title: Murder of Anita Cobby

text: Cobby was walking alone from the station along Newton Road, Blacktown around 10 p.m., when the gang of five men drove up beside her and stopped their stolen white HT Holden Kingswood. Two men leapt from the car and dragged her into the vehicle, as she kicked and screamed. A 16-year-old boy, his younger sister and mother heard someone screaming from their house directly opposite and had gone outside in time to see Cobby forced into the attackers' car. The boy ran across the road to help, but the car drove off before he reached it. Returning home, he telephoned the police to report what he had seen. A few minutes later, their neighbour and his girlfriend arrived home and, after being told of the abduction, drove off to search for the car. They eventually drove down Reen Road (now known as Peter Brock Drive), Prospect and stopped by the now-empty Holden, where the man used a spotlight to search the adjacent paddock. Seeing nothing in the paddock and believing the car he was looking for was a different model Holden, he returned home. The attackers later stated that they had hidden in the long grass to avoid the spotlight and waited for the man to leave.


title: Murder of Anita Cobby

text: Once inside the car on Newton Road, Cobby had been ordered to strip off her clothes but refused, begging her attackers to let her go and saying she was married and also menstruating. Her attackers punched Cobby repeatedly, breaking her nose and both cheekbones, before forcing her to perform fellatio on all five men. The attackers then drove to a service station to purchase fuel using money stolen from Cobby's purse. Cobby was then driven down Reen Road to the secluded paddock, while being held down in the car, raped repeatedly, and being continually beaten by her five attackers. They then dragged the brutally beaten Cobby into the paddock along a barbed wire fence, where they dumped her and continued to sexually and physically abuse her for some time. According to his taped confession, one of the attackers, John Travers, then became concerned that Cobby could identify them because she had seen their faces and heard their names, and convinced the other attackers to kill her. Urged on by the others, Travers slit her throat, almost severing her head.


title: Murder of Anita Cobby

text: When Cobby did not return home, her family initially thought she was staying overnight with a friend, but after learning that she failed to appear at work the next day, they reported her missing on 3 February. On the morning of 4 February, her naked body was found in the paddock by a farmer investigating what his cows were milling around. Cobby's body was initially identified by her distinctive wedding ring, which was still on her finger when she was found. Her estranged husband John was initially suspected of her murder, but was quickly cleared.


title: Murder of Anita Cobby

text: The Australian public reacted with anger upon hearing details of Cobby's murder. On 6 February, the NSW State Government posted a A$50,000 reward for information leading to the capture of Cobby's killers. Also on 6 February, morning radio host John Laws obtained a leaked copy of Cobby's autopsy report, which contained explicit details of her injuries, and read it live on the air, both shocking and galvanising public sentiment. In a 2016 interview with "Seven News", Laws said he did it because he felt "the general public ought to know" and that "it incited anger in the public that murders like this were happening and we weren't being given the full details".


title: Murder of Anita Cobby

text: On 9 February, police re-enacted Cobby's movements on the night of her disappearance in the hope of jogging the memories of travellers or others who might have seen her. Constable Debbie Wallace wore similar clothing to Cobby and travelled the 9:12 p.m. train to Blacktown. Detectives interviewed the passengers and showed them photos of Cobby whilst Wallace walked the length of the train during the journey.


title: Murder of Anita Cobby

text: Following a tip-off from a police informant regarding the stolen Holden, police started searching for Travers, Michael Murdoch, and brothers Les, Michael and Gary Murphy after they discovered that some of them had a history of violence, and that Travers had a reputation for carrying a knife. On 21 February, police arrested Travers and Murdoch at the home of Travers' uncle and Les Murphy at Travers' own house. Murdoch and Murphy were charged with offences relating to stolen cars and released on police bail. Travers, who admitted that he had stolen a car, made conflicting statements about the murder and was detained in police custody. While in custody, he requested that a friend be called so she could bring him cigarettes. The phone number was handed to the investigating police who contacted the friend, a woman.


title: Murder of Anita Cobby

text: The woman, Travers' aunt—eventually dubbed "Miss X"—agreed to help with the investigation, met with an officer, and gave him details of Travers' background. Miss X was subsequently sent back in to talk to Travers, agreeing to hide a recording microphone device in her bra while she visited him in his cell and was able to obtain a confession. Miss X later went to Murdoch's home while wearing the concealed recording device to capture his statements on tape as well. Eventually, five men were arrested and charged with the murder. Police were praised for their quick response in capturing all suspects involved. In total, 22 days had elapsed from the time of the murder to the time all suspects were taken into custody.


title: Murder of Anita Cobby

text: The five men charged, who later all pleaded guilty or were convicted of the murder, had over fifty prior convictions for offences including armed robbery, assault, larceny, car theft, breaking and entering, drug use, escaping lawful custody, receiving stolen goods and rape.


title: Murder of Anita Cobby

text: John Raymond Travers, considered the ringleader of the gang, was raised in poverty in Blacktown, the oldest of eight children from unmarried teenage parents. By age 14, he was already an alcoholic, and was expelled from high school during Year 10 for being continually disruptive to other students. Beyond schooling, Travers held few jobs and relied mostly on unemployment benefits as a source of income. He was eventually committed to Boys' Town, a juvenile detention facility, by his mother. His father, with whom he never shared a close relationship, left the household in 1981. Finding it difficult to support the family, Travers relied on crime to provide food, stealing animals such as chickens and ducks from nearby households. The health of Travers' mother eventually deteriorated, and he and his siblings were sent to live with foster families while she was hospitalised. Travers had a history of violent sexual behaviour and bestiality. Witnesses have recounted that on several occasions, he had bought a live sheep for a barbecue and slit the animal's throat as he sodomised it before roasting its carcass on a spit.


title: Murder of Anita Cobby

text: Michael Murdoch was a childhood friend and criminal associate of Travers. He had also spent a great part of his childhood in juvenile prisons, where he experienced sexual assaults. He was known to have written to politicians during this period of imprisonment seeking protection from such assaults.


title: Murder of Anita Cobby

text: Michael, Gary and Les Murphy, three brothers from a family of nine children, were also accused of the crime.


title: Murder of Anita Cobby

text: The trial began in Sydney on 16 March 1987. Before proceedings began, Travers changed his plea to guilty. Sydney newspaper "The Sun" published a front-page story on the day the trial began, carrying the headline "ANITA MURDER MAN GUILTY" alongside a large image of Travers. The news story also referred to Michael Murphy as an unemployed prison escapee of no fixed address, and another in the same paper detailed Murphy's criminal convictions and his recent escape from Silverwater Correctional Centre, where he was serving a 25-year sentence for a string of burglaries and thefts. The jury was discharged due to the potentially prejudicial information published about Murphy.


title: Murder of Anita Cobby

text: According to the medical examiner's report, Cobby's body showed extensive bruising on her head, breasts, face, shoulders, groin, thighs and legs consistent with "a systematic beating", including a "blow of considerable force around the right eye". She also had lacerations on her hips, thighs and legs from the barbed wire, several cuts to her neck resulting in the severing of her ear and windpipe and near decapitation, and many cuts to her hands and fingers, resulting in the near severing of three of her fingers, which likely occurred when she raised her hands to her face trying to protect herself from the knife. The medical examiner later testified that after Cobby's throat was cut, she would have died within two minutes. He also testified that some radio bulletins purportedly based on his own report contained misinformation about the type and extent of Cobby's injuries. She was not mutilated apart from the slashing of her throat and hands, there had been no attack with a knife on her stomach or genitals, and her shoulders had not been dislocated.


title: Murder of Anita Cobby

text: The trial for the remaining members of the gang lasted 54 days, with the men's defence relying on convincing the jury of their minimal involvement in the beating and murder. On 10 June 1987, all five were found guilty of sexual assault and murder. On 16 June, they were each sentenced in the Supreme Court of New South Wales to life imprisonment plus additional time without the possibility of parole. Justice Alan Maxwell described the crime as, "One of the most horrifying physical and sexual assaults. This was a calculated killing done in cold blood. The Executive should grant the same degree of mercy they bestowed on their victim."


title: Murder of Anita Cobby

text: Cobby's parents would join forces with Christine and Peter Simpson, the parents of murder victim Ebony Simpson, to create the Homicide Victims' Support Group (Aust) Inc.—a community support group that helps families deal with heinous crimes. The Lynches also campaigned in seeking tougher sentencing and truth in sentencing laws, which eventuated after Cobby's murder. Cobby's father Garry Lynch died on 14 September 2008, aged 90, suffering from Alzheimer's disease. Her mother, Grace, died of lung cancer in 2013, at the age of 88. The Lynches had been married for 54 years at the time of Garry's death.


title: Murder of Anita Cobby

text: , John Travers was housed in Wellington Correctional Centre in maximum security. In 1988 he was transferred to Maitland Gaol and was housed there until 1992, when he was transferred to Goulburn Correctional Centre. In 1996, he and another inmate were being transported from Goulburn to Long Bay Hospital at Long Bay Correctional Complex when they attempted to escape from the prison van by hacksawing through and kicking in the back door. When the attempt was noticed, the van pulled over at Bowral Police Station, and the two were arrested and charged. Travers was regularly kept in protection at the Goulburn because he was often involved in bloody fights with other inmates and threatening prison staff. From 2005 to 2015 Travers was housed in Lithgow Correctional Centre. Travers was eventually transferred to Wellington Correctional Centre.


title: Murder of Anita Cobby

text: Michael Murphy was housed in Long Bay Correctional Complex in maximum security. In 1988, Michael was housed along with his brother Gary in the newly built Special Protection Unit in Long Bay Correctional Complex. In 1992, he was transferred to Lithgow Correctional Centre, where he undertook Year 10 studies and did weekly work. A few years later Michael Murphy was transferred to Goulburn Correctional Centre, where he spent most his imprisonment and he usually kept to himself and stayed out of trouble. In May 2015, he was reclassified to medium security until July 2015, when he was reclassified back to maximum security. In 2018 Murphy was transferred from Goulburn to Long Bay due to deteriorating health. In September 2018 it was reported that he had terminal cancer and was living in palliative care. He died in Long Bay Hospital on 21 February 2019 at the age of 66.


