title: Brianne Tju

text: On June 4, 2018, it was announced that Tju had been cast in the series regular role of Alex Portnoy on the Hulu series "Light as a Feather".


World of Warcraft: Wrath of the Lich King is the second expansion set for the massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) "World of Warcraft", following "". It launched on November 13, 2008 and sold 2.8 million copies within the first day, making it the fastest selling computer game of all time released at that point. The game added a substantial amount of new content into the game world, including the new continent of Northrend, home of The Lich King Arthas and his undead minions. In order to advance through Northrend, players were required to reach at least level 68, with the level cap for the expansion being 80. The first hero class was introduced, the Death Knight, that starts at level 55.


title: World of Warcraft: Wrath of the Lich King

text: The first expansion pack, "", raised the maximum level from 60 to 70 and the "Wrath of the Lich King" raised the level cap from 70 to 80.


text: The death knight is the first "hero class" introduced in "World of Warcraft", and would be the only one available until the introduction of the demon hunter in "". Hero classes are those that start the game at a higher level than the regular level 1. Originally, a death knight could only be created if the player previously had a level 55 on that realm but that requirement was removed in late 2014.


text: Death knights are fallen heroes of the Alliance and the Horde, raised by the Lich King to serve as champions of the undead Scourge. They are able to fill the tank and damage dealer roles. The three death knight specializations are blood, frost and unholy. The blood specialization focuses on the manipulation of blood, using an enemy's blood against them while using the death knights' blood to benefit themselves. Frost specializes in control, counters and combination strikes using frost related abilities. Unholy specialization focuses on poisoning your opponent and sending the player's permanent, controllable pet ghoul to attack the enemy. Death knights wear plate armor and wield weapons with rune engravings (permanent weapon enhancements), which are achieved through the death knight profession called runeforging by utilizing the runeforge in Acherus.


text: Newly created death knights begin with a larger set of spells and abilities than new characters of other classes. The class starts without any talent points and must unlock available talent tiers for their level by completing quests in the death knight starting area in Eastern Plaguelands. Players must complete all the starting area quests in order to join the rest of Azeroth. The death knight class is available to all in-game races.


text: Instead of utilizing rage, energy or mana for combat resources, a death knight uses a system of runes and runic power (both displayed under the player portrait), which is generated by using runes. The death knight originally had two of each type of rune - blood, frost and unholy - available for use. After a rune is used, it enters a ten-second 'cooldown' period before it can be used again and runic power decays over time when out of combat. With specific talents, the death knight can also turn their runes into death runes, which can be used as any type of rune. The death knight has the option of three presences: blood, frost and unholy. In "Wrath of the Lich King", frost presence increased threat generated, increased health and lowered damage taken; blood presence increased damage done and restored a portion of damage dealt as healing; unholy presence increased attack speed, increased movement speed and reduced the global cooldown on all abilities.


text: In the following expansion, "", with a desire to clearly designate specializations as damage dealing or tank, Blood became the designated tanking spec and blood presence's effects was changed so that blood presence had threat and damage mitigation and frost presence was changed to increasing all runic power generation. In the "" expansion, death knights have six death runes instead of three types of runes and presences were removed; each specific presence's effect is included in its related specialization automatically.


text: Northrend is a crescent-shaped continent in northern Azeroth. The continent is roughly half the size of the Eastern Kingdoms, but matches Outland in length and width. Although Northrend is known for its snow and ice, only parts of the continent are frozen over.


text: Northrend features eight zones with content designed for players beginning at level 68, although players may travel to Northrend at any level. Players arrive by boat (Alliance) or zeppelin (Horde) either at the Howling Fjord or the Borean Tundra zones, each located at opposite ends of the continent. Howling Fjord is home to evil half-giants called the Vrykul, who reside in Utgarde Keep, the first dungeon in the expansion. The Dragonblight and Grizzly Hills zones are located in the southcentral and southeast parts of the continent respectively. The Ursine Furbolgs reside in the forested Grizzly Hills. Dragonblight features the gravesites of dragons who came to the region to die. Wintergrasp is the first zone in "World of Warcraft" designed specifically for Player versus Player (PVP) activities, even on Player versus Environment (PvE) servers.


text: The forces of the Alliance, unified under King Varian Wrynn, have brought its armies to Northrend with the goal of avenging the Alliance Kingdom of Lordaeron, whose betrayal and destruction at the hands of Prince Arthas Menethil was engineered by the Lich King. The Alliance controls Valiance Keep and Valgarde in the Borean Tundra and Howling Fjord respectively, as well as Wintergarde Keep in Dragonblight.


text: The Forsaken and their Banshee Queen, Sylvanas Windrunner, have also arrived with a new contagion that they hope will prove to be effective against the undead minions of the Lich King. The Forsaken are seeking vengeance for being subjected to Arthas's magic. They have set up a military base of operations called "Vengeance Landing" and have created a settlement called "New Agamand," both in the Howling Fjord. The magi of Dalaran have also relocated, along with their city, to Northrend in order to deal with the rising threat of the Blue Dragonflight, led by Malygos the Spell-Weaver, and the Lich King. The city of Dalaran functions as the neutral sanctuary city for the continent, analogous to Shattrath City in Outland. Dalaran is levitating at a great height above the Crystalsong Forest zone but can be accessed by either the ground or by flying mount. The expansion also features more creatures and other enemies, such as the four new spirit beasts: Loque'nahak, Gondria, Skoll and Arcturis. It also introduces the vicious dragons called Proto-Drakes (dragons with short arms, huge teeth and large wings) and the gigantic dinosaur named King Krush, who stalks the jungles of Sholazar Basin. Arthas Menethil, the Lich King, is the primary antagonist of the expansion.


text: In the wake of the Sunwell's purification, a period of suspicious silence swept over the world. As if on cue, the undead Scourge launched a massive assault against the cities and towns of Azeroth, this time extending its reach far beyond the Eastern Kingdoms. Under pressure to respond with a full army, Warchief Thrall deployed an expedition force to Northrend led by Overlord Garrosh Hellscream. Meanwhile, the missing human king Varian Wrynn at last returned to Stormwind City and reclaimed his crown. He sent an equally powerful Alliance army, commanded by Bolvar Fordragon, to defeat the Lich King—and any Horde forces who would stand in their way.


text: The Alliance and Horde (led by Dranosh Saurfang) eventually led a combined offensive on the Wrathgate, the entrance to the Lich King's fortress of Icecrown Citadel. Before they could succeed, however, Grand Apothecary Putress and his Royal Apothecary Society followers (renegade Forsaken) unleashed a new plague that killed friend and foe alike, while his traitorous counterpart, the dreadlord Varimathras, seized the Undercity in a coup that nearly killed Sylvanas. The usurpers were slain for their vile deeds by armies of the Alliance and Horde and the Forsaken capital was restored. The debacle, however, created suspicion among the Horde regarding Sylvanas's loyalties. At the Wrathgate, many brave Alliance soldiers died at the hands of the Forsaken's Royal Apothecary Society; including King Varian's dear friend Bolvar Fordragon. Varian, who had always been wary of the orcs, discovered that the Royal Apothecary Society had been developing the new plague for years. The events that transpired during the battle for the Undercity convinced the human king that the Horde had been left unchecked for too long and he becomes hostile to the Horde for the rest of the campaign in Northrend.


text: In order to diminish the leadership of the Scourge, forces of Azeroth take on the newly rebuilt necropolis Naxxramas that floats in the eastern portion of the Dragonblight region. Much like its predecessor in the Eastern Plaguelands of the Eastern Kingdoms, battles wage all throughout the dread citadel, before taking the fight to Kel'Thuzad himself and putting an end to his and the Lich King's partnership once and for all. At the same time, Malygos, Aspect of the Blue Dragonflight, has been twisted and gone mad, convinced the mortal magic wielders are tainting Azeroth and begins a campaign to purge them. Hidden in the void of the Eye of Eternity, he channels laylines of arcane magic to fuel his army and empower his abilities. At the saddened behest of his sister, Alexatrasza, Queen of the Dragons and Aspect of the Red Dragonflight, champions of Azeroth end his crusade and pave the way for a brighter future for the Blue Flight.


text: The march of Horde and Alliance armies through Northrend led to a number of victories, but these successes paled before a discovery made by the explorer Brann Bronzebeard within the ancient titan complex of Ulduar. This mysterious fortress had long served as the prison of the Old God Yogg-Saron, a being of unfathomable evil whose influence had spread into the continent of Northrend itself. However, the safeguards keeping Yogg-Saron imprisoned began to fail, and the Old God's influence corrupted Ulduar's guardians. With Brann's assistance, small bands of Alliance and Horde champions infiltrated Ulduar to confront Yogg-Saron, who blasted the invaders with cryptic visions: the millennia-old creation of an artifact known as the Dragon Soul, the assassination of Stormwind's King Llane, and a glimpse of the Lich King's future. However, the heroes manage to prevail and destroy Yogg-Saron.


text: In preparation for the final offensive against the Lich King, the Argent Crusade (a union of holy warriors from the Order of the Silver Hand and the Argent Dawn) assembled a base near Icecrown Citadel to gather resources and identify the champions who would serve at the vanguard of their army. Highlord Tirion Fordring organized a tournament to test potential heroes of the Horde and the Alliance, but agents of the Scourge quickly emerged to sabotage the event. The undead attack culminated with the appearance of the monstrous crypt lord Anub'arak, who attempted to exterminate Tirion's elite force before it could be assembled. Fortunately, the gathered heroes prove to be too much for Anub'arak to handle and he is defeated.


text: As the final battle against the Lich King approached, the human sorceress Jaina Proudmoore and the Banshee Queen Sylvanas Windrunner journeyed to the icy heart of Northrend. Both had come for different reasons: Jaina hoped to discover whether a part of her former friend and lover, Arthas Menethil, still lived; Sylvanas longed to take revenge on her old enemy. With the aid of these two heroes, Azeroth's champions stormed Icecrown Citadel and vanquished the Lich King's minions. Their confrontation with the Lich King involved thousands of souls consumed by Arthas's blade, Frostmourne. Ultimately, Arthas was slain with the aid of Tirion Fordring, and the heroes who triumphed over him learned a chilling truth about the existence of the undead Scourge. Without a Lich King, the leaderless undead would go on an unstoppable rampage across Azeroth. Bolvar (revealed to have been altered by the red dragons' flame), steps forward and voluntarily becomes the new Lich King, promising to keep the Scourge contained in Northrend as its eternal jailer.


text: "World of Warcraft: Wrath of the Lich King" was announced on August 3, 2007, on the first day of BlizzCon 2007. Several enhancements to "World of Warcraft"s graphics engine were added with the release of Wrath of the Lich King. These include the use of a new shader in areas containing ice, new fire effects, more realistic shadows, and the option to turn down character texture resolution to improve performance.


