because they are the aggregate system of DSPs (demand side platform) and SSPs (supply side platform). When it comes to advertising, DMPs are integral for optimizing and guiding marketers in future campaigns. This system and their effectiveness is proof that categorized, analyzed, and compiled data is far more useful than raw data.


title: Data collection

text: The main reason for maintaining data integrity is to support the observation of errors in the data collection process. Those errors may be made intentionally (deliberate falsification) or non-intentionally (random or systematic errors).


title: Data collection

text: There are two approaches that may protect data integrity and secure scientific validity of study results invented by Craddick, Crawford, Rhodes, Redican, Rukenbrod and Laws in 2003:


title: Data collection

text: Its main focus is prevention which is primarily a cost-effective activity to protect the integrity of data collection. Standardization of protocol best demonstrates this cost-effective activity, which is developed in a comprehensive and detailed procedures manual for data collection. The risk of failing to identify problems and errors in the research process is evidently caused by poorly written guidelines. Listed are several examples of such failures:


title: Data collection

text: Since quality control actions occur during or after the data collection all the details are carefully documented. There is a necessity for a clearly defined communication structure as a precondition for establishing monitoring systems. Uncertainty about the flow of information is not recommended as a poorly organized communication structure leads to lax monitoring and can also limit the opportunities for detecting errors. Quality control is also responsible for the identification of actions necessary for correcting faulty data collection practices and also minimizing such future occurrences. A team is more likely to not realize the necessity to perform these actions if their procedures are written vaguely and are not based on feedback or education.


title: Demographics of Austria

text: This article is about the demographic features of the population of Austria, including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.


title: Demographics of Austria

text: Austrians were a homogeneous people, although four decades of strong immigration from other parts of Europe have significantly changed the composition of the population of Austria.


title: Demographics of Austria

text: According to the 2001 population census, 88.6% are native German speakers (96% Austro-Bavarian dialects and 4% Alemannic dialects) while the remaining 11.4% speak several minority languages. The non-German speakers of Austria can be divided into two groups: traditional minorities, who are related to territories formerly part of the Habsburg monarchy, and new minorities, resulting from recent immigration.


title: Demographics of Austria

text: The total fertility rate is the number of children born per woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire period in the present-day Hungary. Sources: Our World In Data and Gapminder Foundation.


title: Demographics of Austria

text: Only three numerically significant traditional minority groups exist – 14,000 Carinthian Slovenes (according to the 2001 census – unofficial estimates of Slovene organisations put the number at 50,000) in Austrian Carinthia (south central Austria) and about 25,000 Croats and 20,000 Hungarians in Burgenland (on the Hungarian border). The Slovenes (also called 'Windische') form a closely knit community. Their rights as well as those of the Croats are protected by law and generally respected in practice. The present boundaries of Austria, once the center of the Habsburg monarchy that constituted the second-largest composite monarchy in Europe, were established in accordance with the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye in 1919. Some Austrians, particularly near Vienna, still have relatives in countries that made up the Monarchy, namely Croatia, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia and Hungary.


title: Demographics of Austria

text: Austria does not collect data on the ethnicity or race of its citizens but does collect data on the nationality of residents currently in the country.


title: Demographics of Austria

text: According to the Austrian Statistical Bureau, 814,800 foreigners legally lived in Austria in mid-2006, representing 9.8% of the total population, one of the highest rates in Europe.


title: Demographics of Austria

text: Owing to a growing naturalization rate, 330,000 people have been naturalized between 1985 and the end of 2003, representing about 4% of the 7.4 million Austrian citizens living today in the country.


title: Demographics of Austria

text: Of these new citizens 110,000 came from the former Yugoslavia and 90,000 from Turkey. Considering pre-1985 naturalizations, in 2005 at least 18% (in Vienna more than 30%) of the population was either foreign or of foreign origin. Native Austrians have had stagnant demographics since World War I, and have been in absolute decline since the 1970s.


title: Demographics of Austria

text: As of 2011, Statistik Austria official estimates have shown that 81% of residents, or 6.75 million had no migration background and more than 19% or 1.6 million inhabitants had at least one parent of immigrant background. There are more than 415,000 descendants of foreign-born immigrants residing in Austria, the great majority of whom have been naturalized.


title: Demographics of Austria

text: According to Eurostat, there were 1.27 million foreign-born residents in Austria in 2010, corresponding to 15.2% of the total population. Of these, 764,000 (9.1%) were born outside the EU and 512,000 (6.1%) were born in another EU member state.


title: Demographics of Austria

text: 350,000 ethnic Turks (including a minority of Turkish Kurds) currently live in Austria. At about 3% of the total population, they make up the biggest single ethnic minority in Austria.


title: Demographics of Austria

text: In 2018, the percentage of foreign born people was around 19% of the total population which is also the second highest foreign born proportion of all EU countries after Luxembourg.


title: Demographics of Austria

text: In 2001, about 74% of Austria's population were registered as Roman Catholic, while about 5% considered themselves Protestants. Austrian Christians, both Catholic and Protestant, are obliged to pay a mandatory membership fee (calculated by income—about 1%) to their church; this payment is called "Kirchenbeitrag" ("Ecclesiastical/Church contribution"). Since the second half of the 20th century, the number of adherents and churchgoers has declined. Data for the end of 2016 from the Austrian Roman Catholic church lists 5,162,622 members, or 58.8% of the total Austrian population. Sunday church attendance was 605,828 or 7% of the total Austrian population in 2015. The Lutheran church also recorded a loss of 74,421 adherents between 2001 and 2016.


title: Demographics of Austria

text: About 12% of the population declared that they have no religion in 2001; this share had grown to 20% by 2015. Of the remaining people, around 340,000 were registered as members of various Muslim communities in 2001, mainly due to the influx from Turkey, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo. The number of Muslims has doubled in 15 years to 700,000 in 2016. About 680,000 are members of Eastern Orthodox Church (mostly Romanians and Serbs), about 21,000 people are active Jehovah's Witnesses and about 8,100 are Jewish.


title: Demographics of Austria

text: An estimated 15,000 Jews or adherents of Judaism live in Austria, primarily in Vienna – a remnant of the post-World War II community after the Nazi Holocaust.


title: Potsdam Agreement

text: The Potsdam Agreement () was the agreement between three of the Allies of World War II: the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Soviet Union on 1 August 1945. A product of the Potsdam Conference, it concerned the military occupation and reconstruction of Germany, its border, and the entire European Theatre of War territory. It also addressed Germany's demilitarisation, reparations, the prosecution of war criminals and the mass expulsion of ethnic Germans from various parts of Europe.


title: Potsdam Agreement

text: Executed as a communiqué, the agreement was not a peace treaty according to international law, although it created accomplished facts. It was superseded by the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany signed on 12 September 1990.


title: Potsdam Agreement

text: As De Gaulle had not been invited to the Conference, the French resisted implementing the Potsdam Agreements within their occupation zone. In particular, the French refused to resettle any expelled Germans from the east. Moreover, the French did not accept any obligation to abide by the Potsdam Agreement in the proceedings of the Allied Control Council; in particular resisting all proposals to establish common policies and institutions across Germany as a whole, and anything that they feared might lead to the emergence of an eventual unified German government.


title: Potsdam Agreement

text: After the end of World War II in Europe (1939–45), and the decisions of the earlier Tehran, Casablanca and Yalta Conferences, the Allies assumed supreme authority over Germany by the Berlin Declaration of June 5, 1945.


title: Potsdam Agreement

text: At the Potsdam Conference the Western Allies were presented with Stalin's "fait accompli" awarding Soviet-occupied Poland the river Oder as its western border, placing the entire Soviet Occupation Zone east of it (with the exception of the Kaliningrad enclave), including Pomerania, most of East Prussia, and Danzig, under Polish administration. The German population who had not fled were expelled and their properties acquisitioned by the state. President Truman and the British delegations protested at these actions.


title: Potsdam Agreement

text: The Three Power Conference took place from 17 July to 2 August 1945, in which they adopted the "Protocol of the Proceedings, August 1, 1945", signed at Cecilienhof Palace in Potsdam. The signatories were General Secretary Joseph Stalin, President Harry S. Truman, and Prime Minister Clement Attlee, who, as a result of the British general election of 1945, had replaced Winston Churchill as the UK's representative. The three powers also agreed to invite France and China to participate as members of the Council of Foreign Ministers established to oversee the agreement. The Provisional Government of the French Republic accepted the invitation on August 7, with the key reservation that it would not accept "a priori" any commitment to the eventual reconstitution of a central government in Germany.