title: Murder of Anita Cobby

text: , Gary Murphy was housed in Goulburn Correctional Centre in maximum security. In 1988, he was housed along with his brother Michael Murphy in the newly built Special Protection Unit in Long Bay Correctional Complex. A few years later, Gary Murphy was transferred to Maitland Gaol Correctional Centre, where he was housed till the prison's closure. In 2005 he was placed in Goulburn Correctional Centre and was housed there until June 2019. In mid-June 2019 he was transferred from Goulburn to Long Bay Correctional Complex. On the morning of 25 June 2019, he was severely beaten by several other prisoners in shower block of 10 Wing in Long Bay and was transferred to hospital in a critical condition. On 23 August 2020 it was revealed by the "Daily Telegraph" that Murphy at some point had been moved back from Long Bay to Goulburn.


title: Murder of Anita Cobby

text: , Les Murphy was housed in Goulburn Correctional Centre in maximum security. There was a long list of associates in the Goulburn Centre he was not allowed to have contact with. In 2005, he got into trouble for failing a urine test.


title: Murder of Anita Cobby

text: Michael Murdoch was formerly a maximum-security inmate at Goulburn Correctional Centre until December 1999 when he was reclassified to medium security and transferred to Bathurst Correctional Complex. In 2002, Murdoch was reclassified as maximum security and transferred to Lithgow Correctional Centre.


title: Murder of Anita Cobby

text: After the death of Michael Murphy, as of 22 February 2019, NSW Corrective Services confirmed the four other offenders were still alive and were still serving their life sentences in various maximum-security correctional centres across New South Wales, but it could not be revealed where they were currently being housed.


title: Murder of Anita Cobby

text: The murder has been covered by several true crime television series, including "Crime Investigation Australia" in 2006, "Crime Stories" in 2008, and "Australian Families of Crime" in 2010. The case was covered by "Casefile True Crime Podcast" on 22 July 2017. It has also been the subject of several books (see Further reading).


title: Murder of Anita Cobby

text: The Australian social-realist film "The Boys" (1998), directed by Rowan Woods, is, in part, inspired by the Cobby murder and follows the journey of three brothers leading up to a similar crime.


title: Murder of Anita Cobby

text: In February 2016, at the time of the 30th anniversary of the murder, police released the taped confessions of Travers and Murdoch that were obtained by Miss X. "Seven News" broadcast a documentary, "7 News Investigates: Anita Cobby — You Thought You Knew It All", which included the newly released taped confessions and John Cobby's first televised interview about his wife's murder.


title: Oy vey

text: Oy vey () is a Yiddish phrase expressing dismay or exasperation. Also spelled oy vay, oy veh, or oi vey, and often abbreviated to oy, the expression may be translated as "oh, woe!" or "woe is me!" Its Hebrew equivalent is oy vavoy (, ).


title: Oy vey

text: According to etymologist Douglas Harper, the phrase is derived from Yiddish and is of Germanic origin. It is cognate with the German expression "o weh", or "auweh", combining the German and Dutch exclamation "au!" meaning "ouch/oh" and the German word "weh", a cognate of the English word "woe" (as well as the Dutch "wee" meaning pain). The expression is also related to "oh ve", an older expression in Danish and Swedish, and "oy wah", an expression used with a similar meaning in the Montbéliard region in France. The Latin equivalent is "heu, vae!"; a more standard expression would be "o, me miserum," or "heu, me miserum."


title: Oy vey

text: According to Chabad.org, an alternative theory for the origin of the Yiddish expression is that "oy" stems from Biblical Hebrew, and that "vey" is its Aramaic equivalent. It is alternatively spelled אוי, הוי, or הו in Biblical Hebrew and ווי, וי, ואי, and ויא in Aramaic. The term is occasionally doubled, as הו הו in Amos 5:16 and וי וי in Targum Pseudo-Jonathan on that verse, but two versions were never combined classically.


title: Oy vey

text: The expression is often abbreviated to simply "oy", or elongated to "oy vey iz mir" ("Oh, woe is me"). The fuller lament is sometimes found as the more Germanic "oy vey ist mir". The main purpose or effect of elongating it is often dramatic, something like a "cosmic ouch". "Oy" is not merely an ordinary word, but rather expresses an entire world view, according to visual anthropologist Penny Wolin. Its meaning is approximately opposite that of mazel tov.


title: Oy vey

text: A related expression is "oy gevalt", which can have a similar meaning, or also express shock or amazement.


title: Ben Willbond

text: Benjamin Thomas Willbond (born 18 January 1973) is an English actor and screenwriter best known as a member of the British Horrible Histories troupe in which he appears in the TV series "Horrible Histories", "Yonderland" and "Ghosts". He is best known for his numerous roles in the CBBC children's programme "Horrible Histories", running from 2009 to 2013. As well as starring as various characters throughout the show's run, he also, along with the other five main actors, wrote numerous episodes. Again alongside the same five actors, he also stars as “Captain” in the 2019 TV series "Ghosts". Along with Laurence Rickard, he co-wrote the 2022 feature length television comedy "We Are Not Alone".


title: Ben Willbond

text: Willbond was educated at Stamford School in Lincolnshire, boarding at the school, and read Russian and French at St Catherine's College, Oxford.


title: Ben Willbond

text: Along with Arnold Widdowson, Willbond was part of the comedy duo "Ben & Arn", who won Perrier Award for "Best Newcomer" in 1999, and formed the self-proclaimed "thinking man's French pop duo" Priorité à Gauche. He then went on to perform his solo character shows at several Edinburgh Fringe Festivals, the last being in 2005 which also starred Katy Brand and Jim Field Smith.


title: Ben Willbond

text: He is perhaps best known for his regular role in CBBC's "Horrible Histories", in which he played a wide variety of historical figures, most memorably recurring roles as Henry VIII and Alexander the Great. Along with the five other members of the "Horrible Histories" starring cast, Willbond is also the co-creator, -writer and -star of "Yonderland", a family fantasy comedy series that premiered on SkyOne on 10 November 2013. In addition he is the co-writer of "Bill", a BBC-produced comedy film based loosely around the early life of William Shakespeare, which involved the same starring troupe.


title: Ben Willbond

text: Previously, Willbond had starred in a short-lived sketch show for ITV2 called "Laura, Ben & Him" with Marek Larwood and sometime writing partner Laura Solon. He also appeared in Solon's BBC Radio 4 sketch show, "". Other notable television work includes the recurring roles of Steve Warwick in the BBC comedy "Rev", Adam Kenyon in BBC Four's "The Thick of It" and as a television director in the movie-length final episode of the Ricky Gervais comedy "Extras" (BBC Two). He has also appeared in "Katy Brand's Big Ass Show" for ITV2 and "Mayo" for BBC One.


title: Ben Willbond

text: Willbond's other radio credits include BBC Radio 4 series "Deep Trouble", " Double Science" (co-written with Justin Edwards), "Recorded for Training Purposes" and the first series of "Electric Ink". He also starred in the YouTube romantic comedy "Nigel and Victoria."


title: Ben Willbond

text: His 2010 short film "Tooty's Wedding", which he co-wrote with Solon, won numerous international comedy awards and was screened as part of the 2012 Sundance Film Festival. Other notable film work includes the movie "Starter for 10" (2006). In 2007 he had a short appearance in "St Trinian's", as a nervous school inspector.


title: Variety show

text: Variety show, also known as variety arts or variety entertainment, is entertainment made up of a variety of acts including musical performances, sketch comedy, magic, acrobatics, juggling, and ventriloquism. It is normally introduced by a compère (master of ceremonies) or host. The variety format made its way from the Victorian era stage in Britain and America to radio and then television. Variety shows were a staple of English language television from the late 1940s into the 1980s.


title: Variety show

text: While still widespread in some parts of the world, such as in the United Kingdom with the "Royal Variety Performance", and South Korea with "Running Man", the proliferation of multichannel television and evolving viewer tastes have affected the popularity of variety shows in the United States. Despite this, their influence has still had a major effect on late night television whose late-night talk shows and NBC's variety series "Saturday Night Live" (which originally premiered in 1975) have remained popular fixtures of North American television.


title: Variety show

text: The live entertainment style known as music hall in the United Kingdom and vaudeville in the United States can be considered a direct predecessor of the "variety show" format. Variety in the UK evolved in theatres and music halls, and later in Working Men's Clubs. British performers who honed their skills in music hall sketches include Charlie Chaplin, Stan Laurel, George Formby, Gracie Fields, Dan Leno, Gertrude Lawrence, and Marie Lloyd. Most of the early top performers on British television and radio did an apprenticeship either in stage variety, or during World War II in Entertainments National Service Association (ENSA). In the UK, the ultimate accolade for a variety artist for decades was to be asked to do the annual Royal Command Performance at the London Palladium theatre, in front of the monarch. Later known as the "Royal Variety Performance" (from 1919), it continues today. In the 1940s, Stan Laurel revisited his music hall days when he performed at the "Royal Variety" show.


title: Variety show

text: In the United States, former vaudeville performers such as the Marx Brothers, George Burns and Gracie Allen, W. C. Fields, and Jack Benny honed their skills in the Borscht Belt before moving to talkies, to radio shows, and then to television shows, including variety shows. Radio variety shows were the predominant form of light entertainment during the Golden Age of Radio from the late 1920s through the 1940s; such radio shows typically included a house vocalist, music from the house band, a stand-up monologue and a short comedy sketch. Variety shows centered on running comedy sketches with recurring characters eventually evolved into sitcoms (situation comedies).


title: Variety show

text: Variety shows were among the first programs to be featured on television during the experimental mechanical television era. Variety shows hosted by Helen Haynes and Harriet Lee are recorded in contemporary newspapers in 1931 and 1932; because of technical limits of the era, no recordings of either show have been preserved. After World War II, the genre again was an early favorite of the burgeoning electronic television industry; "Hour Glass", dating to 1946, is the earliest surviving variety show, preserved in the form of audio recordings and still photographs. The genre proliferated during the Golden Age of Television, generally considered to be roughly 1948 to 1960. Many of these Golden Age variety shows were spin-offs or adaptations of previous radio variety shows.


title: Variety show

text: From 1948 to 1971, "The Ed Sullivan Show" was one of CBS's most popular television series. Using his no-nonsense approach, host Ed Sullivan was instrumental in bringing many acts to prominence in the United States, including Elvis Presley and The Beatles. "The Arthur Murray Party" (1950-1960) was wildly popular and one of only 5 shows in the history of television to appear on all four major networks at the same time. The premise was a large dance party hosted by Kathryn Murray and Arthur Murray that showcased a new dance and a celebrity guest along with dozens of professional dancers. The show also hosted the only television appearance of Buddy Holly and The Crickets. "The Lawrence Welk Show" (1955–1982) would go on to become one of U.S. television's longest-running variety shows; based on the concept of the big band remote from the old-time radio era, it was already one of the last shows of its kind when it debuted and far outlasted all other big-band centered broadcast series by the end of its run.