text: On October 15, 2008, Patch 3.0.2, titled 'Wrath of the Lich King', was released to pave the way for the upcoming expansion, bringing many of the expansion's updated systems to the game pre-release. Several new features were added including an all new class called the Death Knight. Classes received new spells and abilities. A harbor was added to Stormwind and new Zeppelin towers outside Orgrimmar and Tirisfal Glades. "Wrath of the Lich King" was released on November 13, 2008.


text: Patch 3.1.0, 'Secrets of Ulduar', was released April 15, 2009. Players discovered the titan city of Ulduar to learn it was a prison keeping the Old God of Death, Yogg-Saron inside. New content along with the new raid, Ulduar, was added including the new Argent Tournament Grounds. The dual talent specialization and the equipment manager were added to the UI. Patch 3.2, 'Call of the Crusade', was released August 5, 2009. Since release of Argent Tournament in patch 3.1.0, players have been fighting champions of each faction. Patch 3.2.0 added the Crusader's Coliseum raid, a PvP season 7, a new Battleground, Isle of Conquest and some Argent Tournament quests. The final major patch for the expansion, Patch 3.3, 'Fall of the Lich King', was released on December 9, 2009. It added the Icecrown Citadel raid, where players would fight the Lich King and the main storyline came to a conclusion. Other new content included the Kalu’ak Fishing Derby. Cross server LFG (looking for group), which allowed players from different servers to play together in a dungeon. Patch 3.3.5, released on June 22, 2010, was a minor content patch that released the Ruby Sanctum raid and added cross-game chat using Battle.net. The raid features fighting against the black dragonflight that is attempting to destroy the Sanctum to facilitate Deathwing's reemergence.


text: On September 19, 2012, the "Wrath of the Lich King" expansion was completely merged with the original "World of Warcraft" game, just as the "Burning Crusade" expansion was the previous year. Now all players who purchase the original game automatically receive "The Burning Crusade" and "Wrath of the Lich King" at no additional cost. This merging of the expansions with the original game is called a "Battle Chest".


text: In April 2022, Blizzard announced the expansion was coming to World of Warcraft Classic. "Wrath of the Lich King Classic" was released on September 26, 2022.


text: "Wrath of the Lich King" was critically acclaimed, scoring a 91 out of 100 on Metacritic. Since its release, this expansion has often been recognized as "World of Warcraft"'s best expansion by critics and fans. The game reached its peak in October 2010 with over 12 million subscribers.


text: The set sold 2.8 million copies within the first 24 hours of availability. This had made it the fastest selling computer game of all time, beating the record set by the previous "World of Warcraft" expansion "The Burning Crusade", which had sold 2.4 million within its first 24 hours. It received a "Gold" sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 200,000 copies in the United Kingdom. It later lost its rank as number one after Blizzard released "Diablo III", which sold over 3.5 million copies within its first 24 hours on the market.


title: Survivor (film)

text: Survivor is a 2015 British-American action spy thriller film directed by James McTeigue and written by Philip Shelby. The film stars Milla Jovovich, Pierce Brosnan, Robert Forster, Angela Bassett, Roger Rees, Antonia Thomas, James D'Arcy, Frances de la Tour, Genevieve O'Reilly, and Dylan McDermott.


title: Survivor (film)

text: The film was released in cinemas in the United Kingdom on June 5, 2015, and direct-to-video in the United States on June 23, 2015.


title: Survivor (film)

text: The film opens with a firefight in the Middle East, where Johnny Talbot (Paddy Wallace), an American soldier, is captured by Islamic terrorists and forced to witness the execution of his comrade, Ray (Parker Sawyers).


title: Survivor (film)

text: Kate Abbott (Milla Jovovich) is a Diplomatic Security Service agent working for the American Embassy in London, who began working in the government after most of her friends were killed in 9/11. While she is implementing new, more stringent rules for visa applications of potential terrorist suspects, most of her team are killed while at a restaurant for the birthday of their superior, Bill Talbot (Robert Forster). Bill is Johnny's father, and is being blackmailed under threat of Johnny's death. He delayed attending the party to


title: Survivor (film)

text: return to his desk to delete records of the visas he has approved for terrorists entering the United States. Kate survives the bombing when she leaves the restaurant to get a last-minute present for Bill.


title: Survivor (film)

text: An investigation into the attack reveals that the bomb has traces of chromium, leading her superior at the embassy, Sam Parker (Dylan McDermott), to deduce that the perpetrator was the 'Watchmaker' (Pierce Brosnan), one of the world's most wanted killers, known for his precision work, who detonated a bomb with similar traces in Paris two years earlier. Nobody knows the Watchmaker's appearance, as he has had lots of plastic surgery over the years. Kate's subsequent attempts to find out the cause of the explosion reveal that Bill was being blackmailed to let certain visa applicants through after Johnny's capture, and the man behind the attack was indeed the Watchmaker. Her efforts uncover a plan to detonate another bomb at Times Square in New York City during the New Year's Eve celebrations.


title: Survivor (film)

text: As she carries out her own investigation, she is attacked by Bill, unintentionally killing him in self-defense. Kate is later considered, through witnesses and footage, the prime suspect for the attacks at the embassy.


title: Survivor (film)

text: Kate is forced to sneak back into the embassy to create false passports for herself to follow the Watchmaker to New York, with continuing support from Sam and her friend Sally (Frances de la Tour), the only two people who still believe in her innocence.


title: Survivor (film)

text: Meanwhile, the Watchmaker uses a Steyr HS .50 cal sniper rifle to fire an incendiary round into a sphere filled with explosive gas atop a vacant block of apartments in Tower Hamlets. The building is devastated. Later, the Watchmaker reveals that he is aware that his client's purpose for the Times Square attack is not terrorism but financial. He intends to bet against the stock market and make millions when the stock market reopens. The Watchmaker demands half the profits, threatening to cancel the attack, and the client agrees.


title: Survivor (film)

text: The Watchmaker leaves for New York. Dr Emil Balan (Roger Rees), is motivated to avenge his late wife's death when her visa to the U.S. was delayed and she didn't receive emergency medical treatment in time. In New York, he coordinates filling the New Year's Eve ball with explosive gas. The Watchmaker's job is to shoot the sphere and ignite the gas. Balan meets the Watchmaker on top of a high rise a few blocks from Times Square. The Watchmaker kills Balan, removing any connection back to him. Kate deduces the plot and finds the Watchmaker, moments away from triggering the bomb. After a struggle, she manages to throw the Watchmaker off the side of the building. He falls to his death on the stroke of midnight.


title: Survivor (film)

text: Her suspicion about Balan's guilt is vindicated and her name is cleared. She receives a call from Sam, who has recovered from recent injuries, congratulating her.


title: Survivor (film)

text: Regé-Jean Page, Antonia Thomas, Jing Lusi and Sean Teale play Kate’s colleagues in the visa team: Robert Purvell, Naomi Rosenbaum, Joyce Su and Alvin Murdock. Sonya Cassidy appears as Anderson’s right hand, Helen.


title: Survivor (film)

text: Paddy Wallace and Parker Sawyers play Johnny Talbot and Ray, two US soldiers in the film’s opening scene.


title: Survivor (film)

text: The principal photography of the film "Survivor" began on January 20, 2014 in London. Shooting took place in London for five weeks before production moved to Sofia, Bulgaria for three weeks. Emma Thompson was cast and appeared in promotional material for the film, but she pulled out at the last minute.


title: Survivor (film)

text: Alchemy acquired the United States distribution rights to the film on March 20, 2015. The film was given a limited release and a video on demand release in the United States on May 29, 2015. Lionsgate released the film in the United Kingdom on June 5, 2015.


title: Survivor (film)

text: "Survivor" was released on DVD and Blu-ray in the US on June 23, 2015, and was released in Canada and other countries on July 7, 2015.


title: Survivor (film)

text: "Survivor" received almost uniformly negative reviews from major reviewers. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 8% based on 51 reviews, with an average rating of 3.65/10. The website's critics consensus reads: "Borrowing heavily from better films in service of a predictable story, "Survivor" will struggle to sustain the interest of even the most avid action thriller fans." IGN awarded "Survivor" 5 out of 10, saying "The film is particularly disappointing as McTeigue also directed "V for Vendetta", a much sharper, much more intriguing, much more thought-provoking look at our post-9/11 world." As of September 2015, the film had a score 26 out of 100 from 11 critics on Metacritic, with the highest coming in from Roger Moore at Movie Nation and Peter Sobczynski of Roger Ebert (both at 50 points on a scale of 100).


title: Merlin (bird)

text: The merlin (Falco columbarius) is a small species of falcon from the Northern Hemisphere, with numerous subspecies throughout North America and Eurasia. A bird of prey once known colloquially as a pigeon hawk in North America, the merlin breeds in the northern Holarctic; some migrate to subtropical and northern tropical regions in winter. Males typically have wingspans of , with females being slightly larger. They are swift fliers and skilled hunters who specialize in preying on small birds in the size range of sparrows to quail. The merlin has for centuries been well regarded as a falconry bird. In recent decades merlin populations in North America have been significantly increasing, with some merlins becoming so well adapted to city life that they forgo migration.


title: Merlin (bird)

text: The merlin was described and illustrated by the English naturalist Mark Catesby (as the "pigeon hawk") in his "Natural history of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands" published in 1729–1732. Based on this description, in 1758 Carl Linnaeus included the species in the tenth edition of his "Systema Naturae" and introduced the present binomial name "Falco columbarius" with the type locality as "America". The genus name is Late Latin; "falco" derives from "falx", "falcis", a sickle, referring to the claws of the bird. The species name "columbarius" is Latin for "of doves" from "columba", "dove". Thirteen years after Linnaeus's description Marmaduke Tunstall recognized the Eurasian birds as a distinct taxon "Falco aesalon" in his "Ornithologica Britannica". If two species of merlins are recognized, the Old World birds would thus bear the scientific name "F. aesalon".


title: Merlin (bird)

text: The name "merlin" is derived from Old French "esmerillon" via Anglo-Norman "merilun" or "meriliun". There are related Germanic words derived through older forms such as Middle Dutch "smeerle", Old High German "smerle" and Old Icelandic "smyrill". Wycliffe's Bible, around 1382, mentions "An Egle, & agriffyn, & a merlyon". The species was once known as 'pigeon hawk' in North America.


title: Merlin (bird)

text: Alhough the merlin shares its name with the legendary wizard Merlin from the Arthurian legends, the bird is not named after the wizard. The wizard's name is an English cognate of the Welsh name “Myrddin” and is unrelated to the name of the bird.