title: Potsdam Agreement

text: James F. Byrnes wrote "we specifically refrained from promising to support at the German Peace Conference any particular line as the western frontier of Poland." The Berlin Protocol declared: "The three heads of government reaffirm their opinion that the final delimitation of the western frontier of Poland should await the [final] peace settlement." Byrnes continues: "In the light of this history, it is difficult to credit with good faith any person who asserts that Poland's western boundary was fixed by the conferences, or that there was a promise that it would be established at some particular place."


title: Potsdam Agreement

text: In the Potsdam Agreement (Berlin Conference) the Allies (UK, USSR, US) agreed on the following matters:


title: Potsdam Agreement

text: Moreover, towards concluding the Pacific Theatre of War, the Potsdam Conference issued the Potsdam Declaration, the Proclamation Defining Terms for Japanese Surrender (26 July 1945) wherein the Western Allies (UK, US, USSR) and the Nationalist China of General Chiang Kai-shek asked Japan to surrender or be destroyed.


title: Potsdam Agreement

text: Already during the Potsdam Conference, on 30 July 1945, the Allied Control Council was constituted in Berlin to execute the Allied resolutions (the "Four Ds"):


title: Potsdam Agreement

text: The northern half of the German province of East Prussia, occupied by the Red Army during its East Prussian Offensive followed by its evacuation in winter 1945, had already been incorporated into Soviet territory as the Kaliningrad Oblast. The Western Allies promised to support the annexation of the territory north of the Braunsberg–Goldap line when a Final German Peace Treaty was held.


title: Potsdam Agreement

text: The Allies had acknowledged the legitimacy of the Polish Provisional Government of National Unity, which was about to form a Soviet satellite state. Urged by Stalin, the UK and the US gave in to put the German territories east of the Oder–Neisse line from the Baltic coast west of Świnoujście up to the Czechoslovak border "under Polish administration"; allegedly confusing the Lusatian Neisse and the Glatzer Neisse rivers. The proposal of an Oder-Bober-Queis line was rejected by the Soviet delegation. The cession included the former Free City of Danzig and the seaport of Stettin on the mouth of the Oder River (Szczecin Lagoon), vital for the Upper Silesian Industrial Region.


title: Potsdam Agreement

text: Post-war, 'Germany as a whole' would consist solely of aggregate territories of the respective zones of occupation. As all former German territories east of the Oder-Neisse line were excluded from the Soviet Occupation Zone, they were consequently excluded from 'Germany as a whole'.


title: Potsdam Agreement

text: In the course of the proceedings, Polish communists had begun to suppress the German population west of the Bóbr river to underline their demand for a border on the Lusatian Neisse. The Allied resolution on the "orderly transfer" of German population became the legitimation of the expulsion of Germans from the nebulous parts of Central Europe, if they had not already fled from the advancing Red Army.


title: Potsdam Agreement

text: The expulsion of ethnic Germans by the Poles concerned, in addition to Germans within areas behind the 1937 Polish border in the West (such as in most of the old Prussian province of West Prussia), the territories placed "under Polish administration" pending a Final German Peace Treaty, i.e. southern East Prussia (Masuria), Farther Pomerania, the New March region of the former Province of Brandenburg, the districts of the "Grenzmark" Posen-West Prussia, Lower Silesia and those parts of Upper Silesia that had remained with Germany after the 1921 Upper Silesia plebiscite. It further affected the German minority living within the territory of the former Second Polish Republic in Greater Poland, eastern Upper Silesia, Chełmno Land and the Polish Corridor with Danzig.


title: Potsdam Agreement

text: The Germans in Czechoslovakia (34% of the population of the territory of what is now the Czech Republic), known as Sudeten Germans but also Carpathian Germans, were expelled from the "Sudetenland" region where they formed a majority, from linguistic enclaves in central Bohemia and Moravia, as well as from the city of Prague.


title: Potsdam Agreement

text: Though the Potsdam Agreement referred only to Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary, expulsions also occurred in Romania, where the Transylvanian Saxons were deported and their property disseized, and in Yugoslavia. In the Soviet territories, Germans were expelled from northern East Prussia (Oblast Kaliningrad) but also from the adjacent Lithuanian Klaipeda Region and other lands settled by Baltic Germans.


title: Block B

text: Block B () is a South Korean boy band managed by KQ Entertainment, and consists of seven members: Taeil, B-Bomb, Jaehyo, U-Kwon, Park Kyung, Zico, and P.O. Block B has received several accolades, including nominations for seven Golden Disc Awards and eleven Seoul Music Awards.


title: Block B

text: Block B was created by musician Cho PD in 2011 on a budget of US$1.4 million. They made their live debut on KBS' "Music Bank" and MTV's "Match Up!" that same year, and drew criticism for their sexually provocative performances. In 2012, they released their debut studio album, "Blockbuster", which finished in the top ten on the "Billboard" Korea and Gaon Album charts. In 2013, Block B filed a lawsuit against Stardom Entertainment—their agency at the time—and took a small break from releasing music and performing live.


title: Block B

text: Block B achieved commercial success with the single albums "Jackpot" (2014), "Very Good" (2015) and "H.E.R." (2015). In 2016, they released the Japanese-language studio album, "My Zone", which ranked in the top ten on the "Billboard" Japan and Oricon charts. Beginning from 2018, the members of Block B began their compulsory military service, leading to an indefinite hiatus taken by the group.


title: Block B

text: In February 2011, Cho PD announced that he would spend US$1.4 million to create a seven-member hip-hop group under his "Creating Korea's Eminem Project". On April 13, 2011, their debut music video for "Freeze!" was released, but banned by the Commission of Youth Protection because they felt that it was too sexy for Korean television. As a result, the song could not be sold to minors under the age of 19, and the video could not be aired before 10 pm.


title: Block B

text: On April 15, 2011, Block B made their live debut on KBS "Music Bank". The group followed up with another track, "Wanna B". A mini album, "New Kids on the Block", was released on June 23, 2011. On June 22, 2011, the first episode of MTV's eight-episode series "Match Up!" was aired featuring Block B and B1A4. On October 16, 2011, MTV started airing a series of specials for the "Match Up" series that followed Block B as they promoted in Japan.


title: Block B

text: On January 3, 2013, it was reported that Block B had filed a suit against their agency to ask for their exclusive contract to be canceled. According to media reports, the Block B members filed against Stardom at the Seoul Central District Court and stated "During the signing of the exclusive contract, it was promised that in addition to providing proper training opportunity and facilities, we would be paid on every 25th of the following month... However, the agency has not paid us for nearly one year since April 2011." They stated: "The CEO of the agency, Mr. Lee, has also disappeared with the 70,000,000 KRW (~66,000 USD) that he collected from the members' parents." On May 20, 2013, it was reported that Lee had committed suicide.


title: Block B

text: On June 7, 2013, the court ruled in favor of the company, saying "It's difficult to see the company not being able to pay the group as intentional. From the evidence provided so far, it is difficult to claim that the label purposely did not pay Block B. It is also difficult to say that the label did not provide proper facilities such as studios and dorms, and it is also difficult to say that they did not provide education and guidance. From written records, it cannot be said that Stardom Entertainment violated their management obligations. There is a possibility that the musical income of 430,000,000 KRW (approximately $385,000 USD) and the event income of 5,000,000 KRW (approximately $4,500 USD) was not properly taken care of. However, from just the evidence provided, it cannot be said that the label purposely kept the money from the members."


title: Block B

text: On August 29, 2013, Block B announced that they had negotiated the transfer of their rights from Stardom to a new management company, Seven Seasons. A representative from Seven Seasons said that the group was planning to release a new album in October. On September 17, 2013, Block B announced their pre-released single via Seven Seasons' YouTube channel. The single "Be the Light" featured Taeil's singing voice with a short clip of their music video accompanying it. The full video was released September 22, 2013. The song reached #14 on the Gaon digital chart in the first week of its release.


