title: Beaverton, Oregon

text: In 2006, the Murrayhill Little League baseball team qualified for the 2006 Little League World Series, the first Oregon team in 48 years to go that far. Murrayhill advanced to the semi-finals before losing; the third-place game was rained out and not rescheduled. In addition, a Junior Softball team from Beaverton went to 2006 World Series in Kirkland, Washington, ending in sixth place.


title: Beaverton, Oregon

text: In 2002, Beaverton's Little League Softball team took second place to Waco, Texas, in the Little League Softball World Series.


title: Beaverton, Oregon

text: In January 2013, Beaverton became the first city in Oregon to have an ice rink dedicated to the sport of curling, the Evergreen Curling Club. In January 2017, the Evergreen Curling Club hosted the United States Curling Association Senior Women's National Championship.


title: Beaverton, Oregon

text: The public schools of Beaverton are part of the Beaverton School District. There are six public high schools in the district – Aloha High School, Beaverton High School, Mountainside High School, Southridge High School, Sunset High School, and Westview High School. It also has several public option schools serving grades 6-12 like the International School of Beaverton, Arts and Communication Magnet Academy, and Beaverton Academy of Science and Engineering. Merlo Station High School is another alternative learning school within the district. Private schools in the area include


title: Beaverton, Oregon

text: Fire protection is provided through Tualatin Valley Fire and Rescue. EMS services are provided by Metro West Ambulance.


title: Beaverton, Oregon

text: Beaverton is served by transit bus, commuter rail, and light rail services operated by the Portland metropolitan area's regional transit agency, TriMet. MAX Light Rail serves the city with seven light rail stations; from west to east, they are: , , , , , Beaverton Transit Center, and Sunset Transit Center. The MAX Blue Line serves all seven stations while the MAX Red Line serves only Beaverton Transit Center and Sunset Transit Center. Beaverton Transit Center, TriMet's busiest transit center, in addition to MAX, serves as a transit hub for bus routes mostly operating on the west side and as the northern terminus of WES Commuter Rail. , the second station southbound on WES, is also located in Beaverton. Intercity bus services with stops in Beaverton include POINT and TCTD.


title: Beaverton, Oregon

text: Oregon Electric and Red Electric interurban lines once served the city in the early 20th century. In the 1940s, Tualatin Valley Stages, a division of Portland Stages, Inc., provided limited bus transit service between the city and downtown Portland; it operated later as a separate company, Tualatin Valley Buses, Inc., through the 1960s. This was one of four privately owned bus companies that served the Portland metropolitan area and were collectively known as the "Blue Bus" lines. All four companies were replaced in 1970 by TriMet, which expanded bus service to cover more areas of Beaverton.


title: Beaverton, Oregon

text: The city is the location of a major freeway interchange for U.S. Route 26 (US 26; Sunset Highway) and Oregon Route 217 (OR 217). The Sunset Highway connects Beaverton to Hillsboro and the Oregon Coast to the west and Portland to the east. OR 217 travels from Beaverton south through Tigard and terminates at an interchange with Interstate 5 (I-5).


title: Three Colours: Red

text: Three Colours: Red (, ) is a 1994 romantic mystery film co-written, produced and directed by Polish filmmaker Krzysztof Kieślowski. It is the final installment of the "Three Colours trilogy", which examines the French Revolutionary ideals; it is preceded by "" and "". Kieślowski had announced that this would be his final film, which proved true with the director's sudden death in 1996. "Red" is about fraternity, which it examines by showing characters whose lives gradually become closely interconnected, with bonds forming between two characters who appear to have little in common.


title: Three Colours: Red

text: "Red" was released to universal critical acclaim and was nominated for three Academy Awards, including Best Director for Kieślowski. It was also selected as the Swiss entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 67th Academy Awards, but was disqualified for not being a majority-Swiss production.


title: Three Colours: Red

text: As of 2022, it is one of only two films to receive perfect ratings on both Rotten Tomatoes and Metacritic, along with "Fanny and Alexander".


title: Three Colours: Red

text: Valentine Dussaut is a student at the University of Geneva and works as a part-time model. She frequently calls her possessive boyfriend, who is abroad, and plans to meet him in London. For her modelling job, she poses for a chewing-gum ad campaign and a photo of her displaying sad emotions is selected.


title: Three Colours: Red

text: While walking back home, Auguste, a law student neighbour of Valentine's, drops his textbooks and one book falls open at a particular chapter of the Criminal Code, which he notes. After a modeling engagement, while driving back to her apartment, Valentine accidentally hits and injures a Malinois (Belgian shepherd) dog named Rita. She tracks down the owner, a retired judge, Joseph Kern, but he seems unconcerned so Valentine takes Rita to a veterinarian, where she learns that the dog is pregnant. She decides to keep the dog. At the photographer's studio, she selects her preferred picture and overcomes the sexual advances made by the ad company's photographer. Later, money is delivered to her apartment from an unnamed sender.


title: Three Colours: Red

text: Out for a walk the next day, Valentine unleashes Rita who runs off, leading Valentine, in her car, back to Kern's house. After confirming that he sent the money for the vet expenses, he says she should keep the dog. As Kern gave her more than the vet's expenses, she gives him back the money. He gives her one of the notes and says he will get some change from the house. Valentine waits outside, but then goes into the house and discovers that Kern is eavesdropping on a male neighbour's sexual telephone conversation with his male lover. She tries to convey to him her concerns about respecting the privacy of his neighbour, but the judge challenges Valentine to reveal the eavesdropping to the neighbour and that it is he. She goes to do so, but is horrified, not only to encounter the man's unsuspecting wife, but also to witness their young daughter listening to the same conversation on the telephone extension. Upon her return to Kern's house, he reveals to her that he is a judge and that his actions of spying or not spying and her actions of telling or not telling make no difference to the eventual outcome of other people's lives. As the conversation goes on, Valentine reveals that her brother was fathered by someone other than her biological father. Before leaving, Valentine also hears a conversation between Auguste, a law student and his girlfriend, Karin, neither of whom she has met and Kern shows her another neighbour whom he suspects is a drug trafficker. Auguste passes his exam to become a judge and credits his success to the dropped textbook.


title: Three Colours: Red

text: That evening, Kern writes a series of letters to his neighbours and the court confessing his spying activities whereupon the community files a class action lawsuit. Later, at the courts, Kern sees Karin flirting with another man. When Valentine confronts Kern, he says he was prompted to confess by her feeling of disgust towards his spying. They discuss the nature of altruism when Kern recounts a case in which he mistakenly acquitted a sailor, only to see him live a life free of crime. Valentine asks if he has ever loved or been loved. Kern evades the question and, instead talks about a dream he had the night before in which Valentine was 40 or 50 years old living a very happy life. During their conversation a stone, thrown by a neighbour, breaks the window and Kern has to replace a blown light bulb.


title: Three Colours: Red

text: Auguste has been unable to reach Karin by telephone since his graduation so he drives to her flat and climbs up the building. Through the window, he sees her having sex with another man and leaves. He takes his grief out on his dog and, at one stage, after seeing Karin with her new man looking at photos in a cafe, abandons the dog at a lamppost. Kern calls Karin's 'Personal Weather Service' to ask her about the weather for the English Channel, which she predicts will be clear. She is happy about this as she is about to sail there herself soon with her new boyfriend who owns a yacht.


title: Three Colours: Red

text: The day before Valentine leaves for England, she invites Kern to her fashion show. Stormy weather is gathering and Kern seems to sense that Valentine will soon be in danger from it. After the show, the two have coffee at the theatre and their conversation turns again to Kern's doomed love life. His story betrays echoes of Auguste's recent life, including the infidelity and the dropped textbook. He says that the girl he loved died in an accident after he followed her across the English Channel and that his last case as a judge pitted him against his ex-girlfriend's lover. By coincidence, Auguste's first case as a judge is Kern's trial. Kern tells Valentine in more detail about the dream he had about her. In the dream, she is 50 years old and happy and with a man she loves. As they say goodbye, Kern and Valentine plan to meet again in three weeks' time when Kern will give her one of Rita's puppies.


title: Three Colours: Red

text: Finally, Valentine boards the ferry to England. Auguste also boards the ferry, reunited with his dog. As they both search the ferry for their seat locations, Valentine and Auguste come within close proximity of each other when they ask a ferry employee for directions. Kern is tending to the puppies when he learns that a storm has hit the English Channel and both the ferry and the yacht have sunk. Watching the television coverage of the incident, it is revealed only seven survivors are pulled from the ferry - a barman, Julie and Olivier from "", Karol and Dominique from "", Auguste (without his dog) and finally Valentine. Kern is relieved upon seeing the news and looks out of his broken window. The final image is a television freeze-frame of Valentine during the rescue of ferry passengers, that closely resembles the ad poster, but with real emotion showing on her face.


title: Three Colours: Red

text: Kieslowski stated that "Red" was the most difficult film of the trilogy to write: "I've got everything I need to put across what I want to say, which is really quite complicated. Therefore, if the idea I've got in mind doesn't come across, it meant that either film is too primitive a medium to support such a construction or that all of us put together haven't got enough talent for it." The main theme of the score, "Bolero", was written before any filming took place. According to the filmmakers, it was meant to symbolize events that occur repeatedly in people's lives.


title: Three Colours: Red

text: As in the previous two films, a single color dominates: numerous objects in the film are bright red, including the huge advertising banner featuring Valentine's facial profile. Several images recur throughout the film. Characters are often juxtaposed on different physical levels. The scenes between Valentine and Kern at his house never show the characters on the same level: Valentine either stands above him or sits below him. When Karin searches for Auguste, he hides on a walkway below her. During the climactic scene in the theater, Valentine stands on the stage, towering over Kern who is in the pit below. Telephone communication is important throughout, and so is broken glass (when Kern reveals his eavesdropping, his neighbors throw rocks through his windows, and at the end of the film Kern watches Valentine and Auguste on the news while watching the outside world through broken glass). Also, when Valentine is bowling, the camera moves down the line to where there sits a broken glass next to a packet of Marlboro cigarettes, which is the brand that Auguste smokes.