title: Merlin (bird)

text: The relationships of the merlin are not resolved to satisfaction. In size, shape and coloration, it is fairly distinct among living falcons. The red-necked falcon is sometimes considered more closely related to the merlin than other falcons, but this seems to be a coincidence due to similar hunting habits; it could not be confirmed in more recent studies. Indeed, the merlin seems to represent a lineage distinct from other living falcons since at least the Early Pliocene, some 5 Ma (million years ago). As suggested by biogeography and DNA sequence data, it might be part of an ancient non-monophyletic radiation of "Falco"s from Europe to North America, alongside the ancestors of forms such as the American kestrel ("F. sparvierus"), and the aplomado falcon ("F. femoralis") and its relatives. A relationship with the red-necked falcon ("F. chicquera") was once proposed based on their phenetic similarity, but this is not considered likely today.


title: Merlin (bird)

text: In that regard, a fossil falcon from the Early Blancan (4.3–4.8 Ma) Rexroad Formation of Kansas. Known from an almost complete right coracoid (specimen UMMP V29107) and some tarsometatarsus, tibiotarsus and humerus pieces (V27159, V57508-V57510, V57513-V57514), this prehistoric falcon was slightly smaller than a merlin and apparently a bit more stout-footed, but otherwise quite similar. It was part of the Fox Canyon and Rexroad Local Faunas, and may have been the ancestor of the living merlins or its close relative. With its age quite certainly pre-dating the split between the Eurasian and North American merlins, the fossil falcon supports the idea of the merlin lineage originating in North America, or rather the colonization thereof. After adapting to its ecological niche, ancient merlins would have spread to Eurasia again, with gene flow being interrupted as the Beringia and Greenland regions became icebound in the Quaternary glaciation.


title: Merlin (bird)

text: That the merlin has a long-standing presence on both sides of the Atlantic is evidenced by the degree of genetic distinctness between Eurasian and North American populations. Arguably, they might be considered distinct species, with gene flow having ceased at least a million years ago, but probably more.


title: Merlin (bird)

text: By and large, color variation in either group independently follows Gloger's Rule. The Pacific temperate rain forest subspecies "suckleyi"'s males are almost uniformly black on the upperside and have heavy black blotches on the belly, whereas those of the lightest subspecies, "pallidus", have little non-dilute melanin altogether, with grey upperside and reddish underside pattern.


title: Merlin (bird)

text: The merlin is long with a wingspan. Compared with most other small falcons, it is more robust and heavily built. Males average at about and females are typically about . There is considerable variation, however, throughout the birds' range and—in particular in migratory populations—over the course of a year. Thus, adult males may weigh , and females . Each wing measures , the tail measures and the tarsus measures . Such sexual dimorphism is common among raptors; it allows males and females to hunt different prey animals and decreases the territory size needed to feed a mated pair.


title: Merlin (bird)

text: The male merlin has a blue-grey back, ranging from almost black to silver-grey in different subspecies. Its underparts are buff- to orange-tinted and more or less heavily streaked with black to reddish brown. The female and immature are brownish-grey to dark brown above, and whitish buff spotted with brown below. Besides a weak whitish supercilium and the faint dark malar stripe—which are barely recognizable in both the palest and the darkest birds—the face of the merlin is less strongly patterned than in most other falcons. Nestlings are covered in pale buff down feathers, shading to whitish on the belly.


title: Merlin (bird)

text: The remiges are blackish, and the tail usually has some 3–4 wide blackish bands, too. Very light males only have faint and narrow medium-grey bands, while in the darkest birds the bands are very wide, so that the tail appears to have narrow lighter bands instead. In all of them, however, the tail tip is black with a narrow white band at the very end, a pattern possibly plesiomorphic for all falcons. Altogether, the tail pattern is quite distinct though, resembling only that of the aplomado falcon ("F. berigora") and (in light merlins) some typical kestrels. The eye and beak are dark, the latter with a yellow cere. The feet are also yellow, with black claws.


title: Merlin (bird)

text: Light American males may resemble the American kestrel ("F. sparverius", not a typical kestrel), but merlin males have a grey back and tail rather than the reddish-brown of the kestrels. Light European males can be distinguished from kestrels by their mainly brown wings. In the north of South Asia, wintering males may be confused with the red-necked falcon ("F. chicquera") if they fly away from the observer and the head (red on top in "F. chicquera") and underside (finely barred with black in "F. chicquera") are not visible.


title: Merlin (bird)

text: Merlins inhabit fairly open country, such as willow or birch scrub, shrubland, but also taiga forest, parks, grassland such as steppe and prairies, or moorland. They are not very habitat-specific and can be found from sea level to the treeline. In general, they prefer a mix of low and medium-height vegetation with some trees, and avoid dense forests as well as treeless arid regions. During migration however, they will utilize almost any habitat.


title: Merlin (bird)

text: Most of its populations are migratory, wintering in warmer regions. Northern European birds move to southern Europe and North Africa, and North American populations to the southern United States to northern South America. In the milder maritime parts of its breeding range, such as Great Britain, the Pacific Northwest and western Iceland, as well as in Central Asia, it will merely desert higher ground and move to coasts and lowland during winter. The migration to the breeding grounds starts in late February, with most birds passing through the US, Central Europe and southern Russia in March and April, and the last stragglers arriving in the breeding range towards the end of May. Migration to winter quarters at least in Eurasia peaks in August/September, while e.g. in Ohio, just south of the breeding range, "F. c. columbarius" is typically recorded as a southbound migrant as late as September/October. In Europe, merlins will roost communally in winter, often with hen harriers ("Circus cyaneus"). In North America, communal roosting is rare.


title: Merlin (bird)

text: Merlins rely on speed and agility to hunt their prey. They often hunt by flying fast and low, typically less than above the ground, using trees and large shrubs to take prey by surprise. But they actually capture most prey in the air, and will "tail-chase" startled birds. Throughout its native range, the merlin is one of the most able aerial predators of small to mid-sized birds, more versatile if anything than the larger hobbies (which prefer to attack in mid-air) and the more nimble sparrowhawks (which usually go for birds resting or sleeping in dense growth). Breeding pairs will frequently hunt cooperatively, with one bird flushing the prey toward its mate.


title: Merlin (bird)

text: The merlin will readily take prey that is flushed by other causes, and can for example be seen tagging along sharp-shinned hawks ("Accipiter striatus") to catch birds that escape from this ambush predator into the open air. It is quite unafraid, and will readily attack anything that moves conspicuously. Merlins have even been observed trying to "catch" automobiles and trains, and to feed on captive birds such as those snared in the mist nets used by ornithologists. Even under adverse conditions, one in 20 targets is usually caught, and under good conditions almost every other attack will be successful. Sometimes, merlins cache food to eat it later.


title: Merlin (bird)

text: In particular during the breeding season, most of the prey are smallish birds weighing . Almost any such species will be taken, with local preferences for whatever is most abundant—be it larks (Alaudidae), pipits ("Anthus"), finches (Fringillidae), house sparrows ("Passer domesticus"), other Old World sparrows (Passeridae) or buntings ("Emberiza")—and inexperienced yearlings always a favorite. Smaller birds will generally avoid a hunting merlin if possible. In the Cayman Islands (where it only occurs in winter), bananaquits were noted to die of an apparent heart attack or stroke, without being physically harmed, when a merlin went at them and they could not escape.


title: Merlin (bird)

text: Larger birds (e.g. sandpipers, flickers, ptarmigan, other grouse and even rock pigeons as heavy as the merlin itself) and other animals—insects (especially dragonflies, moths and grasshoppers), small mammals (especially bats, rabbits, voles and other small rodents) and reptiles (such as lizards and snakes)—complement its diet. These are more important outside the breeding season, when they can make up a considerable part of the merlin's diet. But for example in Norway, while small birds are certainly the breeding merlin's staple food, exceptional breeding success seems to require an abundance of "Microtus" voles.


title: Merlin (bird)

text: Corvids are the primary threat to eggs and nestlings. Adult merlins may be preyed on by larger raptors, especially peregrine falcons ("F. peregrinus"), eagle-owls (e.g., great horned owl, "Bubo virginianus"), and larger "Accipiter" hawks (e.g., northern goshawk, "A. gentilis"). In general however, carnivorous birds avoid merlins due to their aggressiveness and agility. Their desire to drive larger raptors away from their territory is so pronounced that it is an identifying characteristic. Quoting from one popular raptor watching reference, "An observer may use this aggressive tendency for identification purposes and as a means of detection. High-flying merlins often betray themselves and distinguish themselves because they are vigorously harassing another raptor (even ones as large as the Golden Eagle)."


title: Merlin (bird)

text: Breeding occurs typically in May/June. Though the pairs are monogamous at least for a breeding season, extra-pair copulations have been recorded. Most nest sites have dense vegetative or rocky cover; the merlin does not build a proper nest of its own. Most will use abandoned corvid (particularly "Corvus" crow and "Pica" magpie) or hawk nests which are in conifer or mixed tree stands. In moorland—particularly in the UK—the female will usually make a shallow scrape in dense heather to use as a nest. Others nest in crevices on cliff-faces and on the ground, and some may even use buildings.


title: Merlin (bird)

text: Three to six (usually 4 or 5) eggs are laid. The rusty brown eggs average at about . The incubation period is 28 to 32 days. Incubation is performed by the female to about 90%; the male instead hunts to feed the family. Hatchlings weigh about . The young fledge after another 30 days or so, and are dependent on their parents for up to 4 more weeks. Sometimes first-year merlins (especially males) will serve as a "nest helper" for an adult pair. More than half—often all or almost all—eggs of a clutch survive to hatching, and at least two-thirds of the hatched young fledge. However, as noted above, in years with little supplementary food only 1 young in 3 may survive to fledging. The merlin becomes sexually mature at one year of age and usually attempts to breed right away. The oldest wild bird known as of 2009 was recorded in its 13th winter.


title: Merlin (bird)

text: John James Audubon illustrated the merlin in the second edition of "Birds of America" (published in London, 1827–38) as Plate 75, under the title, "Le Petit Caporal – "Falco temerarius"". The image was engraved and colored by Robert Havell's London workshops. The original watercolor by Audubon was purchased by the New York History Society, where it remains as of January 2009.


title: Merlin (bird)

text: William Lewin illustrates the merlin as Plate 22 in volume 1 of his "Birds of Great Britain and their Eggs", published 1789 in London.


title: Merlin (bird)

text: In medieval Europe, merlins were popular in falconry: the Book of St. Albans listed it as "the falcon for a lady", where it was noted for classic "ringing" (circling rapidly upward) pursuits of the English skylark. Though the merlin is only slightly larger than the American kestrel in dimensions, it averages about one third to one half larger by weight, with this weight mostly being extra muscle that gives it greater speed and endurance than the kestrel. Like the American kestrel, the merlin offers the modern falconer the ability to hunt year round against sparrows and starlings, in urban settings not requiring large tracts of land or hunting dogs, with the additional advantage of being able to reliably take small game birds such as dove and quail during hunting season. A large and exceptionally aggressive female merlin may take prey as large as pigeons and occasionally even small ducks. They also offer an exciting style of flight, generally at closer range than large falcons where it may be more clearly witnessed and enjoyed by the falconer. In addition to horizontal tail-chases in the manner of American kestrels, they will also "ring up" in pursuit of prey that seeks to escape by out-climbing them, and perform high speed diving stoops on prey beneath them in the manner of larger falcons. Quoting from one popular falconry book on the eagerness of merlins to chase a swung lure, "Every stoop, outrun, dodge, and aerial maneuver of a hard flight to real quarry can be duplicated with no risk of loss of the falcon. Merlins regularly flown to the lure take most field quarries with such ease and such assurance as to make the field flight the less interesting and exciting of the two."