title: Block B

text: Block B released their first full-length album, "Blockbuster", in 2013. The title track "Nillili Mambo" was well received and ranked number 10 on "Billboard"'s World Albums Chart. "Very Good" reached number 1 on the Gaon album chart, while the singles "Very Good", "When Where What How", and "Nice Day" respectively debuted at 6, 20, and 26 on the Gaon digital single chart. The album also reached no. 6 on the Billboard world album chart.


title: Block B

text: Block B starred their own reality show titled "Five Minutes Before Chaos" (개판5분전), which premiered April 10 on Mnet. In early April, Block B announced that they would release a new album entitled "Jackpot". The video for the album's title track, "Jackpot", was released on April 15, while the album itself was scheduled to be released on April 17. In May, Block B held their first Korean concert series 2014 Blockbuster, selling out Olympic Park's Olympic Hall on the first day of pre-sales. The series was held on May 17 and 18 in Seoul, as well as May 23 and 24 in Busan. Block B presented showcases in New York, Miami, and Washington D.C. in June through the concert organizer Jazzy Group.


title: Block B

text: On July 24, Seven Seasons announced that Block B released a mini album titled "H.E.R". The mini album's to titular track reached number 3 on the Gaon digital singles chart, while the singles "Jackpot", "Extraordinary Woman", "Hold Me Now", and "Very Good (Rough Ver.)" respectively peaked at number 5, 16, 28, and 80. The album debuted at number six on the "Billboard" World Albums chart and number two on the Gaon album chart. From November 22 to 23, Block B performed an encore solo Korean concert series, 2014 Blockbuster Remastering, which attracted more than 10,000 fans to two shows at Seoul's SK Olympic Handball Gymnasium.


title: Block B

text: Block B made its official Japanese debut on January 21, 2015, with the release of the single "Very Good (Japanese Version)". The single peaked number 5 on the Oricon weekly chart and number seven on the Billboard Japan Hot 100. The CD release followed a pair of concerts in Tokyo on January 16 and 17 that attracted more than 5,000 fans. The group had its first official fan meeting on February 15, 2015, attracting approximately 8,000 fans to Seoul's SK Olympic Handball Gymnasium. Block B conducted their first European tour in February and March 2015, visiting Paris on February 27, Helsinki on March 1, Warsaw on March 6, and Milan on March 8. The tour sold out most shows.


title: Block B

text: Between April 5 and 6, Block B announced through solo teaser photos that P.O, U-Kwon, and B-Bomb would make up the group's first sub-unit called Bastarz. The sub-unit's album was released April 13, along with a video for the title track, "Conduct Zero". The album peaked number 3 on the Gaon album chart. To promote the sub-unit, B-Bomb, and U-Kwon co-starred in a web drama titled "Jumping Girl" with f(x)'s Luna and Secret's Hana. On May 1, Block B's official Japanese website announced that the group would release the Japanese version of "H.E.R" on May 27. Although originally four concerts being scheduled, due to strong demand for tickets, the tour was expanded to seven concerts on May 14, with performances in Tokyo, Osaka, Fukuoka, and Nagoya having some 20,000 fans. The single "H.E.R" debuted at number seven on the weekly Oricon chart.


title: Block B

text: On August 2, Block B performed at the Los Angeles KCON. "The Los Angeles Times" reported that "Block B had one of the most successful melds of Korean hip-hop with boy-band dynamics to come of the scene." On September 23, it was announced that Block B would tour the United States for a second time in a concert series organized by SubKulture Entertainment. The group performed in San Francisco November 11, the Chicago area November 13, and Los Angeles November 15.


title: Block B

text: Block B released the single "A Few Years Later" two days after their "Saturday Night Live Korea" appearance, which reached number 3 on the Gaon digital chart. "Blooming Period" debuted at number one on the Gaon album chart, with the singles "Toy", "Walkin' in the Rain", "It Was Love" (Taeil version), and "Bingle Bingle" debuting on the Gaon digital chart at numbers two, 16, 17, and 52, respectively.


title: Block B

text: On June 16, 2016, Block B's Agency Seven Seasons announced their name change to "KQ Entertainment“ in hopes to branch out more and improve their management and development of various artists. It was revealed later by KQ Entertainment's CEO, Kim Kyu Wook that the company is a new type of entities in the business field, where different companies are operated by the same management team and the same employees and Seven Seasons will remain the label that manages Block B, but later on, KQ Entertainment became the company that manages Block B directly, Seven Seasons name and logo were no longer seen on many Block B members albums or merchandise.


title: Block B

text: Block B released two singles in Japan in 2016, "Jackpot" and "Toy". In late September, it was announced that the group would release "My Zone", their first Japanese album, on October 26, 2016. On December 15, 2016, the concert organizer My Music Taste announced that Block B would have a European tour between February and March 2017. The cities on the tour include Amsterdam, Helsinki, Lisbon, Budapest, and London.


title: Block B

text: "Block B Project-1" was released in Japan on September 20, 2017. The album featured five of the group members performing songs with a variety of Japanese artists, including "Winner", performed by P.O and U-Kwon with Chanmina; "Lost & Found", performed by Taeil with Keita Tachibana of W-inds; "Paradise", performed by B-Bomb with Ken the 390; and "Bus Stop", performed by Jaehyo with Naoko Tanaka. The members (with the exception of P.O) also performed a showcase in Tokyo the day before the release.


title: Block B

text: On October 17, 2017, Seven Seasons announced that Block B would release their sixth mini-album on November 7. On November 8, 2017, it was reported that Block B will have two concerts between January 27 and 28, 2018 in Jamsil Arena, Seoul. Later in the month, Sony Music Entertainment had struck a partnership with KQ Entertainment to promote the company's artists globally. At the end of 2017, Seven Seasons announced that Block B would return on January 8, 2018, with a repackage of their previous album, "Montage", titled "Re:MONTAGE". The title track, "Don't Leave", is a ballad song produced by Park Kyung.


title: Block B

text: On November 23, 2018, Seven Seasons announced that all members except Zico had renewed their contracts with Seven Seasons to pursue individual and sub-unit projects. The label said that future full-group activities would be negotiated with all seven members. On December 20, 2018, Jaehyo became the first group member to enter into the conscription required of South Korean men. Due to an injured knee, he was discharged from service in September 2019.


title: Block B

text: On June 10, 2019, Taeil began his compulsory military duty. After fulfilling his term of service, Taeil returned home on leave December 4, 2020, with his official discharge the following month. On October 10, 2019, B-Bomb began his military duty. On December 7 and 8, Park Kyung held his first solo concert with Block B as the second day guests, all members except B-Bomb and Taeil (who joined the concert through a phone call) were present as Block B. On May 18, 2020, U-Kwon began his compulsory military duty, and on July 21, 2020, it was announced that Zico would begin his military service July 30 as a public-service worker.


title: Block B

text: On January 4, 2021, Taeil was formally discharged from the military. B-Bomb was officially discharged from military service April 27, 2021, while U-Kwon was discharged November 21, 2021. In September 2021, P.O's label, Seven Seasons, announced that he would not be renewing his contract with them, and on October 29, 2021, P.O signed with the agency Artist Company. P.O enlisted in the Republic of Korea Marine Corps March 28, 2022. On April 29, 2022, Zico was discharged from public service.


title: Touching the Void (film)

text: Touching the Void is a 2003 docudrama survival film directed by Kevin Macdonald and starring Brendan Mackey, Nicholas Aaron, and Ollie Ryall. The plot concerns Joe Simpson and Simon Yates' near-fatal descent after making the first successful ascent of the West Face of Siula Grande in the Cordillera Huayhuash in the Peruvian Andes, in 1985. It is based on Simpson's 1988 book of the same name.


title: Touching the Void (film)

text: Critically acclaimed, "Touching the Void" was listed in PBS's "100 Greatest Documentaries of All Time". "The Guardian" described it as "the most successful documentary in British cinema history".