title: Three Colours: Red

text: Biblical references relating to the Gospel of Matthew are also evident. The old man can be pictured as an Old Testament archetype, a God-like figure. Exploring biblical ideas in Red the questions of the judge being a ‘God’ figure is probably the one that has been explored most often. That he is as an Old Testament God, control over the wind and seas and predicts about people future. This film also depicts topics of the Philosophy of Law and the manner in which man acts in society, the relationship between the law, ethics and socially acceptable behavior and how not all of them coincide, particularly in the reflections by Judge Kern and some symbols related to Auguste.


title: Three Colours: Red

text: Roger Ebert interpreted the film as an anti-romance, in parallel with "Blue" being an anti-tragedy and "White" being an anti-comedy.


title: Three Colours: Red

text: "Three Colors: Red" received overwhelmingly positive reviews. It holds both a 100 out of 100 rating on Metacritic and a 100% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 54 reviews, with an average rating of 8.70/10. Rotten Tomatoes' critical consensus reads, "A complex, stirring, and beautifully realized portrait of interconnected lives, "Red" is the captivating conclusion to a remarkable trilogy."


title: Three Colours: Red

text: Film critic Geoff Andrew responded positively in "Time Out London": "While Kieślowski dips into various interconnecting lives, the central drama is the electrifying encounter between Valentine—caring, troubled—and the judge, whose tendency to play God fails to match, initially, the girl's compassion. It's a film about destiny and chance, solitude and communication, cynicism and faith, doubt and desire; about lives affected by forces beyond rationalization. The assured direction avoids woolly mysticism by using material resources—actors, color, movement, composition, sound—to illuminate abstract concepts. Stunningly beautiful, powerfully scored and immaculately performed, the film is virtually flawless, and one of the very greatest cinematic achievements of the last few decades. A masterpiece." The film was included in the "San Francisco Chronicle" "Hot 100 Films From the Past" in 1997.


title: Lucha Underground

text: Lucha Underground was an American professional wrestling promotion founded in 2014 by United Artists Media Group. Partly owned by Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide (AAA), "Lucha Underground" also refers to its weekly television program, which featured characters portrayed by wrestlers from the American and Mexican independent circuits. The series originally aired in English on El Rey Network and in Spanish on UniMás.


title: Lucha Underground

text: The series was developed by Mark Burnett and Robert Rodriguez and produced by United Artists, MGM Television, and One Three Media. It premiered on October 29, 2014 and aired until November 7, 2018, consisting of four seasons for a total of 127 episodes. It was set and filmed in Boyle Heights and Downtown Los Angeles, California, while the series later forged creative and production partnerships with other North American promotions.


title: Lucha Underground

text: "Lucha Underground" received generally positive reviews throughout its run, with praise for its action, characters, and cinematic presentation, with critics noting its departure from professional wrestling tropes of legitimate sporting contests. The series had moderate viewership in its first two seasons, but the third and fourth season saw fluctuations in viewership after it was made available on Netflix prior to the fourth season premiere. The series was eventually cancelled due to budget concerns.


title: Lucha Underground

text: In January 2014, it was confirmed Mark Burnett would partner with Robert Rodriguez's El Rey Network to launch a weekly hour-long professional wrestling television series in the second half of the year; it would be affiliated with the Mexican wrestling promotion Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide (AAA). In July, it was tentatively titled "Lucha: Uprising", before officially announced as "Lucha Underground" in August, with AAA wrestlers Blue Demon Jr., Pentagón Jr., Sexy Star, Fénix, and Drago joining the cast. It was to be narrated by Matt Striker and Vampiro and began filming on September 6 in front of a studio audience in Boyle Heights, California.


title: Lucha Underground

text: The series premiered on October 29, 2014, on the El Rey Network where it aired on Wednesdays at 8:00 p.m. E.T., and in Spanish on November 1, 2014, on UniMás where it aired on Saturdays at 4:00 p.m. E.T.


title: Lucha Underground

text: Johnny Mundo won the main event of the pilot episode. Prince Puma was the first Lucha Underground Champion after winning the first Aztec Warfare match on January 7, 2015. On April 22, Ivelisse, Son of Havoc, and Angélico became the first Lucha Underground Trios Champions after winning the inaugural Trios Tournament. The season's two-part finale, Ultima Lucha, which doubled as the promotion's first annual special event, received acclaim. "Lucha Underground" was subsequently renewed for a second season on September 21, 2015.


title: Lucha Underground

text: The second season began production on November 14, 2015, and premiered on January 27, 2016. Prior to filming, it was leaked the series had been renewed for a third season; El Rey announced the renewal on February 1, 2016. During this period, Lucha Underground began a collaborative partnership with the International Wrestling Syndicate (IWS), and held its first touring event, Austin Warfare, in Austin, Texas, as part of South by Southwest in 2016. The promotion was also represented by different teams at three editions of the Lucha Libre World Cup, between 2015 and 2017.


title: Lucha Underground

text: On November 10, 2017, it was announced "Lucha Underground" had been renewed for a fourth season to premiere in 2018. In February 2018, filming was moved to Downtown Los Angeles, while Lucha Underground entered into a working relationship with Impact Wrestling, holding a joint promotional event on Twitch on April 6. The fourth season premiered on June 13, and concluded on November 7, after which producer Eric van Wagenen stated that the series had amassed budget concerns, and would require "a major reboot on a lot of levels" to produce a fifth season.


title: Lucha Underground

text: A fifth season was not produced in 2019, and in a 2020 interview with Chris Van Vliet, Vampiro stated the series was effectively cancelled, and the promotion dissolved.


title: Lucha Underground

text: In the Fall of 2020, Major League Wrestling (MLW) began incorporating story elements from "Lucha Underground" into an angle on their weekly television series, "MLW Fusion". Talent formally associated with "Lucha Underground" were brought into MLW as part of the Azteca Underground stable. The stable would later become the central focus of MLW's mini-series, "Fusion: Alpha", which premiered on September 22, 2021.


title: Lucha Underground

text: In June 2021, Dave Meltzer reported that MLW would begin taping content in Los Angeles for a spinoff series that would "resemble "Lucha Underground"" with plans to film vignettes in the summer and matches in the fall. It would later be revealed on August 4, 2021 that MLW had signed a deal to produce a new series centered around Azteca Underground, featuring a different roster from that seen on "MLW Fusion". In an update during "Wrestling Observer Radio" on November 1, 2021, Meltzer reported that tapings for the series were cancelled because MLW was unable to secure a TV deal. However, the MLW Azteca/The Crash show, which took place on December 3, 2021, would be taped for the "MLW Azteca" mini-series to premiere on January 6, 2022.


title: Lucha Underground

text: "Lucha Underground" was well received by critics. John Moore, from ProWrestling.net, praised the show for "[knowing] their identity and [weaving] together an amazing universe". "Lucha Underground" has also gained praise from media sites like Uproxx, which said "Lucha Underground" had two of the top ten matches of 2015. In 2015, the show was featured on ESPN's "SportsCenter" and won SoCal Uncensored's 2015 Southern California promotion of the year award, ending Pro Wrestling Guerrilla's 12 year streak of winning the award.


title: Lucha Underground

text: In comparison to WWE, "Sports Illustrated" described the promotion as "vastly different", with the show creating a "cinematic approach with supernatural elements and science fiction that also embeds wrestling psychology and storylines".


title: Lucha Underground

text: On February 6, 2019, it was reported that Jorge Luis Alcantar, who played King Cuerno, had filed a lawsuit in California against the El Rey Network and the Baba-G production company that made Lucha Underground. The lawsuit claimed that LU's contracts "illegally restricted" wrestlers from working in their "lawful profession," by blocking them working for other wrestling companies until their multi-year LU contracts expired. Production of the series ended in less than 4 years, despite producers signing some original cast member wrestlers to 5-year, exclusive contracts. Alcantar stated that wrestler pay was usually less than $1,000 per appearance, with some wrestling cast members earning only about $4,000 a year from the show. Alcantar's lawyer also revealed that he had filed a class action lawsuit against LU on behalf of other wrestlers, claiming their contracts, too, were illegal under California labor law. Other wrestlers Ivelisse Vélez, Joey Ryan and Melissa Cervantes (who played Kobra Moon) joined the class, seeking to invalidate their contracts. As of March 26, 2019, all lawsuits had been settled in the wrestlers' favor, and they were freed from their LU contracts.


title: 67th National Film Awards

text: The 67th National Film Awards were announced at a press meet on 22 March 2021 to honour the best Indian films certified in India between 1 January and 31 December 2019. The awards ceremony, at which the Directorate of Film Festivals presents its annual National Film Awards to honour the best in Indian cinema, was originally slated to be held on 3 May 2020. It was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and was presented on 25 October 2021.


title: 67th National Film Awards

text: The Directorate of Film Festivals invited online entries and the acceptable last date for entries was until 17 February 2020. Feature and Non-Feature Films certified by Central Board of Film Certification between 1 January 2019, and 31 December 2019, were eligible for the film award categories. Books, critical studies, reviews or articles on cinema published in Indian newspapers, magazines, and journals between 1 January 2019, and 31 December 2019, were eligible for the best writing on cinema section. Entries of dubbed, revised or copied versions of a film or translation, abridgements, edited or annotated works and reprints were ineligible for the awards.


title: 67th National Film Awards

text: For the Feature and Non-Feature Films sections, films in any Indian language, shot on 16 mm, 35 mm, a wider film gauge or a digital format, and released in cinemas, on video or digital formats for home viewing were eligible. Films were required to be certified as a feature film, a featurette or a Documentary/Newsreel/Non-Fiction by the Central Board of Film Certification.


title: 67th National Film Awards

text: Introduced in 1969, the Dadasaheb Phalke Award is the highest award given to recognise the contributions of film personalities towards the development of Indian cinema and for distinguished contributions to the medium, its growth and promotion."


title: 67th National Film Awards

text: A committee consisting five eminent personalities from Indian film industry was appointed to evaluate the lifetime achievement award, Dadasaheb Phalke Award. Following were the jury members:


title: 67th National Film Awards

text: The awards aim at encouraging study and appreciation of cinema as an art form and dissemination of information and critical appreciation of this art-form through a State Government Policy.


title: 67th National Film Awards

text: National Film Awards are also given to the best films in the regional languages of India. Awards for the regional languages are categorised as per their mention in the Eighth schedule of the Constitution of India. Awardees included producers and directors of the film. No films in languages other than those specified in the Schedule VIII of the Constitution were eligible.


title: 67th National Film Awards

text: Short Films made in any Indian language and certified by the Central Board of Film Certification as a documentary/newsreel/fiction are eligible for non-feature film section.