title: Variety show

text: Other long-running American variety shows that premiered during this time include "Texaco Star Theatre" (1948–1956), Jerry Lester's "Cavalcade of Stars", "Broadway Open House" and "Chesterfield Sound-Off Time" (1949–1952); "The Jackie Gleason Show" (1950–1955), "The Garry Moore Show" (1950–1967, in various incarnations), "The Morey Amsterdam Show" (1950–1954 in various incarnations), "The Colgate Comedy Hour" (1950–1955), "Your Show of Shows" (1950–1954), "The Red Skelton Show" (1951–1971), "The Dinah Shore Show" (1951–1957), "The George Gobel Show" (1954–1960) and "The Dinah Shore Chevy Show" (1956–1963). Perry Como also hosted a series of variety shows that collectively ran from 1948 to 1969, followed by variety specials that ran until 1994.


title: Variety show

text: Shorter-lived variety shows during this period include "The Frank Sinatra Show" (1950–1952), "The Jimmy Durante Show" (1954–1956) and a different "The Frank Sinatra Show" (1957–1958).


title: Variety show

text: In the UK, "The Good Old Days"—which ran from 1953 to 1983—featured modern artists performing dressed in late Victorian/Early Edwardian costume, either doing their own act or performing as a music hall artist of that period. The audience was also encouraged to dress in period costume in a similar fashion. Other long-running British variety shows that originated in the 1950s include "Tonight at the London Palladium" (1955–1969), "The Black and White Minstrel Show" (1958–1978), "The White Heather Club" (1958–1968) and "Royal Variety Performance" (an annual event televised since the 1950s).


title: Variety show

text: Popular American variety shows that began in the 60s include a revival of "The Jackie Gleason Show" (1960–1970), "The Andy Williams Show" (1962–1971), "The Danny Kaye Show" (1963–1967), "The Hollywood Palace" (1964–1970), "The Dean Martin Show" (1965–1974), "The Carol Burnett Show" (1967–1978) and "The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour" (1967–1969). 1969 saw a flurry of new variety shows with rural appeal: "The Johnny Cash Show" (1969–1971), "The Jim Nabors Hour" (1969–1971), "The Glen Campbell Goodtime Hour" (1969–1972) and "Hee Haw" (1969–1992).


title: Variety show

text: Entertainers with less successful variety shows in the 1960s include Judy Garland and Sammy Davis Jr.


title: Variety show

text: In 1970 and 1971, the American TV networks, CBS especially, conducted the so-called "rural purge", in which shows that appealed to more rural and older audiences were canceled as part of a greater focus on appealing to wealthier demographics. Many variety shows, including long-running ones, were canceled as part of this "purge," with a few shows (such as "Hee Haw" and "The Lawrence Welk Show") surviving and moving into first-run syndication. Variety shows continued to be produced in the 1970s, with most of them stripped down to only music and comedy.


title: Variety show

text: Popular variety shows that ran in the 1970s include "The Flip Wilson Show" (1970–1974), "The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour" (1971–1977, in various incarnations), "The Bobby Goldsboro Show" (1973–1975), "The Hudson Brothers' Razzle Dazzle Show" (1974-1975), "The Midnight Special" (1973–1981), "Don Kirshner's Rock Concert" (1973–1981), "The Mac Davis Show" (1974–1976), "Tony Orlando and Dawn" (1974–1976), "Saturday Night Live" (1975–present), "Donny & Marie" (1976–1979), "The Muppet Show" (1976–1981), and "Sha Na Na" (1977–1981). Of all of these, only "Saturday Night Live" remains on the air today, and has become the longest running variety show in the history of American television.


title: Variety show

text: Entertainers with weekly variety shows that ran for one season or less in the 1970s include Captain & Tennille, The Jacksons, The Keane Brothers, Bobby Darin, Mary Tyler Moore, Julie Andrews, Dolly Parton, Shields and Yarnell, The Manhattan Transfer, Starland Vocal Band, and the cast of "The Brady Bunch".


title: Variety show

text: Entertainers with variety-based TV specials in the 70s include The Carpenters, John Denver, Shirley MacLaine, Diana Ross, Bob Hope, and Pat Boone. Paul Lynde hosted a string of irregularly scheduled "Comedy Hours" through the late 1970s.


title: Variety show

text: By the late 1970s, nearly every variety show had ended production, in part because of audience burnout; the highest-rated variety show of 1975, "Cher", was only the 22nd-most watched show of the year.


title: Variety show

text: By the early 1980s, the few new variety shows being produced were of remarkably poor quality (see, for instance, the infamous "Pink Lady and Jeff"), hastening the format's demise, though a few moderately successful shows remained like Barbara Mandrell & the Mandrell Sisters (November 1980 to June 1982). A brief revival of the genre arose in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Variety shows from this era included "Dolly" (starring Dolly Parton), which ran for 23 episodes on ABC during the 1987–'88 season; "The Tracey Ullman Show" which aired on Fox from April 1987 through May 1990; a revival of "The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour" from 1988 to 1989; a revival of "The Carol Burnett Show", which was broadcast by CBS for nine episodes in 1991 (following up on "Carol & Company" on NBC the previous year); and Showtime's "The Super Dave Osborne Show" hosted by Bob Einstein from 1987 to 1991. By the 1990s, networks had given up on the format; after initially promising Phil Hartman his own variety show, NBC backed out of the agreement believing a variety show could no longer succeed.


title: Variety show

text: By the 21st century, the variety show format had fallen out of fashion, due largely to changing tastes and the fracturing of media audiences (caused by the proliferation of cable and satellite television) that makes a multiple-genre variety show impractical. Even reruns of variety shows have generally not been especially widespread; TV Land briefly telecast some variety shows (namely "The Ed Sullivan Show" and "The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour") upon its beginning in 1996, but within a few years, reruns of most of those shows (except "The Flip Wilson Show") stopped. Similarly, CMT held the rights to "Hee Haw" but telecast very few episodes, opting mainly to hold rights to allow them to air performance videos from the show in its video blocks. The current rights holder of "Hee Haw", RFD-TV, has been more prominent in its telecasts of the show; RFD-TV also airs numerous other country-style variety shows from the 1960s and 1970s up through the present day, in a rarity for modern television. Another notable exception is "The Lawrence Welk Show", which has been telecast frequently in reruns on the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) since 1986. "The Danny Kaye Show" returned to television in 2017 with reruns on Jewish Life Television (and, in the case of a one-off Christmas special, the Christian-leaning network INSP); JLTV dropped Kaye from its schedule at the end of 2018. "The Carol Burnett Show", which had aired in severely edited form sporadically in syndication since it ended in 1977, returned in whole in 2019 on numerous platforms. Digital multicast network getTV shows variety shows on an irregular basis. The Spanish language variety show "Sabado Gigante", which began in 1962, and then moved from Chile to the United States in 1986, continued to produce and broadcast new episodes on Univision until its cancellation in September 2015.


title: Variety show

text: At least one national variety show continued on national radio into the 21st century. "A Prairie Home Companion" was founded and created by Garrison Keillor in 1974 as an homage to rural radio variety shows, featuring sketch comedy based on radio dramas of the old-time radio era, complete with faux commercials. (For a brief time in the late 1980s, the show was replaced with "The American Radio Company of the Air", also hosted and created by Keillor, was set in a more urban environment and likewise was based on old-time radio; its short run eventually morphed into a revival of "A Prairie Home Companion"). In 2016, following Keillor's retirement, Chris Thile took over the program and, over the course of the next year, transformed it into "Live from Here", a more streamlined musical variety series. "Live from Here", which moved to New York City in 2019, was cancelled due to budget cuts in 2020.


title: Variety show

text: Improvisational comic Wayne Brady, coming off his successful appearances on the panel game "Whose Line Is It Anyway?", launched an eponymous variety show in 2001, which aired on ABC. "The Wayne Brady Show" lasted only one summer season in its variety format; when the show returned the next year in syndication, it had been reformatted as a talk show, under which format it ran until 2004.


title: Variety show

text: Fox's "Osbournes Reloaded", a variety show featuring the family of rocker Ozzy Osbourne, was canceled after only one episode had been telecast in 2009. More than two dozen affiliates refused to telecast the first episode of the show. This series had been slated for a six-episode run.


title: Variety show

text: NBC has made repeated attempts at reviving the variety format since the late 2000s (its last successful series in this genre, Michael Nesmith's short-lived but influential "Television Parts", had aired in summer 1985) . A pilot episode for "Rosie Live" was telecast the day before Thanksgiving Day in 2008 and, after receiving middling ratings and extremely poor reviews, was not picked up for its originally planned run in January 2009. In May 2014, NBC aired "The Maya Rudolph Show", a variety show starring "SNL" performer Maya Rudolph. Like "Rosie Live", the broadcast was intended to be a one-off special, but with the possibility of additional episodes depending on its performance. The special won its time slot, due mainly to a strong lead-in, and spawned the May 2016 premiere of "Maya & Marty", adding fellow "SNL" cast member Martin Short; under that format, "Maya & Marty" lasted six episodes. Earlier that season, NBC aired "Best Time Ever", an adaptation of the British variety game show "Ant & Dec's Saturday Night Takeaway" starring actor Neil Patrick Harris which was ultimately unsuccessful.


title: Variety show

text: Starting in the 1950s, some entertainers became associated with variety television specials that would recur on a regular basis, in some cases for decades, on American network TV. Such entertainers included Bob Hope, Bing Crosby, Perry Como, Andy Williams and Mitzi Gaynor. Many of these were Christmas variety specials, which often showed the star in a set meant to look like their home, welcoming singers and other guests to perform duets of Christmas songs. The popularity of these Christmas shows outlasted that of weekly variety shows. In 1973, for example, even as variety shows were starting to fade in popularity, variety Christmas specials hosted by Williams and Como both attracted an enormous 40% of the American television audience. Williams's and Johnny Cash's annual Christmas specials outlasted the regularly scheduled variety shows that spawned them by several years. Also, Barbara Mandrell Christmas special. Christmas variety specials' popularity continued into the 1990s, before starting to wane in the 2000s. Nevertheless, the tradition has continued. Entertainers who have hosted Christmas variety specials in the 21st century include Kid Rock, Nick Lachey and Jessica Simpson, Carrie Underwood, Lady Gaga, Michael Buble, Bill Murray, Gwen Stefani, and Darci Lynne.