title: Touching the Void (film)

text: In 1985, Joe Simpson and Simon Yates, both experienced mountaineers, successfully ascended the previously unclimbed West Face of Siula Grande in Peru. After leaving the summit their descent by way of the North Ridge proves unexpectedly difficult in, at times, stormy weather conditions. Shortly after the pair leave the summit Yates falls through a cornice and plummets down the 4500 ft face they had just climbed but his fall is arrested by their climbing ropes. After a bivouac high on the peak, the pair continue their descent the following morning but then Simpson falls whilst climbing down an ice cliff on the ridge and, landing awkwardly, suffers a badly broken leg. The pair commence a self-rescue with Yates lowering Simpson with ropes down a steep, 3000 ft, snow and ice slope while the weather deteriorates into a fierce storm. The total length of rope the pair have is 300 ft so the lowering process has to be undertaken in a series of repeat manoeuvres. The pair had almost reached the relative safety of the glacier when Yates inadvertently lowers Simpson over the edge of a large cliff, leaving him suspended on the rope in mid-air. Yates arrests his partner's fall, but cannot see the predicament he is in, nor hear him over the howling wind.


title: Touching the Void (film)

text: Unable to pull Simpson back up the cliff and gradually losing traction in the loose snow, Yates realizes, after about an hour and a half, that he is gradually being pulled from his unbelayed stance and will eventually fall in excess of 150 feet to his almost certain death. Yates decides that the only option available to him to avoid being pulled from the cliff is to cut the rope connecting him with Simpson. After surviving a sub-zero and stormy night on the mountain Yates completed his descent to the surface of the glacier but cannot find his partner concluding that Simpson must have fallen to the large crevasse at the base of the cliff. He inspects the opening of the crevasse to the extent that he can without falling in himself and calls out to try and communicate with Simpson. Receiving no response Yates concludes Simpson must be dead and he returns to the base camp alone, where he stays to recuperate from his ordeal.


title: Touching the Void (film)

text: Simpson, however, survived the fall and is now trapped in the large crevasse. He manages to lower himself further into the dark abyss and finds an exit leading to the surface of the glacier. He then spends three days crawling and hopping back to base camp across the glacier and moraines, despite his broken leg, frostbite, and severe dehydration. Exhausted and delirious, Simpson reaches camp only a few hours before Yates and Richard Hawking (a non-climber who was the third member of the expedition) intend to leave and return to civilization.


title: Touching the Void (film)

text: The main docudrama ends when Simpson reaches base camp to find Yates and Hawking still in residence and his safety is then assured. The DVD contains two additional documentary features. "What Happened Next" documents what happened after Simpson reached base camp and how he was evacuated to hospital in Lima by his two companions and his subsequent return to England. "Return to Siula Grande" documents the making of the film in 2002 and the thoughts and reactions of Simpson, Yates and Hawking when they return to the scene of their epic adventure.


title: Touching the Void (film)

text: The film stars Brendan Mackey as Joe Simpson, Nicholas Aaron as Simon Yates, and Ollie Ryall as Richard Hawking, and combines dramatizations together with interviews with Simpson, Yates, and Hawking. Simpson and Yates doubled as their younger selves for long-distance shots of the snow-fluted couloirs of Siula Grande. The film was directed by Kevin Macdonald.


title: Touching the Void (film)

text: When they collaborated on the making of the film in 2002, Simpson and Yates had hardly seen one another for 10 years.


title: Touching the Void (film)

text: During the making of the film, the director and producers invited Yates and Simpson to return to Siula Grande in 2002 for the first time since the events of 1985. Simpson, despite finding the return emotionally difficult and experiencing post-traumatic stress syndrome on his return, eventually said that he was happy with the film and its portrayal of the events. Yates, on the other hand, reported having no unresolved issues relating to his and Simpson's adventure in 1985 nor to returning to Siula Grande to make the film. Yates decided to have nothing further to do with the production of the film once he had returned to England.


title: Touching the Void (film)

text: According to the film's end notes, Yates received criticism from some members of the mountaineering community in Britain for cutting the rope on his partner during the descent. According to interviews with Yates however, the climbing community (including Simpson) has largely always sided with him on that matter, and he accused the film of being selectively edited and one-sided. Simpson has stated that his initial motivation in commencing the writing of the book was to set out the facts of the adventure in response to what he saw as unfair criticism of Yates.


title: Touching the Void (film)

text: The film received largely positive reviews, with 94% of critics' reviews being positive on Rotten Tomatoes.


title: Touching the Void (film)

text: "Touching the Void" won Alexander Korda Award for Best British Film at the 57th British Academy Film Awards.


title: Touching the Void (film)

text: Peter Knegt at "Indiewire" called it one of the "10 incredible documentaries that weren't nominated for an Oscar".


title: Touching the Void (film)

text: The BBC1's Film 2011 included Brendan Mackey's performance as Joe Simpson in their "Top Five Actors" who "Should Have Won an Oscar", along with Ingrid Bergman (for "Casablanca"), Anthony Perkins (for "Psycho"), Ralph Fiennes (for "Schindler's List") and Jeff Bridges (for "The Big Lebowski").


title: Touching the Void (film)

text: The film was released in theaters on 23 January 2004 and grossed $96,973 in the opening weekend. It went on to gross $4,593,598 in America and $9,292,204 from foreign markets for a worldwide total of $13,885,802 after 20 weeks.


title: Touching the Void (film)

text: Original music for the film was scored by Alex Heffes. The climbers reach the summit to the climax of Thomas Tallis's "Spem in alium". During one of Simpson's many deliriums, he experiences a very strong reminiscence of a Boney M song he hated thoroughly, "Brown Girl in the Ring"; at one point thinking "Bloody hell, I'm going to die to Boney M".


title: Ms. Pat

text: Patricia Williams (born April 2, 1972), better known by her stage name Ms. Pat, is an American stand-up comedian and actress known for "The Ms. Pat Show", and host of the podcast "The Patdown with Ms. Pat".


title: Ms. Pat

text: Patricia Williams was born in Atlanta, Georgia, on April 2, 1972. She gave birth to her first child at 14 and her second at 15. The father of her first two children was eight years her senior; he began sexually abusing her when she was 12 years old. Earlier in childhood, she also suffered sexual abuse from one of her mother's boyfriends.


title: Ms. Pat

text: Her younger two children were conceived later in life with her husband, she then later adopted four children. She is open about having two abortions in her teenage years.


title: Ms. Pat

text: At age 15, she began selling crack cocaine in Atlanta, while supporting herself and her two children using the street name "Rabbit".


title: Ms. Pat

text: Ms. Pat started doing comedy after being encouraged by her caseworker. She did her first stand-up in 2002 in Atlanta. In 2006, her career as a comic elevated to the next stage after moving to Indianapolis with her husband, where she improved her comedic skills at Morty's, a well-known comic store.


title: Ms. Pat

text: Ms. Pat has appeared on popular shows and podcasts hosted by Kevin Hart, Marc Maron, Joe Rogan, Eddie Ifft, Bert Kreischer, Joey "CoCo" Diaz, Bobby Lee and Ari Shaffir. She is also a frequent guest talent on the comedy Bob and Tom Show.


title: Ms. Pat

text: In 2017, she released her first stand-up album, "Rabbit." In 2018, she appeared in Netflix's stand-up series "The Degenerates". On February 8, 2022, Netflix released her hour-long comedy special, "Ms. Pat: Y'all Wanna Hear Something Crazy?"


title: Ms. Pat

text: After getting dropped by Fox and Hulu, a TV show based on her life was picked up by the premium streaming service BET+ in October 2020 & premiered on August 12, 2021, as "The Ms. Pat Show", its first season consists of 10 episodes. Stage actor J. Bernard Calloway plays her husband and Tami Roman plays her sister.


title: Ms. Pat

text: She is the co-author of "Rabbit – The Autobiography of Ms. Pat", a comical autobiography of her turbulent upbringing. The book was a finalist for the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Literature in 2018.


title: Discriminant

text: In mathematics, the discriminant of a polynomial is a quantity that depends on the coefficients and allows deducing some properties of the roots without computing them. More precisely, it is a polynomial function of the coefficients of the original polynomial. The discriminant is widely used in polynomial factoring, number theory, and algebraic geometry.


title: Discriminant

text: the quantity which appears under the square root in the quadratic formula. If formula_3 this discriminant is zero if and only if the polynomial has a double root. In the case of real coefficients, it is positive if the polynomial has two distinct real roots, and negative if it has two distinct complex conjugate roots. Similarly, the discriminant of a cubic polynomial is zero if and only if the polynomial has a multiple root. In the case of a cubic with real coefficients, the discriminant is positive if the polynomial has three distinct real roots, and negative if it has one real root and two distinct complex conjugate roots.