title: Merlin (bird)

text: Quoting expert falconer Matthew Mullenix, author of the book "American Kestrels in Modern Falconry", in an article comparing the American kestrel to the merlin he states "What a merlin gives you is raw power: lots of it. It brings an ability to negate wind as a factor, to stay airborne at a tremendous clip then gear down further at any time for more performance. One merlin can dominate an entire flock of frightened birds, directing its fate as a whole. The flock responds like bait fish to a barracuda and for precisely the same reason. Merlins demonstrate total mastery of their element." Concerning suitable game for these two species, he states "To snipe, dove, quail and open-country sparrows, merlins are best suited. For most blackbirds (Icteridea), either falcon can prove effective. Starlings in close are extremely vulnerable to kestrels; but in the open are best prey for merlins."


title: Merlin (bird)

text: Altogether, the merlin is not particularly rare, and due to this and its wide range it is considered a species of least concern by the IUCN. Its numbers are—except in the Asian part of its range, where the situation is less well determined—regularly censused. In about every major country it inhabits, many hundreds to many thousands are found, ranging from a "mere" 250–300 pairs in Belarus to perhaps as many as 30,000 pairs of "aesalon" in European Russia as determined in 1993. It is listed on CITES Appendix II and on a local level protected as other birds of prey; while some countries allow to capture merlins, e.g. for falconry, international trade requires an export permit.


title: Merlin (bird)

text: By far the most serious long-term threat to these birds is habitat destruction, especially in their breeding areas. Ground-nesting populations in moorland have a preference for tall heather, and are thus susceptible to overmanagement by burning vast tracts instead of creating a habitat mosaic containing old and new growth. Still, the merlin is rather euryoecious (adaptable to various conditions) and will even live in settled areas, provided they have the proper mix of low and high vegetation, as well as sufficient prey (which is usually the case) and nesting sites (which is a common limiting factor).


title: Merlin (bird)

text: In North America, the species seems to have been more widespread in the past, or perhaps its range has shifted northwards: "F. c. columbarius" was an uncommon breeding bird in Ohio before the 20th century, but in Seneca County, as early as the 1900s even single adults were rarely seen in the breeding season. It is encountered in Ohio as a passage migrant and rarely as a winter guest, though two recent nestings have been confirmed. Changing land-use in Ohio mainly turned forest into agricultural land and thus is not very likely to have rendered the region inhospitable to the merlin; global warming on the other hand cannot be dismissed as a reason, given that the merlin is essentially a subarctic species that barely ranges even into temperate climes. Also, it may be that the number of merlins wintering in the northern USA has increased during the 20th century.


title: Merlin (bird)

text: Perhaps the most frequent cause of accidental death for individuals is collision with man-made objects, particularly during attacks. This may account for almost half of all premature deaths of merlins. In the 1960s and 1970s, organochlorine pesticides were responsible for declines—particularly in Canada—due to eggshell thinning and subsequent brood failure, and compromising the immune system of adults. This has since been remedied with restrictions on the use of DDT and similar chemicals, and numbers have rebounded. Overall, merlin stocks appear globally stable; while they may decline temporarily in places, they will usually increase again eventually, suggesting that this phenomenon is due to the fluctuations of supplementary food stocks discussed above.


title: 2022 Indianapolis Colts season

text: The 2022 season is the Indianapolis Colts' 70th in the National Football League (NFL), their 39th in Indianapolis, their sixth under the leadership of general manager Chris Ballard and their fifth and final under head coach Frank Reich.


title: 2022 Indianapolis Colts season

text: After a 3–5–1 start, head coach Frank Reich was fired from the team with Jeff Saturday being named the interim head coach. The Colts failed to improve on their 9–8 record from last season after a Week 13 loss to the Dallas Cowboys. After the bye week, they were defeated by the Minnesota Vikings to suffer their first losing season since 2019. The game was notable for being the biggest blown lead in NFL history, as the Colts blew a 33–0 halftime lead to lose 39–36 in overtime. The game was also known as the Indianapolis Choke.


title: 2022 Indianapolis Colts season

text: Because the Browns won their season opener for the first time since 2004, coupled with this game, the Colts now hold the NFL's longest active season opener winless streak, not having won a season opener since 2013.


title: 2022 Indianapolis Colts season

text: The Colts failed to capitalize on offense, and were shutout for the first time since week 13 of the 2018 season, which was also against the Jaguars. This was also their eighth consecutive loss in Jacksonville.


title: Muscimol

text: Muscimol (also known as agarin or pantherine) is one of the principal psychoactive constituents of "Amanita muscaria" and related species of mushroom. Muscimol is a potent and selective orthosteric agonist for the GABA receptors and displays sedative-hypnotic, depressant and hallucinogenic psychoactivity. This colorless or white solid is classified as an isoxazole.


title: Muscimol

text: Muscimol is one of the psychoactive compounds responsible for the effects of "Amanita muscaria" intoxication. Ibotenic acid, a neurotoxic secondary metabolite of "Amanita muscaria", serves as a prodrug to muscimol when the mushroom is ingested or dried, converting to muscimol via decarboxylation.


title: Muscimol

text: Muscimol is produced in the mushrooms "Amanita muscaria" (fly agaric) and "Amanita pantherina", along with muscarine (which is present in trace amounts and it is not active), muscazone, and ibotenic acid. "A. muscaria" and "A. pantherina" should be eaten with caution and prepared properly to lessen effects of nausea. In "A. muscaria", the layer just below the skin of the cap contains the highest amount of muscimol, and is therefore the most psychoactive portion.


title: Muscimol

text: Muscimol is a potent GABA agonist, activating the receptor for the brain's principal inhibitory neurotransmitter, GABA. Muscimol binds to the same site on the GABA receptor complex as GABA itself, as opposed to other GABAergic drugs such as barbiturates and benzodiazepines which bind to separate regulatory sites. GABA receptors are widely distributed in the brain, and so when muscimol is administered, it alters neuronal activity in multiple regions including the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum. While muscimol is normally thought of as a selective GABA agonist with exceptionally high affinity to GABA-delta receptors, it is also a partial agonist at the GABA-rho receptor, and so its range of effects results from a combined action on more than one GABA receptor subtype.


title: Muscimol

text: The psychoactive dose of muscimol is around 10–15 mg for a normal person. "A Guide to British Psilocybin Mushrooms" by Richard Cooper published in 1977 recommends a smaller dose, 8.5 mg, and suggests that it is possible for this amount to be present in as little as 1 g of dried "A. muscaria" but this is not consistent with most other reports which suggest 5–10 g is necessary. A correct dose may be difficult to determine because potency varies dramatically from one mushroom to the next.


title: Muscimol

text: When consumed, a substantial percentage of muscimol goes un-metabolized and thus excreted in urine, a phenomenon exploited by practitioners of the traditional entheogenic use of "Amanita muscaria".


title: Muscimol

text: In patients with Huntington's disease and chronic schizophrenia, oral doses of muscimol have been found to cause a rise of both prolactin and growth hormone.


title: Muscimol

text: During a test involving rabbits connected to an EEG, muscimol presented with a distinctly synchronized EEG tracing. This is substantially different from serotonergic psychedelics, with which brainwave patterns generally show a desynchronization. In higher doses (2 mg/kg via IV), the EEG will show characteristic spikes.


title: Muscimol

text: The effects of muscimol begin around one hour after consumption, peaking at 3 hours, and lasting a total of 10-24 hours. These include euphoria, dream-like (lucid) state of mind, out-of-body experiences and synesthesia. Negative effects include mild to moderate nausea, stomach discomfort, increased salivation and muscle twitching or tremors. In large doses strong dissociation or delirium may be felt.


title: Muscimol

text: Many of muscimol's effects are consistent with its pharmacology as a GABA receptor agonist, presenting many depressant or sedative-hypnotic effects. Atypical of the effect profile of sedative drugs generally however, muscimol, like Z-drugs, can cause hallucinogenic changes in perception. The hallucinogenic effect produced by muscimol is most closely comparable to the hallucinogenic / Lilliputian side effects produced by some other GABAergic drugs such as zolpidem.


title: Muscimol

text: Muscimol was first isolated from "Amanita pantherina" by Onda in 1964, and thought to be an amino acid or peptide. Structure was then elucidated by Takemoto, Eugster, and Bowden. Muscimol is a semi-rigid isoxazole containing both alcohol and aminomethyl substituents. Muscimol is commonly portrayed as a tautomer, where it adopts an amide-like configuration. It is also commonly shown as a zwitterion.


title: Muscimol

text: Muscimol can be extracted from the flesh of the "Amanita muscaria" by treatment with boiling water, followed by rapid cooling, and further treatment with a basic resin. This is washed with water, and eluted with acetic acid using column chromatography. The eluate is freeze dried, dissolved in water, and passed down a column of cellulose phosphate. A subsequent elution with ammonium hydroxide and recrystallization from alcohol results in pure muscimol.


title: Muscimol

text: In instances where pure muscimol is not required, such as recreational or spiritual use, a crude extract is often prepared by simmering dried "Amanita muscaria" in water for thirty minutes.


title: Muscimol

text: Muscimol was synthesized in 1965 by Gagneux, who utilized a bromo-isoxazole starting material in a two step reaction. 3-bromo-5-aminomethyl-isoxazole (1) was refluxed in a mixture of Methanol and Potassium Hydroxide for 30 hours, resulting in 3-methoxy-5-aminomethyl-isoxazole (2) with a yield of 60%.


title: Muscimol

text: (2) was then refluxed in concentrated hydrochloric acid to hydrolyze the methoxy group, and the zwitterion crystallized from a solution of methanol and tetrahydrofuran after the addition of triethylamine, resulting in a 50% yield.


title: Muscimol

text: Chemists report having struggled to reproduce these results. More dependable and scalable procedures have been developed, two examples being the syntheses of McCarry and Varasi.


title: Muscimol

text: McCarry’s synthesis is a three step synthesis involving a lithium acetylide produced from propargyl chloride. The acetylide (3), was dissolved in ether, cooled to -40 °C, and treated with excess ethyl chloroformate to afford ethyl 4-chlorotetrolate (4) in a 70% yield. (4) was then added to a solution of water, methanol and hydroxylamine at -35 °C. At a pH of between 8.5 and 9, the isoxazole (5) was recovered in a 41% yield. Muscimol was formed in a 65% yield when (5) was dissolved in a saturated solution of methanol and anhydrous ammonia and heated from 0 °C to 50 °C. The total yield was 18.7%.