title: Variety show

text: Though the format faded in popularity in prime time, it thrived in American late night TV. Night-time variety shows eventually evolved into late-night talk shows, which combine variety entertainment (primarily comedy and live music) with the aspects of a talk show (such as interviews with celebrities). The Emmy Awards academy considers the two genres to be related closely enough that, until 2015, the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety, Music or Comedy Series was open to any of these types of show; in 2015, the academy separated late-night talk shows and sketch comedy series into separate categories.


title: Variety show

text: During Johnny Carson's tenure on "The Tonight Show" on NBC from 1962 to 1992, the show dominated late night ratings, and the other networks attempted late-night talk shows only sporadically. This changed with Carson's retirement, and other networks began to air their own talk show competitors, starting with "Late Show with David Letterman" on CBS in 1993. As of the current generation of U.S. hosts, late-night talk shows vary widely on their resemblance to the original variety format, with Jimmy Fallon's incarnation of "The Tonight Show" putting heavy emphasis on sketch and game segments incorporating celebrity guests (especially involving music), while "The Late Show with Stephen Colbert" has placed a larger emphasis on news satire similar to its host's previous Comedy Central late-night program "The Colbert Report" (where Colbert portrayed himself as a parody of conservative pundits).


title: Variety show

text: "The Richard Bey Show" combined the variety show with the tabloid talk show, not only having its guests talk about their problems but also having them participate in absurdist games, and "Sally Jesse Raphael" was known for occasionally having music and fashion in the show, especially drag and gender-bending performances.


title: Variety show

text: American sketch comedy series such as "Saturday Night Live", "In Living Color", "Almost Live!" (and its successor "Up Late NW"), "MADtv", and "SCTV" also contain variety show elements, particularly musical performances and comedy sketches. The most obvious difference between shows such as "Saturday Night Live" and traditional variety shows is the lack of a single lead host (or hosts) and a large ensemble cast. "SNL" has used different guest hosts ever since its inception.


title: Variety show

text: Televised talent shows have a variety show element, in that they feature a variety of different acts. Examples of US talent shows that feature entertainers from a broad variety of disciplines include "Star Search", which had a run in the 1980s in syndication and a run on CBS in the early 2000s during the reality television boom; "The Gong Show", which reached its peak in the 1970s but has had occasional revivals since then; and the worldwide "Got Talent" franchise.


title: Variety show

text: The variety show format also continued in America in the form of the telethon, which feature variety entertainment (often music) interspersed with appeals for viewers to make donations to support a charity or cause. The "Jerry Lewis MDA Telethon" was one of the best known telethons in the US, but it too was eventually canceled after several years of shortening (originally over 21 hours, by the time of its last telecast in 2014, by which point Lewis had been gone from the telethon several years, it was down to two hours). Another popular telethon, for United Cerebral Palsy, ended its run in 1998 shortly after the death of its founder and figurehead, Dennis James. Likewise, only a handful of long-established local telethons remain.


title: Variety show

text: The prime time variety show format was popular in the early decades of Australian television, spawning such series as "In Melbourne Tonight", "The Graham Kennedy Show", "The Don Lane Show", and "Hey Hey It's Saturday", which ran for 27 years. Recent prime time variety shows include the short lived "Micallef Tonight" and "The Sideshow".


title: Variety show

text: In Brazil, variety shows are referred to as a "show de auditório" (lit. "auditorium show"). Among the longest-running variety shows on Brazilian TV have been SBT's "Programa Silvio Santos" (1963–present), which is hosted by SBT's owner Silvio Santos, and TV Globo's "Domingão do Faustão" (1989–2021), which was hosted by Fausto Silva until he departed the network to host a new variety show on Rede Bandeirantes.


title: Variety show

text: Two notable Taiwanese variety shows are "Guess" (1996-2012) and "100% Entertainment" (1997-present). East Asian variety programs are known for their constant use of sound effects, on-screen visuals and comedic bantering. Many of the shows are presented in a live-like presentation in a fast-paced setting, with scenes repeating or fast forwarded.


title: Variety show

text: Another popular variety show in Taiwan was "Kangsi Coming" (2004-2016). It was famous for its bantering, which was scripted.


title: Variety show

text: The first Cantonese variety show to become a major success was Hong Kong's "Enjoy Yourself Tonight", which first aired in 1967 and ran for 27 years. In Hong Kong, variety shows are often combined with elements of a cooking show or a talent competition but end in various results.


title: Variety show

text: Variety programming has remained one of the dominant genres of television programming. While Japanese variety shows are famous abroad for their wild stunts, they vary from talk shows to music shows, from tabloid news shows to skit comedy. The prominent use of telop on screen has created a style that has influenced variety programming across Asia. One of the most popular variety shows in Japan includes "Downtown no Gaki No Tsukai".


title: Variety show

text: In South Korea, the hugely popular show "Infinite Challenge", has been broadcast by MBC from 2005 to 2018, was a new model of this, called "Real Variety Show". It combined comedy and variety scenes including unscripted stunts and special guest stars while taking place in various settings. Although many variety shows have existed in Korea long before the broadcast of "Infinite Challenge", this program has given a rise to a new page in the history of Korean variety shows by introducing unscripted stunts. As a result, other broadcasting channels such as KBS and SBS have followed its path and introduced programs such as "2 Days & 1 Night" and "Running Man". These types of Korean variety shows are grabbing foreign interest of countries such as Japan, China, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and even the United States bringing on a new type of the Korean wave globally.


title: Variety show

text: Variety shows are a huge part of daily life in the Philippines, with all of the major networks running their own variety shows usually during lunchtime and can be on the air for between one and a half hours to three hours. The most notable Philippine variety show is the longest-running "Eat Bulaga", which premiered in 1979 and has aired on RPN, ABS-CBN, and GMA Network in the succeeding years. Recently many other TV networks are different formats of variety. "It's Showtime" and "Lunch Out Loud" has shown great popularity and interest to Filipino viewers.


title: Variety show

text: "Siempre en Domingo" premiered in 1969 with Raúl Velasco hosting. It became Mexico's longest-running variety series, remaining on Televisa until 1998. Other long-running variety shows, most of which have been Televisa productions, have included "La Carabina de Ambrosio", "Anabel", "Al Fin de Semana", "Silvia y Enrique", "La Parodia", "Muevete", "Desmadruga2", and "Sabadazo.". Most, if not all, of Televisa's variety shows have aired in other countries, including the Univision networks in the United States.


title: Variety show

text: In Venezuela, the best known variety show is "Súper Sábado Sensacional". Originally established in 1968 (as "Sábado Espectacular") on Radio Caracas Television, the show moved to Venevision in 1970 and was renamed "Sábado Sensacional". In 1990, "Súper" was added to the title, and is how the show is currently known today.


title: Variety show

text: The Spanish-language variety show known as "Sábados Gigantes" (forerunner of the U.S. "Sábado Gigante") began in 1962 with Don Francisco and lasted into the 1990s. His daughter, Vivianne Kreutzberger, currently hosts the program under the title "Gigantes con Vivi", while Don Francisco has hosted the U.S. version since April 12, 1986 until the end of the show's run on September 19, 2015.


title: Variety show

text: Throughout the 1960s and the 1970s, the producers Maritie and Gilbert Carpentier created the most popular variety shows on French television, including "Le Sacha Show" (1963-1971) hosted by Sacha Distel, "Top à..." (1972-1974), "Numéro Un" (1975-1982) and a lot of television specials presented by various famous singers (Johnny Hallyday, Sylvie Vartan, Claude François, Petula Clark).


title: Variety show

text: From 1965 to 1970 was also aired "Dim Dam Dom", a modern, playful and sophisticated show intended for a female audience and produced by "Elle" chief editor Daisy de Galard. Each episode of "Dim Dam Dom" was hosted in an all-white studio set by a different "speakerine" (a female continuity announcer), usually a popular actress or singer like Françoise Hardy, Marie Laforêt, Geraldine Chaplin, France Gall, Jane Birkin, Françoise Fabian, Romy Schneider.


title: Variety show

text: Variety shows with an emphasis on comedy sketches were popular in the United Kingdom from the late 1960s until the 1980s. Two of the longest-running and most popular series were Morecambe and Wise and The Two Ronnies.


title: Francis, Duke of Anjou

text: "Monsieur" Francis, Duke of Anjou and Alençon (; 18 March 1555 – 10 June 1584) was the youngest son of King Henry II of France and Catherine de' Medici.


title: Francis, Duke of Anjou

text: He was scarred by smallpox at age eight, and his pitted face and slightly deformed spine did not suit his birth name of "Hercule". He changed his name to Francis in honour of his late brother Francis II of France when he was confirmed.


title: Francis, Duke of Anjou

text: The royal children were raised under the supervision of the governor and governess of the royal children, Claude d'Urfé and Françoise d'Humières, under the orders of Diane de Poitiers.


title: Francis, Duke of Anjou

text: In 1574, following the death of his brother Charles IX of France and the accession of his other brother Henry III of France, he became heir to the throne. In 1576 he was made Duke of Anjou, Touraine, and Berry.


title: Francis, Duke of Anjou

text: During the night of 13 September 1575, Alençon fled from the French court after being alienated from his brother King Henry III as they had had some differences. Both Henry III and Catherine de' Medici feared he would join the Protestant rebels. These fears proved well-founded; Francis joined the prince of Condé and his forces in the south. In February 1576 the King of Navarre escaped from the French court, whereupon his forces also joined Condé. This combined army was enough to force Henry III, without a pitched battle of any sort, to capitulate and sign the very pro-Protestant "peace of Monsieur", or Edict of Beaulieu, on 6 May 1576. By "secret treaties" which formed part of this peace settlement, many on the Protestant side were rewarded with land and titles. Francis was awarded the Duchy of Anjou (along with other lands) and thus became the Duke of Anjou. He had the writer Jean de La Gessée as a secretary.