title: Discriminant

text: More generally, the discriminant of a univariate polynomial of positive degree is zero if and only if the polynomial has a multiple root. For real coefficients and no multiple roots, the discriminant is positive if the number of non-real roots is a multiple of 4 (including none), and negative otherwise.


title: Discriminant

text: Several generalizations are also called discriminant: the "discriminant of an algebraic number field"; the "discriminant of a quadratic form"; and more generally, the "discriminant" of a form, of a homogeneous polynomial, or of a projective hypersurface (these three concepts are essentially equivalent).


title: Discriminant

text: be a polynomial of degree (this means formula_5), such that the coefficients formula_6 belong to a field, or, more generally, to a commutative ring. The resultant of and its derivative formula_7 is a polynomial in formula_6 with integer coefficients, which is the determinant of the Sylvester matrix of and . The nonzero entries of the first column of the Sylvester matrix are formula_9 and formula_10 and the resultant is thus a multiple of formula_11 Hence the discriminant—up to its sign—is defined as the quotient of the resultant of and by formula_9:


title: Discriminant

text: Historically, this sign has been chosen such that, over the reals, the discriminant will be positive when all the roots of the polynomial are real. The division by formula_9 may not be well defined if the ring of the coefficients contains zero divisors. Such a problem may be avoided by replacing formula_9 by 1 in the first column of the Sylvester matrix—"before" computing the determinant. In any case, the discriminant is a polynomial in formula_6 with integer coefficients.


title: Discriminant

text: When the polynomial is defined over a field, it has roots, , not necessarily all distinct, in any algebraically closed extension of the field. (If the coefficients are real numbers, the roots may be taken in the field of complex numbers, where the fundamental theorem of algebra applies.)


title: Discriminant

text: This expression for the discriminant is often taken as a definition. It makes clear that if the polynomial has a multiple root, then its discriminant is zero, and that if all the roots are real and simple, then the discriminant is positive. Unlike the previous definition, this expression is not obviously a polynomial in the coefficients, but this follows either from the fundamental theorem of Galois theory, or from the fundamental theorem of symmetric polynomials by noting that this expression is a symmetric polynomial in the roots of "A".


title: Discriminant

text: The discriminant of a linear polynomial (degree 1) is rarely considered. If needed, it is commonly defined to be equal to 1 (using the usual conventions for the empty product and considering that one of the two blocks of the Sylvester matrix is empty). There is no common convention for the discriminant of a constant polynomial (i.e., polynomial of degree 0).


title: Discriminant

text: For small degrees, the discriminant is rather simple (see below), but for higher degrees, it may become unwieldy. For example, the discriminant of a general quartic has 16 terms, that of a quintic has 59 terms, and that of a sextic has 246 terms.


title: Discriminant

text: The square root of the discriminant appears in the quadratic formula for the roots of the quadratic polynomial:


title: Discriminant

text: where the discriminant is zero if and only if the two roots are equal. If are real numbers, the polynomial has two distinct real roots if the discriminant is positive, and two complex conjugate roots if it is negative.


title: Discriminant

text: If are rational numbers, then the discriminant is the square of a rational number if and only if the two roots are rational numbers.


title: Discriminant

text: The discriminant is zero if and only if at least two roots are equal. If the coefficients are real numbers, and the discriminant is not zero, the discriminant is positive if the roots are three distinct real numbers, and negative if there is one real root and two complex conjugate roots.


title: Discriminant

text: The square root of a quantity strongly related to the discriminant appears in the formulas for the roots of a cubic polynomial. Specifically, this quantity can be times the discriminant, or its product with the square of a rational number; for example, the square of in the case of Cardano formula.


title: Discriminant

text: If the polynomial is irreducible and its coefficients are rational numbers (or belong to a number field), then the discriminant is a square of a rational number (or a number from the number field) if and only if the Galois group of the cubic equation is the cyclic group of order three.


title: Discriminant

text: The discriminant is zero if and only if at least two roots are equal. If the coefficients are real numbers and the discriminant is negative, then there are two real roots and two complex conjugate roots. Conversely, if the discriminant is positive, then the roots are either all real or all non-real.


title: Discriminant

text: The discriminant of a polynomial over a field is zero if and only if the polynomial has a multiple root in some field extension.


title: Discriminant

text: The discriminant of a polynomial over an integral domain is zero if and only if the polynomial and its derivative have a non-constant common divisor.


title: Discriminant

text: In characteristic 0, this is equivalent to saying that the polynomial is not square-free (i.e., divisible by the square of a non-constant polynomial).


title: Discriminant

text: In nonzero characteristic , the discriminant is zero if and only if the polynomial is not square-free or it has an irreducible factor which is not separable (i.e., the irreducible factor is a polynomial in formula_27).


title: Discriminant

text: The discriminant of a polynomial is, up to a scaling, invariant under any projective transformation of the variable. As a projective transformation may be decomposed into a product of translations, homotheties and inversions, this results in the following formulas for simpler transformations, where denotes a polynomial of degree , with formula_9 as leading coefficient.


title: Discriminant

text: As the discriminant is defined in terms of a determinant, this property results immediately from the similar property of determinants.


title: Discriminant

text: When one is only interested in knowing whether a discriminant is zero (as is generally the case in algebraic geometry), these properties may be summarised as:


title: Discriminant

text: This is often interpreted as saying that formula_48 if and only if formula_52 has a multiple root (possibly at infinity).


title: Discriminant

text: where formula_54 denotes the resultant with respect to the variable , and and are the respective degrees of and .


title: Discriminant

text: This property follows immediately by substituting the expression for the resultant, and the discriminant, in terms of the roots of the respective polynomials.


title: Discriminant

text: The discriminant is a homogeneous polynomial in the coefficients; it is also a homogeneous polynomial in the roots and thus quasi-homogeneous in the coefficients.


title: Discriminant

text: The discriminant of a polynomial of degree is homogeneous of degree in the coefficients. This can be seen two ways. In terms of the roots-and-leading-term formula, multiplying all the coefficients by does not change the roots, but multiplies the leading term by . In terms of its expression as a determinant of a matrix (the Sylvester matrix) divided by , the determinant is homogeneous of degree in the entries, and dividing by makes the degree .


title: Discriminant

text: The discriminant of a polynomial of degree is homogeneous of degree in the roots. This follows from the expression of the discriminant in terms of the roots, which is the product of a constant and formula_55 squared differences of roots.


title: Discriminant

text: The discriminant of a polynomial of degree is quasi-homogeneous of degree in the coefficients, if, for every , the coefficient of formula_56 is given the weight . It is also quasi-homogeneous of the same degree, if, for every , the coefficient of formula_56 is given the weight . This is a consequence of the general fact that every polynomial which is homogeneous and symmetric in the roots may be expressed as a quasi-homogeneous polynomial in the elementary symmetric functions of the roots.


title: Discriminant

text: It follows from what precedes that the exponents in every monomial appearing in the discriminant satisfy the two equations


title: Discriminant

text: This restricts the possible terms in the discriminant. For the general quadratic polynomial there are only two possibilities and two terms in the discriminant, while the general homogeneous polynomial of degree two in three variables has 6 terms. For the general cubic polynomial, there are five possibilities and five terms in the discriminant, while the general homogeneous polynomial of degree 4 in 5 variables has 70 terms


title: Discriminant

text: For higher degrees, there may be monomials which satisfy above equations and do not appear in the discriminant. The first example is for the quartic polynomial , in which case the monomial satisfies the equations without appearing in the discriminant.


title: Discriminant

text: It has been seen in that the sign of the discriminant provides a full information on the nature of the roots for polynomials of degree 2 and 3. For higher degrees, the information provided by the discriminant is less complete, but still useful. More precisely, for a polynomial of degree , one has:


title: Discriminant

text: Because of these properties, the quantity formula_69 is called the "discriminant" or the "homogeneous discriminant" of .


title: Discriminant

text: If formula_63 and formula_9 are permitted to be zero, the polynomials and may have a degree smaller than . In this case, above formulas and definition remain valid, if the discriminants are computed as if all polynomials would have the degree . This means that the discriminants must be computed with formula_63 and formula_9 indeterminate, the substitution for them of their actual values being done "after" this computation. Equivalently, the formulas of must be used.