title: 67th National Film Awards

text: The awards aim at encouraging study and appreciation of cinema as an art form and dissemination of information and critical appreciation of this art-form through publication of books, articles, reviews etc.


title: 67th National Film Awards

text: A committee of three, headed by Utpal Borpujari was appointed to evaluate the nominations for the best writing on Indian cinema. The jury members were as follows:


title: 67th National Film Awards

text: All the awardees are awarded with the Golden Lotus Award (Swarna Kamal) accompanied with a cash prize.


title: Photojournalism

text: Photojournalism is journalism that uses images to tell a news story. It usually only refers to still images, but can also refer to video used in broadcast journalism. Photojournalism is distinguished from other close branches of photography (such as documentary photography, social documentary photography, war photography, street photography and celebrity photography) by having a rigid ethical framework which demands an honest but impartial approach that tells a story in strictly journalistic terms. Photojournalists contribute to the news media, and help communities connect with one other. They must be well-informed and knowledgeable, and are able to deliver news in a creative manner that is both informative and entertaining.


title: Photojournalism

text: Similar to a writer, a photojournalist is a reporter, but they must often make decisions instantly and carry photographic equipment, often while exposed to significant obstacles, among them immediate physical danger, bad weather, large crowds, and limited physical access to their subjects.


title: Photojournalism

text: The practice of illustrating news stories with photographs was made possible by printing and photography innovations that occurred in the mid 19th century. Although early illustrations had appeared in newspapers, such as an illustration of the funeral of Lord Horatio Nelson in "The Times" (1806), the first weekly illustrated newspaper was the "Illustrated London News", first printed in 1842. The illustrations were printed with the use of engravings.


title: Photojournalism

text: The first photograph to be used in illustration of a newspaper story was a depiction of barricades in Paris during the June Days uprising taken on 25 June 1848; the photo was published as an engraving in L'Illustration of 1–8 July 1848.


title: Photojournalism

text: During the Crimean War, the "ILN" pioneered the birth of early photojournalism by printing pictures of the war that had been taken by Roger Fenton. Fenton was the first official war photographer and his work included documenting the effects of the war on the troops, panoramas of the landscapes where the battles took place, model representations of the action, and portraits of commanders, which laid the groundwork for modern photojournalism. Other photographers of the war included William Simpson and Carol Szathmari. Similarly, the American Civil War photographs of Mathew Brady were engraved before publication in "Harper's Weekly." The technology had not yet developed to the point of being able to print photographs in newspapers, which greatly restricted the audience of Brady's photographs. However, it was still common for photographs to be engraved and subsequently printed in newspapers or periodicals throughout the war. Disaster, including train wrecks and city fires, was also a popular subject for illustrated newspapers in the early days.


title: Photojournalism

text: The printing of images in newspapers remained an isolated occurrence in this period. Photos were used to enhance the text rather than to act as a medium of information in its own right. This began to change with the work of one of the pioneers of photojournalism, John Thomson, in the late 1870s. In collaboration with the radical journalist Adolphe Smith, he began publishing a monthly magazine, "Street Life in London", from 1876 to 1877. The project documented in photographs and text, the lives of the street people of London and established social documentary photography as a form of photojournalism. Instead of the images acting as a supplement to the text, he pioneered the use of printed photographs as the predominant medium for the imparting of information, successfully combining photography with the printed word.


title: Photojournalism

text: On March 4, 1880, "The Daily Graphic" (New York) published the first halftone (rather than engraved) reproduction of a news photograph.


title: Photojournalism

text: In March 1886, when General George Crook received word that the Apache leader Geronimo would negotiate surrender terms, photographer C. S. Fly took his equipment and attached himself to the military column. During the three days of negotiations, Fly took about 15 exposures on glass negatives. His photos of Geronimo and the other free Apaches, taken on March 25 and 26, are the only known photographs taken of American Indians while still at war with the United States. Fly coolly posed his subjects, asking them to move and turn their heads and faces, to improve his composition. The popular publication "Harper's Weekly" published six of his images in their April 24, 1886 issue.


title: Photojournalism

text: In 1887, flash powder was invented, enabling journalists such as Jacob Riis to photograph informal subjects indoors, which led to the landmark work "How the Other Half Lives". By 1897, it became possible to reproduce halftone photographs on printing presses running at full speed.


title: Photojournalism

text: In France, agencies such as Rol, Branger and Chusseau-Flaviens (ca. 1880–1910) syndicated photographs from around the world to meet the need for timely new illustration. Despite these innovations, limitations remained, and many of the sensational newspaper and magazine stories in the period from 1897 to 1927 were illustrated with engravings. In 1921, the wirephoto made it possible to transmit pictures almost as quickly as news itself could travel.


title: Photojournalism

text: The "Golden Age of Photojournalism" is often considered to be roughly the 1930s through the 1950s. It was made possible by the development of the compact commercial 35mm Leica camera in 1925, and the first flash bulbs between 1927 and 1930, which allowed the journalist true flexibility in taking pictures.


title: Photojournalism

text: A new style of magazine and newspaper appeared that used photography more than text to tell stories. The "Berliner Illustrirte Zeitung" was the first to pioneer the format of the illustrated news magazine. Beginning in 1901, it began to print photographs inside the magazine, a revolutionary innovation. In the successive decades, it was developed into the prototype of the modern news magazine.


title: Photojournalism

text: It pioneered the photo-essay, had a specialised staff and production unit for pictures and maintained a photo library. It also introduced the use of candid photographs taken with the new smaller cameras.


title: Photojournalism

text: The magazine sought out reporters who could tell a story using photographs, notably the pioneer sports photographer Martin Munkácsi, the first staff photographer, and Erich Salomon, one of the founders of photojournalism.


title: Photojournalism

text: Other magazines included, "Arbeiter-Illustrierte-Zeitung" (Berlin), "Vu" (France), "Life" (USA), "Look" (USA), "Picture Post" (London)); and newspapers, "The Daily Mirror" (London) and "The New York Daily News". Famous photographers of the era included Robert Capa, Romano Cagnoni, Alfred Eisenstaedt, Margaret Bourke-White and W. Eugene Smith.


title: Photojournalism

text: Henri Cartier-Bresson is held by some to be the father of modern photojournalism, although this appellation has been applied to various other photographers, such as Erich Salomon, whose candid pictures of political figures were novel in the 1930s.


title: Photojournalism

text: The photojournalism of, for example, Agustí Centelles played an important role in the propaganda efforts of the Republican side in the Spanish Civil War in the late 1930s.


title: Photojournalism

text: American journalist Julien Bryan photographed and filmed the beginning of the Second World War being under heavy German bombardment in September 1939 in Poland. He was pioneer worker in color photography, Kodachrome.


title: Photojournalism

text: Soldier Tony Vaccaro is also recognized as one of the pre-eminent photographers of World War II. His images taken with the modest Argus C3 captured horrific moments in war, similar to Capa's Spanish soldier being shot. Capa himself was on Omaha Beach on D-Day and captured pivotal images of the conflict on that occasion. Vaccaro is also known for having developed his own images in soldier's helmets, and using chemicals found in the ruins of a camera store in 1944.


title: Photojournalism

text: Until the 1980s, most large newspapers were printed with turn-of-the-century "letterpress" technology using easily smudged oil-based ink, off-white, low-quality "newsprint" paper, and coarse engraving screens. While letterpresses produced legible text, the photoengraving dots that formed pictures often bled or smeared and became fuzzy and indistinct. In this way, even when newspapers used photographs well — a good crop, a respectable size — murky reproduction often left readers re-reading the caption to see what the photo was all about. The "Wall Street Journal" adopted stippled hedcuts in 1979 to publish portraits and avoid the limitations of letterpress printing. Not until the 1980s did a majority of newspapers switch to "offset" presses that reproduce photos with fidelity on better, whiter paper.


title: Photojournalism

text: By contrast "Life", one of America's most popular weekly magazines from 1936 through the early 1970s, was filled with photographs reproduced beautifully on oversize 11×14-inch pages, using fine engraving screens, high-quality inks, and glossy paper. "Life" often published a United Press International (UPI) or Associated Press (AP) photo that had been first reproduced in newspapers, but the quality magazine version appeared to be a different photo altogether. In large part because their pictures were clear enough to be appreciated, and because their name always appeared with their work, magazine photographers achieved near-celebrity status. "Life" became a standard by which the public judged photography, and many of today's photo books celebrate "photojournalism" as if it had been the exclusive province of near-celebrity magazine photographers.


title: Photojournalism

text: In 1947, a few famous photographers founded the international photographic cooperative Magnum Photos. In 1989, Corbis Corporation and in 1995 Getty Images were founded. These powerful image libraries sell the rights to photographs and other still images.


title: Photojournalism

text: The Golden Age of Photojournalism ended in the 1970s when many photo-magazines ceased publication, most prominently, Life, which ended weekly publication in December 1972. They found that they could not compete with other media for advertising revenue to sustain their large circulations and high costs. Still, those magazines taught journalism much about the photographic essay and the power of still images.


title: Photojournalism

text: However, since the late 1970s, photojournalism and documentary photography have increasingly been accorded a place in art galleries alongside fine art photography. Luc Delahaye, Manuel Rivera-Ortiz and the members of VII Photo Agency are among many who regularly exhibit in galleries and museums.


title: Photojournalism

text: The Danish Union of Press Photographers (Pressefotografforbundet) was the first national organization for newspaper photographers in the world. It was founded in 1912 in Copenhagen, Denmark by six press photographers. Today it has over 800 members.


title: Photojournalism

text: The National Press Photographers Association (NPPA) was founded in 1946 in the U.S., and has about 10,000 members. Others around the world include the British Press Photographers Association (BPPA) founded in 1984, then relaunched in 2003, and now has around 450 members. Hong Kong Press Photographers Association (1989), Northern Ireland Press Photographers Association (2000), Pressfotografernas Klubb (Sweden, 1930), and PK — Pressefotografenes Klubb (Norway).


title: Photojournalism

text: Magnum Photos was founded in 1947 by Robert Capa, David "Chim" Seymour, Henri Cartier-Bresson, George Rodger, William Vandivert, Rita Vandivert and Maria Eisner, being one of the first photographic cooperatives, owned and administered entirely by its members worldwide.