title: Francis, Duke of Anjou

text: In 1579, negotiations commenced for marrying Anjou to Elizabeth I of England. The Duke of Anjou was in fact the only one of Elizabeth's foreign suitors to court her in person. He was 24 and Elizabeth was 46. Despite the age gap, the two soon became very close, Elizabeth dubbing him her "frog". While a few believe this nickname arose from a frog-shaped earring he had given her, "frog" has been an unflattering slang nickname for the French for centuries. Whether or not Elizabeth truly planned to marry Anjou is a hotly debated topic. She was quite fond of him, knowing that he was probably going to be her last suitor. The match was controversial among the English public: English Protestants warned the Queen that the "hearts [of the English people] will be galled when they shall see you take to husband a Frenchman, and a Papist ... the very common people well know this: that he is the son of the Jezebel of our age", referring to the Duke's mother, Catherine de' Medici. Among members of Elizabeth's Privy Council, only William Cecil, Lord Burghley, and Thomas Radclyffe, 3rd Earl of Sussex supported the marriage scheme wholeheartedly. Most notable councillors, foremost among them Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester, and Sir Francis Walsingham, strongly opposed it, even warning the Queen of the hazards of childbirth at her age.


title: Francis, Duke of Anjou

text: Between 1578 and 1581 the Queen resurrected attempts to negotiate a marriage with the Duke of Alençon, who had put himself forward as a protector of the Huguenots and a potential leader of the Dutch. In these years Walsingham became friends with the diplomat of Henry of Navarre in England, the anti-monarchist Philippe de Mornay. Walsingham was sent to France in mid-1581 to discuss an Anglo-French alliance, but the French wanted the marriage agreed first, and Walsingham had instructions to obtain a treaty before committing to the marriage. He returned to England without an agreement. Personally, Walsingham opposed the marriage, perhaps to the point of encouraging public opposition. Alençon was a Catholic, and as his elder brother, Henry III, was childless, he was heir presumptive to the French throne. Elizabeth was probably past the age of childbearing, and had no clear successor. If she died while married to the French heir, her realms could fall under French control. By comparing the match of Elizabeth and Alençon with the match of the Protestant Henry of Navarre and the Catholic Margaret of Valois, which occurred in the week before the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre, the "most horrible spectacle" he had ever witnessed, Walsingham raised the spectre of religious riots in England in the event of the marriage proceeding. According to the Earl of Leicester, Elizabeth tolerated his blunt opinions and often unwelcome advice, referring to Walsingham as "her Moor who cannot change his colour" with regard to his strong beliefs.


title: Francis, Duke of Anjou

text: Eventually, Elizabeth pragmatically judged the union an unwise one, after considering the overwhelming opposition of her advisors. She continued, however, to play the engagement game, if only to warn Philip II of Spain, another of her suitors, what she might do, if it became necessary. Finally, Elizabeth bade him farewell in 1581. On his departure she penned a poem, "On Monsieur's Departure", which, taken at face value, has lent credence to the notion that she may really have been prepared to go through with the match.


title: Francis, Duke of Anjou

text: Anjou continued on to the Netherlands. In 1579 William the Silent had invited him to become hereditary sovereign of the United Provinces, and on 29 September 1580 the Dutch States General (with the exception of Zeeland and Holland) had signed the Treaty of Plessis-les-Tours with the Duke, who would assume the title "Protector of the Liberty of the Netherlands" and become the sovereign. He did not arrive until 10 February 1582, when William officially welcomed him in Flushing. In spite of the Joyous Entries he was accorded in Bruges and Ghent and his ceremonious installation as Duke of Brabant and Count of Flanders, Anjou was not popular with the Dutch and Flemish, who continued to see the Catholic French as enemies; the provinces of Zeeland and Holland refused to recognise him as their sovereign, and William, the central figure of the ""Politiques"" who worked to defuse religious hostilities, came under extensive criticism for his "French politics".


title: Francis, Duke of Anjou

text: He is now thought to have been the patron behind the "Valois tapestries" presented to Catherine de' Medici, which depicted major figures in Catherine's court against scenes of festivity. When Anjou's French troops arrived in late 1582, William's plan seemed to pay off, as even the Duke of Parma feared that the Dutch would now gain the upper hand.


title: Francis, Duke of Anjou

text: However, Anjou himself, dissatisfied with his limited power, decided to take control of the Flemish cities of Antwerp, Bruges, Dunkirk, and Ostend by force.


title: Francis, Duke of Anjou

text: He would personally lead the attack on Antwerp. To fool the citizens of Antwerp, Anjou proposed that he should make a "Joyous Entry" into the city, a grand ceremony in which he would be accompanied by his French troops. On 18 January 1583, Anjou entered Antwerp, but the citizens had not been deceived. The city militia ambushed and destroyed Anjou's force in the French Fury. Anjou barely escaped with his life.


title: Francis, Duke of Anjou

text: The debacle at Antwerp marked the end of Anjou's military career. His mother, Catherine de' Medici, is said to have written to him that "would to God you had died young. You would then not have been the cause of the death of so many brave gentlemen." Another insult followed when Elizabeth I formally ended her engagement to him after the massacre. The position of Anjou after this attack became impossible to hold, and he eventually left the country in June. His departure also discredited William, who nevertheless maintained his support for Anjou.


title: Francis, Duke of Anjou

text: Soon Anjou fell seriously ill with "tertian ague", malaria. Catherine de' Medici brought him back to Paris, where he was reconciled to his brother, King Henry III of France, in February 1584. Henry even embraced his brother, whom he had famously called "le petit magot" ("little macaque"). By June, the Duke of Anjou was dead. He was 29. His premature death meant that the Huguenot Henry of Navarre became heir-presumptive, thus leading to an escalation in the French Wars of Religion.


title: Edward Young (courtier)

text: Sir Edward Young (born 24 October 1966) is the Private Secretary to King Charles III. As Private Secretary to the Sovereign, he is the senior operational member of the Royal Households of the United Kingdom. Young was recruited to the Royal Household in 2004, serving as the Queen's Assistant and then Deputy Private Secretary until his promotion to Private Secretary in 2017. He is the 24th holder of the office of Private Secretary since its inception in 1805.


title: Edward Young (courtier)

text: Edward Young was born on 24 October 1966, and he was educated as a boarder at Reading School in Berkshire.


title: Edward Young (courtier)

text: Young worked for the international side of Barclays Bank between 1985 and 1997, where he held a range of executive roles including as a specialist in international trade finance and as manager for the Corporate Bank European Currency Programme. In 1997 he moved to Barclays' Head Office to become the bank's Deputy Head of Corporate Public Relations.


title: Edward Young (courtier)

text: From late 1999 to 2001 he was advisor to the Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer, Michael Portillo, and then to the Leader of the Opposition, William Hague. In 2001, he was appointed Head of Communications at Granada plc, working primarily on the merger with Carlton Communications to form ITV PLC in 2004.


title: Edward Young (courtier)

text: Young began as the Assistant Private Secretary to the Queen in September 2004. He was promoted to Deputy Private Secretary in September 2007 after the promotion of Christopher Geidt from Deputy Private Secretary to Private Secretary, on the retirement of Sir Robin Janvrin, Private Secretary from 1997 to 2007.


title: Edward Young (courtier)

text: As Deputy Private Secretary he played a key role in the planning of the Queen's visit to the Republic of Ireland in 2011. He is credited with assisting the Queen in writing the highly praised speech, which she began with a few words in the Irish language. The Queen's visit was hailed as a diplomatic triumph that improved Anglo-Irish relations.


title: Edward Young (courtier)

text: As Private Secretary, Young is also Keeper of the Royal Archives and a Trustee of the Royal Collection Trust.


title: Edward Young (courtier)

text: As head of the Private Secretary's Office, Young has direct control over the Press Office, the office of the Director for Security Liaison, the research, correspondence, anniversaries and records offices, and the Royal Archives.


title: Edward Young (courtier)

text: As Private Secretary, Young is a member of the so-called 'golden triangle' of senior British officials – the others being the Cabinet Secretary and the Principal Private Secretary to the Prime Minister – with key responsibilities in the event of a hung parliament in the United Kingdom.


title: Edward Young (courtier)

text: On 11 March 2021, "The Times" reported that royal historian Robert Lacey stated that Young had a share of the responsibility for the so-called Megxit royal crisis after the "Oprah with Meghan and Harry" U.S. CBS television interview. Lacey charged that Young had lacked the imagination to find a fulfilling role for Meghan, Duchess of Sussex after her marriage to Prince Harry in 2018.


title: Edward Young (courtier)

text: Young was appointed Lieutenant of the Royal Victorian Order (LVO) in the 2010 Birthday Honours, Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO) in the 2015 Birthday Honours, and Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (KCVO) in the 2020 New Year Honours.


title: 1700 Cascadia earthquake

text: The 1700 Cascadia earthquake occurred along the Cascadia subduction zone on January 26, 1700, with an estimated moment magnitude of 8.7–9.2. The megathrust earthquake involved the Juan de Fuca Plate from mid-Vancouver Island, south along the Pacific Northwest coast as far as northern California. The length of the fault rupture was about , with an average slip of .


title: 1700 Cascadia earthquake

text: The earthquake caused a tsunami which struck the west coast of North America and the coast of Japan. Japanese tsunami records, along with reconstructions of the wave moving across the ocean, put the earthquake at about 9pm on the evening of 26 January 1700.


title: 1700 Cascadia earthquake

text: The earthquake took place at about 21:00 Pacific Time on January 26, 1700 (NS). Although there are no written records for the region from the time, the timing of the earthquake has been inferred from Japanese records of a tsunami that does not correlate with any other Pacific Rim quake. The Japanese records exist primarily in the modern-day Iwate Prefecture, in communities such as Tsugaruishi, Miyako (Kuwagasaki) and Ōtsuchi.


title: 1700 Cascadia earthquake

text: The most important clue linking the tsunami in Japan and the earthquake in the Pacific Northwest comes from studies of tree rings (dendrochronology), which show that several "ghost forests" of red cedar trees in Oregon and Washington, killed by lowering of coastal forests into the tidal zone by the earthquake, have outermost growth rings that formed in 1699, the last growing season before the tsunami. This includes both inland stands of trees, such as one on the Copalis River in Washington, and pockets of tree stumps that are now under the ocean surface and become exposed only at low tide.


title: 1700 Cascadia earthquake

text: Sediment layers in these locations demonstrate a pattern consistent with seismic and tsunami events around this time. Core samples from the ocean floor, as well as debris samples from some earthquake-induced landslides in the Pacific Northwest, also support this timing of the event. Archaeological research in the region has uncovered evidence of several coastal villages having been flooded and abandoned around 1700.


title: 1700 Cascadia earthquake

text: The contemporary indigenous groups of Cascadia had no known written documentation like that of the Japanese tsunami, but numerous oral traditions describing a great earthquake and inundation exist among indigenous coastal peoples from British Columbia to Northern California. These do not specify a date, and not all earthquake stories in the region can be ascribed to the 1700 quake; however, virtually all of the native peoples in the region have at least one traditional story of an event of unmatched destructive power.