title: Muscimol

text: Varasi’s synthesis is notable for its inexpensive starting materials and mild conditions. It begins with the combination of 2,3-Dichloro-1-propene (6), potassium bicarbonate, water, and dibromoformaldoxime (7), all dissolved in ethyl acetate. 5-Chloromethyl-3-bromoisoxazole (8) was extracted with an experimental yield of 81%. 5-Aminomethyl-3-bromoisoxazole (9) was formed in 90% yield by the combination of (8) and ammonium hydroxide in dioxane.


title: Muscimol

text: (9) was then refluxed with potassium hydroxide in methanol to generate 5-Aminomethyl-3-methoxyisoxazole (10) with a 66% yield. Subsequent reflux of (10) with hydrobromic acid and acetic acid generated muscimol with a yield of 62%. The overall synthetic yield was 30%.


title: Muscimol

text: The median lethal dose in mice is 3.8 mg/kg s.c, 2.5 mg/kg i.p. The LD in rats is 4.5 mg/kg i.v, 45 mg/kg orally.


title: Muscimol

text: Human deaths are rare, mainly occurring in young children, the elderly, or those with serious chronic illnesses.


title: Muscimol

text: Muscimol is considered a Schedule 9 prohibited substance in Australia under the Poisons Standard (October 2015). A Schedule 9 substance is a substance "which may be abused or misused, the manufacture, possession, sale or use of which should be prohibited by law except when required for medical or scientific research, or for analytical, teaching or training purposes with approval of Commonwealth and/or State or Territory Health Authorities."


title: Muscimol

text: Neither "Amanita muscaria" nor muscimol is considered a controlled substance by the Federal government of the United States. This means that cultivation, possession, and distribution are unregulated by the United States Federal Government.


title: Muscimol

text: Muscimol may be regulated on a state level. Louisiana State Act 159 banned the possession and cultivation of the "Amanita muscaria" except for ornamental or aesthetic purposes. This act outlaws preparations of the "Amanita muscaria" intended for human consumption, including muscimol.


title: Enyo

text: Enyo (; ) is a goddess of war in Greek mythology. She frequently is associated with the war god Ares.


title: Enyo

text: She is called the "sister of War" by Quintus Smyrnaeus, in a role closely resembling that of Eris, the embodiment of strife and discord, with Homer, in particular, representing the two as the same goddess. In some myths she is identified as the mother of the war god Enyalius as well, and in these myths, Ares is indicated as the father, however, the masculine name "Enyalius" or "Enyalios" also may be used as a title for Ares.


title: Enyo

text: As goddess of war, Enyo is responsible for orchestrating the destruction of cities, often accompanying Ares into battle. She is depicted as "supreme in war". During the fall of Troy, Enyo inflicted terror and bloodshed in the war, along with Eris ("Strife"), Phobos ("Fear"), and Deimos ("Dread"), the latter two being sons of Ares. She, Eris, and the two sons of Ares are depicted on the shield of Achilles.


title: Enyo

text: Enyo was involved in the war of the Seven against Thebes, and in Dionysus's war with the Indians as well. Enyo so delighted in warfare that she even refused to take sides in the battle between Zeus and the monster Typhon:


title: Enyo

text: Eris (Strife) was Typhon's escort in the mellee, Nike (Victory) led Zeus into battle… impartial Enyo held equal balance between the two sides, between Zeus and Typhon, while the thunderbolts with booming shots revel like dancers in the sky.


title: Enyo

text: At Thebes and Orchomenos, a festival entitled Homolôïa, which was celebrated in honour of Zeus, Demeter, Athena, and Enyo, was said to have received the surname of Homoloïus from Homoloïs, a priestess of Enyo. A statue of Enyo, made by the sons of Praxiteles, stood in the temple of Ares at Athens.


title: Enyo

text: In Hesiod's "Theogony" (270–273), Enyo also was the name of one of the Graeae, three sisters who shared one eye and one tooth among them; the other sisters were Deino ("Dread") and Pemphredo ("Alarm").


title: Enyo

text: Her name might be preserved on the cornice of one of the friezes of the Gigantomachy altar, among those of fourteen others.


title: Gibson ES-335

text: The Gibson ES-335 is the world's first commercial semi-hollowbody electric guitar, sometimes known as semi-acoustic. Released by the Gibson Guitar Corporation as part of its ES (Electric Spanish) series in 1958, it is neither fully hollow nor fully solid; instead, a solid maple wood block runs through the center of its body. The side "wings" formed by the two "cutaways" into its upper bouts are hollow, and the top has two violin-style f-holes over the hollow chambers. Since its release, Gibson has released numerous variations of and other models based on the design of the ES-335.


title: Gibson ES-335

text: The ES-335 is currently manufactured at the Gibson Nashville facility. It was also produced at Gibson Memphis from 2000 until 2019, when the Memphis facility was closed.


title: Gibson ES-335

text: Before 1952, Gibson produced only hollow-body guitars, which are prone to feedback when amplified loudly. That year saw the introduction of their first solid-body, the Gibson Les Paul, a significantly different instrument from Les Paul's early electric guitar experiment, "The Log", which consisted of a center block with detachable chambers on both sides, a neck, hardware, and a pickup attached. By 1958 Gibson was making a few solid-body models which had much lower feedback and better sustain but lacked the darker, warmer tone and unamplified volume of hollow bodies. The ES-335 was an attempt to find a middle ground: a warmer tone than a solid body produced with almost as little feedback. Though semi-hollow-bodies like the ES-335 are essentially a compromise of earlier designs, they are for this reason extremely flexible, as evidenced by the ES-335's popularity in a wide range of music, including blues, jazz, and rock. With a basic price of $267.50, it quickly became a best-seller, and has been in continuous production since 1958.


title: Gibson ES-335

text: The first major update came in mid 1962, with the most visible change being the neck markers; early models had dots (hence "dot neck"), later models had blocks.


title: Gibson ES-335

text: Some models (ES-347, ES-369) feature a coil split switch, which allows the humbuckers to produce a "single-coil" sound. The ES-335 Pro, ES-335TD CRS and CRR models were equipped with Gibson "Dirty Fingers" humbuckers, which had a significantly higher output than the standard pickups.


title: Gibson ES-335

text: The company has produced a number of signature guitars as well, such as Trini Lopez-inspired model (1964–1970) with narrow diamond-shaped soundholes replacing the f-holes, a Firebird-style headstock with all the tuners on one side, and slashed-diamond inlays. In September 2007, Gibson introduced the DG-335, designed in collaboration with Dave Grohl, a variation on the Trini Lopez Gibson; the Grohl model has a stopbar tailpiece and Gibson's new Burstbucker humbuckers. Other signature models have included the heavily customized Alvin Lee "Big Red" 335. A reissue of the 1963 model was a 2014 "Editor's pick" in "Guitar Player" magazine, at $4000.


title: Gibson ES-335

text: Two Trini Lopez signature models were developed based on the ES-335 model, known as the Trini Lopez Standard and the Trini Lopez Custom. They were initially produced from 1964 to 1971, and reissues have been produced periodically since the initial run.


title: Gibson ES-335

text: The Trini Lopez Standard featured the same body shape and profile as the ES-335, with diamond-shaped holes in the place of the f-shaped holes, a Gibson Firebird headstock, split diamond inlays on the fingerboard, a trapeze tailpiece with a plaque with Trini Lopez's name, and a standard cherry red finish. A modified version of the Trini Lopez Standard, with a stop-tailpiece and a custom Pelham Blue finish is used by Dave Grohl as his primary stage guitar; the Gibson Custom Shop produced a market version known as the "DG-335" in 2015.


title: Gibson ES-335

text: The Trini Lopez Custom came in a standard cherry sunburst finish, had a thicker body and cutout bouts with pointed tips instead of the standard rounded tips (similar to the Gibson Barney Kessel Custom guitar), a more ornate pickguard, and different locations for its two selector switches, but otherwise had the same tailpiece, fingerboard, headstock, and electronics as the Trini Lopez Standard.


title: Gibson ES-335

text: The Gibson ES-345 (semi-hollow) was first produced in 1958 as an upscale version of the ES-335. Although the design is very similar to the 335, the 345 featured a multi-position "Varitone" switch located just above the lead tone and volume controls, which added various combinations of inductors and capacitors to the electronic pickup circuit of the guitar in order to alter its resonant frequency and add "color" to the sound. The ES-345 also featured an optional stereophonic output jack, gold plated hardware, large split parallelogram fingerboard inlays (similar to ES 175), and a thicker three-ply edge binding than that of the ES-335.


title: Gibson ES-335

text: Notable users include Chuck Berry, B.B. King, Freddie King, Bill Nelson, Jorma Kaukonen, Fred Frith, Porl Thompson of The Cure, Steve Howe, Bob Welch, Elvin Bishop and the character of Marty McFly in the 1985 comedy film "Back to the Future." British guitar player John McLaughlin owns a Sunburst ES-345 modified with a Bigsby tailpiece and a scalloped fingerboard. He played this guitar in the One Truth Band and Trio of Doom.


title: Gibson ES-335

text: The ES-345 was discontinued in 1981, one year after the Gibson Lucille, which is based on the ES-355 (see below), was launched. The differences between the two models are:


title: Gibson ES-335

text: The Gibson ES-355 (Thinline semi-hollow, Double pickups) was at the top of Gibson's range of thinline semi-hollowbody electric guitars. It was manufactured from 1958 to 1982, fitted with the Varitone Stereo option (SV), as the ES-355TD-SV released in 1959. This guitar is now available in reissues from Gibson's main line or custom shop.


title: Gibson ES-335

text: The headstock has a split-diamond inlay rather than the smaller crown inlay on the 335/345, in addition to a multiple-layered binding. The fingerboard inlays are inlaid mother-of-pearl blocks, beginning at the first position of the fretboard. In addition to the headstock, binding is also applied to the fretboard and both the front and the back edges of the body. Rather than the rosewood fretboard on a 335 or 345, both variations of the 355 have an ebony fingerboard for a 'smoother' sound. Reissues use a richlite fingerboard. Early models of Epiphone's limited edition budget version had an ebony fingerboard but the later issues had a rosewood board.


title: Gibson ES-335

text: The ES-355 was available with a Vibrola vibrato unit or a Bigsby vibrato tailpiece. It was also available with a stereo output and Varitone tone filter circuitry. When fitted with the optional stereo wiring and Varitone, the model was known as the ES-355TD-SV.


title: Gibson ES-335

text: The best-known user of the ES-355 is probably B.B. King, whose trademark guitar, Lucille, was the basis for a 1981 signature model. It has the optional stereo wiring and Varitone circuitry as standard. It differs from the ES-355 by having a maple neck instead of mahogany, the name "Lucille" on the headstock, and the lack of an F-hole on its top.