title: Discriminant

text: The typical use of discriminants in algebraic geometry is for studying plane algebraic curves, and more generally algebraic hypersurfaces. Let be such a curve or hypersurface; is defined as the zero set of a multivariate polynomial. This polynomial may be considered as a univariate polynomial in one of the indeterminates, with polynomials in the other indeterminates as coefficients. The discriminant with respect to the selected indeterminate defines a hypersurface in the space of the other indeterminates. The points of are exactly the projection of the points of (including the points at infinity), which either are singular or have a tangent hyperplane that is parallel to the axis of the selected indeterminate.


title: Discriminant

text: For example, let be a bivariate polynomial in and with real coefficients, so that  is the implicit equation of a real plane algebraic curve. Viewing as a univariate polynomial in with coefficients depending on , then the discriminant is a polynomial in whose roots are the -coordinates of the singular points, of the points with a tangent parallel to the -axis and of some of the asymptotes parallel to the -axis. In other words, the computation of the roots of the -discriminant and the -discriminant allows one to compute all of the remarkable points of the curve, except the inflection points.


title: Discriminant

text: There are two classes of the concept of discriminant. The first class is the discriminant of an algebraic number field, which, in some cases including quadratic fields, is the discriminant of a polynomial defining the field.


title: Discriminant

text: Discriminants of the second class arise for problems depending on coefficients, when degenerate instances or singularities of the problem are characterized by the vanishing of a single polynomial in the coefficients. This is the case for the discriminant of a polynomial, which is zero when two roots collapse. Most of the cases, where such a generalized discriminant is defined, are instances of the following.


title: Discriminant

text: Let be a homogeneous polynomial in indeterminates over a field of characteristic 0, or of a prime characteristic that does not divide the degree of the polynomial. The polynomial defines a projective hypersurface, which has singular points if and only the partial derivatives of have a nontrivial common zero. This is the case if and only if the multivariate resultant of these partial derivatives is zero, and this resultant may be considered as the discriminant of . However, because of the integer coefficients resulting of the derivation, this multivariate resultant may be divisible by a power of , and it is better to take, as a discriminant, the primitive part of the resultant, computed with generic coefficients. The restriction on the characteristic is needed because otherwise a common zero of the partial derivative is not necessarily a zero of the polynomial (see Euler's identity for homogeneous polynomials).


title: Discriminant

text: In the case of a homogeneous bivariate polynomial of degree , this general discriminant is formula_74 times the discriminant defined in . Several other classical types of discriminants, that are instances of the general definition are described in next sections.


title: Discriminant

text: A quadratic form is a function over a vector space, which is defined over some basis by a homogeneous polynomial of degree 2:


title: Discriminant

text: for the formula_77 symmetric matrix formula_78, the formula_79 row vector formula_80, and the formula_81 column vector formula_82. In characteristic different from 2, the discriminant or determinant of is the determinant of .


title: Discriminant

text: The Hessian determinant of is formula_83 times its discriminant. The multivariate resultant of the partial derivatives of is equal to its Hessian determinant. So, the discriminant of a quadratic form is a special case of the above general definition of a discriminant.


title: Discriminant

text: The discriminant of a quadratic form is invariant under linear changes of variables (that is a change of basis of the vector space on which the quadratic form is defined) in the following sense: a linear change of variables is defined by a nonsingular matrix , changes the matrix into formula_84 and thus multiplies the discriminant by the square of the determinant of . Thus the discriminant is well defined only up to the multiplication by a square. In other words, the discriminant of a quadratic form over a field is an element of , the quotient of the multiplicative monoid of by the subgroup of the nonzero squares (that is, two elements of are in the same equivalence class if one is the product of the other by a nonzero square). It follows that over the complex numbers, a discriminant is equivalent to 0 or 1. Over the real numbers, a discriminant is equivalent to −1, 0, or 1. Over the rational numbers, a discriminant is equivalent to a unique square-free integer.


title: Discriminant

text: By a theorem of Jacobi, a quadratic form over a field of characteristic different from 2 can be expressed, after a linear change of variables, in diagonal form as


title: Discriminant

text: where the are independent linear forms and is the number of the variables (some of the may be zero). Equivalently, for any symmetric matrix , there is an elementary matrix such that formula_87 is a diagonal matrix.


title: Discriminant

text: Geometrically, the discriminant of a quadratic form in three variables is the equation of a quadratic projective curve. The discriminant is zero if and only if the curve is decomposed in lines (possibly over an algebraically closed extension of the field).


title: Discriminant

text: A quadratic form in four variables is the equation of a projective surface. The surface has a singular point if and only its discriminant is zero. In this case, either the surface may be decomposed in planes, or it has a unique singular point, and is a cone or a cylinder. Over the reals, if the discriminant is positive, then the surface either has no real point or has everywhere a negative Gaussian curvature. If the discriminant is negative, the surface has real points, and has a negative Gaussian curvature.


title: Discriminant

text: The second discriminant, which is the only one that is considered in many elementary textbooks, is the discriminant of the homogeneous part of degree two of the equation. It is equal to


title: Discriminant

text: and determines the shape of the conic section. If this discriminant is negative, the curve either has no real points, or is an ellipse or a circle, or, if degenerated, is reduced to a single point. If the discriminant is zero, the curve is a parabola, or, if degenerated, a double line or two parallel lines. If the discriminant is positive, the curve is a hyperbola, or, if degenerated, a pair of intersecting lines.


title: Discriminant

text: A real quadric surface in the Euclidean space of dimension three is a surface that may be defined as the zeros of a polynomial of degree two in three variables. As for the conic sections there are two discriminants that may be naturally defined. Both are useful for getting information on the nature of a quadric surface.


title: Discriminant

text: Let formula_92 be a polynomial of degree two in three variables that defines a real quadric surface. The first associated quadratic form, formula_93 depends on four variables, and is obtained by homogenizing ; that is


title: Discriminant

text: The second quadratic form, formula_96 depends on three variables, and consists of the terms of degree two of ; that is


title: Discriminant

text: If formula_99 and the surface has real points, it is either a hyperbolic paraboloid or a one-sheet hyperboloid. In both cases, this is a ruled surface that has a negative Gaussian curvature at every point.


title: Discriminant

text: If formula_100 the surface is either an ellipsoid or a two-sheet hyperboloid or an elliptic paraboloid. In all cases, it has a positive Gaussian curvature at every point.


title: Discriminant

text: If formula_101 the surface has a singular point, possibly at infinity. If there is only one singular point, the surface is a cylinder or a cone. If there are several singular points the surface consists of two planes, a double plane or a single line.


title: Discriminant

text: When formula_102 the sign of formula_103 if not 0, does not provide any useful information, as changing into does not change the surface, but changes the sign of formula_98 However, if formula_105 and formula_106 the surface is a paraboloid, which is elliptic or hyperbolic, depending on the sign of formula_95


title: Alphanumericals

text: Alphanumericals or alphanumeric characters are a combination of alphabetical and numerical characters. More specifically, they are the collection of Latin letters and Arabic digits. An alphanumeric code is an identifier made of alphanumeric characters.


title: Alphanumericals

text: Merriam-Webster suggests that the term "alphanumeric" may often additionally refer to other symbols, such as punctuation and mathematical symbols.


title: Alphanumericals

text: In the POSIX/C locale, there are either 36 (A–Z and 0–9, case insensitive) or 62 (A–Z, a–z and 0–9, case-sensitive) alphanumeric characters.


title: Alphanumericals

text: When a string of mixed alphabets and numerals is presented for human interpretation, ambiguities arise. The most obvious is the similarity of the letters I, O and Q to the numbers 1 and 0. Therefore, depending on the application, various subsets of the alphanumeric were adopted to avoid misinterpretation by humans.


title: Alphanumericals

text: In passenger aircraft, aircraft seat maps and seats were designated by row number followed by column letter. For wide bodied jets, the seats can be 10 across, labeled ABC-DEFG-HJK. The letter I is skipped to avoid mistaking it as row number 1. In Vehicle Identification Number used by motor vehicle manufacturers, the letters I, O and Q are omitted for their similarity to 1 or 0.