title: 1700 Cascadia earthquake

text: Some of the stories contain temporal clues — such as a time estimate in generations since the event — which suggest a date range in the late 1600s or early 1700s, or which concur with the event's timing in other ways. For instance, the Huu-ay-aht legend of a large earthquake and ocean wave devastating their settlements at Pachena Bay places the event on a winter evening shortly after the village's residents had gone to sleep (consistent with the 9pm reconstructed time). Every community on Pachena Bay was wiped out except for Masit on a mountainside above sea level. The only other survivor was Anacla aq sop, a young woman who happened to be staying that day at Kiix-in on the more tsunami-sheltered Barkley Sound.


title: 1700 Cascadia earthquake

text: Kwakwaka'wakw (Kwakiutl) stories from the north end of Vancouver Island report a night-time earthquake that caused virtually all houses in their community to collapse; Cowichan stories from Vancouver Island's inner coast speak of a nighttime earthquake, causing a landslide that buried an entire village. Makah stories from Washington speak of a great night-time earthquake, of which the only survivors were those who fled inland before the tsunami hit. The Quileute people in Washington have a story about a flood so powerful that villagers in their canoes were swept inland all the way to Hood Canal.


title: 1700 Cascadia earthquake

text: Ethnographic research has focused on a common regional pattern of art and mythology depicting a great battle between a thunderbird and a whale, as well as cultural signifiers such as earthquake-inspired ritual masks and dances.


title: 1700 Cascadia earthquake

text: The geological record reveals that "great earthquakes" (those with moment magnitude 8 or higher) occur in the Cascadia subduction zone about every 500 years on average, often accompanied by tsunamis. There is evidence of at least 13 events at intervals from about 300 to 900 years with an average of 570–590 years. Previous earthquakes are estimated to have been in AD 1310, AD 810, AD 400, 170 BC and 600 BC.


title: 1700 Cascadia earthquake

text: As seen in the 1700 quake, the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, and the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, subduction zone earthquakes can cause large tsunamis, and many coastal areas in the region have prepared tsunami evacuation plans in anticipation of a possible future Cascadia earthquake. However, the major nearby cities, notably Seattle, Portland, Vancouver, Victoria, and Tacoma, which are located on inland waterways rather than on the coast, would be sheltered from the full brunt of a tsunami. These cities do have many vulnerable structures, especially bridges and unreinforced brick buildings; consequently, most of the damage to the cities would probably be from the earthquake itself. One expert asserts that buildings in Seattle are vastly inadequate even to withstand an event of the size of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, let alone any more powerful one.


title: 1700 Cascadia earthquake

text: Kenneth Murphy, who directs FEMA's Region X, the division responsible for Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and Alaska, put it quite dramatically: "Our operating assumption is that everything west of Interstate 5 will be toast."


title: 1700 Cascadia earthquake

text: Recent findings conclude that the Cascadia subduction zone is more complex and volatile than previously believed. In 2010, geologists predicted a 37% chance of an M8.2+ event within 50 years, and a 10 to 15% chance that the entire Cascadia subduction zone will rupture with an M9+ event within the same time frame. Geologists have also determined the Pacific Northwest is not prepared for such a colossal quake. The tsunami produced could reach heights of .


title: 1700 Cascadia earthquake

text: A 2004 study revealed the potential for relative mean sea level rise (caused by subsidence) along the Cascadia subduction zone. It postulated that cities on the west coast of Vancouver Island, such as Tofino and Ucluelet, are at risk for a 1–2 m subsidence, relative to mean sea level.


title: 1700 Cascadia earthquake

text: The confirmation of their oral traditions about a great earthquake has led many aboriginal groups in the area to initiate projects to relocate their coastal communities to higher and safer ground in preparation for the predicted next earthquake. The Huu-ay-aht People have rebuilt their administration building on a high point of land in their territory; coastal residents are immediately evacuated to this building whenever a tsunami warning is issued, as an interim measure toward eventually relocating all residents to higher ground. The Quileute people secured a land grant from the federal government of the United States in 2012 to move their settlement inland, both as protection from a future tsunami threat and because of more frequent flooding on the Quillayute River. The Shoalwater Bay Indian Tribe has also set a goal of moving their community uphill and has received a FEMA PDM grant to build the first vertical evacuation tower on their coast, scheduled to be completed near the Tokeland Marina by 2022.


title: 1700 Cascadia earthquake

text: Some other subduction zones have such earthquakes every 100 to 200 years; the longer interval results from slower plate motions. The rate of convergence between the Juan de Fuca Plate and the North American Plate is per year.


title: 1700 Cascadia earthquake

text: It was once conjectured that the Cascadia earthquake may also have been linked to the Bridge of the Gods – Bonneville Slide and the Tseax Cone eruption in British Columbia, Canada. However, recent investigations using radiocarbon dating and dendrochronology date the Bonneville landslide around 1450.


title: The Shop Around the Corner

text: The Shop Around the Corner is a 1940 American romantic comedy-drama film produced and directed by Ernst Lubitsch and starring Margaret Sullavan, James Stewart and Frank Morgan. The supporting cast included Joseph Schildkraut, Sara Haden, Felix Bressart, and William Tracy. The screenplay was written by Samson Raphaelson based on the 1937 Hungarian play "Parfumerie" by Miklós László. Eschewing regional politics in the years leading up to World War II, the film is about two employees at a leathergoods shop in Budapest who can barely stand each other, not realizing they are falling in love as anonymous correspondents through their letters, a plot concept revived in the 1998 film "You've Got Mail" starring Tom Hanks and Meg Ryan.


title: The Shop Around the Corner

text: "The Shop Around the Corner" is ranked #28 on AFI's 100 Years... 100 Passions, and is listed in "Time"s All-Time 100 Movies. In 1999, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".


title: The Shop Around the Corner

text: Alfred Kralik (James Stewart) is the top salesman at a leathergoods shop in Budapest owned by the high-strung Mr. Hugo Matuschek (Frank Morgan). Kralik's coworkers at Matuschek and Company include his friend, Pirovitch (Felix Bressart), a kindly family man; Ferencz Vadas (Joseph Schildkraut), a two-faced womanizer; saleswoman Ilona Novotny (Inez Courtney); clerk Flora Kaczek (Sara Haden); and Pepi Katona (William Tracy), an ambitious, precocious delivery boy. One morning, Kralik reveals to Pirovitch that he's been corresponding anonymously with an intelligent and cultured woman whose ad he came across in the newspaper.


title: The Shop Around the Corner

text: Kralik is Mr. Matuschek's oldest and most trusted employee, but lately there has been tension between the two. They get into an argument over Mr. Matuschek's idea to sell a cigarette box that plays "Ochi Chërnye" when opened. After their exchange, Klara Novak (Margaret Sullavan) enters the gift shop looking for a job. Kralik tells her there are no openings, but when she is able to sell one of the cigarette boxes (as a candy box), Mr. Matuschek hires her. However, she and Kralik do not get along.


title: The Shop Around the Corner

text: Mr. Matuschek begins to suspect his wife is having an affair as she stays out late and requests money from him.


title: The Shop Around the Corner

text: As Christmas approaches, Kralik is preparing to meet his mystery correspondent for a dinner date. The meeting is stalled when Mr. Matuschek demands that everyone stay after work to decorate the shop. Later Kralik is called into Mr. Matuschek's office and is fired. No one in the shop understands Mr. Matuschek's actions are related to his suspicions that Kralik is having an affair with his wife. Later, Mr. Matuschek meets with a private investigator who informs him that his wife is having an affair with one of his employees—Ferencz Vadas. Pepi returns to the shop just in time to prevent Mr. Matuschek from committing suicide.


title: The Shop Around the Corner

text: Meanwhile, Kralik arrives at the Cafe Nizza, where he discovers that his mystery woman is Novak. Despite his disappointment, Kralik goes in and talks with her, pretending he is there to meet Pirovitch. In his mind, Kralik tries to reconcile the cultured woman of his letters with his annoying coworker—secretly hoping that things might work out with her. Concerned that Kralik's presence will spoil her first meeting with her "far superior" mystery correspondent, she calls Kralik a "little insignificant clerk" and asks him to leave.


title: The Shop Around the Corner

text: Later that night, Kralik goes to the hospital to visit Mr. Matuschek, who offers him a job as manager of Matuschek and Company. Grateful to Pepi for saving his life, Mr. Matuschek promotes him to clerk. The next day, Novak calls in sick after her mystery man failed to show. That night, Kralik visits her at her apartment. During his visit, she receives a letter from her correspondent and reads it in front of Kralik (who wrote the letter).


title: The Shop Around the Corner

text: Two weeks later, on Christmas Eve, Matuschek and Company achieves record sales. Kralik and Miss Novak, alone in the shop, talk about their planned dates for the evening and Miss Novak reveals that she had a crush on Kralik when they first met. After pretending to have met Novak's mystery man, Kralik puts a red carnation in his lapel and reveals to her that he is her mystery correspondent and they kiss.


title: The Shop Around the Corner

text: "The Shop Around the Corner" has a 99% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 93 reviews, with a weighted average of 8.8/10. The critical consensus states: "Deftly directed by Ernst Lubitsch from a smart, funny script by Samson Raphaelson, "The Shop Around the Corner" is a romantic comedy in the finest sense of the term." Dave Kehr argued Lubitsch makes "brilliant deployment of point of view, allowing the audience to enter the perceptions of each character at exactly the right moment to develop maximum sympathy and suspense." It ranked 202nd in the British Film Institute's 2012 "Sight & Sound" critics' poll of the greatest films ever made, having garnered eight critics' votes. The work was also 58th in BBC's 2015 poll of the best American films.


title: The Shop Around the Corner

text: "The Shop Around the Corner" was dramatized in two half-hour broadcasts of "The Screen Guild Theater", first on September 29, 1940, with Margaret Sullavan and James Stewart, second on February 26, 1945, with Van Johnson and Phyllis Thaxter. It was also dramatized as a one-hour program on "Lux Radio Theater"s June 23, 1941 broadcast with Claudette Colbert and Don Ameche.


title: The Shop Around the Corner

text: The film spawned a musical remake, "In the Good Old Summertime" (1949), which stars Judy Garland and Van Johnson.