title: Gibson ES-335

text: The EB-2 was first produced in 1958 as the bass version of the ES-335. Having the same body as the ES-335, it held a 30.5" scale neck and hardware borrowed directly from the Gibson EB-0.The pickup was actually a single coil with the polepieces on the lower edge of the black cover until mid 1959.The humbucking pickup has the poles in the center of a black cover. In 1959, a "baritone-switch" was added to filter the output from the neck humbucker and give it more of a guitar-like sound. The EB-2 was discontinued at the end of 1961, being replaced by the EB-3. Due to a boom in the use of the EB-2 and its sibling, the Epiphone Rivoli, in the Merseybeat in England in the early sixties, production restarted in 1964, with a 2-pickup version called the EB-2D being added to the line in 1966. In 1972 the EB-2 line was discontinued.


title: Gibson ES-335

text: The CS-336 is a smaller version of the ES-335. The back and sides of this guitar are constructed from a single piece of carved mahogany, and its reduced size is closer to that of the Les Paul. Also available, the CS-356 has gold plated hardware and multiple binding on the body, neck and headstock. In 2007, Gibson introduced the ES-339 with the size of the CS-336 and the laminate construction of the ES-335.


title: Gibson ES-335

text: Dave Grohl received an early 60s 335 from Axl Rose as a gift, which was handpicked by Slash. Grohl called it the “nicest I have ever played in my life”. His own version, the DG-335 is based on the Trini Lopez Standard specs, but in a different color and with a stop tailpiece instead of the Trini Lopez's trapeze tailpiece.


title: Gibson ES-335

text: Chris Cornell 335s are based on the Gibson ES-335. The Chris Cornell ES-335 Tribute was designed by Gibson and Chris himself based on the guitars he played in the 80's and 90's, mostly Gretsch Jet models, but in Gibson's own 335 style, using the same construction of a typical 335 with the 3ply maple top, maple center block, mahogany neck, rosewood fretboard, but with Lollartron™ pickups in the neck and bridge, resembling the classic look on the Filter'tron™ pickups, used extensively by Gretsch. Also they feature one model (Olive Dab Green) with a Bigsby B7 vibrato tailpiece and another (Satin Ebony) with a Tune O Matic tailpiece.


title: Gibson ES-335

text: Gibson also markets a much less expensive version of the ES-335 under its Epiphone brand, called the "Dot" (referring to its dot-style inlay). Other Epiphone semi-hollowbody style models include the Sheraton (a fancier version of the co-developed ES-335, released the same week, it can make equal claim as the first semi-hollowbody), the Riviera, and the Dot Studio, though some of those are modeled after other guitars in the ES series.


title: Gibson ES-335

text: From 1958 to 1970, Epiphone guitars were produced in Gibson's Kalamazoo, MI factory, and shared the similar design, materials and electronics as their Gibson counterparts. The Riviera, Sheraton, Rivoli and Newport models shared similarities with the Gibson ES-335, EB-2 and EB-0 models, respectively. In 1970, Epiphone production ceased in the Kalamazoo plants and Epiphones were made at the Matsumoku factory in Japan. Later Epiphones were constructed under contract with Samick in Korea. Since 2002, almost all Epiphones have been made in the 'Gibson' Qingdao plant in China.


title: Gibson ES-335

text: As of 2012, Epiphone also produces the ES-335 PRO, ES-339 PRO, ES-345 Stereo, ES-355, and the Lucille. The ES-335 Pro and ES-339 both feature coil-tapped humbuckers, activated by pull-push volume knobs; the ES-355, gold hardware and a Bigsby tremolo, while the ES-345 Stereo has a Bigsby and VariTone control. The Lucille meanwhile, also features a VariTone control and, in keeping with BB King's Gibson signature model, no f-holes and a fine tuning stop bar tailpiece.


title: Gibson ES-335

text: Other models based on the 335 include the ES-333, the ES-340 (the toggle switch has settings of the pickups in-phase, pickups out-of-phase and standby), the ES-347 (includes a coil tap, block markers on an ebony fretboard, fine tuning tailpiece and, on earlier models, a brass nut, and a greater sustain block), the ES-339, essentially a 335 with the body reduced to Les Paul size; and the Gibson Les Paul signature bass.


title: Gibson ES-335

text: Although the ES-330 resembles the 335, it is actually fully hollow (as opposed to semi-hollow) and features two P-90 pickups (as opposed to 2 humbucking pickups), and it was designed as the successor to the Gibson ES-225.


title: Rukia Kuchiki

text: Rukia was the first character of the series created by Kubo, her design being the one he decided to use for all the other Soul Reapers. Reaction to her character is generally positive. Her differences from typical "shōnen" heroines is praised, as is her interaction with other characters. Additionally, she usually ranks second in "Weekly Shōnen Jump"'s "Bleach" popularity polls, and is consistently the most popular female character in those polls. Several pieces of merchandise have been released in Rukia's likeness, including a plush doll and several figurines.


title: Rukia Kuchiki

text: "Bleach" was first conceived from Tite Kubo's desire to draw a "shinigami" in a kimono, which formed the basis for the design of the Soul Reapers. Because of this, Kuchiki was one of the first characters of the series to be created. Before deciding that every Soul Reaper had swords, Kubo thought that they all should use guns, while only Rukia used a scythe. However, this was changed as he created the Soul Reaper kimono. Kubo also mentioned that Rukia did not seem like a lead character, so he created Ichigo Kurosaki to be the series protagonist, with Rukia being the first female lead. Ichigo's initial design had black hair like Rukia; Kubo had to modify Ichigo's appearance to contrast with hers, giving Ichigo orange hair and a trademark scowl.


title: Rukia Kuchiki

text: As for her name, Kubo stated that, because Kuchiki "looks like a "shinigami"", he wanted her name to sound like something a "shinigami" would have as a name. When deciding upon her family name he considered using because it sounded like a name a "shinigami" would have, and then decided to use . He adds that he once heard something that sounded like "Kuchiki Rukia" on Japanese television, and liked it enough to use it as a name. Her first name was conceived as a result of Kubo hearing the Latin name for cosmos on television, and later decided that the name really suited her since the Latin word from which her name is derived means "light" and Kubo sees her as "a ray of light for Ichigo." "Shonen Jump" asked in an interview if Kubo had any plans to make Ichigo and Rukia a couple, but Kubo chose neither to confirm nor deny it. After designing Rukia's "zanpakutō", Kubo noted he liked it a lot and made it to be the most beautiful one from the series.


title: Rukia Kuchiki

text: When Kubo was asked to make a cover with a female character during Christmas, Kubo initially thought of using Rukia; he later changed to use Orihime Inoue as he thought Orihime was more suitable for such role. Additionally, after the second arc of the series, Orihime replaced Rukia as the true female lead for the rest of the series. However, Kubo commented he previously made a Christmas illustration with Rukia, and that he received request by several fans wanting to see the image. In contrast to this, Kubo has found he liked Rukia more in the illustrations in which her face expresses pain such as when she is going to be executed in the manga.


title: Rukia Kuchiki

text: Rukia meets Ichigo in the midst of a hollow attack. After suffering her injuries, she transfers her powers to him in order to save themselves. Rukia cannot return to the Soul Society. She accompanies Ichigo in the real world, intending to stay until her powers are restored. Therefore, her only ability then is her "kidō" spells, which are severely limited in strength and variety. She uses her "kidō" for such purposes as restraining, healing and attacking others. Because of the amount of time she spends with Ichigo, Rukia manages to gain a keen understanding of his inner workings. Rukia's relationship with Ichigo is unique, for despite the relatively short amount of time they have known each other, Ichigo can easily confide in her and considers her a true friend because she is encouraging and understands what he is feeling. During her time in the human world, Rukia remains unaccounted for in Soul Society, so Byakuya Kuchiki and Renji Abarai are sent to find her and return her to the Soul Society. They succeed, and upon their return Rukia is sentenced to death for giving her Soul Reaper powers to a human. Ichigo goes to the Soul Society, in order to save her.


title: Rukia Kuchiki

text: During the arc, Rukia's past is explored. She died as an infant and was sent to the Soul Society with her older sister, Hisana. Though Hisana initially tried to protect and provide for Rukia, she could not ensure her own survival while caring for a baby as well, and thus abandoned Rukia. As Rukia grew up, she befriended Renji Abarai, and entered the Soul Reaper academy, where she was adopted into the Kuchiki family. One year prior to the adoption, Hisana died after asking Byakuya to find and adopt Rukia as his sister. This remains unknown to Rukia, until Byakuya confesses it to her. When she was accepted into the 13th Division, Rukia befriended the lieutenant of her division, Kaien Shiba, and trained under him. During the course of a mission, Kaien was possessed by a hollow and Rukia inadvertently kills him.


title: Rukia Kuchiki

text: During Rukia's bid for freedom, she is stopped by Sōsuke Aizen and his accomplices. Aizen, having singlehandedly orchestrated Rukia's execution, reveals to her that within her soul is stored the "Hōgyoku" ("breakdown sphere"), a powerful artifact created and placed there by Kisuke Urahara that gives hollows Soul Reaper powers and vice versa. Wanting the "Hōgyoku" for himself, Aizen hoped that her death would give him access to it, but settles for a nonfatal alternative. The "Hōgyoku" is removed from her body, Aizen and his men flee Soul Society, and Rukia is acquitted of all charges. With the "Hōgyoku", Aizen is able to create an army of arrancar, which he uses to attack Ichigo and his friends once they return to the human world. Rukia and a group of other Soul Reapers are sent to assist in fighting the arrancar, though after Aizen captures Orihime Inoue they are recalled to Soul Society. Rukia's "zanpakutō", , is also revealed as a completely white blade, earning it the recognition as the most beautiful "zanpakutō" in Soul Society. "Sode no Shirayuki" utilizes ice to attack, each of its abilities being labeled as "dances" by Rukia. During the anime's 13th season, Sode no Shirayuki manifests in a yukionna-like form, voiced by Mie Sonozaki.


title: Rukia Kuchiki

text: After learning that Aizen kidnapped Orihime, Rukia and friends head for Hueco Mundo to save her. There, Rukia encounters the Espada, Aaroniero Arruruerie, who is revealed to have possession of Kaien's body. Saddened that she had not saved her mentor from the control of a hollow as she had previously thought, Rukia manages to kill Aaroniero. Rukia is badly injured during the battle, and it is not until Soul Society sends reinforcements to Hueco Mundo that she is revived and her wounds are healed. She later assists Ichigo in his rescue to save Orihime from the Espada Ulquiorra Cifer by engaging the remaining Arrancars until requiring support. After Aizen's defeat, Rukia bids farewell to Ichigo, when he loses his powers and the ability to sense their presence.