title: Photojournalism

text: VII Photo Agency was founded in September 2001 and got its name from the original seven founders, Alexandra Boulat, Ron Haviv, Gary Knight, Antonin Kratochvil, Christopher Morris, James Nachtwey and John Stanmeyer. Today it has 30 members, along with a mentor program.


title: Photojournalism

text: News organizations and journalism schools run many different awards for photojournalists. Since 1968, Pulitzer Prizes have been awarded for the following categories of photojournalism: 'Feature Photography', 'Spot News Photography'. Other awards are World Press Photo, Best of Photojournalism, and Pictures of the Year as well as the UK based The Press Photographer's Year.


title: Photojournalism

text: Photojournalism works within the same ethical approaches to objectivity that are applied by other journalists. What to photograph, what to include in the frame, how to curate, and how to edit are constant considerations. Photographing news for an assignment or to illustrate a story can present many possible ethical problems. Photojournalists have a moral responsibility to decide what pictures to take, what picture to stage, and what pictures to show the public. For example, photographs of violence and tragedy are prevalent in American journalism because, as an understated rule of thumb, "if it bleeds, it leads". The public may be attracted to the spectacle of gruesome photographs and dramatic stories. Controversy may arise when deciding which photographs are too violent to show the public.


title: Photojournalism

text: Photographs of the dead or injured arouse controversy because, more often than not, the name of person depicted in the photograph is not given in the caption. The photograph of the street execution of a Viet Cong soldier during the Vietnam War provoked a lot of interest because it captured the exact moment of death. The victim's wife learned about her husband's death when she was given a newspaper with the photo on the front page. This photo has claimed a reputation of “galvanizing the anti-war movement in the United States” and impacted many people’s perception of the war. Being exposed to such violence can have physiological and psychological effects on those who document it and is but one of many different forms of emotional labor that photojournalists report experiencing. In this case, the photographer Eddie Adams was quoted saying “I was getting money for showing one man killing another. Two lives were destroyed, and I was getting paid for it. I was a hero.” He expressed how this photo haunted him due to its impact on the world.


title: Photojournalism

text: A key example of how impactful photography can be is found during documentation of the Civil Rights Movement. Bill Hudson was in Birmingham Alabama on a quest to document the peaceful protests of the movement when he took a photo of High School student Walter Gadsden. In this photograph Gadsden appeared to be attacked by a Police Dog and the resulting image brought the gory side of the movement to everyone’s attention. The photo was seen above the fold in the May 1963 New York Times. In the case of this particular photograph, it helped change the path of the civil rights movement and gained it even more attention. We will never know what would have happened if it had never been published, but it's worth noting its change on the movement.


title: Photojournalism

text: Other issues involving photojournalism include the right to privacy, negotiating how the subject desires to be depicted, and questions of whether compensation is warranted. Especially regarding pictures of violence, photojournalists face the ethical dilemma of whether or not to publish images of the victims. The victim's right to privacy is sometimes not addressed or the picture is printed without their knowledge or consent.


title: Photojournalism

text: Another major issue of photojournalism is photo manipulation – what degree is acceptable?  Some pictures are simply manipulated for color enhancement, whereas others are manipulated to the extent where people are edited in or out of the picture. War photography has always been a genre of photojournalism that is frequently staged. Due to the bulkiness and types of cameras present during past wars in history, it was rare when a photograph could capture a spontaneous news event. Subjects were carefully composed and staged in order to capture better images. Another ethical issue is false or misleading captioning. The 2006 Lebanon War photographs controversies is a notable example of some of these issue, and see photo manipulation: use in journalism for other examples.


title: Photojournalism

text: The emergence of digital photography offers new realms of opportunity for the manipulation, reproduction, and transmission of images. It has inevitably complicated many of the ethical issues involved.


title: Photojournalism

text: Often, ethical conflicts can be mitigated or enhanced by the actions of a sub-editor or picture editor, who takes control of the images once they have been delivered to the news organization. The photojournalist often has no control as to how images are ultimately used.


title: Photojournalism

text: The National Press Photographers Association (NPPA) is an American professional society that emphasizes photojournalism. Members of the NPPA accept the following code of ethics


title: Photojournalism

text: Most photojournalists consider stage-managed shots presented as candid to be unethical. There have been examples in the history of photojournalism of photographers purposefully deceiving their audience by doing so.


title: Photojournalism

text: Mike Meadows, a veteran photographer of the Los Angeles Times, was covering a major wild fire sweeping southern California on 27 October 1993. His picture of a Los Angeles County firefighter, Mike Alves cooling himself off with water in a pool in Altadena ran both in the Times and nationally. Prior to submitting the photograph for a Pulitzer Prize, Meadows' assignment editor, Fred Sweets, contacted the firefighter, who reportedly said he had been asked by Meadows to go to the pool and splash water on his head. Meadows denied the accusation, claiming "I may have been guilty of saying this would make a nice shot, but to the best of my recollection, I did not directly ask him to do that. ... I've been doing breaking news stories for years and years and I've never in my life set up a picture." Meadows was suspended without pay for a week and picture was withdrawn from any prize competitions – the Times called it a "fabrication" and the paper's photography director, Larry Armstrong, said "when you manipulate the situation, you manipulate the news."


title: Photojournalism

text: Edward Keating, a Pulitzer Prize winner from The New York Times, photographed a young boy pointing a toy gun outside a Middle Eastern grocery store, near a town where the FBI raided an alleged Al Qaeda cell. Other photographers at the scene claimed that Keating pointed with his own arm to show the boy which way to look and aim the gun. After the Columbia Journalism Review reported the incident, Keating was forced to leave the paper.


title: Photojournalism

text: As early as the Crimean War in the mid-19th century, photographers were using the novel technology of the glass plate camera to record images of British soldiers in the field. As a result, they had to deal with not only war conditions, but their pictures often required long shutter speeds, and they had to prepare each plate before taking the shot and develop it immediately after. This led to, for example, Roger Fenton traveling around in a transportable dark room, which at times made him a target of the enemy. These technological barriers are why he was unable to obtain any direct images of the action.


title: Photojournalism

text: The use of photography as a way of reporting news did not become widespread until the advent of smaller, more portable cameras that used an enlargeable film negative to record images. The introduction of the 35 mm Leica camera in 1925 made it possible for photographers to move with the action, take multiple shots of events as they were unfolding, as well as be more able to create a narrative through their photographs alone.


title: Photojournalism

text: Since the 1960s, motor drives, electronic flash, auto-focus, better lenses and other camera enhancements have made picture-taking easier. New digital cameras free photojournalists from the limitation of film roll length. Although the number depends on the amount of megapixels the camera contains, whether one's shooting mode is JPEG or raw, and what size of memory card one is using, it is possible to store thousands of images on a single memory card.


title: Photojournalism

text: Social media are playing a big part in revealing world events to a vast audience. Whenever there is a major event in the world, there are usually people with camera phones ready to capture photos and post them on various social networks. Such convenience allows the Associated Press and other companies to reach out to the citizen journalist who holds ownership of the photos and get permission to use those photos in news outlets.


title: Photojournalism

text: The content of photos tends to outweigh their quality when it comes to news value. On February 18, 2004, The New York Times published on their front page a photo of AT&T CEO John Zeglis which was taken with a camera phone. Content remains the most important element of photojournalism, but the ability to extend deadlines with rapid gathering and editing of images has brought significant changes. As recently as 15 years ago, nearly 30 minutes were needed to scan and transmit a single color photograph from a remote location to a news office for printing. Now, equipped with a digital camera, a mobile phone and a laptop computer, a photojournalist can send a high-quality image in minutes, even seconds after an event occurs. Camera phones and portable satellite links increasingly allow for the mobile transmission of images from almost any point on the earth.


title: Photojournalism

text: There is some concern by news photographers that the profession of photojournalism as it is known today could change to such a degree that it is unrecognizable as image-capturing technology naturally progresses. Staff photojournalism jobs continue to dwindle in the 2010s and some of the largest news media outlets in the U.S. now rely on freelancers for the majority of their needs. For example, in 2016, the New York Times employed 52 photo editors and relied on freelancers to provide 50 percent or more of its visuals; The Wall Street Journal employed 24 photo editors and relied on freelancers for 66 percent of its features imagery and 33 percent of its news imagery; The Washington Post employed 19 photo editors and relied on freelancers for 80 percent of its international news imagery, 50 percent of its political news imagery, and between 60 and 80 percent of its national news imagery.


title: Photojournalism

text: The age of the citizen journalist and the providing of news photos by amateur bystanders have contributed to the art of photojournalism. Paul Levinson attributes this shift to the Kodak camera, one of the first cheap and accessible photo technologies that "put a piece of visual reality into every person's potential grasp." The empowered news audience with the advent of the Internet sparked the creation of blogs, podcasts and online news, independent of the traditional outlets, and "for the first time in our history, the news increasingly is produced by companies outside journalism". Dan Chung, a former photojournalist for "The Guardian" and Reuters, believes that professional photojournalists will have to adapt to video to make a living. Most digital single lens reflex bodies are being equipped with video capabilities.


title: Photojournalism

text: Phone journalism is a relatively new and even controversial means of photojournalism, which involves the use of pictures taken and edited on phones by professional or non-professional photographers.


title: Photojournalism

text: In recent years, as social media has become major platform on which people receive news and share events, Phone photography is gaining popularity as the primary tool for online visual communication. A phone is easy to carry and always accessible in a pocket, and the immediacy in taking pictures can reduce the intervention of the scene and subjects to a minimum. With the assistance of abundant applications, photographers can achieve a highly aesthetic way of conveying messages. Once the pictures are uploaded onto social media, photographers can immediately expose their work to a wide range of audiences and receive real-time feedback from them. With a large number of active participants online, the pictures could also be spread out in a short period of time, thus evoking profound influence on society.