title: The Shop Around the Corner

text: The film "You've Got Mail" (1998), with Tom Hanks and Meg Ryan, revolves around two people who dislike each other while developing an anonymous romance by email correspondence. The film uses plot elements and dialogue lines similar to the 1940 film, especially during the first date. Screen credit of "You've Got Mail" is given to Miklós László for "Parfumerie" (the play on which the 1940 film is based), but in a nod to the earlier film, one of the protagonists of "You've Got Mail" owns a bookstore named "The Shop Around the Corner".


title: The Shop Around the Corner

text: The 1996 Indian Tamil-language romance film "Kadhal Kottai" directed by Agathiyan is an unofficial remake of "The Shop Around the Corner".


title: Luis Resto (boxer)

text: Luis Resto (born June 11, 1955) is a former boxer from The Bronx, New York, who was convicted of assault and conspiracy for his part in a cheating scandal.


title: Luis Resto (boxer)

text: A journeyman boxer all his career, Resto was convicted in 1986 and jailed for 2 and a half years, for assault, criminal possession of a weapon and conspiracy. Resto had illegally altered his gloves and replaced the padding with plaster, for a boxing match against Billy Collins Jr. This gave Resto such an unfair advantage that not only did Resto achieve an undeserved win over the better boxer Collins, but injured Collins to such a degree that he never boxed again and later died in an automobile crash.


title: Luis Resto (boxer)

text: Luis Resto was born in Juncos, Puerto Rico, and moved to the Bronx when he was nine years old. Late in his eighth grade year, he elbowed his math teacher in the face, and spent six months in a rehabilitation center for the mentally disturbed. Not long after getting out, an uncle signed him up for boxing lessons in a Bronx gym.


title: Luis Resto (boxer)

text: A two-time New York Golden Gloves amateur state champion in the welterweight division, Resto trained at the Police Athletic Leagues Lynch Center. He won both the 1975 and 1976 147 lb Golden Gloves Open Championships. Resto defeated Miguel Hernandez in the finals of the 1976 147 lb Open Championship.


title: Luis Resto (boxer)

text: Resto made his professional boxing debut on February 4, 1977 with a points defeat of Julio Chevalier. He scored his first professional knockout in his third professional fight, against Mike Lytell in May of the same year. Resto remained unbeaten with a 7-0 record until his eighth bout, a knockout loss to Bruce Curry in March 1978.


title: Luis Resto (boxer)

text: Through 29 fights Resto had compiled a record of 20-8-1, but with only eight wins by knockout, which made him appear to be a light-punching, high-level journeyman. Although he was ranked 10th in the world, he was practically unknown outside the New York area.


title: Luis Resto (boxer)

text: On June 16, 1983 Resto unexpectedly beat undefeated prospect Billy Collins Jr. at Madison Square Garden in New York City in a 10-round unanimous decision. The fight was the undercard for a bout between Roberto Durán and Davey Moore.


title: Luis Resto (boxer)

text: However, when Collins' father and trainer, Billy Sr., came to shake Resto's hand, he discovered that Resto's gloves felt thinner than normal. Screaming that he thought the gloves had no padding, Collins Sr. demanded that the New York State Athletic Commission impound the gloves. An investigation revealed that someone had removed an ounce of padding from each of his gloves then filled them with chalk. Collins' eyes were swollen shut by the end of the 10th round, and the rest of his face was so badly swollen that it was impossible to believe a light puncher could have inflicted such damage.


title: Luis Resto (boxer)

text: Collins suffered a torn iris and permanently blurred vision, ending his career. He died only months later when he drove his car into a culvert while intoxicated. Some commentators have speculated that the loss of his livelihood drove him into a downward spiral. Collins' father has since speculated that his son committed suicide.


title: Luis Resto (boxer)

text: After a month's investigation, the New York State Boxing Commission determined that Resto's trainer, Panama Lewis, had removed the padding from Resto's gloves. It also determined that Resto should have known the gloves were illegal. The commission suspended Resto's boxing license for at least a year. Since most state boxing commissions honor sanctions from other states, this effectively banned Resto from boxing in the United States for the duration of the ban. The commission subsequently changed its rules to prevent anything like what happened to Collins from ever happening again. Resto's win was subsequently changed to a no contest.


title: Luis Resto (boxer)

text: In 1986, Lewis and Resto were both put on trial and found guilty of assault, criminal possession of a weapon (Resto's hands) and conspiracy. Prosecutors charged that Resto had to have known the gloves were illegal, and therefore the bout amounted to an illegal 10-round assault. Prosecutors also argued that the plot was centered on a large amount of money bet on Resto by a third party, who had met with Lewis prior to the fight. Resto served 2 and a half years in prison.


title: Luis Resto (boxer)

text: After 15 years of trying to regain his license, he was finally allowed to work as a cornerman by New York State. For many years, he has lived in an apartment near the gym where he once trained, and has worked with youngsters there as well.


title: Luis Resto (boxer)

text: For almost a quarter-century, Resto publicly denied knowing that Lewis had tampered with the gloves. However, in 2007, Resto apologized to Collins's widow, Andrea Collins-Nile, who attempted to sue the state of New York for not protecting her late husband. Resto also told Collins-Nile that in addition to removing padding from the gloves, Lewis soaked his hand wraps in plaster of Paris. This caused the wraps to harden into plaster casts similar to those used to set broken bones, which greatly—and illegally—increased Resto's punching power. The hand wraps have never been confiscated. Resto also disclosed that Lewis would break apart pills used to treat asthma and pour the medicine into his water bottles, giving Resto greater lung capacity in the later rounds of a fight. Resto also visited Collins's gravesite and said, "I'm sorry for what I did to you." At a 2008 press conference, Resto said that he knew Lewis had taken the padding out of his gloves and had done so at least twice before. Resto said he did not protest at the time even though he knew it was wrong. "At the time, I was young," he said. "I went along." Resto was 28 years old at the time of the incident.


title: Luis Resto (boxer)

text: The 1983 incident and subsequent aftermath is covered in the Showtime documentary "Assault in the Ring". During this documentary, Resto appeared to confirm law enforcement's theory that the incident was rooted in large bets on him.


title: Clementine (The Walking Dead)

text: Clementine is a fictional character in "The Walking Dead" episodic adventure video game series and Clementine, a spin-off of the Robert Kirkman comic of the same name and developed by Telltale Games. An original character developed by Telltale for the video game series, she is the series' main protagonist and one of the playable characters. She is voiced by Melissa Hutchison and was written by several people, including Gary Whitta.


title: Clementine (The Walking Dead)

text: Clementine is introduced in the first season as a young girl, left in the care of her babysitter Sandra while her parents are out of town, at the start of the zombie apocalypse. She is found and cared for by Lee Everett, another survivor, who tries to help her find her parents, and becomes a father-figure to her, teaching her how to survive. Lee is eventually bitten, and after a tearful goodbye, Clementine travels with other groups. Over several years, she becomes a guardian to Alvin Jr. (AJ for short), a child whose parents died in the apocalypse, and comes to raise him as Lee did with her.


title: Clementine (The Walking Dead)

text: Clementine was considered an emotional centerpiece of "The Walking Dead" game, and several journalists expressed caring for her fate in a way that few other games have been able to capture. Following Telltale's sudden closure in the midst of releasing "", Kirkman acquired the game's assets and brought some of the Telltale staff on to finish the season within his company Skybound Entertainment, as he felt it was necessary to give closure to Clementine's story. The character subsequently appeared in the 2021 series "Skybound X" and appear later in the comic book of the same name by Tillie Walden in 2022.


title: Clementine (The Walking Dead)

text: Clementine first appeared in the 2012 episodic video game "The Walking Dead". According to the game's creative lead Sean Vanaman, Clementine was "literally the first idea" for developing the game, with her emotional climax at the finale of the fifth episode being established before any of the game's other dialogue was written. The development team had considered the inclusion of a child in a dark storyline to be similar to previous story elements from Robert Kirkman's "The Walking Dead" comic, but still had a difficult time of selling the concept originally. They then set to use Clementine as the "moral compass" for the main player character, establishing her as a "smart, honest, and capable girl" that would reflect on choices made by the player. Telltale had considered other backgrounds for Clementine, such as being from a single-parent family, or being the younger sister of the player character, but found that the pre-established emotional bond between the characters did not fit well, and instead opted to make Lee Everett her father-figure. This led to changing Clementine's race to African-American to give her the appearance of possibly being Lee's daughter to other characters.


title: Clementine (The Walking Dead)

text: Clementine's design was based on art director Derek Sakai's own daughter. Sakai described her as having "a crazy sense of fashion", selecting beloved clothing items to wear regularly. As such, Clementine was given an iconic baseball hat that serves as her connection to her parents. Sakai provided Vanaman with other advice from his fatherhood, offering that Clementine would appear smarter if she did not say as much, while still pointing out character flaws should one get out of line. Much of the game focuses on changes to Clementine's appearances and personality as she comes to grips with the new reality of the zombie-infested world. At the start of the game, Clementine is wearing a clean white dress, but it becomes dirty and soiled throughout the game, "reflecting her loss of innocence", according to Sakai.


title: Clementine (The Walking Dead)

text: Melissa Hutchison, a voice actress that had previously worked on other Telltale games, was selected to be the voice for Clementine. Prior auditions were held, but Vanaman found that children could not grasp the emotion of the role while adults were not able to get the voice as they intended for the character; at one point, for lack of a suitable actress, Vanaman felt that "we were going to have to take Clementine out of the game". Hutchison was able to relate to the character of Clementine, as her life mirrored that of the character, and easily fell into the role of the character during auditions, securing her as the voice for Clementine.


title: Clementine (The Walking Dead)

text: The bond between Clementine and Lee was considered instrumental to the game by Telltale. Gary Whitta described Lee's and Clementine's relationship as "emotionally authentic". To build this relation, Clementine was introduced as early as possible within the first episode; the specific scene of Lee having to deal with Clementine's zombified babysitter was specifically to highlight Clementine's likability, resourcefulness, and vulnerability. The writers carefully had to balance elements in this scene, as if, for example, Clementine appeared to be annoying to the player, the emotional bond would be absent and the player would likely make choices without caring about Clementine's fate. Writer Jake Rodkin stated that the difficulties of writing a child character that the player wouldn't want to abandon led to serious discussion about dropping Clementine late in the development process, a week before voice recording was to start. The game designer and writer Harrison G. Pink commented that the in-game decisions were not meant to be good because there couldn't be an optimal play-through. Clementine made those decisions even more difficult, since her presence forces the player to consider protecting her on another level. "It gets way more blurred when you involve Clementine," Pink said. "You have these decisions that are probably the right decisions for the group--she's watching, but then maybe she needs to understand this, but I might scare her because she'll think I'm a crazy person. There's no wrong choice, if you can justify it and it feels properly motivated to you, it's a valid choice."