title: Rukia Kuchiki

text: Seventeen months later, Rukia, now lieutenant of Squad 13, returns to aid in restoring Ichigo's Soul Reaper powers before engaging the Fullbringer Riruka Dokugamine. When the Soul Society is abruptly invaded by the Wandenreich, an organization made up of Quincy who has survived their genocide one thousand years before, Rukia discovers Byakuya attacked by Äs Nodt, and is knocked out before she can come to her aid. Rukia is taken to the Royal Dimension so she could be healed, and is then taught by Ichibei Hyosube to achieve her "bankai", . Returning to the Soul Society when the Wandenreich resume their attack, Rukia utilizes her newly acquired "bankai" to defeat Äs. In the subsequent battles against Yhwach's Schutzstaffel Rukia and a large number of high rank Soul Reapers are quickly defeated by the powerful Gerard Valkyrie. After Ichigo defeats Yhwach, Rukia becomes the new Squad 13 captain and marries Renji. They have a daughter, Ichika.


title: Rukia Kuchiki

text: Rukia makes several appearances outside of the "Bleach" anime and manga. She appears in four films in the series: she fights the Dark Ones with other Soul Reaper comrades in "" and aids in the search for Tōshirō Hitsugaya in "". Rukia has the main focus role in the third film, "", where she is kidnapped and mind-wiped by two mysterious rogues, and later transformed into 'Dark Rukia'. In the fourth film, "", Rukia helps Ichigo rescue his sister Yuzu from the depths of Hell. Rukia appears in both of the original video animations produced in the series, helping Ichigo in "Memories in the Rain" and combating the rogue Soul Reaper Baishin in "The Sealed Sword Frenzy". In "Rock Musical Bleach", a musical based on the "Bleach" series, she is played by Miki Satō. In the "Bleach" video games, Rukia is a playable character in every game, including the and series. In some games, her human form and Soul Reaper state are available as separate characters, while Dark Rukia is playable in "Heat the Soul 6" and "Heat the Soul 7". Rukia appears in the live-action adaptation of the manga, "Bleach". She is by Hana Sugisaki and the film took place during the Soul Reaper Agent arc, when she had to transfer her powers to Ichigo. The film opened in Japan on July 20, 2018.


title: Rukia Kuchiki

text: Rukia has ranked highly in the "Weekly Shōnen Jump" popularity polls for the series, placing in the top five most popular characters in all four polls. She was ranked as the second most popular character after Ichigo in the first two polls, and fell to third place in the third poll, being replaced by Tōshirō Hitsugaya. In early 2008, she was voted the second most popular character in "Bleach", receiving 383 votes less than the front runner, Tōshirō Hitsugaya. Her "zanpakutō", Sode no Shirayuki, ranked 2nd in the "zanpakutō" popularity poll of the series. In 2009, Rukia ranked 4th in a survey of the Japanese music distributor Recochoku titled "The Character I Want to Be My Bride". In a 2007 character poll from the Japanese magazine "Newtype" magazine character polls, Rukia has been featured as one of the most popular female characters from any anime. She has also appeared twice in the Anime Grand Prix polls, ranking as one of the most popular female anime characters. NTT customers voted her as their eighth favorite black haired female anime character.


title: Rukia Kuchiki

text: Merchandise based on Rukia's appearance has been released, including a key chain, a plush doll, and a figurine. Fumiko Orikasa, Rukia's Japanese voice actor, liked how Rukia was developed while fighting against the arrancar, noting her to be a hero during her introductions. However, she was saddened by how after Rukia defeats the first arrancar,(Di Roy Rinker) she is instantly stabbed by the arrancar Grimmjow. Michelle Ruff, Rukia's English voice actress, found Rukia to be a "survivor", due to how lonely she initially was and how she has been developed through the anime series as she had to start trusting people. She also liked how cool Rukia is when she is fighting but noted it challenging how to voice Rukia due to her various attitudes. Ruff was the winner in the category "Best Voice Actress (English)" from the 2009 SPJA Industry Awards for her work as Rukia. Rukia also won in the category "Best Female Character" based on her appearances on "".


title: Rukia Kuchiki

text: Several publications for manga, anime, video games, and other related media have provided praise and criticism on Rukia's character. Although Chris Beveridge from Mania Entertainment noted Rukia's introduction in "Bleach" was typical in several others series, he praised how she interacted with her schoolmates and Ichigo. Anime News Network's (ANN) Melissa Harper praised the differences between Rukia and stereotypical "shōnen" heroines, asserting that Rukia's loss of her powers and subsequent dependence on Ichigo were "a great source of both drama and comedy in the show." However, the removal of the humor from Rukia's scenes as a schoolgirl due to the English translation was lamented, although Ruff was extolled for doing an "excellent job." Carlos Alexandre from popcultureshock.com regarded her as "less of a foil to Ichigo and more like the other side of the same coin". Her actions and words were also commented by Alexendre to make Rukia deserve the respect she commands. IGN called the scene where Rukia is forced to leave Ichigo Kurosaki and return to Soul Society as "touchingly beautiful" and celebrated Rukia's character development during her time in the human world. Her subsequent appearances in Soul Society were criticized by ANN's Theron Martin due to her lack of activity making them "irritating given how strong a character she was in the series' early going".


title: Rukia Kuchiki

text: In his review of the live action film, Rob Hunter from the "Film School Rejects" criticised the narrative of the story, especially when the female lead character, Rukia played by Hana Sugisaki, had to be reduced into a supporting-type character for the male lead character, Ichigo played by Sota Fukushi. He further praised Sugisaki's performances and lamented the fact that the actress was given weak materials for the film.


title: David W. Harper

text: Born in Abilene, Texas on October 4, 1961, Harper moved to California in 1969. He began his acting career appearing as Jim Bob Walton, the second-youngest of seven siblings, in the made-for-television film "The Homecoming: A Christmas Story" (1971). When the film was turned into "The Waltons" television series in 1972, Harper reprised his role and remained with the series throughout its nine-season run.


title: David W. Harper

text: When "The Waltons" ended in 1981, Harper appeared in the television miniseries "The Blue and the Gray" and the theatrical film "Fletch". Along with most of the other series regulars, Harper appeared in various Waltons reunion specials produced in the 1980s and 1990s.


title: David W. Harper

text: Harper is not currently active in show business, but does appear at such Waltons-related functions as cast reunions, collectible and memorabilia fairs. After working at a variety of jobs, he went to school to study business.


title: Three Meals a Day

text: Three Meals a Day () is a South Korean reality cooking show broadcast on tvN. The cast live in a small rural or fishing village for three days a week and are tasked to use whatever food they find there to cook three meals a day. They also experience village life while interacting with the locals and entertain various celebrity guests for dinner.


title: Three Meals a Day

text: Nine seasons aired from October 2014 to July 2020 on Friday nights at various time slots. Each season featured different locations and casts, according to various themes. There are four themes in total: Jeongseon Village and Fishing Village, which recur across multiple seasons; Gochang Village; and an all-female cast edition Mountain Village.


title: Three Meals a Day

text: Two web spin-offs featuring various cast members of "New Journey to the West" were also produced and released on producer Na Young-seok's YouTube channel. "Three Meals in Iceland" was released from September 20 to November 29, 2019, while "Three Meals a Day for Four", featuring Sechs Kies, was released from May 15 to July 24, 2020.


title: Three Meals a Day

text: In October 2021, a third spin-off was released for television broadcast, featuring the cast of hit drama series "Hospital Playlist".


title: Three Meals a Day

text: The idea for "Three Meals a Day" came about from a joke on "Grandpas Over Flowers", which producer-director Na Young-seok and actor Lee Seo-jin had worked together on previously. Due to his poor cooking skills while filming "Grandpas Over Flowers", the production crew jokingly nicknamed Lee the "Cooking King." This became a running gag about Lee starring in a fake cooking show titled "Cooking King Seo-jinnie", a parody of the popular drama series "King of Baking, Kim Takgu", which eventually materialised into "Three Meals a Day".


title: Three Meals a Day

text: Lee was cast for the first season of the series, also the first of the "Jeongseon Village" editions, alongside former "Wonderful Days" co-star Ok Taecyeon. In the second "Jeongseon Village" edition, former guest Kim Kwang-kyu joined the two as a regular cast member. On top of the regular cooking premise, the trio were given the additional task of growing and harvesting crops from spring to early fall, with grocery shopping strictly prohibited.


title: Three Meals a Day

text: The first four seasons of "Three Meals a Day" in 2014 and 2015 alternated between the "Jeongseon Village" and "Fishing Village" editions, showcasing different seasons in different locations. Cha Seung-won, Yoo Hae-jin and Son Ho-jun formed a separate cast for the first two "Fishing Village" editions. In 2016, this cast filmed in a new location for the standalone "Gochang Village" edition, alongside new member Nam Joo-hyuk.


title: Three Meals a Day

text: Later in October 2016, it was announced that Lee Seo-jin would return for a new season, a year after his last appearance in "Jeongseon Village 2". New cast members Eric Mun and Yoon Kyun-sang joined him for "Fishing Village 3", filmed on a new island location. The same cast returned in 2017 to the same location, but were tasked with island farming instead of fishing, hence the "Seaside Ranch" subtitle for the fourth "Fishing Village" edition.


title: Three Meals a Day

text: On July 1, 2019, it was confirmed that actresses Yum Jung-ah, Yoon Se-ah and Park So-dam had joined the first all-female cast for the "Mountain Village" edition, which began airing in August.


title: Three Meals a Day

text: In 2020, the original "Fishing Village" cast returned for the theme's fifth edition. Unlike previous editions, this season was filmed on an uninhabited island due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and the need for social distancing.


title: Three Meals a Day

text: In the tables below, represent the lowest ratings of the season and represent the highest ratings of the season.


title: Three Meals a Day

text: In the first episode, the production crew introduces the below rules for the cast's village experience:


title: Three Meals a Day

text: After two "Fishing Village" editions, Cha Seung-won, Yoo Hae-jin and Son Ho-jun are reunited in their first inland location in Gochang-gun, joined by Nam Joo-hyuk. In order to buy groceries, they have to provide farm labour for which they are paid hourly wages. Through the series, they experience various farming activities: planting rice, rearing ducks, and picking black raspberries, watermelons, sweet potatoes, grapes, muskmelons and pears.


title: Three Meals a Day

text: "Three Meals a Day" drew a great response from Korean viewers and became a trending topic numerous times on Naver, a Korean search portal. It received viewership ratings of 6%, which is high for Korean cable television for which a 1% rating is considered a success.


title: Three Meals a Day

text: Originally 8 episodes were planned for the first season, but the show was extended by two episodes. A "director's cut" epilogue also aired, for a total of 11 episodes.


title: Three Meals a Day

text: The table below charts viewership numbers according to Nielsen Korea; data for 2017 and earlier is not provided. Individual episode ratings can be viewed by season in the episode lists above.