title: Photojournalism

text: Having noticed the advantages of the combination of social media and Phoneography, some well-known newspapers, news magazines and professional photojournalists decided to employ Phone journalism as a new approach. When the London Bombings happened in July 2005, for the first time, both the "New York Times" and the "Washington Post" ran photos on their front pages made by citizen journalists with camera phones. As work of witnesses and survivors, the images were less the outcome of documentary intent than a response to a traumatic shock. These photos represented 'vivid, factual accounts of history as it explodes around us', as described by "Washington Post" journalist Robert MacMillan. In another instance, when superstorm Sandy hit the East Coast, causing great damage and casualty, Time sent out five photographers with iPhones to document the devastation. Photographers dived deep into the site and captured pictures in close proximity to the storm and human suffering. One of the shots, raging ocean waves collapsing on Coney Island in Brooklyn, taken by Benjamin Lowy, made the cover of Time's November 12 issue. Then in 2013, the Chicago Sun-Times got rid of its entire staff of 28 photographers, including John H. White, a Pulitzer Prize winner in photography. The newspaper cited viewers shifting towards more video as a reason. They then employed freelance photographers and required them to train in how to use an iPhone for photography to fill the gap. Some viewers online were quick to point out an at times reduction in quality in comparison to the newspaper's previous full-time professionals.


title: AEX index

text: The AEX index, derived from Amsterdam Exchange index, is a stock market index composed of Dutch companies that trade on Euronext Amsterdam, formerly known as the "Amsterdam Stock Exchange". Started in 1983, the index is composed of a maximum of 25 of the most frequently traded securities on the exchange. It is one of the main national indices of the stock exchange group Euronext alongside Euronext Brussels' BEL20, Euronext Dublin's ISEQ 20, Euronext Lisbon's PSI-20, the Oslo Bors OBX Index, and Euronext Paris's CAC 40.


title: AEX index

text: The AEX started from a base level of 100 index points on 3 January 1983 (a corresponding value of 45.378 is used for historic comparisons due to the adoption of the Euro). The index's peak to date was set on 26th October 2021 816.91 After the dot-com bubble in 1999, the index value more than halved over the following three years before recovering in line with most global financial markets.


title: AEX index

text: The AEX index dealt with its second largest one-day loss on March 12, 2020, when the index closed down almost 11% during the coronavirus pandemic.


title: AEX index

text: The AEX index enjoyed its third largest one-day loss on September 29, 2008, when the index closed down almost 9%. The decade between 1998 and 2008 has been bad for the AEX index, as it has been the worst performing stock index except for the OMX Iceland 15. The preceding years were a lot better compared to the rest of the world.


title: AEX index

text: As of 2011, the AEX index composition is reviewed four times a year - a full "annual" review in March and interim "quarterly" reviews in June, September and December. Any changes made as a result of the reviews take effect on the third Friday of the month. Previously reviews were held in March and September only. Prior to 2008, index changes were made only annually in March.


title: AEX index

text: At the main March review date, the 23 companies listed on Euronext Amsterdam's regulated market with the highest share turnover (in Euros) over the previous year are admitted to the index. Of the companies ranked between 24th and 27th, a further two are selected with preference given to existing constituents of the index. Companies which have fewer than 25% of shares considered free float on Euronext Amsterdam are, however, ineligible for inclusion. Unlike some other European benchmark equity indices (such as the OMXS30), if a company has more than one class of shares traded on the exchange, only the most frequently traded of these will be accepted into the AEX. If a company or companies are removed from the index due to delisting, acquisition or another reason, no replacements are made until the next review date.


title: AEX index

text: At the three interim reviews in June, September and December, no changes are made to the AEX unless either the index has seen one or more constituents removed, or a non-constituent possesses a share turnover ranked 15th or higher overall over the previous 12 months. If vacancies are to be filled, the highest-ranking non-AEX companies are selected to join the index.


title: AEX index

text: The AEX is a capitalization-weighted index. At each main annual review, the index weightings of companies in the index are capped at 15%, but range freely with share price subsequently. The index weights are calculated with respect to the closing prices of the relevant companies on March 1. At the interim reviews, weightings after adjustment are left as close as possible to those of the previous day and are not re-capped.


title: AEX index

text: The index comprises a basket of shares, the numbers of which are based on the constituent weights and index value at the time of readjustment. The value of the index at any given time, I, is calculated using the following formula:


title: AEX index

text: with "t" the day of calculation; "N" the number of constituent shares in the index (usually 25); "Q" the number of shares of company "i" on day "t"; "F" the free float factor of share "i"; "f" the capping factor of share "i" (exactly 1 for all companies not subject to the 15% cap); "C" the price of share "i" on day "t"; and "d" the index divisor (a factor calculated from the base capitalisation of the index, which is updated to reflect corporate actions and other index changes.


title: AEX index

text: The AEX Index is traded as a future on the Euronext Equities & Index Derivatives exchange (EUREID) under the ticker symbol FTI. The size of each contract is 200 EURO x AEX Index points (e.g. 200 X 667.55 = €133,510).


title: Mitch Landrieu

text: Mitchell Joseph Landrieu ( ; born August 16, 1960) is an American lawyer and politician who served as Mayor of New Orleans from 2010 to 2018. A member of the Democratic Party, he previously served as Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana from 2004 to 2010.


title: Mitch Landrieu

text: Landrieu is the son of former New Orleans Mayor and Secretary of the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development Moon Landrieu and the brother of former U.S. Senator Mary Landrieu. In 2007, he won a second term as lieutenant governor in the October 20, 2007 nonpartisan blanket primary by defeating two Republicans: State Representative Gary J. Beard and singer Sammy Kershaw.


title: Mitch Landrieu

text: He was elected Mayor of New Orleans on February 6, 2010, garnering 66 percent of the citywide vote and claiming victory in 365 of the city's 366 voting precincts. He was reelected mayor on February 1, 2014, with nearly 64 percent of the vote in a three-candidate field and became the first Mayor to win both elections without a runoff and to be elected by majorities of both white and black voters.


title: Mitch Landrieu

text: On November 14, 2021, President Joe Biden announced that Landrieu would serve as Senior Advisor responsible for coordinating the implementation of the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act. He assumed office with the signing of the bill into law on November 15, 2021.


title: Mitch Landrieu

text: Landrieu was born and raised in the Broadmoor neighborhood of New Orleans, the fifth of nine children of Maurice "Moon" and Verna (Satterlee) Landrieu. His mother was partly descended from the large wave of Sicilian immigrants that came to Louisiana during the nineteenth century. He stated in a March 2018 journalism podcast that he is of Italian, French, German, British, and African-American heritage. His great-grandmother Cerentha Mackey was the illegitimate child of a mixed-race black woman and an unknown father.


title: Mitch Landrieu

text: Raised Catholic, Landrieu graduated from Jesuit High School in 1978 and enrolled at The Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C. where he earned a B.A. in political science and theatre in 1982. In 1985, he earned a Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree from Loyola University Law School in New Orleans.


title: Mitch Landrieu

text: Prior to public service, Landrieu practiced law for 16 years and became a mediator, focusing on alternative dispute resolution. He owned International Mediation and Arbitration, where he mediated over 700 cases involving complex issues. He was also appointed special master for a major train derailment involving up to 9,000 plaintiffs. He clerked for Federal Court Judge Adrian Duplantier and Chief Justice of the Louisiana Supreme Court Pascal Calogero. He is a member of the Supreme Court Task Force on Alternative Dispute Resolution which was responsible for developing the pilot mediation program in Orleans Parish. Landrieu is trained in mediation and negotiation by the Harvard Law School Negotiation Project, the American Arbitration Association, and the Attorney Mediator's Institute. Landrieu has also taught alternative dispute resolution as an adjunct professor at Loyola University Law School.


title: Mitch Landrieu

text: Landrieu was elected to the Louisiana House of Representatives in 1987, where he served for sixteen years in the seat previously held by his sister and before her, his father.


title: Mitch Landrieu

text: As a leader of the “Young Turks,” Landrieu advocated a non-partisan approach to governing and pushed for fiscal reform in the early 1990s, when the state was in a precarious financial situation. Working with a diverse bipartisan group of lawmakers, he helped focus attention away from partisan fights and toward efficiency and accountability. Landrieu led this coalition, often against Democratic Governor Edwin Edwards, to restructure government instead of cutting healthcare programs and raising fees. He shepherded through the House a constitutional amendment designed to limit Louisiana's debt. Later, in partnership with Republican Governor Mike Foster in 1999, Landrieu led an effort to have the state's $4.4 billion tobacco settlement placed into a trust, allowing the Legislature to only allocate the interest earned every year. He also focused on stimulating economic growth by supporting the construction of major economic development projects in New Orleans – including the Morial Convention Center, the New Orleans Arena, the National World War II Museum and the biomedical district.


title: Mitch Landrieu

text: Landrieu led the legislative effort to reform Louisiana's juvenile justice system with a focus on rehabilitation and reform as opposed to punishment and incarceration. As lieutenant governor, he continued to chair the Juvenile Justice Commission, the entity created by the legislation to implement the reforms. In January 2004, Governor Kathleen Blanco endorsed the Commission's recommendations.


title: Mitch Landrieu

text: Landrieu also led the effort by a coalition of artists, venue owners, and other interested parties who were successful in repealing the Orleans Parish "amusement tax", a 2% tax on gross sales at any establishment that features live music. As an attorney, Landrieu brought a case to court that resulted in the tax being ruled unconstitutional. He continued the fight by bringing the issue to the New Orleans City Council, who voted to repeal the tax. As a legislator, Landrieu sponsored a bill to repeal the law that allowed the tax to exist.


title: Mitch Landrieu

text: He also chaired a commission that worked to consolidate New Orleans elected offices, which became a reality after Hurricane Katrina. Landrieu also vocally opposed former Ku Klux Klan wizard and then Representative David Duke, fighting Duke's divisive and often-racist legislation.


title: Mitch Landrieu

text: Landrieu crafted legislation to fund the Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium of New Orleans, a partnership between the Louisiana State University and Tulane University Health Sciences Centers. Louisiana has the nation's highest cancer mortality rate, according to the American Cancer Society.


title: Mitch Landrieu

text: One of Landrieu's most ambitious projects as Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana has been the creation of the World Cultural Economic Forum (WCEF). The Forum, held annually in New Orleans, is directed towards promoting cultural economic development opportunities through the strategic convening of cultural ambassadors and leaders from around the world. The first WCEF took place in October 2008. He has carried on this project as mayor and has even established a formal cultural economy office at City Hall.


title: Mitch Landrieu

text: In 1994, Landrieu made an unsuccessful bid for the office of Mayor of New Orleans; the office went to Marc Morial, the son of another former mayor.