title: Alphanumericals

text: Tiny embossed letters are used to label pins on an V.35/M34 electrical connector. The letters I, O, Q, S, and Z were dropped to ease eye strain with 1, 0, 5, 3,and 2. That subset is named the DEC Alphabet after the company that first used it.


title: Alphanumericals

text: For alphanumerics that are frequently handwritten, in addition to I and O, V is avoided because it looks like U in cursive, and Z for its similarity to 2.


title: Five Nights at Freddy's 4

text: Five Nights at Freddy's 4 (originally known as Five Nights at Freddy's: The Final Chapter) is a survival horror video game developed and published by Scott Cawthon. It is the fourth installment of the "Five Nights at Freddy's" series. The game takes place in the bedroom of a child, where the player must avoid attack by nightmarish animatronics that stalk them.


title: Five Nights at Freddy's 4

text: The game was announced in mid-2015 under the working title "Five Nights at Freddy's: The Final Chapter". It was originally planned for release on October 31, 2015, however the game was pushed forward to August 8, then to July 23 when it was unexpectedly released on Steam. It was released for Android devices on July 25, 2015, and for iOS devices on August 3, 2015. A port for Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One was released on November 29, 2019.


title: Five Nights at Freddy's 4

text: Upon release, the game received mixed reviews from critics, who praised its unsettling atmosphere but were polarized over the game's mechanics. "Five Nights at Freddy's 4" is the only game in the entire "Five Nights at Freddy’s" series that features no spoken dialogue. The game was followed by "", released on October 7, 2016.


title: Five Nights at Freddy's 4

text: Unlike its predecessors, "Five Nights at Freddy's 4" does not take place in a security office, but instead a child's bedroom. The player's only defense against the game's hostile animatronics is a flashlight with unlimited battery that can fend them away. The animatronic characters resemble the four animatronics from the first game (Freddy Fazbear, Bonnie, Chica and Foxy), but are monstrous and nightmarish in appearance, accordingly given the title "Nightmare". Most of the gameplay centers around checking four positions in the bedroom: a set of doors on each side of the bedroom, a closet in front of the player, and a bed behind them. The game heavily utilizes auditory cues and sounds in the gameplay. The player must check the doors for Nightmare Bonnie and Chica, listening for their breathing and closing the doors if anything is heard. The closet must also be monitored and closed if the player fails to keep Nightmare Foxy out of the room. The bed behind the player will also accumulate multiple small animatronics (nicknamed "Freddles" by fans) resembling Nightmare Freddy, who will summon Nightmare Freddy if not scared away with the flashlight. If the player neglects to check any of these entrances, they will be jumpscared, leading to a game over.


title: Five Nights at Freddy's 4

text: After beating each night, the player may play a timed minigame titled "Fun with Plushtrap" (in the Halloween update, Plushtrap is replaced by a nightmarish version of Balloon Boy from the second game) in which a plush edition of Springtrap, the central animatronic in "Five Nights at Freddy's 3", must be lured to the top of an "X" marked on the ground within a specific amount of time. If the player succeeds, the player will start the next night at 2:00 a.m. (1:00 a.m. in challenge modes) Like the main nights, this timed minigame becomes more challenging as the game progresses. The time bonus does not apply to the unlockable modes. Additionally, if the player gets a game over, the bonus is no longer valid for further plays of the same level.


title: Five Nights at Freddy's 4

text: Like previous games, the main gameplay takes place over five increasingly-difficult nights with unlockable extra levels. The nightmarish Freddy Fazbear, Bonnie, Chica, and Foxy are antagonists in the first four nights, while a large yellow bear animatronic called Nightmare Fredbear becomes the sole attacker on the fifth night. Completing all five nights will unlock a star and an additional sixth night, where the four animatronics will stalk the player until Nightmare Fredbear takes over at 4:00 a.m. Completing the sixth night will unlock another star and the seventh night titled "Nightmare", in which the animatronics are very aggressive and Nightmare Fredbear is replaced at 4:00 a.m. by an animatronic called Nightmare, who has a unique game over screen compared to other animatronics. A third star and secret code will unlock an eighth night called 20/20/20/20 mode based on the "custom night" modes from the first two games, where the A.I. of the animatronics are set to maximum difficulty. Completing this will grant the fourth star. Other unlockables include galleries of the various animatronics and jumpscares, as well as behind-the-scenes looks at the 3D-modelling process for Fredbear and Foxy. The extra menu also includes the "Fun with Plushtrap" and "Fun with Balloon Boy" minigames to play, a cheat menu, and a challenges menu, which includes 4 challenges that have their own stars to unlock.


title: Five Nights at Freddy's 4

text: As in most of the previous entries of the series, the story of the game is revealed in interactive Atari-style minigames playable between nights. Each of the minigames are set in a time frame corresponding to the five nights, beginning with "5 days until the party", up to "0 days until the party."


title: Five Nights at Freddy's 4

text: A series of minigames playable between nights tells the story of a young boy who is speculated to be the player character. In the first minigame, the boy is locked in his bedroom with plush toys, which he calls his "friends". One of the plushes, based on the animatronic "Fredbear", provides consolation for the boy as he is teased and tormented for his fear of a family restaurant near his home. In the subsequent four minigames, he is deliberately scared, abandoned at the restaurant, teased by his peers, and unwillingly locked in the restaurant's parts and services room. Two easter eggs can be discovered during the minigames; one shows the purple figure previously featured in the second and third games fitting someone into an animatronic suit, implying he is an employee at the restaurant, while the other shows a program on a television screen dated 1983, presumably the year in which the minigames are set. Rumors are also mentioned of the animatronics of the restaurant coming to life at night.


title: Five Nights at Freddy's 4

text: In the sixth minigame, the boy is shown crying during his birthday party at the restaurant, and a group of bullies wearing animatronic masks, including the boy's older brother, terrorize him. Amused by his fear, they lift him to the real Fredbear's mouth for a "kiss", stuffing his head into the animatronic's mouth. The boy's tears damage Fredbear's springlock system, causing it to forcefully close its mouth and crush the boy's head; this act horrifies the brother and his friends, who can only stare in shock at their mistake. The seventh minigame shows the boy in a black room surrounded by his plush toys. One of them apologizes to the boy, while another promises that "I will put you back together". The plush toys fade out one by one, and the faint sound of a heart monitor flatlining can be heard, implying that the boy has died.


title: Five Nights at Freddy's 4

text: Throughout the game, if the screen is brightened, the child's story is alluded to through objects beside the bed. When the player turns to the bed, looking to the left of the plush that lies on it, three objects appear at different points in time: a bottle of pills, an IV drip, and a vase of flowers.


title: Five Nights at Freddy's 4

text: If the player completes the "Nightmare" mode of the game, an image of a locked metal trunk is displayed; if the player wiggles the padlocks, text appears stating "Perhaps some things are best left forgotten, for now." Cawthon has remained cryptic about the meaning behind the trunk.


title: Five Nights at Freddy's 4

text: Beginning April 27, 2015, Cawthon posted images on his website teasing at another game in the series, originally known as "Five Nights at Freddy's: The Final Chapter". The images, featuring the characters from the series, cryptically teased at a release on Halloween. A trailer was released on July 13, 2015, hinting that the game took place in the main character's house. The subtitle, "The Final Chapter", was dropped.


title: Five Nights at Freddy's 4

text: A demo for the game was released to select YouTubers on July 21, 2015, with the full game being released on July 23, 2015. The game was released for Android devices on July 25, 2015, and for iOS devices on August 3, 2015. On October 31, 2015, two updates for the game were released. One consists of a set of cheat options, challenge modes, and an altered version of the "Fun with Plushtrap" minigame that uses a nightmare version of the character Balloon Boy (from "Five Nights at Freddy's 2") in place of Plushtrap. The second is a "Halloween Edition" that makes cosmetic changes to Nightmare Bonnie and Nightmare Chica, and introduces nightmare versions of the "Five Nights at Freddy's 2"s characters Mangle and The Puppet, (known as Nightmarionne in-game) the former replacing Nightmare Foxy and the latter replacing Nightmare. Nightmare Chica's cupcake is also replaced with a Jack-o-Lantern. Unlike other "Five Nights at Freddy's" games, the game does not feature spoken dialogue (outside easter eggs).