title: Three Meals a Day

text: The first two spin-offs of "Three Meals a Day" were "hybrid" programs produced for both online release and television broadcast. Short highlight videos between 5 to 15 minutes were broadcast on tvN, with the full episodes released on "Channel 15ya" (), a YouTube channel run by producer Na Young-seok and his team. Both spin-offs were born from "New Journey to the West", another series produced by producer Na, and feature some of its cast.


title: Three Meals a Day

text: In October 2021, a third spin-off was released for television broadcast featuring the main cast of drama series "Hospital Playlist": Jo Jung-suk, Yoo Yeon-seok, Jung Kyung-ho, Kim Dae-myung and Jeon Mi-do."" The series is titled "Wise Mountain Village Life" (), borrowing on the drama's title, but is commonly known in English as "Three Meals a Day: Doctors". It was filmed in Jeongseon-gun, Gangwon-do and aired on tvN from October 8 to December 3, 2021 at 20:50 – 22:25 (KST) every Friday, with a total of 9 episodes.


title: Ludwig I of Bavaria

text: Ludwig I or Louis I (; 25 August 1786 – 29 February 1868) was King of Bavaria from 1825 until the 1848 revolutions in the German states. When he was crown prince, he was involved in the Napoleonic Wars. As king, he encouraged Bavaria's industrialization, initiating the Ludwig Canal between the rivers Main and the Danube. In 1835, the first German railway was constructed in his domain, between the cities of Fürth and Nuremberg, with his Bavaria joining the Zollverein economic union in 1834. After the July Revolution of 1830 in France, Ludwig's previous liberal policy became increasingly repressive, in 1844, Ludwig was confronted during the Beer riots in Bavaria. During the revolutions of 1848 the king faced increasing protests and demonstrations by students and the middle classes. On 20 March 1848, he abdicated in favour of his eldest son, Maximilian.


title: Ludwig I of Bavaria

text: Ludwig lived for another twenty years after his abdication and remained influential. An admirer of ancient Greece and the Italian Renaissance, Ludwig patronized the arts and commissioned several neoclassical buildings, especially in Munich. He was an avid collector of arts, amassing paintings from the Early German and Early Dutch periods as well as Graeco-Roman sculptures.


title: Ludwig I of Bavaria

text: Born in the Zweibrücker Hof in Straßburg, he was the son of Count Palatine Maximilian Joseph of Zweibrücken (later Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria) by his first wife Princess Augusta Wilhelmine of Hesse-Darmstadt. At the time of his birth, his father was an officer in the French army stationed at Strasbourg. He was the godson and namesake of Louis XVI of France.


title: Ludwig I of Bavaria

text: On 1 April 1795 his father succeeded Ludwig's uncle, Charles II, as duke of Zweibrücken, and on 16 February 1799 became Elector of Bavaria and Count Palatine of the Rhine, the Arch-Steward of the Empire, and Duke of Berg on the extinction of the Sulzbach line with the death of the elector Charles Theodore. His father assumed the title of King of Bavaria on 1 January 1806.


title: Ludwig I of Bavaria

text: Starting in 1803 Ludwig studied in Landshut where he was taught by Johann Michael Sailer and in Göttingen. On 12 October 1810 he married Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen (1792–1854), the daughter of Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen. The wedding was the occasion of the first-ever Oktoberfest.


title: Ludwig I of Bavaria

text: Ludwig strongly rejected the alliance of his father with Napoleon I of France but in spite of his anti-French politics the crown prince had to join the emperor's wars with allied Bavarian troops in 1806. As commander of the 1st Bavarian Division in VII Corps, he served under Marshal François Joseph Lefebvre in 1809. He led his division in action at the Battle of Abensberg on 20 April.


title: Ludwig I of Bavaria

text: With the Treaty of Ried of 8 October 1813 Bavaria left the Confederation of the Rhine and agreed to join the Sixth Coalition against Napoleon in exchange for a guarantee of her continued sovereign and independent status. On 14 October, Bavaria made a formal declaration of war against Napoleonic France. The treaty was passionately backed by Crown Prince Ludwig and by Marshal von Wrede.


title: Ludwig I of Bavaria

text: Already at the 1815 Congress of Vienna, Ludwig advocated a German national policy. Until 1816 the crown prince served as governor-general of the Duchy of Salzburg, whose cession to Austria he strongly opposed. His second son Otto, the later King of Greece, was born there. Between 1816 and 1825, he spent his years in Würzburg. He also made numerous trips to Italy and stayed often in the in Rome, which he later also bought (1827). Ludwig supported generously as a Philhellene the Greek War of Independence, in which he in the war of 1821 provided a loan of 1.5 million florins from his private funds.


title: Ludwig I of Bavaria

text: In 1817 Ludwig was also involved in the fall of Prime Minister Count Max Josef von Montgelas whose policies he had opposed. He succeeded his father on the throne in 1825.


title: Ludwig I of Bavaria

text: Ludwig's rule was strongly affected by his enthusiasm for the arts and women and by his overreaching royal assertiveness.


title: Ludwig I of Bavaria

text: An enthusiast for the German Middle Ages, Ludwig ordered the re-erection of several monasteries in Bavaria which had been closed during the German mediatisation. He reorganized the administrative regions of Bavaria in 1837 and re-introduced the old names Upper Bavaria, Lower Bavaria, Franconia, Swabia, Upper Palatinate and Palatinate. He changed his royal titles to "Ludwig, King of Bavaria, Duke of Franconia, Duke in Swabia and Count Palatine of the Rhine". His successors kept these titles.


title: Ludwig I of Bavaria

text: Ludwig's plan to reunite the eastern part of the Palatinate with Bavaria could not be realized. The Electoral Palatinate, a former dominion of the Wittelsbach, had disappeared under Napoleon when France first annexed the left bank of the Rhine, including about half of the Palatinate, and then gave what remained on the right bank including, Mannheim and Heidelberg, to Baden during the German Mediatization of 1803. In 1815, Baden's possession of Manheim and Heidelberg was confirmed and only the left bank territories were given back to Bavaria. Ludwig founded the city of Ludwigshafen there as a Bavarian rival to Mannheim.


title: Ludwig I of Bavaria

text: Ludwig moved the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität from Landshut to Munich in 1826. The king also encouraged Bavaria's industrialization. He initiated the Ludwig Canal between the rivers Main and the Danube. In 1835 the first German railway was constructed in his domain, between the cities of Fürth and Nuremberg. Bavaria joined the Zollverein in 1834.


title: Ludwig I of Bavaria

text: As Ludwig had supported the Greek fight of independence his second son Otto was elected king of Greece in 1832. Otto's government was initially run by a three-man regency council made up of Bavarian court officials.


title: Ludwig I of Bavaria

text: After the July Revolution of 1830 in France, Ludwig's previous liberal policy became more and more repressive. The Hambacher Fest in 1832 revealed the discontent of the population caused by high taxes and censorship. In connection with the unrest of May 1832, some 142 political trials were initiated. The seven death sentences that were pronounced were commuted to long-term imprisonment by the king. About 1,000 political trials were to take place during Ludwig's reign. The strict censorship, which he had reinstated after having abolished it in 1825, was opposed by large sectors of the population.


title: Ludwig I of Bavaria

text: In 1837 the Ultramontanes backed by the Roman Catholic Church gained control of the Bavarian parliament and began a campaign of changes to the constitution, such as removing civil rights that had earlier been granted to Protestants, as well as enforcing political censorship. On 14 August 1838, the King issued an order for all members of the military to kneel in the presence of the Blessed Sacrament at Corpus Christi processions and church services. This policy, which had been in place when Bavaria was still almost purely Catholic in the period before 1803, had been discontinued the inclusion of large Protestant areas. Catholic disturbances during the funeral of the Protestant Queen Caroline of Baden in 1841 caused a scandal. This treatment of his beloved stepmother permanently softened the attitude of Caroline's stepson Ludwig I, who up until that time had been a strong opponent of Protestantism in spite of his marriage to the Protestant princess Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen. The Ultramontanes' regime only ended due to their demands against the naturalization of Ludwig I's Irish-born mistress Eliza Gilbert (better known by her stage name Lola Montez). Ludwig resented this move and the Ultramontanes under Karl von Abel were pushed out.


title: Ludwig I of Bavaria

text: Already in 1844, Ludwig was confronted with the Beer riots in Bavaria. During the revolutions of 1848 the king faced increasing protests and demonstrations by the students and the middle classes. The king had ordered to close the university in February and on 4 March a large crowd assaulted the Armory to storm the Munich Residenz. Ludwig's brother Prince Karl managed to appease the protesters, but now the royal family and the Cabinet turned against Ludwig. He had to sign the so-called "March Proclamation" with substantial concessions. On 16 March 1848 it was followed by renewed unrest because Lola Montez had returned to Munich after a short exile. Ludwig had to let her be searched by the police on 17 March, which was the worst humiliation for him. Not willing to rule as a constitutional monarch, Ludwig abdicated on 20 March 1848 in favour of his eldest son, Maximilian.


title: Ludwig I of Bavaria

text: Ludwig lived for another twenty years after his abdication and remained influential, especially as he continued several of his cultural projects. Most of his time in Munich his residence was the neo-Gothic Wittelsbacher Palais, once built for his successor and unloved by Ludwig. He died at Nice in 1868, and was buried in St. Boniface's Abbey, Munich he had ordered to be built.


title: Ludwig I of Bavaria

text: As admirer of ancient Greece and the Italian Renaissance, Ludwig patronized the arts as principal of many neoclassical buildings, especially in Munich, and as fanatic collector. Among others he commissioned the Walhalla temple, the Befreiungshalle, the Villa Ludwigshöhe, the Pompejanum, the Ludwigstrasse, the Bavaria statue, the Ruhmeshalle, the Glyptothek, the Old and the New Pinakothek. His architects Leo von Klenze and Friedrich von Gärtner also strongly influenced the cityscape of modern Athens.


title: Ludwig I of Bavaria

text: Already as crown prince Ludwig collected Early German and Early Dutch paintings, masterpieces of the Italian renaissance, and contemporary art for his museums and galleries. He also placed special emphasis on collecting Greek and Roman sculpture. Through his agents, he managed to acquire such pieces as the Medusa Rondanini, the Barberini Faun, and, in 1813, the figures from the Temple of Aphaea on Aegina. One of his most famous conceptions is the celebrated "Schönheitengalerie" (Gallery of Beauties), in the south pavilion of his Nymphenburg Palace in Munich. A collection of 36 portraits of the beautiful women painted between 1827 and 1850 mostly by Joseph Karl Stieler.


title: Ludwig I of Bavaria

text: Also after his abdication, Ludwig remained an important and lavish sponsor for the arts. This caused several conflicts with his son and successor Maximilian. Finally, Ludwig financed his projects from his own resources.


title: Ludwig I of Bavaria

text: Because of King Ludwig's philhellenism, the German name for Bavaria today is spelled "Bayern" instead of "Baiern", while the German dialect spoken there has retained its original spelling "Bairisch" — note the "I" versus the Greek-derived "Y."