title: Mitch Landrieu

text: Mitch Landrieu's 2003 campaign for Lieutenant Governor was his first bid for statewide office in Louisiana. After 16 years in the State House, Landrieu was elected Lieutenant Governor in 2003. In a field of six candidates, Landrieu garnered 53 percent of the vote and won outright in the Louisiana open primary, thus avoiding a general election. His principal opponents were three Republicans, former U.S. Representative Clyde C. Holloway of Rapides Parish, former Lieutenant Governor Melinda Schwegmann of New Orleans, and businessman Kirt Bennett of Baton Rouge.


title: Mitch Landrieu

text: When Hurricanes Katrina and Rita hit New Orleans and the Gulf Coast in 2005, the Lieutenant Governor was involved in the emergency response. After commanding portions of the hurricane response and recovery, Landrieu was tasked to lead the effort to rebuild the state's tourism industry.


title: Mitch Landrieu

text: Around this time, he decided to challenge incumbent Mayor C. Ray Nagin. With voting sites scattered across the country and most residents having not yet returned home, he narrowly lost to Nagin.


title: Mitch Landrieu

text: Immediately after the storm, Landrieu brought together industry leaders and national experts to develop a strategic plan, "Louisiana Rebirth", to rebuild the state's tourism industry. It was in this period of recovery that Landrieu began to clearly articulate a governing philosophy that would guide him over the next part of his career. He believed you needed to bring people together to get things done. In order to do so, there needed to be clear command, control and communication. Also, the federal, state and local governments needed to be aligned better—both vertically and horizontally. This means coordinating behind the scenes, breaking down silos and building partnerships to meet the state's biggest priorities.  He believed that government in many instances should steer, not row—that it is a facilitator, with the ability to link public, private, not-for-profit, and faith organizations, and help each of them leverage their collective assets.


title: Mitch Landrieu

text: In this vein, he launched the “Cultural Economy” initiative out of whole cloth to quantify and grow jobs in Louisiana's culture, music, food, film and art industries. He also created the first in the nation Office of Social Entrepreneurship to advance social innovation by supporting the creation and growth of the most innovative, measurable and sustainable solutions to the social problems affecting Louisiana's citizens. These were new and innovative ways to address old problems.


title: Mitch Landrieu

text: As Lieutenant Governor, Landrieu also chaired the Juvenile Justice Commission to reform to the state's juvenile justice system. Under his leadership, the Commission overhauled the probation and parole systems for youth offenders, established violence prevention programs, and studied the connection between domestic abuse and juvenile delinquency.


title: Mitch Landrieu

text: In February 2006, Landrieu officially announced he would run for mayor of New Orleans in the April 22 election. Before Hurricane Katrina the incumbent Ray Nagin was widely expected to be reelected with little difficulty, but post-disaster problems and controversies had left many New Orleanians interested in new leadership.


title: Mitch Landrieu

text: In the election of April 22, preliminary results showed Landrieu with the second most votes, with 29% of the vote to Nagin's 38%. Nagin and Landrieu faced each other in a run off election on May 20. With unofficial results showing 53% of the vote for Nagin, Landrieu conceded defeat.


title: Mitch Landrieu

text: Although Landrieu had at first indicated he did not plan on it, he ultimately decided to pass on an open race for Governor or an easy re-election as Lieutenant Governor to instead run for the job he always wanted—New Orleans mayor. He announced in December 2009 that he would be running in the 2010 New Orleans mayoral election, in a bid to succeed Ray Nagin, who was term-limited. Landrieu won with some 67% of the vote, with wide support across racial and demographic lines. His outright victory over 10 challengers in the first round of voting eliminated the need for a runoff election. Landrieu is the first white person to hold the post since his father left office in 1978.


title: Mitch Landrieu

text: Landrieu was sworn in on May 3, 2010, after winning 66 percent of the vote in the primary, winning a majority across African American and white votes.


title: Mitch Landrieu

text: When Landrieu was sworn in, the recovery from Hurricane Katrina had stalled, the city teetered on bankruptcy and the New Orleans Police Department was under federal investigation. He created a diverse and citizen-led transition committee, made up of six different task forces that engaged thousands in public meetings. He hired the consulting firm Public Strategies Group (PSG) to assess the city government operations and, according to PSG's final report, issued in March 2011, "to identify opportunities for transformational change that would increase the organization's effectiveness, efficiency, adaptability, and capacity to innovate." PSG senior partner David Osborne observed that Landrieu had "inherited the least competent city government [he'd] ever seen in this country and the most corrupt".


title: Mitch Landrieu

text: Landrieu promoted recovery by fast-tracking over 100 projects and securing billions in federal funding from FEMA and HUD for schools, hospitals, parks, playgrounds and critical infrastructure particularly roads and drainage. Landrieu brought sound fiscal management, balanced budgets, and ethical contracting to City Hall, leading to the City's highest-ever credit rating and over $8 billion in private development. His top priority was public safety—reforming the police department and reducing the city's murder rate.


title: Mitch Landrieu

text: Landrieu immediately established clearer command and control, instituting a Deputy Mayor system and a new organizational chart for the nearly 4,000 employees and $1 billion total budget. In 2010, facing a nearly $100 million deficit, he closed the City's budget gap—more than one-fifth of the total general fund—by cutting out waste, reorganizing departments and the delivery of core services, reducing boards and commissions, thereby eliminating the city's longtime structural deficit. For eight straight years, he delivered a balanced budget. As a result, New Orleans’ credit ratings were upgraded four times during Mayor Landrieu's tenure to its highest all-time rating. Landrieu reformed the city procurement system. He created the Office of Performance and Accountability to publicly track how well City government is keeping its promises and launched an expansive open data system making more information available to the public and press. His administration developed NOLA 311 for constituents to report quality-of-life concerns and requests. It also launched a "One Stop Shop" permit processing system to reduce permit times and make the city more business friendly.


title: Mitch Landrieu

text: To ensure the city is building for the future, he launched the world's first resilience strategy, "Resilient New Orleans."


title: Mitch Landrieu

text: As a result of the public investment and new confidence in the city, the city's economy has thrived, adding more than 20,000 new jobs since 2010. Landrieu recruited GE Capital's Technology Center to the city, adding 400 high-paying jobs. And spending from tourism has now surpassed pre-Katrina highs. Since Landrieu took office, the "Wall Street Journal’s MarketWatch" named New Orleans one of the “most improved cities for business.” In 2012, Landrieu unveiled a 5-year-plan called Prosperity NOLA which aims to diversify the economy and add major jobs in digital technology, biosciences, and water management. New retail was booming, in many areas surpassing pre-Katrina levels. The city is now a hub of entrepreneurship activity, outpacing the national per capita average by 56 percent, with $8 billion in private development in the city since May 2010. As a result of growth and confidence in the market, property values are up 50 percent. Under Landrieu, the City began construction on a new, nearly $1 billion terminal at the Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport. The terminal added major international flights to improve global business opportunities for the region.


title: Mitch Landrieu

text: Making public safety a high priority, Landrieu introduced a comprehensive murder-reduction strategy, "NOLA for Life," which launched in 2012. The multifaceted plan comprised 29 different programs, from a Multi-Agency Gang Unit, made up of local and federal law enforcement that focused on the city's most dangerous gangs and groups, to mentoring programs for youth and support services for offenders on probation. Landrieu shepherded major new investments in recreation and public health. Following the inception of Nola for Life, the city saw a reduction of its murder rate through 2014; in 2015 it rose again by 9% over the previous year but still remained one of the lowest rates the city had experienced in 25 years.


title: Mitch Landrieu

text: Landrieu has also championed reforming the New Orleans Police Department in partnership with the Department of Justice—overhauling use of force policies, leading the nation in body camera use, and improving law enforcement relationships with the community. In recent years and under the Mayor's leadership, the city's criminal court system has implemented pretrial services, electronic monitoring and alternatives to detention that focus on risk. NOPD also began issuing summonses in lieu of arrests for minor offenses to reduce pressure on the jail population and to ensure a smarter focus on arresting violent criminals. These efforts have significantly reduced the local jail population, which now is just one third of what it was pre-Katrina.


title: Mitch Landrieu

text: Shortly after taking office during his second mayoral term, Landrieu announced the appointment of Ronal W. Serpas as the new Superintendent of the New Orleans Police Department until the latter's resignation in August 2014.


title: Mitch Landrieu

text: Landrieu prioritized equal economic opportunity. From his work on NOLA FOR LIFE and black male achievement, he launched the Network for Economic Opportunity, a comprehensive strategy to connect disadvantaged job seekers and businesses to new training and job opportunities. He launched a multi-year initiative on racial reconciliation called The Welcome Table, and the City unveiled a racial equity plan tying the various initiatives together and institutionalizing the strategies in City Hall's day-to-day operations.


title: Mitch Landrieu

text: In 2015, Landrieu called for the removal from prominent public display of four monuments, three honoring Confederate leaders and one honoring a short-lived, violent coup of the state government by the Crescent City White League. The New Orleans City Council approved their removal the same year. After various legal challenges to removal were struck down, on April 24, 2017, the long-contentious Battle of Liberty Place Monument was the first to be removed. He was criticized by opponents of its removal for his lack of transparency. The statues of Confederate Generals Robert E. Lee and P. G. T. Beauregard as well as Confederate President Jefferson Davis were removed in May 2017. As the Confederate monuments came down on his orders, Landrieu made an address explaining the decision, which quickly went viral, and received praise in national media outlets.


title: Mitch Landrieu

text: Landrieu was one of the participants in filmmaker Spike Lee's documentaries "" and "If God Is Willing and Da Creek Don't Rise".


title: Mitch Landrieu

text: In 2009, Mitch Landrieu became a supporter of The Jazz Foundation of America. He flew to NYC to present Agnes Varis with the coveted "Saint of the Century" Award at the Jazz Foundation of America's annual benefit concert "A Great Night in Harlem" at the Apollo Theater in support of Varis' and the Jazz Foundation's work to help save jazz musicians, especially those affected by Hurricane Katrina.


title: Mitch Landrieu

text: In 2015, Landrieu was named Public Official of the Year by "Governing". In 2017-2018, Landrieu served as president of the U.S. Conference of Mayors, the official nonpartisan organization of cities with a population of 30,000 or larger. At his inauguration, Landrieu joined with colleagues in unveiling a bipartisan policy agenda that, at a time of partisan gridlock in Washington, D.C., emphasized local leadership on issues such as repair of infrastructure, ensuring affordable healthcare, and fostering economic growth and opportunity.