title: Clementine (The Walking Dead)

text: With the game's second season, Clementine becomes the playable character, a choice that allowed them to continue the themes of the first season while introducing new characters and situations for the second. Telltale was first challenged to try to make Clementine feel like the character that the player, through making decisions as Lee, had groomed. One method this was resolved by was to create the first scenario of the game to put the player in control of Clementine's actions that have disastrous results (the death of one character and being separated from another) as to make the player felt as if they had made those choices and separating them from familiar characters. Further, they had to consider how to present Clementine as a character that could make substantial changes on the world and characters around her despite being a child.


title: Clementine (The Walking Dead)

text: Telltale had intended for "" to be their final game featuring Clementine. As they were in the midst of developing and releasing this season, the studio suffered from a major financial crisis, forcing them to lay off nearly all of their staff and shutter existing projects. On this news, Robert Kirkman and others at Skybound Entertainment considered how they could finish the game, as Kirkman felt it was necessary to complete Clementine's story. Skybound brought in a portion of the former Telltale staff that had been working on "The Final Season" to complete the remaining episodes. In the one-shot spin-off "Negan Lives" comic published in July 2020, Kirkman ended the comic with a letter to the series fans, closing it with "P.S. Clementine Lives", which was taken as a hint that Kirkman may be involved with a means of re-introducing Clementine to "The Walking Dead" world. Kirkman again alluded to a possible future work involving Clementine at the 2020 virtual New York Comic Con. An issue of Image Comics' "Skybound X", featuring stories from various Skybound properties, including one story around Clementine in "The Walking Dead" universe, was published in July 2021.


title: Clementine (The Walking Dead)

text: A three-book series, titled "Clementine", released by Skybound starting in June 22, 2022. The series is being drawn and written by Tillie Walden. Clementine makes a cameo appearance in the 2021 remaster of "", with Hutchinson reprising her voice role.


title: Clementine (The Walking Dead)

text: Clementine is introduced when Lee Everett takes shelter in her suburban home in Georgia to find refuge from zombies (referred to in-universe as walkers). She is revealed to be hiding from the walkers alone in a tree house as her parents had left for Savannah some time before the apocalypse. Lee offers to take and protect Clementine, hoping that they will be able to find her parents.


title: Clementine (The Walking Dead)

text: They eventually join a small group of survivors, which include Kenny, his wife Katjaa and his son Kenny "Duck" Jr. Following several weeks struggling to survive, the survivors decide to head to Savannah, believing that if they can find a boat, they can find safety away from the mainland. En route, Kenny and Lee are forced to euthanize Duck or leave him to re-animate after he is bitten by a walker, causing Katjaa to kill herself. Lee starts to help Clementine learn survival skills such as how to use a gun and why she needs to keep her hair short. As they near Savannah, Clementine's walkie-talkie goes off, and an unknown man tells her to come to meet him at the hotel downtown, the same hotel her parents would have been at.


title: Clementine (The Walking Dead)

text: The survivors meet other people still alive in Savannah and eventually they find a boat. The group prepares to leave but Clementine and the boat go missing, and Lee in his haste to find her is bitten by a walker. Lee convinces the remaining survivors, including Kenny and friends Omid and Christa, to help locate Clementine. Kenny is lost during a walker attack, while Lee ends up separated from Omid and Christa. Lee goes to the hotel to find Clementine held hostage by an insane man who blames Lee for his family's death. They work together to kill the man and escape. Lee covers Clementine and himself in walker guts to mask their scent and as they walk through a horde they find Clementine's parents, both turned. Lee passes out and Clementine drags him into a nearby shelter. Knowing he is about to turn, Lee gives Clementine some last pieces of advice and tells her to meet Omid and Christa. He then asks her to kill him or leave him (a choice left to the player). Later, Clementine has safely left the city, and she sees two figures on the horizon who notice her.


title: Clementine (The Walking Dead)

text: "Season Two" starts some months after the end of the first season. Clementine has regrouped with Omid and Christa, but her carelessness at a rest stop causes Omid to be killed by a scavenger. Sixteen months later, she and Christa are separated by another scavenger attack, and Clementine joins another group of survivors living in a cabin. She learns that this group is being tracked by a man named William Carver, who believes that one member of the group, Rebecca, is carrying his child.


title: Clementine (The Walking Dead)

text: The cabin survivors move north, hoping to reach the rumored safe place called Wellington. They find a ski lodge inhabited by another group, where Clementine finds Kenny alive. During a walker attack, the combined groups are saved by the sudden appearance of Carver and his minions, who take the survivors as their prisoners to a well-fortified department store. Seeing Carver's ruthlessness leads three other survivors, Jane, Mike, and Bonnie, to join Clementine and the others in plotting an escape before the store is overrun by a mass of walkers. Clementine aids in their escape, and Kenny kills Carver.


title: Clementine (The Walking Dead)

text: As they flee, Kenny's girlfriend Sarita is bit by a walker and dies. When they regroup, Kenny is distraught and refuses to talk to anyone, but he is convinced to help Rebecca give birth to her baby, which is later named Alvin Jr. or AJ. Jane takes interest in Clementine, and like Lee before, helps to teach her some survival skills. The group continues northward despite Rebecca's worsening health. They are ambushed by a group of Russian immigrants, leading to a Mexican standoff. Clementine sees that Rebecca has succumbed to exhaustion and blood loss from the birth, has died but is now re-animating as a walker, and she or Kenny are forced to shoot her to save AJ. This sets off the gunfight, but the group manages to kill the other Russians, and they force the sole Russian survivor, named Arvo, to take them to shelter. As they cross a frozen lake, their added weight causes the ice to break and one of their members, Luke, to fall through and drown.


title: Clementine (The Walking Dead)

text: Later that evening, Clementine discovers Arvo and others attempting to sneak away, due to being afraid of Kenny's rage, which leads to Arvo shooting Clementine, causing her to faint. When she wakes she finds herself with Kenny, Jane, and AJ heading north in a truck. They are forced to stop as a snowstorm approaches with the road blocked ahead, and Kenny goes to look for a way around; while he is gone, a walker horde appears, and Clementine is separated from Jane and AJ but finds shelter in a nearby rest stop where she finds Kenny. Jane appears and implies that AJ has been killed, causing Kenny to attack her. The two struggle and Clementine are forced to have one or both of them die. After the fight, she finds AJ safely hidden in a nearby car as part of Jane's plan to expose Kenny's temperament and convince Clementine to abandon him with her. The player can either decide for Clementine to leave with AJ alone or be accompanied by the survivor of the fight. If Kenny is chosen, the player may either choose to have Clementine enter Wellington with AJ alone or to continue traveling with Kenny. If Jane is chosen, the pair return to the department store. If Jane is killed and Clementine shoots Kenny or if Clementine shot Kenny and abandons Jane, she will go alone.


title: Clementine (The Walking Dead)

text: Clementine is one of the two playable characters in the third season of the series "A New Frontier". The game takes place a few years after the second season, where several events have occurred to her depending on which ending the player chooses in it. She will have a scar on her forehead, a scar on her left cheek, an "AJ" brand on her left hand or a missing left ringfinger depending on which of the events occur. She currently tends to AJ, now a toddler.


title: Clementine (The Walking Dead)

text: Clementine's history since the end of "Season Two" is told in flashbacks throughout "A New Frontier". If she and AJ had gone with Kenny, she would spend the next two years together with Kenny, who would take care of both of them and became a father-figure for the two, and in one day after two years, Clementine accidentally crashes a car while being taught how to drive by Kenny who is subsequently paralyzed from the waist down. He sacrifices himself to walkers as Clementine and AJ flee from the crash site. If Clementine had gone with Jane, she lives with her at the department store for a short time until Jane commits suicide after finding out she is pregnant. If Clementine stayed at Wellington, she and AJ will be cared for by their guardian Edith for the next two years, and when a hostile group attacks Wellington, Clementine is grazed by a bullet escaping from Wellington's destruction by the same hostile group, with her losing Edith. If traveling alone with AJ her finger is broken in a car door and she is forced to amputate it. No matter what the player chooses she will eventually end up tending for AJ alone. She encounters Ava, a woman who tells her about joining a group called the New Frontier.


title: Clementine (The Walking Dead)

text: Within the present of "A New Frontier", Clementine had become a member of the New Frontier, but was exiled after stealing medicine from the group's doctor in an attempt to save a deathly ill AJ, a history she keeps quiet from others. She rescues Javier while trying to acquire a working vehicle and stays with him to help rescue his family at a nearby junkyard. They get into a conflict with other members of the New Frontier, and ultimately Clementine and Javier are forced to travel to Richmond, a fortified town that has been taken over by the New Frontier. Clementine helps Javier to assure his family's well-being and defuse the issues with the New Frontier and other survivor outposts. She learns that AJ is being kept at a ranch outside of town, and takes her leave to recover him.


title: Clementine (The Walking Dead)

text: "The Final Season" is the closure of Clementine's narrative arc in the series. Some years after the events of "A New Frontier", Clementine and AJ, who is now a young boy, are traveling on their own. After stumbling into a walker horde, they are rescued by Marlon, the leader of a group of children from the abandoned Ericson boarding school. Clementine uses her time in the school to get to know the other children while helping them for sustainability and protection. Eventually, Clementine finds out that Marlon traded two of the school's residents, twin sisters Minerva and Sophie, to a group of raiders that threatened the school in exchange for safety and intends to do the same with her and AJ should they return. Clementine pressures Marlon to reveal the truth to the other kids, only for him to be shot and killed by AJ.


title: Clementine (The Walking Dead)

text: Some of the other kids vote for Clementine and AJ to leave the school, where in its outskirts they run into the raiders, one of them being Lilly, an old acquaintance of Clementine from their survivor group in the first season. Lilly threatens Clementine to return to the school and convince the rest of the children to join her group. Clementine and AJ escape with the help of James, a former member of the Whisperers, although AJ is shot and wounded. Clementine takes AJ back to Ericson for medical treatment and warns the kids of Lilly's incoming attack, helping them prepare by fortifying the school. Two weeks later, the raiders arrive. Despite the children's efforts to fight back, the raiders manage to kidnap some of them.