title: Five Nights at Freddy's 4

text: "Five Nights at Freddy's 4" received "mixed or average" reviews according to review aggregator Metacritic, assigning the Windows version a score of 51 out of 100.


title: Five Nights at Freddy's 4

text: "Destructoid" criticized the gameplay as being too confusing, and gave the game a review score of 4 out of 10. "The Escapist" gave the game a positive review score of 4 out of 5 stars saying that they liked the reworked mechanics, darker and emotional storyline, scary jumpscares, and sad ending but noted the game's bugs and glitches. Nadia Oxford of Gamezebo gave it 4 out of 5 stars in her review praising it for its intense environment, creepy sounds and graphics, and jumpscares. She criticised the game for being difficult to survive in certain environments when relying on audio cues and the Android version not containing the story-centric minigames.


title: Billy Brown (actor)

text: Billy Brown is an American actor. In 2014, he began starring as Detective Nate Lahey in the Shonda Rhimes drama series "How to Get Away with Murder". He is also known for his roles in the television series "Lights Out", "Dexter", "Sons of Anarchy" and "Hostages".


title: Billy Brown (actor)

text: Brown was born and raised in Inglewood, California. He is known for his role as detective Mike Anderson on Showtime's "Dexter" from 2011 to 2012. Previously he starred as boxer Richard "Death Row" Reynolds in the short-lived FX series "Lights Out". In 2012, he landed the recurring role of August Marks in the fifth and sixth season of "Sons of Anarchy". He also provided the second voice of Cliffjumper in the animated series "". In 2013, he portrayed Agent Troy Riley in the first season of "The Following".


title: Billy Brown (actor)

text: Brown starred opposite Toni Collette in the CBS drama series "Hostages" from 2013-14. In 2014, he was cast opposite Viola Davis in ABC drama "How to Get Away with Murder", produced by Shonda Rhimes.


title: Billy Brown (actor)

text: In 2017, Brown was cast in his first film leading role in the Screen Gems' thriller "Proud Mary" opposite Taraji P. Henson.


title: Banded krait

text: The banded krait (Bungarus fasciatus) is a species of elapid snake found on the Indian Subcontinent, in Southeast Asia, and in southern China. It is the largest species of krait, with a maximum length up to .


title: Banded krait

text: Although the banded krait is venomous and its bite may be deadly to humans, it is shy, primarily nocturnal, and not particularly aggressive, so its overall risk to humans is low.


title: Banded krait

text: The banded krait is easily identified by its alternate black and yellow crossbands all of which encircle the body. The head is broad and depressed and it is not distinct from the neck. The eyes are black. It has arrowhead-like yellow markings on its otherwise black head and has yellow lips, lores, chin, and throat.The tail is relatively small, about one-tenth the length of the snake.


title: Banded krait

text: Scalation: 15 dorsal scale rows at midbody; sub-caudal scutes undivided throughout, 23–39; middorsal row of scales (vertebrals) hexagonal & strongly enlarged, as broad as or broader than long; anal plate undivided. tail end blunt; distinct vertebral ridge down the back formed by the neural processes of the vertebrae; ventrals 200–234.


title: Banded krait

text: "Bungarum Pamah" was the name recorded by Patrick Russell of a specimen from "Mansoor Cottah", he also received specimens from Bengal. The scientific name of the genus is derived from 'bangarum' in Telugu (also in Kannada), meaning "gold", referring to the yellow rings around its body.


title: Banded krait

text: The banded krait occurs in the whole of the Indo-Chinese subregion, the Malay peninsula and Indonesian archipelago, and southern China. The species is common in the states of West Bengal, Odisha, Mizoram, Assam, Manipur and Tripura of India, Nepal and Bangladesh, but becomes progressively uncommon westwards in India.


title: Banded krait

text: It has been recorded eastwards from central India through Bangladesh, Myanmar, Cambodia, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, and southern China (including Hainan and Hong Kong), Malaysia and the main Indonesian islands of Borneo (Java and Sumatra), as well as Singapore.


title: Banded krait

text: In India, it has been recorded from Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Northeast India, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, and West Bengal. It has recently been recorded from Hassan District in Karnataka, Chalkari, Bokaro District, Jharkhand, Trivandrum, Kerala and Amalapadu, Srikakulam District, Andhra Pradesh


title: Banded krait

text: Banded kraits may be seen in a variety of habitats, ranging from forests to agricultural lands. They inhabit termite mounds and rodent holes close to water, and often live near human settlement, especially villages, because of their supply of rodents and water. They prefer the open plains of the countryside. The banded krait has been found in Myanmar up to an altitude of 5000 feet.


title: Banded krait

text: Banded kraits are shy, not typically seen, and are mainly nocturnal. When harassed, they will usually hide their heads under their coils, and do not generally attempt to bite, though at night they are much more active and widely considered to be more dangerous then.


title: Banded krait

text: During the day, they lie up in grass, pits, or drains. The snakes are lethargic and sluggish even under provocation. They are most commonly seen in the rains.


title: Banded krait

text: The banded krait feeds mainly on other snakes, but is also known to eat fish, frogs, skinks, and snake eggs. Among the snakes taken by banded kraits are:


title: Banded krait

text: Little is known of its breeding habits. In Myanmar, a female has been dug out while incubating a clutch of eight eggs, four of which hatched in May. Young have been recorded to measure 298 to 311 mm on hatching. The snake is believed to become adult in the third year of its life, at an approximate length of 914 mm.


title: Banded krait

text: The venom of the banded krait mainly contains neurotoxins (pre- and postsynaptic neurotoxins) with values of 2.4 mg/kg–3.6 mg/kg SC, 1.289 mg/kg IV and 1.55 mg/kg IP. The quantity of venom delivered averages out at 20–114 mg. Engelmann and Obst (1981) list the venom yield at 114 mg (dry weight). The major clinical effects caused by the venom of this species include vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, and dizziness. Severe envenomation can lead to respiratory failure and death may occur due to suffocation. Banded krait venom can damage the kidneys if injected.


title: Banded krait

text: A clinical toxicology study gives an untreated mortality rate of 1–10%, which may be because contact with humans is rare and when bites do occur, the rate of envenomation when biting defensively is thought to be very low. Currently, polyvalent antivenoms are available in India and Indonesia.


title: I Saw the Light (film)

text: I Saw the Light is a 2015 American biographical drama film directed, written, and produced by Marc Abraham, starring Tom Hiddleston as country music legend Hank Williams and Elizabeth Olsen as his first wife, Audrey Williams. It is based on the book "Hank Williams: The Biography" by Colin Escott, George Merritt, and William (Bill) MacEwen. It was screened in the Special Presentations section of the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival.


title: I Saw the Light (film)

text: The film is a biographical dramatization of country and blues singer-songwriter Hank Williams, his life and rise to fame as one of country music's most popular and influential artists. The title comes from the gospel song of the same name written and performed by Williams. The film was released on March 25, 2016, by Sony Pictures Classics.


title: I Saw the Light (film)

text: The film revolves around country music singer Hank Williams' rise to fame and sudden death at the age of 29. It also explains his rocky marriage to and eventual divorce from Audrey Sheppard mostly due to his alcoholism and infidelity.


title: I Saw the Light (film)

text: Director Marc Abraham began developing the film in 2009 and adapted the screenplay himself. In June 2014, producers secured the rights to Williams' music for the film after making a deal with Sony ATV. Aaron L. Gilbert with Bron Studios produced the film alongside Brett Ratner's production company RatPac Entertainment, G. Marq Roswell and Abraham. Creative Wealth Media Finance financed the film. On June 12, 2014, British actor Tom Hiddleston who was set to play Hank Williams, posted an image of himself on his Twitter account, dressed as Williams with the title of the film as the caption.


title: I Saw the Light (film)

text: Hiddleston sang his own music for the film, also taking on Williams' southern accent. To prepare for the film and work on his singing and guitar playing, Hiddleston practiced with country singer Rodney Crowell. In July 2014, Crowell signed on to be the executive music producer for the film while Carter Little, who has worked with the Black Keys on "The Man With the Iron Fists", signed on to serve as music supervisor. Crowell said of Hiddleston: "After nearly a month spent collaborating with this gifted artist, I'm as respectful of the man's work ethic as I'm mystified by his transformational skills. Without a doubt, the filmmakers chose the right actor for the job."