title: Mitch Landrieu

text: In coordination with and support from bipartisan mayors across the country, Mayor Landrieu sought to reinvigorate the organization, develop and execute a much more aggressive and strategic media operation, and better deploy its existing assets and those of its coalition partners around a new “Agenda for the Future,” which focusing on security and opportunity. Landrieu has also been highly engaged in major international coalitions of cities such as 100 Resilient Cities, the Global Covenant of Mayors on Climate Change & Energy and C40.


title: Mitch Landrieu

text: In 2018, the John F. Kennedy Library Foundation awarded Landrieu its prestigious Profile in Courage Award for his leadership in removing four Confederate monuments in New Orleans, highlighting in the award announcement his candid reflections on the moment and its place in history. He is the author of the "New York Times" bestseller "In the Shadow of Statues: A White Southerner Confronts History".


title: Mitch Landrieu

text: In a 2016 "Politico" survey of Mayors across America, his peers praised him as the leader “who engineered the biggest turnaround.” "Politico" wrote, “Mitch Landrieu is enjoying what is widely hailed as one of the most successful mayorships in America, leading efforts on public health, infrastructure and a personal crusade against gun violence.” He was listed as #18 on the 2017 "Politico" 50 list.


title: Kalanchoe pinnata

text: Kalanchoe pinnata, commonly known as cathedral bells, air plant, life plant, miracle leaf, and Goethe plant is a succulent plant native to Madagascar. It is a popular houseplant and has become naturalized in tropical and subtropical areas. The species is distinctive for the profusion of miniature plantlets that form on the margins of its phylloclades, a trait it has in common with some other members of "Bryophyllum" (now included in "Kalanchoe").


title: Kalanchoe pinnata

text: It is a succulent, perennial plant, about tall, with fleshy cylindrical stems and young growth of a reddish tinge, which can be found in flower throughout most of the year. The specific epithet "pinnata" is the feminine form of the Latin adjective "pinnatus", meaning "winged, pinnate".


title: Kalanchoe pinnata

text: The leaves of this species are thick, fleshy, elliptical in shape, curved, with a crenate or serrated margin, often reddish. Simple at the base of the stem, the leaves are imparipinnate at the top, long, with three to five pairs of fleshy limb lobes.


title: Kalanchoe pinnata

text: The leaves are remarkable for their ability to produce bulbils. At their margin, between the teeth, adventitious buds appear, which produce roots, stems and leaves. When the plantlets fall to the ground, they root and can become larger plants. This is a fairly common trait in the section "Bryophyllum". The fruits are follicles (10–15 mm) which are found in the persistent calyx and corolla.


title: Kalanchoe pinnata

text: The terminal inflorescence is a panicle, with many pendent, red-orange flowers. The calyx is formed of a long tube, red at the base, veined with yellowish green (or green spotted with reddish brown), with four very small triangular lobes at the end. The tubular corolla, with a pronounced constriction separating the subspherical part of the ovoid part, is terminated by four lobes which reaches in length. It is yellowish in color with red-purple streaks. The eight stamens, each about long, are in two whorls, welded on the corolla. The ovary has four carpels, slightly fused together in the center, with slender styles.


title: Kalanchoe pinnata

text: "Kalanchoe pinnata" is native to Madagascar. and has become naturalized in tropical and subtropical areas, inhabiting warm and temperate climates from sea level to , occupying sites on rock in tropical evergreen and dry deciduous forests, as well as montane forests. It is found in parts of Asia, Australia, New Zealand, the West Indies, Bermuda, the Philippines, Macaronesia, the Mascarenes, Brazil, Suriname, the Galapagos Islands, Melanesia, Polynesia, and Hawaii.


title: Kalanchoe pinnata

text: Much of the reason for the widespread naturalization of this plant can be traced to its popularity as a garden plant.


title: Kalanchoe pinnata

text: The writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, who was an amateur naturalist of some repute, was "passionately fond" of this plant and liked to give the baby plantlets as gifts to friends who visited his home. He also discussed his air plant at length in an essay titled ("History of my botanical studies").


title: Kalanchoe pinnata

text: The plant Kalanchoe pinnata was harvested by Pierre Sonnerat in Isle de France (Mauritius) and communicated to Lamarck who described it in 1786 as the "Cotyledon pinnata". Subsequently, the Paris naturalist Christiaan Hendrik Persoon reclassified it in the Kalanchoe (calling it "Calanchoe pinnata 1805-1807", with an orthographic variant). At the same time, in London, the botanist Richard Anthony Salisbury described the same plant from a specimen received from Bengal, under the name of "Bryophyllum calycinum", and at the same time created the new genus Bryophyllum.


title: Kalanchoe pinnata

text: It has several local names in its native Madagascar: "falatanantsifaona", "malainana", "rendadiaka", "sodifafana" and "tsilafafa". In the Philippines, it is known as or which is an adjective meaning 'astonishing' or 'remarkable'.


title: Kalanchoe pinnata

text: In temperate regions, "Kalanchoe pinnata" is grown as an indoor ornamental plant. Like most succulents, it cannot survive hard frost and will not thrive in environments in which the temperature drops below . It favours well-drained soil, the roots being otherwise susceptible to rot. In the tropics, "K. pinnata" is grown outdoors in gardens, from which it may escape to become naturalised - often as an invasive weed.


title: Kalanchoe pinnata

text: In common with other species belonging to the Crassulaceae (including certain members of the genera "Tylecodon", "Cotyledon" and "Adromischus"), "Kalanchoe pinnata" has been found to contain bufadienolide cardiac glycosides These can cause cardiac poisoning, particularly in grazing animals.


title: Kalanchoe pinnata

text: "Bryophyllum pinnatum" has been recorded in Trinidad and Tobago as being used as a traditional treatment for hypertension.


title: Kalanchoe pinnata

text: In traditional medicine, the juice of the leaves is also used for kidney stones, although there is ongoing research and some scientific evidence for this use but further research is required. In the French Antilles, Kalanchoe pinnata, called "zeb maltet", is used in local application against headaches. For the people of the Amazon, kalanchoe has multiple uses: the Creoles use it roasted against inflammations and cancer and as an infusion, and as a popular remedy for fevers. The Palikur people of Brazil and French Guiana apply a preparation of the juice of Kalanchoe leaves mixed with coconut oil to their foreheads to treat headache.


title: Kalanchoe pinnata

text: Bufadienolide compounds isolated from "Bryophyllum pinnatum" include bryophillin A, bersaldegenin-3-acetate, and bryophillin C. Bryophillin C also showed insecticidal properties.


title: Kalanchoe pinnata

text: Phytochemical studies of Kalanchoe pinnata have identified the presence of triterpenes, steroid, phenanthrene, flavonoid, flavones, chalcones, taraxasterol, aurones, phenolic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, malic, oxalic and ferulic acid. Bufadienolides and phenanthrene are toxic compounds. Two calves fed for 48 hours with K. pinnata have been reported to have died due to ataxia and severe cardiac arrhythmia.


title: Rohini Hattangadi

text: Rohini Hattangadi ("née" Oak; born 11 April 1955) is an Indian actress, known for her work in Hindi, Telugu, Marathi, Tamil, Kannada, and Gujarati films, and Marathi soap operas and theatre. She has won two Filmfare Awards, one National Film Award, and is the only Indian actress to win the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role for her performance as Kasturba Gandhi in "Gandhi" (1982).


title: Rohini Hattangadi

text: An alumna of the National School of Drama of New Delhi, Hattangadi had worked mainly in theatre when she made her movie debut with "Arvind Desai Ki Ajeeb Dastaan" in 1978. Some of her noted cinematic roles were in such art films as "Arth" (1982), "Party" and "Saaransh" (1984).


title: Rohini Hattangadi

text: Hattangadi was mostly offered character roles in mainstream Hindi cinema after her portrayal in "Gandhi", often typecast in mother roles much ahead of her years. Respected for her acting prowess, she has appeared in over 80 feature films, and is active in theatre and television.


title: Rohini Hattangadi

text: Hattangadi was born in Pune as Rohini Oak. She did her schooling from Renuka Swaroop Memorial Girls High School, Pune in 1955.


title: Rohini Hattangadi

text: She joined the National School of Drama (NSD) of New Delhi in 1971. Although the Film and Television Institute of India (FTII) was located in her hometown Pune, she did not join it because she was mainly interested in theatre and did not have early plans to enter cinema: "I just wanted to be an actor... My heart was in theatre because I learnt from my father (Anant Oak) that real acting is learnt through theatre. That's why I came all the way to Delhi to join NSD." At NSD, she met her future husband Jayadev Hattangadi, who was in the same batch as hers. They were trained together by Ebrahim Alkazi. Upon graduation in 1974, Rohini was awarded the Best Actress award and an award for Best all-round student, while Jayadev, who was being trained in direction, won the Best Director award. Jayadev and Rohini married the following year.


title: Rohini Hattangadi

text: Rohini also received training in Indian classical dance forms, Kathakali and Bharatnatyam for more than eight years, under the guidance of Professor Surendra Wadgaonkar.


title: Rohini Hattangadi

text: Rohini and Jayadev have a son, Aseem Hattangadi, who is a theatre actor and acted in Badal Sircar's play, "Evam Indrajit", directed by his father. Jaydev Hattangadi died on 5 December 2008, aged 60, after a battle with cancer.


title: Rohini Hattangadi

text: Rohini started her career with Marathi stage. Once in Mumbai while still at NSD, Jayadev and Rohini started a Marathi theatre group in Mumbai, called "Awishkar", which went on to produce over 150 plays. In 1975 she won the Best Actress Award at the Maharashtra State Drama Festival, for her performance in "Changuna", a Marathi adaptation of Federico García Lorca's Spanish classic "Yerma". The play was produced by "Awishkar" in Mumbai.


title: Rohini Hattangadi

text: Hattangadi is the first woman to act in Kannada play "Yakshagana", a folk play directed by K. Shivaram Karanth, and is the first woman in Asia to act in a Japanese Kabuki play, "Ibaragi", directed by Shozo Sato, a Japanese director.


title: Rohini Hattangadi

text: One play that Hattangadi was particularly appreciated for is "Aparajita", based on a Bengali story by Nitin Sen. First staged in 1999, this 120-minute long solo-act play has over the years been performed in both Hindi and Marathi. Incidentally, it was her first performance in a long time to be directed by her husband, Jayadev Hattangadi. In all she has performed in five plays directed by him, including "Medea", a Greek tragedy written by Euripides.


title: Rohini Hattangadi

text: Her other theatre credits include Vijay Tendulkar's "Mitra Chi Gosht", directed by Vinay Apte, "Hori" based on Premchand's "Godaan", produced by IPTA, and most recently in the Hindi play "Kohra" with Sudha Chandran and Babul Bhavsar.


title: Rohini Hattangadi

text: Hattangadi, along with husband Jayadev, ran "Kalashray", a centre for research, education in arts and talent encouragement in Mumbai, working with the underprivileged and developing tools for powerful communication. She won the 2004 Sangeet Natak Akademi Award for her contribution to Indian theatre.


title: Rohini Hattangadi

text: Hattangadi made her film debut with Saeed Akhtar Mirza's "Arvind Desai Ki Ajeeb Dastaan" in 1978. The film won the Filmfare Critics Award for Best Movie. This was followed by her appearance in Mirza's next picture, "Albert Pinto Ko Gussa Kyon Ata Hai" (1980), which won the same award, and Rabindra Dharmaraj's drama "Chakra" (1981). Her characters in these films were minor.


title: Rohini Hattangadi

text: Her next film was Richard Attenborough's biographical film "Gandhi" (1982), based on the life of Mahatma Gandhi. She played Kasturba Gandhi, the wife of Mahatma, played by Ben Kingsley. The film was a major critical success, and among other awards won the Academy Award for Best Picture. Hattangadi's performance garnered her international recognition and she won the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role in 1983, the only Asian to do that so far.


title: Rohini Hattangadi

text: Despite the success she received for her role in "Gandhi", the film was also credited with increasing "her screen age manifold". She was 27 when she played the middle-aged Kasturba, and from then on was offered roles of women of this age group. Hattangadi told of an instance when James Ivory wanted to cast for his film "Heat and Dust", but he was surprised by how young she was when he met her and ultimately did not approach her for a part because he did not want to use make-up. Although theatre was her main interest, she stated that it was not enough financially, stating, "I realised that theatre won't be enough to make ends meet."


title: Rohini Hattangadi

text: This was followed, however, by a string of acclaimed performances, starting with Mahesh Bhatt's "Arth" (1982), which won her the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress. In 1984 she acted in Govind Nihalani's satirical drama "Party" (1984) for which she received the National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress. She followed it with two films in which she portrayed aging housewives, "Mohan Joshi Hazir Ho!" and "Saaransh", both released in 1984. In "Saaransh", she was the female lead along with Anupam Kher in his debut role. The film starred Hattangadi and Kher as B.V. and Parvati, an elderly couple struggling with the recent death of their son. Both Kher and Hattangadi were at their late 20s at the time, and "The Tribune" described them as giving "immortal performances". Her portrayal earned her a nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actress, but it further consolidated her image as a mother and by this time she was type-cast in Hindi commercial cinema in motherly roles.


title: Rohini Hattangadi

text: She was later recognised for her small part in N. Chandra's "Pratighaat" (1987), and for her comic performances in Pankaj Parashar's "ChaalBaaz" and "Ladaai", both released in 1989. She played the role of Sribaby, a drug kingpin, in Parashar's "Jalwa" (1987). It was in Indian parallel cinema, however, where she was offered demanding roles. Her films of this period include Govind Nihalani's "Aghaat" (1985), with Muzaffar Ali's "Anjuman" (1986) and Girish Kasaravalli's "Mane and Ek Ghar" (1991).


title: Rohini Hattangadi

text: In 1990, she was again cast as the aging mother of Amitabh Bachchan in "Agneepath", for which she was awarded her second Filmfare Award in the Best Supporting Actress category. Throughout the 1990s and the 2000s, she was cast by Rajkumar Santoshi in several of his films, such as "Damini" (1993), "" (1996) and "Pukar" (2000).


title: Rohini Hattangadi

text: In 1995, she was cast alongside Mohanlal in the Malayalam film "Agnidevan". In the film, she played a Jnanpith winning author and the matriarch of a joint-family that runs a leading regional newspaper.


title: Rohini Hattangadi

text: Her performance in Rajkumar Hirani's directorial debut "Munnabhai MBBS" (2003) received positive reactions, and she later reprised her role in the Tamil version of the film, "Vasool Raja MBBS" (2004).


title: Rohini Hattangadi

text: Some of her television performances include Vimla Pandey of "Mahayagya", the role of a Hindustani classical singer in "Yeh Kahaan Aa Gaye Hum", a committed social worker in "Intehaan" and the unlettered and harassed Sakkubai in "Hindustani".


title: Rohini Hattangadi

text: Hattangadi played lead roles in the Marathi serials "Char Divas Sasuche" and "Vahinisaheb" and on ETV Marathi and Zee Marathi, respectively. She has played a parallel lead role in Marathi serial "Honar Sun Me Hya Gharchi" on Zee Marathi. She played the lead role in a series on politics in India, where she played the leader of a major political party. In Hindi, She played the role of an actress in "Ghar Ki Lakshmi Betiyann" as Gayatri Baa. Over the years, she has been seen in a number of TV serials including "Mahayagya", "Thoda Hai Thode Ki Zaroorat Hai", "Teache", "Maayke Se Bandhi Dor" and more. She played a special appearance in "Chhal — Sheh Aur Maat", which aired in the TV channel Colors TV. She played a mother-in-law in "Tuza Maza Breakup". She is also seen as Kashibai in the Marathi serial "Swamini" produced by Viren Pradhan on Colors Marathi.


title: Sulakshana Pandit

text: Sulakshana Pandit is an Indian playback singer and former Bollywood leading lady belonging to the Mewati Gharana.


title: Sulakshana Pandit

text: Sulakshana's career as an actress spanned the 1970s and early '80s. As a leading lady she has worked with most of the top actors of the 1970s like Jeetendra, Sanjeev Kumar, Rajesh Khanna, Vinod Khanna, Shashi Kapoor and Shatrughan Sinha. Her acting career began with the suspense thriller "Uljhan" in 1975, opposite Sanjeev Kumar. In Anil Ganguly's "Sankoch" (1976), which was based on the novel "Parineeta", she portrayed Lolita. Her other popular films include "Hera Pheri", "Apnapan", "Khandaan", "Chehre Pe Chehra", "Dharam Kanta" and "Waqt Ki Deewar".


title: Sulakshana Pandit

text: Sulakshana had a singing career alongside her acting one. She began her singing career as a child singer singing the popular song "Saat Samundar Paar se" with Lata Mangeshkar in the 1967 film "Taqdeer". Thereafter, she recorded with famed musicians such as Kishore Kumar and Hemant Kumar. She sang in Hindi, Bengali, Marathi, Oriya and Gujarati. In 1980, she released an album titled "Jazbaat" (HMV), wherein she rendered ghazals. She sang duets with accomplished singers such as Kishore Kumar, Lata Mangeshkar, Mohammed Rafi, Shailender Singh, Yesudas, Mahendra Kapoor and Udit Narayan. She sang under music directors such as Shankar Jaikishan, Laxmikant Pyarelal, Kalyanji Anandji, Kanu Roy, Bappi Lahiri, Usha Khanna, Rajesh Roshan, Khayyam, Rajkamal and several others. In 1986, Sulakshana was one of the singers to perform at the Royal Albert Hall in London to celebrate the "Festival of Indian Music" Concert along with acclaimed Music Directors Laxmikant Pyarelal and singers Manhar, Shabbir Kumar, Nitin Mukesh and Anuradha Paudwal.


title: Sulakshana Pandit

text: Her voice was last heard in an alaap in the song "Saagar Kinare Bhi Do Dil" from the movie "Khamoshi the musical" (1996), which was composed by her brothers Jatin and Lalit.


title: Sulakshana Pandit

text: Sulakshana comes from a musical family originating from Pilimandori Village in Hissar (now Fatehabad) district of Haryana state. The famous classical vocalist and legendary Pandit Jasraj was her uncle. Ex Rajgarh MP & Jan Sangh leader Vasant Kumar Pandit was also her uncle. She started singing at the age of nine. Her elder brother Mandheer Pandit (who was earlier a music composer in the 1980s with Jatin Pandit as the duo Mandheer–Jatin) was her constant companion in Mumbai; they performed and sang on stage until Sulakshana became a leading playback singer through many of their live concerts with legends such as Kishore Kumar and Mohammed Rafi.


title: Sulakshana Pandit

text: She has three brothers (Mandheer, Jatin and Lalit Pandit) and three sisters (Late Maya Anderson, Late Sandhya Singh and Vijayta Pandit). Her father Pratap Narain Pandit was an accomplished classical vocalist. Her nephew Yash Pandit is an Indian television actor. Nieces Shraddha Pandit and Shweta Pandit are playback singers. Her cousin is playback singer Hemlata.


title: Sulakshana Pandit

text: Sulakshana has never been married, after actor Sanjeev Kumar turned down her marriage proposal. She fell on hard times after she stopped getting work. Her sister Vijayta Pandit and brother-in-law, music composer Aadesh Shrivastava, had plans to compose a devotional album for her, but Aadesh died before he could. She broke her hip bone when she fell in the bathroom. Sulakshana makes rare public appearances after her four surgeries that left her impaired. She has given a full length radio interview wherein she spoke about her acting & singing career to RJ Vijay Akela in July 2017.


title: Veil

text: A veil is an article of clothing or hanging cloth that is intended to cover some part of the head or face, or an object of some significance. Veiling has a long history in European, Asian, and African societies. The practice has been prominent in different forms in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The practice of veiling is especially associated with women and sacred objects, though in some cultures, it is men, rather than women, who are expected to wear a veil. Besides its enduring religious significance, veiling continues to play a role in some modern secular contexts, such as wedding customs.


title: Veil

text: The English word "veil" ultimately originates from Latin "vēlum", which also means "sail," from Proto-Indo-European "*wegʰslom", from the verbal root "*wegʰ-" "to drive, to move or ride in a vehicle" (compare "way" and "wain") and the tool/instrument suffix "*-slo-", because the sail makes the ship move. Compare the diminutive form "vexillum", and the Slavic cognate "veslo" "oar, paddle", attested in Czech and Serbo-Croatian.